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The Fingerboard Using Arpeggios Another approach to learning the guitar fretboard and get good at arpeggios at the same time! Ultimate Guitar Recently I've read a couple of articles here on how to master the fingerboard. While they are all good approaches, I learned the fretboard in a completely different way that I think might be of some help to you. First off, I'm a completely self taught guitar player. The only lessons I've ever taken are on music theory from this graduate from Berkley. The problem was, that though he explained a lot of theory (up to the Harmony 3 level) to me, he didn't tell me how to really apply it. So I had to sit down with the guitar and figure it out by myself. I came across some pretty interesting observations that may be of help to you. Now, from the very basics, we have the major scale. For simplicity, I'll use the C major scale though you may take any major scale that you already know/like. The notes are C D E F G A B C(octave). The relation ship between notes is W W H W W W H, where W=whole step and H=half step. One half step is the distance between two adjacent frets on the guitar. Once you're familiar with the formula, I would advise you to write down the notes of the major scale in every key. There are a couple of really interesting patterns that emerge if you do. I'll mention a simple one at the end of the article. Now that you have the major scale in all keys, you can form chords from the scale. To cut a long story short, pick a note and take every other note in the scale to get the chord. For example, lets take C. Now if we skip D and choose E, skip F and choose G, we get three notes, i.e. C E G. These are the notes to the C major chord. If we had continued this, we would get C E G B which is the C major 7 chord. Continuing this, we get Dm, Em, Fmaj, Gmaj, Am, and Bm(b5). All this is useless unless you actually apply it to the guitar. I strongly recommend sticking to the key of C for simplicity. Find the C note on the guitar. Its on the 8th fret of the low E, 3rd fret on the A string, 10th fret on the D string, 5th fret on the G string, 1st fret of the B string and again the 8th fret of the high e. Next, find the next note of the C major chord. This note is E (major third). If you find the E note on any one of the A, G, D strings you will notice that its one string below and one fret to the left of the C note. So, if your C note is on the 8th fret of the low E, then your E note is on the 7th fret of the A string. This interval (major third) is present in the same format on all pairs of strings except the G-B string, where its right below the root note. So if you take the 5th fret of the G string which is C, and you take the 5th fret of the B string, you get your E. Now, you have two notes of the three note chord. If you move three half steps up from the major third, you get the fifth on the same string. This means, if we have E on the 7th fret of the A string, if I move to the 10th fret, I get G which is the Perfect fifth of C and the last note in the C major triad. For minor chords, the move your finger one string down and two frets to the left of the tonic. The Fifth remains unchanged. This is a lot to absorb and I'm sorry I can't give you diagrams right now, but take at least seven keys (C,D,E,F,G,A,B), write down their notes and then their chords. Then try to find the chords all over the neck by yourself. You'll come across a lot of interesting shapes and voicings for the chords and I promise you that you will never forget the fretboard for as long as you live. Whats more, you now know the fret board, the arpeggios of all these beautiful chords and you have a very very solid understanding of the basics of theory as applied to the guitar. Now, if you wrote down the notes of the scales, you'll notice that as you move up in fifths, each scale gets one more sharped note. For example, if you write the C and G major scales, you'll notice that their notes are the same except that the 4th is sharped (F# is present in G). Compare the G and D major scales and again you notice that the 4th is sharped in D major (C# is present). Whats more, if you write the notes of all these scales next to each other, you'll see all the triads along the diagonals. There are 4 diagonals that you should be able to identify and you will find the notes of all the possible types chords in those diagonals. Its a long article with a lot to grasp. There are a lot of other lessons available here on music theory, scales and chord construction. I've tried to keep it as simple as possible and hence I have not named the intervals etc. I hope this has been of some help to you and that you gain from it. Happy plonking! 0 comments sorted by best / new / date
The Egypt Crisis, a Background insight. It’s been over two weeks since January 25th. Egypt’s streets have been filled with protesters. All of these thousands of people calling one thing; ‘Mubarak must go’. But for everyone outside Egypt, it’s hard to understand all that’s taking place and, most importantly, why. Egypt, like most Arab countries, have faced decades of unrest. The events unfolding on our TV screens today can be traced back to 1914. At this time, Britain seized control of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. Endless political unrest followed as rallies and protests against the British resulted in approximately 800 deaths. By 1922, Egypt became the Kingdom of Egypt, supposedly independent from Britain. An untruth illustrated by Britain using Egypt as a base for troops during the Second World War. It was during this time that the Muslim Brotherhood (1928) appeared in Egypt. The party fought against the Wafd (or liberal) party, King Fuad, the communist party of Egypt and the British for power. It was after the War that the Muslim Brotherhood gained their reputation for violence. In 1952, the Egyptian military rose up as ‘free officers’ seizing control of Egypt. After a brief experiment with civilian rule, it was from here that the Egyptian military took permanent control of Egypt. President Gamal Abdel Nasser, an Arab socialist, formed the United Arab Republic with Syria. Until Syria’s secession in 1961, but Egypt remained the UAR until 1971. Though Nasser ruled as an autocrat, he was popular amongst the Egyptian people for standing up against the West. Yet, the Muslim Brotherhood was believed to have tried to assassinate Nasser in 1954. This resulted in the party being made illegal, and many of their members being hunted down and tortured. Nasser’s successor, President Anwar el-Sadat was also a ‘free officer’ of the 1952 coup. In 1973, Sadat regained some Egyptian pride by returning to war with Israel. Regaining for Egypt the Sinai Peninsula even though the result was of a draw, the people still saw it as a victory. During his rule, Sadat attempted economic and political reform. Though the political reform wasn’t massively successful, the economic changes resulted in less government control of the private and public sectors. Ultimately, this resulted in more wealth for the Upper and Middle classes but nothing for the Lower class. Something they would have to deal with up until present-day Mubarak-Egypt. Protests and rallies made by the lower class began to take place here. Ironically, it was Anwar el-Sadat who signed the peace-treaty between Israel and Egypt. This won American favour and a large aid budget, which Egypt still receives today. £1.3 billion to this day is given to the Egyptian military every year. However, by the end of his rule, Sadat’s Egypt was wracked with violence over the discontentment of policies. Then, the lower class filled out the streets, much like we are witnessing now. Assassinated in 1981, Hosni Mubarak took on the president-ship under a national state of emergency. A state that Mubarak’s government under the National Democratic Party (NDP) have maintained ever since. This state of emergency meant the following for Egypt: police power extended, constitutional rights suspended, censorship legalised and that people could be arrested without charge or trail. Human Rights organisations have estimated somewhere between 5,000 and 10,000 people have been detained in 2010 without charge or trail. The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights documented 567 cases of torture, including 167 deaths, made by the police between 1993 and 2007. It is of little wonder that the Egyptian people despise their police force. The vast majority of Egyptians also live in poverty, especially around the river Nile. Barely able to feed their families, the 2011 protesters are calling for: more and improved housing; more jobs to fix unemployment; for the minimum wage to be raised; food inflation to lessen; freedom of speech to be regained; the state of emergency laws to end and for police brutality to also end. Since being given power in 1981, Mubarak has been re-elected three times. Only the 2005 election, however, featured alternative candidates to Mubarak. Though he won with an 87% majority, the Muslim Brotherhood, now illegal, won 20% of seats as independent candidates. A strong following was shown also for the Ghad Party lead by Ayman Nour. Nour was subsequently arrested in 2005 and wasn’t released until 2009. The people also have little signs to favour either of Mubarak’s sons, Alaa and Gamal. Both sons have expressed themselves to favour the private sector of Egyptian economics. Such preference would cripple the average Egyptian even further. Yet, an alternative is not clear. Mohammed ElBaradei does not hold much support. The Muslim Brotherhood, though Mubarak cabinet and the West fear them, are still an illegal party. Current laws prevent any party being formed and maintained with a religious agenda. Not only this, but the protesters have no set majority. Could another military man emerge from the National Democratic Party? Or someone new? As of yet, it all remains unclear. One thing, however, is for certain: the Egyptian people have had enough of their poor treatment. They are out in the streets demanding political reform from autocracy to democracy. They are demanding their human rights to be re-instated and respected. They are demanding their freedom. It is therefore easy to see why they are out in the streets. But also, now they are there, they cannot stand down to Mubarak. For, if they do, they all know they will be arrested and most likely tortured as many have been before them. Leave A Reply
Friday, September 20, 2013 by John Davies A linear trendline shows steady growth in the annual increase in CO2 levels, despite promises to reduce emissions. Furthermore, recent increases show a worrying trend illustrated in the graph by a 4th order polynomial trendline. The world is probably at the start of a runaway Greenhouse Event which will end most human life on Earth before 2040. This will occur because of a massive and rapid increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in the air which has just accelerated significantly. The increasing Greenhouse Gas concentration, the gases which cause Global Warming, will very soon cause a rapid warming of the global climate and a chaotic climate. Immediately before the Industrial Revolution, in 1750, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air which had been stable for millennia, the main Greenhouse gas, was 280 parts per million, but in 2013 it is likely to average 395 parts per million. It has been increasing at an increasing rate since 1750. In 1960 the carbon dioxide concentration was 315 parts per million and in the 1960’s the concentration was increasing at 0.8 parts per million per year, in the 1980’s at 1.6 parts per million and from 2003 until 2011 inclusive it rose at 2 .0 parts per year. In 2012 it rose 2.39 parts. Between July 2012 and July 2013 atmospheric carbon dioxide increased in concentration by 3.35 parts, by far the largest 12 month increase ever. When there have been large anomalous increases in the past, though nothing like this, there has been a rapid return to near normal but this is probably slightly different. The most likely growth in the calendar year 2013 is likely to be about 2.85 parts per million, a calendar year record , but much below the growth from July 2012 until July 2013. The growth for 2012 and 2013 is likely to average out at about 2.62 parts per million, a record for a two year period. Again, looking to the past, when there has been a rise in concentration like we will have had in 2012 and 2013 the rate of increase in concentration diminishes for a couple of years before rising again. I would expect the rise in concentration in 2014 and 2015 to average 2.55 parts per million before rising at an increasing rate thereafter assuming the world carries on with business as usual. Nevertheless this average rate is faster than we have yet witnessed except for the 2012 and 2013 period. This rate of increase is much faster than that which preceded the greatest ever wipe out of life on earth 249 million years ago. There is a significant uncertainty about the above growth rate in the near term, with a chance of a higher and lower growth rate though the above forecast is the most likely outcome. There must be a small chance that this is really the start of a very fast runaway event. Should the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide in 2013 be greater than about 3.1 parts per million then the world will probably have entered a very fast runaway event. It is even more absolutely critical that carbon dioxide concentrations from August 2013 onwards are rising at a slower rate than between July 2012 and July 2013 otherwise the world will have entered a very fast runaway Greenhouse Event. Carbon Dioxide concentrations will almost certainly be rising at a slower rate from August 2013 onwards. The runaway greenhouse event, or a very fast runaway Greenhouse Event is probably just starting, and can only be stopped by an immediate response. The danger is that it will very rapidly run out of our control. I think the net negative feedback to greenhouse gas emissions is just starting to diminish. It is not clear whether this is because the sinks are absorbing less carbon dioxide or a form of positive feedback is starting probably a bit of both. The rising carbon dioxide levels will probably lead to rising global temperatures from about 2015 onwards which will cause more climatic disruption, especially severe droughts, and thus more carbon emissions almost certainly before 2020. This is going to occur at a time when the Arctic Ocean will probably become free of sea ice leading to a different set of runaway events which will coalesce with the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This will lead to societal collapse after rising global temperatures have caused severe droughts and a global famine at some time prior to 2040, but probably much sooner in about 2020 or in the 2020’s. The absolute priority is that the world’s public and politicians are told about the rapidly increasing rate of carbon dioxide concentrations in the air which will cause a runaway Greenhouse Event, both in the media and in social media. The gravity of the situation needs to be accepted and all nations agree to co-operate to solve the problem. There needs to be a world conference at which all nations agree the grave situation that the world is facing and that urgent and drastic action is essential. They need to accept and agree that all nations will cut greenhouse gas emissions to an accepted and equal low level of emissions per person. This will mean that only nations with very small emissions per person like the Central African Republic will not need to make any emission cuts. The rate of increase in Carbon Dioxide needs to be cut to 2 parts per million per annum by 2015 onwards. The arctic needs to be cooled so that the sea ice does not all melt before the end of the Arctic Summer. Reducing the rate of carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere will be astoundingly difficult. Emissions must be cut drastically, but this will lead to a reduction of Sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere, which might cause temperatures to rise and more carbon to be emitted from biomass as droughts become more severe. The solution is to try the relatively easy route and then use geo-engineering as necessary. This involves huge societal changes, a more egalitarian society and a smaller global economy, but if it is not done almost everybody will die. Secondly, a group of scientists needs to be formed under the authority of the United Nations to formulate geo-engineering technologies, to go together with cuts in emissions, to reduce the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, such as planting forests, and to cool the arctic to save the arctic sea ice. The immediate priority is to accept the gravity of the situation and that all nations and peoples will co-operate to solve the problem. These measures will give humanity a chance of saving civilization. 1. The codes are wrong in program to keep Earth alive. And on taking notes from above I copied; without seeing, "This rate of increase is much faster than "... 'we have yet witnessed'-I thought that was in there but it wasn't.. This begs a question of time. This article has the most unassailable evidence of the extinction upon us and is well written. The analysis is perhaps a little optimistic. About man. The best we can do is to alter economic code ethic. And put full forethought into benefiting that which best has chance to mend Earth's open systems of Nature and to get world economy aligned to do so. 2. Good article. But I don't really like posts that put dates on famine and death. 1. As the old saying goes, "What may be done at any time will be done at no time." Putting in dates may help with the sense of urgency that is so necessary for the human species to take positive action for its/our own survival. 3. There is no chance that the world can come together and make these kind of changes. I think our only hope is geo-engineering. I blame the environmentalists for giving us hope that there was ever any other kind of solution. So now the conservatives won't admit that global warming even exists, because they think the only solution is giving up carbon, etc. And no one is seriously working on geo-engineering that might possibly save us. It is just as likely to destroy us- but we are doomed anyway in the long run- so why not take that chance, and if nothing else go out with a fight? 1. Go out with a fight indeed. Yes there are things we can do other than renewables, the CSIRO in Australia has developed a highly reflective roof paint which could act to replace the effects of the melting ice and snow, but the most important thing for us to do is to go out fighting. If we are brave enough and there are enough of us, we may even win. I have locked myself on to mine machinery twice at a very large export coal mine. We can march, we can sit in the offices and banks of the fossil fuel industry. We can blockade their projects to slow them down and send them bankrupt. We must target coal, unconventional (fracked) gas and tar sands as priorities. We must get our money and the money of institutions out of these projects. We have to do it now, and to trust, like David Suzuki does, in the power of the Earth to recuperate once we have stopped causing the major damage of carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Go to for your nearest group. 4. If the world replaced cars for bicycles we might have a chance. But I don't hold much hope there even though it would create a much better, healthier world. Australia and NZ are the only countries in the world to criminalise bicycle riding though mandatory helmet laws. Up to 80% drop in utility riding in both countries. Now when you go for a riding, the police bully you off a your bike. In Brisbane and Melbourne we can even get bike share working because of these laws. I implore everyone to get behind bicycle advocacy. Vancouver is attempting to criminalise it too as well as Saudi Arabia. The car industry needs to go no cyclists. More roads need to become bike paths. Fuel should only be used for emergency services and public transport. Instead we burn it up on non essential trips. Imagine how much we'd save on road maintenance and Type-2 diabetes. 5. An update here: My comment (awaiting moderation): We are losing a major carbon sink as the forests - and indeed, all perennial vegetation on earth - is dying. It is being poisoned by tropospheric ozone. Ozone is invisible so most people don't even realize that the background level is inexorably rising. The persistent concentration is now at or over 40 ppb, in even very remote locations far from precursors - and that is the point at which plantlife becomes damaged when it absorbs ozone through the stomata. Ozone is a highly reactive gas that injures leaves and needles, causing plants and trees to shortchange root systems in order to repair the damage, making them more vulnerable to drought and wind. Perhaps the worst effect is that cumulative damage weakens natural immunity towards disease, insects and fungus. These biotic epidemics are typically blamed for massive forest decline but in fact that are opportunistic attacks on dying organisms. Commercial crops are reduced, everything from coffee to bananas to citrus and maple syrup. Annual crop yield and quality loss is measured in the billions of dollars worldwide, including essentials such as wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans. People should be extremely frightened by this accelerating trend. We cannot survive without trees. Links to research here: 1. Excellent article, Gail, I agree that ground-level ozone should be reduced. As I said before, the Climate Plan that I propose could most rapidly and effectively accomplish such necessary shifts by imposing fees on polluting products (and facilities), and then using the revenues to fund rebates on local sales of the better products. 6. We can leave the fossil-fuel (and even nuclear) industries behind and even reverse the flow of carbon into the atmosphere using artificial photosynthesis but no magical solutions can save us from our continued criminal overpopulation of our planet and equally criminal refusal to face up to the need for population law. John Kennard
Across Europe, electric trams are being used for something that perhaps not many people think of at first: the transportation of urban freight. Certain businesses now see tram networks as a means of moving their goods. One example is the TramFret project in Saint-Étienne, central France, which uses old trams to carry cargo on the city’s network. Currently, TramFret is making daily deliveries with water, snacks, canned goods, and soft drinks from a warehouse on the edge of Saint-Étienne to the city centre. The items’ final destinations are shops owned by the supermarket chain Casino. TramFret itself is a partnership between Casino, the local authority, and the tramway’s operator. Volkswagen (VW) has been doing something akin to TramFret in Dresden, Germany, since 2001. Using the city’s tram passenger route, the CarGoTram transports parts for the e-Golf from the freight depot to the VW factory. The service is a partnership between the car company and Dresden’s transport operator DVB. In Switzerland, Zurich has previously trialed using trams to move recycling bins and electric waste. Image credit: CarGoTram Dresden
Living Style A group of slaves sitting on front of typical log living quarters. Slaves usually recieved the bare minimum amount of nutrients and clothing that enabled them to work and survive. They recieved two linen shirts, two trousers, one jacket, one pair of socks, one pair of shoes, an overcoat, and a wool hat. Their meals normally consisted of cornmeal, salted pork, molasses, and sometimes fresh meat or poultry, They were housed in dirt floor log-cabins, called slave quarters, near their master's manner. Their beds consisted of straw or grass and one blanket for covering. One cabin housed about a dozen men, women, and children. There was some medical service provided by their Mistress or a plantation doctor, but usually the the slaves were forced to rely upon the slave-women as healers, midwives, and oftentimes as mothers, in their daily lives. Although a slaves life was horrible, there were a few reasons slaves found to keep on living. Depending on their master, some slaves were allowed to cultivate gardens, marry, and participate in selective religious services. Work Habits Slaves worked long and hard days, but they started off with lighter tasks as children, slowly but steadily working their way into the full-day field labors. They mostly ran errands and babysat until the age of eight. A slaves workday, no matter what age or gender, was longest around harvesting time, about 18 hours every day. Both men and women worked in the fields, even women who were pregnate were expected to work until the day of their birth. Women also assumed the crucial chores around the household, such as cooking, cleaning, and child rearing. Black women also found themselves carrying for their children as single mothers and often they took other children seperated from both of their parents into their small families. Women found more authority in the slave world because of this than they would have else where. A white slave owner beating the child of a slave as a form of punishment to the adult slave. This was one of the many causes why the slave population decreased so quickly. Health and Mortality Rate Slaves were, as expected, less healthy than their white owners. To maintain a certain amount of slaves on a plantation, slaves were imported and sold constantly because they died off so quickly. After 1808, however, when importing slaves into the states became illegal, the black population in the Americas declined swiftly so that by 1840, there was one black slave for every five whites. This high death rate was because of the hard work days and poor medical treatment slaves recieved. Although black women had multiple children, with both black and white fathers, most of them died because they recieved little to no medical attention. Also, because of the amount of work required at a younger age, black people were more likely to die at a younger age than white people. American Slaves Two slaves carrying crops from the fields. American slaves were not as poorly treated as others. Their life style was preferable to Caribbean or South American slaves. This was because of the backbreaking work required by non-American slaves and the fact that it remained legal until late into the 19th century to import slaves, so there was less of an incentive to treat the ones they currently owned reasonably. Most American slave masters found it easier to make some effort in preserving the health, and usefullness, of their slaves. As treatment of slaves improved, the mortality rate in America lowered dramatically as did the amount of money that had formerly been put into that form of trade. Household Slaves Household slaves were generally nurses, maids, cooks, butlers, and coachmen. They were often taught by the mistress of the household as they lived closer to the master and his family. Sometimes they were considered the other son or daughter of the master and his family. They ate leftovers from their table and often slept in the same house as them. The relationship between slave and master within the house was much more familial, but house slaves resented being seperated from the rest of the slaves and the lack of privacy within the master's house. Female household slaves were especially vulnerable to "affectionate" relationships with their masters who often sexually abused them. These black women then recieved hateful treatment from their jealous mistress. Household slaves, male and female alike, recieved more punishments because it was more obvious when they did something wrong and the master's family could easily dislike them and abuse them for no reason. When emancipation occured after the Civil War, the household slaves were often the first to leave the plantation. City Slavery In the city, master's could not easily watch their slaves closely and use them profitably. During the day, city slaves moved about the city alone running various errands. It was much easier for slaves to run away and pretend they were free because it was more accepted in the north and they were alone almost all of the time. City masters often hired out slaves for poor southern farmers who wanted slaves to do ordinary labor, such as mining and lumbering. Other city slaves worked on the docks and on construction sites, drove wagons, and did other skill-less jobs around the city. Slave women and children often were forced to work in the textile mills. If a slave had skills, they were also hired out as blacksmiths or carpenters. White southernors did not consider this slavery and often declared that slavery did not mix with the urban life of the north. Therefore, city masters feared more escape conspiracies and sold off much of the male property they owned. This led to more mulattoes because there were more black women than men. Even though slavery was not as rough in the north, segregation remained a prominent way of social control and discipline of the black population. A Survey: American History by Alan Brinkley
A Look at the Jewish Justices at the Highest Court Jewish Justices of the Supreme Court: From Brandeis to Kagan David Dalin $35, hardcover Brandeis University Press Who was the first president with the courage to nominate a Jew for a Supreme Court vacancy? And who was the potential nominee? Well-educated Jewish Americans would reply that it was President Woodrow Wilson with his nomination of Louis Brandeis. David Dalin’s wonderful little volume teaches that the first Jewish putative nominee was Judah P. Benjamin. Benjamin was a Sephardi Jew who had a brilliant career as a senator from Louisiana before resigning to serve as the Confederacy’s attorney general, secretary of war and secretary of state. After the Confederacy’s defeat, he fled to England where he practiced law and wrote the classic hornbook, Benjamin on Sales. Benjamin previously was offered a Supreme Court nomination by President Millard Fillmore in 1852 before taking his Senate seat. Benjamin turned down the offer because he was anticipating Senate service and a lucrative legal practice that included Supreme Court appearances. Dalin’s review of the history of Jewish Supreme Court justices begins with other fascinating accounts of the Jewish candidates who preceded Brandeis. Louis Marshall, the leader and spokesman for American Jewry in the early 1900s and then a Republican, actively sought a Supreme Court appointment in 1910, when William Howard Taft was president. Dalin recounts that Taft, a dedicated Republican, explicitly rejected pleas on Marshall’s behalf from Jewish Republicans because Marshall’s partner in their Jewish law firm was a well-known Democrat. Sparkling historical nuggets abound. Who knew that Louis Brandeis, castigated for his Jewish ancestry and well-known as an ardent Zionist, loved ham? His brother Alfred would regularly dispatch hams to Washington from Louisville, and the justice would respond with expressions of enormous gratitude. Jewish religious observance played no role in Brandeis’ life or even at his death. No Kaddish was recited at his funeral, and he was, as he instructed, cremated. Dalin describes, by contrast, the Jewish religious commitment of Benjamin Cardozo, who served from 1932 until his death in 1938 together with Brandeis. Cardozo remained all his life a member of New York’s celebrated Spanish-Portuguese synagogue Shearith Israel. He spoke persuasively against mixed-gender seating in a June 1895 meeting of the synagogue’s electors, thereby ensuring it remained an Orthodox synagogue. Cardozo did not serve pork or shellfish at his home and was shocked to be fed ham as a guest of Brandeis. Meantime, Dalin’s disclosure of Justice Felix Frankfurter’s obliviousness to religious observance is not surprising. Dalin reports that Frankfurter’s mother did not attend her son’s wedding because, in her words, he “had chosen a shiksa as his bride.” On occasion, Dalin is a little too eager to glorify the accomplishments of Jewish justices. For example, future Justice Abe Fortas was assigned to represent Clarence Earl Gideon, the Florida prisoner whose name resounds in constitutional history because of Gideon v. Wainwright. That unanimous Supreme Court decision overruled previous precedent and declared that any indigent person charged with a felony in a state court was entitled to the assistance of a court-appointed attorney. Dalin reports that the court appointed Fortas, then a leading bar member, to represent Gideon. While Fortas won the case, the court needed no convincing, and his argument — passionate or cerebral — was not decisive or even influential in what was a slam-dunk case. Nathan Lewin is a Washington attorney who has argued numerous cases before the Supreme Court.
Bipolar Problems mood-disorderEveryone experiences changes in his or her mood. And this is normal. What is not normal is when the mood swings are severe and extreme. What is Mood and what is Affect?? Affect – It is the outward expression of emotion. Mood- It is the way the person feels inside. A Mood is an emotional state. Moods differ from emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Moods generally have either a positive or negative valence. In other words, people typically speak of being in a good mood or a bad mood. Mood Disorders are psychological disorders characterized by disturbances of moods or emotional states that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive. Mood disorders are normally episodic, which means that the disturbances can increase and decrease in the length of time the mood is experienced. Depressive Disorders Minor depressive episodes do not fully meet the criteria for major depression but can develop into major depression if left untreated. Disorders involving alterations in mood Bipolar disorder is a combination of extreme elation, which is known as mania, and depression. Getting an accurate diagnosis is the first step in bipolar disorder treatment. This isn’t always easy. The mood swings of bipolar disorder can be difficult to distinguish from other problems of major depression and borderline personality disorder. A diagnostic exam for bipolar disorder generally consists of the following: In addition to taking your psychiatric and medical history, your doctor may talk to family members and friends about your moods and behaviors. Often, those close to you can give a more accurate and objective picture of your symptoms. Treatment includes :- Risk Factors Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include: Protective Factors If you suspect you have depression or bipolar disorder, speak with the Doctor. We at Mumbai Psychiatry Clinics have a dedicated team of counsellors and clinical psychologists who will help you with your problems, cite interventions and assess the progress on regular intervals. There are experienced psychiatrists who will be guiding you throughout your journey and our Multidisciplinary team will try to assure you with the best help possible. Bipolar Problems Sexual Concerns Impulsive Behaviours Maladaptive Behaviours Eating Disorders Phase of Life Problems Personality Changes Mood Disorders Enquire Now Male Female • Contact Us A2-001, Anand Nagar, RMMS, opp Vijaya Bank, Dahisar East Mumbai - 400068 call icon 022-64462323 email icon • Disclaimer Mumbai Psychiatry Clinics” provides general information for educational purposes and awareness in the field of psychiatry. The information provided in this site, or through linkages to other sites, is not a substitute for medical or professional care, and you should not use the information in place of a visit, call consultation or the advice of "Physician, Psychiatrist or other health care provider. “Mumbai Psychiatry Clinics” is not liable or responsible for any outcomes arising from advice, course of treatment, diagnosis or any other information, services or product you obtain through this site. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of information on this website
November 23, 2007 TOEFL: some grammar practice If you are preparing for the TOEFL exam (and even if you're not...), here is an interesting activity. One of the four underlined structures in each sentence is incorrect. Decide which letter (A, B, C or D) is wrong and click on your answer - the 'hint' box will give you the grammar explanation according to your choice. No comments:
Tag Archives: Solar Power Organic battery hailed as cheap renewable energy solution A cheap rechargeable battery that harnesses energy by using the electrochemistry of organic molecules found in green plants like rhubarb rather than metals is being touted by Harvard researchers as a breakthrough for renewable energy. The technology is outlined in the Jan. 9 edition of the journal Nature. This potential renewable-energy game-changer could play a huge role in our transition off fossil fuels to renewable electricity. The flow battery would be hooked to solar panels on the roof of a commercial building. The energy stored in the battery could power the building or be used whenever there’s a need for it Although still in the research stages early testing indicates that the Harvard battery performs just as well as the electricity storage batteries that use metal ions in various charge states. A clean, safe battery at almost 1/3 the cost of todays storage batteries is exactly what our planet needs.
Sunday, June 6, 2010 South China Tiger The South China Tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis), also known as the Amoy or Xiamen tiger, most endangered tiger subspecies and even big cats species in the world, and is listed as one of the 10 most endangered animals in the world. One of the smaller species of tiger, the length of the South China tiger ranges from 2.2–2.6 m (87–100 in) for both males and females. Males weigh between 127 and 177 kg (280 and 390 lb) while females weigh between 100 and 118 kg (220 and 260 lb). From 1983 to 2007, no South China tigers were sighted. In 2007 a farmer spotted a tiger and handed in photographs to the authorities as proof. The photographs in question, however, were later exposed as fake, copied from a Chinese calendar and photoshopped, and the “sighting” turned into a massive scandal. 1977 Chinese authorities have passed a law that prohibits the hunting of wild tirove, but this may be have too late to save this tigers subspecies, since it is possible that they are already extinct in the wild. There are currently 59 known captive South China tigers, all within China, but these are known to be descended from only six animals. Thus, the genetic diversity required to maintain the subspecies may no longer exist. Currently, there are breeding efforts to reintroduce these tigers to the wild. The main reason for their extinction is excessive hunting, for the purpose of traditional Chinese medicine. Unfortunately, tiger body parts are still used in Chinese medicine, and the government is poorly controlled this branch of medicine. 1 comment: 1. Great article. It is really an interesting thing to learn your blog. The information from your site is strictly excellent
Bosnia and Herzegovina is the heart shaped land that lies in the heart of southeast Europe. It is here that eastern and western civilizations met, sometimes clashed, but more often enriched and reinforced each other throughout its long and fascinating history. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a long name for a country that measures just over 50,000 km2. Bosnia covers the north and centre of the country with its name probably derived from ‘bosana’, an old Indo-European word meaning water, which Bosnia has no short of. The southern region of ancient Hum, ruled by Herceg Stjepan (Duke Stjepan),was later named Herzegovina after the region was conquered by the invading Ottomans. Perhaps what is most important for the visitor to know today, though, is that Bosnia and Herzegovinais a stunningly beautiful country with a vast array of landscapes, cultures, traditions and people. And as the old cliche goes ‘people make the place’ – and BiH prides itself on its hospitality and treating our guests as if they were family members. And family we take to heart.
Password management & Online safety Password Management If you’re reading this blog, then you know how to use the internet. At the very least you have figured out some sort of browser (Google, Firefox, Explorer…) and how to navigate to different web pages. Good for you! Now it is highly likely you also use the internet for other things, like email, entertainment, gaming, news, information gathering, and maybe banking/finances. And it is also likely that you are a member of at least one website that requires a password. Maybe your computer itself requires a password before you can unlock it to use it. As promised in “How to Set up an Online Bank Account“, here is my limited knowledge and copious research on internet safety & password management. The ‘Do’ List It is highly recommended to use both upper and lower case letters, as well as sprinkling in some numbers and symbols. The more characters, generally the safer the password, because it will take even a computer program a longer time to figure out. Although, according to the comic by XKCD, this may be a flawed recommendation… Image from the fantastic comic, XKCD The ‘Do-Not’ List Hopefully by now, all savvy internet users have hear that the most commonly used passwords are super easy for cyber-criminals to guess. Using something like “Password” “123456” or “ABCDEFG”, even with some variations like Pa$sw0rd” or “AbC123” is a terrible idea. It is also not great to use names (of anyone, real or fictional), really any proper nouns, common numbers (like pi) or important dates. These types of things are easily guessed, especially if the person wanting your data is acquainted with you. You should also avoid common phrases like “a penny saved a penny earned”, any keyboard patterns (like qwerty) or passwords someone could easily guess should they see you type it. The MIT computer science department has a great page all about the dos and don’ts of good password creation. And NetForBeginners has some good extra links to different sites that offer more tips and safety features. Image from DoingFamilyRight As Gina Trapani of Geek to Live said: “A secure, memorable password is easy for you to remember, and hard for others to guess.” Ms. Trapani also wrote an article about how to “Secure Your Saved Passwords in Firefox” which allows folks with terrible memories (like yours truly) to save passwords to commonly visited sites so the site automatically fills them in for you. More helpful sites the Geek to Live article pointed to is the password generator bookmarklet which generates passwords for individual sites based on a ‘master’ password you give it, and a video from John Udell on how to use this application. Online Safety Everyone locks their door when they get out of the car. Everyone locks their apartment or home when they are elsewhere. We all probably have a passcode on our smart phone, a lock on our bike, overdraft protection, life insurance, home-owners insurance, and on and on. It’s a human instinct to want to feel safe, secure, protected. However, since the internet has become so ubiquitous, it is easy to be lulled into a sense of security. We use the internet every day, to check email, sports updates, weather, GPS, find a restaurant, connect with friends and family, and much more. It’s easy to forget that these multiplicitous devices leave us vulnerable to internet security problems like phishing, malware, and identity theft. The National Cyber Security Alliance has a great website,, you can check out for detailed information. “Phishing” is the term for hackers trying to get your passwords directly from you by using deception. Internet criminals have become very knowledgeable about forging legitimate-looking emails. The email may look like it came from a financial institution, claiming something has gone wrong with your account, or a feature will expire if you don’t act now. They get you to click on a link or go to a site and input your login information. You think this site is legitimate, not knowing that now your private information is in someone else’s hands until it is too late. Image from Hoax-Slayer There are a few things you can do to protect yourself from these types of scams. 1. Do not open any email attachments from addresses you do not recognize 2. Enable filters and spam-detection in your email box 3. NEVER give passwords or login information over email to anyone 4. Report any spam or phishing to the site or email provider it happens on 5. Check the URL. If it’s anything confidential or financial, it should be “HTTPS” for “secure” If anything from a financial institution ever seems fishy, call up the bank or investment house directly and ask if it is legitimate. Far better to ask them and get confirmation that your account does in fact need attention than to lose control of your account. Malware is a smash-up of “malicious” and “software” and is exactly what it sounds like. Malicious software gets onto your computer and goes about wrecking everything. Most often they are designed to give the creator some sort of access to your machine or its contents. A virus is simply a piece of code that you have to “catch” from an unsafe source or USB drive. It then spreads to any other internet devices your computer talks to. Image from Hyphenet The next level above a virus is “spyware” or “adware”. These programs can download themselves onto your computer, even without you being aware of it. All you have to do is visit an unsafe site without a spyware blocker program installed, and Ta-Da! Adware. These programs can be as harmless as forcing your computer to open ads you don’t want, or as dangerous as stealing your passwords and compromising your accounts. The final level is “botnets”. This is a network of computers infected by malware that are being controlled remotely by the creators of that malware. Sometimes called “zombies”, these infected computers can be used to launch attacks on other computers or websites without the machine’s owner knowing. The infected zombie computers receive commands from the cyber-criminals, and do whatever they are told. Most often this is for financial gain and/or to harvest information like credit cards, passwords, social security numbers, etc. This data is then used for further malware distribution, spamming, fraud, and identity theft. For more information on botnets, visit the STOP. THINK. CONNECT. Keep a Clean Machine Campaign. ID Theft Speaking of identity theft… it’s an awful thing to happen, it can wreck your credit score, keep you from obtaining car or home loans, cause doubt from financial institutions, and in general is a big headache. Don’t let it happen to you. Image from Dunwoody Police Department 1. Instal protective software like virus protection, malware detection, etc. 2. Collect any and all evidence, like receipts, checks, emails, etc. 3. If cybercrime happens to you, report it (see below) Who to tell? First of all, the local police department is obligated to assist you, write up a report, and involve other agencies if appropriate. Many areas also have a local victim’s service provider, which can provide information, advocacy, and even emotional support. You can check HERE to see if there is one near you. On a higher level, the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) will review complaints of any degree and refer it to the appropriate level of law enforcement or regulatory agency that can help. IC3 is a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National White Collar Crime Center. Complaints may be filed online at Finally, the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) does not evaluate individual complains, but they operate the Consumer Sentinel, a secure online database used by law enforcement agencies worldwide. File your complaint at Victims of identity crime may receive additional help through the FTC hotline at 1-877-IDTHEFT (1-877-438-4388); or the FTC website. For more information and specific advice for situations involving fraud and ID theft, go to StaySafeOnline. You can also check out this LinkedIN article from Microsoft’s Chief Online Safety Officer. This is not to discourage you from using the internet. “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” sure rings true here. All it takes is some common ‘net smarts and maybe an anti-virus software to ensure the basics of protection for your devices. Hope you learned a little something, now be safe and get out there surfin’! (Visited 43 times, 1 visits today) Leave a Reply
Dear Dr. Roach: I keep hearing that I should have my children tested for the MTHFR gene before vaccinating them. What is the MTHFR gene? Does something about it lead to more vaccine injuries? Dear K.S.H.: The MTHFR gene codes for the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, an important enzyme in making the active form of folic acid. About 10 to 15 percent of North Americans (higher in people of Hispanic or Italian descent) have a particular mutation in this gene (called the C677T, or “thermolabile” mutation). People with this mutation are at higher risk for low active folic acid, which can cause a high blood level of homocysteine. This, in turn, is associated with an increased risk of blood clots and coronary artery disease. I should note that it isn’t having the gene that seems to put people at risk, but the presence of high levels of homocysteine. However, in a review of eight trials of people with high homocysteine levels who were treated with folic acid and other vitamins, there was no benefit in terms of decreasing blood clots, heart disease, cancer or death, despite the effectiveness of the supplements in lowering homocysteine levels. There is theoretical evidence that methylfolate may be more effective than regular folic acid at reducing homocysteine levels, but there still is no evidence that treatment reduces clinical risk. There also is no evidence that people with MTHFR mutations are at higher risk during routine vaccination, and genetic testing for MTHFR mutations is currently not recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. I did find a paper showing that people with MTHFR gene mutations had a roughly doubled risk of fever, rash or enlarged lymph nodes from smallpox vaccine (which has a very high risk of adverse effects relative to routine child or adult immunizations). I don’t recommend testing. For people who know that they have a MTHFR mutation, it is reasonable to take a vitamin containing active forms of folic acid and vitamin B-12. As far as routine immunization goes, because of the far greater benefit than risk, I recommend the vaccines for all people with or without MTHFR mutations, despite any theoretical increased risk in side effects. Dear Dr. Roach: My doctor gave me free samples of Cialis. It was very effective, and I had no side effects. I travel to Mexico a lot, so I picked up Cialis there (which doesn’t need a prescription). The tablets were 40 milligrams, the same as the Cialis my doctor gave me. These tablets had basically NO effect, even in larger dosages. Do all the same medications, no matter where they come from, contain the same amount of medication? In other words, can I be sure the Cialis I had in the U.S. is the same exact Cialis I picked up in Mexico? Seems like there were TOTAL differences in effect. Dear S.S.: Although the exact drug Cialis (and many others) can be purchased in Mexico, sometimes at huge savings, there can be problems both with the storage of the drugs (extreme heat can decrease potency) and with actual counterfeit drugs. U.S. citizens are allowed to bring into the country a three-month supply of medications (but not controlled substances). The Food and Drug Administration carefully monitors prescription drugs sold in the U.S., but it has no jurisdiction in Mexico. Purchasing brand-name drugs from reputable pharmacies is your best chance of avoiding fake drugs, but there is still a chance that you aren’t getting what you pay for. Email questions to Read or Share this story:
Try Our Apps The Best Internet Slang [ri-lij-uh n] /rɪˈlɪdʒ ən/ a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. the Christian religion; the Buddhist religion. the body of persons adhering to a particular set of beliefs and practices: a world council of religions. the life or state of a monk, nun, etc.: to enter religion. the practice of religious beliefs; ritual observance of faith. something one believes in and follows devotedly; a point or matter of ethics or conscience: to make a religion of fighting prejudice. religions, Archaic. religious rites: painted priests performing religions deep into the night. Archaic. strict faithfulness; devotion: a religion to one's vow. get religion, Informal. 1. to acquire a deep conviction of the validity of religious beliefs and practices. 2. to resolve to mend one's errant ways: The company got religion and stopped making dangerous products. Origin of religion 1150-1200; Middle English religioun (< Old French religion) < Latin religiōn- (stem of religiō) conscientiousness, piety, equivalent to relig(āre) to tie, fasten (re- re- + ligāre to bind, tie; cf. ligament) + -iōn- -ion; cf. rely Related forms religionless, adjective antireligion, adjective nonreligion, noun subreligion, noun Unabridged Cite This Source Examples from the Web for religionless Historical Examples British Dictionary definitions for religionless belief in, worship of, or obedience to a supernatural power or powers considered to be divine or to have control of human destiny any formal or institutionalized expression of such belief: the Christian religion the attitude and feeling of one who believes in a transcendent controlling power or powers (mainly RC Church) the way of life determined by the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience entered upon by monks, friars, and nuns: to enter religion something of overwhelming importance to a person: football is his religion 1. the practice of sacred ritual observances 2. sacred rites and ceremonies Word Origin C12: via Old French from Latin religiō fear of the supernatural, piety, probably from religāre to tie up, from re- + ligāre to bind Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition Cite This Source Word Origin and History for religionless c.1200, "state of life bound by monastic vows," also "conduct indicating a belief in a divine power," from Anglo-French religiun (11c.), Old French religion "piety, devotion; religious community," and directly from Latin religionem (nominative religio) "respect for what is sacred, reverence for the gods; conscientiousness, sense of right, moral obligation; fear of the gods; divine service, religious observance; a religion, a faith, a mode of worship, cult; sanctity, holiness," in Late Latin "monastic life" (5c.). According to Cicero derived from relegere "go through again" (in reading or in thought), from re- "again" (see re-) + legere "read" (see lecture (n.)). However, popular etymology among the later ancients (Servius, Lactantius, Augustine) and the interpretation of many modern writers connects it with religare "to bind fast" (see rely), via notion of "place an obligation on," or "bond between humans and gods." In that case, the re- would be intensive. Another possible origin is religiens "careful," opposite of negligens. In English, meaning "particular system of faith" is recorded from c.1300; sense of "recognition of and allegiance in manner of life (perceived as justly due) to a higher, unseen power or powers" is from 1530s. To hold, therefore, that there is no difference in matters of religion between forms that are unlike each other, and even contrary to each other, most clearly leads in the end to the rejection of all religion in both theory and practice. And this is the same thing as atheism, however it may differ from it in name. [Pope Leo XIII, Immortale Dei, 1885] Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source Slang definitions & phrases for religionless Related Terms get religion Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers. Cite This Source Idioms and Phrases with religionless The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary Cite This Source Word of the Day Difficulty index for religion All English speakers likely know this word Word Value for religionless Scrabble Words With Friends Nearby words for religionless
Early access :+98 935 583 6088 : info@irantourismcenter.com Naqsh-e Rostam naqsh - e - rajabNaqsh-e Rostam is situated a few kilometers northwest of Persepolis, the capital of the ancient Achaemenid empire. As is shown by a pre-Achaemenid relief and several old graves, Naqsh-e Rostam was already a place of some importance when king Darius I the Great ordered his monumental tomb to be carved into the cliff. Later, similar royal rock tombs were added. They belong to Darius' son and successor Xerxes, his son Artaxerxes I Makrocheir and his grandson Darius II Nothus . Archaeologists are almost certain that the tombs were closed after the burial. After Alexander the Great had overthrown the Achaemenid Empire, the doors were smashed and the tombs were looted. After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Naqsh-e Rustam remained important to the Persians. After 260 CE, the Sasanian king Shapur I had a monumental relief cut out in the rock, showing how he made Philippus Arabs ruler of the Roman Empire and received the defeated Roman emperor Valerian. Other reliefs were added by Shapur's successors.
English Sentences Focusing on Words and Their Word Families The Word "Accurate" in Example Sentences Page 1 2123615 It's accurate. CK 1 2111465 That's accurate. CK 1 2248478 Is that accurate? CK 1 2248641 Is this accurate? CK 1 2249076 It's fairly accurate. CK 1 58918 This clock is accurate. CK 1 2546109 I'd say that's accurate. CK 1 2953714 We need accurate information. CK 1 387412 This data isn't accurate at all. CK 1 251034 My watch is accurate. CK 1965426 This is pretty accurate. Guybrush88 251021 My watch is very accurate. CK 2266239 He gave an accurate report. _undertoad 58921 The watch keeps accurate time. CK 1268817 His data is not accurate at all. jared1981 3310541 I'm not sure how accurate that is. CK 55283 This data is anything but accurate. CM 67894 The clock on that tower is accurate. Eldad 251026 My watch is more accurate than yours. CK 290901 He made an accurate report of the incident. CK 44121 The sentence is not grammatically accurate. CK 1293092 Unfortunately, the information is accurate. CK 70549 Your analysis of the situation is accurate. CM 25169 Give me an accurate report of what happened. NekoKanjya 3204585 Everything I've told you may not be accurate. CK
University of Minnesota School of Physics & Astronomy Wygant heads storm belt probe research team John Wygant John Wygant Wendy Tschampl School of Physics and Astronomy Professor John Wygant has been made Principal Investigator of a large NASA investigation to measure intense electric fields in the Earth's radiation belts. This project is part of a two spacecraft mission called the Radiation Belt Storm Probes, which will study energetic charged particle acceleration in the Earth's magnetosphere during major geomagnetic storms. The inner magnetosphere is a region of charged, energetic particles or plasma that is trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field. Although the radiation belts are close to home and were discovered in the late 1950s during the launch of the first American spacecraft, the mechanisms responsible for creating the belts and destroying them are not known because the radiation is so intense that is it is hazardous to spacecraft. The project could have long term effects, not only for studying our own planet, but others in our solar system such as Saturn and Jupiter which also have substantial radiation belts. Professor Wygant leads the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) team that will design and build the instrument. The electronics will need to have special shielding to protect it from radiation and a program of careful testing before the mission is launched 2012. The main instrument will measure low frequency electric field wave variations ranging from milliseconds to hours and over spatial scales of 1-100,000 kilometers. These electric fields are measured using three pairs of sensors. Two pairs of sensors are deployed at the ends of 50 m booms, that are held in place by the tension associated with centripetal acceleration of the spinning spacecraft which rotates every 10 seconds. Wygant’s group is interested in the physics of the particle acceleration in the radiation belt, where particles maybe accelerated from low energies (1 keV) to relativistic energies (15 MeV) in a short amount of time. Wygant says that though it was previously believed that the acceleration took days to months to occur, recent data has shown that particles can be accelerated in milliseconds to hours through a variety of different mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms include large scale shock waves launched from the sun, episodes of explosive release of magnetic energy stored in the magnetosphere of the earth, electric fields associated with magnetic fields lines that can vibrate like violin strings, and a menagerie of small scale waves which propagate along magnetic field lines. “Particles find a wave to surf on, they pick up speed, and accelerate to relativistic energies,” Wygant explains. Most of these accelerations occur either during major geomagnetic storms (which also produce intense aurora) or during encounters with high speed solar wind streams emanating from the sun. Other instruments on the spacecraft will measure the energetic electrons and ions, and the variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Wygant says that physicists have made great strides recently in learning how to sample waves intelligently. In such a complex system it is important to get a number of small samples at the most intense part of a storm event, typically a four hour period. That is why the mission will be one with dual spacecraft that pass in and out of the radiation belt at four hour intervals. Wygant is confident that they will get samples of magnetosphere storms during the mission. The RBSP EFW collaboration includes physicists from Minnesota, U.C. Berkeley, University of Colorado, University of Alberta, the Air Force Research Laboratory and theorists from Dartmouth.
your online library and language lab Contents > Author > L. Frank Baum > The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 01 1856- 1919 Previous Next L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 01 printer friendly version Click above to listen to this quote! or download the clip Chapter 1. Dorothy lived in the midst of the great Kansas prairies, with Uncle Henry, who was a farmer, and Aunt Em, who was the farmer's wife. Their house was small, for the lumber to build it had to be carried by wagon many miles. There were four walls, a floor and a roof, which made one room; and this room contained a rusty looking cookstove, a cupboard for the dishes, a table, three or four chairs, and the beds. Uncle Henry and Aunt Em had a big bed in one corner, and Dorothy a little bed in another corner. There was no garret at all, and no cellar--except a small hole dug in the ground, called a cyclone cellar, where the family could go in case one of those great whirlwinds arose, mighty enough to crush any building in its path. It was reached by a trap door in the middle of the floor, from which a ladder led down into the small, dark hole. When Dorothy stood in the doorway and looked around, she could see nothing but the great gray prairie on every side. Not a tree nor a house broke the broad sweep of flat country that reached to the edge of the sky in all directions. The sun had baked the plowed land into a gray mass, with little cracks running through it. Even the grass was not green, for the sun had burned the tops of the long blades until they were the same gray color to be seen everywhere. Once the house had been painted, but the sun blistered the paint and the rains washed it away, and now the house was as dull and gray as everything else. When Aunt Em came there to live she was a young, pretty wife. The sun and wind had changed her, too. They had taken the sparkle from her eyes and left them a sober gray; they had taken the red from her cheeks and lips, and they were gray also. She was thin and gaunt, and never smiled now. When Dorothy, who was an orphan, first came to her, Aunt Em had been so startled by the child's laughter that she would scream and press her hand upon her heart whenever Dorothy's merry voice reached her ears; and she still looked at the little girl with wonder that she could find anything to laugh at. Uncle Henry never laughed. He worked hard from morning till night and did not know what joy was. He was gray also, from his long beard to his rough boots, and he looked stern and solemn, and rarely spoke. It was Toto that made Dorothy laugh, and saved her from growing as gray as her other surroundings. Toto was not gray; he was a little black dog, with long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on either side of his funny, wee nose. Toto played all day long, and Dorothy played with him, and loved him dearly. Today, however, they were not playing. Uncle Henry sat upon the doorstep and looked anxiously at the sky, which was even grayer than usual. Dorothy stood in the door with Toto in her arms, and looked at the sky too. Aunt Em was washing the dishes. From the far north they heard a low wail of the wind, and Uncle Henry and Dorothy could see where the long grass bowed in waves before the coming storm. There now came a sharp whistling in the air from the south, and as they turned their eyes that way they saw ripples in the grass coming from that direction also. Suddenly Uncle Henry stood up. "There's a cyclone coming, Em," he called to his wife. "I'll go look after the stock." Then he ran toward the sheds where the cows and horses were kept. Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. One glance told her of the danger close at hand. "Quick, Dorothy!" she screamed. "Run for the cellar!" Toto jumped out of Dorothy's arms and hid under the bed, and the girl started to get him. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap door in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. Dorothy caught Toto at last and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room there came a great shriek from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her footing and sat down suddenly upon the floor. Then a strange thing happened. The house whirled around two or three times and rose slowly through the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon. The north and south winds met where the house stood, and made it the exact center of the cyclone. In the middle of a cyclone the air is generally still, but the great pressure of the wind on every side of the house raised it up higher and higher, until it was at the very top of the cyclone; and there it remained and was carried miles and miles away as easily as you could carry a feather. It was very dark, and the wind howled horribly around her, but Dorothy found she was riding quite easily. After the first few whirls around, and one other time when the house tipped badly, she felt as if she were being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle. Toto did not like it. He ran about the room, now here, now there, barking loudly; but Dorothy sat quite still on the floor and waited to see what would happen. Once Toto got too near the open trap door, and fell in; and at first the little girl thought she had lost him. But soon she saw one of his ears sticking up through the hole, for the strong pressure of the air was keeping him up so that he could not fall. She crept to the hole, caught Toto by the ear, and dragged him into the room again, afterward closing the trap door so that no more accidents could happen. Hour after hour passed away, and slowly Dorothy got over her fright; but she felt quite lonely, and the wind shrieked so loudly all about her that she nearly became deaf. At first she had wondered if she would be dashed to pieces when the house fell again; but as the hours passed and nothing terrible happened, she stopped worrying and resolved to wait calmly and see what the future would bring. At last she crawled over the swaying floor to her bed, and lay down upon it; and Toto followed and lay down beside her. In spite of the swaying of the house and the wailing of the wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep. Click above to listen to this quote! or download the clip Read by: E.L. Felder Previous Next 17950345 visitors · 8908 texts · 2350 recordings · 957 authors · 194 readers Copyright © RepeatAfterUs.com. All Rights Reserved.
About MS More about MS Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a condition of the central nervous system. In MS, the coating around nerve fibres (called myelin) is damaged, causing a range of symptoms. Typically these include but are not excluded to vision problems, balance and dizziness, fatigue and stiffness and/or spasms. Around 100,000 people in the UK (2.3M worldwide) have MS. It’s normally diagnosed in people between the ages of 20 and 40, and affects almost twice as many women as men. Once diagnosed, MS stays with you for life, but treatments and specialists can help to manage the symptoms. There is currently no cure, but research is progressing fast. What Happens in MS? A substance called myelin protects the nerve fibres in the central nervous system, which helps messages travel quickly and smoothly between the brain and the rest of the body. In MS, your immune system, which normally helps to fight off infections, mistakes myelin for a foreign body and attacks it. This damages the myelin and strips it off the nerve fibres, either partially or completely, leaving scars known as lesions or plaques. This damage disrupts messages travelling along nerve fibres – they can slow down, become distorted, or not get through at all. As well as myelin loss, there can also sometimes be damage to the actual nerve fibres. It is this nerve damage that causes the accumulation of disability that can occur over time.
Syria signs up to Paris Agreement, US lone outsider If the US abandons its goals, temperatures will rise by 3.2 C by the end of the century Syria has officially signed up to the Paris Agreement, the UN said Tuesday, leaving the United States as the only country to reject the global climate-rescue pact. "The Syrian Arab Republic deposited its instrument of accession of the Paris Agreement on 13 November 2017," said the UN climate secretariat (UNFCCC) hosting the annual round of global climate negotiations in Bonn, Germany. War-torn Syria became the 169th of 196 countries that are members of the UN climate convention to take the legal step of ratification. After Nicaragua signed up in October, Syria was the only country not to have adopted the pact. Another 27 nations that have signed the treaty have yet to pass domestic laws required for full accession. The United States, which championed the agreement under Barack Obama, adopted it in the French capital in December 2015, signed it at the UN in April 2016, and ratified in September last year. But in June this year, Obama's successor, Donald Trump, announced that America would pull out of the agreement, which he said imposed "draconian financial and economic burdens" on the United States. The US can only withdraw four years after the deal officially entered into force in November 2016, which means November 2020 -- two months before Trump's term ends. The hard-fought pact commits countries to limiting average global warming to under two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) over Industrial Revolution levels, and 1.5 C if possible, to avert calamitous climate change-induced storms, drought and sea-level rise. To bolster the agreement, nations submitted voluntary commitments to curb greenhouse gas emissions from burning coal, oil and natural gas. But the 1 C mark has already been passed, and scientists say that on current country pledges, the world is headed for a 3 C warmer future, or more. Many fear that America's exit from the agreement will make the 2 C goal that much harder to reach. On Monday, a White House delegation hosted a controversial event on the sidelines of the UN climate conference, promoting "cleaner" fossil fuel use to the chagrin of green energy campaigners and fellow negotiators.
You should be peeing in your shower, not just for the liberating and the rebellious adrenaline rush that you may or may not get from it, but because you could save the planet, just a little bit, by doing so. Every single time you pee, you have to flush the toilet. Whereas those foul smelly poops do need considerable amounts of water to send them off to the mysterious aquatic underworld below, urine barely needs any encouragement once the flushing begins. Although many toilet flushes can be stopped part of the way through their noisy waterfalls, most can’t, and that’s wasting a heck of a lot of water. An average flush for a modern, Western-style toilet uses 6 liters of water, and the average adult pees about seven times every 24 hours. That means that each day of weeing takes 42 liters of toilet water to flush away. There are 319 million people in the US, so assuming they all pee the same, which they don’t, but we’re making broadly accurate assumptions here, that’s about 4.9 trillion liters of water flushed away in the name of urine every 365 days. Say that this means that you only pee in a toilet six, not seven times, per day. Extrapolating this to the entire US population, that’s 699 billion liters of water saved. Partly thanks to man-made climate change, and partly thanks to the inefficient use of water resources, water supplies around the world are running incredibly low. Do the planet a favor, pee as you shower.
Ten Ways of Talking about Likes We often talk about hobbies and things we like - but exercises in school books don't always sound very natural. Here are some ways of talking about something that you like a lot. 10 expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing: 1. I love rock and roll. 2. I really like rock and roll. 3. I live for rock and roll. 4. Rock and roll is my favourite. 5. I can't get enough of rock and roll. 6. Rock and roll is my life. 7. I'm really into rock and roll. 8. Rock and roll is my thing. 9. I'm keen on rock and roll. 10. I listen to rock and roll all day long. How To Use These Phrases In Your English: 1. 1 is a normal expression, and is the structure normally taught in school - but it's not he most common. 2. 2 is a very common way of showing you like something. It's good to use the word 'really' to intensify your feeling. 3. 4 and 9 show that this music is important for you, but they don't show much emotion. 4. 7 is a common way of showing your enthusiasm for something. 5. 3, 6 and 10 show that this music dominates your life: it is very important for you. 6. 8 is not quite as strong as 3 and 6, but it shows that this music is very important for you.
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Low Power FM transmitter explanation 1. May 4, 2012 #1 Hello everyone, Finally I found a useful website where I can find the answers of my questions:) I will take signal processing course soon and I thought "building a low power fm transmitter" is a bright idea to train myself to a certain level... Though I need your help and I don't have anybody around me to find out how it goes... I found a circuit online and I'm trying to understand every single point of the circuit...from top till toe!!! just building and soldering the elements will do nothing i'm sure!! I need to understand each and every elements, so I thought that if I ask questions to you, maybe you can help me... don't tell me that "it is very easy!!" please! I know it is and I just want to understand it as much as the owner does=) As far as I understood, first part(with mic and first transistor) is an audio amplifier! How can I measure th output of the amplifier? I guess second transistor is used for frequency modulation! I think I need an immediate assistance on that part :rolleyes: Tank circuit oscillates at the rezonant frequency (i'll use 22pF varicap) and 0.118μH will give me 98.70Mhz output!! So, since we know that a human voice frequency is in between 60Hz-4000Hz, what is the procedure in my circuit step by step?? Any answer or comment will save my life=)))) Thanks for your concerns!!! Attached Files: 2. jcsd 3. May 4, 2012 #2 The easiest way would be with an oscilloscope. If you don't have an oscilloscope you could try to use a meter but the signal will probably be too small to see with a meter. (Put the meter on AC, connect the leads to the collector of the first transistor and ground, and speak into the microphone. What do you need assistance with? If 22pF is the maximum value of your varicap, you may want to add a 15 pf cap in parallel to reduce the tuning range and put 98.7 MHz closer to the center of the capacitor's tuning range. Any answer or comment will save my life=)))) Thanks for your concerns!!![/QUOTE] 4. May 4, 2012 #3 Thanks, I tried and experinced the change in value of collector output of the 1st transistor. As I tried to explain above, I know that the first transistor part is for audio amplification. And the 2nd transistor (the place where i will modulate my frequency) uses the audio signals to shift my carrier frequency ie. if I have 98.70Mhz oscillation frequency from the tank circuit, it will be shifted by the transistor just before it's radiated via aerial wire. (I don't know how much it will be shifted, this is the point where i lose my track :cry: ) If there is something missing or wrong or completely wrong, please correct me... :uhh: I told you that I'm losing my point after a while=)) I hope i am not beyond redemption :frown: 5. May 4, 2012 #4 I don't know of any easy, cheap way of measuring deviation. You could listen to your signal on an FM radio and compare the volume of your signal with the volume of other FM stations. If you have access to a radio lab, there are instruments like a measuring receiver that you might use. The person who designed this circuit may have tested it and found the deviation to be about right. Similar Discussions: Low Power FM transmitter explanation 1. FM Transmitter (Replies: 4)
Does your preschooler say things like “My foots are cold” or “I wented to Romp n’ Roll today”? If so, you should know that these grammatical mistakes are actually indications of significant developmental progress. Remember when you were learning a foreign language in school and they taught you how to conjugate verbs? They started with past, present, and future tense. Then they moved on to things like the pluperfect subjunctive. Pluperfect subjunctive? You had no idea what the teacher was talking about. That’s because when you learned your native language, no one sat you down and gave you formal instructions in grammar. You simply listened to how people put together sentences and figured out the rules all on your own. The technical term for this is “syntactic bootstrapping.” And although it is casual and informal, it is obviously highly effective. But because it is casual and informal, it is not perfect. Children routinely go through a period of what is called “over-regularization.” While they are quickly picking up the rules, it takes them a little while longer to realize that there are some exceptions to the rules. Consequently, for a time they will apply the rules in a blanket fashion. You want to make something plural? Add “s”. One chair, two chairs. One foot, two foots. You want to make something past tense? Add “ed.” I walked to the park and I wented to Romp n’ Roll. So whenever your little one makes this sort of error, it is important to provide appropriate correction and guidance. But it is equally important to recognize and praise the wonderful progress in language development she is making all by herself. Dr. Mike Michael K. Meyerhoff, Ed.D. (a.k.a. “Dr. Mike”) is a member of the management team at Romp n’ Roll. After receiving his bachelor’s degree in psychology from Columbia University, he earned his master’s and doctorate degrees in human development from the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he also held a position as a researcher with the Harvard Preschool Project. He may be contacted via e-mail at drmike@romproll.com.
Raising Honey Bees for Beginners Acquiring a training in bee keeping is one thing that cannot be attained overnight. One needs to first learn all about the habits of the honey bee as a way to cultivate them and safely too. If you are unaware of what you are coping with you could be in for some very traumatic hours nursing bee stings. Beekeeping training includes not only learning how to attract or acquire your swarm of bees but how to keep them safely so as not to endanger your neighbors and passers by. You must also learn what clothes you need to wear while coping with your bees and the various actions that you require to take during a disastrous situation. Bees are very temperamental creatures and if they are disturbed or feel their hive is danger any moving object will be a target for them and they will swarm down in the thousands to attack the moving object, invariably humans. People have been known to die from bee attacks. Your bee keeping training will likewise teach you how to administer first aid to bee attack victims and all this is apart form teaching you how to attract bees, encourage them to produce honey, safely remove the honey, and process the honey. Training will likewise include hoe to market your honey. Bee keeping training is usually imparted with without the intervention of large honey marketing firms. They want small bee keepers to harvest honey and process the honey which they buy and market all over the world. Bee keeping is not all about constructing a wooden box and positioning it for bees to begin producing honey for you. That is simpler to say than do. Beekeepers need to know precisely where to put the hive for bees to arrange their home in it. The’re systems that attract bees to the hive. One of the best method is using a metronome to produce a humming sound that attracts the bees. As soon as the bees ate in he hive the metronome is switched off and he bees arrange to make the place their home. Good bee keeping training will make excellent farmers. Bee keepers need to know everything about honey bees, their nature, their lifestyle and how they search out sources of pollen for their honey. Many bee keepers are instructed how to cultivate certain varieties of flowers where the bees can collect nectar and outlet it in their hives. Incoming search terms: • raising honey bees for beginners • raising honey bees • raising bees for beginners • how to raise honey bees for beginners • how to attract bees to a hive • how to cultivate honey bees • how to attract honey bees to a hive • cultivating bees • attracting bees to a hive • how to cultivate bees • how to attract bees to your hive • how to cultivate honey • how to cultivate bees for honey • cultivating honey bees • how to attract honey bees • bee cultivation • beekeeping for beginners honey bees • how to raise honey bees • cultivating honey • honey bees for beginners • how to cultivate honey bee • honey bee cultivation • cultivate bees • how to raise bees for honey beginner • raising bees for honey • dangers of raising bees • attracting bees to your hive • attracting honey bees to hive • attract bees to hive • cultivation of honey bees • dangers of raising honey bees • beginner honey bees • raising bees for honey for beginners • dangers of beekeeping • raising honeybees • how much do honey bees cost • attracting honey bees • how do i raise honeybees and make honey • getting started raising honey bees • raising bees • cultivate honey • raisinghoneybees • honey cultivation • how to cultivate bee • honeybees for beginners • attract bees to a hive • Bees for beginners • honey bees cultivation • honey bee for beginners • how to cultivate bee honey About slashy27 Blessing Maseko is a successful beekeeper. Leave a Reply
Introduction to Excel VBA for beginners VBA in Excel is a topic that switches off many Excel users, unfortunately programming languages tend to have that effect on people! However learning VBA in Excel, even the basics and a few commands, can drastically improve your value as an Excel analyst and even your quality of life by freeing up your time…what have you got to lose? What is VBA in Excel? To start right at the beginning VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications. VBA refers to the programming language that can be used within Microsoft Excel along with various other Microsoft Office products such as Word, Access, PowerPoint and even Outlook. As far as programming languages go it is considered one of the easier languages to grasp, which is good news for us! The reason for this is that VBA is an event-driven programming language meaning that the flow of your program is determined by events such as clicking the mouse or entering a formula and pressing keys, this makes it easier to understand because it forms a logical flow. For example if you want to change the colour of a cell on your Excel Worksheet to blue you would complete the following steps: 1. Select the Worksheet 2. Select the Cell to change colour 3. Set a new Fill colour for that cell As VBA is an event-driven programming language it operates on the same process. The VBA to change a cell colour to blue in Excel is: Sheets("Sheet1").Range("A10").Interior.ColorIndex = 37 While this language may not be fluent to you right now it is possible to break it down. First we select the Worksheet, “Sheet1”, then we select the cell or range which is “A10” and lastly we tell Excel to change the colour of the cell to blue. I know 37 may not seem like blue but colour indexes are available online if you want to check! VBA or VB? You may hear others refer to VBA as Visual Basic or VB for short and while they are fundamentally the same programming language, both derived from Basic, they have a key difference: • Visual Basic: This can create an executable file or application that can be sent to someone to open, they would need no other software to open this. • Visual Basic for Applications: This language will program Excel, or other products like Word, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook. However you require the software for it to run, i.e. you need Excel. What does VBA in Excel actually do? At a simplistic level VBA gives you the power to direct Excel. You program in a set of instructions such as building a chart from a set of data and formatting it to your company colour scheme and Excel will repeat that task whenever you like, as often as you like, and it will do it very, very fast! This makes Excel VBA great for: • Repetitive tasks like regular reporting or jobs where you do the same process frequently such as inserting company logos and information on every worksheet. • Complicated tasks like looping through tens of thousands of cells and testing a complex condition, something a human would take days and days to complete. Why bother to learn and use VBA? The benefits of knowing some Excel VBA are probably becoming clearer to you but here are a few of the key benefits to keep in mind: • Learning VBA will give you a more exciting life: Who out there actually enjoys completing the same repetitive tasks every day, week or month? It’s boring and takes up too much time to achieve a small result. Learning some VBA will help you automate those boring repetitive Excel tasks and free up your time to work on more exciting projects. • Learning VBA will give you more money: Yes that’s right a bit of VBA knowledge will boost your bank balance over time. Excel users are quite common, after all Excel is used in almost every office around the world, but Excel users with VBA knowledge and the power to automate and build more complicated projects are a rarer breed and by default a more expensive breed! Having VBA on your CV will guarantee that you stand out and enable you to command a bigger salary. • Learning VBA will improve your future: If you work in an office environment one of the key recent topics is automation. Robotics, Automation, Deep Learning and the like will all take jobs out of the office-place and anyone who understands some automation such as VBA is sure to have better job security in the future. Excel is going nowhere for now so pitch yourself at a more expert level to guarantee work in the years ahead. That’s by no means an exhaustive list, I expect you have several other ideas on how you can benefit already. Excel VBA sounds great, are there any disadvantages? Excel VBA can speed up your tasks, complete repetitive tasks, perform calculations on hundreds of thousands of values, it all sounds amazing! Well yes it is amazing but there are a few downsides that are worth knowing: • Other users must have a copy of Excel if you want them to be able to use your VBA programs. In an office environment this is usually not an issue but if you are creating VBA programs outside of that to a wider audience it is a limitation. • Writing VBA to start with requires some knowledge, this means you have to make a little effort and give up a bit of time to start with in order to learn. • VBA is only as perfect as the code you write. If you write an error into your code and fail to spot it then Excel will continue to produce that error over and over again. Equally if you fail to future-proof your VBA code, which basically means considering how your data may change over time, then you can have VBA code that suddenly stops working one month and has to be edited. Can I just use the Excel Macro Recorder? Excel has a built-in feature that records the tasks you complete on screen, it is quite a neat little tool if you have never used it before and can be found in the Developer tab on the Excel Ribbon. You simply press record then perform your tasks and when complete press to stop recording and Excel will generate a Macro that will perform those exact same tasks again, in the same order you carried them out. Under the hood of this Macro is VBA programming, Excel kindly creates it for you as you record your tasks. So I hear you thinking (or many in the offices saying!) that you don’t need to learn VBA, the Excel Macro Recorder can do it for you, unfortunately while this may be true of the most simple of tasks it really doesn’t cut if for doing anything even slightly complicated. The problem with Excels Macro recorder is that while it may be OK for the most basic tasks it is a very crude way of generating the VBA programming. Every scroll movement is recorded, any mistakes or mis-clicks are recorded and you have some huge limitations in that in the event your data changes even slightly like a new row for a new month your macro will no longer work. Let’s not be totally negative about the Excel Macro Recorder, when you are beginning it can be a useful tool for training and understanding some of the basic VBA programming. For example if you want to learn how to put a formula into a cell with VBA you can record yourself entering the formula first, stop recording and then view the VBA code that has been created…you might have to sift through a bit of noise but it is a helpful learning tool. • In summary Excel VBA is an event-driven programming language contained within Excel and other Microsoft Office Applications like Word, Access and PowerPoint. • An event-driven programming language follows a logical flow that imitates clicks, keystrokes and other events. • Using VBA in Excel is a fantastic way of automating repetitive tasks or solving complicated projects that would be too time-consuming for a human to complete. It will also help you become more useful and valuable around in the workplace. • Excel VBA has a few disadvantages in that you have to spend a little bit of time learning it and the end result is only as good as your programming skills. • The Excel Macro Recorder should not be seen as a replacement for knowing VBA, it is far too restrictive. Instead consider the Excel Macro Recorder a useful training tool. • Next in the series will be a look at the Visual Basic Editor in Excel, I hope you are excited as you will be up and running some of your own VBA scripts in no time 🙂 Keep Excelling, 1 Comment 1. Pingback: Beginners Guide to the Excel Visual Basic Editor \| Dedicated Excel Leave a Comment
Saturday, April 2, 2016 Caffeine Not Recommended for Hypertensives Caffeine Not Recommended for Hypertensives Caffeine consumption can lead to stiffening of aorta and temporary blood pressure elevation. In a study headed by Dr. Charalambos Vlachopoulos (Department of cardiology, Athens Medical School, Greece), 10 participants were given either a placebo or 250 mg (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee). They've found out that aside from caffeine's effect in raising both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, it also resulted in aortic stiffening which they've determined through measurement of carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV.) Aorta is the major blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart to circulate to various tissues and organs of the body. It's stiffening will result to retention of blood in the left ventricle (the heart's major pumping chamber.) This will lead to less volume of blood that's able to circulate and supply the body with oxygen and nutrients while the heart works harder to pump blood. Caffeine's effect on increasing blood pressure and aortic stiffening is alarming. This implies that drinking caffeinated drinks can endanger those with high blood pressure and already stiff arteries because it further increases their blood pressure and arterial stiffness, thus increasing their chances of suffering from life-threatening conditions such a sudden heart attack and stroke. Caffeine's peak effect is reached about 60 minutes after ingestion, with a duration of at least 3 hours.
Homework #6 Due Friday of Week 7 at 5pm. Functions on the complex plane 1. Butkov 2.34 a) - f) Purpose of question: You already have good intuition about functions of a single real variable, for example, you know the function 1/x blows up at x = 0 and exp(x) blows up as x → ∞. It takes some practice to develop a similar intuition for functions of a single complex variable. The Argand plane can be a minefield of singularities/divergences. Fourier Series 2. Butkov 4.3 3. Butkov 4.4 4. Butkov 4.12 Fourier Transforms 5. Find the Fourier transform representation of 1/(x^4 + a^4) and show that ΔxΔk satisfies the “uncertainty principle for a wavepacket”. It is not necessary to calculate Δx and Δk precisely, you can use an approximation such as full-width at half max.
2012-11-11 来源：继教网点击数：3091 字体： Paper One 试卷一 PartⅠ Dialogue Communication (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each) Section A Dialogue Completion Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 1. A: Can you take over for me here for a little while? I have a friend coming to see me. 　B: I’d like to, but______ Ask Peter, he’s not so occupied at this moment. A. how can I do it B. that’s alright. C. I have my hands full. D. that’s impossible. 2. A: To get an outside line, just dial 0 and the phone number. Or we can place a call for you, if you want. 　B: No, thanks a lot. ________ A. Just put me through. B. I’ll try it myself. C. I’d rather not. D. I’ll appreciate your help. 3. A: Nowit’s just work, work, work. I work hard all day, every day. 　B: Oh, come on. _________You’re making a good salary now. A. Don’t complain. B. Sorry to hear about it C. Anything I can do for you D. What’s your plan? 4. A: Pamelacan you come to a meeting on Friday B: _______ let me check my schedule. When are you having it A. No big deal. B. I’m not sure. C. Can I D. Sure thing 5. A: I’m really getting fed up with the salespersons who keep calling. 　B: _________ A. I hope it’s nothing serious. B. They are so stupid C. So am I. It’s so annoying. D. You are right. Forget it. Section B Dialogue Comprehension Directions: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the 4 choices by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 6. Man: I’ve figured it all out. It looks like it’ll take us about 5 hours to drive from here to Chicago. 　Woman: It’d be more relaxing to take the train. But I guess we should watch our expenses. 　Question: What does the woman imply? A. She likes to drive when she travels. B. She doesn’t want to go to Chicago. C. She doesn’t know the cost of the train trip. D. It’s cheaper to go to Chicago by car. 7. Man: How about the examination last week? 　Woman: If I’d got more time, I could have made it. 　Question: What does the woman imply A. She was asked to take another examination B. She failed the examination last week. C. She did quite well in the examination. D. She didn’t take the examination last week. 8.Man: Harvard or the State University, have you decided yet 　Woman: Well, I’d rather be a big fish in a small pond. 　Question: Which university is the woman likely to choose? A. The State University. B. Harvard. C. Neither. D. She hasn’t decided yet. 9. Man: I’ve just found a great location to open a new shop. 　Women: But you haven’t researched the market. Don’t you think this is putting the cart before the horse 　Question: What does the woman mean A. The man shouldn’t make the decision so quickly. B. It’s too risky to choose such a location. C. The man is doing things in the wrong order. D. It’s possible for him to make a better choice. 10. Women: My results are a bit flattering because I’ve had quite a lot of luck. 　 Man: Nonsense, you’re head and shoulders above the others in your group. 　 Question: What does the man think is the reason for the woman’s success? A. She’s really lucky. B. She’s far better than the others. C. She’s got the others’ support. D. She’s been working hard. Section A Directions:In this section, there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 11. Betty was offended because she felt that her friends had ignored her purposefully at the party. A. desperately B. definitely C. deliberately D. decisively 12. There has been enough playing around, so let’s get down to business. A. make a deal B. begin our work C. reach an agreement D. change our plan 13. How is it possible for our human body to convert yesterday’s lunch into today’s muscle A. alter B. develop C. modify D. turn 14. It is important for families to observe their traditions even as their children get older. A. notice B. watch C. follow D. celebrate 15. It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt is merely your brain’s interpretation of incoming stimuli. A. explanation B. evaluation C. recognition D. interruption 16. Life is more important than the pressures and stresses that we place on ourselves over work and other commitments. A. appointments B. arrangements C. obligations D. devotions 17. If you continue to indulge in computer games like this, your future will be at stake. A. in danger B. without question C. on guard D. at large 18. Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, often with a happy ending. A. in contrast to B. in regard to C. in terms of D. in light of A. improves B. precedes C. imposes D. exceeds 20. Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose institutions and careers on the basis of earning potential. A. offensive B. depressive C. troublesome D. tiresome Section B Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 21. My oldest son had just finished a (an) _________ holiday stay prior to moving to a new state, a new job, and the next chapter in his life. A. enlarged B. expanded C. extended D. increased 22. Blacks and American Indians _________ less than 10% of students in the top 30 business schools, while they are about 28% of the U.S. population. A. make up B. take up C. reach out D. turn out 23. With demand continuing to rise in _________ economies such as China and India, energy traders believe that oil futures are a good bet. A. employing B. emerging C. embracing D. emitting 24. Laws and regulations in each country have to be made __________ the constitution of the country. A. in honor of B. in memory of C. in return of D. in line with 25. The jury’s _______ was that the accused was guilty. A. verdict B. sentence C. trial D. debate 26. In English learning, a ______ cycle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A. vertical B. vicious C. vivid D. vigorous 27. Isn’t it _________ when you learn something you’ve never known before A. cool B. crazy C. cold D. cute 28. There are several factors _______the rapid growth of sales promotion, particularly in consumer markets. A. resorting to B. appealing to C. applying to D. contributing to 29. The Internet has been developing at a speed ________ people’s expectations in the past two decades. A. over B. of C. under D. beyond 30. It is obvious that the sports games are no longer amateur affairs; they have become professionally________. A. laid off B. laid out C. put off D. put out Passage One Loneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same. Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression. The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends. For exampleloneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men. Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days. Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends—and more likely that society will reject them. John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks. The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a “protective barrier” against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart. 31. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people? A. Friendship B. Happiness C. Depression D. Smoking 32. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948_________. A. expanded its research topics
Weekly News China just unveiled the biggest alien-hunting telescope in the world November 30,-0001 00:00 China just finished installing the last piece in the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, which stretches the size of 30 soccer fields on the side of a mountain in the south-western province of Guizhou. The 500-metre Aperture Spherical ... The worldâ€™s largest radio telescope China completed Sunday could answer one of mankindâ€™s oldest questions about the cosmos: is there other life out there?Chinaâ€™s Aperture Spherical Telescope, or FAST, could have the ability to detect alien life, as it searches space for strange objects such as neutral hydrogen, faint pulsars, and low frequency gravitational waves, according to Chinaâ€™s state-run Xinhua News Agency. The telescope, which China hopes is operational by September, will be open to the global scientific community in up to three years.The magnitude of the $185 million, 500-meter-wide telescope with 4,450 panels attests to the worldâ€™s increasing commitment to searching for other life in the galaxy. The discovery that life forms on Earth can survive in the harshest environments, as well as estimates the Milky Way, alone, has thousands of Earth-like planets, has spurred these investments. Â â€œThe telescope is of great significance for humans to explore the universe and extraterrestrial civilizations,â€ Liu Cixin, a science fiction writer, and winner of the 2015 Hugo science fiction award award for his novel, â€œThe Three Body Problem,â€ told Xinhua. â€œI hope scientists can make epoch-making discoveries.â€ Test your knowledge Could you survive the Star Wars universe? Take our quiz! Photos of the Day Photos of the weekend The telescopeâ€™s size manifests its abilities to explore 1,000 light years into space. It was built into a natural karst depression in southwest Chinaâ€™s Guizhou province, protecting it from electromagnetic disruption, according to Time Magazine. And itâ€™s circumference is one-mile long.The telescope is designed to search for disparities in space. It should be able to survey neutral hydrogen in distant galaxies, and detect faint pulsars, improbably dense, small neutron stars that emit radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation. The first extrasolar planets were found around pulsars. The telescope is expected to also be able to better detect low-frequency gravitational waves."A radio telescope is like a sensitive ear, listening to tell meaningful radio messages from white noise in the universe. It is like identifying the sound of cicadas in a thunderstorm," Nan Rendong, chief scientist of the FAST project with the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, told Xinhua.China next plans to debug the hardware and test it. Once the telescope is operational, the country's scientists will have exclusive access to it over the next two to three years, according to Xinhua. After that, the telescope will be available to the global scientific community, just as the current worldâ€™s largest radio telescope, the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, is now.The $185 million investment by China, coupled with a $100 million investment by the Breakthrough Prize Foundation last year, is a far cry from how the world previously sponsored searchesÂ for alien life, as Pete Spotts reported for The Christian Science Monitor in July 2015 Until now, the hunt for signals generated by intelligent life elsewhere in the universe has operated on a shoestring and, at least early on, was widely seen as quixotic. But evidence on Earth that simple forms of life can thrive in environments hostile to humans, as well as the discovery of thousands of planets orbiting other stars, has added energy to the effort. The discovery of these extrasolar planets has led to estimates that the Milky Way alone holds billions of Earth-mass planets orbiting within their host star's habitable zone â€“ a distance at which liquid water, essential for organic life, can persist on a planet's surface. That year, the Breakthrough Prize Foundation awarded $100 million to the SETI Institute (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence) for a 10-year search using two large radio telescopes to hunt for radio signals, and an optical telescope to search for laser communications. SETI projects previously ran about $2 million a year. Â With all these efforts, the scientific community has little to show or hear from ET. Yet some researchers have said scientists have been looking in the wrong places.In a study published in the journal Astrobiology in March, researchers suggested scientists look for signals from extraterrestrial life the same way they would search for us â€” in Earthâ€™s â€œtransit zone,â€ where the light of the sun starts to dim as an orbiting planet passes by.In another study published in the Astrophysical Journal in May, researchers suggested looking for alien life around planets with dying stars. The idea behind that is as stars heat up before they die, they could warm frozen planets, supporting alien life.Others worry about Chinaâ€™s intention for the telescope and the rest of its space program. It has said its space program is for peaceful purposes, but the US State Department has said Chinaâ€™s program could be to â€œprevent adversaries from using spaced based assets in a crisis,â€ according to Reuters.Nevertheless, the telescope is just one step to discovering if the truth about ET is out there."Our generation, or maybe the next one after that, has a reasonable chance of finding the answer to this question: Are we alone?" Dan Werthimer, a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley, told Mr. Spotts for Monitor in July 2015.Â worldstarhiphop world market world map world news world war 2 world of warcraft world war 1 world clock world population worlds hardest game Share this article Related videos New Design Unveiled for Massive Mega-Telescope \| Video New Design Unveiled for Massive Mega-Telescope ... India along with Four Nations to Build World's Largest Telescope India along with Four Nations to Build World's ...
Bindery term, two or more parallel folds which open like an accordion. (For more information on folds, please refer to Folding Techniques Menu under Print Workshop.) A sizes Main series of finished printing trimmed sizes in the ISO international paper size range. (For more information on sizing, please refer to Paper Sizes Menu under Print Workshop) Accordion fold Typically accordian folds are simple zig-zag folds with 6-panels and two parallel folds that go in opposite directions. Each panel of the accordian fold is about the same size. Adhesive binding - style of threadless binding in which the leaves of a book are held together at the binding edge by glue or synthetic adhesive and suitable lining ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. A service offering a faster internet connection than a standard dial-up or ISDN connection. Align - quotient of the grammage of a paper and it's thickness in micrometers. Alphabet (length or width) - the measurement of a complete set of lower case alphabet characters in a given type size expressed in points or picas. Anodised plate - an offset printing plate with a specially treated surface to reduce wear during printing. Art Paper - a smooth coated paper obtained by adding a coating of china clay compound on one or both sides of the paper. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. This is a standard coding system within the computer industry to convert keyboard input into digital information. It covers all of the printable characters in normal use and control characters such as carriage return and line feed. The full table contains 127 elements. Variations and extensions of the basic code are to be found in special applications. B sizes - ISO International sizes intended primarily for posters, wall charts and similar items where difference in size of the larger sheets in the A series represents too large a gap. (For more information on sizing, please refer to Paper Sizes ). Backing up - to print the second side of printed sheet. Bank - a lightweight writing paper. Base artwork - artwork requiring additional components such as halftones or line drawings to be added before the reproduction stage. Bed - the base on which the Form is held when printing by Letterpress. Binding - the various methods used to secure loose leaves or sections in a book; eg saddle-stitch, perfect bound. Bitmap - an image arranged accordingly to bit location in columns. Resolution of a PostScript file processed through a RIP will have a bitmap image with the characteristics and resolution of the particular output device (for example, laser printer at 300 upto 1200dpi, imagesetters at 1270dpi upto 5080dpi). Blind - term applied to a litho plate which has lost its image; also to book covers which are blocked or stamped without the use of ink or metallic effect. Block - in binding, to impress or stamp a design upon the cover. The design can be blocked in coloured inks, gold leaf or metal foil (see blind). In printing, a letterpress block is the etched copper or zinc plate, mounted on wood or metal from which an illustration is printed. Board - paper of more than 200gsm. Bond - a sized finished writing paper of 50gsm or more. Can also be used for printing upon. Bound Book - a book in which the boards of the cover have first been attached to it, the covering of leather, cloth, or other materials being then affixed to the boards. Bound books are more expensive to produce and much stronger than cased books. Broadsheet - any sheet in its basic size (not folded or cut); also denotes a newspaper size. Bromide - a photographic paper used in graphic reproduction, phototypesetting on which a photographic image is created. Bronzing - an effect produced by dusting wet ink after printing with a metallic powder. Bulk - relative thickness of a sheet or sheets, for example, a bulky paper and a thin paper both of the same weight display different "bulk". Burst binding - a type of adhesive binding in which the back of the book block is not sawn off but is slit in place to allow glue to penetrate. C sizes - the C series within the ISO International paper sizes range which is mainly used for envelopes or folders suitable for enclosing stationary in the A series. Calendered finish - produced by passing paper through a series of metal rollers to give a very smooth surface. Caliper - is the thickness of a single sheet. The results are expressed in microns, 1000 microns equals 1 millimetre. The instrument used is the Micrometer. Camera ready - artwork or pasted up material that is ready for reproduction. Cartridge - a thick general purpose paper used for printing, drawing and wrapping. Case binding - the binding of printing books, which include leather, cloth and other forms of covering. Cast coated - art paper with an exceptionally glossy coated finish usually on one side only. Cast off - a calculation determining how much space copy will take up when typeset. Catchline - a temporary headline for identification on the top of a galley proof. Cheque Paper - chemically treated in order to betray any tampering with the writing on the cheques. Coated - printing papers which after making have had a surface coating with clay etc, to give a smoother, more even finish with greater opacity. Cold type - type produced without the use of characters cast from molten metal, such as on a VDU. Collate - to gather separate sections (or leaves of a book) together in the correct order (for binding). Colour proofing - this term describes a wide range of techniques which have been developed to reproduce full colour images from film or digital data available, prior to the actual print run; thus allowing the client, colour separation house and printer to view the "proofed" result, prior to the actual print run. Column rule - a light faced vertical rule used to separate columns of type. Concertina fold - a method of folding in which each fold opens in the opposite direction to its neighbour, giving a concertina or pleated effect. (For more information on folds, please refer to Folding Techniques Menu under Print Workshop.) Contract proof - a coloured, hard copy representation of the printed image, made from the films, or digital data, which will be used to make the final printing plates. The word "contract" comes from the fact that, when signed by the client, a contract is formed, which states that the final printed job should be a close match to the contract proof. Copyright - the right of copyright gives protection to the originator of material to prevent use without express permission or acknowledgement of the originator. Corner marks - marks printed on a sheet to indicate the trim or register marks. Cropping - the elimination of parts of a photograph or other original that are not required to be printed. Cropping allows the remaining parts of the image to be enlarged to fill the space. Cursive - used to describe typefaces that resemble written script. Cut flush - a method of trimming a book after the cover has been attached to the pages. Cut-in index - style of index in which the pisions are cut into the edge of the book in steps: step index. Cyan - one of four standard process colours. The blue colour. Densitometer - a device for measuring the closeness of substance at a specific location on film or printed product, either by reflected or transmitted light. Densitometers vary in their sophistication and the number of features provided, such colour, black-and-white, read-out memory, computer printout etc. Digital - describes the use of digital pulses, signals or values to represent data in computer graphics, telecommunications systems and word processing. Digital page composition - DPC, also known as EPCS (electronic page composition system) or CEPS (colour electronic page system). A system designed to take a range of page elements (text, line-work and images) and integrate them into a user-specified format. Image and text input to the system arrive on magnetic tape, by direct system interconnection or directly from an input scanning system. DPI (Dots Per Inch) - the measurement of resolution for page printers, phototypesetting machines and graphics screens. The greater the DPI, the finer the print. Drawn-on cover - A paper book cover which is attached to the sewn book by gluing the spine. Drop cap - a large initial letter at the start of the text that drops into the line or lines of text below. Dummy - A sample of a proposed job made up with the actual materials and cut to correct size to show bulk, style of binding, etc. Also a complete layout of a job showing position of type matter and illustrations, margins etc. Duotone - a halftone picture made up of two printed colours. Duplex Cutting - operation of converting a web paper into sheets on a cutting machine equipped with two cross-cut knives so that two different lengths of sheet can be cut simultaneously. Eight sheet - Eight sheet - a poster measuring 60 x 80in (153 x 203cm) and, traditionally, made up of eight inpidual sheets. Embossing - The process of raising, by an un-inked block, letters or designs on card or strong paper. Eye Mark - a printed line or block at the edge of a printed reel highlighting print repeat. Used to trigger a 'magic eye' on converting machinery. Expanded type - a typeface with a slightly wider body giving a flatter appearance. Fanfold - Continuous stationery, typically used for computer print-outs and invoices. Holes running down both sides allow the use of pin or tractor feeds. Filler - extra material used to complete a column or page, usually of little importance. Flexography - a rotary letterpress process printing from rubber or flexible plates and using fast drying inks. Mainly used for packaging. Floating accent - an accent mark which is set separately from the main character and is then placed either over or under it. Flush left - copy aligned along the left margin. Flush right - copy aligned along the right margin. Flyer - an inexpensively produced circular used for promotional distribution. Foil blocking - a process for stamping a design on a book cover without ink by using a coloured foil with pressure from a heated die or block. Font (or fount) - a complete set of characters in a typeface. Four colour process - printing in full colour using four colour separation negatives - yellow, magenta, cyan and black. French fold - a sheet which has been printed on one side only and then folded with two right angle folds to form a four page uncut section. g/m2 - Abbreviation of grams per metre. A method of indicating the substance of paper or board (whatever the size of the paper/board or number of sheets in the package) on the basis of weight in grams per square metre. Galley proof - proofs taken from the galleys before being made up into pages. Galleys - the printing term for long metal trays used to hold type after it had been set and before the press run. Gatefold - an oversize page where both sides fold into the gutter in overlapping layers. Used to accommodate maps into books. (For more information on folds, please refer to Folding Techniques Menu under Print Workshop) Gathering - the operation of inserting the printed pages, sections or signatures of a book in the correct order for binding. GEM - Digital Research's Graphics Environment Manager. A graphical interface designed both to make the operation of software simpler for the non-expert and to allow programs to communicate with one another. Two key desktop publishing packages, Ventura and DR's own GEM Desktop Publisher operate under this environment. Ghosting - a faint printed image that appears on a printed sheet where it was not intended. More often than not this problem is a function of graphical design. It is hard to tell when or where ghosting will occur. Sometimes the problem can be seen developing immediately after printing the sheet, other times the problem occurs while drying. However the problem occurs it is sometimes costly to fix, if it can be fixed. Occasionally it can be eliminated by changing the colour sequence, the inks, the paper, changing to a press with a drier, printing the problem area in a separate pass through the press or changing the racking (reducing the number of sheets on the drying racks). Gloss ink - for use in litho and letterpress printing on coated papers where the ink will dry without penetration. Golden ratio - the rule devised to give proportions of height to width when laying out text and illustrations to produce the most optically pleasing result. Grain - the direction in which the paper fibre lie. Gravure - a rotary printing process where the image is etched into the metal plate attached to a cylinder. The cylinder is then rotated through a trough of printing ink after which the etched surface is wiped clean by a blade leaving the non-image area clean. The paper is then passed between two rollers and pressed against the etched cylinder drawing the ink out by absorption. Greeking - a software device where areas of grey are used to simulate lines of text. One of desktop publishing's less clever methods of getting round the slowness of high resolution displays on the PC. Grey scale - a range of luminance values for evaluating shading through white to black. Frequently used in discussions about scanners as a measure of their ability to capture halftone images. Basically the more levels the better but with correspondingly larger memory requirements. Grid - A systematic pision of a page into areas to enable designers to ensure consistency. The grid acts as a measuring guide and shows text, illustrations and trim sizes. Gripper - device on a printing machine for holding the sheet during the printing or finishing process. GSM - Grams per square metre. The unit of measurement for paper weight. Guard - a narrow strip of paper or linen pasted to a single leaf to allow sewing into a section for binding. Gutter - the central blank area between left and right pages. Hairline rule - the thinnest rule that can be printed. Hairlines - the thinnest of the strokes in a typeface. Half up - artwork one and a half times the size which it will be reproduced. Halftone - an illustration reproduced by breaking down the original tone into a pattern of dots of varying size. Light areas have small dots and darker areas or shadows have larger dots. Halftone screen - a glass plate or film placed between the original photograph and the film to be exposed. The screen carries a network of parallel lines. The number of lines to the inch controls the coarseness of the final dot formation. The screen used depends on the printing process and the paper to be used, the higher the quality the more lines can be used. Hanging punctuation - punctuation that is allowed to fall outside the margins instead of staying within the measure of the text. Hardback - a case bound book with a separate stiff board cover. Heat-set drying - Drying a web or sheet of paper or board by passing it through a drying unit which forms part of the machine. Special heat-setting inks have to be used. Hickies - a dust particle sticking to the printing plate or blanket which appears on the printed sheet as a dark spot surrounded by a halo. Hot-foil - a printing technique using very thin aluminium foil in a variety of metallic colours, such as gold, silver, red and blue. The metallic foil is released from carrier base onto a substrate by the application of heat and pressure from a metal printing plate which bears the image to be hot-foiled. House style - The style of preferred spelling, punctuation, hyphenation and indentation used in a publishing house or by a particular publication to ensure consistent typesetting. H.S.W.O. - heat set web offset. A rotary printing process using heat to set the in. A cylinder transferring the image from the printing plate to blanket to paper at speeds of 30000 or more impressions per hour. Imposition - refers to the arrangement of pages on a printed sheet, which when the sheet is finally printed on both sides, folded and trimmed, will place the pages in their correct order. Impression cylinder - the cylinder of a printing machine which brings the paper into contact with the printing plate or blanket cylinder. Imprint - the name and place of the publisher and printer required by law if a publication is to be published. Sometimes accompanied by codes indicating the quantity printed, month/year of printing and an internal control number. Ink jet - A non-impact printing process in which droplets of ink are projected onto paper or other material, in a computer-determined pattern. Insert - A piece of paper or card laid between the leaves of a book and not secured in anyway. International paper sizes - the International Standards Organisation (ISO) system of paper sizes is based on a series of three sizes A, B and C. Series A is used for general printing and stationery, Series B for posters and Series C for envelopes. (For more information on sizing, please refer to Paper Sizes Menu under Print Workshop) ISBN - International Standard Book Number. A reference number given to every published work. Usually found on the back of the title page. ISDN - this is an acronym for Integrated Services Digital Network - a telephone network service which carries data, voice transmissions by digital means, not analogue. ISO9000/1/2/3/4 - international quality standard for industry defining the structure of an organisation, its obligations and authorisations, the structure of production and its ability to manufacture products or to produce services at a continuous quality level (in conformity with the standard). Ivory board - a smooth high white board used for business cards etc. Justify - the alignment of text along a margin or both margins. This is achieved by adjusting the spacing between the words and characters as necessary so that each line of text finishes at the same point. Keep standing - to hold type or plates ready for reprints. Kerning - the adjustment of spacing between certain letter pairs, A and V for example, to obtain a more pleasing appearance. Not all DTP systems can achieve this. Keyline - an outline drawn or set on artwork indicating size and position of an illustration or halftone. Keyline may be printing or non-printing. Kiss cut - to cut the top layer of a pressure sensitive sheet and not the backing. Kraft paper - a tough brown paper used for packing. Laid - paper with a watermark pattern showing the wire marks used in the paper making process. Usually used for high quality stationery. Laminate - a thin transparent plastic coating applied to paper or board to provide protection and give it a glossy finish. Laminating - The application of transparent plastic film, usually with a high-gloss finish, to the surface of printing matter to enhance its appearance and to increase its durability. Landscape - work in which the width used is greater than the height. Also used to indicate the orientation of tables or illustrations which are printed 'sideways'. See Portrait. Laser - Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation. A fine beam of light, sometimes with considerable energy, used in image-setting, colour scanning, copy scanning, plate-making, engraving and cutting and creasing form-making. Laser printer - a high quality image printing system using a laser beam to produce an image on a photosensitive drum. The image is transferred on to paper by a conventional xerographic printing process. Currently, most laser printers set at 300dpi with newer models operating at up to 600dpi. Lateral reversal - a positive or negative image transposed from left to right as in a mirror reflection of the original. Layout - a sketch of a page for printing showing the position of text and illustrations and giving general instructions. Lead or Leading - Space added between lines of type to space out text and provide visual separation of the lines. Measured in points or fractions thereof. Named after the strips of lead which used to be inserted between lines of metal type. Legend - the descriptive matter printed below an illustration, mostly referred to as a caption. Also an explanation of signs or symbols used in timetables or maps. Letraset - a proprietary name for rub-down or dry transfer lettering used in preparing artwork. Letterpress - a relief printing process in which a raised image is inked to produce an impression; the impression is then transferred by placing paper against image and applying pressure. Letterset - a printing process combining offset printing with a letterpress relief printing plate. Library picture - a picture taken from an existing library and not specially commissioned. Ligature - letters which are joined together as a single unit of type such as oe and fi. Limp cover - A flexible book cover, as distinct from a stiff board cover. Line block - a letterpress printing plate made up of solid areas and lines and without tones. Line gauge - a metal rule used by printers. pided into Picas it is 72 picas long (11.952in). Line-up table - a table with an illuminated top used for preparing and checking alignment of page layouts and paste-ups. Lining figures - numerals that align on the baseline and at the top. Lithography - a printing process based on the principle of the natural aversion of water to grease. The photographically prepared printing plate when being made is treated chemically so that the image will accept ink and reject water. Look-through - The appearance of paper or board when held up against a strong light. Loose leaf - a method of binding which allows the insertion and removal of pages for continuous updating Machine glazed (MG) - paper with a high gloss finish on one side only. Magenta - process red, one of the basic colours in process colour. Magnetic ink - a magnetized ink that can be read both by humans and by electronic machines. Used in cheque printing. Make-up - the assembling of all elements, to form the printed image. Making ready - the time spent in making ready the level of the printing surface by packing out under the form or around the impression cylinder. Manilla - a tough brown paper used to produce stationery and wrapping paper. Margins - the non printing areas of page. Mark up - copy prepared for a compositor setting out in detail all the typesetting instructions. Mask - opaque material or masking tape used to block-off an area of the artwork. Masthead - details of publisher and editorial staff usually printed on the contents page. Matt art - a coated printing paper with a dull surface. Mechanical binding - a method of binding which secures pre-trimmed leaves by the insertion of wire or plastic spirals through holes drilled in the binding edge. Mechanical tint - a pre-printed sheet of dots, lines or patterns that can be laid down on artwork for reproduction. Metallic ink - printing inks which produce an effect gold, silver, bronze or metallic colours. MG (Machine glazed) - paper with a high gloss finish on one side only. MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. Automatic sorting method used, e.g. on cheques, based on the printing of numbers in magnetic ink. Mock-up - the rough visual of a publication or design. Modem (MOdulator-DEModulator) - a device for converting digital data into audio signals and back again. Primarily used for transmitting data between computers over telephone lines. Moire pattern - the result of superimposing half-tone screens at the wrong angle thereby giving a chequered effect on the printed half-tone. Normally detected during the stage of progressive proofs. Montage - a single image formed from the assembling of several images. Mounting board - a heavy board used for mounting artwork. MS (Manuscript) - the original written or typewritten work of an author submitted for publication. Newsprint - Unsized, low quality, absorbent paper used for printing newspapers. Nipping - a stage in book binding where after sewing the sheets are pressed to expel air. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) - a special kind of scanner which provides a means of reading printed characters on documents and converting them into digital codes that can be read into a computer as actual text rather than just a picture. Offprint - a run-on or reprint of an article first published in a magazine or journal. Offset printing - A lithographic method of printing in which the ink is first transferred from the image to an offset blanket and then to the stock which may be paper, card, metal or other material. Onion skin - a translucent lightweight paper used in air mail stationery. Opacity - term used to describe the degree to which paper will show print through. Optical centre - a point above the true centre of the page which will not appear 'low' as the geometric centre does. Outline - a typeface in which the characters are formed with only the outline defined rather than from solid strokes. Overprinting - printing over an area already printed. Used to emphasise changes or alterations. Overs - additional paper required to compensate for spoilage in printing. Also used to refer to a quantity produced above the number of copies ordered. Ozalid - a trade name to describe a method of copying page proofs from paper or film. Page Printer - the more general (and accurate) name used to describe non-impact printers which produce a complete page in one action. Examples include laser, LED and LCD shutter xerographic printers, ion deposition, electro-erosion and electro-photographic printers. Pagination - the numbering of pages in a book. Pantone (PMS: Pantone Matching System) - a registered name for an ink colour matching system. Paper plate - a short run offset printing plate on which matter can be typed directly. Parallel fold - a method of folding; eg two parallel folds will produce a six page sheet. (For more information on folds, please refer to Folding Techniques Menu under Print Workshop.) Perfect binding - a common method of binding paperback books. After the printed sections having been collated, the spines will be ground off and the cover glued on. Perfecting - Printing the second side of a sheet; backing-up. Perfector - a printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the machine. Photogravure - (see Gravure) a printing process where the image is etched into the plate cylinder. The main advantage of this method of printing is the high speed, long run capability. Used mainly for mail order and magazine work. Pica - a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 points to a pica, one pica is approximately 0.166in. Picking - the effect of ink being too tacky and lifting fibres out of the paper. Shows up as small white dots on areas of solid colour. Pipelining - the ability of a program to flow automatically text from the end of one column or page to the beginning of the next. An extra level of sophistication can be created by allowing the flow to be re-directed to any page and not just the next available. This is ideal for US-style magazines where everything is 'Continued on...'! Point - the standard unit of type size of which there are 72 to the inch (one point is approximately 0.01383in). Point size is the measure from the top of the ascender to the bottom of the descender. Portrait - an upright image or page where the height is greater than the width. Primary colours - cyan, magenta and yellow. These three colours when mixed together with black will produce a reasonable reproduction of all other colours. Print engine - the parts of a page printer which perform the print-imaging, fixing and paper transport. In fact, everything but the controller. Process blue - the blue or cyan colour in process printing. Progressives - colour proofs taken at each stage of printing showing each colour printed singly and then superimposed on the preceding colour. Proof - A version of a document or colour illustration produced specifically for the purpose of review prior to reproduction. Proof correction marks - a standard set of signs and symbols used in copy preparation and to indicate corrections on proofs. Marks are placed both in the text and in the margin. Proportional spacing - a method of spacing whereby each character is spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability. Books and magazines are set proportionally spaced, typewritten documents are generally monospaced. Pulp - the raw material used in paper making consisting mainly of wood chips, rags or other fibres. Broken down by mechanical or chemical means. Quire - 1/20th of a ream (25 sheets). Rag paper - high quality stationery made from cotton rags. Ragged - lines of type that do not start or end at the same position.Ranged left/right - successive lines of type which are of unequal length and which are aligned at either the right or left hand column. Raster Image Processor (RIP) - the hardware engine which calculates the bit-mapped image of text and graphics from a series of instructions. It may, or may not, understand a page description language but the end result should, if the device has been properly designed, be the same. Typical RIPs which aren't PDL-based include the Tall Trees JLaser, the LaserMaster and AST's TurboLaser controller. A basic page printer comes with a controller and not a RIP which goes some way to explaining the lack of control. Ream - 500 sheets of paper. Reference marks - symbols used in text to direct the reader to a footnote. Eg asterisk (*), dagger, double dagger, section mark ( ), paragraph mark ( ). Register - the correct positioning of an image especially when printing one colour on another. Register - the printing of two or more plates in juxtaposition so that they complete a design if printing on the same side of the sheet or back up accurately if printed on opposite sides of the sheet. Register marks - used in colour printing to position the paper correctly. Usually crosses or circles. Resolution - the measurement used in typesetting to express quality of output. Measured in dots per inch, the greater the number of dots, the more smoother and cleaner appearance the character/image will have. Currently Page (laser) Printers print at 300, 406 and 600dpi. Typesetting machines print at 1,200 dpi or more. Retouching - a means of altering artwork or colour separations to correct faults or enhance the image. Reverse out - to reproduce as a white image out of a solid background. Revise - indicates the stages at which corrections have been incorporated from earlier proofs and new proofs submitted. Eg First revise, second revise. Right reading - a positive or negative which reads from left to right. Rotary press - a web or reel fed printing press which uses a curved printing plate mounted on the plate cylinder. Rough - a preliminary sketch of a proposed design. Royal - a size of printing paper 20in x 25in (508 x 635mm). Runaround (see also Text wrap) - the ability within a program to run text around a graphic image within a document, without the need to adjust each line manually. Running head - a line of type at the top of a page which repeats a heading. S/S (Same size) - an instruction to reproduce to the same size as the original. Saddle stitching - a method of binding where the folded pages are stitched through the spine from the outside, using wire staples. Usually limited to 64 pages size. Scale - the means within a program to reduce or enlarge the amount of space an image will occupy. Some programs maintain the aspect ratio between width and height whilst scaling, thereby avoiding distortion. Scaling - a means of calculating the amount of enlargement or reduction necessary to accommodate a photograph within the area of a design. Scamp - a sketch of a design showing the basic concept. Score - A crease put on paper to help it fold better Screen-printing - Often called silk screen printing from the material formerly used for the screen. A stencil process with the printing and non-printing areas on one surface. The printing (image) area is open and produced by various forms of stencil. The substrate is placed under the screen and ink is passed across the top of the screen and forced through the open (printing) areas on to the substrate below. Section - A folded sheet of paper forming part of a book; sections are sometimes made of insetted folded sheets of four, eight sixteen or more pages. Security paper - paper incorporating special features (dyes, watermarks etc) for use on cheques. Set off - the accidental transfer of the printed image from one sheet to the back of another. Set solid - type set without leading (line spacing) between the lines. Type is often set with extra space; eg 9 point set on 10 point. Sew - To fasten the sections of a book together by passing thread through the centre fold of each section in such a way as to secure it to the slips; in distinction from stitch. Sheet - a single piece of paper. In poster work refers to the number of Double Crown sets in a full size poster. Sheet fed - a printing press which prints single sheets of paper, not reels. Sheetwise - a method of printing a section. Half the pages from a section are imposed and printed. The remaining half of the pages are then printed on the other side of the sheet. Show-through - see opacity. Shrink wrap - Method of packing printed products by surrounding them with plastic, then shrinking by heat. Side heading - a subheading set flush into the text at the left edge. Side stabbed or stitched - the folded sections of a book are stabbed through with wire staples at the binding edge, prior to the covers being drawn on. Side stitching - To stitch through the side from front to back at the binding edge with thread or wire. (See stabbing. Sidebar - a vertical bar positioned usually on the right hand side of the screen. Signature - a letter or figure printed on the first page of each section of a book and used as a guide when collating and binding. Sixteen sheet - a poster size measuring 120in x 80in (3050mm x 2030mm). Size - a solution based on starch or casein which is added to the paper to reduce ink absorbency. Skin packaging - Method of packaging by which thin, clear plastic is shrunk onto an object backed by printed card. Slurring - a smearing of the image, caused by paper slipping during the impression stage. Small caps - a set of capital letters which are smaller than standard and are equal in size to the lower case letters for that typesize. Snap-to (guide or rules) - a WYSIWYG program feature for accurately aligning text or graphics. The effect is exercised by various non-printing guidelines such as column guides, margin guides which automatically places the text or graphics in the correct position flush to the column guide when activated by the mouse. The feature is optional and can be turned off. Soft back/cover - a book bound with a paper back cover. Soft or discretionary hyphen - a specially coded hyphen which is only displayed when formatting of the hyphenated word puts it at the end of a line. Spine - the binding edge at the back of a book. Spoilage - planned paper waste for all printing operations. SRA - a paper size in the series of ISO international paper sizes slightly larger than the A series allowing the printer extra space to bleed. Stabbing - to stitch with wire through the side of gathered work at the binding edge. Stet - used in proof correction work to cancel a previous correction. From the Latin; 'let it stand'. Stitch - to sew, staple or otherwise fasten together by means of thread or wire the leaves or signatures of a book or pamphlet. The different styles of stitching are; double stitch, where two loops of a single thread are fastened in the centre of the fold. Machine stitch, where a lock stitch is made; saddle or saddle-back stitch, where the centre of the fold is placed across the saddle in the machine and wire staples are driven through and clenched on the inside, side stitch, where the thread or wire is stitched through the side of the fold; single stitch, where a single loop is drawn through the centre and tied; wire stitch, in which staples are made, inserted and clenched by a machine from a continuous piece of wire, as in the saddle back stitch; as distinct from sew. Stochastic screening - also known as FM (Frequency Modulated) screening. With conventional halftone screening, the variable dot size formed, creates the optical illusion of various tonal values; however, the dot centre pitch distance is constant. In the case of FM screening systems, the dots are randomly distributed to create this tonal change illusion. The greater the number of dots located within a specific area, the darker the resultant tone. The dots produced in this way are usually smaller than conventional halftone dots, resulting in improved definition, although greater care and attention to detail is required in plate-making stage. Strawboard - a thicker board made from straw pulp, used in bookwork and in the making of envelopes and cartons. Not suitable for printing. Strike-through - the effect of ink soaking through the printed sheet. Style sheet - a collection of tags specifying page layout styles, paragraph settings and type specifications which can be set up by the user and saved for use in other documents. Some page makeup programs, such as Ventura, come with a set of style sheets. Subscript - the small characters set below the normal letters or figures. Supercalendered paper - a smooth finished paper with a polished appearance, produced by rolling the paper between calenders. Examples of this are high gloss and art papers. Superscript - the small characters set above the normal letters or figures. Swatch - a colour sample. Tabloid - a page half the size of a broadsheet. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) - a common format for interchanging digital information, generally associated with greyscale or bitmap data. Tags - the various formats which make up a style sheet- paragraph settings, margins and columns, page layouts, hyphenation and justification, widow and orphan control and automatic section numbering. Template - a standard layout usually containing basic details of the page dimensions. Text wrap - see Runaround. Thermography - a print finishing process producing a raised image imitating die stamping. The process takes a previously printed image which before the ink is dry is dusted with a resinous powder. The application of heat causes the ink and powder to fuse and a raised image is formed. Thirty two sheet - a poster size measuring 120in x 160in (3048mm x 4064mm). Threaded or Chained (US) - see Pipelining. Thumbnails - the first ideas or sketches of a designer noted down for future reference. Tints - mechanical shading in line areas, normally available in 5% steps from 5% to 95%. Tip in - the separate insertion of a single page into a book either during or after binding by pasting one edge. Trapping - the ability to print one ink over the other. Trim - the cutting of the finished product to the correct size. Marks are incorporated on the printed sheet to show where the trimming is to be made. Twin wire - paper which has an identical smooth finish on both sides. Typeface - the raised surface carrying the image of a type character cast in metal. Also used to refer to a complete set of characters forming a family in a particular design or style. Typo (US) - an abbreviation for typographical error. An error in the typeset copy. Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) - gives protection to authors or originators of text, photographs or illustrations etc, to prevent use without permission or acknowledgment. The publication should carry the copyright mark c, the name of the originator and the year of publication. Up - printing two or three up means printing multiple copies of the same image on the same sheet. UV coating - liquid laminate bonded and cured with ultraviolet light. Environmentally friendly. Varnishing - to apply oil, synthetic, spirit, cellulose or water varnish to printed matter by hand or machine to enhance its appearance or increase its durability. Vellum - the treated skin of a calf used as a writing material. The name is also used to describe a thick creamy book paper. Vignette - this term usually refers to a single dot pattern that may start at 50% dot and gradually decrease to say 5% in a smooth graduation. Watermark - an impression incorporated in the paper making process showing the name of the paper and/or the company logo. Web - a continuous roll of printing paper used on web-fed presses. Web Offset - reel-fed offset litho printing. Three main systems of presses exist blanket-to-blanket in which two plate and two blanket cylinders per unit print and perfect the web of paper or board; three-cylinder system in which plate, blanket and impression cylinders operate in the usual manner to print one side of the paper or board; and satellite or planetary systems in which two, three or four plate and blanket cylinders are arranged around a common impression cylinders to print one side of the web in several colours. Weight - the degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or font. Wire - the wire mesh used at the wet end of the paper making process. The wire determines the textures of the paper. Wire stitching - see saddle or side stitching. Woodfree paper - made from chemical pulp only with size added. Supplied calendered or supercalendered. Word wrap - in word processing, the automatic adjustment of the number of words on a line of text to match the margin settings. The carriage returns set up by this method are termed "soft", as against "hard" carriage returns resulting from the return key being pressed. Work and tumble - a method of printing where pages are again imposed together. The sheet is then printed on one side with the sheet being turned or tumbled from front to rear to print the opposite side. Work and turn - a method of printing where pages are imposed in one form or assembled on one film. One side is then printed and the sheet is then turned over and printed from the other edge using the same form. The finished sheet is then cut to produce two complete copies. Wove - a finely textured paper without visible wire marks. WYSIWYG - what-you-see-is-what-you-get (pronounced "wizzywig") - used to describe systems that preview full pages on the screen with text and graphics. The term can however be a little misleading due to difference in the resolution of the computer screen and that of the page printer.
How Do Changes in Interest Rates Affect Economic Growth? Written by jonathan lister \| 13/05/2017 Interest rates have economic impact as both an indicator and influential element in the growth of the market. The interest rates on large purchase items such as homes, small business loans and automobiles can show if the economy is healthy or if it is slowing down and needs an influx of cash to get going again. Low Interest Rates In a poor economy, banks and other financial institutions tend to lower interest rates on loans to entice businesses to apply for credit. This allows money to circulate through the economy and stimulate growth. The process creates a symbiotic cycle where businesses use the loan money to acquire new property and build new locations that filters down to consumers and private construction companies, who are then hired to build new business properties and operate the new locations. Consumers use the money received from working to purchase goods and services at other existing businesses. High Interest Rates Rising interest rates are a strong indicator of economic growth, according to the "U.S. News" website. As economic development increases, more businesses reach out to banks and other financial lenders for extensions of capital. Banks see this as an opportunity to turn a profit and slowly begin increasing interest rates. This must be done carefully, as interest rates that are deemed too high may lead to inflation. This economic condition is caused by an increase in the price of goods along with a shortage in available capital. Consumer Spending Interest rates also affect consumer confidence in the economy, which directly affects consumer spending. When the economy is experiencing a downturn, consumer confidence may be low, causing people to save more and spend less. Low interest rates may entice consumers to spend more on large ticket items, such as cars and houses, but only if the job market is secure. Consumers who are unsure if they can keep a position long term in a poor economy are less likely to take advantage of low interest rates. The Risk of Deflation Interest rates that dip too low can lead to an economic condition known as deflation. This is an increase in available capital along with decrease in the price of goods. While this sounds like a good thing on the surface, it's actually quite harmful for businesses who now have to sell a higher number of goods to turn the same amount of profit. This can lead to a shrinking economy where the value of goods and property, including homes and other real property, decreases across the board. • All types • Articles • Slideshows • Videos • Most relevant • Most popular • Most recent No articles available No slideshows available No videos available
PS Exam • Full Screen • Wide Screen • Narrow Screen • Increase font size • Default font size • Decrease font size Class Notes and Others What is the difference between internet and the Internet? E-mail Print PDF Many networks exist in the world, often with different hardware and software. People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one. This desire requires connecting together different, and frequently incompatible networks, sometimes by using machines called gateways to make the connection and provide the necessary translation, both in terms of hardware and software. A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or just internet. To avoid confusion, please note that the word "internet" will always be used in a generic sense. In contrast, the Internet (note uppercase I) means a specific worldwide internet that is widely used to connect universities, government offices, companies, and of late, private individuals. We will have much to say about both internets and the Internet later in this material. Subnets, networks, and internetworks are often confused. Subnet makes the most sense in the context of a wide area network, where it refers to the collection of routers and communication lines owned by the network operator, for example, companies like AOL(America Online) and CompuServe. As an analogy, the telephone system consists of telephone switching offices connected to each other by high-speed lines, and to houses and businesses by low-speed lines. These lines and equipment, owned and managed by the telephone company, form the subnet of the telephone system. The telephones themselves (the hosts in this analogy) are not part of the subnet. The combination of a subnet and its hosts forms a network. In the case of a LAN, the cable and the hosts form the network. There really is no subnet. An internetwork is formed when distinct networks are connected together. In our view, connecting a LAN and a WAN or connecting two LANs forms an internetwork, but there is little agreement in the industry over terminology in this area. Classify Computer Networks based on Transmission Technology E-mail Print PDF Computer Networks can be classified into two classes regarding the transmission technology they use. They are broadcast network and point-to-point networks. Broadcast Network What is Computer Network? Distinguish Computer Network and Distributed System E-mail Print PDF What is computer network? The term "computer network" is to mean an interconnected collection of autonomous computers. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, and communication satellites can also be used. By requiring the computers to be autonomous, we wish to exclude from our definition systems in which there is a clear master/slave relation. If one computer can forcibly start, stop, or control another one, the computers are not autonomous. A system with one control unit and many slaves is not a network; nor is a large computer with remote printers and terminals. Types of Selection in MS-Word and Short-Cut Keys E-mail Print PDF Selecting in Microsoft WordSelecting text or objects in a document is one of the essential skill required to use word-processing effectively. I tried to summarize and list the way to make selection for all types of selection techniques here. Check if you know all of these selecting techniques? Read More>> What is Mail Merge in Microsoft Word? E-mail Print PDF Mail merge is a tool in MS-Word that enables you to create multiple copies of a document with small changes in each. Take an example of appointment letter. For every employee the format and structure of letter is almost identical except those information related to the employee. Similarly consider a certificate below. Except some specific information such as Candidate Name and Address, the rest format and text of certificate remains same. My boss asked me to create a notice to all the 2877 members of PS Exam to inform the release of ‘Mail Merge eBook’. I designed the notice as follows: Read more Page 1 of 9 • « • Start • Prev • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • Next • End • » Wish to get contents in your Email? Enter your email address: Who's Online We have 106 guests online Sharing Enriches! You are here: Class Notes
Experiment by Skinner, US psychologist Experiment by Skinner, US psychologist H419/0411 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 38.2MB Downloadable file size: 3.9MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Experiment by Skinner. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990, left), was an American experimental psychologist who carried out most of his work at Harvard University, USA. He used pigeons to study stimulus-response behaviour, using structures that were called Skinner boxes. The pigeons had to peck lit-up discs to obtain food. Pigeons were used, as they can perform a wider range of tasks and have a longer lifespan than rats. Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning that states that a stimulus can act to reinforce behaviour. Skinner's work influenced educational theories. He is also known for his book Walden Two (1948), on a utopian society run on his operant principles. Keywords: 1900s, 20th century, 30s, 60s, 70s, adult, american, animal, assistant, behaviour, biological, biology, bird, burrhus skinner, caucasian, equipment, experiment, experimental, experimental psychologist, experimental psychology, experimenting, frederic, harvard university, historical, history, human, humans, laboratory, male, man, men, nature, north america, operant conditioning, pigeon, psychological, researcher, researchers, scientist, scientists, seventies, sixties, skinner box, stimulus-response, team, technician, thirties, united states, us, usa, zoological, zoology
Uppsala universitet Skip links På svenska Linné on line arrow Physics and the Cosmos arrow Macrocosmos arrow The sun The Sun Energy is produced in the sun by fusion of lighter atomic nuclei into heavier ones. This proceeds through a series of nuclear reactions which convert the original material hydrogen into heavier elements in the so called solar cycle. In these processes energy is released in the form of kinetic energy of the produced particles and heat radiation in the form of photons. The nuclear reactions are mainly taking place deep inside the sun and the energy must then be transported out through the sun. It has been estimated that it takes about one million years for a photon to get from the centre of the sun to the surface. This should be compared with the time it takes for a photon to travel from the sun to the earth, which is no more then 8.3 minutes. The photons that reach the earth therefore do not reflect what happens in the centre of the sun but rather what happens close to the surface today. However, there are particles that are only very weakly interacting with the sun, namely neutrinos which can travel through the sun as it was almost not there. The flux of the produced neutrinos has been measured on earth and one has found that they are only about half of what one would expect for massless neutrinos. The explanation is that the produced neutrinos oscillate into other types of neutrinos which one did not look for until recently. This used to be called the solar neutrino problem, but it is now completely understood. The oscillations also mean that neutrinos have mass, although the masses are very small. Other particles can also be emitted from the sun. These are emitted from the surface of the sun when the solar activity is high. They are mainly electrons, protons and alpha-particles, but also some heavier nuclei. Together they form the so called solar wind. Particles in the solar wind can be captured in the earth's magnetic field and give rise to northern lights close to the north pole and southern lights close to the south pole.
Skip navigation Monthly Archives: February 2016 John Chuckman Sorry, I just do not agree that misery causes mental illness. I’m no authority, but I am someone who has always been curious about the subject. I’ve come to believe that all forms of mental illness represent glitches or flaws in the brain. Parenting, for example, plays little to no role, parents generally – always excluding criminal activity – playing less of a role in childhood lives than they themselves believe. We know, for example, today that peers play a far greater role in a child’s development than parents do. Various traumas also play less of a role than is generally believed. The impact of trauma has a lot to do with the receptivity of the person. It is the basic structural nature of the brain that determines whether a person succumbs to trauma or overcomes it. We see both all the time. We know how different imperfections can affect some organs, say the heart, there being a host of illnesses or future illnesses deriving from these differences – thin walls or thick, overall organ size, strength of blood vessels, etc. The brain is infinitely more complex than the heart or any other organ, and its very complexity means it is subject to a great many possible flaws or imperfections. In a sense, ultimately the term “mental illness” will prove inadequate and not helpful. Flaws are flaws, whether in the shape of a bone or a lung or a brain. The huge spectrum of mental disorders – from simple forms of anxiety to serious psychoses – is the result of the many individual things and combination of things which can affect so complex an organ. Really serious mental disorders – as, paranoid schizophrenia or severe autism – are likely the result of combinations of faults rather than individual ones because we see so many forms and severities of these conditions. It is much like differences in intelligence, which will undoubtedly ultimately prove to be determined by different combinations of formation and efficiencies of brain structures. We have always had quacky theories and superstitions around the subject. Psychiatrists actually once believed, and told people, that poor mothering caused conditions like schizophrenia. That was in the last century and likely inflicted a great deal of pain on innocent parents. Freud’s was the first serious effort to be scientific about these things, but today his “science” looks as advanced as bows and arrows. Freud himself believed his system could only help what he called neurotics but failed with psychotics, schizophrenics, manic-depressives, etc – in other words, it failed the people who really needed help. Nevertheless, we still have Freudian psychotherapists out there taking people’s money for regular sessions. We have dozens of kinds of other “therapists.” New schools seemed to rise like weeds in a garden. But any of them is about as helpful with serious conditions as going vegan would be in helping cancer or heart disease. Our pharmacology industry has been able to introduce some helpful drugs, but not enough of them or enough effective ones to make a difference. Some of these drugs for more serious conditions can be dangerous and some produce zombies. Others perhaps do little harm but not a lot of good either. And that is because we do not yet understand the precise cause of almost any of these disorders. Our drugs suppress symptoms at best. Given humanity’s history of dealing with mental disorders – after all, two centuries ago we chained psychotics to walls in dungeons for life and as recently as the 1950s we cut out parts of the brains of schizophrenics (lobotomies), and for some conditions, we still strap people down and jolt them with electricity as a “therapy” – given all that, I think there has been huge advances in society’s ways of looking at mental illness. We are such a cruel species at times, much like our relatives the chimps, it is virtually impossible to eliminate superstitions and bullying. We see bullying every day of people who look odd or have terrible physical impairments. We are also ignorant beyond telling. Remember, in parts of Africa they still hunt down poor albinos to kill them, and we are not that much different in advanced societies. Most of the people in our prisons are in fact mentally ill. Real solutions for mental disorders will require a great deal more science than we yet have. We need tolerance of course, but preaching tolerance to a society that daily kills people in a half dozen far-flung places because it believes they are dangerous, doesn’t go far. After all, Britain’s government busies itself with selling many billions in arms to Saudi Arabia, a county murdering people in several places, including its own streets and led by an absolute monarch who has dementia. John Chuckman Mr Brooker, this is an entirely silly piece. First, you cannot use the word “theory” for a notion which is in your own words “unprovable.” Theories, by definition, are capable of being disproved by data. Otherwise, they are just notions. Much like the vapid content of dreams themselves. The rest of this piece goes downhill from there. It isn’t amusing. It’s dumb. Where great power is at stake, believe me, conspiracies are a reality. If you don’t know that, you’ve not read any history. And if you’ve read no history, why bother are you bothering to write? John Chuckman I’ll remind readers that Ross Douthat, the journalist who tweeted an idiot reference to assassinating Trump, does a job Bill Kristol used to do at the New York Times. So he comes from the same ugly pack that has been most strongly attacking Trump from the start, the neo-cons and their close friends. And these are people who have worked hard to keep the blood flowing abroad, seeing the Middle East flattened, and the U.S. mired in decades of war. These are people who view independent-mindedness in foreign policy as unthinkable, being totally dedicated to the cozy and immensely destructive relationship which keeps Israel afloat. Any serious threat on Trump would almost certainly come from this quarter. After all, these people, the neo-cons, gave the world the whole Middle East in blazes with millions killed and hurt and great masses of refugees. Why would they even pause about the life of one politician they hate after all that? John Chuckman The unpleasant Stephen Harper was definitely headed in this direction, with perhaps even more anti-freedom measures added, as criminalizing criticism of Israel. We’re hoping our fine new Prime minister can resist this kind of genuinely Stalinist law promoted only by special interests. But, in any event, all of the ugly laws Israel is promoting abroad and Israel’s tireless building of walls simply scream desperation. If Israel wasn’t threatened by the weakness of its own founding’s logic, it would require none of this. Just as the Soviet Union was built with a faulty foundation – flaws in logic and basic understanding of economic and social principles – so Israel, an unimaginably inefficient state kept afloat on the world’s greatest flow of subsidies. Israel is, just like the Soviet Union was, a garrison state where the military/security/police forces are completely out of any sensible balance for a healthy society. And it holds millions of people as prisoners. Sooner or later, the crunch is coming, and for all these reasons. John Chuckman Udi Aloni could not be more correct in describing the government of Israel as fascist, and he is a brave Israeli to speak out. His welcome home will be less than enthusiastic without a doubt. The whole Western world watches this monster Netanyahu at work and does nothing, hardly ever saying a word. The only man on the planet right now who can compete with Netanyahu for stupid brutality and nonstop lying is Turkey’s Erdogan. The grotesque irony of Western countries supporting these two – along with the brutal, senile King Salman of Saudi Arabia – while vilifying Putin and Assad is breathtaking. Response to another comment: I’m sorry, but today’s Israelis are not the descendants of the Hebrews. That has pretty much been proved by DNA tests. The Ashkenazi people are Germanic, in every respect including their original language which is Yiddish. Tests show they arose a thousand years ago near Italy and then migrated. Judaism in the centuries after Jesus became a much more evangelical religion than we think of it today. Bits of Africa were also converted, as was the kingdom of the Khazars, a people from the area near Ukraine who were Turkic people. They too adopted the Hebrew ways. Christianity itself rose up as a cult-like offshoot of Judaism, and its success was startling. At the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls, there were numbers of such cults or sects, much like we see today in Protestantism. The Bible is a history of the Hebrew people only in the loosest possible sense of the word ‘history.’ Archeology teaches us the Jews were never in Egypt (Moses by the way is an Egyptian-origin name). There is absolutely no record of them in a land which kept superb records. There is not an ounce of evidence too for the existence of King David. Even Israeli archeologists, determined as they are, cannot find any. The Romans too were great record keepers, and there is no evidence at all of the Hebrews being expelled after the Roman conquest. It is almost certain that the Palestinians are in fact what is left of the ancient Hebrews. They have of course in two millennia undergone many changes, including in language and religion. By the way, modern Israel’s claim to the Holy Land, tenuous as it is when you know some history, is even weaker when you extend the history of the region. Egypt once ruled there before the Hebrews, so Egypt could have a claim. The Phoenicians ruled there before the Hebrews so Lebanon too could have a claim. Italy, through the Romans, could have a claim. Iraq and/or Iran could also have a claim since their ancestors also ruled for a time. The entire idea of basing a claim today on an ancient document full of errors and myths is self-evidently ridiculous. Or maybe you believe in Jonah or Lott’s wife or Noah or Daniel or the burning bush or the ten plagues – all complete fantasy nonsense. Given that the notion of a wandering people is also pretty much a fantasy – again, remembering the Ashkenazi are not the Hebrews – the entire official narrative means about as much as the Greek myths. By the way, using modern Israel’s strange logic, Turkey should belong to Greece owing to victory in the Trojan War. John Chuckman The Pope has no business commenting on anyone’s politics, and I think he is a foolish old man to have done so. I would admire him if he consistently stood for justice and decency, but he most certainly does not. Apart from his silence in horrors like Syria or Yemen, I’d like to remind readers of something from an earlier time in Francis’s life in Argentina. Francis, while a seemingly decent man, had a bad reputation years ago among many people in Argentina. He never once spoke out against the military junta that murdered tens of thousands of people in the night, running a virtual Reign of Terror against people suspected of leftist sympathies. He passively accepted the horrors going on around him, standing in the same shameful ranks as the American State Department, an organization without morals, ethics, or shame, then as now. I hardly think him qualified to speak to any moral issue. John Chuckman Insanity, but then we’ve known for some time the King of Saudi Arabia is insane. Imagine the threat to airlines worldwide from the distribution of such weapons into the hands of lunatics? But as readers may recall, hideous Sarin nerve gas was previously given to some of these lunatics working to destroy Syria, and it was indeed used. The Russians of course have many steps they could take in response to new weapons supplied by Saudi Arabia, but no matter how you look at it, a larger, more dangerous war would be the outcome. The West is playing literally with a group of dangerous lunatics here: King Salman, President Erdogan, and Prime Minister Netanyahu. And they are supposed to be the good guys? No wonder American voters are turning their backs on the party establishments. We live in a world that makes no sense, thanks to that establishment. John Chuckman If Donald Trump never achieves another thing in his entire life, he can always be proud of having sent the whining, ineffectual Jeb Bush running back home to Mom. John Chuckman Bashar al-Assad says he wants to be remembered as the man who saved Syria. And I believe he will be so remembered. This man, so often portrayed in our heavily biased press as a monster, is in fact a quite thoughtful and intelligent leader. Not a lot of people seem to know it but he is a medical specialist, making him far better educated than a David Cameron, and he has always shown toleration for the many religious groups in Syria. The religious minorities understand that, notably Syria’s Christians, and in return support him. He is hated by America and Israel entirely because he is independent-minded. What an appalling indictment of those two countries. They support thoroughgoing monsters like King Salman of Saudi Arabia or President Erdogan of Turkey – both genuine war criminals – and just endlessly call Assad names and threaten him. Because the American-Israeli attitude is dominant in our press, we virtually never hear directly from leaders like Assad, and that fact alone should tell you something. In contrast, try to find a major Western newspaper without regular pictures or flattering stories about Netanyahu or Obama. It really cannot be done. The tale of Syria’s recent years is simply one of the most disgraceful we’ve seen. A beautiful, peaceful land has suffered immense destruction, death, and injury, and sent millions of refugees fleeing abroad in the worst humanitarian crisis of modern times. All of that horror is directly attributable to the covert acts of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and America. It is the fault of no one else, although we have leaders like Cameron and Hollande, who toy, much like a cat toying with a living but wounded mouse, with becoming full members of the filthy game. Just look at what America did to Iraq. It really is not even a single country anymore, some of the world’s most precious archeological treasures destroyed or looted, and the blood of a million stains America’s flag. Just look at Libya. No matter what you thought of its late leader, Muammar Gaddafi, its people were educated, received health care, were fed, and generally thrived in a nation at peace. Now, it is a wasteland, scarred by bombs and left with warring gangs. Today the press is silent for the most part as Saudi Arabia – under American auspices always in this region of the world – uses horrors like cluster bombs and bunker busters and kills thousands of women and children in Yemen. The people of Gaza stand in their own filth, not even allowed the supplies of cement to rebuild sanitation and homes, while our press and governments say nothing. The Israeli government freely sprays large swaths of their land with herbicides, and we all know the ghastly legacy of America’s Agent Orange in Vietnam. Egypt, after decades of a brutal dictator who was strongly supported by America, finally enjoyed a brief breath of democracy before again suffering repression under a new American-supported dictator. And why was that? Because Israel was seriously unhappy with the views of a newly-elected President, by all accounts a decent man, who now rots in an Egyptian prison. We live in a world of the most remarkable senseless brutality and dishonesty from so-called Western, democratic countries, most notably from the United States in its self-assumed mission to re-make great parts of the world, no matter how much misery is generated. And we say nothing, letting bullies and tyrants have their way. John Chuckman I like Jeremy Corbyn and support his views in a number of matters, but not on the EU. I never thought I would rethink my longstanding support for the EU, but Cameron’s blundering excuse for statesmanship and all the discussion and puffed-up publicity around it have caused me to do just that. I have little use either for xenophobes or the stout little island types often associated with rejecting the EU, but I fear the EU concept I’ve always supported has virtually disappeared. Today the EU is, to a considerable extent, just another mechanism for American domination of Europe. It gives America one name to call at the start of any of its new dangerous or destabilizing adventures. And who needs that except the madmen at the State Department? I had always held out hope that the EU could become a true force in world affairs, countering America’s bullying influence, leading the way to a multi-polar world. But I’ve waited a long time to see anything happen, and all I’ve seen is decay from the early possibilities. I don’t think that Europe’s emergence as a world power is going to happen now, at least for a very long time. America would certainly not support it and would actively work covertly and overtly against it, and America today behaves almost as though drunk on the sense of its own power. The current generation of European leaders is a truly pathetic crowd. Cameron, Hollande, and even the gifted Merkel are just servants of America. Gone are the great leaders of decades ago. Not a sign of real individualism remains. One might even suspect all of them as being long-term recipients of CIA pensions, a common American covert practice for bending governments abroad to their purpose. Events in Syria and Ukraine with their huge impacts upon Europe are distressing reminders of the truth because these crises were generated by America while almost all the very great costs, social and economic, are dumped upon Europe. World dictatorship is even more threatening than dictatorship inside one state. So, for the first time, I almost hope Britain does exit the EU. Economics – the original and strongest argument for the EU – of course remains important, but social and political and diplomatic matters are also important, and when they are seen consistently all going the wrong way, as they are today and have been for years, it is time to reconsider. John Chuckman And, I’m sorry to say, so have a good many others been intimidated about speaking out, other worthy people who have consciences, Jimmy Carter being a recent one. Israel has been reduced to the lowest tactics possible to defend what cannot be defended by any decent person. Apart from its threatening behaviors, its efforts even get desperately silly, as with its practice of paying Israeli students who post rubbish to muddy discussions on any news site allowing comments. I think that this state which recognizes no laws, no conventions, no ethical claims, and pretends it is democratic will certainly go the way of the old Soviet Union eventually. It has a grossly inefficient economy, yields a poor life for most ordinary Israelis, is dominated by a vast cancerous military and security apparatus, holds millions in perpetual bondage, and starts wars with every neighbor – that is not a long term formula for success, ever. Neither are the practices of building massive walls, passing discriminatory legislation, encouraging the passage of discriminatory legislation abroad, and calling anyone, literally anyone, who questions your behavior ugly names and insults. Throw in many assassinations, a great deal of torture, a huge number of illegal arrests, constant abuse of several million people in the streets, and state-sponsored theft of the property of others. The place would collapse today were it not for the support its lobby buys for it in America, but that cannot go on indefinitely. Most Americans do have some innate sense of fairness, and Israel violates it daily. Response to another reader’s comment: The human capacity for cruelty seems to have no limits. You might think a people who were so terribly treated in the past could teach the world a lesson in enlightenment and fairness. But, no, all we see is more cruelty. John Chuckman The house has some dramatic perspectives, but I think, considering all the views, it is a rather sterile environment. I love good modern architecture, but this house by John Lautner is a showboat effort which actually fails as a place to live. There are many details which might look impressive on first glance but actually display poor design in the true, deep sense of that word. The clearest examples are its impossible benches and seats. I can’t tell from photos whether they are made of polished concrete or metal, but they are covered by bright custom cushions. Those benches are not only uninviting as places to sit – which is opposite of what a seat should be – I can guarantee with their very low backs, extremely rigid structure, and minimal cushions, they are uncomfortable to almost anyone after a short time. Response to a comment by another reader: Why would being an architect make any difference in appreciating architecture? Seems to me, what you are saying is much like saying you have to be a painter to go to an art gallery, which is self-obviously ridiculous. Le Corbusier, one of the most original and gifted architects of the last century, said a house was a machine for living, and while that’s a bit absolute, it captures an important truth. Response to a comment from a reader: “Actually I was thinking of North by Northwest, the glass house mounted on the rock frame that Cary Grant had to shinny up.” One of my favorite Hitchcock films. Oh, now there was a great house, great modern design, including a sumptuous sense of natural materials. Although, you may know that it was a set built for the movie and doesn’t exist. I was disappointed to learn that. John Chuckman Bob Woodward is not speaking for the larger interests. He never has. He demonstrated that during the horrible Bush administration when he slithered around on his belly, flattering and giving favorable publicity to George Bush, the most incompetent and destructive president in memory. America’s recent Supreme Court has been a disaster. Money is free speech? That’s what it ruled, and the results are disastrous. That view does not earn you freedom, it earns you slavery. Slavery to a plutocracy. That is what America has become. Woodward also always subtly represented the interests of the Israel Lobby. They like things the way they are with America being aggressive across the globe keeping Israel afloat. And that view shares many aspects with the views of America’s super-rich crowd. It is ordinary Americans and others who suffer from the current set-up. Scalia was a basic building block in creating the mess we have. His views were narrow and often uninformed, and over time he said some just plain dumb things. His views and words on gays and gay marriage were intolerant and disgraceful, just serving to highlight his backwardness and lack of leadership. The trouble with a lot of what is carelessly labeled as conservatism in America is that it actually supports fascism and the plutocratic crowd. I think many do not appreciate this, but it is painfully true. There is a natural border between these two, but it is easily violated and in today’s America virtually does not exist. A number of Americans are convinced that Scalia’s views on guns were vital, but the net effect of his views is part of the explanation for the hopeless situation in America today. Just think of America’s horrible, aggressive, poorly-trained, and murderous police who cause many Americans literally to live in fear. They killed more than a thousand of their own people last year, as they do every year, a performance putting any so-called terrorists to shame. Scalia supporters may not see a connection, but there very much is one. The police always have the excuse that they thought the person was armed, and it is an excuse which continues to work perfectly because a huge number of Americans are armed. The plutocrats love things the way they are: murderous police keep the mob in order. Most of these people or corporations live in what are effectively gated communities, and they have very little interaction with the mess “out there.” They just want to see it quiet where they live. And here it is no accident that large numbers of American police now receive training in Israel, Israel being a place in which a privileged group also wants to live in quiet and security and a place where almost half the population are terrorized by police and army. Israel itself is becoming one giant gated community, and ordinary Israelis themselves do not have a great life. Israel’s equivalent of America’s plutocracy – some being Americans with dual citizenship – is the group making the rules. Thus there is a natural fit with present-day America in many aspects of life. Scalia was not about freedom. He was about its opposite, slavery. He reminded me of Thomas Jefferson in his thinking. No, Jefferson was a thousand times more eloquent, but his seemingly freedom-loving words were not about freedom. Most people who quote them have no idea about the kind of man they are quoting. He actually used words as a kind of self-written legacy, a vast advertising campaign which was about sympathetic-sounding things the real Jefferson was not about. Jefferson was quite backward in many things. While superficially interested in science, he had some remarkably unscientific views, like the healing properties of soaking his feet in cold water each morning or his interpretation of some fossils found in Virginia which was quite silly. He was a strong, life-long supporter of slavery. Even when he was President he opposed the rebellion of slaves in Haiti and supported Napoleon’s efforts to crush them. After the French failed, he made sure to have nothing to do with Haiti. His dreamy thoughts about freedom died instantly anytime black slaves were involved. Jefferson absolutely believed in black inferiority, and we have his own embarrassing words on the subject. This despite his long sexual relationship with a mulatto slave, Sally Hemmings, said to have been fathered by Jefferson’s dead wife’s father. That relationship started when Sally was thirteen. Today we would say Jefferson was a pedophile, and that’s hardly about freedom. He fathered children by Sally – we have the sworn testimony of her adult son on this, no matter what some of Jefferson’s Caucasian descendants claim in order to protect his legacy – and Jefferson did little to improve their lot. Jefferson rather bizarrely hated industry and wanted only a nation of stout yeomen farmers, something, which if you analyze it, greatly resembles the views of someone like Pol Pot. His vision of stout yeoman farmers of course is completely oblivious to the industrial revolution and the new prosperity coming to some societies. Jefferson, despite his wealth and over 200 slaves, was never able to support himself. He died a bankrupt. His love of things like fashions and luxury imports was such he was regularly borrowing from friends, some of whom he cheated, never paying them back. He was not a man of his word. When Jefferson, as President, decided that America must boycott Britain, he was ruthless against American businesses suffering from the policy. His program put many of them under, and he used substantial force to go after any who were not complying. None of this corresponds to today’s fantasy ideas, or Jefferson’s own words, about freedom. Jefferson as Governor, at the drop of a hat, was ready to have Virginia secede from the Union. He anticipated the entire Confederacy, and that is not an idea of freedom in keeping with a wholesome, democratic society. It’s a version of – what some American plutocrats do today – taking your marbles and running. Jefferson opposed the Supreme Court even having the very powers which men like Scalia later exercised. He wanted no interpretation of the Constitution. He wanted it to have no force at all in the individual states. His vision much resembled anarchy. He was extremely provincial and ruthless about states’ interests when a Governor, views which were bent completely around when he had other needs as President. Consistency was not a Jefferson strong point. Jefferson’s words about free expression were extremely hypocritical. When he was Secretary of State under Washington, he secretly hired some nasty scribblers to attack the President and his policies, always pretending he knew nothing about the source of the libels. Despite Jefferson’s many pretentious words about bloodshed and regular revolutions, he proved in the Revolutionary War a complete coward. He rode so hard away, never stopping for a long time, from some approaching British – a quite small force under the dashing Banastre Tarleton – that there were jokes and laughter about it long afterward by colonists as well as by the British. When Jefferson was first considered as the colonies’ ambassador in Europe, he wouldn’t go. He was afraid to sail and perhaps be captured by British ships. That didn’t stop old Ben Franklin, who went instead and served well. Jefferson’s overall impact on the shape of today’s America is extremely negative, despite all the fine words. Ironically, for American conservatives, what I’ll call the Jefferson Myth, was revived by Franklin Roosevelt’s government when they built the memorial in Washington. They were laying false claim to aspects of his legacy for political purposes. And just so, the acts of many American so-called conservatives like Scalia which ultimately are destructive and divisive and anti-freedom in nature, just as Jefferson was once ready to divide the young country or violently suppress those who disagreed with his presidential policies. It is all an extremely confused and confusing legacy, and a dangerous one. America’s armed forces and secret security apparatus today are killing people in at least half a dozen places. America supports torture and illegal imprisonment and suppression in many parts of the world, from Israel to Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. America’s police, in many parts of the country, literally terrorize their own citizens. America’s secret security forces spy on everyone in the false name of protection from terror. And, all the while, we hear slogans – completely empty slogans about freedom and democracy. And the great plutocrats that Scalia represented think nothing of moving an entire company abroad, destroying jobs and communities, while enhancing their own wealth. People who truly love and understand the meaning of a good and decent society cannot shed any tears for the passing of Judge Scalia. His legacy, like Jefferson’s, is simply poisonous. John Chuckman For some. But Americans on the whole have short memories. And celebrity worship thrives like a weird tropical infection. There were Americans, many, who went to the O J Simpson home to be photographed at the front gate shortly after such a brutal crime. You really cannot underestimate them. And Jeb certainly doesn’t. John Chuckman Regime uproots 9,000 people near huge telescope hoped to find aliens” says The Guardian’s front page. Maybe it’s just me, but I thought it was “the government of China” at work here? The word choice betrays bad intent. A choice of words is everything in politics, as Orwell taught us. For another nation with a big project, you undoubtedly would have written, “relocates” or “resettles.” To find aliens? Please, you don’t invest that kind of money and work in the search for aliens. Radio astronomy has made some of our most important discoveries in space, and the Chinese facility will be a terribly important scientific facility for the whole world. Shame on you. Is Rupert Murdoch now a full-time consultant to this supposedly progressive newspaper? Seems very likely. John Chuckman All American-imposed sanctions are doing – apart from a lot of hurt to different parts of the European economy – is proving the natural, underlying relationship between Europe and Russia. In that sense, they will prove highly counter-productive over time. After all, America is doing this only to stop that natural relationship from flourishing. But to my mind, it’s a bit like commanding the sea’s waves to stop. Quite stupid in the end, and America is supposed to believe in market forces. John Chuckman “Putin is a bigger threat to Europe’s existence than Isis” says George Soros Why do you publish crap like this? George Soros has a long history of using his money and organizations in front work for the CIA, and that includes in groundwork for future coups. He is just one more old American billionaire frustrated in not always getting his way when attempting to manipulate the world. Putin knows him for just what he is, and Soros is angry about that. There is one leader in today’s western world who indisputably stands for a decent international order of fair laws and fair treatment for all nations and unrestricted trade, and that leader is Putin. The President of the U.S., by contrast, works full time on trying to interfere in the affairs of others. He does so in Syria, in Iraq, in Libya, in Ukraine, and in half a dozen other places. He doesn’t just interfere, he kills, and on a large scale. If our press generally weren’t so servile to our governments – and David Cameron being little more than a junior lieutenant in America’s imperial order – we’d get a more balanced view of the world in the news. But that’s empty wishes because it is a small number of people like Rupert Murdoch, who by the way is regularly celebrated in The Guardian, coloring everything we read and hear. John Chuckman Robots for sex already exist although they are quite primitive, but who can doubt they’ll be rapidly improved? However, that aspect of robots seems a rather minor part of what is happening. We have a huge revolution, resembling nothing we’ve ever seen, coming at us in not very long. It will be a great turning point for everyone on earth, and I’m almost glad I’ll not be here to see it. There will be no work for most people, certainly all unskilled and manual workers, including farmers as things are developing for example now in Japan. But all skilled workers and the professions are not exempt. They will just take a little longer. All the professions can be robotized within some decades. Doctors, lawyers, accountants, you name it, machines will do a better job, and, in some cases, already do. And who will own the robots? That’s a huge question, full of implications for a society resembling ancient ones with a small exalted elite and a great mass of nobodies under them. And why will the elites share any wealth produced with the rest of the people? Will the owners want to see the great mob of humanity gone? In the end, perhaps robots will assume control themselves, not requiring the elites. Once artificial intelligence resembles our kind of intelligence, and there is little reason to regard it as staying at some level of ability forever, it may turn out just to be so. Will the robots want to be rid of us altogether? I do think robots are the next major stage of evolution, organic life then serving no purpose. If we do soon discover highly intelligent life on other worlds, either through their contacting us or visiting us, I think it likely it will not be human or even organic. Readers will definitely enjoy: John Chuckman Sorry, this is utter nonsense. Compared to American practices in half a dozen places where they have carelessly wiped hospitals, schools, and crowds of civilians in bomb shelters, the Russians have made a great effort to be cautious. And they only use intelligent munitions, although the Pentagon has lied about that too. Every possible target is double-checked. Now if you want to see some hell-hole messes created by Americans just look at Libya or Afghanistan or Iraq or indeed Vietnam which still suffers from the horrors of Agent Orange and millions of landmines. Almost every vicious thing that has happened in Syria has happened at the hands of the people Russia is fighting, people long assisted and supplied by Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and America, with the odd “God bless” from Britain and France. Also the senile tyrant King of Saudi Arabia conducts a war in Yemen, completely against international law, but no one says a word while he kills women and children as well as having bombed several small hospitals. As I write this, we have the shameful admission by an American Defense official that, yes, it was ISIS using Sarin gas previously in Syria, and it could be used again. Previously the U.S. lied about this and claimed Assad used it, which he never did. Using this poison was a clear war crime against Geneva Conventions. So why was no effort made to stop it? No effort made to hold someone responsible for supplying this horrible stuff? It had to come from a fairly advanced country and one using the covert supply avenues. I’m pretty sure Obama or Cameron knows who it was, but not a word. And as I write this, Turkey is firing heavy artillery into Syria aimed at a specific people, the Kurds, which Turkey’s insane leader happens to hate. This too is a war crime. Imagine America firing artillery into Canada aimed at, say, French Canadians? Yet no one speaks up. Not the UN, not David Cameron – they are all under America’s thumb, and they are all cowards. Further to my point, several times footage of Russian pin-point bombing has been used by television networks, both in America and France, claiming it was their work when in fact they bombed nothing useful to the enemy. Last but not least, not many days back there was bombing in the city of Aleppo which killed civilians. The Pentagon claimed it was from Russian planes, but we now know it was an attack by American A-10 planes. John Chuckman Well, I just love a few of Trump’s lines. Even though I am no great admirer, he sometimes can land a great line, and Jeb is the most pathetic guy to run since his brother, well deserving of our contempt. His brother was one of the most hated presidents and was, without a doubt, the least intelligent and honest in our lifetime. And it was his crooked brother as Governor of Florida who helped put him in with a corrupt election. It’s Jeb who insists on injecting his brother into his campaign, which makes George fair game and also provides a great measure of Jeb’s asininity. When Jeb whines about Trump “going after his family,” it’s unbelievably juvenile for a man with national leadership ambitions. Ya gotta love the Trump response to Jeb’s blubber about his “mother’s strength,” “Well, then maybe she should run.” And why should Jeb’s mother be a topic? Because Jeb put her there, hoping to use cheap sentimentality to win a point. You may not like Trump, but this exchange establishes Jeb as qualified to be little more than a doorman at a Florida resort. John Chuckman And, Jonathan Freedland, you’re no Seymour Hersh or I. F. Stone or Carl Bernstein or Robert Fisk – a few of our finer journalists. This piece is simply vacuous. Essentially, it is just one more Guardian attack on Corbyn, and a rather cowardly one. I truly think Guardian readers should ask why this newspaper, once considered as representing the interests of working people and progressives, gives such an inordinate amount of space to attacking, week after week, a decent and thoughtful politician? Why is he such a threat? And Freedland is silly at his own game here. The Guardian always dismisses Corbyn as “unrealistic,” which is just code for: outside the establishment which the paper now so desperately works to support and do good works for. Just look at the ridiculous article celebrating Rupert Murdoch and his aging Lady Gaga which has run for two days, and with no comments allowed. It is at least the third article on the dreary subject I can remember. That somehow represents the interests of working people and progressives? Bernie’s a refreshing voice, and I like him, but, as I’ve said, he has the proverbial “snow ball’s chance in hell” of being elected. A self-declared “democratic socialist” becoming leader of a belligerent, plutocratic empire? Unless you know America well, it is hard to describe how absurd that notion is. I spent nearly half my life there and still study aspects of it, and I can honestly say that its brutality, belligerence and its plutocratic nature have only increased, become overwhelming, virtually cancerous, as I could never have imagined many decades ago. If Sanders were somehow to manage the double miracle of getting the nomination and then winning the election, either he or the empire would have to change. Want to guess which one it would be? Footnote on how it works in America. Sanders won a landslide victory in New Hampshire, yet he leaves the state with roughly the same number of delegates as Hillary. And the party has an institution known as super-delegates – there are many hundreds of them – who have no responsibility to vote at the convention as the people voted in the primaries. I believe something approaching half of these already are pledged to Hillary. And in the end, were a double miracle to happen, there is always the Kennedy Solution. Already used a few times in the past, why would anyone doubt that today’s bloated, rich secret organizations now killing people daily in half a dozen countries would hesitate? John Chuckman This report is total crap propaganda, and, as a couple of thoughtful readers remind us below, murderous Saudi Arabia is now chair of the committee issuing this report for “human rights.” The UN today is in total lockstep with the United States. It displays virtually no independence. A few years back, the United States showed the UN just who is boss by refusing to pay its dues for a considerable amount of time. That ugly display wouldn’t be soon forgotten since the U.S. accounts for fully a quarter of the budget. Whenever a man of some independent-mindedness has managed to be elected as Secretary General, America has constructed a plot to oust him, as in the case of Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Old Madeleine Albright, a truly bloody character, won her diplomatic spurs with just such dirty work. Ban Ki-Moon is America’s man, and his ineffectual and sometimes cowardly behavior is just what America likes. John Chuckman “UK needs Trident to play ‘outsized’ role in world affairs, says US defence secretary” Yes, indeed, and his statement unintentionally makes the key argument for getting rid of Trident. Since Trident cannot be used by Britain for British purposes – simply a fact of the American rules governing these purchases of thermonuclear weapons – it cannot be a deterrent, full stop. Buying it effectively makes Britain a junior partner, very junior, in America’s purposes. As if, that were not already the case a sickeningly large portion of the time. The use of the word “outsized” is telling. It’s another way of describing penis-envy. So the British people are being asked to pay out countless billions for generations just so their politicians and admirals can parade around as part of the “outsized” set. When you reduce the proponents’ argument to what it really is, it is revealed as ridiculous. But then David Cameron is a man given to doing ridiculous things many times, isn’t he? John Chuckman Of course Sanders is the best choice. At least, in a dreary field. But, please, you are talking about the United States, or had you forgotten? The United States has become a world imperial power. It has been at continuous war for a couple of decades and its secret services have arranged coups in many places from Ukraine to Egypt. It has supported for years the murder in Syria. And its fleet of drones behave as an Argentine junta killing people with no legal process whatsoever. The imperial power serves one thing only: the interests of the plutocrats who actually own and run the country. A recent Princeton study and former President Carter, the most honest man to serve as President this century, tell us clearly that America is no longer a democracy, if it ever was one. So a man who describes himself as a socialist is going to be elected? And if elected, he is going to survive in office? The last man who seriously tried to change some things in America was Jack Kennedy, and he left half his brain splattered across a Dallas street. And it wasn’t patsy Oswald that did that. It was the same folks who kill with impunity in a dozen countries around the globe. Response to a comment about how much Sanders has raised in small contributions: Sorry, but that’s still peanuts. Do you have any idea how much the 2016 election will cost in total? We are talking on the order of a billion dollars. The American Supreme Court, after years of conservative appointments has become so conservative that it declared money to be free speech. The general population just cannot begin to compete with folks like the Sheldon Adelson, Koch Brothers, or George Soros. Or outfits like AIPAC. Response to another comment: Well said. Exactly so. The Guardian’s editors today are so clearly not liberal progressives. They maintain a front with items like this and other fluff. But back home we can see who they like and who they praise and who they endlessly criticize. It’s actually become something of joke, it’s so inconsistent. At heart what matters for those now running The Guardian are pretty much the same things that matter for David Cameron or Tony Blair: loyalty to America, spending on national defence, and Israel’s welfare. John Chuckman This is simply an ignorant article, reflecting the Pentagon’s fantasy view of events. The horrors of Syria have been caused by Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the United States. Those states have paid the bills, gathered and moved the terrorists, trained the terrorists, given them refuge and medical help, and generally lied through their teeth to all of us for about 4 years. The whole Benghazi fiasco Clinton won’t discuss was exactly about these ugly matters, a CIA operation to gather weapons and thugs from war-torn Libya to be sent to Turkey for insertion into Syria, an operation which experienced “blowback” in the form of the ambassador and his party being killed. Those countries have directly caused around 300,000 deaths, countless injuries, and a terrible wave of refugees. The bottom line for them in Syria has always been about getting rid of Assad. Why? Because he is independent-minded and fairly liberal in some matters, and, most all, he doesn’t bow down and accept Israeli-American hegemony. He is tolerant of religious differences, and all past polls show he holds a majority of public support. For those reasons he is hated in Israel and anything hated in Israel is hated by the pathetic leadership of the United States. The entire Middle East has been torn apart by America for these same reasons. As to Saudi Arabia, I’m pretty sure this just ain’t going to happen. If Saudi troops enter Syria, they face Iran and Russia. Besides, the Saudis, while expensively equipped, have demonstrated to anyone who follows events in Yemen they are not the world’s most competent forces, resembling Ukraine with better weapons. Their incompetence would lead to calls for America to save their bacon, but that ain’t going to happen either because Kerry has already spoken on the topic of not being lured into war with Russia. Also the Saudis are already very busy with their totally illegal attack on Yemen – never covered in any detail by The Guardian – having killed thousands of children and women and poor peasants, as well as with other matters, such as suppressing their own people and holding public beheadings. If you want to see a truly hateful country, Saudi Arabia is one of your must-go destinations. All of America’s waves of propaganda about Assad are more accurately used to describe Saudi Arabia with its absolute, half-demented monarch and a place where a woman can still not even get a driver’s licence well into the 21st century. The sooner the induced-horror of Syria is over, the better. And recent moves by the United States basically reflect a growing acceptance that Russia is right although they will never say that in public. They must also now secretly acknowledge that Erdogan is a dangerous lunatic. The Russians, working with the Syrian army and Iranians and Kurds, are about to achieve a miracle, closing the northern border with Turkey which has been the cause of all the miseries. We should all be grateful for the effort and grateful that, just for once, the good guys are winning. Response to another reader’s comment: The Russians are not saints, and I would never say they were, but they have done something worthwhile, while Britain and France sit on their self-satisfied asses and continue to say “Yes Sir, three bags full!” in answer to Washington’s every stupid demand.
Using Body Language to Tell Your Story Body language is essential in creating believable characters. It’s the subtle things like a smile in just the right place of a conversation, or a small touch of the hand that can change the whole way a reader perceives a character. When you show a character through their body language, you are allowing the reader to size up the character without spoon feeding information that might push the reader from the story. The reader wants to feel intelligent as he or she comes to their own conclusions. It’s the writer’s job (you) to be invisible enough to help lay out the signs or clues that get the reader to where you want them to go. Check out some of these statistics… 55% of communication consists of body language 38% is expressed through voice 7% is communicated through words Yeah, I was kind of shocked by the only 7% is communicated through words. Kind of made me feel small and unimportant with all my writing, which then made me realize that it’s all in how you express those words. That’s the key ingredient to really great writing. So my next thought was… how do my own characters express themselves? There are 4 major ways for a character to use body language to express themselves… • Facial Expressions • Gestures • Body Posture • Space What are the eyes of your character saying? Is your character fidgeting from boredom or restlessness? Is your character sitting forward to soak up everything another character is telling them? Or is your character in someone’s face for something that made them angry? Also consider this… does your character’s actions match their words? Readers will believe body language and tone over what someone says. If a character says they’re open to a new idea, but crosses their arms or turns their body away, what the reader really sees is a character who is closed and rejecting the message, but not willing to admit the truth. This sort of “mixed signal” can be used to add to the character, or story. It can also take away from the character and story, if not done correctly. When using body language it usually helps to build it up to a series of actions, because some body languages (like smiles, fidgeting, or no eye contact) can mean several different things. Writers should give about 5 clues within a scene to show context of an emotion (through body language) without coming out and saying it. This will help lead the reader to make his own conclusion. Body language is your character. Make sure that that all body language is important, if it isn’t, cut it out. Also get rid of overly used gestures, or body language like… she sighed or he winked. Find new or better ways for your character to express themselves. Remember that too much of a good thing can tip your hand to make the writer visible to the reader. Great writers disappear as their story comes alive.
Lightning…Beatuiful & Deadly Lightning is one of the most spectacular things to see. At the same time its quite deadly. In 2007, there were 45 fatalities across the country. In 2006, there were 47. Do you think Texas leads the way for lightning fatalities, I mean we are a big state, right? Florida actually takes the cake. They had 11 out of the 45 fatalities in 2007. Typically most of the deaths occur in Summer when afternoon thunderstorms develop with daytime heating and with Florida surrounded by water, it’s not a good combination. How does lightning form? In thunderstorms there are ice crystals and hailstones that are being created in updrafts & downdrafts. These ice crystals grow larger and colder as they as they head higher in the atmosphere. Then the ice crystals begin to rub against each other creating an electrical charge. The top part of a thunderstorm will have positively charged particles while the bottom part has negatively charged particles. This differential charge will cause positively charged particles on the ground and when the charge difference is large…lightning will occur. Lightning will try to make it from the cloud to the tallest object on the ground but that does not always happen. The safest place to be during a lightning storm is in home or vehicle. However if the storm has a tornado in it, then get out of the car and see a sturdy building away from windows. If you’re in your car don’t touch metal objects or open the window. If lightning hits your car, the current will travel around your car and give you some protection. If you are outside and no shelter is available: Try and make yourself the smallest target by crouching down on the balls of your feet. Do NOT lie face down on the ground. If lightning hits the ground the current can travel on the ground through you. In a home: Don’t use the phone or take a bath or shower. If lightning hits your house or the ground next to your house the current can travel through your pipes. I went to a conference and heard from a survivor who got struck while near the sink in his bathroom. The water wasn’t even running. How far can you tell if the lightning is in relative to your location. When lightning flashes start counting the seconds and when you hear the thunder stop counting. Take that number and divide by 5. So if its 15 seconds from the time you see the flash then hear the thunder, divide by 5 and you get 3 miles. The lightning is 3 miles away. And finally, how can you tell the storms have moved away. Use part of the 30/30 rule. If you see and hear thunder within 30 seconds or less… seek shelter. Remain in your shelter until 30 minutes after the final clap of thunder. A reminder if you hear thunder but don’t see it, you can be struck by lightning. So when you hear the roar.. head indoors. Explore posts in the same categories: Weather Tags: , , , , , , , Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Vajra Picture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Vajra is a Sanskrit word meaning both thunderbolt and diamond and refers to a symbol important to both Hinduism and Buddhism. The equivalent word in Tibetan is dorje, which is also a common male name in Tibet and Bhutan. Dorje can also refer to a small sceptre held in the right hand by Tibetan lamas during religious ceremonies. In Hindu mythology the vajra is the thunderbolt weapon wielded by Indra, King of the Gods. It is storied to have been made from the bones of sage Dadhichi, an ascetic to kill Vritra who was protected by a blessing from Lord Shiva that he (Vritra) could not be killed by a weapon that was made neither of metal, nor of non-metal, neither made by gods nor by man. It represents various qualities: (1) it is indestructible, being the most powerful thing in the cosmos; (2) it cannot be used inappropriately; (3) it always returns to its wielder. The vajra represented the natural phenomenon of lightning, similar to the thunderbolt wielded by Zeus. In Buddhism the vajra is the symbol of Vajrayana, one of the three major branches of Buddhism. Vajrayana is translated as "Thunderbolt Vehicle" or "Diamond Vehicle" and can imply the thunderbolt experience of Buddhist enlightenment or bodhi and also implies indestructibility, just as diamonds are harder than other gemstones. * 1 Symbolism * 2 See also * 3 Reference * 4 External links The vajra is made up of several parts: Arranged equally around the mouth of the lotus are 2, 4, or 8 mythical creatures which are called makaras. These are half fish, half crocodile. In mythology fantastic creatures made up of two or more animals often represent the union of opposites, or a harmonisation of qualities that are transcend our usual experience. The five pronged vajra (with four makaras, plus a central prong) is the most commonly seen vajra. There is an elaborate system of correspondences between the five elements of the noumenal side of the vajra, and the phenomenal side. One important correspondence is between the five 'poisons' with the five wisdoms. The five poisons are the mental states that obscure the original purity of a beings mind, while the five wisdoms are the five most important aspects of the enlightened mind. Each of the five wisdoms is also associated with a Buddha figure. (see also Five Wisdom Buddhas) poison : wisdom (associated Buddha figure) greed = wisdom of sameness (Amitabha) hatred = mirror like Wisdom (Akshobhya) delusion = reality wisdom (Vairocana) pride = wisdom of individuality (Ratnasambhava) envy = all accomplishing wisdom (Amoghasiddhi) Taken from Continue Reading: Zeus
A lack of the protein citrin slows children’s growth; blocking it in cancer slows tumor growth Ayelet Erez Dr. Ayelet Erez says that rare genetic diseases provide a lens on cancer The path to understanding what goes wrong in cancer could benefit from a detour through studies of rare childhood diseases. Dr. Ayelet Erez explains that cancer generally involves dozens – if not hundreds – of mutations, and sorting out the various functions and malfunctions of each may be nearly impossible. Rare childhood diseases, in contrast, generally involve mutations to a single gene. Dr. Erez, a geneticist and medical doctor who, in addition to heading a research lab in the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Department of Biological Regulation, treats families with genetic cancer, says that children with rare genetic syndromes may serve as a “lens” when trying to understand the role of a specific gene in a complex disease such as cancer. She and her team have been focusing on a protein they discovered in this way; promising lab tests indicate that blocking this protein might slow the progression of some cancers. Her findings place this research in the new field of “cancer metabolism,” which seeks to understand how the aberrant, or uncontrolled, metabolic processes in cancer might be turned against it to stop its growth. Dr. Erez and her team studied cells from children suffering from an extremely rare disease, citrullinemia type II, who are missing the gene for a protein called citrin. Clinically, children with this disease tend to be smaller than average, and avoid candy. Her research revealed that the citrin protein normally helps keep the body supplied with aspartate, an amino acid that is required for producing DNA and RNA, as well as the breakdown of glucose; thus, deficiency in this protein causes the cells to divide less. Research into another genetic childhood disease, citrullinemia type I, had already given the team the lens they needed to understand how cancer cells rely on aspartate to divide and migrate. Children born with this disease are missing a gene called ASS1; the lack of ASS1 connects the disease to particularly aggressive, hard-to-treat cancers in which this gene tends to be silenced or mutated. Since this gene also requires aspartate to function, Dr. Erez and her team surmised that the silencing had less to do with the gene’s function and more with competition for aspartate and the cancer cells’ craving for ever more of it to help them divide and spread. Interestingly, the dependence on citrin for aspartate supplementation is seen in cancers both with and without ASS1 expression. Dr. Erez and her team realized that citrin – the protein that helps regulate childhood growth – could present a possible target for anticancer therapies. Blocking this protein would hopefully disrupt the cancer’s overactive metabolic cycle, diminish the cancer cells’ aspartate supply, and slow their growth, thus making them less aggressive, less likely to spread, and possibly more treatable with other, conventional means. To that end, Dr. Erez and her group have been developing a molecule to block citrin, and testing it in the lab. Yeda Research and Development Co., Ltd., the technology transfer arm of the Weizmann Institute of Science, is working with Dr. Erez to advance her research to the point that it can be developed for biomedical application. Dr. Ayelet Erez’s research is supported by the Moross Integrated Cancer Center; the Irving B. Harris Fund; the Adelis Foundation; the Rising Tide Foundation; the Comisaroff Family Trust; and the European Research Council. Dr. Erez is the incumbent of the Leah Omenn Career Development Chair.
Why are Electronics Toxic to the Environment? How many chemicals does your cell phone expose you to on a daily basis? A study by healthystuff.org found toxic chemicals in 36 of the most popular phones on the market, including all versions of Apple’s iPhone. Among the 12 different chemicals tested for, the cell phones tested positive for lead, cadmium, and mercury –some of the most harmful and carcinogenic to humans. The problems begin when products are manufactured with combinations of many heavy metals and continue to inflict severe environmental damage long after they are discarded. According to Greenpeace International, these chemicals also pose risk to the workers who dismantle and dispose of these products. Greenpeace has outlined some of the most harmful chemicals found in electronics and their effects all of which can and do bio-accumulate in the environment. These are not limited to, but include: • Lead- particularly harmful to e wastepregnant women and children, causing birth and developmental defects. • Cadmium- causes damage to the lungs and kidneys. • Mercury- Also specifically harmful to pregnant women and children, impairing neurological development and birth defects. • Polyvinyl Carbonate (PVC)- releases harmful and toxic chemicals especially when burned, as it would be in a disposal plant. • Bromated Flame Retardants- Disruptive to hormone systems and causes learning and memory impairment. How can you protect your personal health along with the well-being of the planet? Proper disposal of electronic devices is essential. Even when electronics leave our homes and go into the garbage, they can get back into our bodies through water, food, and exposure to outdoor elements. Learn more how to safely dispose of toxic electronics and keep chemicals out of the environment through our extensive recycling resources on our website.
Spotlightblog 2 There are many different ways that people and young adults can deal with stress. Some times people do things such as take drugs, go on walks, and other daily activities that help keep their mind of stress. Something very interesting that I learned about stress and good ways to handle it is too stay busy. Lots of times when people are stressed about something and keep thinking about their problem they think about it most when they are not busy like at night time. During the day however there is so much activity going on and it distracts us from our problems. It is very important to try to stay stress free because there are so many things that can go wrong with your health if you are stressed all the time. For example, people who are stressed all the time or think about it constantly have very high blood pressure. Much higher than someone who has very minimal stress or can control it very well. There are certain types of stress that are good for people such as an athlete having stress or a student with an test the next day. This type of stress is good for people because it gives them something to work for and something to think about. Week 7 impression post option 2 I definitely agree that young students and children are not getting enough sleep and it is slowly but surly affecting their health and their daily life. As a young adult, your supposed to get about 9 to 10 hours of sleep every night. But for most people including myself, that is not accomplished. Many hobbies and activities now days get in the way of sleep such as, cellphones, studying for an exam, or maybe you just have so much anxiety that you can’t fall asleep. One thing that I didn’t know that I found very interesting while listening in class is that your not supposed to lay in your bed unless you actually want to sleep or need to sleep. Hearing this was a game changer for me because I’m constantly in my bed because I live in a dorm room. There’s not very many options for me to choose besides my uncomfortable wooden chair. But after hearing that I’m not making efforts to not lie in my bed, or not sit near the end where the pillows are. I now study and do my work at the very end so my brain doesn’t think that it’s nap time. I have a very hard time allowing myself to fall asleep at night because of the amount of food I eat during the day and how late I wake up on the weekends. I hardly eat at all during the day partly because of my medication but partly because my body is so used to eating food at night. This is one of the main reasons why I’m up so late. But I now am trying to make efforts to go to bed on time and eat meals at a normal time throughout my day. So far this week was the most interesting to me because it helped me learn how to sleep better and things that I can do to improve my sleep habits in the future. And if there was anything that I would recommend to a student or a high school student, it would be too try to go to sleep before 11 P.M. at night. Spotlight Blog Studying and memory When you are growing up as a child in Middle school or High school, it is very important that you learn and develop good study habits over the years. Parents play a very big roll in this because they provide the material, and the studying space where you study your material. They provide the environment and the home that you live in and that plays a big roll because if you have noisy parents or parents that are always arguing its probably hard to learn the material. Some things that parents can do to help their children study is make a routine for meals and for study time. It is good to do this because then the child has a habit for studying his school work right after he eats a meal. And this is the best time to study because your you not thinking about eating just studying. In addition parents need to provide a special place for the kids to study. Sometimes studying in your room is not the most effective way to learn the material. When kids are in their room sometimes they get distracted or feel like they can slack off because no one is watching them. Personally when I’m studying in my room I don’t get anything done because I’m always on my phone or watching tv. This is why when I study, I turn off the tv and I put my phone face down so its not a distraction. Your friends can wait but studying for a test that you have tomorrow cannot wait. Also, another good think that parents can do to help their children study is offer to review the material with them periodically. Do this so that they don’t feel pressured and feel like they have to know all the information perfectly the first time you quiz them. Sources : Impression post week 6 Should Marijuana be legalized or not ? Many people in the United states and around the world love Marijuana and love the effects that it gives you. In fact there are some places in the united states and around the world that it is legal to smoke and buy marijuana like places in Amsterdam, or California where weed is decriminalized and almost legal. People say that in 10 years from now Marijuana will be legal every where. But will it be ? There will always be problems with marijuana no matter what. For example driving high. People do this and participate in this all the time. Is it dangerous ? well it does slow down your reaction time a little bit but yes it is not good too drive under the influence of Marijuana because it is illegal. And it will always be illegal because it is not safe for other drivers on the road. Yes marijuana can help people who actually “need” it, but people are trying to get medical cards all over the place who don’t actually need it for Medical use they just like to get high. I think that it will be a major problem if weed is Legal everywhere because there will be more car accidents and more people will be in danger of others that are under the influence. I think that Marijuana is an amazing plant and i have nothing against it, but if it becomes legal all hell will break loose. I think the idea of having it decriminalized is a good idea because people get in trouble and have to pay huge fines for having buds of an actual plant on them. In my opinion i think that is very ridiculous. I think that weed should stay illegal but decriminalized in more areas around the world and in the United States. Impression post week 5 Throughout the years of me trying to study for an exam, the best ways that I learned to study is to make little songs that go along with what I am trying to learn. Or for an example, if I’m trying to learn like the parts of a cell for science, I might make a song about the different parts of it. So when it comes time to take the actual test I just sing that song when the question that I studied for appears. In addition I have never been someone too study throughout the week, or prepare for the test. I always procrastinate and wait till the last minute. This is one of the main reason why test taking is not one of my strengths in school. Also another way that I study is I make rhymes with the info that I’m learning. Doing this make it stick in ur head and so that you don’t forget the info when you wake up. In addition to this study method, I also review my notes 30 minutes before I go to bed. The reason that I do this is so that the information that I just studied can run through my brain when I’m asleep. And the day that I have a test, as soon as I wake, up I look at the notes and see how much I actually remembered and quiz my self. As you can see there are many different study methods, many that I did not mention. But everyone has their own special study habit that works best for them. Impression post week 4 The video that I chose to watch for this impression post was how we read each others minds by Rebecca Saxe. The reason why I chose to watch this video over the others is because I’m always curious what other people are thinking about me, or if they can read my mind. Also I find this topic very interesting because I try to read other peoples minds as well. When I’m in public I look around and observe people and their facial expressions. If they have a smile on their face I assume that they are happy or just received good news. Or if I look at someone with an angry face or a frown I assume that they just bad news or failed a test or something. But is that what they’re really thinking ? This talk basically was about regions of the brain and why people think about thoughts and when they develop these skills in their lifetime. In addition this video talked about regions of the brain that allow us as people to read some ones mind or at least try too. The part that I found most interesting about this talk was that there’s actually a small part in your brain that allows people to read someone’s mind called the RTPJ. This region is located above and behind your right year inside your brain. Children begin to develop this region from ages 5 to 3 and start too realize that other people have false beliefs and don’t think the same way that they think. Overall I thought the speaker that I watched was very trust worthy because of one main reason. She showed an example of a kid and it made a lot of sense and was actually very interesting the way that children think. It shows that both the cognitive system, the mind, and the brain itself is slowly getting smarter as the child gets older. If I were to conduct my own experiment, I would get a group of children about 10 kids that are all age 5. I would get them all in the same room and show them a video that is very simple and easy to understand but in the video it would show a cartoon about 5 minutes long and the cartoon would be about a kid riding a bike and he fell off and got injured. I would then stop the video and ask the children what they would do if they saw this in real life. This would give me a good understanding of how kids feel and how much sympathy they feel for the person that got injured. Impression Post week 3 There are many different ways that parents can raise their children. Some parent’s believe in a very disciplined home, while other families let their kids do as they please and allow them to have more free time. I think the past reflects on how hard the parents are on their children. If the parents grew up in a home where their parents were tough and hard on them, their likely to do the same to their kids. In addition, many families have different religions and that has a very big deal with what the children in the family are allowed to do and not allowed to do. In my opinion I think that the worst form of parenting is helicopter parenting. I think that if you pay too much attention to what their doing and are always up in their business, it causes stress to them and it makes them fell uncomfortable and constantly worried. My friend Andrew’s parents are like this, and I almost feel bad for him because he’s always on edge and can never feel at peace. For example, if we ever go out he’s constantly looking at his phone to check the time and not living in the moment. If I were a parent I would let my kid have free time and space but I would correct him if he ever did anything wrong. I would be hard on him but also let him know that I still love him no matter what. Sometimes parents are so hard on their kids, the kids them self start to question if their parents even like them. And that’s when the kids or teenagers make bad decisions and want to rebel. However this is just my own opinion on parenting. Impression post #1 This being my first impression post, I’m not quit sure what to write about. Being in the first few classes of psychology has taught me a little more than what I already know. One of the most important things that I learned so far is how important cognitive psychology is. It focuses on all of the major important things that go on within the human mind. Such as how people process information, develop language, and solve problems by thinking it out in their mind. All of these things are involved in our lives every day, but not everyone thinks the same or has the same biological perspective. Why are some people more moody than others ? or why do some people get very mad and angry at small things, but others don’t seem to mind. Everyone has different behavioral genetics. But one of the big questions I have is are behavioral genetics actually inherited ? or are they the reflections of our parents and growing up watching them our whole lives. These are questions that I ask when I look or talk to some one who is angry or has mood issues or is just rude in general. One of the first things that I think of is what kind of parents or siblings does this person have ? If they are very personable and friendly I assume they come from a good family with parents that are caring. On the other hand, If I talk to someone or run into someone that is rude or not very polite, I automatically assume that they come from a family where they were neglected, their parents split up, had a bad childhood, etc. That is my opinion on behavior issues and why people are more angry then others. Miguel’s Problems extra credit What Miguel is going through is something that is very common among high school students and other college students across the country and world wide. What I think is going on with Miguel in this situation is that the lack of sleep he’s getting, is affecting his mood and his ability to fall asleep at night. It would make sense that after a while of getting no sleep one could go too bed without any problems, but night after night of getting no sleep can make people feel very anxious and get angry at small things that have no meaning. I can relate to Miguel because this has happened to me. Coming from a psychodynamic perspective I think that Miguel’s mind is telling him what to do rather than himself telling him what to do. I think that Miguel lacks self confidence because he is always trying to perfect everything. What many people don’t realize is that the majority of the population lacks self confidence. From a behavioral stand point I would tell Miguel to maybe try talking to someone. Everyone has a different mental process but from a cognitive perspective I think in order to solve Miguel’s problems, I think he should maybe try talking to a counselor or someone who is struggling with the same issues. Introduction post Hello everyone ! my name is Simon Tague and this will be my second year attending Elizabethtown College. My current major is Communications but I might switch too business next semester, so technically I am undecided. I’m from a small town in Delaware called Newark. The city of Newark is know for the University of Delaware and all of the busy students walking from class to class. Many local residents where I live do not like the UD students but I don’t mind them. One of the main reasons why I decided to take intro to psych is because I want to learn more about myself and my brain. There are many things that I am curious about such as anxiety, addiction, depression etc. Some of these things I struggle with my self. I understand that there are therapy sessions that people can attend to try to help with their problems or issues but in my opinion the best way to fix it is by looking into yourself and trying to figure out what the problem is. I have been to multiple therapy sessions to try and help me but every time I go to a therapy session I feel like I can’t open up to them and be honest. It just feels weird telling someone your deepest problems and secrets too someone that you just met. I understand that for some people therapy is a miracle and has helped many people get through tough and difficult situations. But I think there is another way that people can deal with theses problems. I am very exited about this course and exited too see what I can learn about myself.
22 January 2011 Part Two of the Brief History of the Toronto Diocese: Riot On September 24, 1875, a strange petition was presented to Toronto Mayor Francis H. Medcalf. A group of concerned citizens had seen an ad in a local newspaper, the Irish Canadian, describing an intended Catholic procession through the city that was set to occur on Sunday, September 26. Catholic processions had long been an object of scorn among Toronto’s Protestants. There is, for example, George Brown’s description of a “romish” procession he witnessed in Montreal in 1852, where he saw “the melancholy spectacle of crowds kneeling down on the street and worshipping an eye carried on the end of a stick, to represent the Almighty, and the host, or the alleged living reality of Our Savior, carried in a box.”[1] The signers of this petition expressed dismay over some of the terms they saw in the ad’s description of the procession: there was to be “Music”, “Bands”, ”Singing”, “Bishops”, “Thurifers”, “Acolytes”, “Priests”, “Deacons”, “Copes”, “Dalmatics” and more- and on a Sunday, to boot. Clearly, this event had to be stopped, or at least limited. The petition asked the mayor to put a stop to the procession, music and banners, but not to interfere with the orderly and quiet attendance of religious duties. Mayor Medcalf sent the petition to Archbishop Lynch, along with some advice: “I would respectfully suggest for you consideration the advisability of well considering the consequences that are likely to arise from the same.” Archbbishop Lynch responded through the rector of the Cathedral: “We intend to proceed to our cathedral and attend the religious ordinances of our Church tomorrow in the manner expressed in the petition, viz: “Quiet, peaceful and Christian.”" The procession that aroused the fear of the mayor and the petitioners was in celebration of the Opening of the First Roman Catholic Provincial Council in Toronto. The events themselves became connected to the Jubilee Year of 1875. That year had been declared a Jubilee Year by Pope Pius IX, and as such was to be marked by special celebrations and also special Jubilee indulgences. As Archbishop Lynch explained in a letter to the faithful: they could gain “full remission of all temporal punishments due to your sins after you will have obtained forgiveness for them in the sacrament of penance.” One of the conditions was fifteen visits or pilgrimages to parish churches or the Cathedral to pray for special intentions. The Archbishop asked the faithful of Toronto to visit four churches (their parish, the cathedral and two others) fifteen times. The pilgrimages began in July and continued into September. One pilgrimage, the pilgrimage of St. Paul’s, St. Basil’s and St. Mary’s were also scheduled for the same day as the procession marking the opening of the council. The procession for the council - the one the petitioners wanted stopped and the Mayor feared the outcome- began at about 10 c’clock in the morning and proceeded quietly from St Vincent’s chapel to the Cathedral via Church and Shuter streets. No problems were reported, there were no banners and music, as the Bishop had promised. There were few witnesses to the procession, because the protesters made a mistake and went to the second procession. For this reason the events that were about to unfold became known in Toronto’s history as The Jubilee Riots. This procession was made up of about 1000 members, many of them women. They had a small banner of the Immaculate Conception and a crucifix at the head. They proceeded from the Cathedral along Queen St. to Dummer St. to St Patrick’s chapel. A throng of people accompanied the procession and hurled insults at the pilgrims. The situation became more tense, and the scheduled route of the procession- along Queen St. to St Mary’s at Bathurst St. was altered to Spadina Ave. The situation was a powder keg waiting for a spark, and sparks came. Police broke up a small altercation at Dummer, where insults lead to rocks being thrown. The police took up positions at Spadina, where another large crowd had gathered. The priest leading the procession asked the police to intervene. The police formed a line to separate the two parties, and became targets for stones thrown from both sides. They pushed the mob back down one of the streets, allowing the women pilgrims a chance to escape along Queen to Bathurst.. Rocks and other missiles were thrown by both sides. At St. Mary’s, things got worse, and the police called for reinforcements. More fights, more rock throwing occurred. The pilgrimage broke up. The women ran for cover, while the men continued to riot. The police drew batons, and charged, and eventually the riot was dispersed. Here would be the end of the story, except for one small detail: another Jubilee procession was scheduled for the following Sunday. The week in between lead to furious public debate, at the level of city council and down to the pubs. The Orange Lodge, predictably, condemned processions on the Lord’s Day. The Newspapers generally condemned the rioters, and admitted that the procession itself was peaceful, yet the Catholics could not be held blameless, and in the words of the newspaper The Leader, the leaders of the Church “could not have adopted a more effective mode of bringing on a row.”[2] The newspapers fanned the flames by printing rumours that Fenians were coming to the new procession for the purpose of causing trouble. Meetings were held at St Lawrence Hall on Oct 1. Speakers feared bloodshed, or a Popish plot for world domination, and everything in between. Many suggested a compromise, by which the Catholics would give up all processions, and in return they would not get beaten up for having processions. Ideas were bounced around, trying to find a way to stop the procession, but in the end, there was no way to stop anyone from walking the street any time they so desired. The procession would occur. Some speakers expressed the fear that this would be like waving a red flag in front of a bull, and more than that, they feared that this time the rioters- both the Catholics and the Protesters- would come armed. They were right on both counts. The Archibishop, for his part, wrote to the pilgrimage parishes, and ordered the pilgrims not to carry arms, or throw stones, or otherwise fight on the procession, under the penalty of losing all indulgences and benefits to be gained from the Jubilee. In a move unthinkable just fifteen years earlier, he ordered the pilgrims to put themselves under the protection of the civil authorities. He consulted with the Chief of Police, altered the route, dropped St Patrick’s from the itinerary, and six companies of the Queen’s Own Rifles, six companies of the 10th Royals and a detachment of cavalry were made ready for action by 1 o’clock Sunday afternoon. The forces of the city were mobilized, for the first time, to protect Catholics. The procession began Sunday, October 3rd at about 2 o’clock. The procession was of 1,500 to 2,000 men, with women and girls following along the sidewalk. It quietly went from St Paul’s to St Michael’s. A crowd of 6,000 to 8,000 waiting for the procession at the Cathedral groaned as the procession came into view. They also hissed the arrival of a police detachment. The procession filed into the Cathedral. Archbishop Lynch appeared on the scene, and told the crowd present that all the Catholics were now inside the Cathedral, and suggested the crowd should disperse and go home. They didn’t. The procession emerged from the Cathedral about ten minutes later, and proceeded to Church St. and down Church, lead by twelve policemen. It was there that the first stones were thrown. At first the Catholics did nothing. As the procession neared Queen St., a new hail of stones fell upon the procession. Then a shot rang out. The fight was on. The pilgrims threw stones in return, and several drew guns and began firing. Chaos now reigned. Repeated collisions occurred as the pilgrimage inched forward. As a week earlier, the women fled under police cover. The men fought and clashed, were split, clashed again. The procession reached St Mary’s, and the police then helped them escape down a side street. The anti-processionists were unaware of this, and the rioting continued. At one point a rioter suggested the crowd move to St Mary’s and burn the Church down, but were prevented by the police. The rioting continued until the army intervened, and eventually all went home. The newspapers again had a field day. Once again the rioters were held in contempt. But again, the papers would not hold the Catholics to be blameless. Simply by marching they had been a cause of the riots. The Catholics must have known that, the papers said. Perhaps they even intended it to happen. Aside from the actions of the rioters, all the papers heaped praise upon the police for their impartial interventions in the affair. The actions of the police constitute a minor miracle. Finally, fifty years after the building of the first church in Toronto, Catholics in Toronto could begin to count on the protection of the Police. Related to this minor miracle was a second one: no one was killed in the rioting. The city was a vastly different place than it was less than thirty years earlier, when thousands of Catholics washed ashore and the only concern of the citizenry was how to be rid of them. There were still strong anti-Catholic feelings within the city, but now, there was also a sense that they too were citizens of the city. They had fought for a place in the life of the city and won. Update: The riots as they appeared in the newspaper. For a fuller article, from which I have drawn heavily, see this site. [1] . The Globe, 17 July, 1852. This was before George Brown became really anti-Catholic- after which he became more or less reconciled to the existence of the Church. Most biographies of him downplay this phase of his life. [2] The Leader, Sept. 27, 1875 No comments:
Online Google Dictionary nomination 中文解釋 wordnet sense Collocation Usage Font size: nominations, plural; 1. The action of nominating or state of being nominated • - women's groups opposed the nomination of the judge • - the film received five nominations 2. A person or thing nominated • - send your nominations in by November 30th 1. the act of officially naming a candidate; "the Republican nomination for Governor" 2. the condition of having been proposed as a suitable candidate for appointment or election; "there was keen competition for the nomination"; "his nomination was hotly protested" 3. (nominate) propose as a candidate for some honor 5. (nominate) name: charge with a function; charge to be; "She was named Head of the Committee"; "She was made president of the club" 6. (nominate) appoint: create and charge with a task or function; "nominate a committee" 8. CentralNic is a domain registry based in London, England that currently manages the .la extension, as well as selling 'domains' - what in effect are subdomains - on its,,, and other domain names. ... 9. (Nominate (taxonomy)) Subspecies (commonly abbreviated subsp. or ssp.) in biological classification, is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, or a taxonomic unit in that rank (plural: subspecies). ... 10. An act or instance of nominating; A device or means by which a person or thing is nominated 11. (nominate) To name someone as a candidate for a particular role or position, including that of an office; To entitle, confer a name upon 12. (Nominations) The list of horses entered by owners and trainers for a race. 13. (Nominations) Housing applicants whose names have been put forward to a Housing Association or other authority for rehousing. 14. (Nominations) Shippers will be required to nominate at which Welded Point gas will enter the Maui Pipeline and at which Welded Point gas will be taken out of the Maui Pipeline. 15. (nominations) A precise listing of the quantities of gas to be transported during any specified time period. A nomination includes all custody transfer entities, locations, compressor fueled and other volumetric assessments, and the precise routing of gas through the pipeline network. ... 16. (NOMINATE) What an individual does to name another as his/her fiduciary (ie; personal representative, testamentary trustee, guardian) and whose nomination is subject to approval by a court. An individual nominates, a court appoints. 17. (Nominate (noun)) Pertinent to animals, nominate means the first or primary form of an extant species. 18. (Nominate) First sub-species to be formally named. 19. (Nominate) Pay a fee to make a horse eligible for a special event. Nomination fees are part of the purse money. 20. (Nominate) the first-named race of a species, that which has its scientific racial name the same as the specific name. 21. (Nominating) and voting on featured article candidates. 22. The naming of a person to receive an award or benefit e.g. similar to an expression of wish under a group life assurance scheme. 23. A request for a physical quantity of gas under a specific purchase, sales or transportation agreement or for all contracts at a specific point. 25. a payment that is made to the racetrack by the owner of a horse to make a horse eligible to be entered in a stakes race; also called a "subscription".
May 16, 2016 - Communication 1 Comment Classwork 13/05/16 Question 1: How does Millar present ideas about witch-hunts in the crucible? Arthur Millar presnts ideas about witch-hunts during the novel through many different techniques. – Millar uses Hale to be the with hunter at the court trial. – The court room contains tension between the acused girls and the judges and the dury. Apr 18, 2016 - Communication 1 Comment Classwork 18/04/16 ‘Simply because we were locked a hundred years before we started, there’s no reason for us not to try to win.’ This response to Scout from Atticus shows how Tom Robinsons case was affecting his life. He expresses his passion to try and defeat the court. He tries to show Scout his determination about Tom. Apr 11, 2016 - Communication 1 Comment Classwork 11/04/16 In the ‘Yellow Palm’, the poet shows how conflict has affected the religion of the people and destroyed the places of worship. “But there was blood on the walls and the muezzin’s eyes were wild with despair”. Jan 25, 2016 - Communication No Comments Controlled Assessment In my perspective, Robert Browning and William Shakespeare present love and hate similarly. They both show love and hate in one action. My argument will be supported by Julius Caesar and many poems written by Robert Browning. Julius Caesar, the great ruler of Rome, written by Shakespeare is a classic play that showed us how relationships can ruin a leadership. Brutus was always loved by Caesar. However, Brutus is known as an honourable man who is loved by many citizens of Rome. Cassius states in his soliloquy in Act 1, Scene 3, ‘Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet I see thy honourable metal may be wrought from that it is disposed.’ This shows that Cassius respects him and he is excited as he knows that he can overthrow his enemy. We know this because Cassius saved Caesar’s life when he was drowning. However, he did not gain any respect from him for doing so. ‘Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look, he thinks too much: such men are dangerous’. This quote shows the audience that there will always be an unsettled relationship between the two. The metaphor of a hungry look shows that Caesar thinks that Cassius is greedy for power. This is why Cassius wants Brutus to become the figure head of the conspiracy so that he could use him to gain power from Caesar. This quote can also be interpreted as a different meaning. The audience at the time may have interpreted the quote differently. They may have thought that Cassius may have said ‘mettle’ instead of ‘metal’. This is a play on words as they both sound the same but have completely different meanings. This is called a homophone. Mettle is a person’s ability to confront with difficulties. This shows that some of the audience members thought that Cassius was praising him about his rise of power. Caesar was brutally murdered by the conspirators very early on in the play. He was killed because of his ambitions but for the love of Rome. The conspirators were afraid that Caesar was going to be too powerful and use the citizens of Rome to his advantage. We know this from Brutus’s speech after he killed him in Act 3, Scene 2. Brutus stated ‘Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all freemen?’ This quote promotes his love for Rome to the readers. However we know also that part of Brutus did love him but his love for Rome meant that his action was necessary for the best of Rome. At the scene of Caesar’s death, Shakespeare uses the powerful leader to show the final sense of love from Brutus. ‘Et tu, Brute? – Then fall, Caesar!’ He asked Brutus this after all the other Conspirators delivered their vicious blows. If Brutus wants to deliver the final blow, then he is willing to die at his feet. From this one action from Brutus, we can observe his love for Rome and Caesar but also the hatred of his ambition and ideology. This is why I believe that Shakespeare uses just one action to express the love and hate from different characters. Calpurnia is another good example of how Shakespeare show the love and hate for Caesar in one specific moment in the play. Calpurnia didn’t want Caesar to leave her in Act 2, Scene 2 after a horrible dream about a lion in the streets and ghosts. She was begging Caesar not to leave as she has suspicions about the conspirators. ‘Do not go forth today. Call it my fear that keeps you in the house, and not your own.’ This quote shows the love for Caesar’s well-being but the hate if he decided to go. Caesar would have no excuse about not knowing the danger that lied ahead if he decided to go to the conspirators. In my point of view, Robert Browning’s poems also show love and hate in a similar manner to William Shakespeare. The poem ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ is a poem that emits a combination of mixed emotions, including love and hate. The scene of the poem is set in a quiet but little house near a lake. A man was sitting in his armchair when a beautiful girl called Porphyria gently strolled into the room from the cold outdoors. She sat next to the man and was murmuring her love for him. We as readers know that he loves her as much as she loves him. However, the man’s love for Porphyria was too extreme. He was worried that he might not be able to keep her to himself as she was so beautiful. ‘For love of her, and all in vain.’ he decided on the spot to strangle her with her own long strands of blonde hair so he could keep her. This shows that he expressed love and hate in that single action. He despised the feeling that she could break his heart, however, loved her as he could keep her forever in his heart. We know this due to the aftermath of the murder. ‘Blushed bright beneath my burning kiss.’ The kissing after her death shows that he still loves her and that the murder wasn’t fully hatred of her. It was hatred of the possibility of wrecking his life. Another good example of my argument could be found also in ‘The Laboratory-Ancien Regime’ which is a poem written by Robert Browning. This poem is very similar to Porphyria’s Lover, however, this poem emits more hatred than love. Pauline, the speaker of the poem, has found out that her lover is cheating with another woman named Elise. Pauline knows that her man and Elise are with each other while she is ‘Pounding at thy powder’ At the moment, Pauline is expressing a lot of anger while she is preparing a poison too powerful for herself to touch with her own bare hands. She wants her lover to see the pain on Elise’s face while she is suffocating from the poison. Robert Browning’s aim is to show Pauline’s hatred for her lover through the death on the girl he is cheating with. This is because Browning wants to show minuscule amount of love for her partner by not killing him. ‘He is sure to remember her dying face’ Pauline doesn’t want to hurt her lover physically but she wants to scar him for life mentally. This shows that in Pauline’s single action of making the powder, she is expressing love and hate for both Elise and her own lover. ‘Next moment I dance at the king’s.’ In my interpretation, I believe this metaphor is showing her passion to be back with her lover and dance with him in a romantic place. This language device, used by Robert Browning, is powerful as it shows her passion for her lover which over rules her hatred for what he has done. If we are comparing how love and hate are shown in both the Robert Browning poems and Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, I would suggest that they both use similar methods in showing it in one action. The metaphors that they use can show us two sides of the story. For example, ‘For love of her, and all in vain’ is from Porphyria’s Lover. This implies that the speaker loves her but also hates her because their relationship could destroy his own life. Whereas with Julius Caesar, ‘Et tu Brute? – Then fall, Caesar’. This shows that Caesar hates the fact that Brutus is involved with his murder. But his love for Brutus is also shown because if Brutus wants him dead as well, then there is nothing to live for and that he accepts his punishment. This is why I believe that Shakespeare and Robert Browning display love and hate in one action from specific characters in their stories. Jan 15, 2016 - Communication No Comments Classwork 15/01/16 I believe that love and hate can be expressed in a single action. In Julius Caesar, Brutus does this in scene 3, act 1 whe he delivers the final blow to Caesar. Brutus does this for his love of Rome and for his love of Caesar but does it for his hate of Caesar’s ambitions. Jan 11, 2016 - Communication 2 Comments Response coursework Dear Mr Humphrys, I fully understand your opinion on the change of English Language which was published by the Daily Mail in 2007. I am also not against your opinion about the ‘I h8 txt msgs’ quote. However, you obviously have a different perception of ‘change’. You are describing the change of language as though it is ‘raping our vocabulary’, however I strongly disagree. I believe that change in our language is beneficial for people in our generation. Everything evolves so it can adapt to the surroundings. The short abbreviations that the younger generation created don’t have a negative impact on anyone. It is simple and easy to comprehend. Whether or not you have a problem with the development in our language, the youth are not to blame. The schools environment has a massive impact on our generations language. Students inside schools only learn from others like teachers and parents. Unless they change the method of the use of language in schools, then the modern language will remain. However, I do understand your perspective on the use of longer abbreviations that don’t make sense at all. Although, David Crystal stated in ‘the Guardian’ that the Anglo-Saxons scribes used similar abbreviations as in modern text messages. It wasn’t our generation that created these long-winded abbreviations. We cannot change the history of our country. This type of language has been around for many years. This language has made who we are today. Your not being ambiguous enough to understand other styles of language. Yourself, and many others, are trying to maintain the ‘Correct’ language. However, I believe that there is no correct language. There are a variety of ways to express feelings and experiences. Shakespeare, for example, used a different style of language to create the most successful plays. However, at the time it was alien to the other people. No one questioned his style of writing because it was a huge breakthrough in the English language. This we know as his spectacular way of writing is being taught today in schools. The context of a text message to your friends is only going to be short and very informal. It’s not a conversation to your boss asking for a pay rise. It makes sense to use abbreviations in text messages. Why use full winded sentences in a text message when it takes so much time typing it. The 9 key pads on mobile phones were the first type of phones that allowed the new advanced technology in 1992. This meant that there had to be multiple presses to get a hyphen on the screen. This annoyed many people and meant that it was much easier to just type abbreviations or just two simple words . Your hate for the lack of punctuation in text messages is described as ‘Pillaging’. This quote suggests to me that something has been robbed with violence. This is not the case because in this scenario, it is only someone simply missing out a few commas and full stops. This metaphor and many others in your article are wildly inappropriate for the topic you are writing on. Therefore, I hope that you have acknowledged my speculation on your article and think about a response to all of my concerns. Dec 3, 2015 - Communication 1 Comment Soliloquy of the Spanish cloister. The poet starts the poem with ‘GRRRRR’ which show that the speaker is angry about something. The poet also finishes the first stanza with the line ‘Hell dry you up with its flames’. This shows that the speaker is speaking to someone and that the persin has done someth8ng wrong. As the poem is called a Cloister, they must be in a place of worship. This links with the word hell. This implies that maybe the speaker is a monk. In the second stanza the speaker shows more love as it starts with ‘At the meal we sit together’. Nov 17, 2015 - Communication 1 Comment Classwork 17/11/15 I believe that the speaker in the poem, ‘Poppies’, is a veteran from a big war in the past. This is because of the last stanza. It says, ‘I listened, hoping to hear your playground voice catching on the wind’. In my perspective, it shows that a old man fought in the war with his mate and he survived but his mate didnt. As it was Armistice day, he is respecting him and trying to hear his voice one last time. However, there is a possibility that the speaker could be a mother of a soldier that has died fighting. This is because in stanza two, she is pulling of all the cat hairs off ger sons shirt which shows a motherly figure. Also, the playground in the last stanza could be a link towards her son being a chold and playing in the playground. Oct 16, 2015 - Communication 2 Comments Descriptive writing coursework first draft. The Room Sweet, soft air running through every strand of hair on her body. Her long, silky hair flowing in the quiet wind. There is no noise. You can here a pin drop. Birds, side by side, flap their graceful wings parallel to the arms of the short, but well-built woman. Nothing but chalk-white surrounds her. The clouds are as white as the pillows that lie underneath the head of the woman. The alarm clock on her right shows 2:17am but she has no idea as she is high up in the sky with the clouds. The cold, dark room has an old, wooden wardrobe in the right corner next to the damp, mouldy window. A shadow hovering opposite the. Presuming it’s just a coat hung on a hanger, however, it’s too dark to observe what it actually is. The small but narrow bed is unusually located in the centre of the room with an old, vintage mirror attached on the closed-door next to it. A figure laying under the pale white sheets, so still, people may think it’s unresponsive. Although she is stationary in her bed, in the sky, she is soaring all over the ocean blue skies. A burst of sunbeams strikes the back of the flying woman, creating a similar figure on the immaculate clouds below. As the time on the alarm clock gradually passes every minute, the speed of the woman slowly decreases. The clouds get darker and misty. The gorgeous birds with abnormal wings begin to shed their feathers. The claws grow bigger and razor-sharp. Their eyes start to glow a blood-red colour and starts to shriek conspicuously. The light is fading away through the clouds. Alternatively, a minuscule stripe of sunlight suddenly appears through the inch big gap on the stained curtains. At this moment of time, the storm like clouds stop moving past the woman. The unveiled birds start circling her and start to approach her anatomy. Now just from touching distance, the woman suddenly drops through the black clouds. Feet first, free-falling straight down from a inconsiderable height. The luscious black hair is following upwards as though she was electrocuted. The ground vastly approaching the stretched out feet. There are slow signs of movement in the bed. The view of the spikes is getting clearer every split second. The sound of high pitch voices start getting discomforting louder as she is closer to the knife-edged spikes. Screaming starts to occur. The woman starts to move in discomfort inside the room. Tossing and turning under the The spikes are ten seconds away. The eyes begin to open. Nine, eight, seven. The head looks back up to the dark sky. Six, five, four. The sound is so high, it is almost impossible for a human eardrum to pick up. Three. Two. One. The girl looks straight ahead with her deep brown eyes. Bang. The woman is in front of the vintage mirror. Starring into her own huge pupil eyes, the sweat drips off the edges of her fringe. She looks right to the alarm clock which shows 8:24am. It has finished. The room is light in every corner. You would never see these images anywhere else but inside room. Oct 12, 2015 - Communication No Comments Act 3, Scene 2 In Act 3, scene 2, Antony is at Caesar’s funeral. At the funeral, Brutus tries to persuade the people of Rome that he, and the conspirator’s, killed Caesar for the good of Rome. However, Antony uses different methods to persuade them. One of his methods is using Caesar’s will. Antony uses persuasive language to do so. 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Thursday, September 13, 2012 Why I chose Arduino Actually there are several other options to learn and play with microkontroller, but my choice on the Arduino, because Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino Uno Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling servo, lights, motors, and other. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software running on a computer. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language and the Arduino development environment. Because it is open-source so we can be built the boards as DIY Arduino or Arduino Clone, the software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs are available under an open-source license, you are free to adapt them to your needs. Hobbyist Arduino does not have to buy a lot of Arduino, by having one, we can clone at low cost. There are so many sources to learn Arduino form websites and forums, and quite a lot of accessories or components to be creative with Arduino, many DIY projects that can be made.
Why Do We Have Wisdom Teeth? Nearly 85% of adults have had their wisdom teeth removed. That overwhelming majority might have you wondering, “What is the importance of wisdom teeth?” “Is there a reason for wisdom teeth?” “If so, how do these people make it after wisdom teeth removal?” What Is the Importance of Wisdom Teeth? Our earliest ancestors lived off of a very different diet than we do today. They ate rougher, more coarse food including raw meat, nuts, leaves, roots, etc. Living off of that diet required very different qualities than humans have now, including wisdom teeth. Larger jaws made wisdom teeth more comfortableWhy Do We Have Wisdom Teeth? Our ancestors had larger jaws that could accommodate the extra teeth needed to break down the types of food they were eating. As humans evolved and started cooking meals and cutting food into smaller pieces, our jaws became smaller. As you may have experienced, smaller jaws don’t leave much room for the extra set of molars that most people still have. Our ancestors relied heavily on having more teeth and larger jaws to survive. Having more teeth was important not just for chewing tougher foods, but also for living with missing teeth. Tooth loss, while still a problem today, was a much larger problem for our ancestors. Having extra teeth was important because they were living without oral surgeons readily available to provide dental implants. Spiritual meaning of wisdom teeth Some people believe that wisdom teeth exist for a reason and shouldn’t be removed if they aren’t causing trouble. We’ve found that it’s unlikely that they won’t cause trouble, but still. Here’s another theory of why we have wisdom teeth. Some also believe in a spiritual meaning behind wisdom teeth. They were put in our mouths for a reason by a creator or the universe. Believers in holistic practices place value in remaining the way we are born, wisdom teeth included. There are also reports of ear issues or nerve damage after wisdom teeth removal that some blame on the spiritual/natural necessity of the teeth. Learn if You Would Benefit From Wisdom Teeth Removal Thankfully, we no longer live in ancient times. Our Las Vegas oral surgeons are here for you. If you need your wisdom teeth extracted, dental implants, or any other oral surgery procedure, contact us. Schedule a consultation with our experienced doctors at Nevada Oral and Facial Surgery to get your new smile today. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Thursday, January 24, 2008 The Mountain Gorilla, native to the region where Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo meet in Central Africa, has long been on the 'Red List' of critically endangered species kept by the IUCN. Currently numbering perhaps 600, the Mountain Gorilla faces multiple threats to its survival: habitat loss, poaching, human disease, and war; consequently, the efforts to alleviate these threats must be mobilized with all possible haste. This was the impetus behind the formation of the Association to Make Protection a Top Priority. The AMPTP views itself as a partner of the Mountain Gorilla, one that is called upon to make some tough decisions on the Mountain Gorillas' behalf in the interest of the long-term survival of the subspecies and, more importantly, of the AMPTP itself. Some of these decisions have not been without controversy. For instance, the AMPTP asserts that the Mountain Gorilla, though critically endangered, is nevertheless overpopulated for the territory that would sustain it and that their numbers need to be drastically culled to ensure a viable population going forward. But their most provocative decision has been the hiring of big-game hunter Nick Counter to spearhead their efforts to rescue the Mountain Gorilla. Known as a 'scorched earth' preservationist, he is credited with bringing worldwide attention to the plight of many endangered species in Guam, through his tireless efforts to eradicate them with a range of weaponry not commonly associated with recreational hunting. Counter's strategy in the case of the Mountain Gorilla was straightforward: herd them into an enclosed area, and wait. Whether it took weeks, or months, or entire seasons. Let them starve and turn on each other; only then will the strongest and most capable of them survive and contribute to a strong gene pool going forward. 'Or whatever,' he said philosophically. In the meantime, the AMPTP would do their part by clear-cutting all the habitat surrounding the captive Mountain Gorillas so as to better keep an eye on them once they were released from captivity. 'I will do everything necessary to save these rough beasts, even if it kills them,' Counter muttered impassively under the broad, starry African sky on the eve of his campaign. He poked a stick at the dying embers under the skewer where the evening's dinner, one of the 900 remaining (at the beginning of the day) Slender-Horned Gazelles, had been roasted. 'I will teach them something about themselves,' he murmured over and over, as the coals cooled to ashes and the fire’s glow on his face was gradually eaten by shadows. His plan, though doubtlessly well-intentioned, was either lost on or too-well understood by the Mountain Gorilla. Soon he was to find the events would awaken self-discovery for all concerned. The expedition was proceeding most successfully to plan. The Mountain Gorillas had been virtually penned for more than two months, and the less courageous or colony-conscious among them were allowing themselves to be used in the AMPTP's very successful public information campaign. It was a perversity to see, the acquiescent monkeys grunting out servilities in their editorials and blogs, imagining themselves maverick free-thinkers when instead they were hideous caricatures, like chimpanzees in prom dresses, dancing on the plantation porch and imagining themselves part of the household. Their eagerly pliable 'independent thinking,' yearning for a grateful stroke from their master's hand on their complicit, guileless heads, was broadcast to a largely credulous and scarcely informed outside world--how were they to discern the crucial difference between Preservationist's Gross and Park Ranger's gross? From the virtual steno pool that the AMPTP had made of the local print journalists? Not likely! All was indeed going exactly to plan, in precise, freeze-dried detail. Still, the slow success of the effort, glacial in both pace and compassion, brought little joy to Nick Counter's implacable heart. Like so many of humanitarian impulse, he longed to be stained to the elbows in blood, and the death march of the engagement gave little satisfaction in the way of savage gestures. So when, one day skirting the perimeter, he spied a baby Mountain Gorilla dozing alone under a tree, he could not resist the natural impulse to quietly, carefully, and considerately approach it so that he might get close enough to behold it, and to stave its skull in with the butt of his shotgun. He inched closer, slavering. The little gorilla tossed itself in a fitful dream of butterfly chasing so adorably that Counter could barely restrain the urge to blast it with both barrels and render it scattered bits of hairy paste, but alone, and with adult Mountain Gorillas at an unknown distance, he didn't dare. He was now standing nearly atop the sleeping youngster, and cast his shadow over it. He struggled to control his rising excitement, trying to savor the moment, like a Sheik deliberating over the hymen of an Eastern European teenager bought for an evening's entertainment, trying to get his money's worth. He raised his shotgun slowly, and prepared to bring it down with all the force he could leverage. His heartbeat throbbed in his ears, drowning out all noise: of wind in the trees, of the wingbeats of departing birds, of the two adult Mountain Gorilla males that approached him from behind and at whose shadows alongside his own his head tilted in curiosity upon noticing. Panic hit him with a concussive blast. Adult male Mountain Gorillas, known as Silverbacks, average about 6 feet in height and weigh between 400 and 500 pounds. They possess a strength that is difficult to fathom or put in human terms, as it is more in the order of hydraulic machinery. The first thing Nick Counter did upon discovering that he was in the immediate company of two larger examples of adult male Mountain Gorilla was to eliminate everything he had eaten in the previous 12 hours. This was more reflexive than strategic, and it's impossible to say whether it had any effect on the smaller of the Mountain Gorilla's decision to snatch Nick Counter by the shoulder and, in an eyeblink, fling him 12 feet against a tree with enough force to shake leaves on the top branches. The larger of the Mountain Gorillas examined the shotgun curiously from different angles, shook it, listened at it and even peered into its barrels before snapping the stock off in a moment’s carelessness. He dropped the fragments and the two approached Nick Counter as he roused from a temporary faint. Nick Counter sputtered, trying to get control of the situation despite the skyrockets of pain coming from his shoulder. 'You know what? I think we can come to terms on DVD residuals. How does an extra half-cent sound? Pretty good I bet!' The Mountain Gorillas regarded him curiously, waiting for his next move, oblivious to the pinioning power of the terror their presence created--though it did not stifle an electric flinch in him when one of them began to beat on his broad, black chest. Because Nick Counter had done his homework on his adversaries long before the game stated, and he well knew that a Mountain Gorilla beat his chest as precedent to a very narrow range of intended activity. He had every reason to expect violence of a very sudden and unrestrained nature as they moved closer; a brutality so unthinking that it failed to comprehend its cruelty, as mindless of its implications as a child with a nuclear launch code. Nick Counter strained to keep panic out of his voice. He knew what a note of weakness could do to his position in a negotiation such as this. ‘How would the two of you like jurisdiction over animation? You want to talk about some non-binding gains? I'm the guy that can make it happen!' Both of the Mountain Gorillas beat their chests again, and the moments seemed to pass with an ominous drumbeat. There was no keeping a shrill note of pleading out of his voice any longer. 'It doesn't have to be like this! I'm back at the table! I wasn't going to starve you all to death! I'm back at the table!!' It is at this point worth noting that the conditions of captivity Nick Counter had brought about had aroused some very surprising behavioral changes in the Mountain Gorilla. Mountain Gorilla Silverbacks usually moved in units where they were the only adult male, with attendant females and their young. This being the case, whatever tendencies toward violence they have were seldom given opportunities for display. Packing so many of these formerly free-roaming units into an enclosed area had heightened the males’ sense of violence as being necessary for their survival. Similarly, in their natural style of living, there was little instance of homosexuality among them. The unnaturally dense cohabitation of males brought on by Nick Counter's strategy had, however, aroused something that had lain dormant there too, as evidenced by the shocking pink thermos-sized extensions Nick Counter noticed pointing at him from each of the beast's middles. His mind raced as he recalled Mountain Gorillas don't just beat their chests before they fight. They also beat them to signal their intentions immediately before sexual intercourse. 'I...uh...think Fabiani & Lahane are the guys you big fellas are looking for…OH CHRIST NO!!!' As the Mountain Gorillas tore at his shit-filled khaki field trousers, the hot panic he had felt just a minute before seemed like a quaint memory, one he struggled to hold onto for comfort in the fresh hell he was soon to be roughly ushered into. His flaccid arms flailed ineffectually; his blows landing like a light rain on his unnoticing, diabolically intent suitors, and his own waste filled his nostrils, but did naught to dissuade or disincline their rough and heedless wooing. It would not be long now. He prayed to pass out as impossibly strong hands seized his hips and lifted him off the ground, and with merely the pressure of thumbs, folded him forward to helplessly receive whatever would come. It was not long in coming. He felt as though a small truck had backed into his rectum, and was pulling forward and backing up repeatedly trying to fit within the lines of a parking spot hopelessly too small and not deep enough by half. But this was no small truck. It was a relentless Mountain Gorilla cock, with a considerable length left to be introduced. Had he been more aware, he might've been grateful for the lubricious nature of his own waste, but his mind was occupied by other things at this point, chiefly screaming. Had he been more ruminative, he might've wondered if these circumstances weren't a turning of the tables so apt as to seem poetic, and pondered the possibility that somewhere inside him he envied the Mountain Gorilla's mercilessness; he might have, just then, related to his partner in a new and meaningful way. But again, the whole 'screaming like he'd slammed his genitals in a car door'-thing was taking up most of his concentration just then, with just the slightest room in his consciousness left to wonder exactly how much pain a person can reliably count on to knock them out or at least give the relief of going into shock, and what he might do to lower this threshold. He certainly didn't have any curiosity left to wonder why the second Mountain Gorilla had left off his hooting, chest-beating and agitated leaping about and was lifting Nick Counter's head up by the ears. Two things entered Nick Counter's head at roughly the same instant. One was the thought that when he awoke this morning, he never imagined his day would go so grotesquely awry. The second was the tungsten-hard shaft of Mountain Gorilla fuckmeat crammed suddenly into his mouth, intent on occupying a space well below his gag reflex, and as heedless of its objections as a court order. As his lips were pressed in an urgent kiss to the matted hair at the base of the Mountain Gorilla’s cock and his nose was seared by the odor of a being whose life was free of the complications of bathing, he marveled at the unexpected turn that negotiations had taken. Pulled back and forth by his new friends, it was as though he were impaled on one continuous length of Mountain Gorilla fuck-musket running all the way through him, the pounding Mountain Gorilla hips merely buffeting him eight or nine inches back and forth on the living skewer. He tried to touch the ground with his arms or legs to get some bearing, but merely dangled helplessly off of his captors’ monkeymakers. They either had great faith in the elasticity of his throat and rectum, judging by the rough use made of them, or the matter concerned them awfully little. Then, the strangest thing of all began to happen. His own muffled screams and the thunder of his rapid pulse seemed to fade, and the volume of the Mountain Gorillas’ excited grunting seemed more distant. He could hear the sounds of the rain forest’s floor underneath their feet, and the cascade of the breeze through the branches up above them, and then he seemed to hear…beautiful music? Sure, at his flank the larger of the Mountain Gorillas was still demanding more of his rear cleft than any asscrack could be expected to yield. Confronting him was still another Mountain Gorilla making terribly rough use of his ears as he slammed his Mountain Gorilla chowder-pouch again and again off of Nick Counter’s chin. But still, the strains of the music grew until it was all that he could hear, so loud that it seemed all that anyone could hear, shaking the ground, filling the trees, affirming every moment, not just here and now but everywhere and for all time. And in an illuminating moment, he saw God’s foot on the treadle of the loom, and heard the soaring music of the weaving. Freude, schöner Götterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium! Wir betreten feuertrunken, Himmlische, Dein Heiligtum! Deine Zauber binden wieder, Was die Mode streng geteilt, Alle Menschen werden Brüder, Wo Dein sanfter Flügel weilt! His face ran wet with tears, but not tears of anguish, or of fear, or of pain. They were tears of joy, streaming unashamed down his grateful face. Did they, force-fucking him this way, hear the music too? They must, he thought, satisfied. They seemed to be tearing him apart, gripping him in opposite directions, and at the same time, fathoms deep inside him, to be somehow putting him together as they worked frantically to meet in his middle, setting him to right at his core. Did it take this, exactly this, his throat and rectum tearing against the berserk thrusting of two evolutionary cousins, to finally see what was important, really important, in life? Was this the most alive he’d ever been? Was this all he’d ever really wanted, all he could ever ask for if he hadn’t lacked the words his whole life? Were these two miraculous gurus driving koans of meaning into him with their crude yet magical tools? Life is funny, isn’t it? Ass-raped and gullet-fucked by half-mad Mountain Gorillas, and yet he felt like he was being crowned Homecoming Queen as his classmates cheered him wildly. He couldn’t wait to introduce these Mountain Gorillas to his family. He could see the three of them making a life together. Sure, there would be difficulties and obstacles—when was anything worthwhile without its challenges? Whatever came their way, he knew they could get through it together. His chest swelled with joy, and he grasped and clutched with his hands and feet at the hips of his partners in this wondrous dance, urging them inside him to unite as one. Suddenly he was running through an open field of tall grass, in great, slow-motion bounds, laughing to fill the sky, holding hands with two Mountain Gorilla cocks miraculously fit with strong arms and legs, skipping alongside him, like bawdy carnal versions of the anthropomorphised hot dogs in the ads for movie theater concession stands. He felt the sun on his face and the sweet breeze in his hair, and the fellowship of their hands in his. If Heaven makes an eternity of our moment of greatest happiness, then this would be his afterworld and the permanent fixture of his fondest heart. They would fall and roll together, and cling and lift and run again, over and over, through this endless field, forever, always. But that would have to wait, as he was roused from his delirium by the sudden gush of Mountain Gorilla ejaculate flooding his esophagus at about 300 PSI and shooting forcefully out of his nostrils. Just as suddenly, the Mountain Gorilla that had face-fucked his teeth loose dropped him to the forest floor with a thud, though his hips were still held high by the Mountain Gorilla taking his pleasure in lustily rapid final thrusts at the other end of his digestive tract. Suddenly he felt his rectum fill with a warm enema bag full of Mountain Gorilla gunk, and the rest of him was dropped to the ground as well. The Mountain Gorillas, not as inclined to post-coital cuddling as Nick Counter would have liked, turned to leave as though summoned elsewhere. He crawled after them. The weeks that followed were, by far, the happiest Nick Counter had ever known. He lived as one in the community of Mountain Gorillas, and spent his days foraging for food, picking nits out of the Mountain Gorillas fur, and trying to lure the males into a line to monkey-fuck him from hell to breakfast. To the five Mountain Gorillas who gave him their business regularly, he ascribed affectionate pet names: Merrill, Wayne, Alan, Jay, and Donny, after the singing group The Osmonds, whom Nick Counter had for years spent most of his discretionary income collecting the memorabilia of on eBay auctions. Each of them had an essential nature that was reflected by their namesake: “Merrill,” stoic and direct, would take his pleasure whether Nick Counter was eating, sleeping, or already at maximum occupancy with two other Mountain Gorillas. “Wayne” was the lighthearted prankster who refused to urinate anywhere else but on Nick Counter. “Alan” was the natural leader who with ‘never take no for an answer’-moxie had plundered Nick Counter’s ass-cherry in that magical episode that marked the dawn of his new life. “Jay” was the inspirational figure who had helped him find his voice by rubbing his larynx with the pulsing head of his Mountain Gorilla snot-launcher that same wonderful afternoon, and “Donny” was, well, Donny. Sigh! Their days together followed a happy routine. Upon waking, Nick Counter would scrape dried Mountain Gorilla excrement off of himself with leaves and join the group’s morning activities: searching for the roots, fruit, shrubs, bark and bamboo shoots that make up the Mountain Gorilla diet. Nick Counter hadn’t developed much of a taste for these staples but that didn’t matter; he took most of his sustenance from Mountain Gorilla semen, and had actually managed to put on a few pounds this way since settling in with the community---not to mention the beneficial effect this diet had on his hair, skin and fingernails. Nick Counter found the female Mountain Gorillas more difficult to win over, as they regarded him with suspicion that he couldn’t alleviate simply by taking a vigorous, extended solo on their fuck-trumpets. He tried to win their confidence by helping with their chores and simplifying their lives as much as possible, and by showing affection for their young, who regarded him as a playful new friend. When the females were most unyielding with their approval, he found that singing to them did indeed soothe their savage breasts; especially effective was the 1983 hit Total Eclipse of the Heart. Nick Counter did not, truth be told, think much of post-Osmonds pop music, but this song was a felicitous exception, and he did not mind singing it whenever necessary. Perhaps the idyllic scenario he saw their lives as being during those days together was a distortion born of all the Mountain Gorilla cocks he was so happily catching, but even through the Gorilla jism-tinted lenses through which he now viewed the world, he could see that things were growing increasingly desperate for the population. Foraging took longer and longer each day, as the available food in the enclosure became continually more depleted. Mountain Gorillas were going hungry, which made them moody and irritable. Nick Counter tried to lighten the mood of the males by offering up his asshole genially, like a cornered baboon, whenever he saw one looking glum. He was encountering more resentment from the females as well; many of them had entered estrus and could not find a male to respond when they postured assertively for copulation, owing to the fact that Nick Counter had already milked all of their Mountain Gorilla ballsacks dry. Truth be told, their gunk-bags ached most of the time from the demands Nick Counter’s insatiable appetite placed on them. His presence was increasingly resented by all parts of the adult population. When word filtered into the community that the neighboring Hamadryas Baboons had reached an agreement with the AMPTP, agitation swept through the ranks. Parts of the treaty seemed palatable, and even on the problematic aspects, the AMPTP appeared willing to negotiate in good faith. The Hamadryas Baboons had obviously gotten what gains their agreement reflected through the efforts and solidarity the Mountain Gorillas had demonstrated, and were only being used as a method of delivering a resolution to them, though the Baboon council could be heard, off in the distance, as they chortled triumphantly over their ‘A Deal By’ credit. Word of an impending resolution could not have come at a worse time for Nick Counter. He was increasingly feeling the sting of rejection from the Mountain Gorilla males, for whom the novelty of his orifices had largely dissipated, and the thought that the restraints holding this wonderland of primate sploogekickers together might be loosened vexed him terribly. He loved them, each of them, and wished only that he could somehow, through some miracle of conception, make a uterus of his bowels and have each of their gorilla butt-babies. He had never known love. Perhaps that was what had made him so good at his job, but that was all over now. He contrived a plan. When the Mountain Gorilla males gathered to discuss the framework of the treaty and how it might be workably altered to bring a final resolution, Nick Counter set about grooming duties on those females in the community that were menstruating. Nick Counter knew that periods of menstruation led to higher rates of copulation among Mountain Gorillas, and as he worked his way through those females, he was careful, bit by bit, to slowly cover himself from head to toe in Mountain Gorilla menses. He intended to make himself, as much as possible, an irresistible Mountain Gorilla fucktoy, to lure the males to cluster-bang him into an ecstasy of oblivion, and to thereby distract them from making any advance in their discussions. He didn’t kid himself; he knew he was just buying time—but at least it promised to be a great time. He found them in serious talks and knew he must act decisively. Nick Counter spun like a dervish into their midst, coated in several thick layers of pungent Mountain Gorilla menstrual fluid, and came to an abrupt stop on all fours in the center of their tribal circle. He held his mouth open expectantly, but none made any movement to fill it. He scrambled around quickly so that all could have a clear view of the enticements he offered, but still no takers came. He put his head in the dirt and held his asscheeks open, pivoting on his face and he danced in a lurid circle, offering up his asshole with an almost irritated insistence. The Mountain Gorillas were nonplussed. Then came the most crushing blow Nick Counter had ever felt. He looked to see “Merrill.” He was yawning. Confused tears ran down his face as he felt their rejection like icy fists and writhed on the ground in anguished, convulsive sobs. Surely he could not love and need them this much without them feeling something in reciprocity. He ached for the sublimity of their brutal touch and their bestial intrusions, without which he would be inconsolable. He’d been high on Mountain Gorilla sperm for too long and was too strung out on the stuff to not go into a very uncomfortable period of withdrawal without it. Suddenly, he felt the welcome touch of Mountain Gorilla forepaw. But it wasn’t working a thumb into his mouth to signal intent to fuck his throat, or prying apart his asscheeks---would that it were! He opened his tear-filled eyes and made out the watery outlines of the dominant female Mountain Gorilla—whom he had named “Marie”—as she lifted him onto her powerful shoulder, turned, and carried him away. He looked to see that the Mountain Gorilla males, with monstrous callousness, had resumed talks. They didn’t even acknowledge him, as he flailed and screamed for them from the shoulder on which he unwillingly departed. “Marie” stalked through the thick vegetation purposefully for a long time after Nick Counter had given up struggling. He accepted that she was taking him a great distance and once they arrived, she would snap his neck with a quick twist of her powerful wrists. He did not fear this death. He welcomed it. If he could no longer take his pleasure at the end of a Mountain Gorilla custard pump, he saw little reason to go on. ‘Kill me,’ he thought, ‘Kill me now,’ so that he might go to that eternal field of everlasting frolic with those Mountain Gorilla fuck-tractors he had glimpsed during his first encounter, now so long ago. Recalling those visions made him eager to die. Finally in a clearing, “Marie” shrugged him off and he fell to the ground in a limp heap. He closed his eyes and knelt, putting his head to the ground so that she might stomp his skull to fragments. There was no fear, no rushing of his pulse; only resignation. He felt that he had died back at the council of the Mountain Gorilla males; this was just epilogue. Anything now could be nothing but. The heel could not come quickly enough; what was taking her so long? He looked to see she had stalked away. Confused, he rose up on his knees, and with cracking voice, sang to her pleadingly: ‘Turn around, bright eyes!’ he begged. ‘Turn around, bright eyes! But she was gone; gone forever. He looked in the other direction: he was on the outskirts of the AMPTP encampment. She had banished him home. Nick Counter, red as the Devil with caked-on Mountain Gorilla menses, made his way into the camp and through the main trail that passed through the various stations with plodding, deadened steps. The other members of the camp stood, disbelieving of the spectacle he presented. He did not hear their shocked murmurings as he passed. 'Sweet Jesus; he’s gone native…' 'This has got to be the worst case of Stockholm Syndrome on record…' 'He’s turned into…he’s a total…Gorilla-bitch.' He went directly to his tent, and pulled the flap closed behind him. He collapsed on his bunk and curled up, outwardly and inwardly. All was lost. Nothing would hold any value for him now. His Sun had gone out, and the rest of his life would be a deadening, deepening numbness. He wept bitterly, piteously, and inconsolably; not for what had happened, but for that it would never, could never happen the same way, the right way, ever again.
Friday, September 30, 2011 September 30, 2011 "Hello Smith!" After the usual morning announcements, class began. THIS MONDAY your Macbeth and Lord of the Flies paper is due. Don't forget to print it out, make sure it's double spaced, and have it in MLA format. The heading for your paper should go: Name, Class Info., Smith, 30 September, 2011. Then follows your title, centered and don't forget to make it creative! At the end of the paper should be a works cited page. Works Cited should be written at the top of the page, and centered. Then, you list your citations. You should cite both Macbeth and Lord of the Flies; cite the books, not all your quotes. Also, if you had an attention getter at the beginning of your paper, don't forget to cite that quote too. To make citing easier, you can go onto (plug in the ISBN number of your version of Macbeth; it should be located on top of the bar code) and put your citations in alphabetical order, double spaced, with hanging indents.DON'T FORGET TO PRINT OF THE RUBRIC FOR THE PAPER (under the Macbeth tap on Smith's teacher page) AND DO NOT STAPLE IT TO YOUR PAPER, TURN IT IN SEPARATELY. During 3rd period, German Shepherds wandered the halls sniffing lockers for drugs right outside of Smith's classroom; so, we all rushed to the door to watch :). Afterward, we turned in out Lesson 5 homework and took the quiz. For the quiz, we needed to know the part of speech of each work, the definition, and one synonym. Then after the SAT quiz, we took the Macbeth Act 5 quiz with a partner. The rest of the period was reserved for answering Smith's question on the blog, and working on your paper. EXTRAS: When answering Smith's topic sentence question on the blog you must remember what a topic sentence must include. Every topic sentence includes: the title, name of author, restate the question, answer the question, and WHY. HW: Get a copy of Fahrenheit 451, find a banned book and print off the 'banned book' form off of Smith's web page, and finish and print out your paper and print off a rubric for it also. Macbeth topic sentence Compose a topic sentence that answers that following question: In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, what does Macbeth most value and why? Thursday, September 29, 2011 Scribe: September 29, 2011 "Hello class!" As soon as we heard this salutation, we responded with, "Hello Smith!" A day of English 5 Honors was about to begin. Our teacher started with placing the agenda and homework on the board. All that was on the agenda was to finish reading Macbeth with Act 5 and to watch videos of the ending (we did not do the latter). SAT Lesson 5 exercises are due tomorrow SAT Lesson 5 quiz tomorrow (Study the word, part of speech, definition and the synonyms) Start thinking about banned books Print banned book letter from Mrs. Smith’s teacher page Edit your essay on social change resulting from literature Have essay printed in MLA format by Monday Act 5 quiz tomorrow The class continued with assigning parts for the last act. Everyone needed to have acted out a character, so Mrs. Smith assigned parts to different students. Summary of Act 5: Scene 1: Lady Macbeth is starting to sleepwalk, during her sleepwalking; she acts like she is washing her hands. This shows how guilty she has become about the murders she and Macbeth have committed. A Doctor and Lady Macbeth’s attendant observe her escapades. The doctor warns the attendant that Lady Macbeth might harm herself and to watch out for her. In some ways, Lady Macbeth has just told the doctor and attendant that she had something to do with all of the murders. Mrs. Smith talked about how at first, Macbeth was the one who felt guilty and now that Lady Macbeth has seen all of these murders by Macbeth, she feels guilty. Made the connection to Lord of the Flies, they attempted to make excuses for Simon’s death. Eventually, the savages began to stop justifying. Scene 2: All of the Scottish rebels, including Angus and Lennox, have gathered in Birnam wood, awaiting Malcolm and his army. They speak of how Dunsinane is fortified by Macbeth. They all agree that he is evil and must be stopped. Scene 3: Macbeth waits for the battle. He sees that a large army is coming to the castle. He speaks about all of the things he regrets about his life. The doctor tells him that his wife cannot be cured and that her sickness is in her mind, not physical. Scene 4: All of the rebels and the English have gathered in Birnam. Malcolm tells the soldiers of his strategy to use tree branches as camouflage. This is the way that Birnam will march toward Dunsinane hill! Scene 5: Macbeth believes that he cannot be killed so he starts mocking the enemy forces. He learns that Lady Macbeth has died and he states that he wishes he had time to mourn. After seeing that Birnam wood is “moving” toward the battle, he says he will fight in the battle. Scene 6: Malcolm and his army reach the castle and start to prepare to attack. Scene 7: Macbeth kills Siward, making him think that he is invincible. Macduff searches for Macbeth; he wants revenge for his family’s murder. Macbeth’s soldiers surrender and some join the rebels. Scene 8: Macduff finally finds Macbeth. Macbeth does not want to fight Macduff because he has already killed his family. Macbeth states that he cannot die, but Macduff was born and ripped from his mother’s womb. Macduff defeats and cuts Macbeths head off. The new king gives thanks to all the men that helped him take back England. The bell rang right as the final word was spoken in the act. With cheerful feelings (due to the death of Macbeth) we filed out of the room ready for our next class. September 29, 2011 Hey fellow readers!! Today was a great day in Smiths' class! Yes we began with "Hey class" response " Hey Smith". Then we moved onto homework (there is an SAT test tomorrow, so STUDY!!) Then we moved onto reading the last act of Macbeth see recap below. Have a great rest of the day!! Home work: SAT Exercises, Copy of Fahrenheit 451, Banned or Challenged book, Work on your essay due Monday! ( is a great website to find even more banned or challenged books) Recap on Act 5: Macbeth has been losing his sure fullness on the witches prophesies because Macduff and his army have revenged against him. In doing so the army dresses up in camouflage to look like the Wood of Birnane as they start to walk towards the hill which is exactly what the witch’s prophesy said would happen when Macbeth becomes defeated. After Lady Macbeth has gone beyond crazy with her night h allucinations, she ends up dying. When word reaches Macbeth, he seems less than down, and he gives a speech that eventually everyone will die, you get your shining light but your candle will flicker out eventually. In the end, SPOILER ALLERT: Macduff kills Macbeth! Yes sorry if you have not yet read it, but it is ever so true. The reason Shakespeare uses Macduff to kill Macbeth, I believe, is for closure in revenge for killing his wife and children. Wednesday, September 28, 2011 Period 5- 9/28/11 Welcome to your recap of Wednesday, September 28! Today we all arrived straight from lunch and ready for some "serious" learning :). After grabbing our computers, sitting down, and pulling out our planners, we dove right in to English. The first thing we did was go over our homework for the night, and here it was: 1. Blog Post: Macbeth Disappears, Macduff Takes Over 2. Get a copy of Fahrenheit 451 if you want your own 3. Keep looking into finding a banned/challenged book. Once you find one, visit Mrs. Smith's teacher webpage right here: and then go to the the section that says "Fahrenheit 451". Beneath that will be a link that says “Letter To Parents for Banned/Challenged Book”. You will need to print this out and have your parents sign it before you can get reading your book! 4. SAT Vocabulary Due Friday, and a Quiz as usual on Section 5 Next in class we went over some SAT vocabulary exercises that were confusing to some people. Here they are: Exercise I: 1. (in order in blanks): fop, rakish, pedantic, impaired, nebulous, imprecations 2. deference, elegy, (last blank): panegyric Exercise III: 1. F: to stand in 2. petrified, cave, stones 4. petroleum Exercise V: 10. B 9. A Next up, we received our section 4 SAT Vocab practice and our section 4 quiz back, and then finished Act 4. We picked up on page 141, and continued this act using out lovely actors and actresses, starring Cassie, Cole, Lauren, and Ellie. Here's a quick summary of what happened in this act: In the beginning of this act, Macbeth is angry and visits the witches to find out what is in his future. The witches show Macbeth three apparitions: the first warns him against Macduff, the second tells him to fear no man born of woman, and the third prophesizes that he will fall only when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane castle. Macbeth is overconfident and is sure that none of this could ever happen. He does not know that the witches, out to cause mayhem, want to make him so confidant that he will inevitably fall. When he asks the witches if their prophesy about Banquo will come true (where his children will be kings), they show him a procession of eight kings, all of which look like Banquo. Macbeth is angry and curses the witches, leaving quickly. Meanwhile in England, Malcolm tests Macduff's loyalty by pretending to confess all of his faults and why he should never be king. He "confesses" that if he were king, he would want to rape all of the women, take all of the land for himself, and be an even greater tyrant than Macbeth! When Macduff proves his loyalty to Scotland and Malcolm by denying that any of this could happen, the two strategize for their war against Macbeth. While this is happening, back in Scotland, Macbeth has Macduff’s wife and children brutally murdered. Ross, the cousin of Lady Macduff who was murdered, enters and tells Macduff that his family has been killed. Macduff is enraged, and Malcolm tells him to let this drive him to revenge. After we finished our reading, we took the Macbeth quiz on Act 4, working with a partner. All too soon the bell rang, and we were out of the door (only after carefully putting away our laptops) and on to finish another day at AHS! Maddie Dorman Wonderful Wednesday Scribe- 9/28/11 After we finished the usual bustle of setting your stuff down, grabbing your computer, spazzing a little bit to get to your desk in time to say the pledge of allegiance, and finally settling down to listen to the announcements( We do out usual chant of "Hello Everybody" and "Hello Smith", followed by the homework announcing and friendly reminders. HW- Tomorrow last writing lab, located in the study center, before our Social Change Essay that's due Monday! Blog due tomorrow about Macbeth and Macduff. Begin researching what book you want to do that was banned/challenged. If you have found one go to Mrs. Smith's web page, and under the Fahrenheit 451 section click on Letter to Parents for Banned/Challenged book to print it off. Vocab Quiz and exercises due Friday! "Don't forget it or you'll regret it!"- Mother Gotham in Tangled! SAT Questions and Answers: Since it is Wednesday, we went over some of the questions people had about the SAT words! Exercise 1: #5-nebulous, #6-imprecation Exercise 2: #15- "... when a deer fell into a river." For this one it is just an example so anything along these lines will be just fine. Exercise 3: #1 E-to set out/stand out F-settling in, #2 Petrified, cave, stones, #3 You can stand under something/holding it up/If it falls down, you would die/ to maintain, #4- Petroleum Sentence Errors: #1- D, correct version would be "was"., #3- B because it isn't possessive, correct version would be "Samantha's"., #5- E, has no errors. Tip- Very rarely will sentences have no errors. Macbeth Act 4 end to Act 5 Scene 2: Recap- Malcome has confessed all these horrible things he would do if he were king to Macduff, so he can determine whether or not he is true to him and his cause. Upon hearing these awful things, Macduff begins to dispare calling out "Oh Scotland, Scotland" (Shakespeare 4.3.116). He believes if Maclome cannot be king then there is no hope, no hope for Scotland. Once Malcome accepts that Macduff is on his side, he confesses that he was making all those horrible things up, and informs him that form England thousands of soldiers will fight against Macbeth. Doctor enters telling tales of how King Edward can heal people with scrofula with just a touch of his hand. They discuss this until Ross enters the scene. Macduff inquires after his family and finds out that that have been savagely slaughtered. Malcome asks him to morn for them later, but for now turn that sorrow into furry to fight Macbeth. In other words, he tells him to be a "man" and rub some dirt in it. Macduff vows to avenge them and so ends Act 4. Act 5 begins with the Doctor and a Gentlewoman secretly spying on Lady Macbeth and her sleepwalking. She walks around ceaselessly washing her hands to rid them of the invisible blood, and speaking to herself as she does so. The readers can understand what is going on since we know that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth killed Duncan, so we can connect that she is reliving that night. The two spies are surprised and concerned and flee the scene. Something we spoke about as a class was how in some of the lines how there are many animal anaolgies, and how Macbeth has now completly flipped to the opposite of how he was before he killed Duncan. Remember to read the scenes still because there are several things I did not cover! Thanks so much for reading this and I hope to see you all tomarrow! Ruth Morton Macduff appears; Macbeth disappears Macduff and his family dominate Act 4, while Macbeth has all but disappeared from the play at this point. Consider the following: Macbeth has 117 lines in each Act 1 and Act 2 He has 260 lines in Act 3 alone, yet he speaks a mere 73 lines in all of Act 4. Why do you think Shakespeare is showing us action through the eyes and comments of characters other than Macbeth? Why has Macbeth lost his privilege of delivering long soliloquies to the audience in which he ponders his dilemmas? Who are we, the audience, supposed to be feeling sympathy for at this point? Macbeth Act 5Questions Tuesday, September 27, 2011 September 27-2011 Today we finished going over the SAT words Do exercises 1, 2, 3, 4, indentifying sentence errors, and sentence corrections. Do not do the writing section. Next we learned more about Smith High school-North Fargo (home of the Spartons) her favorite artist is Eric Clampton and favorite band is volleyball. Her anniversary in June 6 Pet peeve is mean girls (not the movie) Would live in her parents cabin Lived in North Dakota, Colorado, and Minnesota and that’s all Loves going to exotic places and would love to visit Italy she ran cross country, track, and played volleyball in high school and in collage she played volleyball and ran track height is 5’9’ We then traded our third body outline and conclusion essay with a partner. The final draft of everything is due next week on Monday. This must be typed, doubled spaced, size 12, proofread, cited, stapled and ready to turn in at the beginning of class Quote is in the middle of a sentence. Example: As Macbeth looked down the cold hallway “the dagger was leading him toward Duncan’s room” and he could not help but follow it (Shakespeare 1.1.1). Two points will be lost without a lead in. Even more points will be lost for no follow up and even more points for wrong citations. Make sure there is a connection between the quote, paragraph point and social change OR connect everything at the end. We discussed scene 2 and read the begining of scene 3. Be prepared for a quiz tomorrow! Act 4 Scene 2 notes • Mucduff’s son was killed- first a king was killed, then a friend, and then a helpless innocent child • The son was saying that most men are liars and we can’t always know who to believe • Macduff fled to englend therefore lady Macbeth tells her son that he is dead to them (4.2.55) • The son is intelligent- he says they will be like birds-they will live off what they have (4.2.33) • Child can be killed center stage but the king must be killed off-stage • Lady Macduff and her son are both dead. Scene 3 notes 1. Malcom is saying that if he were king he would a terrible ruler. He says he doesn’t have any qualities of a king 2. Macduff keeps that malcom is a good king. No matter if malcom did all the terrible things, he would still be a better king then Macbeth. Homeowork: Act 4 quiz tomorrow. Put together the whole Macbeth and Lord of the Flies essay. Get a copy of Fahrenheit 451 and figure out what banned book you will be reading. SAT voacb. Monday, September 26, 2011 Period 5 9/2611 Hey guys! So today we started with the usual "Hey Smith!" then instead of the usual pull out your planners she mixed it up and told us we were moving seats! Yay! So make sure tomorrow you cheack with Smith to see where you sit. After we were all settled into our new seats she asked us to take out our planners to write down our homework- Make changes to paper, SAT exercises, Copy of 451 (only if you like to have your own copy to write in), also start looking at the most banned or challenged books and get an idea of which one you would like to read, but this is not a big priority the actual assignment has not been given to us yet. Then we voted on how we would like to edit our papers because the rest of it was due today! The options were to revise hard core with a partner or musical chairs editing. Magority ruled so we decided to revise hard core with a partner! Time flew by so quickly and Mrs. Smith was fighting to get a last word in while we were packing up! Remember writing lad Tuesdays and Thursdays! Sunday, September 25, 2011 Scribe Period 3 Hope everyone had and awesome homecoming week and dance! On Friday everyone walked in with their black and gold showing, pumped for the pep assembly, bummed for the vocab quiz. After handing in our lesson work, we reluctantly completed the quiz and extra credit question. Being that we had a shortened hour, we quickly retrieved our Macbeth books and started reading Act 4. Key notes for scene 1: • The 3 witches create 3 apparitions with advice hidden in them for Macbeth • Lennox informs Macbeth that Macduff has gone away England • Macbeth thinks about killing Lady Macduff and her children We didn't quite finish scene 2 so we will discuss it on Monday. • Write 2nd body, outline 3rd body, and outline/write conclusion • Devil Hath Power blog • It might be a good idea to work ahead on your essay because it is due next Monday!!!!! Scribe Period 5 September 23, 2011 To start off the class, Mrs. Smith collected our SAT Exercises for Lesson Four. After that, she handed out the dreaded vocabulary quiz, but lucky for us someone asked for some extra credit, so at least we were able to get some points for the words that we had missed. As soon as everyone had finished that, we took off reading Scene 1 of Act Four in Macbeth. The scene starts off with three witches huddled around a fire talking about destroying Macbeth once and for all, and yes, our actors had a fake fire to read their lines around. Some notes about Scene 1: • Hecate said she was going to make Macbeth overly confident with himself and about how things were going to turn out. • The witches make three apparitions appear, which each have a advice hidden in them for Macbeth. The 1st: an armed head, which means that Macbeth should stay away from Macduff. The 2nd: a bloody child, which means that no one will harm Macbeth. The 3rd: a baby with a crown holding a tree, which means that Macbeth won't be defeated till he fights at Dunsenaine hill, the forest will have to move, and Banquo's legacy will keep going as king of Scotland. • Macbeth learns from Lennox that Macduff has fled to England • Macbeth wants to kill Macduff's wife and children Act Four Scene 2 Notes: • Macduff's son is killed Homework for Monday: 1. Write out the second body paragraph, 2. Outline the 3rd body paragraph and the conclusion 3. Blog about devils in Macbeth on the class blog. Friday, September 23, 2011 Devil Hath Power “The devil hath power to assume a pleasing shape.” (Shakespeare Hamlet) 1. How do you interpret the above quote? In other words, how would you explain its message to someone else? 2. Who is playing the role of the devil in Macbeth? Are there several devils in this play? Briefly explain and support your answer. 3. Describe the evil that has occurred in the play so far. What is the pleasing shape it has taken on? 4. Is there any good or decency in this play so far? Which do you think will triumph at the end of the play-good or evil? Briefly explain your response. Macbeth Act 4 Questions Thursday, September 22, 2011 Scribe Period 5 September 22, 2011 Today as usual we got our lap tops out of the carts and sat down anticipating another day in Ms. Smith's class. "Hello class!" Ms. Smith shouts to us. "Hello Smith!" we all call back in unison. Next, we whipped out our planners and copied down the homework which was... • SAT Exercises (we have the quiz tomorrow on Lesson 4 so study, study, study). • Due Monday: Written intro-second body, outline 3rd body and conclusion We had a few announcements consisting of attending writing lab which is on Tuesdays and Thursdays in the study center and we were informed that we have been in school for 6 weeks! Wow that went by fast. We all dreaded what was to come next... the Act 3 Macbeth quiz! It was not too bad as we were aloud to work with a partner. Once we finished our tests, which I am proud to say that we remembered to ask for extra credit(: we migrated into our word trace groups. We worked together to understand our words more in depth and come to solid conclusions about what the word symbolizes. This is what our class came up with for our interpretations of the following words. Man: Used as a position of honor or wisdom. You are a man, you must be strong and brave enough to do the things requested of you. Stature of a man. Blood: Macbeth tries to flee the guilt but he can’t. The blood isn’t just life giving it is guilt .The more Macbeth kills, the more the blood of the victims become apart of him. Sleep: Sleep is innocent or a cover. Sleep is deprived of the guilty. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth can"t sleep anymore, they talk of strange and bewildering nightmares. Night: All murders happen at night. A disguise to the crime. A cover, taking over the day. No light when it is needed. Hand: The things Macbeth see’s in his head his hands did, so the hands become the guilty piece or the murderer. As if the hands kill without Macbeth really doing anything. After we hung our word trace posters up we proceeded onto do a reality check. The check was on the same questions as last time and Ms. Smith wanted us to notice if we had changed or grown since the last check. She urged us to ponder on how we may change for the next reality check. While we vigorously typed away on our lap tops, Ms. Smith played some "typing music" for us which was quite lovely! When we were finished we printed our reality checks, placed them on the stool and packed up to move onto our next great adventure! P.S. Everyone looked great in their Disney costumes today! I can't wait for tomorrow! Period 3 September 22, 2011 After coming in restless and talkative, the class settled down and we got to work. On today's agenda: Finish Macbeth quizzes, word trace conclusions, reality check, and work time for essays. After the morning announcements, we got with our partners and finished our Macbeth Act 3 Quizzes. Later, we got into our word trace groups and discussed conclusions we made about our words. The groups decided that: • Hands symbolize desire (Macbeth's hand reaching for the dagger) and are used as a blame piece for actions (Macbeth's hands killed Duncan) • Night symbolizes a cover for evil and is the time that all things evil occur • Sleep symbolizes death and is not restful but tormenting • Man symbolizes not a singular person, but a generalization for all mankind • Blood symbolizes guilt and by this point in the book is becoming a part of people (water is unable to cleanse) After discussing our word traces, the class then completed a reality check, allowing us to reflect on the last 6 weeks of Arapahoe (that means we have completed 1/6 of the year!). When we all had finished our reality checks, we began a work day, used for working on our Literature as a Motivator for Social Change essays. Homework: Finish SAT Exercises 4 and remember to study for the QUIZ tomorrow! Essay - Write intro through second body and outline third body through conclusion - Due Monday Homecoming Week: Tomorrow is Spirit Day - Wear gold and score points for the Freshman class Tomorrow is also the homecoming football game! Saturday - Homecoming parade at 10 and Dance from 8-11 Wednesday, September 21, 2011 Scribe Period 3 september 21 Hello classmates!!! Today was a late start, woo hoo!!! Today we went over our SAT exercises, and if we had any questions about the exercises, they were answered. Here's what we went over: Exercise 1: 2: Perfunctory 3: Sadistic 2: sacrosanct Exercise 3: 3. hyperactive; hypercritical perfunctory sadistic Exercise 5: 4: B 5: B 8: D 10: D We then had a brief pre-quiz discussion over Act Three, and how the two quotes about blood were a very important part of the act. We took our Act Three quiz and we were allowed to work in partners! Study for SAT Quiz Friday Writing Intro and body paragraphs 1 and 2 and outlining the 3rd body and the conclusion. DUE MONDAY Sep, 21 PERIOD 5 As kids shuffle into the classroom you can see on every one’s faces that they are worried for the test on Macbeth - Act 3. WELL GUESS WHAT! NO TEST TODAY!! Instead... the test will be tomorrow! So make sure you study! Today we went over last night’s reading homework, which was to read Act 3, scene 6. This scene included Lennox and a Lord’s conversation was about whom they thought killed King Duncan and Banquo. Their final conclusion was that Macbeth killed them both, just to acquire the throne. Following our lengthy conversation about Macbeth, Mrs. Smith answered questions about SAT 4 (which is due Friday). Here are the answers to some questions on our VOCAB. Exercise 1- 1) Hedonism, Perfunctory, Demeanor, __________, ____________, Debacle, Obloquy, Quasi-. _________, Sacrosanct, ____________. Exercise 3- 2 Inclination 3) Recliner, Decline 4) Hyperactive, Hypercritical Exercise 5- 3) C 5) B 8) D 10) D That’s all we did today! Remember study for the quiz on Act 3 tomorrow! Homework: Study for quiz (TOMORROW). Intro-2nd paragraph written out, outline 3rd paragraph and conclusion (DUE MONDAY). Tuesday, September 20, 2011 Period 5 9/20/11 As you can guess, 5th period English obviously began with the daily tradition, “Hello Smith.” Ms. Smith proceeded on to make announcements for the day such as our homework. We have a Macbeth act 3 quiz tomorrow! Also, apparently there was a mistake in the blog question last night. (Had not gotten far enough in book) Most people just made educated guesses about how to answer the question, however we are receiving the option to redo our posts tonight. We then moved onto reading act 3 of Macbeth. Everyone was assigned with their acting roles and we started our stellar Macbeth acting performances! We were able to read all the way through scenes 2, 3, 4, and 5 to almost finish off act 3 of the book. We need to read scene 6 for homework tonight. (Only 2 pages) As mentioned before, we will have another Macbeth test tomorrow, over act 3. After we finished reading scene 5, class was over and we headed off to our period 6 classes. Homecoming week reminders: -Wacky Tacky Day -Bonfire at 7:00 P.M. on Baseball field -Disney Day -Spirit Day (Freshmen and Juniors wear gold) -Football game at LPS Stadium at 7:00 PM -Parade at 10 AM -Dance at 8-11 PM Homework: -Write intro and second body in MLA format (Due Monday) -Write 3rd paragraph and conclusion outline (Due Monday) -SAT 4 work -Act 3 quiz tomorrow (Read scene 6)
Positions in the canoe Six paddlers in the canoe – who does what? Six paddlers in the canoe all working in unison, but each with a role to play. Each paddler from seat number 1-5, paddles alternately on the opposite side from each other. Stroke and Number Two The stroke sits in the very front seat of the canoe. Paddlers one and two, are primarily concerned with ensuring the rhythm and pace of the paddle strokes, which seats, three through five follow. They paddle on opposite sides and as such neither has a paddle to follow. The stroke at the front of the canoe must set a more or less consistent pace which varies according to the nature of the race and water conditions, but usually between 65-75 strokes/minute, whilst the paddler behind in number two seat, must follow in perfect time, mirroring the strokes pace so as the power distribution remains equal and synchronized down the length of the canoe. The stroke’s job is crucial in ensuring the consistency of the crew working at an optimum pace and rhythm. When rounding markers, the stroke and number two work together to turn the front of the canoe. Seats Three and Four Often referred to as Power Seats, the heavier, stronger paddlers will generally take these positions. It is their primary task to provide the brute power required to push the canoe along. Number four seat generally takes responsibility for ensuring the canoe remains as dry as possible, bailing when needs be. Seat Five Again a power seat but also needs to have knowledge of steering to assist the steerer when necessary. They are also referred to as the keeper of the ama. This entails that they must eyeball the ama (the outer float) to make sure it is stable. If it looks at any time to be lifting threatening capsize, they must quickly react to save it. Failing this, numbers three and four need to recognise the predicament and also try to save a capsize. Number five must also take responsibility for bailing if required should there be an excess of water in the canoe as by the time water is collecting towards the aft end of the canoe, there is definitely too much water inboard. The steerer, who is ideally the captain of the canoe calls the shots, motivates the crew and sets the canoe up for the best coarse and catching the swells. They plan and navigate a course and have a big responsibility during sprint races, where they must set the canoe up for a good turn around the buoys. They need to have a good paddling relationship with number 5 in protecting the ama and indeed with all the crew. Steering a 40ft plus canoe on the open ocean in rough water is an art form. Those that learn their trade well can be considered masters of a task which requires intimate understanding of the dynamics of the ocean and the nuances of the canoe and crew. What are the characteristics of a good stroke? Being stroke is first and foremost psychologically challenging as they have the position of not being able to follow anyone and must therefore remain at all times self motivated and alert. In many respects their role is mentally more challenging than any other in the canoe, with the exception of the steerer. They must have a natural sense of timing and rhythm and have eyes in the backs of their head, being able to intuitively feel how the canoe is travelling and respond by increasing and decreasing the stroke rate where necessary. They need to be aerobically very fit as they may not pull as much water as those behind but they will be working hard on an aerobic level. Above all they need to be good natural athletes with a capacity to read the water and have an understanding of what the paddlers behind can tolerate as an effective, efficient stroke rate. Some crews have the stroke count the number of strokes per minute and call out when it is time for the crew to switch sides (around 15 – 18 strokes) whilst others will rely on number two. What are the characteristics of a good number 2 paddler? Much like the stroke, a good sense of timing and rhythm. It is crucial that number 2 stay in time with the stroke, made all the harder by the fact that they cannot actually follow a blade in front of them, but only the paddlers body movement. Number 2 needs to talk to the stroke to encourage and keep them on task at all times. A good paddling relationship at the front of the canoe will ensure the rest of the canoe is firing well. Numbers 1 and 2 are the source and all that happens here, travels back along the canoe. Number two will often take responsibility for counting the number of strokes per side and call out when it is time to switch sides. They should also be in a position to note how the stroke rate is going, in terms of number per minute and therefore can prompt the stroke if needs be if the rate seems to slow or fast. Why are paddlers 3 and 4 often the heaviest and strongest paddlers? In order to create a stable canoe, it is preferable to have your heaviest paddlers in the middle of the canoe between the two spars (iako). In this way their weight stabilises the canoe by ensuring that it sits reasonably deep in this mid section and therefore that the float (ama) on the outer spar (iako) maintains contact with the water. Ideally three and four need to be concerned with little else, other than following the front two paddlers and applying maximum leverage. Beyond this,the canoe is widest at its mid point and therefore physically large paddlers can fit in these seats but often have trouble fitting into seats 1 or 2! Why does number 4 take responsibility for bailing? When water enters the canoe it will tend to pool first of all in the mid section of the canoe. Number 4 can recognise this and react by bailing. They can also sit up on the spar (iako) to do so, so that the canoe remains stable whilst they do this. So when does number 5 bail? When there is a serious amount of water and the pool has extended to the rear of the canoe. What are the characteristics of a good number 5 paddler? The number five paddler has a varied role and perhaps needs to be the most all around paddler. They should ideally be competent steerers and of course strong paddlers. They need to be able to be totally flexible in their paddling ability, so as they can eyeball the ama and protect it and change paddling sides rapidly and frequently if needs be.They may also need to paddle for long stretches at a time, much like the steerer, on the left side to protect the ama, so as the steerer can concentrate on steering. Their reactions must at all times be fully intuitive, working in with the steerer when it is needed. What are the characteristics of a good steerer? The steerer has without question the greatest degree of responsibility within the canoe, one that is often overlooked by other paddlers. They must steer a good coarse, read the ocean and work the canoe so its interacts and travels at its maximum potential at all times. They most motivate the crew, call changes to stroke rates if they feel it necessary and ensure the overall safety of the canoe. Experience counts for a lot in this position. Time on the water in all conditions is crucial and an intuitive understanding of ocean dynamics is crucial to achieving maximum canoe speed. In this respect it is said that surfers often make the best steerers. Curiously the best steerers happen also to be more and more so, excellent solo outrigger canoeists. How important are timing and rhythm to the crews performance? One of the fundamental secrets to making an outrigger canoe travel well, is precision of the crews timing and rhythm. All paddles entering and exiting the water at the same time, all paddlers pulling in unison and all using the same technique. The power from the paddles which travels from the paddle along the paddlers arms to their butts, is what drives the canoe forward and the power surge must be synchronised. Time in the canoe as a crew working on these fundamentals are paramount.
Odisha is one of the 29 states of India, located on the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north-east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west, and Andhra Pradesh to the south and south-west. Odisha has 485 kilometres of coastline along the Bay of Bengal to its east, from Balasore to Malkangiri. It is the 9th largest state by area and the 11th largest by population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. Choose a content type to filter the tagged content by content type
Transplantation of stem cells will allow creating new immune system The scientists from medical school of the Stanford University have made a little, but an essential step in the research of transplantation of adult stem cells to create new immune system for people with autoimmune or genetic diseases of blood. The experts have found a way to transplant new stem cells, which form blood, in marrow of mice, actually replacing their immune systems. According to the American biologists, many medical and technical aspects should be checked up before such way will be checked up in people. The doctors explain, that the person with autoimmune disease of a disseminated sclerosis’s type has defective immune system, at which cells attack the fabrics of an organism. Transplantation of immune system would help to rescue health of patients. The way to receive new immune system consists in moving stem cells, which form blood, into a marrow where they make all blood cells. But before this the old cells should be removed, that now is done by means of intensive chemotherapy or radiation – such procedures also damage other fabrics and cause long by-effects, including barrenness, damage of a brain and the increased risk of a cancer. Therefore, according to physicians, the treatment of autoimmune diseases due to influence on functionality of a brain is not a perfect therapy. Scientists see the decision of a problem in elimination of stem cells only forming blood so that the cells of a marrow or other fabrics were not mentioned. They have injected into animals the molecules, which affect the certain albumen on the surface of stem cells in blood. Scientific tests of this method have led to successful destruction of these cells that has not damaged the organism of rodents. When the researchers have transplanted the new stem cells to mice, they have effectively created strong immune system. Leave a comment
Heat Related Illness What Are Heat-Related Illnesses? By reducing excessive exposure to high temperatures and taking other precautionary steps, most heat-related illnesses can be avoided. Those who work in hot or humid environments — such as manufacturing plants, bakeries, or construction sites during summer months — are most at risk. However, even long, hot afternoons at the beach can pose problems if warning signs are ignored. With prompt treatment, most people recover completely from heat-related illness. However, heat stroke can be deadly if not properly managed. What Causes Heat-Related Illnesses? Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses large amounts of water and salt through excessive sweating, particularly through hard physical labor or exercise. This loss of essential fluids can disturb circulation and interfere with brain function. Individuals who have heart, lung, or kidney problems or are on low-sodium diets may be particularly susceptible to heat exhaustion. Heat stroke, the most serious of the heat-related illnesses, occurs when the body suffers from long, intense exposure to heat and loses its ability to cool itself. In prolonged, extreme heat, the part of the brain that normally regulates body temperature malfunctions. This decreases the body’s ability to sweat and, therefore, cool down. Those who have certain medical conditions that decrease the body’s ability to sweat — such as scleroderma or cystic fibrosis — may be at greater risk of developing heat stroke. Water Flow Measuring water flow is an important aspect for canyoners. A marked increase or decrease in flow can create a hazard or make safe passage through previously navigated rapids more difficult or impossible. Flow rate is measured in either Cubic Meters per Second (m³/s) or Cubic Feet per Second (cfs) depending on the country. By knowing the measurements of the river at a given spot, it is possible to calculate its flow volume at any point between confluences. Depth x Width x Speed = Volume Canyon & River Orientation The orientation of the canyon is determined relative to the flow of the water, not the viewer’s perspective. The sides of a canyon are named either Canyon Left or Canyon Right. You also have both Upstream and Downstream. There will be sometimes an exception to this rule where the river can flow in reverse depending on tidal flow. These types of exceptions are usually only found in canyons connected to oceans. U Upstream – The direction from which water is flowing from. D Downstream – The direction in which (or to which) water is flowing. CL Canyon Left – The left side of the channel when looking downstream. CR Canyon Right – The right side of the channel when looking downstream. Note: It’s always important thing to remember is that “canyon left” and “canyon right” are always from the direction of flow. Floating Anchor A Floating Anchor is an advanced technique similar to a guided rappel. There are a couple of different methods of making a Floating Anchor providing that the force and flow of the water will allow us to use it. When using a Floating Anchor it is important to travel along the rappel line as quickly as possible by not introducing a vector and pulling the anchor away from the waterfall lip. To make a floating anchor, attach a rope to the either to the top handle of a rope bag / back pack with the mouth of the bag open. Throw the bag to the waterfall lip, or let the bag be dragged to he waterfall lip. Once at the lip, allow the bag to be constantly be filled with the water from the waterfall. It is important to allow approximately 1 metre of extra length over the waterfall lip before tying off the rappel line. This extra length will help compensate when someone is on the rappel line. The second method is to use a double floating anchor. A double floating anchor involves using a smaller bag to throw over the waterfall lip to help drag a larger bag that will be used for the anchor. This technique is quite useful when you have a wide distance to play with and the larger bag cannot be thrown efficiently. The same principle applies as a standard Floating Anchor. Tow Anchor Tow Anchor Tow Anchor A Tow Anchor is a helpful tool to help you out of a hazard by floating a bag down the flow to help pull you out. The best way to do this is to attach a bag to your harness using a Munter Mule. Do not directly tie into the rope using a Clove Hitch or Figure 8. In case there is problems you can release the Munter Mule and launch the rope bag into the flow which can then help pull you out. Hammer Hoodoo Canyon - Sedona, AZ Hammer Hoodoo Canyon is a recently explored canyon in Sedona, AZ. The canyon is dry and offers great views throughout the day. Overall, a great short day with roughly 9-11 rappels depending on how you approach the challenges. Check out the beta using the link below or directly at OnRopeCanyoneering.com ACA Workshop Weekend Ran a series of workshops over a 3 day period ranging from very basic core canyoneering concepts to advanced rigging and rescue material. Participants had a TON of information thrown at them in a short period and it was amazing to see how much was retained over the course of the classes. Pics are from a few of the days where topics ranged from Intro to canyoneering, Anchors and Rigging, Core rope work, Rigging and Rescue, Leadership and Group Dynamics, In Canyon Training, along with some after hours Discussions and Demos. Those interested in learning check out the calendar of events for any scheduled training sessions or feel free to get in contact at anytime to set up a course that fits your current needs. We have classes for those who have never touched a rope all the way to advanced canyon rescue and will cater a perfect fit for your requirements. Spanish balancier This counterweight system allows the victim to be raised when lowering is impossible. This system is possible when the rope is not attached at the bottom. 1. The rescuer installs a progress capture pulley and tensions the system with his body weight 2. He engages the counterbalance system by pulling on the victim's side of the rope 3. He installs the ASCENSION handled rope clamp and the CROLL ventral rope clamp to ascend with the victim How To Stem Like A Pro Start Stretching Get Creative 5 Tips for Better Balance 1. Find your center of balance 2. Keep it weird 3. Climb one-legged 4. Use your whole body 5. Avoid staying vertical How to Tie a Wrap 2, Pull 1 Anchor Learn the best way to tie a Wrap 2, Pull 1 anchor from the CMC Rescue School. Sometimes you don't have a long enough piece of web for a Wrap 3, Pull 2, so the compromise is just two loops around the anchor point. How to Tie a Basket Anchor Learn the best way to tie a Basket anchor from the CMC Rescue School. Also called a U configuration, first tie the loop and then wrap it around the post and connect it with a triangular screw link. Keep in mind that while this high strength has four legs, failure of one will cause the entire anchor to fail. 10 Pro Tips for Rock-Climbing Beginners 1. "Head for a climbing gym," Green says. "Climbing indoors is easy and safe, and it's a great way to try the sport and see what it is about. You can rent equipment, get instruction, and learn basic climbing skills." When you get to an indoor climbing gym, watch the experienced climbers. Reach out to other climbers at the gym and learn from their experiences. 2. Learn the language: Rock shoes are shoes with smooth soles made of extremely sticky rubber. A harness is a belt that loops around a climber's legs and waist and has attachments that connect to a rope. A belay is a metal device used in belaying (one climber securing the rope for the other climber as he ascends) or in rappelling (a controlled slide down the rope to the ground). Locking carabiners are metal links that connect the climbing rope to the harness. 3. Perfect your moves and your rock-climbing skills before you head out to the real rock. Consider building your own climbing wall. That way, you can boulder, or climb to small heights, and practice your technique. 4. Once you feel ready to climb outdoors, recognize that climbing is a dangerous sport. The most advanced indoor skills don't necessarily prepare you for a safe outdoor experience. 5. To make an outdoor experience as safe as possible, go with experienced climbers. Hire a guide or take outdoor lessons from a guide service. 6. Even if you head out with a group of experienced climbers, don't rely on them for your safety. Be responsible for yourself. Learn to tie your knots, check your knots, tie them to the rope, and check your anchors. 7. Remember that climbing doesn't just involve the arms. "People often ask me, 'Am I strong enough to go climbing?'" Green says. "The answer is usually yes, because climbers use their legs and feet to push off, rather than their arms to pull themselves up." 8. Don't let a fear of heights prevent you from rock climbing. "Many people focus on their fear of heights and their fear of falling," Green says. "I tell people those are two of our basic human fears, and they keep you alive." 9. Learn to trust your belayer (the person holding the rope for you). You can't climb without trust. 10. If you fall in love with climbing, consider buying equipment. But when you start, you can rent equipment: a harness, a helmet, one or two locking carabiners, and a belay rappel device. "Those are your personal climbing tools," Green says. "You'll also need a pair of proper climbing shoes. They mold to your feet and are less sloppy and slippery than tennis shoes." The 10 Things You Need to Know Before You Go Rock Climbing 1. Pick your poison. There are several types of climbing. Try them all to see what floats your boat, says Luke Livesey, head of instruction at Brooklyn Boulders. Top-roping (or rope climbing) with a belay partner allows new climbers to cover a lot of distance on the walls. No partner? No problem—use an auto-belay. If you're afraid of heights, bouldering—rock climbing without ropes—is a great option since the walls are shorter, Johnson says. (If rope climbing is long-distance running, bouldering is like sprinting, she explains.) Finally, in the great outdoors, you'll do either sport climbing, where the climber follows routes that have pre-placed anchors, or traditional (trad) climbing, where the climber places his own protection along the route. (As you likely guessed, trad climbing isn't for beginners.) 2. Get geared up. Proper footwear is key. “I recommend choosing softer climbing shoes, so you’ll be able to get a better feel and grip on the wall,” Johnson says. Skip socks if they're your own shoes, and wear thin ones if you're renting. For bouldering, the only other piece of equipment you need is a chalk bag, and you’re good to go. For top-roping, climbers also need a harness, lead rope, chalk bag,carabiner, and belay device—all of which should be available to rent at your climbing gym. 3. Learn the ropes. So you've got the gear; now you have to learn how to properly belay. In fact, climbers have to be belay-certified before hitting the wall on their own, so taking a class is essential. “Belaying is really about getting into the groove and learning the muscle memory,” says Sarah Laine, an instruction assistant at Brooklyn Boulders. Translation: Reading up on belaying isn’t going to be a huge help. But here are the basics you'll learn in an intro class: • Tie a figure-eight and fisherman's knot to secure the lead rope to the belayer's harness. • Keep your right hand (or left hand, if you're a lefty) in break position (sometimes called home base) below the belay device—and don't let go! • As the climber ascends the wall, they create slack, so the belayer has to pull it through to catch them. Pull slack from the climber’s side by pulling down with your left hand at the same time you pull slack up with your right hand, then come back to break position. (Think: Up, down, pinch, slide.) • Never let go of the rope with your right hand. Your left hand is just an assist—you really want to pull more with the right. 4. Choose your route. Top-roping routes will always start with a five, followed by a decimal point, and then another number that corresponds to the difficulty level of the climb, Laine says. Routes labeled 5.5 or 5.6 are beginner routes, and the higher the number after the decimal point (like 5.12), the harder the climb. Bouldering routes are rated by the V-scale, starting with V0. Once you've selected a path, begin with both hands on the start holds (usually labeled with two pieces of tape), keeping your feet off the ground. Then follow the same color route up the wall. (Going off the color is actually cheating.) Some routes won’t have two footholds at the start, so you can just keep the other foot against the wall when you begin. 5. Engage your core. It seems like climbing would require serious upper-body strength, but your core strength is actually most important. Experience in sports like gymnastics, yoga, or Pilates gives first-time climbers a leg up, Livesey says. Other necessary body parts you’ll need to recruit are your fingers, hands, and upper body (arms, shoulders, and back). 6. Keep your arms straight. "Think about how you carry groceries—with straight arms, right?" Livesey says. "It'd be far more tiring to carry them while bending your arms, and in the same way, climbing becomes more efficient when we keep our arms straight." At the same time, try to keep your legs bent, which makes it easier to push yourself up with your lower body. 7. Plan your climb. "It's a smart idea to sequence the hand movements and identify all of the footholds on the wall before your start your climb," Livesey suggests. "Climbers will often mimic the hand movements to identify the correct (or most efficient) order in which to use each hold while they’re still on the mat." As you gain more experience, you'll be able to read sequences better, which is considered a great skill, he says. Also try looking for clues: Which holds have chalk on them (to tell you where other climbers been placing their hands) and which have rubber marks from shoes? 8. Learn the lingo. It’s essential to communicate properly with your belay partner so you’re both on the same page, Johnson says. Here are a few of thebasic climbing commands that you’ll encounter: • Climber: "On belay.” • Belayer: "Belay on." • Climber: "Climbing." • Belayer: "Climb on." • Climber: "Take." (if you want to take a break) • Belayer: "Got." • Climber: "Lower." • Belayer: "OK, lowering." • Climber: "Off belay." • Belayer: "Belay off." 9. Take a (safe) leap. Coming down from the top of the wall can seem scary at first, but as long as you've taken all the proper safety precautions, you'll be fine, Laine says. And it's actually pretty fun! When you’re ready to come down, alert your belayer (“lower“), straighten your arms, keep your feet against the wall, and let go with your arms. Think “feet first” so you can push off your legs. It can be safer and less harsh on your knees to try to climb down the same way you climbed up, rather than bounce against the wall, Johnson says. 10. Prepare before going outdoors. Rock climbing in a gym is a completely different sport than climbing outside, Johnson says. Grades are going to feel a lot harder outside than inside. Plus, you probably won't have access to trained instructors and the outdoors is a less-controlled environment—you're at the mercy of weather conditions and natural holds. But when the time comes, as long as you take the proper safety precautions and communicate well with your partner, heading out can be way more fun than climbing indoors, Johnson says. Training: 7 Simple Drills To Improve Footwork And Technique You’ve surely heard this once (if not a thousand times) before: Climbing is all about your feet. However, when a fellow climber recites that adage, it’s generally not followed with a detailed explanation about how and why your feet are important, so it can be confusing and frustrating and maybe not mean much at all in the end. So listen up, as that’s about to change. Two people who know a few things about improving footwork are 5.14 climbers, brothers, and training experts Mike and Mark Anderson, who together authored The Rock Climber’s Training Manual. They’ve compiled a list of guidelines and drills that will help you improve your footwork and become a better climber overall. Soon you’ll be spreading the adage, too—but with the knowledge and experience to back it up. Why? Footwork is typically the last skill addressed when climbers try to progress. This bias is not surprising since emphasis is almost always put on upper body strength, but learning to optimally place and weight your feet reduces strain on your forearms and puts your body in a position to efficiently reach the next set of handholds. Plus, the muscles in your legs are larger and have more stamina than your arms, so the more propulsion you can get out of those stems, the better. The net result is climbing that feels anywhere from a little to a whole lot easier. When? Do these on toprope or bouldering close to the ground, so you can focus on the movement instead of worrying about falling. Set aside dedicated practice time two or three times a week; you can easily incorporate the exercises into a 20- or 30-minute warm-up. Pay attention to how your body feels (sensory feedback) while performing the drills, and practice them frequently. Your new skills won’t become part of your on-the-rock repertoire unless they are natural and familiar. You can accelerate this by attempting these drills on increasingly difficult terrain. How?Wear tight-fitting, high-performance shoes. Strap on your redpoint kicks when redefining what you can effectively stand on and move off of. Your mileage gym shoes will be too sloppy and loose to get the desired result and practice. Keep your feet low and move them frequently. Most gym routes encourage large movements between footholds. And while high-stepping or a wide stem may help you send the blue route, these techniques have much less value on real rock. When practicing, work to make small, frequent foot placements. Specifically, try making three foot placements for every hand move. Don’t be surprised if you have to add intermediate feet that aren’t part of the designated route. Climbing in this style will train you to keep your body close to the wall and your weight, well, on your feet. Focus on feet and body, not hands. It’s easy to get fixated on hand sequences and simply put your feet on the biggest holds you can find. The gym offers an excellent place to experiment with how utilizing different foothold locations will drastically affect body position, which in turn, affects the use of handholds. Weight footholds correctly. There is more to good footwork than just putting your piggies exactly where you want them. Once your feet are in position, concentrate on wrapping your toes over the hold while weighting your foot in a way that maximizes friction between hold and rubber. This requires a large amount of core strength and body awareness. DrillsPrecision FeetGoal: Toe accuracy When boulder traversing or toproping, pick the best spot of every foothold you encounter and move your foot onto this exact location with great precision like a bull’s-eye. Do not take your eyes off the foothold until your foot is perfectly placed. Move quicker as your skill level increases. Foot StabGoal: Improve coordination Wear your shoes, stand in front of the wall, and balance on one leg. Reach out and accurately touch pre-selected foothold targets with your raised foot. For increased difficulty, pick targets that require tricky reaches and challenge your balance. BlinkingGoal: Evaluate foot placement by feel Pick out a foothold and move your foot toward its exact location. Before your foot makes contact, close your eyes and finish locating the hold using spatial awareness. Keep your eyes closed until you have your foot securely placed. Evaluate your performance first through feel, and then open your eyes to confirm. Pick out the next hold and continue. Jibs OnlyGoal: Simulate real rock and utilize bad holds Only allow yourself to use tiny screw-on foothold jibs, small divots, waves molded into the body of handholds, and natural features on the surface of the wall. DownclimbingGoal: Focus on lower extremities Many people develop tunnel vision and focus only on what is directly above them and in reach of their hands. When stuck in this pattern, the hips, legs, and feet are easy to forget. Practice downclimbing and let your feet lead the way as you shift your body to most effectively weight and utilize your feet. Glue FeetGoal: Increase holding power and prevent slips Imagine that your toes become frozen to the hold as soon as you place a foot; you can’t change the relationship between foot and hold—no pivoting, tilting, or repositioning. Simply flex at the ankle when moving past the hold. Learn to establish and feel a wide contact area between your foot and the hold, and then work to maintain this maximum contact while the rest of your body moves. ObserveGoal: Learn from others Watch advanced climbers on the exact route or boulder problem you just climbed. When in witness mode, analyze how they move and use their feet. Also, note which footholds they use and consider why. Another option is to watch World Cup competition climbing videos to glean footwork nuances that you can later apply to your own climbing. JUMP - Canyoneering the Seven Teacups The Seven Teacups is one of the most fun canyon destinations in the Sierra. Like a natural water park, the canyon drops through many levels of pools and waterfalls, allowing great places to jump, swim, and rappel. I first did the Teacups in June of 2014, and the experience was so great I had to go back to create a short film there. Music: "Only Human" - Parade of Lights https://www.themusicbed.com/ Shot with a Sony FS700 and a GoPro Hero3 Black Edition. Lenses used were Canon L Series 16-35, 24-105, and a 70-200. Shot using a Glidecam HD4000. Edited in Adobe Premiere Pro CC. Slow motion captured at 240fps on the Sony FS700 and at 120fps on the GoPro Hero3. DISCLAIMER: Canyoneering is a dangerous sport. Technical training and knowledge of safety techniques are encouraged before attempting any canyon. To find out more about canyoneering, technical skills, training, and safety, check out these sites: http://www.canyoneering.net/ http://www.canyoneeringusa.com/ http://www.meetup.com/canyoneering/ AMGA Guide Exam Discover what it takes to become an AMGA certified alpine guide. The first half of this video covers the exam itself, and the second covers the benefits of being a certified guide, along with some of the benefits of hiring a certified guide. Visit www.amga.com to find out more. We Are Canyoneers People always ask us why we go canyoneering. Why do we do what we do? Why do we risk our lives, hanging on a thin rope over a cliff, hundreds of feet above the ground? What is the appeal? It's not easy to explain to people. For over a year, with the help of some awesome friends, I packed heavy camera gear into some remote places to give people a glimpse of why we love this sport so much.
What does quakerism mean? Definitions for quakerism Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word quakerism. Princeton's WordNet 1. Quakerism(noun) 1. Quakerism(Noun) An alternate name for the belief system of the members of the Religious Society of Friends, an ostensibly Christian religious denomination that began in England in the 17th century. 2. Quakerism(Noun) A behaviour, belief, etc. that is characteristic of Quakers. Webster Dictionary 1. Quakerism(noun) the peculiar character, manners, tenets, etc., of the Quakers 1. Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of quakerism in Chaldean Numerology is: 7 2. Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of quakerism in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6 Images & Illustrations of quakerism 1. quakerismquakerismquakerism Find a translation for the quakerism definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these quakerism definitions with the community: Word of the Day Please enter your email address: Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "quakerism." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 24 Nov. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/quakerism>. Are we missing a good definition for quakerism? Don't keep it to yourself... Nearby & related entries: Alternative searches for quakerism: Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support.
Relationship Between Sociology and Other Social Sciences & Relationship Between Sociology and Economics Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 10465 • Published : October 13, 2012 Open Document Text Preview Sociology and economics are the branches of the social sciences .They have very close relationship. Economics deals with the economics activities of man which is also called science of bred and butter. Economics is the study of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Economics as concerned with material welfare of the human beings. Economics welfare is only a part of human welfare and it can be only sought only with the proper knowledge of social laws. It cannot go far ahead without the help of sociology and other sciences. Sociology and economics are helpful to each other. Economics’ relationship are closely related with social activities as same as social relationship are also effected by economic activity. \| Carl Heinrich Marx\| Thus due to such relations, Thomas regarded economics as the branch of sociology which is known as economic sociology and is use to study economic process of the society. Some economists like Sam Bart, Max Weber, and Pareto have explained economic change as aspect of social change. According to them, the study of economics would be incomplete without understanding of human society. The society, it's structure, organization, it's institution, it's strength and witness Etc. are bound to effect economics activities of its people. On the other hand, according to Karl Marx, the social phenomena’s are determined by economic forces .And social reality or social change can be explained in terms of economic forces. According to Karl Marx, the infrastructure of society is nothing but the economic relations among it's people are something. \| The oldest turtle cion,dates 700 B.C\| Now the area of co-operation between sociology and economics is becoming wider. Economists are now analyzing the social factors influencing economic growth. Economists are now more and more making use of the sociological concept and... tracking img
The Chambered Nautilus in My Life Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 134 • Published : May 6, 2013 Open Document Text Preview Nicholas Lawrence Ms. Tengan English 11 Hard Work, Devotion and Dedication Work ethics include not only how one feels about their job, career or vocation, but also how one does his/her job or responsibilities. This involves attitude, behavior, respect, communication, and interaction; how one gets along with others. Work ethics demonstrate many things about whom and how a person is. My dad is another meaning of work ethic because he sets good examples at his job as a manager and to the people around him. He shows a lot of hard work, Devotion and Dedication. During my dad’s life he has been doing a lot of work ethics to his school, sports, and jobs and to the people around him. My dad was a captain for his sports, a coach to me and my brothers and right now he is currently working at my family owned store as a manager. Every day he goes to work, he is always tested by his co-workers and customers to show work ethics. My dad is applying for a job at Hawaiian Airlines and I think he will get the job because of the way he shows work ethics and because he’s really smart. My dad is that one person that is always outgoing to others. If he has a job to do, then he gets it done no matter what or how long it will take. For example, my dad built our family house that we have right now. It took him a very long time to get it done but still yet he got it done and he lead all his co-workers to build a wonderful house. This is why I consider my dad as one of my idols and as a definition of “Work Ethic”. Throughout the last few years, there have been companies whose work ethic honesty, integrity and accountability have been rather shady and have a rather negative impact on other people. This has involved work ethic is very strong and important because Work ethics, such as honesty (not lying, cheating, and stealing), doing a job well, valuing what one does, having a sense of purpose and feeling/being a part of a greater vision or plan is vital.... tracking img
This week the PiDojo group started to experiment with building our own robots. To build a basic robot all you need is motors, a driver chip, some batteries and of course a Raspberry Pi. IMPORTANT: Do not connect a motor, no matter how small directly to the Raspberry Pi, it will damage your Raspberry Pi. We use a L293B motor driver chip which is like is a little current amplifier that takes a low-current control signal and then turns it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor. I would also recommend using separate batteries to power the Raspberry Pi and the Motors as the motors can sometimes draw a lot of power from the batteries for example when starting up and this could cause the Raspberry Pi to restart. We used a “Power Bank” from Penneys to power the the Raspberry Pi and four AA batteries to power the motors. Here is a drawing of our circuit. We wired up our circuit and placed it into a container that had the motors attached to it. Once we had our robot assembled we loaded up this code and tested it out then we tried to program our robots to follow a preset path but the lack of a third wheel made this very difficult, something we will have to improve for next week. This week was also our first time using Gpio Zero which is a new Python library for controlling the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. It makes physical programming much more straight forward and really helped to speed up our work this session. 4 thoughts on “PiDojo-Robots 1. Pingback: PiDojo-Robots \| TecEX 2. Pingback: PiDojo-Robots \| TecEX 3. Pingback: Bodgers – Robot Duels At CoderDojo Athenry \| CoderDojo Athenry Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Oil Is Cheap. Why Is Gas, Which Is Made From Oil, Even Cheaper? Crude oil futures recently fell to about $50 a barrel, the cheapest they have been since May 2005. How does this relate to gasoline prices? There is a relationship between crude oil prices and gasoline prices, since oil is used to make gasoline. But there is not a simple, linear, one-to-one relationship. In the futures markets, a gallon of gasoline has been, on average over the last six years, 22 cents more expensive than a gallon of crude, according to John C. Felmy, chief economist for API, an oil and gas trade association. (A barrel of oil contains 42 gallons, by the way.) That 22-cent difference comes primarily from the costs of refining oil into gasoline. Right now, though, the decline in gas prices is outpacing that in oil prices on the futures markets. In fact, a gallon of gas is currently cheaper than a gallon of oil on the futures markets in the New York Mercantile Exchange. Why is this? While one product may be used to make the other, they have different supply and demand issues. In much of the recent past, oil prices drove gas prices. Fears about a supply shortfall, plus strong demand for petroleum products like diesel, pushed up the cost of oil, which meant companies that refine oil into gasoline had to pay more for raw materials. At the same time, though, demand for gas was slowing, which meant refiners were unable to pass on all of their costs. The run-up in gas prices therefore lagged slightly behind the run-up in oil. The price of oil futures peaked on July 3, and the price of gasoline futures peaked a week later. Then recession hit. The financial system began to fall apart, and along with it investors sold off commodity futures (like crude oil). Consumers also tightened their belts and stopped buying as much gas, even during summer, the peak driving season. Demand for gas cratered. Since then, gas prices — both at the pump and in the wholesale futures market — have plummeted. One must remember, though, that products other than gasoline are made from crude oil. Of every barrel of crude oil, only about 40 percent goes to make gasoline, according to Ben Brockwell, director for data pricing and information services at OPIS, a company that tracks petroleum pricing and news. The rest goes toward production of other products, like diesel fuel. Diesel is used in much of the world for electrical power and industrial generation, although there isn’t a huge market for it in the United States. Perhaps one reason oil futures prices are above gas futures prices is that diesel is feebly keeping oil afloat. Demand for diesel is falling, but it has not fallen nearly as much as gas. Gas futures prices have fallen 70 percent from their peak; diesel futures have fallen 58 percent. Oil futures have fallen 66 percent. There is also a perpetual fear that some international incident — whether a conflict or a cartel-imposed quota — might disrupt the oil supply. It’s also easier to store crude oil than it is to store gasoline, which has more vaporization issues, Mr. Brockwell says. This means that if there isn’t much demand for petroleum products now, but you expect there to be a shortage in the future, it may make sense to hold onto (and buy more) crude, but the same wouldn’t be true for gasoline. On a related note, the price of oil several years down the road is much higher than the spot price, which means refiners have a strong incentive to stock up on oil now. A brief addendum on retail gas prices: You’re probably wondering how all this relates to the prices you see at the pump. On average over the last six years, a gallon of gas on the retail market has been about 99 cents higher than a gallon of oil on the futures market, according to Mr. Felmy. (Those 99 cents come from the costs of refining, distribution, marketing and taxes. For a detailed breakdown, click here.) Unlike wholesale gasoline futures, today retail gas is still more expensive than oil futures, although the price difference is narrower than usual, presumably because of dwindling consumer demand. Right now, the average retail price nationwide is $1.929 a gallon for regular, according to AAA, the automotive group; a gallon of crude on the futures market is trading at $1.193 on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Many thanks to Jad Mouawad, The Times’s energy correspondent, for his help with this explainer. Comments are no longer being accepted. Fascinating and informative. Thank you. This is great. During 2008 70-80% of the retail price of oil was due to the cost per barrel of oil and TAXES. I thought BIG OIL was responsible for these high prices, especially since the CEOs had to go talk to congress. Here is an idea, lets keep gas prices low. Howe do we do that? We get our own supply of oil (drill!). And, if we need it we turn it on. Waiting for oil to go to $150 per barrel and then thinking about more oil is very short sided, which is why I am not surprised that this is how our politicians look at “energy policy.” had never seen these comparables, interesting great analysis … so what is the best way for a consumer of retail gas to protect themselves from future anticipated retail price increases? Where is the eveidence that the fall in gasoline use is large enough to deserve descriptions like “cratered”, or that it has been large enough to effect pricing? According to US Energy Information Administration statistics, gasoline deliveries are only down by 3% compared to a year ago (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/wgfupus2w.htm). Since this value varies by 10-20% over the course of a year, why would 3% matter? Is this just an example of how easy it is to to spook gamblers, I mean, investors? Or is it an example of blaming consumers for manipulation by corporations, governments, and cartels that have a much greater ability to drive prices? My pet theory is that oil companies are providing cheap gas and foregoing profits in an effort to avoid a whole host of new legislation in the US, including windfall profit taxes, loss of tax breaks, incentives for efficient vehicles, etc. I read the “explanation for cheaper gas” twice and it really still does not answer why gas prices suddenly dropped. What I would like to see is a study (from an objective research organization) done to look at possible correlations between raising/lowering gas prices and state/national elections, along with possible correlations between gas prices and legislated requests to increase oil drilling offshore or on public lands. Lastly, where does plastic manufacturing fit into this oil/gas equation??? wow a 5.2 % fall in demand can leverage all this Wow, a 5.2 % reduction in consumption can do all this. Kind of interesting… Could it be that the oil futures market is holding with the idea that our current drop in prices will vanish as soon as the economy begins to revover from this financial disaster? it seems to be quiet informative. Good job. I am always surprised that readers like Lizotte and Voelker can see an industry’s prices drop by 60% and still believe that that industry controls those prices. To Lizotte and Voelker: Please go to this web page: Here you will see international oil prices for the past 15 years or so. Take a few countries’ prices (I recommend Iran, Venezuela, Russia, and the US) and plot them up as a time series on Excel. You will see that they correlate with an R^2 of well over 0.95. Those countries have also seen spectacular falls in the prices of the oil they sell on the global market. Similarly, wholesale gasoline is traded on global markets and has collapsed everywhere else, not just in the USA. Now, what both you seem to be saying is that Chavez, Ahmadinejad, and Putin are in agreement on driving crude oil prices down to protect US oil companies from onerous domestic legislation, and to re-elect certain US politicians (which ones, exactly?). Given the recent $90-100 drop in oil prices and the attendant decline in product prices, you are both also claiming that the world’s oil companies are willing to drop about $15 billion PER DAY, or well over $5 trillion per year, to meet these objectives. There have been studies done on the so-called election year effect on oil prices. The statistics demonstrate nothing. But this popular notion just won’t go away. The public’s misconceptions and gross misunderstanding of the way the oil industry operates leads to such bizarre beliefs. Most people, presumably including Lizotte and Voelker, probably accept that gold, wheat, or iron ore prices are driven by market forces. They see other commodities rising and falling (as has happened lately in tandem with oil) but don’t think twice about it. But with oil, there always has to be something amiss, some conspiracy. How did this belief system come into being? Missed opportunity. When oil was at 140, and everybody saw that increased government spending was in the curtains, why did we not create a tax that would keep the price of oil at a constant 100, if oil prices were to drop below 100. Enabling a permanent shift in oil imports due to heavy government spending on renewables. Geoff Colvin over at Fortune wrote a similar piece called Brains versus Brawn back in September and it goes on talk about how the price of something that came out of the ground is worth more than the intellectual advancements applied to it. The example used is the Pentium Chip. I also write about it in my blog – http://www.workingthoughts.com Here is a link to Colvin’s story: To Michael Lozette: Demand for oil and gas is relatively inelastic – that is, when the price of oil/gas rises, demand is reluctant to fall, and when this price declines, demand is loathe to rise. (or, perhaps, when demand falls, prices drop much more sharply than demand does – cause and effect can run in both directions.) Because of this, enormous price swings are common. Demand is inelastic because the need to consume fuel is ingrained in our economy, both in transportation and in other areas; the more we reduce this dependence on oil/gas, the more elastic its demand might become (=a more stable price level). I misspelled the name of the contributor I was addressing. It is Michael Lizotte, not Michael Lozette. My apologies. So which is more important in influencing the price per barrel of crude oil or, more specifically, influencing the futures market: 1. a weakening in consumer demand 2. the reduction in supply of oil …??? They are counteracting as we can see from the laws of supply and demand, but it appears that the consumers have won this one as of right now. I argue that demand wins the whole thing because reduction in aggregate demand was likely what caused a reduction in supply of OPEC in the first place. In response to Richard Rabinowitz, I am curious to see if at what price level, if any, will the demand for gasoline greatly drop in response to price level. Obviously, consumer demand has some effect so we can’t say that it is wholly inelastic. I don’t give a damn. I will still ride the bus, demand that we put substanial investments in Mass Transit ; Demand that companies design and build plug-in hybrid vehicles. Why? because this is just another ploy by Big Oil to get you to buy and use fuel inefficient vehicles. People, don’t be fickle. Remember, once you get back to your “oil dependency”, the powers that be will jack up the price again. I have a 1979 Datsun sedan that gets 47 MPG on the highway. My 1983 Honda Accord gets 38. The Chevy Volt is predicted to get 40, and GM wants billions to develop it. How did they manage to forget how to build a fuel efficient vehicle? Mr. Shields, A brief look at the price behavior of a number of other commodities, like lead, soybean oil, gold, and wheat, for example, would reveal price rises and falls very similar to oil’s over the past year or two. Or you could just go look at Bloomberg commodity futures at But, that would be too much work. Conspiracy theories are much more satisfying and easy, aren’t they? What dragons do you suppose other commodity industries are trying to slay by letting their prices drop? Please explain to me why NY has some of the highest gas prices in the nation? I just looked out my window to confirm that the river was still there where it was when I went to sleep last night, I also confirmed that we’re still floating just a 1/4 mile from New Jersey. So why does there seem to be little correlation between access to gasoline supply and pricing. I can only assume that it’s tougher to get gas to rural upstate New York than it is to get it to 34th street. Please explain. NY state and federal taxes combine for 59.3 cents per gallon. The US average is 47 cents per gallon. For New Jersey the total tax take is 32.9 cents per gallon. There are many reasons for regional variations in gasoline prices. Additionally, lots of products vary in price around the country. Housing for example? You can buy a fresh pineapple cheaper in an LA supermarket than you can in the Honolulu airport. #20 — Your ’79 Datsun has no air bags, no heavy steel crash beams in the doors, crank windows, maybe no air conditioning, manual seats, no navigation system, less sound insulation, and by 2008 standards it is slow as molasses. If you built the same car today with the same horsepower and the same features (or lack thereof), but with 2008 technology, it would probably get 60 MPG. Buyers would deem it a slow, tinny, noisy, cheap, unsafe penalty box and they wouldn’t buy it. More accurately, they wouldn’t buy it if they could, because it would be illegal to build that car today, due to safety requirements. Many new cars sold as “economy” cars are overpowered, over-equipped and too heavy. But are we willing to buy a genuinely stripped car? Are we willing to accept 0-60 in 15 seconds, not 8? Are we willing to accept reasonable but not “cost and weight are no object” levels of safety to get 60 MPG? 1979 cars had seat belts, head restraints and collapsible steering columns. A few years later they had shoulder belts in the rear too. Those old box Volvo wagons had a structurally safe body in the 1970’s without being ridiculously heavy. To be safe in these older cars you just gotta use the daggone belts. Don’t forget that air bags were mandated mostly because people wouldn’t use belts. To some extent, we have only ourselves to blame. The fact is that the oil companies are manipulating the price of gasoline. Oil has declined $10 a barrel lately, but the price of gasoline has gone up. We are being screwed and that’s a fact. The politicians are morons too. When oil was $4.00 plus a gallon during the campaigns, they talked about a moratorium on the federal gas tax. Now that the elections are over, oil has come down, and they are pissing money away like fools, they want to RAISE the gas tax 50%. God…please save us from the idiots we have elected. They’ve never worked a real job and we think they know how to solve financial problems? NOT!
Paul Craig RobertsThe holiday originated in 1887 to celebrate the contribution made by American workers to the strength and prosperity of the United States. The first Monday in September was chosen by President Grover Cleveland to avoid a May date that would keep alive the memory of the previous year’s Haymarket Massacre in which workers striking for an eight-hour day suffered casualties from the Chicago police. As time passed union leadership became a career rather than a movement in behalf of a cause, but the labor movement in its initial years was reformist. It brought safer working conditions into industry and manufacturing. Unions served as a countervailing power and constrained the exploitative power of capital. An industrial or manufacturing job was a ladder of upward mobility that made the US an opportunity society and stabilized the socio-political system with a large middle class. A large and thriving industrial and manufacturing sector provided many white collar middle class jobs for managers, engineers, researchers and designers, and American universities flourished as did their graduates. The two-party system that had maintained a reasonable balance was transformed into a one-party system in which both parties were dependent on the same moneyed interests and thus answered to the same masters. The imbalance in the distribution of income and wealth cannot be corrected through the tax system. The imbalance is due largely to the loss of the jobs that provided the economic basis for the middle class. Correction requires a retreat from globalism and the return to a largely self-sufficient economy, which the US economy was during its glory decades. Globalism is a scheme for impoverishing First World labor and taking power and influence from the hands of the many and putting them in the hands of the few. The champions of globalism are the champions of America’s destruction. Today the Republicans are demolishing the public sector unions. These jobs can’t be outsourced, but public schools can be replaced with charter schools, prisons can be privatized, and many public services can be contracted out to private businesses. Public sector unions never had as strong a case for their existence as manufacturing and industrial unions. Moreover, strikes by firemen, police forces, school teachers, and trash collectors undermined public support for public sector unions as did many unpleasant experiences with the licensing bureaucracies of state and local government departments. Nevertheless, public sector unions could serve as a check on ambitious executive and legislative power. Whether one has a favorable or unfavorable opinion of unions, their demise is also the demise of countervailing power. A system in which there is no countervailing power is a tyranny in which power is unconstrained and unaccountable. The American people have been subdued and turned into a flock of sheep. Will they ever rise again?
Choose Your City Change City Keeping drunk drivers from getting behind the wheel Few things are more deadly than drunk driving, but it’s very difficultto prevent people from getting behind the wheel if they’re not willingto police themselves. Few things are more deadly than drunk driving, but it’s very difficult to prevent people from getting behind the wheel if they’re not willing to police themselves. One possible solution is DADSS (Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety), a cooperative research project by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and ACTS, the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety. The DADSS program is intended to research, develop and demonstrate non-invasive methods that quickly measure the driver’s BAC, or blood alcohol concentration, each time the driver gets in. If the BAC is too high, the car won’t start. Unlike an ignition interlock, which requires the driver to blow into a breathalyzer and is often mandated by the courts for convicted drunk drivers, the DADSS system must work invisibly. Currently, researchers are looking at tissue spectrometry, which would estimate alcohol via the driver’s skin when the vehicle’s starter button is pushed, and at distant spectrometry, which would measure exhaled breath. “There are tremendous challenges and most have to do with how complex a vehicle is itself,” says Wade Newton, director of communications for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, which works with ACTS. “It’s 3,000 parts working together in all temperature conditions, whether filled with passengers or empty, or maybe not maintained. The device and technology must work all the time.” Such technology, should it become feasible, could potentially be added to all new vehicles. For that reason, it must be invisible to the operator, Newton says. “It can’t inconvenience the sober driver,” he says. “We need to be confident that it’s not going to prevent a sober driver from operating the vehicle. A huge percentage doesn’t drink, but they’re affected by drunk drivers.” The research teams have a lot of work ahead. The device must prevent the car from being started at precisely the legal limit of .08 BAC, “and they could be .0799 when they start and a few minutes later they cross over, and how do you handle that?” Newton says. “That’s one of the as-yet unanswered questions.” The breath-based system must be able to pinpoint the driver and not an intoxicated passenger. “Successful technology will be able to tell where the breath is, how warm it is, where it’s coming from. It wouldn’t just be ambient in the vehicle,” Newton says. Overcoming such complexity takes time, and researchers are hoping to demonstrate the technology in a research vehicle by 2013. Consider AlsoFurther Articles
animal farm Skip this Video Download Presentation Animal Farm Loading in 2 Seconds... play fullscreen 1 / 32 Animal Farm - PowerPoint PPT Presentation • Uploaded on Animal Farm By George Orwell Allegory - Satire - Fable “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.” George Orwell British Author & Journalist 1903-1950 Born in India Download Presentation PowerPoint Slideshow about 'Animal Farm' - issac Presentation Transcript animal farm Animal Farm By George Orwell Allegory - Satire - Fable george orwell british author journalist George OrwellBritish Author & Journalist • 1903-1950 • Born in India • At that time India was a part of the British Empire, and Blair's father, Richard, held a post as an agent in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. • The Blair family was not very wealthy - Orwell later described them ironically as "lower-upper-middle class". They owned no property, had no extensive investments; they were like many middle-class English families of the time, totally dependent on the British Empire for their livelihood and prospects. • Noted as a novelist and critic, as well as a political and cultural commentator • One of the most widely admired English-language essayists of the 20th century • Best known for two novels critical of totalitarianism in general, and Stalinism in particular: • Animal Farm • Nineteen Eighty-Four “Liberty is telling people what they do not want to hear.” • The novel, published in 1949, takes place in 1984 and presents an imaginary future where a totalitarian state controls every aspect of life, even people's thoughts. The state is called Oceania and is ruled by a group known as the Party; its leader and dictator is Big Brother. george orwell and his beliefs George Orwell and His Beliefs • Orwell was a person who had a reputation for standing apart and even making a virtue of his detachment. • This “outsider” position often led him to oppose the crowd. • Orwell’s beliefs about politics were affected by his experiences fighting in the Spanish Civil War. • He viewed socialists, communists, and fascists as repressive and self-serving. • He was skeptical of governments and their willingness to forsake ideas in favor of power. Interesting Fact: George Orwell’s real name was Eric Blair. why animals Why Animals? george orwell in india George Orwell in India • He was born in India and spent his early years there since his father held a post there. • He was a lonely boy who liked to make up stories and talk with imaginary companions. • As an adult, he worked for the Imperial Police in British occupied India. what is animal farm What is Animal Farm? • The story traces the deplorable conditions of mistreated animals who can speak and who exhibit many human characteristics. After extreme negligence by their owner, the animals revolt and expel Mr. Jones and his wife from the farm. • The tale of the society the animals form into a totalitarian regime is generally viewed as Orwell's critique of the communist system in the former Soviet Union. Interesting Fact: Orwell initially struggled to find a publisher for Animal Farm. significance today Significance Today • But why – now that Soviet Communism has fallen and the Cold War is over –does Animal Farm deserve our attention? The answer lies in the power of allegory. Allegorical fables, because they require us to make comparisons and connections, can be meaningful to any reader in any historical period. The story of Animal Farm will always have lessons to teach us about the ways that people abuse power and manipulate others. • Orwell's chilling story of the betrayal of idealism through tyranny and corruption is as fresh and relevant today as when it was first published in 1945. children s book no Children’s Book? – No! • After Animal Farm was published in 1945, George Orwell discovered with horror that booksellers were placing his novel on children’s shelves. According to his housekeeper, he began traveling from bookstore to bookstore requesting that the book be shelved with adult works. This dual identity — as children’s story and adult satire — has stayed with Orwell’s novel for more than fifty years. the fable The Fable • The fable is one of the oldest literary forms - much, much older than the novel or the short story. A fable is usually short, written in either verse or prose, and conveys a clear moral or message. The earliest fables still preserved date back to 6th Century Greece B.C.E. The author of these fables, Aesop, used animal characters to stand for human "types." For example, a fox character might embody the human characteristics of cunning and cleverness. Though Aesop's animal fables were ostensibly about animals, they were really instructional tales about human emotions and human behavior. animal fables Animal Fables • The most popular animal fables of the 20th Century are the Just So Stories (1902) written by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling's fables were adapted by Disney in the movie The Jungle Book. Orwell admired Kipling and the Just So Stories would seem to have influenced the form of Animal Farm. Orwell took the short animal fable and expanded it to the length of a short novel in the form of an allegory. • Most fables have two levels of meaning. On the surface, the fable is about animals. But on a second level, the animals stand for types of people or ideas. The way the animals interact and the way the plot unfolds says something about the nature of people or the value of ideas. Any type of fiction that has multiple levels of meaning in this way is called an allegory. allegory cont d Allegory (cont’d) • Animal Farm is strongly allegorical, but it presents a very nice balance between levels of meaning. On the first level, the story about the animals is very moving. You can be upset when Boxer is taken away by the horse slaughterer without being too aware of what he stands for. But at the same time, each of the animals does serve as a symbol. The story's second level involves the careful critique Orwell constructed to comment on Soviet Russia. allegory cont d14 Allegory (cont’d) • Yet there is no reason that allegory must be limited to two levels. It is possible to argue that Animal Farm also has a third and more general level of meaning. For instance, the pigs need not only represent specific tyrannical soviet leaders. They could also be symbols for tyranny more broadly: their qualities are therefore not simply the historical characteristics of a set of actual men but are the qualities of all leaders who rely on repression and manipulation. Squealer, Snowball, & Napoleon • In a satire, the writer attacks a serious issue by presenting it in a ridiculous light or otherwise poking fun at it. Orwell uses satire to expose what he saw as the myth of Soviet socialism. Thus, the novel tells a story that people of all ages can understand, but it also tells us a second story— that of the real-life revolution. Soviet Coat of Arms • Irony results when there is a disparity between what an audience would expect and what really happens. Orwell uses a particular type of irony – dramatic irony. He relies on the difference between what the animals understand and what we, the audience, can conclude about the situation at Animal Farm. • We know just what the animals know, but we can see so much more of its significance than they can. The conclusions we reach that the animals never quite get to – that the pigs are decadent, corrupt, and immoral – are all the more powerful because we arrive at them ourselves, without the narrator pointing these things out directly. Snowball below the commandments. Napoleon overindulging himself. irony cont d Irony (cont’d) • Orwell uses dramatic irony to create a particularly subtle satire. Satire stages a critique of an individual, group, or idea by exaggerating faults and revealing hypocrisies. The dramatic irony of Animal Farm achieves this aim indirectly. We see the hypocrisy that the animals don't and therefore understand in this backward fashion that the book is deeply critical of the pigs. when history and literature merge When History and Literature Merge • Critics often consider Animal Farm to be an allegory of the Russian Revolution. In the early 1900s, Russia’s Czar Nicholas II faced an increasingly discontented populace. Freed from feudal serfdom in 1861, many Russian peasants were struggling to survive under an oppressive government. By 1917, amidst the tremendous suffering of World War I, a revolution began. In two major battles, the Czar’s government was overthrown and replaced by the Bolshevik leadership of Vladimir Lenin. When Lenin died in 1924, his former colleagues Leon Trotsky, hero of the early Revolution, and Joseph Stalin, head of the Communist Party, struggled for power. Stalin won the battle, and he deported Trotsky into permanent exile. Czar Nicholas II Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin joseph stalin Joseph Stalin • Once in power, Stalin began, with despotic urgency and exalted nationalism, to move the Soviet Union into the modern industrial age. His government seized land in order to create collective farms. Stalin’s Five Year Plan was an attempt to modernize Soviet industry. Many peasants refused to give up their land, so to counter resistance Stalin used vicious military tactics. Rigged trials led to executions of an estimated 20 million government officials and ordinary citizens. The government controlled the flow and content of information to the people, and all but outlawed churches. Joseph Stalin napoleon joseph stalin Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones After the rebellion’s success, he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant. Joseph Stain The communist dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953 who killed all who opposed him. He loved power and used the KGB (secret police) to enforce his ruthless, corrupt antics. Napoleon = Joseph Stalin farmer jones czar nicholas ii Farmer Jones The irresponsible owner of the farm Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip Sometimes shows random kindness Czar Nicholas II Weak Russian leader during the early 1900s Often cruel and brutal to his subjects Displays isolated kindess Farmer Jones = Czar Nicholas II snowball leon trotsky Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders. After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles. Leon Trotsky A pure communist leader who was influenced by the teachings of Karl Marx. He wanted to improve life for people in Russia, but was driven away by Lenin’s KGB. Snowball = Leon Trotsky Old Major An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling. His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism. He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England” Dies before revolution Karl Marx The inventor of communism Wants to unite the working class to overthrow the government. Dies before the Russian Revolution who is karl marx Who is Karl Marx? • Many of the ideals behind the Soviet revolution were based on the writings and teachings of Karl Marx. A German intellectual who lived in the mid-1800s, Marx believed that societies are divided into two segments, a working class and an owner class. The working class creates all the products, while the owner class enjoys all the benefits of these products. This class division leads to inequality and oppression of the working class. Marx’s objective was to create a classless society in which the work is shared by all for the benefit of all, and he believed revolution was the way to achieve this goal. characterization in fables Characterization in Fables • We already know that a fable is a narration intended to enforce a useful truth. Fables have two important characteristics. First, they teach a moral or lesson. In Animal Farm, the moral involves Orwell’s views about Soviet politics. Second, the characters are most frequently animals. These animal characters often function as a satiric device to point out the follies of humankind. Though Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon may represent Karl Marx, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin, many of the story characters are much more general. Some animals are grouped together as a single character—“the sheep,” “the hens,” and “the dogs.” Orwell also capitalizes on the traits generally associated with particular animals, such as sheep as followers and dogs as loyal. squealer boxer Squealer & Boxer • Squealer • A big mouth pig who becomes Napoleon’s mouthpiece. Throughout the novel, he displays his ability to manipulate the animals’ thoughts through the use of hollow, yet convincing rhetoric. • Represents the propaganda department that worked to support Stalin’s image; the members of the department would use lies to convince the people to follow Stalin. • Boxer • A dedicated but dimwitted horse who aids in the building of the windmill but is sold to a glue-boiler after collapsing from exhaustion. • Represents the dedicated, but tricked communist supporters of Stalin. Many stayed loyal even after it was obvious Stalin was a tyrant. Eventually they were betrayed, ignored, and even killed by him. jessie moses Jessie & Moses • Jessie • The farm's sheepdog, she keeps tabs on the pigs and is among the first to suspect that something is wrong at Animal Farm. • Moses • A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones who tells the animals stories about a paradise called Sugarcandy Mountain. • Moses represents religion. Stalin used religious principles to influence people to work and to avoid revolt. more characters More Characters Pilkington Jones' neighbor, he finds a way to profit from Animal Farm by forming an alliance with the pigs. MurielA goat who believes in the rebellion, she watches as Animal Farm slips away from its founding principles. MollieA vain horse who resists the animal rebellion because she doesn't want to give up the petting and treats she receives from humans. Mollie represents vain, selfish people in Russia and throughout the world who ignored the revolution and sought residence in more inviting countries. BenjaminThe most cynical of all the animals, the farm's donkey doubts the leadership of the pigs but is faithfully devoted to Boxer. Benjamin represents all the skeptical people in Russia and elsewhere who weren’t sure revolution would change anything. The SheepNot tremendously clever, the sheep remind themselves of the principles of animalism by chanting "four legs good, two legs bad." The Dogs Napoleon’s private army that used fear to force the animals to work; they killed any opponent of Napoleon. The dogs represent Stalin’s loyal KGB (secret police). The KGB were not really police, but mercenaries used to force support for Stalin. animalism communism Taught my Old Major No rich, but no poor Better life for workers All animals are equal Everyone owns the farm Invented by Karl Marx All people are equal Government owns everything People own the government Animalism = Communism animal farm revolution russian revolution Animal Farm Revolution Was supposed to make life better for all, but . . . Life was worse at the end. The leaders became the same as, or worse than the other farmers (humans) they rebelled against. Russian Revolution Was supposed to fix the problems created by the Czar, but . . . Life was even worse after the revolution. Stalin made the Czar look like a nice guy. Animal Farm Revolution = Russian Revolution
South Korea Restoration Project Turns Highway into a Green Park - Feb 23, 2010 What might seem like an ordinary stream is actually a testament to modern engineering. These are pictures of an old downtown highway in Seoul, South Korea, which was transformed into an eco-friendly park. In 2003, this South Korea restoration project, called the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project, removed the highway dividing the city between the North and South. The stream was then recovered and turned into this awe-inspiring park. The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project took two years to complete and cost roughly $300 million, but it now provides a thriving stretch of green public space in the middle of Seoul, South Korea.
Saturday, August 29, 2009 Type 99 Pontoon Bridge Tuesday, August 25, 2009 British battle tactics Before the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the Japanese Army studied the British battle tactics. Right from the start of their landing in Kota Bahru, they seemed to be able to read the British strategies. Battles after battles, the british were hoodwinked by their counter measures. It's no surprise that the British were predictable and the Japanese seemed think faster in the heat of battle. Below are some Japanese documents on the British. a. General Rules (1) Although the English army has some mechanical mobility, in general, it does not have much maneuverability. Therefore a quick decisive battle should be sought by flanking and encirclement. (2) Since determined action is generally better than prudence, we should avail ourselves of the enemy's hesitation in completing his preparation to gain the initiative. (3) We must gain victory by taking the offensive and seizing the initiative, and overcoming the enemy. (4) Since their front is generally strong and the distribution of firepower especially thorough there, we should strive to operate on their rear and take advantage of surprise. Since they are unskilled in night fighting, we should make extensive use of it. (5) As they have great numbers of vehicles and their use of them is skillful, we must make our dispositions carefully so as to limit use of these vehicles. It is essential to be on the alert for motorized flanking and encircling movements. (6) They definitely use gas; therefore, antigas measures are essential. b. Attack (1) They are generally cautious in attacking, and in planned attacks they have a tendency to use positional warfare and make exhaustive reconnaissance and preparations. We should strengthen our position more and more while they are getting ready, and at the same time, by stratagem, try to take the offensive. (2) In attack, they endeavor to encircle or break through. However, as they are cautious when carrying out an encirclement, we should strive to utilize our maneuverability, further encircle the enemy's encircling force, and fight a decisive action at a point where the enemy does not expect it. Do not use a passive defense if you can help it, as it has the disadvantage of making it easy for the British to build up their strong firepower. On the defensive, choose a position where the front line will not be under the enemy's fire. (3) Although they realize the necessity of a charge, particularly in gaining the final decision in a conflict, they do not concern themselves much about its strength, but rather strengthen their firepower and their positions. The infantry weapons for hand-to-hand fighting are few, and automatic weapons are many. The infantry just follow the curtain of fire and occupy the ground. For this reason, it is necessary to plan to split them by means of artillery and machine-gun fire and isolate the infantry. Then by taking advantage of a good opportunity, we can counterattack. It is necessary to carry the battle out of the area selected by him so as to not come under the concentrated fire of the enemy artillery and to prevent his pouring fire on the charging infantry. It is especially necessary, when our forces are weak, to rely on the bayonet against the enemy troops who penetrate our positions, and to be prepared to drive them back by this means in the final melee. (4) They are also over-cautious in selecting the main objective of their attack in a meeting engagement, and ordinarily do so after the battle has begun and they have detailed reports of the enemy's dispositions and strength. For this reason, it is essential to bring about, by swift and resolute action, a decisive battle before the enemy's preparations are completed. c. Defense (1) Because they often utilize an active defense, it is necessary to dispose your troops carefully, and at the same time, so that they will not discover in this disposition a good opportunity, you must make them abandon their aggressive plans by fierce and resolute attacks. (2) They generally do not give much consideration to their flanks and make their front strong; therefore, it is best that we carry out encircling movements. (3) As they spend a great deal of time on their defensive preparations, it is essential to attack swiftly in open warfare and not give them any time to spare. Also, as they sometimes do not make a thorough disposition of troops so that they can move them to suit the situation, it is necessary to attack unexpectedly and swiftly and prevent their making suitable dispositions. (4) Their firepower, particularly that of the artillery and machine guns, is disposed densely in front of their position, and therefore it is, of course, necessary to choose a deployment which utilizes the terrain and to move quickly. You must particularly pay heed to secrecy and the concealment of your movements and utilize darkness and smoke screens. (5) Since they hold out large reserves, particularly mobile reserves, you must endeavor to keep your plan hidden and take advantage of surprise. Also, you must use strong striking forces and break through the enemy's lines at one stroke. (6) When their dispositions are in great depth, to break through, you must also organize in depth and break through the position at one stroke. This is especially necessary to prevent their counterattacking with their mobile reserves and breaking up the attack. To cope with this situation, you must press home the attack with superior force and crush them. Even if there is a deep and somewhat flexible resistance in front of their main position, attack this with the necessary strength, but seek to keep your forces from getting mixed and to keep losses down. (7) Although the artillery is under a unified command, it has various sorts of duties and is kept mobile; you can expect fire almost anywhere. For this reason, you must attack in strength and, using concentrated fire to the fullest, try to neutralize their guns. (8) Where the position, especially a position in the rear, is established in depth, and a mobile reserve is used, particularly when a breakthrough is countered by mobile artillery, the coordination of the infantry and artillery, for the action after the penetration of the enemy's position must be very carefully planned. (9) When they discover the attacker's penetration, they call down concentrated fire on it. Therefore, the attacker must make the penetration difficult to observe; and his artillery must take appropriate measures to neutralize this fire. (10) They use tanks to good advantage; and measures against them are essential. Thursday, August 20, 2009 Battle Box Fort Canning Singapore Battle Box Fort Canning documents the last day before the fall of Singapore. The main attraction is the wax figure displays of Gen Percival and his command staff as they meet for the last time. The display is much better than the one in Sentosa. The figures look harried, gritty and one can feel the morbid end coming. The uniforms and equipment details are very authentic and well researched. Wednesday, August 19, 2009 G3m Nell that crashed in Kota Bharu Here's a contribution from KL Goh who wrote to me about a crash site in Kota Bharu. Interesting story. Thanks Major Goh for the info: Forgotten Air War of Malaya by Goh K. Loon When I was a small kid, I always playing with my friends near a jungle behind my house in Kota Bharu. I remember seeing some twisted metal with rivets on the ground. After many years I returned to the scene and was told by the old villagers nearby that the metal was a plane falling from the sky in Japanese occupation period. Then they told me there was another plane falling in flames and crashed near Kelantan river but I was told it was happened a few years after the war started. I felt so confused because most of the air battle of World War 2 In Malaya was fought only at the beginning of the. I drove to the village they mentioned and managed to find a witness (a Tok Imam), who confirmed that a few years after the war started, one day there was a Japanese twin engines plane falling from the sky trailing flames and black smokes. The pilot tried to ditch on Kelantan River but he hit a coconut tree and the plane exploded. The Japanese soldiers then came and took the bodies of two aircrews and cleared the wreckages. I started to do my research on the air war at the latter (later) part of World War 2 in Malaya and find out that I totally missed out ‘The Forgotten Air War Of Malaya’. After the beginning of the World War 2 in December 1941, The Japanese fought the Allied from Malaya to Singapore with fighter and bomber like Oscar, Zero, Tojo, Betty, Nell, Sonia and the greatest success was the sinking of HMS Prince Of Wales and HMS Repulse in Kuantan water solely with the use of airpower on 10 Dec 1941. After the Japanese wining the air superiority in Malaya, they were flying at will to attack any target in Malaya and Singapore. The pilots and aircrews were best trained and they even created a ‘bomber alley’ between Singapore to Sumatra to sink many ships, which evacuated the refugees from Singapore. The air activities slowed down after Singapore surrendered. The routine air activities were limited to patrolling and others minor air operations. The Strait of Malacca was actually a graveyard for Allied submarines because their air-search radar was blocked by the hills of Sumatra and Titiwangsa range. In one patrol, the USS Grenadier was badly damaged by few Japanese planes and the submarine have to be scuttled and the crews were taken Prisoner OF War in Light Street Convent, Penang. I met up with some great local historians like Mr. Sager and Mr. Ahamd Shaharom and we worked to put back some missing puzzle of our Malaya history. Then I found out that even the famous Boeing B-29 bomber had come to bomb some targets in Malaya (including Singapore) in 1944 and 1945. In 1998, an American visited Malaysia with his father diary and he contacted one of our team members Mr Sager Ahmad and told that his father bailed out from a B-29 bomber in Negeri Sembilan during World War 2. Mr. Sager met the son of the aircrew from the famous B-29 bomber ‘Postville Express’ which crashed in Rembau and they visited the crash site together. Mr.Shaharom later took some pictures to put it in our website, Malaya Historical Group More here: Friday, August 14, 2009 Citations of the Japanese Army-11th Infantry Regiment Citations of the Japanese Army-Saeki Tank Unit Citations of the Japanese Army-Shimada Tank Company citations of the Japanese Army-Itabana Platoon Citations of the Japanese Army-Gotanda Tank Company Citations of the Japanese Army-Ogaki Battalion Citations of the Japanese Army-18th Division The 18th Division under the command of Lt General Mutaguchi participated in the initial landings in Kota Bharu. The detachment were responsible for the assault on Kota Bharu airfield and also the capture of Kuantan and later British strongholds in Endau and Mersing. Citations of the Japanese Army-5th Division Here are some article about the Japanese side of the war. Units were awarded for their gallantry in the invasion. We read a lot about the Victoria Cross medals won by the allied army but very little was written about the Japanese side. Citations are a very high distinction in the Japanese Army, and are usually awarded to formations and units, they are conferred on individuals only for exceptional gallantry. below are citaions awarded by Commander Tomoyuki Yamashita 15 February 1942. Fifth Division The 5th Division under the leadership of Lt General Matsui, carried out the landing in southern Thailand at the commencement of the operations against Singapore. Under heavy rain and intense heat, marshes, swamps and dense jungle, the division repaired more than 200 bridges, broke through enemy strongholds. Advancing more than eleven hundred kilometres, it took possesion of Johore Bahru and finally driving out the British forces from Malaya. Thursday, August 13, 2009 The War Criminals Here are some of the Japanese War Criminals that committed attrocities in Malaya and Singapore that were convicted. Asia seems to suffer a case of amnesia where this criminals are concerned. The campaign and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Singapore included war crimes committed against captive Allied personnel and civilians, such as the Alexandra Hospital and Sook Ching Massacres. Yamashita's culpability for these events remains a matter of controversy, as some argued that he had failed to prevent them. However, Yamashita had the officer who instigated the hospital massacre and some soldiers caught looting executed for these acts, and he personally apologised to the surviving patients. From 29 October to 7 December 1945, an American military tribunal tried General Yamashita for war crimes relating to the Manila Massacre and sentenced him to death. This case has become a precedent regarding the command responsibility for war crimes and is known as the Yamashita Standard. The trial was especially controversial. , General Kenji (1883-1948). Commander, Kwantung Army, 1938-40; Supreme War Council, 1940-43; army commander in Singapore, 1944-45. Deeply involved in the army's drug trafficking in Manchuria. Later ran brutal POW and internee camps in Malaya, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Convicted on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54. Itagaki, General Seishiro (1885-1948). Chief of Staff, Kwantung Army, 1936-37; minister of war, 1938-39; chief, army general staff, 1939; commander in Korea, 1941; Supreme War Council, 1943; commander in Singapore, 1945. Troops under his command in China terrorized prisoners and civilians. Was responsible for prison camps in Java, Sumatra, Malaya, Borneo and elsewhere. Convicted on Counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54. Yoshimura, Sergeant Eiko. Head of Japanese Kempeitai Ipoh. Was responsible for the torture and abuse of civilians and Sybil Karthigasu. Convicted and hanged. Nishimura, Lieut. General Takuma. Responsible for the massacre of 110 Australian and 35 Indian prisoners in the aftermath of the Battle of Bakri. January 17 1942. He was also charged with the massacre of Allied prisoners in the Parit Sulong incident. Lieutenant General Takuma Nishimura, Lieutenant General Saburo Kawamura, Lieutenant Colonel Masayuki Oishi, Lieutenant Colonel Yoshitaka Yokata, Major Tomotatsu Jo, Major Satoru Onishi and Captain Haruji Hisamatsu In 1947, the British Colonial authorities in Singapore held a war crimes trial to bring the perpetrators of the Sook Ching Massacre to justice. Seven officers, namely Lieutenant General Takuma Nishimura, Lieutenant General Saburo Kawamura, Lieutenant Colonel Masayuki Oishi, Lieutenant Colonel Yoshitaka Yokata, Major Tomotatsu Jo, Major Satoru Onishi and Captain Haruji Hisamatsu were charged with carrying out the massacre. While Kawamura and Oishi received the death penalty, the other five received life sentences. The court accepted the Nuremberg Trials defence of “just following orders." The death sentences were carried out on 26 June 1947. Even though the Chinese community urged the British authorities to stage the executions of Kawamura and Oishi in public to ease the anger in the Chinese community, the British allowed only six members of the victims' family association to witness the execution. After the trial the British colonial government in Singapore considered the matter closed, and only demanded war reparations from Japan for damage caused to British property, much to the dismay of the Chinese community. Tuesday, August 11, 2009 British 25 pounder Gun The Ordnance QF 25 pounder, or more simply, 25-pounder or 25-pdr, was introduced into service just before World War II, during which it served as the major British field gun/howitzer. It was considered by many to be the best field artillery piece of the war, combining high rates of fire with a reasonably lethal shell in a highly mobile piece. It was the British Army's primary artillery field piece well into the 1960s, with smaller numbers served in training units until the 1980s. The most famous field gun used by Australian forces during World War 11 was the Mark 2 25-pounder gun-howitzer. Introduced in 1940 it could fire at high velocity on a flat trajectory as well as serving as a howitzer, capable of firing on targets hidden behind hills, which made it invaluable in Malaya. When the full weight of fire of a Battery was brought to bear on a target the result was devastating. The 25 pounder fired a 25-pound projectile at a normal range of 12,500 yards, extending to 13,400 yards when using super charge. Fitted with a telescope sight as well as the usual dial sight for indirect fire, the 25 pounder could traverse a full 360 degrees on its special firing platform. To witness the effect of a direct hit on an enemy tank was an awesome sight It was also used when repulsing attacking enemy boats at Muar. The steady rate of fire of five rounds a minute made it valuable in repulsing enemy attacks, as the advancing 'g Japanese found on several occasions. Its superb accuracy, reliability and efficiency were the pride of the gun crews who manned them, keeping others busy at the work of feeding its voracious appetite for ammunition. Thanks for visiting and contributing! Many thanks to all you for writing in to support this blog. Soon the blog will hit 2000 visitors, no doubt it's a tiny figure compared to thousands of other blogs, it's a pleasant surprise for me. Also There's many of you out there who's into Malayan history. What's great for me is also finding new stories about the war that I believe will lay buried if it's not for the web. So keep the stories coming. Enjoy Malaya! Monday, August 10, 2009 Lt Sadanobu Watanabe Was watching the “General Wars” on Satelitte TV last night. The episode was on The Battle of Singapore. General Yamashita vs General A.Percival. It was pretty interesting. New footage of the British Army were shown. Couple of facts were debated. Amongst the interesting trivials were, British Infantry carried an average of 18 kilos of kit vs Japanese infantry’s 32 kilos. The Japanese’s use of bicycle made that possible. Yamashita’s looted the British supplies of food and ammunition made his invasion of Malaya quicker. In the programme, there was a section on the Battle of Slim river. A tank commander Lt Sadanobu Watanabe was highlighted how he single handedly broke through the road blocks set up by the Allied forces. On one of the bridges, Watanabe in true bushido style, personally jumped out of his tank and severed the demolition wires with his sabre before the British could destroy them. He continued to secure another 5 bridges in that battle. Below are excerpts from the battle: The 28th Brigade Positions Before reaching the 28th Gurkha Brigade Shimada’s tanks were offered a perfect target in the form of Lt. Col. Cyril Stokes’ 5/14th Punjabis, who were in marching order (long columns of units following each other) on either side of the road to Trolak. Stokes’ Punjabis were heading up to reinforce Stewart’s brigade. Commanding Shimada’s three leading tanks was Lt. Sadanobu Watanabe, who lead his tanks straight through Stokes’ Punjabis, machine guns firing at the perfect target offered by the lined up soldiers. Lt.Col.Stokes was mortally wounded and his battalion suffered heavy casualties before Watanabe’s tanks carried on toward the road bridge (5/14th Punjabis mustered 146 officers and soldiers by 8 January ). By 8:00 a.m. the leading Japanese tanks were within Selby’s brigade H.Q. area. The 28th Brigade were completely unaware of what had happened to Stewart’s entire brigade and the Japanese tore through them faster, scattering both the 2/2nd and 2/9th Gurkhas, which were spread around Selby’s brigade H.Q. Although they suffered heavy casualties many of the soldiers from these two battalions made it across the rail bridge before the main Japanese force got to their position. Like the Punjabi’s, the last battalion of Selby’s brigade, the 2/1st Gurkhas under Lt. Col. Jack Fulton, were on the march either side of the road as the Japanese tanks reached them. This time though, the marching column of Gurkha’s were facing away from the approaching Japanese and Watanabe’s tanks caught them from behind, the death toll was even higher than that of the Punjabis. One officer and twenty-seven other ranks answered roll call the next day. Fulton, wounded in the stomach and taken prisoner, would die in captivity two months later. Shimada’s tanks had by now broken through both brigades and were into the rear area of the 11th Indian Division, heading for the two bridges. Leaving the rail bridge for Shimada and the main Japanese force, Lt Watanabe headed toward the more important road bridge six miles away. In this attack Watanabe broke through the artillery, medical, and other support units in front of the road bridge. Two British artillery colonels were surprised and killed while driving on the road in this lightning attack. Upon reaching the road bridge at 8.30 a.m. Watanabe found it defended by a battery of Bofors anti-aircraft guns from the Singapore and Hong Kong Artillery Regiment. Although two of the guns managed to lower their barrels quickly enough to fire on the tanks, the rounds did not damage the tanks’ armor and the gunners fled. Watanabe himself cut the wires to the demolition charges on the bridge with his sword. It was still only early morning and the Japanese attack had managed to scatter the entire 11th Indian Division, leaving most of its survivors attempting to escape across the Slim River. In the last part of this 16-mile Blitzkrieg-like attack Watanabe, now in control of the road bridge, sent a force of three tanks under the command of Ensign Toichero Sato to explore the other side of the river. Sato travelled three miles before encountering more British artillery, in the form of two 4.5 inch Howitzers from the 155th Field Artillery Regiment, RA. Sato’s tank opened fire on the first gun, turning it over and blocking the road. The gunners from the second gun managed to lower their barrels in time to fire on the tanks at point blank range. Sato’s tank was hit and destroyed, killing him, and forcing the other two tanks in his force to retreat back to the road bridge. Was your school a japanese HQ & Torture Chamber There were numerous stories going around that the school we went to when we were still in shorts were used for execution of innocent civilians and allied prisoners. Stories of haunted halls and stairways were plenty. Here are some schools that were in fact Japanese torture chambers. 3. Victoria Institution, Kuala Lumpur – The boys school was turned into a Japanese base during the Occupation. Many British soldiers and locals were brutally tortured to death in the basement and some older buildings on the campus. 4. The Tuanku Muhammad School Kuala Pilah was used as the headquarters of the Japanese Kempetai (or secret police), how hundreds of people had been tortured at the school, and how over three hundred mainly Chinese victims lay buried in the small rubber plantation at the back of the school. 5. King Edward VII School. Taiping. The Central School, started in 1883, was the first English school in the Malay States and house its first 1 students. It was renamed the King Edward VII National School when in conjunction with the coronation of England's 7th King in 1901. During the Japanese occupation,the school was the base of the garrison commander who converted the classrooms into torture chambers and dug up the playgrounds to grow food." 6. St Georges' Institution. Taiping. " The Catholic boys' school was established in 1915 and 13 years later the original building was extended with a wing on each side. During the Japanese Occupation, the school served in turn as Nippon-Go Gakko (Japanese school), Kempetai (Japanese military police) base and Japanese officers' hotel." 7. Convent Taiping. ' In 1889, the first convent was started in nearby Klian Puah by three sisters from the convent in Penang. The class and orphanage in Taiping were upgraded when the present school building at Kota Road opened in 1938. In May 1941, the British requisitioned it for a large military hospital but in December it was taken over by the Japanese. Towards the end of war, the Taiping Convent became the headquarters of the Japanese military administration, the Gun-sei Kan-bu." 8. Light Street Convent Penang. 9. King George VI Seremban. In 1941, the school premises were taken over by the Australian Imperial Forces. During the Japanese occupation, the school was used as the Japanese Military Police Headquarters by the Miyazaki Butai regiment. The dressing room beside the stage in the school hall were reportedly used as torture chambers. After the Allied reoccupation, the British army maintained a military hospital in the school for a further 6 months. 10. SMK Tinggi Kajang is reported to be one of the oldest schools in the country. During World War II, it was used by the Japanese army as a burial site. 11. Clifford School (formerly Anglo-Chinese School) Kuala Lipis. During the Japanese Occupation, the school became the military headquarters of the dreaded Japanese secret police, the Kempetai. The Japanese torture chamber built within the school compound was still standing. However, it was demolished in the 1980s, perhaps after too many a ghost story scared the school kids? Friday, August 7, 2009 64 years since the end of the war Timely reminder of the anniversary of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. 64 years ago today millions in Asia breathe a sigh of relief to the end of the Japanese occupation. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945, roughly half on the days of the bombings. Amongst these, 15–20% died from injuries or the combined effects of flash burns, trauma, and radiation burns, compounded by illness, malnutrition andradiation sickness. Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers(334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians. Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to theAllied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific Warand therefore World War II. (Germany had signed its unavoidable Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe.) The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding that nation from nuclear armament.
In 1901the Dutch named the island on the south side of East Nusa Tenggara province isthe nickname of the island of Komodo. This story begins with Lt.Steyn va Hens Broek who tries to prove statements about the presence of Dutchtroops dragon looking like a monster on the island. Steyn then killed one ofthese dragons and bring documentation to the Museum and Botanical Garden inBogor to be investigated. KomodoNational Park is a national park in Indonesia, located near the Lesser SundaIslands in the border region between the province of East Nusa Tenggara andWest Nusa Tenggara. Park includes three major islands of Komodo, Rinca, andPadar, as well as a number of other small islands and a total area reaches1,817 km ² (603 km ² land). This national park was established in 1980 to protectthe Komodo dragon. Then the national park is dedicated to protecting otherspecies, including marine species. The islands in the park originated from volcanicactivity.Approximately4000 people live inside the park. In 1991 the park was named UNESCO World Heritage Site. Scubadiving is a popular water sport in the Park because of high seas biodiversity,including sharks, ocean sunfish, manta rays, eagle rays, tiny seahorse, falsepipefish, clown Frogfish, nudibranchs, blue-ringed octopus, sponges, tunicates, and corals. \ Since 1995, the national park authorityhas been supported by The Nature Conservancy (TNC), an American environmentalorganization. The new management plan in conjunction with TNC Authoredand implemented in 2000 to address the increasing problems of naturalresources, both marine and terrestrial.Mostof the pressure on marine fisheries resources come from the public andcommercial enterprises from outside the park. However, regulations and restrictions on the use ofresources affect the majority of residents in the park, which has little choiceto live and depend on what has ditawarkann park. Provision of alternative livelihoods is part of theoverall management strategy, but people in the park has not benefited from theappropriate steps in addressing their needs. Development- largely marine-based - ecotourism is the main strategy to make the parkself-financing and generate sufficient revenue through entrance fees andtourism licenses to cover operational and managerial costs. Until now, a joint venture between TNC and a tourismagency to tour operators of concessions, which also extends to the right of thepark management. These concessions generate controversy continued. The joint venture has been accused of making unilateraldecisions, so many people around Komodo which states that the joint venturehave not been consulted about decisions that ultimately affect the lives ofpeople living on the island of Komodo and surrounding areas. Themost in the spotlight of controversy caused by the death of some fishermensince the 1980s. The situation of the fishermen who died showed that theyseemed to be deliberately killed. conteste. While the parks patrol (including, police and navypersonnel) claim they acted in self-defense, while accusing the park managerswho intentionally kills fisherman. KomodoNational Park continue to provide a sense of respect for the tourists, but theconflict between park management, TNC, and the local community continue to notfind a bright spot. Komodo National Parkhas been nominated and became one of 28 finalists to be one of the seven newwonders of the world. Mercury Development Solutions, a real estate developmentcompany based in Bali, is one of the companies active in the promotion andsupport for Komodo, to make it known in the international area. Kanawa Island, is the first step taken by the company toimprove the facilities and accommodations for guests, bringing to a highstandard of service and environmentally friendly The presence of the Komodo National Park became oneof the popular vote competition nominees "New 7 Wonder" is currentlyquite inviting appeal. The controversy that accompanied the event certainly hasabsolutely no effect on intensive efforts to continue to preserve the park in1986 by UNESCO as world heritage site. Komodo National Park is located between the provinceof West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara includes three major islands ofKomodo, Rinca, and Padar Island and several small islands with a land areacovering 603 km ² and the total area is 1817 km ². Administratively the area islocated within the District of Komodo, West Manggarai regency, East NusaTenggara Province. National Park is designated as a conservation area by theMinister of Forestry forest with an area of 132,572 ha is initiallyformed with the purpose of conserving species of giant lizard Komodo dragon ora unique and rare. Komodo dragons are known by the scientific nameVaranus komodoensis is the world's largest lizard species that live on theisland of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami in Nusa Tenggara.By local people, dragons are often called Ora. Including family members Varanidae lizards, and kladToxicofera, dragons are the largest lizards in the world, with an averagelength of 2-3 m. Large size is associated with symptoms of island gigantism,the tendency for body meraksasanya certain animals that live on a small islandlinked to the absence of carnivorous mammals in the island where dragons live,and the rate of metabolism of small dragons. Because of her size, these lizardsoccupy the position of a top predator that dominate the ecosystems in whichthey live. Komodo dragons are found in 1910. He was a great andterrible reputation that makes them popular in zoos. Dragons in the wildhabitat has shrunk and hence incorporate dragons IUCN as a species vulnerableto extinction. This large lizard is now protected under Indonesian law and anational park was established to protect them. Actually Komodo National Park attraction not solelyby the mere presence of dragons. As I quoted from the official website of theMinistry of Forestry who manages the site of the Komodo National Park is,savanna and panoramic views of the sea is an attraction to potentialsupporters. Such as marine tourism, fishing, snorkeling, diving, canoeing,boating. While on land, natural tourism potential that can be done is observinganimals, hiking, and camping. Visit the Komodo National Park and enjoy thenatural scenery is extremely captivating experience that will never beforgotten. Some sites of interest to visit include: 1. Loh Liang: a tourism concession areas managed byPT. Putri Naga Komodo (PNK PT.). Activities that can be done, among others,observing animals and dragons, deer, boar, bird watching, canoeing etc.. 2. Red Beach: a beautiful shallow beach withbeautiful coral reefs. Activities commonly conducted by the tourists who visitare snorkeling or sunbathing. 3. Loh Sebita: Loh Sebita the mangrove areas andactivities are interesting enough to do bird watching and trekking. 4. Loh Crocodile: a tourism concession areas dielolaby PT. Putri Naga Komodo (PNK PT.). Activities that can be done, among others,observing animals and dragons, deer, buffalo, birds, long-tailed monkeys, wildhorses, bird watching, canoeing, etc.. 5. The Island of Bats: Activities that can bevisited, among other observations bat colony in large enough quantities. Themost interesting observations made during the afternoon where the bats startedout to find food. 6. Golo Code: From the top of the hill known as GoloCode, visitors can see panoramas and landscapes is quite fantastic because therepresentation of various types of ecosystems can be seen from this place. 7. Molo Strait: Strait which has a swift current ofthe river that flows like water at high tide. There are 36 dive sites in the area of TN. Komodo. Frequentedby foreign tourists for diving and snorkeling namely: Tatawa Island, Red Beach,Gililawa Sea, Loh Dasami, Pillar Steen, Batu Bolong and Taka Napier. To reach this place can be done by way Through theland through Bali - Mataram (Lombok P.) - Bima - Sape (Sumbawa P.), and thenforwarded to the course of using the ferry every day to Labuan Bajo. FromLabuan Bajo visitors can visit the Park use the boat or speedboat. Anotheralternative is through the air, visitors can use air transportation from Bali(Denpasar) to Labuan Bajo every day with the existing penerpangan airlinesincluding; Indonesian Air Transport (IAT), Pigeon, and Trigana HISTORY ABOUT THE AMAZING KOMODO 9 Out Of 10 Based On 10 Ratings. 9 User Reviews. Ditulis oleh: iwansky - Sabtu, 12 November 2011 Belum ada komentar untuk "HISTORY ABOUT THE AMAZING KOMODO"
Armor Types View previous topic View next topic Go down Armor Types Post by SulfuricWolf on Thu Jan 01, 2015 1:23 am What is Kevlar?: Kevlar is a very strong, dense fabric that has extreme tensile strength. It is a key factor in body armor used by civilians and police forces. This fabric is layered over and over in small panels or laces to create a weave that catches and slows bullets down. This can save the body from severe harm or hemorrhaging. Armor Grades: Civilian: This grade of kevlar is concealable and lighter than the other versions. It will allow the user to not get harmed lethally along the torso, covering a good deal of the torso. The armor cannot stop any sort of rifle caliber round or larger than a 357 magnum. This armor is not capable of stopping a knife or any kind of spiked weapon. It will offer minor dampening protection from bludgeoning weapons. Knives will create a hole or weak spot in the defensive capability of the armor. This will only absorb a few pistol rounds and will not offer much protection from the concussive damage received from the bullet hitting the armor. (4 pistol rounds) Police: This grade of kevlar armor is not concealable and will not help against rifle caliber rounds. However, it will stop buckshot and birdshot from shotguns, and can stop knives or spiked weapons. It can stop a handgun caliber round up to a 44.magnum. Looks identical to Civilian armor, but with a thicker, less concealable, profile. This kevlar covers most of the torso and a bit of the lower torso. This can stop considerably more rounds, and isn’t damaged from knives that are stabbing. Slashing will tear the armor, like civilian grade, leaving it with a gap in defense. (10 or so pistol rounds/2 buckshot shells). Military: Military grade is not actually kevlar, but hard ceramic or reinforced steel plating. The plates are worn in a plate-carrier and are extremely visible. This armor is meant to guard the sternum and major organs of the upper torso and mid-torso, and will not guard much from the sides or around that region. This can be solved by adding a police or civilian vest underneath. This armor will stop knives in this region, but can easily be maneuvered around. It can stop three rifle rounds and various amounts of pistol rounds. This guards the front of the middle torso and the middle of the back. This armor is modular and comes with variants like a neckguard and groin plate to increase its coverage. Downsides of armor: Armor is fairly thick and will give a user insulation, but this also means they can easily overheat from the armor. If you’re wearing military grade armor, it will slow your movements down based on how experienced you are with wearing it. It also does not help with the force all too much, and ribs can be broken from being shot in the chest. Disclaimer: Quite a lot has been simplified down so that it’s easy to understand and not complicated during combat. Armor can be shot around, like the neck, groin, thighs, and other extremities. Just because you have armor does not mean you can take a shot and continue going. It means you won’t be lethally injured, not that the shot won’t hurt you at all-- you'll still suffer from the bruising and air being knocked out of you. If anyone wants me to expand upon this or talk about it, feel free to post a reply. Posts : 3 Join date : 2015-01-01 Back to top Go down View previous topic View next topic Back to top - Similar topics Permissions in this forum: You cannot reply to topics in this forum
Unit 4: Can the Poor Be Trusted? By \| March 5, 2015 Let’s shift our attention away from the so-called “developing nations” where the average person is poor, to the poor of the developed and emerging nations. In developing nations, the central issue is how to raise the general level of productivity of the economic system. The issue is a lack of development and industrialization. Put simply, the economy simply doesn’t produce enough goods and services to enable the population to live a higher standard of living. This is the historical problem that all economies have faced and that the developed countries overcame in the 19th and 20th centuries. But today in both developed and emerging market countries, there is still plenty of poverty. In the midst of unprecedented riches, income, and productivity, there are numbers of people who aren’t sharing in the benefits. What can or should be done to improve the well-being and living standards of poor people in developed countries? This is more a question of how the economic system distributes both opportunity and the product of the economy. Addressing poverty in developed countries is no less controversial or ideological than addressing the poverty of less developed nations. One approach has been that of government-facilitated redistribution of income. In In a future post I’ll discuss some of the general approaches to addressing poverty in rich nations. Here I want to talk about one particular approach: giving money directly to poor people. In popular parlance this is called welfare. The economic essence is that the government taxes people with higher incomes and distributes economic benefits to poor people, effectively raising their living standard by supplementing their income. In the U.S. there are many forms of welfare such as SNAP (formerly called food stamps) and a myriad of other state and Federal programs. Most have specific qualification requirements (it’s not enough to just be poor) as well as behavioral requirements (keep looking for a job, for example). Further, many programs, such as SNAP, strictly regulate how the assistance can be used. Now, north of our border in Canada, the Globe and Mail reports that Canadians are considering a flat cash-grant, no strings attached, as an alternate approach to addressing the needs of the poor. It’s not a new concept. It’s used in many developed nations, but it’s relatively new to North America. And, it’s controversial. The controversy largely centers on questions of whether the poor, if given just cash, no-strings-attached, can be trusted to spend the money properly. Part of the issue is what’s “proper”? Who determines? The giver of the aid? Or the recipient, who presumably knows their needs best. The Globe and Mail reports that the evidence seems to indicate that, yes, the poor can be trusted. We see this excerpt from their article An international success story But the shift has largely been led by developing nations. These programs – now in at least 45 countries, helping 110 million families – range from social pensions and education stipends in South Africa to Brazil’s Bosla Familia guaranteed grant to families. Some come with conditions, such as sending children to school or the doctor, but many do not. Studies have shown significant benefits, in particular that kids get healthier. Essentially, Dr. Hanlon says, people will make the right choices without an aid worker peering over their shoulders. “Poverty is fundamentally about a lack of cash. It’s not about stupidity,” he says in his speeches. “You can’t pull yourself up by your bootstraps if you have no boots.” So, what do you think? Can the poor be trusted? Should cash be the best way to address income redistribution in “rich” countries? Why? The article cites other countries and their experiences with cash-grant programs (often called “Guaranteed Income” or “Basic Income” programs). Can you find any and describe them?
Слова на букву chri-de k (15990) Universalium На главную О проекте Обратная связь Поддержать проектДобавить в избранное Слова на букву chri-de k (15990) common market n. An economic unit, typically formed of nations, intended to eliminate or markedly reduce trade barriers among its members. * * * Common Market See European Economic Community. * * * common measure n. A ballad stanza form in iambic meter, often rhyming in alternating pairs, that is typical of many church hymns. Also called common meter, hymnal stanza. * * * common multiple n. A quantity into which each of two or more quantities may be divided with zero remainder: The quantities 6, 12, and 24 are common multiples of 2 and 3. * * * See commonly. * * * common noun n. A noun, such as book or dog, that can be preceded by the definite article and that represents one or all of the members of a class. * * * —commonplacely, adv. —commonplaceness, n. /kom"euhn plays'/, adj. 1. ordinary; undistinguished or uninteresting; without individuality: a commonplace person. 2. trite; ... commonplace book a book in which noteworthy quotations, comments, etc., are written. [1570-80] * * * commonplace book n. A personal journal in which quotable passages, literary excerpts, and comments are written. * * * See commonplace. * * * common pleas pl.n. (used with a sing. verb) In some states of the United States, a court of common pleas. * * * common room n. 1. A faculty lounge in a college or university. 2. A lounge for use by all members of a residential institution or community. * * * commons [käm′ənz] pl.n. 〚see COMMON〛 1. the common people; commonalty 2. [often with sing. v.] a) the body politic that is made up of commoners b) [C-] HOUSE OF ... Commons, House of Commons, John R(ogers) born Oct. 13, 1862, Hollandsburg, Ohio, U.S. died May 11, 1945, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. U.S. economist. He taught at the University of Wisconsin (1904–32) and published works ... Commons, John R. ▪ American economist in full John Rogers Commons born October 13, 1862, Hollandsburg, Ohio, U.S. died May 11, 1945, Fort Lauderdale, Florida American ... common salt n. 1. See salt. 2. Sodium chloride. * * * common school n. A public elementary school. * * * com·mon·sense (kŏmʹən-sĕnsʹ) adj. Having or exhibiting native good judgment: “commonsense scholarship on the foibles and oversights of a genius” (Times Literary ... common sense n. Sound judgment not based on specialized knowledge; native good judgment. [Translation of Latin sēnsus commūnis, common feelings of humanity.] * * * See commonsense. * * * See commonsensible. * * * See commonsensible. * * * See commonsensible. * * * common stock n. Capital stock that is secondary to preferred stock in the distribution of dividends and often of assets. * * * common time n. A musical meter with four quarter notes to the measure. * * * common touch n. The ability to appeal to the interests and sensibilities of the ordinary person: “an effective administrator and also an effective leader, with a common ... /kom"euhn weel'/, n. 1. the common welfare; the public good. 2. Archaic. the body politic; a commonwealth. Also, common weal. [1350-1400; ME comen wele. See COMMON, WEAL1] * * * /kom"euhn welth'/, n. 1. (cap.) a group of sovereign states and their dependencies associated by their own choice and linked with common objectives and interests: the British ... Commonwealth Conference a meeting of the prime ministers of all the countries in the Commonwealth, which takes place every two years. * * * Commonwealth Day a holiday observed in some countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, originally on May 24, the anniversary of Queen Victoria's birth, but now on varying dates. Formerly, Empire ... Commonwealth Games a sports contest for competitors from Commonwealth countries. It has taken place every four years since the first Games in Hamilton, Canada, in 1930. The event was called the ... Commonwealth Institute the educational and cultural centre of the Commonwealth. The Institute organizes events and exhibitions aimed especially at young people. Its present building in London, England, ... Commonwealth of England commonwealth (def. 5). * * * Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth Secretariat ➡ Commonwealth (I) * * * Commonwealth v. Hunt ▪ law case (1842), American legal case in which the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the common-law doctrine of criminal conspiracy did not apply to labour ... Commonwealthof Independent States Commonwealth of Independent States Abbr. CIS An association of former Soviet republics that was established in December 1991 by Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus to help ease the ... Commonwealthof Nations Commonwealth of Nations also British Commonwealth An association comprising the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states ... common wormwood n. See absinthe. * * * common year n. A calendar year having 365 days; a year without an intercalary period. * * * —commorant, adj. /kom"euhr euhn see/, n., pl. commorancies. Law. a dwelling in a place; usual or temporary residence in a place. [1580-90; commor(ant) residing ( < L ... —commotional, adj. —commotive, adj. /keuh moh"sheuhn/, n. 1. violent or tumultuous motion; agitation; noisy disturbance: What's all the commotion in the hallway? 2. political ... /keuh moohv"/, v.t., commoved, commoving. to move violently; agitate; excite. [1350-1400; ME commeven < AF commoveir, MF com(m)ovoir < L commovere, equiv. to com- COM- + movere ... —communally, adv. /keuh myoohn"l, kom"yeuh nl/, adj. 1. used or shared in common by everyone in a group: a communal jug of wine. 2. of, by, or belonging to the people of a ... communal marriage. See group marriage. [1865-70] * * * —communalist, n. —communalistic, adj. /keuh myoohn"l iz'euhm, kom"yeuh nl-/, n. 1. a theory or system of government according to which each commune is virtually an ... com·mu·nal·ist (kə-myo͞oʹnə-lĭst) n. 1. An advocate of communal living. 2. One who is more interested in one's own minority or ethnic group than in society as a ... See communalist. * * * /kom'yeuh nal"i tee/, n. 1. the state or condition of being communal. 2. a feeling or spirit of cooperation and belonging arising from common interests and goals. [1900-05; ... —communalization, n. /keuh myoohn"l uyz', kom"yeuh nl-/, v.t., communalized, communalizing. to make communal; to make (land, a business, etc.) the property of the community: ... See communality. * * * /kom"yeuh nahrd'/, n. 1. (often l.c.) Fr. Hist. a member or supporter of the Commune of 1871. Cf. commune3 (def. 8b). 2. (l.c.) a person who lives in a commune. [1870-75; < F; ... commune1 —communer, n. v. /keuh myoohn"/; n. /kom"yoohn/, v., communed, communing, n. v.i. 1. to converse or talk together, usually with profound intensity, intimacy, etc.; ... See commune1. * * * See communicable. * * * —communicability, communicableness, n. —communicably, adv. /keuh myooh"ni keuh beuhl/, adj. 1. capable of being easily communicated or transmitted: communicable information; ... Communicable Disease Center former name of Centers for Disease Control. * * * See communicability. * * * See communicability. * * * /keuh myooh"ni keuhnt/, n. 1. a person who partakes or is entitled to partake of the Eucharist; a member of a church. 2. a person who communicates. adj. 3. communicating; ... /keuh myooh"ni kayt'/, v., communicated, communicating. v.t. 1. to impart knowledge of; make known: to communicate information; to communicate one's happiness. 2. to give to ... communication theory or information theory Field of mathematics that studies the problems of signal transmission, reception, and processing. It stems from Claude E. Shannon's mathematical methods ... communication theory. See information theory. [1945-50] * * * See communication. * * * communication disorder n. Any of various disorders, such as stuttering or perseveration, characterized by impaired written or verbal expression. * * * communication engineering n. The branch of engineering dealing with the development and operation of communications technology, including telecommunications and computer ... (as used in expressions) communications satellite Paramount Communications wireless communications * * * communications satellite an artificial earth satellite that facilitates communications, as radio, television, and telephone transmissions, by means of the reflection or the amplification and ... com·mu·ni·ca·tions satellite (kə-myo͞o'nĭ-kāʹshənz) n. An artificial satellite used to aid telecommunications, as by reflecting or relaying a radio signal. * * * —communicatively, adv. —communicativeness, n. /keuh myooh"ni kay'tiv, -keuh tiv/, adj. 1. inclined to communicate or impart; talkative: He isn't feeling very communicative ... communicative competence Ling. a speaker's internalized knowledge both of the grammatical rules of a language and of the rules for appropriate use in social contexts. * * * See communicative. * * * See communicatively. * * * /keuh myooh"ni kay'teuhr/, n. 1. a person who communicates, esp. one skilled at conveying information, ideas, or policy to the public. 2. a person in the business of ... com·mu·ni·col·o·gy (kə-myo͞o'nĭ-kŏlʹə-jē) n. The study of communication, including such fields as semiotics, audiology, and speech pathology. [communication + ... —communionable, adj. —communional, adj. /keuh myoohn"yeuhn/, n. 1. (often cap.) Also called Holy Communion. Eccles. a. the act of receiving the Eucharistic elements. b. the ... communion cloth corporal3. [1625-35] * * * communion cup Eccles. a chalice from which a communicant drinks. [1635-45] * * * communion of saints the spiritual fellowship existing among all faithful Christians, both living and dead. * * * communion plate Rom. Cath. Ch. the plate held under the chin of a communicant to catch the Host if it should fall. * * * communion rail Eccles. the altar rail where communion is received by the congregation. [1840-50] * * * Communion Sunday Eccles. any Sunday on which communion is administered. [1875-80] * * * communion table Eccles. the table used in the celebration of communion, or the Lord's Supper; the Lord's table. [1560-70] * * * /keuh myoohn"yeuh nist/, n. Eccles. 1. a person with a particular view or interpretation of communion, as specified. 2. a communicant. [1635-45; COMMUNION + -IST] * * * /keuh myooh'ni kay", keuh myooh"ni kay'/, n. an official bulletin or communication, usually to the press or public. [1850-55; < F: lit., communicated, ptp. of communiquer < L ... /kom"yeuh niz'euhm/, n. 1. a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole ... Communism Peak a peak of the Pamir mountains, in NE Tajikistan. 24,590 ft. (7495 m). Formerly, Stalin Peak. * * * Communism Peak also Mount Communism. A mountain, 7,500 m (24,590 ft) high, of northeast Tajikistan, in the Pamirs near the Chinese border. It is the highest elevation in the ... —communistic, communistical, adj. —communistically, adv. /kom"yeuh nist/, n. 1. (cap.) a member of the Communist party or movement. 2. an advocate of communism. 3. a person ... Communist China. Informal. See China, People's Republic of. * * * Communist International. See Third International. * * * Communist Manifesto a pamphlet (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: first statement of the principles of modern communism. * * * Pamphlet written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to ... Communist Manifesto, The ▪ work by Marx and Engels German Manifest Der Kommunistischen Partei (1848; “Manifesto of the Communist Party”), pamphlet written by Karl Marx (Marx, ... Communist party a political party advocating the principles of communism, esp. as developed by Marx and Lenin. [1840-50] * * * Political party organized to facilitate the transition of society ... Communist Party of Britain a very small political party whose members believe that the ideas of Karl Marx should form the basis of government in Britain. The party was formed in 1920 but never achieved ... Communist Party of Cuba ▪ political party, Cuba Spanish Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) Cuban communist party organized by Fidel Castro (Castro, Fidel) and others in 1965 but ... Communist Party of Spain ▪ political party, Spain Spanish Partido Comunista de España Spanish political party founded in 1921 by dissident members of the Spanish Socialist ... Communist Party of the Russian Federation ▪ political party, Russia Introduction Russian Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii Russian political party that opposes many of the democratic ... Communist Party of the Soviet Union ▪ political party, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics also called (1925–52) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , Russian Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo ... Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991. It arose from the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' ... Communist Party of the United States of America (abbr CPUSA) a small US political party which believes in the principles of Communism. It was established in 1921 and was called the Workers’ Party of America before it changed ... com·mu·nis·tic (kŏm'yə-nĭsʹtĭk) adj. Of, characteristic of, or inclined to communism. com'mu·nisʹti·cal·ly adv. * * * See communistic. * * * /keuh myooh'ni tair"ee euhn/, n. 1. a member of a communistic community. 2. an advocate of such a community. [1835-45; COMMUNIT(Y) + -ARIAN] * * * /keuh myooh"ni tahs'/, n. Anthropol. the sense of sharing and intimacy that develops among persons who experience liminality as a group. [ < L; see COMMUNITY] * * * —communital, adj. /keuh myooh"ni tee/, n., pl. communities. 1. a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common ... community antenna television. See CATV. [1950-55] * * * community center a building or other place in which members of a community may gather for social, educational, or cultural activities. [1910-15, Amer.] * * * community charge (also infml the poll tax) n [sing] (in Britain) a local tax introduced by the Conservative government in 1990 to replace the rates. It was very unpopular because poor people had ... community chest a fund for local welfare activities, built up by voluntary contributions. [1920-25, Amer.] * * * Community Chests and Councils of America a former name (1918-65) of the United Way of America. See under United Way. * * * community church an independent or denominational church in a particular community. [1930-35, Amer.] * * * community college a nonresidential junior college established to serve a specific community and typically supported in part by local government funds. [1945-50, Amer.] * * * community ecology community medicine public-health services targeted to a given community, often a low-income population. * * * community mental health center a health-care facility or network of agencies that is part of a system originally authorized by the U.S. government to provide a coordinated program of continuing mental health ... Community of Christ formerly Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Faction of the religion founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, whose main body became the Church of Jesus Christ of ... community policing n [U] a system for developing trust and understanding between the people who live in a particular area and the local police, in order to reduce crime in that area. The system ... community property U.S. Law. (in some states) property acquired by a husband, wife, or both together, that is considered by law to be jointly owned and equally shared. [1920-25] * * * Property ... community service Law. a punitive sentence that requires a convicted person to perform unpaid work for the community in lieu of imprisonment. * * * community service order ➡ community service * * * Community Services Administration U.S. Govt. a former independent agency (abolished 1981) that helped low-income persons attain economic self-sufficiency. Abbr.: CSA Formerly, Office of Economic Opportunity. * * * communityantenna television community antenna television n. Abbr. CATV See cable television. * * * community center n. A meeting place used by members of a community for social, cultural, or recreational purposes. * * * community chest n. A fund financed by private contributions for aiding various charitable organizations and welfare agencies. * * * community college n. A junior college without residential facilities that is often funded by the government. * * * community medicine n. Public health services emphasizing preventive medicine and epidemiology for members of a given community or region. * * * community property n. Property owned jointly by spouses. * * * community service n. 1. Services volunteered by individuals or an organization to benefit a community or its institutions. 2. Similar work performed by law offenders to serve a ... See communize. * * * —communization, n. /kom"yeuh nuyz'/, v.t., communized, communizing. 1. (often cap.) to impose Communist principles or systems of government on (a country or people). 2. to make ... See commutable. * * * —commutability, commutableness, n. /keuh myooh"teuh beuhl/, adj. that may be commuted; exchangeable or interchangeable. [1640-50; < L commutabilis, equiv. to commuta(re) to ... /kom"yeuh tayt'/, v.t., commutated, commutating. Elect. 1. to reverse the direction of (a current or currents), as by a commutator. 2. to convert (alternating current) into ... /kom'yeuh tay"sheuhn/, n. 1. the act of substituting one thing for another; substitution; exchange. 2. the changing of a prison sentence or other penalty to another less ... commutation ticket a ticket issued at a reduced rate, as by a railroad or bus company, entitling the holder to travel over a given route a fixed number of times or during a specified ... commutation ticket n. A ticket issued at a reduced rate by a railroad or other transportation company for passage over a given route for a specified number of trips. * * * —commutatively, adv. —commutativity, n. /keuh myooh"teuh tiv, kom"yeuh tay'tiv/, adj. 1. of or pertaining to commutation, exchange, substitution, or interchange. 2. Math. a. ... commutative law Logic. a law asserting that the order in which certain logical operations are performed is indifferent. [1835-45] * * * Two closely related laws of number operations. In ... commutative group n. A mathematical group in which the result of multiplying one member by another is independent of the order of multiplication. Also called abelian group. * * * See commutative. * * * /kom"yeuh tay'teuhr/, n. 1. Elect. a. a device for reversing the direction of a current. b. (in a DC motor or generator) a cylindrical ring or disk assembly of conducting ... commutator group Math. the subgroup of a given group, which consists of all the commutators in the group. [1960-65] * * * /keuh myooht"/, v., commuted, commuting, n. v.t. 1. to change (a prison sentence or other penalty) to a less severe one: The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 2. ... /keuh myooh"teuhr/, n. 1. a person who commutes, esp. between home and work. adj. 2. of or for commuting; serving commuters: a commuter railroad. 3. of or pertaining to a flight, ... commuter airplane. See air taxi. * * * commuter belt a suburban region housing many people who commute to a nearby city in which they work. [1960-65] * * * commuter belts ➡ commuting * * * commuter marriage commuter tax an income tax imposed by a locality on those who work within its boundaries but reside elsewhere. [1965-70] * * * ➡ commuting * * * Commuting is the practice of travelling a long distance to a town or city to work each day, and then travelling home again in the evening. The word commuting comes from ... —commutuality /keuh myooh'chooh al"i tee/, n. /keuh myooh"chooh euhl/, adj. Archaic. mutual; reciprocal. [1595-1605; COM- + MUTUAL] * * * /kom"ee/, n., pl. commies, adj. (often cap.) Informal (disparaging and offensive). communist. Also, commie. [COMM(UNIST) + -Y2] * * * Commynes, Philippe de born с 1447, Comines, Flanders died Oct. 18, 1511, Argenton-Château, Fr. Statesman and chronicler. Brought up in the Burgundian court, he was counselor to Charles the Bold ... —Comnenian /kom nee"nee euhn/, adj. /kom nee"neuhs/, n. a dynasty of Byzantine emperors that ruled at Constantinople, 1057?-1185, and at Trebizond in Asia Minor, 1204-1461?. * ... Comnenus family ▪ Byzantine emperors Comnenus also spelled Komnenos Byzantine family from Paphlagonia, members of which occupied the throne of Constantinople for more than a ... /koh"moh/; It. /kaw"maw/, n. 1. Lake, a lake in N Italy, in Lombardy. 35 mi. (56 km) long; 56 sq. mi. (145 sq. km). 2. a city at the SW end of this lake. 97,169. * * * ▪ ... Como, Lake ancient Lacus Larius Lake, Lombardy, northern Italy. It lies at an elevation of 653 ft (199 m) in a depression surrounded by limestone and granite mountains. It is 29 mi (47 ... Como, Perry ▪ 2002 Pierino Roland Como American singer and entertainer (b. May 18, 1912, Canonsburg, Pa.—d. May 12, 2001, Jupiter, Fla.), had a mellow baritone voice and a ... Comodoro Rivadavia /kaw'maw dhaw"rddaw rddee'vah dhah"vyah/ a city in E Argentina. 96,865. * * * ▪ Argentina port city, southeastern Chubut provincia (province), southeastern ... co·mon·o·mer (kō-mŏnʹə-mər) n. One of the compounds that constitute a copolymer. * * * /kom"euhr euhn/, adj. 1. Also, Comorian /keuh mawr"ee euhn/. of or pertaining to the Comoros or its inhabitants. n. 2. a native or inhabitant of the Comoros. [COMOR(O) + -AN] * * ... /kom"euhr in/, n. Cape, a cape on the S tip of India, extending into the Indian Ocean. * * * Comorin, Cape ▪ cape, India rocky headland on the Indian Ocean in Tamil Nadu (Tamil Nādu) state, southeastern India, forming the southernmost point of the subcontinent. It is ... Com·o·rin (kŏmʹər-ĭn), Cape A cape at the southernmost point of India projecting into the Indian Ocean. * * * Comoro Islands /kom"euh roh'/ a group of islands in the Indian Ocean between N Madagascar and E Africa: formerly an overseas territory of France; now divided between the Comoros and France. ... /kom"euh rohz'/, n. Federal and Islamic Republic of the, a republic comprising three of the Comoro Islands (Grand Comoro, Mohéli, and Anjouan): a former overseas territory of ... Comoros, flag of ▪ Flag History national flag consisting of four horizontal stripes of yellow-white-red-blue and a green triangle bearing Islamic symbols—a white crescent and ... /koh"mohs/, adj. hairy; comate. [1785-95; < L comosus, equiv. to com(a) ( < Gk kóme hair, foliage of trees or plants) + -osus -OSE1] * * * comp1 /komp/, Informal. n. 1. a compositor. 2. composition. v.t. 3. to compose (type). [1865-70; shortened form] comp2 /komp/, Informal. n. 1. a ticket, book, service, etc., ... comp time time off from work, granted to an employee in lieu of overtime pay. [comp(ensatory) time] * * * 1. comparative. 2. compare. 3. compensation. 4. compilation. 5. compiled. 6. compiler. 7. complement. 8. complete. 9. composition. 10. compositor. 11. compound. 12. ... Comp. Gen. Comptroller General. * * * compact1 —compactedly, adv. —compactedness, n. —compactly, adv. —compactness, n. adj. /keuhm pakt", kom-, kom"pakt/; v. /keuhm pakt"/; n. /kom"pakt/, adj. 1. joined or ... compact bone ▪ anatomy also called cortical bone dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces ... Compact Disc Trademark. a brand of compact disk. * * * ▪ recording Introduction (CD) a molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by a laser beam for the ... compact disc (CD) Molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by a laser beam for the reproduction of recorded sound or other information. Since its commercial introduction in ... compact disk an optical disk approximately 43/4 in. (12 cm) in diameter, on which a program, data, music, etc., is digitally encoded for a laser beam to scan, decode, and transmit to a ... compact disk player a device for playing compact disks. Also called CD player. * * * com·pact disk or com·pact disc (kŏmʹpăkt') PhotoDisc, Inc. n. Abbr. CD A small optical disk on which data such as music, text, or graphic images is digitally ... com·pact·er (kəm-păkʹtər, kŏmʹpăk'-) n. Variant of compactor. * * * —compactibility, n. /keuhm pak"teuh beuhl/, adj. capable of being compacted: compactible rubbish. [1615-25; COMPACT1 + -IBLE] * * * /keuhm pak"sheuhn, kom-/, n. 1. the act of compacting or the state of being compacted. 2. Geol. the consolidation of sediments resulting from the weight of overlying ... See compact1. * * * See compactly. * * * ▪ mathematics in mathematics, property of some topological spaces (a generalization of Euclidean space) that has its main use in the study of ... /keuhm pak"teuhr, kom"pak-/, n. an appliance that crushes and compresses trash into small convenient bundles. [1945-50; COMPACT1 + -OR2] * * * /keuhm pah"dray/, n. Chiefly Southwestern U.S. a friend, companion, or close associate. [1825-35, Amer.; < AmerSp; Sp: godfather < early ML compater; see COMPÈRE] * * * Compagni, Dino ▪ Italian historian born c. 1255, , Florence [Italy] died 1324, Florence Florentine official and historian, author of a chronicle of the city's political life ... /kawonn pann nyee"/, n., pl. compagnies /-nyee"/. French. company. * * * /keuhm pan"deuhr/, n. Electronics. (in a communications path) a combination of a compressor at one point and an expander at another, the compressor reducing the volume of a ... /keuhm pan"ding/, n. a process in which the dynamic range of a signal is reduced for recording purposes and then expanded to its original value for reproduction or ... /kom'peuhn yair"euh/; Sp. /kawm'pah nye"rddah/, n., pl. compañeras /-peuhn yair"euhz/; Sp. /-pah nye"rddahs/. 1. (in the southwestern U.S.) a female companion; friend. 2. (in ... /kom'peuhn yair"oh/; Sp. /kawm'pah nye"rddaw/, n., pl. compañeros /-peuhn yair"ohz/; Sp. /-pah nye"rddaws/. 1. (in the southwestern U.S.) a male companion or partner. 2. (in ... /kawm'pah nyee"ah/, n., pl. compañias /-nyee"ahs/. Spanish. company. * * * There are several types of business company in Britain. A statutory company is set up by an Act of Parliament. Many former statutory companies that were managed by the ... Companies House the building in Cardiff, Wales, where records of companies in England and Wales are kept. Companies must send certain information to Companies House, and most of this information ... companion1 —companionless, adj. /keuhm pan"yeuhn/, n. 1. a person who is frequently in the company of, associates with, or accompanies another: my son and his two ... companion cell Bot. any of a number of specialized parenchymal cells adjacent to a sieve tube in the phloem of flowering plants, believed to regulate the flow of nutrients through the ... companion ladder Naut. an inboard ladder or stair, as in a companionway. [1820-30] * * * Companion of Honour n (pl Companions of Honour) any of the 65 members of a British order of chivalry which was started by King George V in 1917. This honour is given to men and women who have ... companion piece a literary or musical work that has a close relationship to another work by the same author or composer. [1835-45] * * * companion star Astron. companion1 (def. 6). [1775-85] * * * —companionability, companionableness, n. —companionably, adv. /keuhm pan"yeuh neuh beuhl/, adj. possessing the qualities of a good companion; pleasant to be with; ... See companionable. * * * See companionableness. * * * /keuhm pan"yeuh nit/, adj. 1. of, by, or like companions. 2. tastefully harmonious. [1650-60; COMPANION1 + -ATE1] * * * companionate marriage a form of marriage in which the partners agree not to have children and can be divorced by mutual consent, leaving neither spouse legally responsible for the financial welfare of ... See companionate. * * * companionate marriage n. A marriage in which the partners agree not to have children and may divorce by mutual consent, with neither partner responsible for the financial welfare ... companion cell n. A specialized parenchyma cell, located in the phloem of flowering plants and closely associated in development and function with a sieve-tube element. * * * companion planting n. The cultivation of certain kinds of plants together in the same area, especially if one species will benefit from another, as planting an insect-repellent ... Companions of Honour, Order of the ▪ British peerage British honorary institution founded in 1917 by King George V. The only rank is that of Companion, awarded to men and women who have rendered ... Companions of the Prophet Arabic Sahaba or Ashab Followers of Muhammad who had personal contact with him, including any Muslim contemporary who saw him. As eyewitnesses, they are the most important ... /keuhm pan"yeuhn ship'/, n. 1. association as companions; fellowship. 2. Print. a group of compositors working under a foreman. [1540-50; COMPANION1 + -SHIP] * * * /keuhm pan"yeuhn way'/, n. Naut. 1. a stair or ladder within the hull of a vessel. 2. the space occupied by this stair or ladder. [1830-40; COMPANION2 + WAY] * * * —companyless, adj. /kum"peuh nee/, n., pl. companies, v., companied, companying. n. 1. a number of individuals assembled or associated together; group of people. 2. a guest or ... company grade military rank applying to army officers below major, as second and first lieutenants and captains. Cf. field grade. * * * company limited by guarantee ➡ companies * * * company man an employee whose allegiance to his employer comes before personal beliefs or loyalty to fellow workers. [1920-25] * * * Company of Jesus former name of the Society of Jesus. * * * company pension schemes ➡ pensions * * * Company school ▪ Indian art also called Patna painting style of miniature painting that developed in India in the second half of the 18th century in response to the tastes ... company store a retail store operated by a company for the convenience of the employees, who are required to buy from the store. Also called industrial store. [1870-75, Amer.] * * * company town a town whose inhabitants are mainly dependent on one company for employment, housing, supplies, etc. [1930-35, Amer.] * * * company union 1. a labor union dominated by management rather than controlled by the membership. 2. a union confined to employees of one business or corporation. [1910-15] * * * company man n. A man whose primary allegiance is to his employer. * * * company town n. A town whose residents are dependent on the economic support of a single firm for maintenance of retail stores, schools, hospitals, and housing. * * * company woman n. A woman whose primary allegiance is to her employer. * * * Compaq Computer Corporation ▪ American corporation former American computer manufacturer that started as the first maker of IBM-compatible portable computers and quickly grew into the world's ... compar abbrev. comparative * * * comparative. * * * See comparable. * * * —comparability, comparableness, n. —comparably, adv. /kom"peuhr euh beuhl/ or, sometimes, /keuhm pair"-/, adj. 1. capable of being compared; having features in common with ... comparable worth the doctrine that a woman's and man's pay should be equal when their work requires equal training, skills, and responsibilities. * * * ▪ economics also called sex equity ... See comparability. * * * comparable worth n. A theory holding that compensation for job classifications filled chiefly by women should be the same as for those classifications filled chiefly by men if ... See comparability. * * * /keuhm par"euh tist/, n. a specialist in comparative linguistics or comparative literature. [1930-35; < F comparatiste < L comparat(us) (ptp. of comparare to COMPARE) + F -iste ... —comparatively, adv. —comparativeness, n. /keuhm par"euh tiv/, adj. 1. of or pertaining to comparison. 2. proceeding by, founded on, or using comparison as a method of study: ... comparative advantage Economic theory first advanced by Robert Torrens and David Ricardo that analyzes international trade in terms of differences in relative opportunity costs. The theory suggests ... comparative advertising advertising in which a competing product is identified and compared unfavorably with the advertiser's product. [1970-75] * * * comparative anatomy ▪ Table Comparative data for the Sun, planets, and other solar system objects object distance from Sun (average, except where ranges are given) mean density (g/cm3) mass ... comparative ethics ▪ philosophy also called Descriptive Ethics, the empirical (observational) study of the moral beliefs and practices of different peoples and cultures in ... comparative government the study and comparison of different forms of government. * * * comparative law Introduction examination of comparative legal systems and of the relationships of the law to the social sciences. Historical development of comparative ... comparative linguistics —comparative linguist. the study of the correspondences between languages that have a common origin. * * * formerly Comparative Grammar, or Comparative Philology, ... comparative literature comparative method Historical Ling. a body of procedures and criteria used by linguists to determine whether and how two or more languages are related and to reconstruct forms of their hypothetical ... comparative musicology ethnomusicology. * * * comparative philology. See comparative linguistics. [1880-85] * * * comparative psychology comparative religion a field of study seeking to derive general principles from a comparison and classification of the growth and influence of various religions. * * * comparative statement a financial statement with figures arranged in two or more parallel columns, each column representing a fiscal year or other period, used to compare performance between ... comparatively [kəm par′ə tivlē] adv. 1. in a comparative manner 2. by comparison; relatively * * * See comparative. * * * Выполнено за: 0.088 c;
Tuesday, April 17, 2012 Difference between LTL and CTL (Note that this article assume some intuitive understanding of CTL.) I’m currently teaching a course on Hardware Description and Verification, in which we cover computation tree logic (CTL) model checking. In preparing for the course, I wanted to fully understand the differences between CTL and LTL. The common informal explanation that LTL has linear time while CTL has branching time is useless without further explanation. I had a certain understanding of CTL, and my initial assumption was that LTL is what you get by excluding all E formulas from CTL. This assumption turned out to be wrong. My assumption would imply that LTL is a subset of CTL, but the Wikipedia page claims that neither logic is a subset of the other. It seems like I’m not alone in being confused about the difference between the two logics: This Stack Exchange page has the same question. The answer on that page talks about the LTL formula which, apparently, is not the same as the CTL formula (as I previously thought). After reading the Stack Exchange answer I started to get a sense of the difference, but I still wasn’t able to formulate it easily. So I had no more excuses not to look into the actual formal semantics of LTL and CTL. This survey by Emerson served as a good reference for that. Common superset: CTL* The difference between LTL and CTL is easiest to understand by considering CTL* which has both LTL and CTL as subsets. CTL* has two syntactic categories giving rise to two different kinds of formulas: state formulas and path formulas. A state formula is something that holds for a given state in a system (modeled as a Kripke structure), while a path formula holds for a given path. A path is an infintie sequence of states such that each consecutive pair of states is in the transition relation; i.e. a trace of an infinite run of the system. Note that, even though a state formula is a property of a single state, it can still talk about future states by using the path quantifiers A and E. Now, the important thing to note is that an LTL formula is a (restricted) CTL* path formula while a CTL formula is a (restricted) CTL* state formula. Path formulas are not very interesting on their own, since one is usually interested in expressing properties of all or some paths from the initial state. Hence, the real meaning of an LTL formula is obtained by adding an implicit A quantifier to it turning it into a state formula. Thus the meaning of the LTL formula f is the meaning of the CTL* formula Af. The example With this understanding, we can try to reformulate the above examples in English: The LTL formula FGp can be read as “Every path (implicit A) will eventually (F) reach a point after which p is always true (Gp).” Or perhaps more clearly: “Every path has a finite prefix after which p is always true.” The CTL formula AFAGp can be read as “Every path (A) will eventually (F) reach a state from which every path (A) has the property that p is always true (Gp).” These formulas are subtly different, and they can be distinguished by the following system of three states: S1S1orS2(atomic: p) S2S3(atomic: ¬p) S3S3(atomic: p) Every run of this system will either (1) stay in S1 forever, or (2) wait some finite time and then make a transition to S2 and S3. In both cases, it holds that the trace has a finite prefix after which p is always true. Hence the LTL formula holds. However, the CTL formula does not hold, because there is a path that never reaches a state at which AGp holds. This is the path in which the system stays in S1 forever. Even if it stays in S1 forever, it always has the possibility to escape to S2. As demonstrated by the above example, the difference between LTL and CTL (except for the absense of E in LTL) is that an LTL formula can be verified by considering each path in isolation. If each individual path obeys the path formula, the LTL formula is true. To verify a CTL formula, one may also have to consider the alternative possibilities for each state in a path.
10 “Healthy” Foods That Increase Blood Pressure foods that increase blood pressure 1 Blood pressure is, quite literally, on the rise. In the U.S., 67 million adults have high blood pressure—that’s one in three people. Thirty percent of the rest of adults in the U.S. have pre-hypertension, a condition that leads up to high blood pressure, if diet and lifestyle habits are not changed. Eating healthy can be a challenge; even foods that seem like they’re good for you (and are marketed as such) may actually increase blood pressure. 1. Canned tomato products and tomato juice foods that increase blood pressure 2 Fresh tomatoes are a delicious and healthy source of lycopene, a powerful antioxidant that fights cancer causing free radicals. Canned tomato sauce and tomato juice, unfortunately, are less healthy; to prolong their shelf life, these products are pumped full of sodium. A cup of tomato juice contains 680 milligrams of sodium, and a single serving of spaghetti with meat sauce has over 1,300 milligrams of sodium. Sodium leads to blood sugar spikes, which raise blood pressure levels. 2. Coffee foods that increase blood pressure 3 Coffee has some great health benefits; it wakes up a sluggish mind, contains antioxidants (the darker the bean, the greater the load of antioxidants), and quiets a headache. But if you don’t regularly consume caffeine, an occasional cup of cup will cause a sharp increase in your blood pressure. It’s believed that caffeine stimulates the adrenal gland, causing this gland to secrete more adrenaline and cortisol, both of which increase blood pressure (they’re stress related hormones). 3. Canned soup foods that increase blood pressure 1 Whole generations of Americans were raised on canned soup; chicken noodle soup is a traditional comfort food. But canned soups contain a lot of sodium for preservation and flavor, and this high sodium content raises blood pressure. A cup of canned chicken noodle soup contains as much as 760 milligrams of sodium—and there’s also BPA to consider, the toxic plastic coating inside many canned goods which leeches into foods. 4. Fruit juices with excess sugar foods that increase blood pressure 1 Fruit juice seems like a good idea; you get all the benefits of the fruit, with none of the effort required (washing, peeling, chewing, etc). But many fruit juices are sweetened with excess sugar (which also works to prolong shelf life), making them an unhealthy choice. Too much sugar consumption is connected to diabetes, and also to high blood pressure—when the sugars break down, they cause a major spike in blood sugar levels, followed by a crash. Iced teas are often pumped with refined sugar syrups too. 5. Canned and pickled vegetables foods that increase blood pressure 5 While canned and picked vegetables are a good idea, in theory—it’s hard to eat fresh veggies every day, especially in winter—they are usually drenched in preservatives, sauces, or seasonings that contain added sodium. One cup of canned cream-style corn may contain 730 milligrams of sodium. Check the labels when buying anything in a can—choose “reduced sodium” or “no salt added” products. Better yet, buy fresh vegetables and can them yourself, like humans have done for centuries. 6. Whole Milk foods that increase blood pressure 6 A great source of calcium and vitamin D, whole milk actually contains more saturated fat than the body needs. In one cup of whole milk, there’s eight grams of fat, five of which are saturated. Saturated fats get stored in arterial walls as cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease. Choose 2% or skim milk, or better yet, soymilk. 7. Ramen noodles foods that increase blood pressure 7 Ramen noodles are like a modern day staff of life—people eat them all over the world, every day. Although Ramen noodles are inexpensive and filling food choice, they’re not very healthy. A single package of Ramen noodles holds fourteen grams of fat and 1580 mg of sodium—most of the sodium is in the seasoning packet. 8. Pickles foods that increase blood pressure 1 Low in calories and technically a vegetable (a briny cucumber), pickles are not a great choice for blood pressure health. A medium pickle (about 5 inches long) can have around 570 mg of sodium, which is more than a third of the daily recommended limit (2300 mg). This limit is at the upper end of the spectrum; if you can get below 2000 mg a day, you’re doing really well. 9. Frozen potpies foods that increase blood pressure 9 These seem like a good choice for dinner—frozen potpies have protein, vegetables, and carbohydrates. But they also have a huge dose of sodium: 1300-1400 mg in one pie, plus thirty-five grams of fat. Frozen potpies often contain trans fats, which are among the least healthy artificial products in the grocery store. 10. Sauerkraut foods that increase blood pressure 10 This last item is not high on everyone’s list, but it’s a popular picnic food. Low in calories and made with several vegetables, sauerkraut seems like a healthier hotdog topping than ketchup (see #1 on this list); unfortunately, a half-cup of sauerkraut has more than 460 mg of sodium (but only about 13 calories). Visit our homepage now for more great articles Please Post Your Comments Below
Institut für Robotik und Prozessinformatik Deutsch English Zur Zeit leider nur in Englisch vorhanden... On-Line Trajectory Generation This work is motivated by the desire of integrating sensors in robotic environments. The generation of command variables for robtic manipulators has two functions: specification of the geometric path (path planning) and specification of the progression of position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk in dependence of time (trajectory planning). The literature provides a very rich set of approaches and algorithms in both fields, which can be subdivided into many sections. But there is no approach at all, which enables the generation of trajectories starting from any state of motion. This is one very essential requirement when integrating sensors into robot work cells with the aim of realizing sensor-guided and sensor guarded motions. The robot has to react on sensor events within one control cycle only, and hence trajectory parameters can change arbitrarily. To comply with these demands the trajectory generator must be able to handle and proceed with arbitrary input values. Furthermore, its output values have to result in a jerk-limited, time-optimal, and synchronized trajectory. Here the addressed field of trajectory generation can be outlined concretely as: • The input values for the trajectory generator are completely arbitrary, i.e. except the position vector of the last control cycle, the velocity vector of the last cycle, and the respective acceleration vector all values may change from one control cycle to another. This means that the target position vector, the target velocity vector, the max. velocity vector, the max. acceleration vector, and the max. jerk vector are neither considered as constant nor as continuous. • The trajectory is calculated on-line, i.e. in real-time during every control cycle. Because the input values may change unpredictably, only the next state of motion, i.e. position, velocity, and acceleration vectors, is calculated within one control cycle. • Synchronization: For trajectories a N-dimensional space is considered, where N is the number of degrees of freedom. In general the output vectors for position, velocity, and acceleration can be mapped to any space. Synchronization leads to the important requirement that all N degrees of freedom have to reach their target position and velocity simultaneously at zero acceleration. • The generated trajectory for the degree of freedom with the largest execution time is time-optimal. The constraints for all other degrees of freedom are adapted for synchronization. • No path planning. Path planning is not considered in the context of this paper. The desired trajectory parameters are assumed as user-given. Figure 1: Input and output parameters for a third order on-line trajectory generator. z is the variable of the z-transformation. Its inverse represents a hold element. The Approach of Decision Trees Decision trees are used as basis for the approach to realize on-line trajectory generation for N-dimensional space with arbitrary input values (Fig. 1) and synchronization between all degrees of fredom as shown in Fig. 2. The figure illustrates a simple case for third-order on-line trajectory generation with and without synchronization for three degrees of fredom. In correspondence to Fig. 1 a function, which maps the 8N-dimensional space onto 3N-dimensional space must be specified (with N = 6 for Cartesian space). Defining this function is the major part of this reasearch work. Once defined it would result in the classical trajectory progression with rectangular jerks as shown in Fig. 3, which depicts the most trivial case of a third-order trajectory. Figure 2: Position and velocity diagrams showing the difference between time-synchronized trajectories and non-synchronized trajectories. Figure 3: Position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk of a simple 7-phase jerk-limited trajectory. The decision tree approach basically requires three steps: 1. Calculation of the execution time for the time-optimal trajectory for each degree of freedom. Due to the requirement of permitting arbitrary states of motion, the algorithm must check a number of conditions before deciding, what kind of trajectory profile goes along with the given input values. Depending on this, the execution time can be calculated individually for each degree of freedom. 2. In the second step all degrees of freedom are synchronized. The degree of freedom with the largest execution time is determined, such that all other degrees of freedom can be synchronized to this one. 3. Calculation of the output values under consideration of discretization errors. The steps one and two base on decision trees, which form the core of the entire approach. A second-order on-line trajtory generator has already been developed on this base. Results can been found on all Manipulation Primive related projects, e.g. multi-sensor integration, manipulation primitive sample applications, or robot control systems. Further information may be found in our Publications. In case of any further questions please contact Friedrich M. Wahl. It took 0.28s to generate this page.
Abraham Lincoln WARNED America About Possibility Of Trump’s Presidency But We Didn’t Listen (DETAILS) Recently, President Donald Trump compared himself to “Abraham Lincoln and many of our greatest presidents.” But the most notable highlight of his Lincoln delusion happened during his inauguration when Trump was sworn in using the “Lincoln Bible,” the same book used by Lincoln during his inauguration. Despite the constant comparisons by Trump and his supporters to President Lincoln, the two men could not have been more different. Trump grew up pampered and spoiled by the privilege of third generation wealth; Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Kentucky. As Trump enjoyed the finest toys and accommodations, Lincoln’s family was squatting on public land in Perry County, Indiana, when he was just eight years old. Trump had his real estate “career” handed to him on a silver platter by his rich daddy, whereas Lincoln worked as a manual laborer, shopkeeper, postmaster, general store owner, and a lawyer before becoming president. And it’s likely that he held other jobs as well. Subscribe to our Youtube Channel There is no end to the list of differences between these two presidents, and while Trump pretends to understand Lincoln’s legacy, the former president, also known as “Honest Abe,” proved that he fully understood a man like Trump. From one of his earliest speeches delivered in 1838, a 28-year-old Lincoln gave a lecture to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, on “The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions. In his speech, Lincoln voiced his concerns about the devastation that could be wrought upon America should “an Alexander, a Caesar or a Napoleon” come into power. When Lincoln tried to surmise what type of danger could threaten the existence of the U.S. and “by what means shall we fortify against it,” he dismissed the idea of “some transatlantic military giant” toppling the nation. Instead, he argued that: He warned that: Within Lincoln’s explanation lay an eerie premonition detailing Trump’s rise to power. From Think Progress: The most ambitious men during the birth of our nation who ‘sought celebrity and fame, and distinction … expected to find them in the success of that experiment.’ But that time has passed. ‘The question then, is, can that gratification be found in supporting and maintaining an edifice that has been erected by others? Most certainly it cannot.’” It’s incredible how much insight that a young Abraham Lincoln had regarding the type of force that could ultimately destroy America. However, his warning is made even more tragic by the fact that so many so-called “Republicans” have chosen to abandon Lincoln’s principles in favor of the very type of man he warned us to avoid. And the idea that many would even dare suggest that Trump somehow measures up to Lincoln’s stature in any way, shape, or form is the ultimate insult to the man whose legacy misguided Republicans so casually champion as the foundation of their party. Featured image via Mentalfloss and John Moore/Getty Images Terms of Service Leave a Reply
Jaisalmer Tourism Images About Jaisalmer Tourism Today a remote outpost in the Thar Desert, Jaisalmer was founded in the 12th century by Maharawal Jaisal of the Bhatti Rajput clan. It was once a flourishing trade centre, strategically located on the busy caravan trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its earlier rulers grew rich by looting gems, silk and opium from the caravans, but by the 16th century Jaisalmer had become a peaceful town, whose wealthy traders and rulers vied with each to beautify their austere desert surroundings with splendid palaces and havelis. Made of the local golden-yellow sandstone, they are the most spectacular examples of the Rajasthani stonemason's art. In the 18th century, with the growth of sea ports at Surat and Bombay, Jaisalmer's importance dwindled. But the buildings from its golden age still stand, clustered around a magnificent fort. Sightseeing Places in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Jaisalmer Fort Jaisalmer Fort rises like a fabulous mirage out of the sands of the Thar Desert, the awesome contours of its 99 bastions softened by the golden hue of the stone. Built in 1156 by Maharawal Jaisal, and added to by his successors, this citadel stands on the peak of the 80 m high Trikuta Hill. In medieval times, Jaisalmer's entire population lived within the fort and even now, thousands of people reside here, making it India's only living fort. Royal palaces, a cluster of Jain temples, mansions and shops are all contained within its walls. Patwon ki Haveli This enormous and very elaborate haveli was built between 1805 and 1855 by Guman Chand Patwa, one of Jaisalmer's richest merchants and bankers, who dealt in silk, brocade and opium, and had a chain of trading stations stretching from Afghanistan to China. This six-storeyed mansion has five adjoining apartments for each of his sons, and 66 balconies. The curved eaves on the balconies suggest a fleet of sailing boats, and the numerous latticed windows are carved with breathtaking intricacy Salim Singh's Haveli This haveli was built in 1815 by a powerful prime minister of Jaisalmer. Narrow at the base, its six storeys grow wider at each level, and all its 38 balconies have different designs. Peacocks dance between the arches on the topmost balcony, and blue cupolas cap the roof. The rear portion of the haveli was, sadly damaged during the Gujarat earthquake in January 2001, but visitors are still allowed in Gadi Sagar Lake This rainwater reservoir, built in 1367, was once the city's sole source of water. Lined with ghats and temples, it comes alive during the Gangaur festival when the maharawal leads a procession here. The beautiful gateway leading to the tank was built by a royal courtesan, Telia, whose audacity so enraged the queens that they demanded its instant demolition. The quick-witted Telia immediately had a statue of Krishna installed on top, thereby ensuring not only that the gateway would stand, but that everyone would bow before passing through it. Manik Chowk Located at the entrance to the fort, this is the main market-place, where caravans used to halt in the past. The tiny shops sell camel hair blankets and gorgeous embroidered textiles. Desert nomads and their camels add to the bazaars' color. How to reach Jaisalmer By Air The airport is situated 5 km from the heart of the city and is well connected by air with New Delhi, Jaipur and Jodhpur, though it is run by the Indian Air Force and works only from September to March. So Jodhpur airport at a distance of approximately 285 km is the better choice. By Rail Well linked by rail with Jodhpur as well as other chief towns of India including Agra, Jaipur, New Delhi and Mumbai. By Bus Has a good system of roads and is well linked with other towns of Rajasthan including Jaipur, Jodhpur and Bikaner and chief towns of India. WANT TO KNOW MORE?ENQUIRE NOWor call+91 11 40504050
Damage caused to a garden by Hurricane Fran Damage caused to a garden by Hurricane Fran E158/0041 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 27.0MB Downloadable file size: 2.5MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Hurricane damage. Trees blown down by hurricane Fran in the garden of a house in North Carolina, USA. This hurricane hit the east coast of the USA on 5 September 1996. The winds reached up to 190 kilometres per hour, and 34 people were killed. Hurricanes are huge cyclonic storm systems of high winds blowing around a central eye. Most hurricanes form in the doldrums, areas of ocean around the equator which are generally calm. A low pressure region forms as moist air is forced upwards, and this becomes the eye of the storm. Hurricanes occur mainly in the late Summer months, when conditions for formation are ideal. Keywords: climate, damage, extreme, fallen, fran, garden, garden damage, hurricane, hurricane damage, hurricane fran, meteorology, north carolina, severe storms, tree, weather
PHP- The Widely Used Open Source Scripting Language PHP-Personal Home page or in the form of recursive backronym- Hypertext Pre-processor is an HTML-embedded scripting language and is suitable for web development. PHP is a widely-used open source scripting language and is executed on the server. The PHP code is embedded into the HTML code and can be used in a combining form with various web template systems, web content management system, and web framework. Though PHP is not a proper web standard and not even a real programming language, it is an open-source technology which allows using scripting of the documents. Why Is PHP Widely Popular Scripting Language? PHP is widely popular as the scripting language and used for enhancing the web pages. Creating username and password login pages, checking the details of a form, creating forums, picture galleries, surveys, and much more works are easily concluded by PHP. PHP is also known as a server-sided language because PHP is not executed on the computer but on the computer the page was requested from. PHP and Its Uses PHP is used for creating dynamic and responsive web pages, static websites and web applications and are usually used in combination with MySQL database on Linux/UNIX web servers. PHP has alternatively used for Microsoft’s Active Server Page (ASP) technology. A HTML page including PHP script is given a suffix of .php, .php3 or phtml. Having a PHP-based website is one of the most imperative things as you have a PHP specialized host. PHP and Its 10 Pillars Modern PHP development is constituted with so called 10 Pillars, which are the most important part of the application 1. Code 2. Tests 3. Dependencies 4. Configurations 5. Assets 6. Runtime data 7. Resources 8. Deployment 9. Stages 10. Scalability SOLUTION EMPIRE: The Perfect Solution Hub for Your PHP Requirements Talented programmers at SOLUTION EMPIRE are highly skilled in fulfilling the PHP web development maintaining consistency with the 10 pillars of PHP development. Our developers use the widely popular open source scripting language for creating lively web pages for our clients. Our professional and expertise web development service is widely reputed as we follow proper documentation of the codes and maintain the codes in a simpler form. Why SOLUTION EMPIRE Web Developers for PHP Development? 1. We are highly proficient in PHP development services that help in fulfilling the requirements of our worldwide based clients. 2. We are proficient with all PHP frameworks. 3. We have faster communication skills and support with the best web solutions. 4. Being technically sound creates customized and effective solutions as per the varying needs of the clienteles.
rhagades rhag·a·des (rāg’ə-dēz’) Chips, cracks, or fissures occurring especially around the mouth and at other mucocutaneous junctions, seen in vitamin deficiency diseases and in congenital syphilis. Read Also: • Rheum noun 1. a thin discharge of the mucous membranes, especially during a cold. 2. catarrh; cold. noun 1. a watery discharge from the eyes or nose rheum (rōōm) n. A watery or thin mucous discharge from the eyes or nose. • Rheumatalgia rheumatalgia rheu·ma·tal·gi·a (rōō’mə-tāl’jē-ə, -jə) n. Rheumatic pain. • Rheumatic arteritis rheumatic arteritis n. Arteritis due to rheumatic fever. • Rheumatic endocarditis rheumatic endocarditis n. Endocarditis resulting from acute rheumatic fever, recognized clinically by valvular involvement.
todo o material postado no blog pode ser encontrado na internet New York City During The Great Depression part3 The first session of the Communist National Convention, at the Manhattan Opera House on June 24, 1936. As the Great Depression put more and more people out of work and plunged them into poverty, communism became an increasingly attractive ideology. Leading New York gangster Charles "Lucky" Luciano in his 1931 mugshot following an arrest on charges of leading a prostitution ring. After the Prohibition of the 1920s allowed organized crime to thrive behind illegal alcohol sales, gangsters entered the 1930s with a new level of wealth and power. It was during this time that Luciano and several other key crime figures, including Bugsy Siegel and Meyer Lansky, helped establish the Five Families and bring the New York mafia into its modern form. Angry crowds gather outside lower Manhattan's Bank of United States following its devastating collapse, 1931. A woman on strike stands on Manhattan's 7th Avenue, 1936. Weighing the catch at the Fulton Market in lower Manhattan, 1934. Pushcart market in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, 1939. Inside McSorley's Old Ale House -- which opened its doors in the mid-19th century and remains one of New York's oldest operating pubs today -- in the East Village, 1937. A family gathers on their stoop on Jay Street in Brooklyn, 1936. Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx, an area popular with federal subsistence homesteaders coming in from New Jersey, 1936. Young men gather in front of re-election signs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt -- whose federal relief programs helped the city through the Great Depression to a great extent -- in Midtown Manhattan, 1936 Elected in 1933, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia helped New York weather the Great Depression as best it could. The city's first ever mayor of either southern or eastern European descent, he unified the city's poor immigrant populations (most of which came from that region). Given his close association with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he also enacted scores of social and economic relief programs. Pictured: LaGuardia giving a radio broadcast, 1940. Ultimately, the Great Depression exposed just how bad poverty in much of the city had already been for decades. In response, LaGuardia's initiatives saw thousands of slums and tenements fixed, torn down, or rebuilt, making way for a newer, better New York that would see extraordinary economic growth in the coming decades. Pictured: Lower Manhattan, circa 1931. MikeLiveira's Space on Tumblr
Segments in this Video Global Network (03:29) Globalization, or the “Global Village,” is the single biggest impact on technology revolution. It challenges and redefines national identity and culture. The economy rises to meet new demands. Global Telecommunications (03:43) In 1957 Sputnik led to new technology in a satellite system. In 1961 Kennedy wanted world leadership in a global satellite system that transmitted signals from a satellite to many areas on earth. Global Programming (03:10) Live programming and instant communication unite the world. In 1976 backyard satellite dishes target households. Easier global communication make government control and censorship more difficult. Mass Media and Foreign Markets (06:14) Media depend on revenue in foreign markets. Third world countries are unsatisfied with the imposition of American entertainment, but globalization can also empower them. MTV unifies cultures in music. Globalization and a Universal Culture (05:29) National identities lose uniqueness in the "global village" and become an international culture. America imposes values, causing resistance. Globalization benefits by sharing information. Global Economy (03:44) Success in business depends upon communication networks. Telecommunications improve economic growth. Poor cultures have concerns about Western countries dominating their infrastructures. (press option 3) or Global Media Part of the Series : Media Power DVD (Chaptered) Price: $99.95 DVD + 3-Year Streaming Price: $149.93 3-Year Streaming Price: $99.95 Sixties’ media philosopher Marshall McLuhan predicted the coming of a Global Village in which telecommunications technology would figuratively shrink the world. Satellites, the Internet, multinational communications giants, and the ubiquity of televisions and computers have more than helped realize his prophecy. Who are the big players and what kind of village have they wrought? As American music, TV, film, sports, fashion, and food spread worldwide and push aside the local fare, are we guilty of cultural imperialism? This insightful program looks at a variety of issues surrounding the growth of media in the era of the international audience. (28 minutes) Length: 29 minutes Item#: BVL8526 ISBN: 978-0-7365-6067-2 Copyright date: ©1997 Closed Captioned Performance Rights Prices include public performance rights. Only available in USA and Canada.
Results 1 to 2 of 2 1. wotcha's Avatar • Member Info • Native Language: • Korean • Home Country: • South Korea • Current Location: • South Korea • Join Date: Jun 2010 • Posts: 735 He knew he must not give in to temptation He knew he must not give in to temptation. From the above sentence, why is the present verb used though it is past tense (knew)? 2. FreeToyInside's Avatar • Member Info • Native Language: • English • Home Country: • United States • Current Location: • China • Join Date: May 2012 • Posts: 222 Re: He knew he must not give in to temptation Modal verbs are a very tricky thing to explain! Seeing as how nobody else wanted to touch this question, I'm not the only one who thinks so. The only way I can think to explain why the above sentence is correct is by giving examples of why it would it wrong in the past tense. I'll start by saying that when "must/must not" is used as an advisory or recommendation for or against doing something like in the above sentence, AmE strongly favors using "should/shouldn't." So we would be more likely to say "He knew he shouldn't give in to temptation." The past tense use of must (not) -- must (not) have + past participle -- loses the meaning of recommendation and expresses your certainty of an event without having been directly told. For example: If you say "Tom must have woken up late today" - nobody told you that Tom woke up late, but you think that he did because of certain clues, like Tom didn't have time to brush his hair before class, he didn't show up on time, etc. If you say "Mom must not have gone grocery shopping this morning" - Mom never told you that she didn't go grocery shopping, but you're certain that she didn't because there's no food in the house. So to use the past tense of "must not" in the above sentence doesn't carry the same meaning - the past tense of must always shows your certainty, it's unrelated to the present tense meaning of strong recommendation. If the sentence were "He knew he must not have given in to temptation," it would make American speakers wonder what you're trying to say. If we use the word "should" in place of the word "must" we can also see a difference in meaning if it were used in the past tense. should (not) have + past participle means that it would have been better if something happened differently than the way it actually did. For example: If you say "I shouldn't have gone to bed so late last night" it means you regret that you didn't go to sleep earlier than you actually did (because you're tired today, you were late to school, etc). If you say "I should have gone to see that movie" it means that you didn't go see that movie and now you regret it (because you heard it's a great movie, it's not playing at the theater anymore, etc) So if you used the above sentence to say "he knew he should not have given in to temptation" it means that he really did give in to temptation, and he now regrets that he did. It still has the meaning of recommendation, but it applies to the opposite of an event that already took place in the past. The past tense of these modals changes the meaning, the present tense is the only acceptable form to use to express the meaning in your sentence. I hope this was helpful and not too confusing! I couldn't think of anything more concise than just giving examples. (not a teacher, just a language lover) Similar Threads 1. [General] yield oneself to temptation/ feeling mean By vil in forum Ask a Teacher Replies: 3 Last Post: 26-Jun-2011, 16:59 2. Resist the temptation By lalda222 in forum Ask a Teacher Replies: 2 Last Post: 26-Mar-2008, 00:24 3. Question about temptation and soul By HaraKiriBlade in forum Ask a Teacher Replies: 6 Last Post: 08-Dec-2005, 03:58 4. I Knew By jack in forum Ask a Teacher Replies: 5 Last Post: 24-Feb-2005, 20:23 Posting Permissions • You may not post new threads • You may not post replies • You may not post attachments • You may not edit your posts
The Full Wiki Albatross: Map Wikipedia article: Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article: Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds allied to the procellariids, storm-petrels and diving-petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Oceanmarker and the North Pacificmarker. They are absent from the North Atlanticmarker, although fossil remains show they once occurred there too and occasional vagrants turn up. Taxonomy and evolution Phylogenetic relationships of the 4 albatross genera. Based on Nunn et al. 1996. recent research by Gary Nunn of the American Museum of Natural Historymarker (1996) and other researchers around the world studied the mitochondrial DNA of all 14 accepted species, finding that there were four, not two, monophyletic groups within the albatrosses. They proposed the resurrection of two of the old genus names, Phoebastria for the North Pacific albatrosses and Thalassarche for the mollymawks, with the great albatrosses retaining Diomedea and the sooty albatrosses staying in Phoebetria. Both the British Ornithologists' Union and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, and the change has been accepted by the majority of researchers. Based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species, compared to the 14 then accepted. This interim taxonomy elevated many established subspecies to full species, but was criticised for not using, in every case, peer reviewed information to justify the splits. Since then further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits; a 2004 paper analysing the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites agreed with the conclusion that the Antipodean Albatross and the Tristan Albatross were distinct from the Wandering Albatross, per Robertson and Nunn, but found that the suggested Gibson's Albatross, Diomedea gibsoni, was not distinct from the Antipodean Albatross. For the most part, an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by the IUCN and many other researchers, though by no means all—in 2004 Penhallurick and Wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 (including the lumping of the Amsterdam Albatross with the Wandering Albatross), although this paper was itself controversial. On all sides, there is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's molecular study of the evolution of the bird families has put the radiation of the Procellariiformes in the Oligocene period (35–30 million years ago), though this group probably originated earlier, with a fossil sometimes attributed to the order, a seabird known as Tytthostonyx, being found in late Cretaceous rocks (70 mya). The molecular evidence suggests that the storm-petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the albatrosses next, with the procellarids and diving petrels separating later. The earliest fossil albatrosses were found in Eocene to Oligocene rocks, although some of these are only tentatively assigned to the family and none appear to be particularly close to the living forms. They are Murunkus (Middle Eocene of Uzbekistanmarker), Manu (early Oligocene of New Zealandmarker), and an undescribed form from the Late Oligocene of South Carolinamarker. Similar to the last was Plotornis, formerly often considered a petrel but now accepted as an albatross. It is from the Middle Miocene of Francemarker, a time when the split between the four modern genera was already underway as evidenced by Phoebastria californica and Diomedea milleri, both being mid-Miocene species from Sharktooth Hill, Californiamarker. These show that the split between the great albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses occurred by 15 mya. Similar fossil finds in the southern hemisphere put the split between the sooties and mollymawks at 10 mya.The fossil record of the albatrosses in the northern hemisphere is more complete than that of the southern, and many fossil forms of albatross have been found in the North Atlanticmarker, which today has no albatrosses. The remains of a colony of Short-tailed Albatrosses have been uncovered on the island of Bermudamarker, and the majority of fossil albatrosses from the North Atlantic have been of the genus Phoebastria (the North Pacific albatrosses); one, Phoebastria anglica, has been found in deposits in both North Carolinamarker and Englandmarker. Due to convergent evolution in particular of the leg and foot bones, remains of the prehistoric pseudotooth birds (Pelagornithidae) may be mistaken for those of extinct albatrosses; Manu may be such a case, and quite certainly the supposed giant albatross femur from the Early Pleistocene Dainichi Formation at Kakegawa (Japanmarker) actually is from one of the last pseudotooth birds. For more data on fossil species of the living albatross genera, see the genus articles. Morphology and flight Unlike most Procellariiformes, albatrosses, like this Black-footed Albatross, can walk well on land. Albatrosses, along with all Procellariiformes have a need to lower their salt content due to their drinking of ocean water. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above their eyes. This gland is inactive in species that don't require it; however the Procellariiformes do require its use. Scientists are uncertain as to its exact processes, but do know in general terms that it removes salt that forms a 5% saline solution that drips out of their nose or is forcibly ejected in some birds. The wingspans of the largest great albatrosses (genus Diomedea) are the largest of any bird, exceeding , although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller ( ). The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds, dynamic soaring and slope soaring. Dynamic soaring enables them to minimise the effort needed by gliding across wave fronts gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. Slope soaring is more straightforward: the albatross turns to the wind, gaining height, from where it can then glide back down to the sea. Albatross have high glide ratios, around 22:1 to 23:1, meaning that for every metre they drop, they can travel forward . They are aided in soaring by a shoulder-lock, a sheet of tendon that locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept outstretched without any muscle expenditure, a morphological adaptation they share with the giant petrels. Taking off is one of the main times albatrosses use flapping in order to fly, and is the most energetically demanding part of a journey. combine these soaring techniques with the use of predictable weather systems; albatrosses in the southern hemispheremarker flying north from their colonies will take a clockwise route, and those flying south will fly counterclockwise. Albatrosses are so well adapted to this lifestyle that their heart rates while flying are close to their basal heart rate when resting. This efficiency is such that the most energetically demanding aspect of a foraging trip is not the distance covered, but the landings, take-offs and hunting they undertake having found a food source. This efficient long-distance travelling underlies the albatross's success as a long-distance forager, covering great distances and expending little energy looking for patchily distributed food sources. Their adaptation to gliding flight makes them dependent on wind and waves, however, as their long wings are ill-suited to powered flight and most species lack the muscles and energy to undertake sustained flapping flight. Albatrosses in calm seas are forced to rest on the ocean's surface until the wind picks up again. The North Pacific albatrosses can use a flight style known as flap-gliding, where the bird progresses by bursts of flapping followed by gliding. When taking off, albatrosses need to take a run up to allow enough air to move under the wing to provide lift. Distribution and range at sea The distribution of albatrosses across the world. Albatrosses range over huge areas of ocean and regularly circle the globe. is not known for certain why the albatrosses became extinct in the North Atlanticmarker, although rising sea levels due to an interglacial warming period are thought to have submerged the site of a Short-tailed Albatross colony that has been excavated in Bermuda. Some southern species have occasionally turned up as vagrants in the North Atlantic and can become exiled, remaining there for decades. One of these exiles, a Black-browed Albatross, returned to gannet colonies in Scotlandmarker for many years in a lonely attempt to breed. The use of satellite tracking is teaching scientists a great deal about the way albatrosses forage across the ocean in order to find food. They undertake no annual migration, but disperse widely after breeding, in the case of southern hemisphere species, often undertaking circumpolar trips. There is also evidence that there is separation of the ranges of different species at sea. A comparison of the foraging niches of two related species that breed on Campbell Islandmarker, the Campbell Albatross and the Grey-headed Albatross, showed the Campbell Albatross primarily fed over the Campbell Plateau whereas the Grey-Headed Albatross fed in more pelagic, oceanic waters. Wandering Albatrosses also react strongly to bathymetry, feeding only in waters deeper than 1000 m (3281 ft); so rigidly did the satellite plots match this contour that one scientist remarked, "It almost appears as if the birds notice and obey a 'No Entry' sign where the water shallows to less than 1000 m". There is also evidence of different ranges for the two sexes of the same species; a study of Tristan Albatrosses breeding on Gough Islandmarker showed that males foraged to the west of Gough and females to the east. The albatross diet is predominantly cephalopods, fish, crustaceans and offal, although they will also scavenge carrion and feed on other zooplankton. It should be noted that for most species, a comprehensive understanding of diet is only known for the breeding season, when the albatrosses regularly return to land and study is possible. The importance of each of these food sources varies from species to species, and even from population to population; some concentrate on squid alone, others take more krill or fish. Of the two albatross species found in Hawaiimarker, one, the Black-footed Albatross, takes mostly fish while the Laysan feeds on squid. Light-mantled Albatrosses regularly dive in order to feed and can dive to below 12 m. Breeding and dancing Wandering Albatrosses are colonial but have large widely spaced territories. Here a pair performs their famous breeding dance. Albatrosses are colonial, usually nesting on isolated islands; where colonies are on larger landmasses, they are found on exposed headlands with good approaches from the sea in several directions, like the colony on the Otago Peninsulamarker in Dunedin, New Zealandmarker. Many Buller's Albatrosses and Black-footed Albatrosses nest under trees in open forest. Colonies vary from the very dense aggregations favoured by the mollymawks (Black-browed Albatross colonies on the Falkland Islandsmarker have densities of 70 nests per 100 m²) to the much looser groups and widely spaced individual nests favoured by the sooty and great albatrosses. All albatross colonies are on islands that historically were free of land mammals. Albatrosses are highly philopatric, meaning they will usually return to their natal colony to breed. This tendency to return to their point of origin to breed is so strong that a study of Laysan Albatross showed that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was . Sky-pointing is one of the stereotyped actions of Laysan Albatross breeding dances. Albatrosses are held to undertake these elaborate and painstaking rituals to ensure that the appropriate partner has been chosen and to perfect partner recognition, as egg laying and chick rearing is a huge investment. Even species that can complete an egg-laying cycle in under a year seldom lay eggs in consecutive years. The great albatrosses (like the Wandering Albatross) take over a year to raise a chick from laying to fledging. Albatrosses lay a single subelliptical egg, white with reddish brown spots, in a breeding season; if the egg is lost to predators or accidentally broken, then no further breeding attempts are made that year. The larger eggs weigh from . The "divorce" of a pair is a rare occurrence, usually only happening after several years of breeding failure. All the southern albatrosses create large nest for their egg, utilizing grass, shrubs, soil, peat, and even penguin feathers, whereas the three species in the north Pacific make more rudimentary nests. The Waved Albatross, on the other hand, makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair's territory, as much as , sometimes causing it to lose the egg. In all albatross species, both parents incubate the egg in stints that last between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days (longer for the larger albatrosses), the longest incubation period of any bird. It can be an energetically demanding process, with the adult losing as much as of body weight a day. After hatching, the chick, which is semi-altricial, is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to defend and thermoregulate itself. During this period the parents feed the chick small meals when they relieve each other from duty. After the brooding period is over, the chick is fed in regular intervals by both parents. The parents adopt alternative patterns of short and long foraging trips, providing meals that weigh around 12% of their body weight (around ). The meals are composed of both fresh squid, fish and krill, as well as stomach oil, an energy-rich food that is lighter to carry than undigested prey items. This oil is created in a stomach organ known as a proventriculus from digested prey items by most tubenoses, and gives them their distinctive musty smell. Albatrosses brood young chicks until they are large enough to defend themselves and thermoregulate. Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge. In the case of the great albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days; even for the smaller albatrosses, it takes anywhere between 140 and 170 days. Like many seabirds, albatross chicks will gain enough weight to be heavier than their parents, and prior to fledging they use these reserves to build up body condition (particularly growing all their flight feathers), usually fledging at the same weight as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those fledged survive to breed. Albatross chicks fledge on their own and receive no further help from their parents, who return to the nest after fledging, unaware their chick has left. Studies of juveniles dispersing at sea have suggested an innate migration behaviour, a genetically coded navigation route, which helps young birds when they are first out at sea. Albatrosses and humans The name albatross is derived from the Arabic al-câdous or al-ġaţţās (a pelican; literally, "the diver"), which travelled to English via the Portuguese form alcatraz ("gannet"), which is also the origin of the title of the former prison, Alcatrazmarker. The OED notes that the word alcatraz was originally applied to the frigatebird; the modification to albatross was perhaps influenced by Latin albus, meaning "white", in contrast to frigatebirds which are black. The Portuguese word albatroz is of English origin. They were once commonly known as Goonie birds or Gooney birds, particularly those of the North Pacificmarker. In the southern hemisphere, the name mollymawk is still well established in some areas, which is a corrupted form of malle-mugge, an old Dutch name for the Northern Fulmar. The name Diomedea, assigned to the albatrosses by Linnaeus, references the mythical metamorphosis of the companions of the Greek warrior Diomedes into birds. Finally, the family name Procellariiformes comes from the Latin word procella meaning a violent wind or a storm. In culture Albatrosses have been described as "the most legendary of all birds". An albatross is a central emblem in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge; a captive albatross is also a metaphor for the poète maudit in a poem of Charles Baudelaire. It is from the Coleridge poem that the usage of albatross as a metaphor is derived; someone with a burden or obstacle is said to have 'an albatross around their neck', the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross. In part due to the poem, there is a widespread myth that sailors believe it disastrous to shoot or harm an albatross; in truth, however, sailors regularly killed and ate them, but they were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors. The Maori used the wing bones of the albatross to carve their ceremonial tattoos into their skin. "Albatroz" - Woodcut from the journal "O Panorama" 1837 edition (From the Dr. Nuno Carvalho de Sousa Private Collections - Lisbon) Albatrosses are popular birds for birdwatchers and their colonies popular destinations for ecotourists. Regular birdwatching trips are taken out of many coastal towns and cities, like Montereymarker, Kaikouramarker, Wollongongmarker and Sydneymarker, to see pelagic seabirds, and albatrosses are easily attracted to these sightseeing boats by the deployment of fish oil into the sea. Visits to colonies can be very popular; the Northern Royal Albatross colony at Taiaroa Headmarker in New Zealand attracts 40,000 visitors a year, and more isolated colonies are regular attractions on cruises to sub-Antarctic islands. Threats and conservation In spite of often being accorded legendary status, albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans. Early encounters with albatrosses by Polynesians and Aleut Indians resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands (such as Easter Islandmarker). As European began sailing the world, they too began to hunt albatross, "fishing" for them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport. This sport reached its peak on emigration lines bound for Australia, and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from, and regulations stopped the discharge of weapons for safety reasons. In the 19th century, albatross colonies, particularly those in the North Pacific, were harvested for the feather trade, leading to the near extinction of the Short-tailed Albatross. the 21 albatross species recognised by IUCN on their Red List, 19 are threatened, and the other two are near threatened. Two species (as recognised by the IUCN) are considered critically endangered: the Amsterdam Albatross and the Chatham Albatross. One of the main threats is commercial long-line fishing, as the albatrosses and other seabirds which will readily feed on offal are attracted to the set bait become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated pirate fisheries exacerbate the problem. On Midway Atollmarker, collisions between Laysan Albatross and aircraft have resulted in human and bird deaths as well as severe disruptions in military flight operations. Studies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s that examined the results of control methods such as the killing of birds, the leveling and clearing of land to eliminate updrafts and the destruction of annual nesting sites. Tall structures such as traffic control and radio towers killed 3000 birds in flight collisions during 1964-1965 before the towers were taken down. Closure of Naval Air Facility Midway Island in 1993 eliminated the problem of collisions with military aircraft. Recent reductions in human activity on the island have helped reduce bird deaths, though lead paint pollution near military buildings continues to poison birds by ingestion. Albatross plumes were popular in the early 20th century. In 1909 alone over 300,000 albatrosses were killed on Midway Islandmarker and Laysan Islandmarker for their plumes. Another threat to albatrosses is introduced species, such as rats or feral cats, which directly attack the albatross or its chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have evolved to breed on islands where land mammals are absent and have not evolved defences against them. Even species as small as mice can be detrimental; on Gough Islandmarker the chicks of Tristan Albatrosses are attacked and eaten alive by introduced house mice. Introduced species can have other indirect effects: cattle overgrazed essential cover on Amsterdam Island threatening the Amsterdam Albatross; on other islands introduced plants reduce potential nesting habitat. of plastic flotsam is another problem, one faced by many seabirds. The amount of plastic in the seas has increased dramatically since the first record in the 1960s, coming from waste discarded by ships, offshore dumping, litter on beaches and waste washed to sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest and takes up space in the stomach or gizzard that should be used for food, or can cause an obstruction that starves the bird directly. Studies of birds in the North Pacific have shown that ingestion of plastics results in declining body weight and body condition. This plastic is sometimes regurgitated and fed to chicks; a study of Laysan Albatross chicks on Midway Atollmarker showed large amounts of ingested plastic in naturally dead chicks compared to healthy chicks killed in accidents. While not the direct cause of death, this plastic causes physiological stress and causes the chick to feel full during feedings, reducing its food intake and the chances of survival. Scientists and conservationists (most importantly BirdLife International and their partners, who run the Save the Albatross campaign) are working with governments and fishermen to find solutions to the threats albatrosses face. Techniques such as setting long-line bait at night, dying the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and using bird scarers can all reduce the seabird by-catch. For example, a collaborative study between scientists and fishermen in New Zealandmarker successfully tested an underwater setting device for long-liners which set the lines below the reach of vulnerable albatross species. The use of some of these techniques in the Patagonian Toothfish fishery in the Falkland Islandsmarker is thought to have reduced the number of Black-browed Albatross taken by the fleet in the last 10 years. Conservationists have also worked on the field of island restoration, removing introduced species that threaten native wildlife, which protects albatrosses from introduced predators. One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other seabirds is the 2001 treaty the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, which came into force in 2004 and has been ratified by eight countries, Australia, Ecuadormarker, New Zealandmarker, Spainmarker, South Africa, Francemarker, Perumarker and the United Kingdommarker. The treaty requires these countries to take specific actions to reduce by-catch, pollution and to remove introduced species from nesting islands. The treaty has also been signed but not ratified by another three countries, Argentinamarker, Brazilmarker and Chilemarker. Current thinking divides the albatrosses into four genera. The number of species is a matter of some debate. The IUCN and BirdLife International among others recognise the interim taxonomy of 22 extant species, other authorities retain the more traditional 14 species, and one recent paper proposed a reduction to 13: 1. Alexander, W. B., Fleming C. A., Falla R. A., Kuroda N. H., Jouanin C., Rowan M. K., Murphy R. C., Serventy D. L., Salomonsen F., Tickell W. L. N., Voous K. H., Warham J., Watson G. E., Winterbottom J. M., and Bourne W. R. P. 1965. "Correspondence: The families and genera of the petrels and their names." Ibis 107: 401–5. 2. Nunn, G. B., Cooper, J., Jouventin, P., Robertson, C. J. R. and Robertson G. G. (1996) "Evolutionary relationships among extant albatrosses (Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae) established from complete cytochrome-b gene sequences". Auk 113: 784–801. [1] 3. Double, M.C. & Chambers, G.K., (2004). "The need for the parties to the Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) to establish a robust, defendable and transparent decision-making process for the construction and maintenance of their species lists ". Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting of Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP), Hobart, Australia, 8–9 November 2004 4. Robertson, C. J. R. and Nunn, G. B. (1998) "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses" in: Proceedings First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses, G.Robertson & R.Gales (Eds), Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty & Sons, 13–19, 5. Burg, T.M., & Croxall, J.P., (2004) "Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex". Molecular Ecology 13: 2345–2355. 6. Penhallurick, J. and Wink, M. (2004). "Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene." Emu 104: 125–147. 7. Rheindt, F. E. & Austin, J., (2005) "Major analytical and conceptual shortcomings in a recent taxonomic revision of the Procellariiformes - A reply to Penhallurick and Wink (2004), Emu 105: 181–186 [2] 9. Olson, S.L., Hearty, P.J. (2003) "Probable extirpation of a breeding colony of Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) on Bermuda by Pleistocene sea-level rise." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100: (22) 12825–12829. 10. Gelasian, formerly Late Pliocene 12. Pennycuick, C. J. (1982). "The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes), observed in South Georgia and its vicinity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 300: 75–106. 13. Tickell, W.L.N. (2000). Albatrosses. Sussex:Pica Press, ISBN 1-873403-94-1 15. Warham, J. (1996). The Behaviour, Population, Biology and Physiology of the Petrels. London:Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-735415-8 16. Cocker, M., & Mabey, R., (2005) Birds Britannica London:Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-6907-9 30. Safina, C. (2002) Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival New York:Henry Holt & Company ISBN 0-8050-6229-7 33. Audubon Watchlist. Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) External links Embed code: Got something to say? Make a comment. Your name Your email address
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Get Started with Modulus Blockchain > Modulus Blockchain Features • Customizable blockchain with public decentralized transaction ledger. • Configurable architecture for distributed ledger. • Smart contracts with JavaScript-based scripting language. • Full commercially licensed source code and developer support. • Malleable design, not limited to financial applications. • Optional order management and risk engine for financial applications. • Permissioned-access security with two factor authentication. • Message-level double encryption. Developer Support We provide developer setup and training via desktop sharing, so you can utilize the Modulus Blockchain almost immediately. Technical support and source code updates are provided for one year and may be renewed. Contact us to get started today.
The meaning of the name Orz is Orz is an Arabic name for boys that means side, proximity. It also means middle (of a sea or river). Name In Arabic : أرز Name In Bangla : অর্জ Name In Urdu : ارض Name In Hindi : ोरज Name Views : 10,500 Share This Name : Similar Muslim Names : Orzah Orzala
artistic-styles-7-hand-weavingIn antiquity chains were made of multiple, uniformly shaped links joined together in what is known in the goldsmith’s vernacular as the ‘loop in loop’ technique. Today the process remains largely unchanged. Gold wire is wound around a hand drill and each twist cut with a pair of pliers. One by one the circular rings are soldered into closed circles. This has to be done with extreme care so as not to alter the size and thickness of the ring. < Back Continue >
Bringing Yesterday's Classics to Today's Children @mainlesson.com Search This Site Only The Discovery of New Worlds by M. B. Synge Learn More "The sea is their school of war, and the storm their friend." THE great Charlemagne was still ruling wisely and well over his mighty province, when a trouble arose on the coasts destined to have far-reaching results. Away in the far north of the country we now call Norway, Sweden, and Denmark lived a hardy rugged race known as the Northmen or Danes. They were closely connected with the Angles and Saxons who had set sail for Britain years before and overrun it in the days of King Arthur. Like the Greeks of old, these people had passed through an age of legend. They had worshipped their god Odin or Woden, from whom we get the day of the week called Wednesday; the god Thor, from whom we get Thursday; and the god Frigga, from whom we get Friday. In appearance these Northmen were broad, deep-chested, tall men, with the fair hair and blue [63] eyes of the Saxons. Dressed in long stockings, high shoes, shirts, loose drawers, and low hats, they carried in times of war long shields, axes, spears, and swords. But the sea was the home of these people—Vikings, as they were often called, from the word vic, meaning a bay or fiord. The stern climate and barren soil of their inhospitable northern home drove them forth over the stormy waters to get a livelihood by pillage and plunder. Their black ships, standing high above the water, prow and stern ending in the head and tail of some strange animal, struck terror into the hearts of all who saw them, as they swept over the stormy seas in search of plunder and pillage. So much did they trouble Charlemagne that an old story tells us how he took the young children of the Northmen and slew all those who were taller than his sword. Another story says he was sitting one day in his palace near the sea-side, when from his window he saw the flash of Viking sails far out at sea. "These are no merchants," he cried, rising from his seat. He watched till the ships were out of sight, then shedding bitter tears, he added: "I am very sorrowful, for I see what woes these men will bring on my subjects." Charlemagne was right: they were to become a terror to all, and to play a large part in the [64] history of the world. Little did he dream that they would conquer a large part of his kingdom, to be called, after themselves, Normandy. Little did Alfred the Great, King of England, dream that these very Northmen should one day sweep over his country, and that from these Vikings of olden times the English race should spring. Not since the Phœnicians had there been such a sea-going race of men, fearless and free, with a spirit of daring and a love of adventure that neither Greeks nor Romans had ever possessed. Wondrous are the stories of these old Viking heroes, who would set forth with a few followers to discover new lands, fight strange people, and return home with rich plunder to their bleak north country. They soon sailed over to the islands of Orkney and Shetland at the north of Scotland, and away beyond to Iceland, and beyond that again to Greenland. After the death of Charlemagne in 814 the Northmen became bolder. They sailed up the large rivers, and actually laid siege to Paris. One of their leaders was called Rollo, and many are the stories told of this famous old Viking. So stout was he that no horse could carry him, and he had to walk everywhere. When quite young he left his home and sailed about the seas, leading the life of a pirate. The King of Norway wished to stop these sea rovers and robbers, and made strict laws against [66] them. Rollo broke all these, and he was exiled for life from his native land. He collected a band of wild young men like himself, and sailed away from the home he was never to see again. The company of adventurers landed in France, and the king went forth with his army to meet them. "Why have you come to France?" he asked them. "To conquer it," was the stout reply. "Would you not rather do homage to the king?" was the next question. "No," shouted the whole band as one man. So a battle was fought, in which the French were beaten, and the Vikings marched victoriously to Rouen, where Rollo was chosen to be chief. After a time Rollo planned an expedition into the heart of France, and the king was so much alarmed that he offered to give Rollo that northern part of France called Normandy—the land of the Northmen. And from this time a change came over the wild Viking. He divided the new land among his followers, in return for which they were to follow him to battle when he summoned them. He became a Christian and a good ruler. He adopted the language of the country, and after a time there was no need for the terror-stricken people of the north to sob out their despairing petition— "From the fury of the Northmen, save us, Lord." Table of Contents \| Index \| Previous: The Hero of Two Nations \| Next: How the Northmen Conquered England
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to: navigation, search See also: résonance Wikipedia has an article on: Wikiversity-logo.svg resonance on Wikiversity.Wikiversity Spring resonance animation. From Old French resonance (French résonance), from Latin resonantia (echo), from resonō (I resound). resonance (countable and uncountable, plural resonances) 1. The condition of being resonant. 2. A resonant sound, echo, or reverberation, such as that produced by blowing over the top of a bottle. 3. (medicine) The sound produced by a hollow body part such as the chest cavity upon auscultation, especially that produced while the patient is speaking. 4. (figuratively) Something that evokes an association, or a strong emotion. 5. (physics) The increase in the amplitude of an oscillation of a system under the influence of a periodic force whose frequency is close to that of the system's natural frequency. 6. (nuclear physics) A short-lived subatomic particle or state of atomic excitation that results from the collision of atomic particles. • 2004, When experiments with the first ‘atom-smashers’ took place in the 1950s to 1960s, many short-lived heavier siblings of the proton and neutron, known as ‘resonances’, were discovered. — Frank Close, Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford 2004, p. 35) 7. An increase in the strength or duration of a musical tone produced by sympathetic vibration. 8. (chemistry) The property of a compound that can be visualized as having two structures differing only in the distribution of electrons; mesomerism. 9. (astronomy) A influence of the gravitational forces of one orbiting object on the orbit of another, causing periodic perturbations. 10. (electronics) The condition where the inductive and capacitive reactances have equal magnitude. Related terms[edit] Old French[edit] Etymology 1[edit] resonance f (oblique plural resonances, nominative singular resonance, nominative plural resonances) 1. resonance Etymology 2[edit] resoner (to reason) +‎ -ance. 1. reason (logic, thinking behind an idea or concept)
v45: klippa I’ve been studying verbs that describe cutting and breaking, events of material separation, or C&B if you will [Majid A, et al. How similar are semantic categories in closely related languages? A comparison of cutting and breaking in four Germanic languages. Cognitive Linguistics 2007; 18(2): 179-194]. It turns out that this is an interesting thing to study across languages, because C&B is a fairly universal concept (tools for the purpose having been fashioned millions of years ago), and because C&B events involve what we may regard as prototypical verbs: somoeone does something to something, resulting in a change of state. But then it gets complicated. Languages typically have over 20 verbs that can be used to describe C&B events. Some events are associated with a specific verb (saw), whereas some aren’t (crush, pound, pulverise, smash). The simple answer to last week’s question: in English, both the scissors and the knife cut. In Swedish there is no single word for cut; what scissors do is klippa (same origin as English clip), and what knives do is skära (same origin as English shear). As with English, German has a single word for cut (schneiden), whereas Dutch has the scissors/knife distinction (knippen/snijden). English/German/Dutch/Swedish all have a specific word for saw (saw/sägen/zagen/såga). Interesting, but so what? Well, it does have implications for both second language learning and translation. My Norstedts Stora Engelsk-Svenska Ordbok, under cut, lists skära, hugga, klippa, snoppa, meja av, slå,lla, utesluta, and more, with little indication of how to choose between them. Examples for klippa are (I quote) “[~ a film (tape); ~ a hedge]”.häcksax From the above, I would have thought of cutting hair as a good obvious example. Using klippa for hedges makes me think of some sort of large pair of scissors, but in fact, the electric instrument typically used for cutting hedges is a häcksax (hedge-scissors) (at right), and it certainly has more than one blade. The same dictionary also has an entry hedge-cutter = häckklippare. I hope that’s all clear now! A final note: scissors (plural) = en sax (singular). Perhaps more on that in a future post. Next week: bottle and box What’s in the bottle? (Hint: What’s in the box?) Published in: on November 8, 2009 at 12:57 Comments (1) Tags: , , , , The URI to TrackBack this entry is: https://rinse.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/v45-klippa/trackback/ RSS feed for comments on this post. One CommentLeave a comment 1. If you look up ‘häcksax’ in Wikipedia (http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4cksax) you will find a picture of both the original version which is indeed a large pair of scissors, and the newer version which is electrical or enginge driven and doesn’t look like a pair of scissors and would be better called a ‘häck-klippare’ (hedgecutter). Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Welcome to Toptech Drinking water treatment process Distinctive normal water bodies and supplies are the indispensable assets of new water for the civil zones. The water gathered from the common water bodies and stores are synthetically treated and are made appropriate for drinking and other general exercises. A Billion liters of water is transmitted from the plants to the metropolitan divisions. The principal target is to give sheltered and clean Drinking Water to the inhabitants in the urbanized range. Developing populace and contaminated water requires productive water treatment plant With the moving time, the populace is expanding which straightforwardly increments new water utilization. For climatic variety and development of modern part amount of crisp water is diminishing continually. Expanding contamination is another factor that is dirtying water and condition which influences human well-being. Wastewaters from urban zones and in addition mechanical regions are discharged to the surface water bodies that corrupt the nature of new water. Keeping in mind the end goal to adjust the amount and nature of water, it is fundamental to treat wastewater and change it to compact water which can be used for a few purposes including utilization. GWT outlines water treatment plants that satisfy the need of consumable water Beginning Water Technologies outlines and fabricates Drinking Water Treatment Plants which treats water sourced from various water bodies and purges it making it reasonable for utilization and additionally other everyday exercises. The water treatment plants expel the chemicals, particulates, natural materials and additionally different trash from the water and treat the water bringing about perfect and consumable water that can be utilized for cooking, cleaning, and so forth. The water treatment plant drew in for cleaning water and making it reasonable for human utilization guarantees to keep any here and now or long haul wellbeing dangers for unfriendly effects of the dirtied water. How the water treatment plant purges the water and makes it appropriate for utilization? The water treatment plant is composed by Genesis Water Technologies-GWT that expels microbes, infections, green growth, parasites, minerals, suspended solids and significantly more squanders from water that influences it to unfit for utilization. The water treatment plant incorporates a few compelling physical procedures, compound procedures, and organic process. The plants outlined at GWT address diverse issues of treating the water and changing it into consumable. A definitive point of the organization is to control safe water among general society. The water surpasses the models managed by WHO. The water treatment plants satisfy the quality prerequisites of consumable water performing fundamental water purging and treatment methods. Coagulation and Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, and sterilization are the endorsed water treatment process. The water treatment plants are redone concurring the nature of the water that enters the treatment plant and treated similarly! Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
• Pendules ART DECO ART DECO clock JAZ - the success of the 1930's As early as 1924, Jaz began exporting clocks not only to other clock producing countries in Europe, but also to the Americas and to the Far-East. As its reputation grew, so did the number of models as well as technical improvements of the mechanical movements. Until 11930, most of its clock models were round clocks in brass, chrome or small square ladies clocks in the same materials. Then in the early 1930's, aa new material came onto the market that would revolutionize manufacturing: Bakelite. As Jaz preferred to customize its components, it named the bakelite used in its model Jazolite. Coinciding with new casings was the new major technical advancement of an 8 - day movement to replace the 30 hour movement. New clocks now only required winding every week instead of every day. New alarm clock models began filling the shelves and Jaz strongly promoted the idea of a clock in every room in the house including the kitchen. Berric model 1935 Lotic model 1934 Lorric Model 1937 Persic model 1938 Lucic Model 1935 Every model produced came in different dials, with luminous or non luminous hands but the same finish that could be kept pristine with a simple wipe of a cloth. In 1934 they produced a large mantle sized clock using a new type of movement that was almost silent and did not include an alarm . The Silentic had something unique: a tiny triangle in the 12 indicating that the clock needed to be wound when it showed red. Gotic model 1931 Janic model 1934 Romic model 1931 While bakelite was widely used in a large selection of clocks, other materials (brass, chrome and porcelaine) continued to be utilized in an ever expanding line of models. The Romic (left) was one of the most popular models. Its use of shiny chrome, the semi-circular design, the 'beehive' hands and the luminous numbers appealed to the Art Deco style. With its expanding markets, Jaz began print advertising and to distinguish it from its competitors, most of its ads were in black and red on a white background. Jaz was the leader in the number of styles, models and overall sales until WWII, when materials became rarer and workers were drafted into military service. Until 1941, all Jaz clocks had the word JAZ stamped on the dial above the 6. When the Third Reich invaded France, the Nazis objected to the use of the word JAZ because it was interpreted as a symbol of 'decadent American music'. To circumvent their objection (and possible closure of the production plants) the directors explained that the name JAZ referred to a small bird, the Jaseur Boréal and bore no relation to the music. As a result, all clocks manufactured after 1942 had a little bird stamped above the Jaz name. The bird's tail was directed downward and this was used until 1967, when the bird's tail was then directed upward. After 1975, the bird disappeared and the name JAZ now appeared under the number 12. « Appliques 1930Telechron American Art Deco Skyscraper Clock in Mint Green » Tags Tags : , , • Commentaires Aucun commentaire pour le moment Suivre le flux RSS des commentaires Ajouter un commentaire Nom / Pseudo : E-mail (facultatif) : Site Web (facultatif) : Commentaire :
The Chameleon A Chameleon assumed and was seen by others in different colors. Those who saw argued among themselves. The Chameleon, revealed, said they were all fools. Learn diffidence and moderation in your opinions. JBR CollectionJBR Collection Ernest Griset (1874) Two travellers happened on their journey to be engaged in a warm dispute about the colour of the Chameleon. One of them affirmed it was blue, that he had seen it with his own eyes upon the naked branch of a tree, feeding on the air in a very clear day. The other strongly asserted it was green, and that he had viewed it very closely and minutely upon the broad leaf of a fig-tree. Both of them were positive, and the dispute was rising to a quarrel; but a third person luckily coming by, they agreed to refer the question to his decision. “Gentlemen,” said the arbitrator, with a smile of great self-satisfaction, “you could not have been more lucky in your reference, as I happen to have caught one of them last night; but, indeed, you are both mistaken, for the creature is totally black.” “Black, impossible!” “Nay,” quoth the umpire, with great assurance, “the matter may be soon decided, for I immediately enclosed my chameleon in a little paper box, and here it is.” So saying, he drew it out of his pocket, opened his box, and, lo! it was as white as snow. The positive disputants looked equally surprised and equally confounded; while the sagacious reptile, assuming the air of a philosopher, thus admonished them: “Ye children of men, learn diffidence and moderation in your opinions. ‘Tis true, you happen in this present instance to be all in the right, and have only considered the subject under different circumstances, but, pray, for the future allow others to have eyesight as well as yourselves; nor wonder if every one prefers the testimony of his own senses to those of another.” Taylor RhymesJefferys Taylor Taylor - Chamelion 0055Two friends, B and A, were disputing, one day, On a creature they’d both of them seen; But who would suppose the debate that arose Was whether ’twas scarlet or green. Said B, “If your’re right, I will own black is white, Or that two, with two added, make eight;” “And so will I too,” replied A, “when you show That that creature is green, as you state.” “Sir, it was, I maintain; I affirm it again; Am I not to believe my own eyes?” “It was not,” replied A; “it was scarlet, I say, Which none but a madman denies.” Then said C, “My good fellow, you’ll find it is yellow; You surely have never been near it:” “That cannot be true, for I’m certain ’twas blue,” Said another who happen’d to hear it. “O!” said D, “it’s absurd! if you’ll credit my word, The creature was brown as a berry:” “Not brown, sir” said Jack, “when I saw it, ’twas black;” Their the neighbours began to be merry. “Come,” said E, “hold your tongue, you are all of you wrong, Or, at least, you are none of you right:” Then a box he display’d, where the creature was laid, When this marvellous lizard was white! “Good people,” said I, “a chameleon his dye Can change any colour to suit; Now if this had been known, all must candidly own You would not have commenced the dispute.” This great altercation show’d small information, As such disputes constantly do; For ignorant minds, one most commonly finds, Are excessively positive too.
The Research Process Discovery of ancestors and important family events begins with summarizing information and compiling existing documents that display the known facts about births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, burials, education, residences, immigration, military service, employment, and other events. Anecdotes from family members can often provide links to people, events and places and need to be recorded as well. We first assemble whatever data is known about parents, grandparents and other family members and input the information into a computerized genealogical database. As more information is gathered it is added to the family file with the goal of eventually being able to produce as complete a family history as is possible. We proceed from the most recent generations, building a history and family tree as information about family members from the past is uncovered. We investigate civil and church records for births, marriages and deaths, census returns, ship passenger lists, military records, business directories, wills and testaments, and any other relevant documents and sources, to uncover family members and the activities they were involved in. Copies of original records are obtained and catalogued where possible. Relationships are established between individuals using all of these accounts. In all cases, specific information is sought to prove the connections between family members. Where direct evidence might be lacking, notes are made to show likely or probable associations and to direct further research.
Why Donald Trump's Inaugural Address Matters Throughout his time as a candidate and now in his first remarks as president, Trump has drawn a new map of politics. No other inaugural address, it’s safe to say, has ever drawn Donald Trump’s contrast between “American carnage” and American greatness. His speech was nothing like the polished, soothing, and rather nebulous talk the public has been accustomed to hearing from victorious politicians. Trump was not celebrating; he was readying the country for war. Specifically, a class war—not along Marxist lines but instead nationalist ones, with citizens exhorted to buy American and hire American, to put “America first” in everything from commerce to foreign policy. Trump also departed from the language of global hegemony that has marked inaugural addresses and presidential statements since the end of the Cold War. With echoes of an older U.S. strategic outlook—that of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and John Quincy Adams—Trump said, “We will seek friendship and goodwill with the nations of the world, but we do so with the understanding that it is the right of all nations to put their own interests first.” And without explicitly alluding to a “shining city on a hill,” Trump restored the metaphor’s original meaning: “We do not seek to impose our way of life on anyone, but rather to let it shine as an example.” Trump’s words don’t bear comparison with the eloquence of Washington or Jefferson, of course, but it was a very good speech, vastly superior to vapid pretentiousness of most recent presidential rhetoric. What Trump has done is to establish a new tier in the history of inaugural addresses. The classic phase that lasted from the Founders until Lincoln won’t be matched, and the grand rhetoric of Cold War presidents like Kennedy and Reagan, lofty yet credible, is likewise a thing of the past. After Reagan, inaugural addresses became parodies of what they had been in the decades when America was tested by world wars and superpower rivalry. The speechwriters were skilled, but their words rang false. Trump’s words rang true, at least as an expression—clear and forceful—of how the president and his voters see the state of country. Even Trump’s critics should appreciate the clarity of his words and their import. Throughout his time as a candidate and now in his first remarks as president, Trump has drawn a new map of politics. That map needs be used to navigate only in the direction that Trump wishes to go. Certainly Bernie Sanders and other class warriors of the left could try to appropriate Trump’s appeal to national solidarity. The contrast between Trump’s emphasis on unity and Sen. Charles Schumer’s remarks only a few minutes earlier, in which the Democratic senator ran through the litany of identity politics, was revealing. “Whatever our race, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, whether we are immigrant or native-born, whether we live with disabilities or do not, in wealth or in poverty,” said Schumer, somehow not pausing for breath, “we are all exceptional in our commonly held, yet fierce devotion to our country, and in our willingness to sacrifice our time, energy, and even our lives to making it a more perfect union.” Schumer’s vision of America, the vision of the multicultural left, is of a Frankenstein’s monster, stitched together out of unmatched parts. Is “gender identity” really on the same level as race and religion? Is “disabilities or not” a category that’s relevant in an address to the whole nation? Elite liberals like Schumer have lost all sense of proportion and priority, which may not be a problem in New York or California but is fatal in places like Wisconsin, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. They show much more concern about expanding the checklist of identity groups to be counted up than they do for making a case about any kind of common good. Trump, by contrast, draws out only the most essential divisions, above all the division between the globalist political establishment and the nationalist spirit of the American public. His inaugural address is the beginning of a new era. It may prove short-lived: perhaps after Trump, in four or eight years, the next president will return to the rhetoric of the Clinton-Bush era. But I doubt it. There may never be another Trump, but he has decisively punctured the inflated jargon of our political class. After this, it will have to find a new language. Daniel McCarthy is editor at large of The American Conservative. Image Credit: Creative Commons/Flickr.
Cumulative Frequency Polygon A frequency polygon whose vertices represent the sum of all previous class frequencies of the data. For example, if a frequency polygon had vertices of 5, 8, 3, 7, and 10, the cumulative frequency polygon on the same data would have vertices of 5, 13, 16, 23, and 33. As another example, a cumulative frequency distribution for scores on a psychology test is shown below.
• Home / • Basics • / SEO Basics, introduction to Search Engine Optimisation SEO Basics, introduction to Search Engine Optimisation Keyword Research Video Tutorial Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) is the on-going process of making sure that your web site performs as well as possible on specific search engine searches. This article aims to explain the SEO basics that every SEO expert, website designer, developer, or owner should know. Why optimise your web site? Success is biased at being top of the rankings. The top-ranked site for a search does better than #2, and the top few get many times more visits than the results at the bottom of the first page, which in turn get many times more clicks than results on page 2 etc. etc. The skew is so great that the benefits of getting higher up the rankings far outweighs the costs. You should be optimising your web sites to get high rankings. Aim to get in the top 5 or 10 results for one or more specific search terms. Marketing preparation The vital first part of optimising your web site for search engines is simply to decide what key words or phrases you want to do well on. (Later, we’ll look at how you implement these phrases – to make your page seem to be more about them.) The fact is that there’s no such thing as a generally optimised web site. Sure, you can make a site search-engine “friendly”, which means making it clean, transparent and easy for search engine spiders to navigate. That should be taken for granted. But you can only optimise for specific key words that you decide in advance. Before you decide the key words, you have to think about your market. Who do you want to visit your web site? Only then can you address those people by the search terms they’re typing in. Try to be as specific as you can be when defining your market.Let’s take an example: You’re a self-employed web designer. What terms do you select for your SEO exercise?Well, “web design” would seem to be a good start. But if you optimise your site for such a generic term, you come up immediately against several problems: SEO Problem #1 – Competition There’s an awful lot of competition for the term “web design”, so it’s extremely difficult to get high up the rankings. You’ll be lucky to get into the top few dozen results, which is hardly worth doing. You’ll actually find more success aiming to get in the top few search results for a much narrower market. Problem #2 – Dilution As well as the sheer amount of competition, a search for “web design” will return a wide range of results. You’ll get people talking about web design, people doing it, and people selling related products and services. How valuable would it be for your site to feature as part of that crowd? Even when you do succeed, how valuable is each “eyeball” that sees your link on the search engines results pages (SERPs)? For each 100 people that see your link and description on the results, how many are likely to be looking for what your site offers? If it’s only a handful, those eyeballs had better be highly valuable. Most sites benefit from more focused results. When considering how much dilution you can handle, also consider how many visits you actually need. If you’re a web designer, you don’t need 1000 visits from prospective clients per day, because you’ll never be able to deal with the contact requests coming from those visitors! Surely it would be much better to get 20 visits per day from highly-qualified prospects. Plan your SEO Campaign When you’re clear about your market – who they are, what they want, and what they may be looking for – the next step is to select the combination of search terms that will deliver you: • The right number • of the right visitors • who are looking for what you offer Formula for Search Engine Optimisation Success These 2 considerations point to a simple formula for success: Success = Term popularity × Value of a view ÷ Competition Now the term “web design” may match a lot of searches, but it will match “web design tutorials”, “web designers boulder colorado”, and a plethora of other things. So while the popularity may be high, the value of showing up on a search is comparatively low, and there are a lot of competing web sites out there. A term more focused on the site’s content and goals – like “Web Designer small business Oregon” – will be less frequently searched for, but the value of each view will be higher and the competition smaller, which should result in more success. It stands to reason that there will be a point that the search term becomes too specific and simply doesn’t generate enough views to deliver enough value to the business, no matter how accurately qualified the views may be. And logically, somewhere between will be an optimal point, where the value is high, the competition low, and the term generates enough views to support the site with an appropriate number of qualified leads. In reality, the only way to address the problem of how specific to go is to apply a combination of educated guesswork with trial and error. But a handy rule of thumb is to ask, “How specific does the search term need to be to reach just the people we need?” Sounds simplistic, but it implies being general enough not to exclude the people you want to reach, while being specific enough to exclude the people you don’t need to reach. Always look to exclude first the people who won’t end up paying the wages. For example, if you’re a plumber who’s based and works only in Littletown, definitely consider adding “Littletown” to your search You can fine-tune things to get the right overall amount of traffic to the site, both before implementing an SEO campaign, and throughout. If there’s too much general traffic, generating too few conversions, you have the option to go more specific. If there’s not enough traffic, you can experiment with broadening your search terms to reach more eyeballs. Recommended SEO Keyword Search Tool I’d recommend WordTracker.com as a tool to help you figure out the ideal search terms. It has a free trial, which lets you enter a bunch of possible terms and then indicates how much traffic each term is likely to attract, plus the competition that’s out there for the term, producing an overall success indicator. (You just have to apply the “value of a view” part of the formula.) Typos and mis-spellings It can be a productive tactic to select mis-spellings of search terms in order to compete for a slice of normally competitive search traffic. Spread your Bets with Multiple Pages for Search Terms The good news is that you don’t really have to choose just one search term. Many sites specifically feature a range of pages, each targeting a different search term. There are two very good reasons for applying multiple terms on the same site. One reason is you may have several valid search terms, for example covering a range of products or services. Secondly, you can’t predict how well you’ll do on each particular term until you try it, so it makes sense to test several combinations to find out which performs better. The best statistics packages (like Google Analytics) will help you track how traffic comes into your site. If you’re not trying a range of search terms through different pages on your site, perhaps you should consider it, as you could be missing out on more successful tactics. A professional SEO agent will continually test different combinations of key words and phrases to find the best approach for particular organisational goals. It’s common to find a combination of more generic pages that include a rich variety of keywords, pointing to a number of more specific pages that focus on more detailed terms. In fact, this is a natural structure for many sites, where you have menus that list and point to groups of content, products, or services. The menu, bridge, or index pages, will naturally reflect the breadth of important words in the pages they link to, whereas the specific (“leaf”) pages should obviously feature a narrower range of specific key terms, repeated more frequently. How Search Engines Work When you get to the really sharp end of SEO, with lots of sites vying for the top places on highly competitive terms, SEO professionals invest a great deal of time running tests and analysing data to try and work out how the search engine algorithms work (from week to week). That specific time-based intelligence doesn’t concern us here, but obviously it pays to have some insight into how search engines in general work, and it’s actually fairly straightforward! The important thing to do is simply to understand the goal of a search engine, which is simply to provide the best possible match of results for a search term. And imagine that there’s a team of people somewhere trying to tweak the system to produce better results than yesterday. They want their algorithm to promote the best content that’s most likely to be what you or I are looking for when we type in a particular term. Part of that is defending the search engine’s algorithm from being tricked. I find it helps me to imagine that, if I were one of these people, faced with two similar but not identical web pages, how would I figure out the most likely best match, just going on the raw information available as a computer sees it (i.e. not being able to understand intelligently what the page is about). And matching a search term to known pages really pivots on establishing what a page is about, something SEO people refer to as “aboutness” – the subject, topic, or scope of a page. It doesn’t matter what issue you’re considering – the approach of putting yourself in the algorithm designer’s shoes is universally applicable. A form I find helpful for anticipating specific questions on how search engines work is “All other things being equal…”. When put in this way, the answer is usually straightforward. Try these questions for starters, and think how you’d respond: • “All other things being equal, is a page that features the exact search phrase in its title a better match than one that contains all the words in the search term but in a different order?” • “All other things being equal, is a page that has been updated in the last week likely to be more relevant than one that has not been updated for two years?” • “All other things being equal, is a page that features the key phrase 5 times in 50K of markup likely to be more relevant than one that features the key phrase 5 times in 30K of markup?” • “All other things being equal, is a page with 100 inbound links from a variety of unrelated sites likely to be more relevant than a page with 30 links from relevant respected web pages?” The people who have to write search engine logic are just doing the same as you, but they have to analyse the thought processes and turn them into a set of rules, and assign relative importance to all the various rules. There are dozens of factors at play that you can use to test the “aboutness” of a web page, but these generally fall into two group: “on-page” and “off-page” factors. Off-page Factors Before Google, all search engines trusted the page content itself to say what it was about (on-page), even trusting the keywords in the page’s metatags. Google’s biggest innovation was to include information from pages that linked to the page in question. So, if your page links to my page with the words “Great site for learning web design skills”, Google would count those words as meaningful in establishing the “aboutness” of my page. The more people that link to the page using similar terms, and the higher proportion of links that use them, the more relevant those keywords will seem. This web-like democratising of description (“off-page” factors) made it harder to trick the search engines, and Google gained massive market share simply by being a bit more accurate than its competitors. Nowadays, all the main search engines use both on-page and off-page factors, in different combinations and in different ways, to establish what a web page is about. A case in point, that demonstrates the power of off-page factors, particularly to Google, is an article I wrote called “Current Style in Web Design”. This has been in the #1 spot on Google search for “Web 2.0 design” for well over a year. Not because I’ve loaded the article with those keywords – in fact I didn’t originally mention “Web2.0” anywhere in the article! It got to that position because so many people linked to the page using those key words in their links. The position is due almost entirely to off-page factors! Obviously, it’s much harder to control what happens on other sites than what’s contained on your own site. So there is clearly a limited number of things you can do to influence your off-page factors. What you want, of course, is to get lots of people to link to your site using your keywords. How can you increase the chances of that? “Linkbait” just means providing great content that people find useful and interesting, think that other people will find useful and interesting, and link to. This is the single most simple, and often most overlooked, technique. I can’t recommend highly enough the principle of giving away your knowledge for free. I go into this in more detail in ‘Save the Pixel’, but to recap briefly here, the idea is that publishing your specific knowledge on your web site simply attracts links that turn into traffic, meaning that lots of people see the knowledge you possess. You win in the long term because people who aren’t in the market to pay for that knowledge will make use of it and go away, in which case you haven’t lost anything. But people who are aware of a need to apply that knowledge to their own particular situation can be convinced by your transparent demonstration of knowledge more than they would be by sales rhetoric claiming knowledge or capability, and are more likely to trust you and to become customers. Another way to generate content is to have comments or full forums on your site, which invite visitors to submit their own thoughts. This can generate whole pages loaded with keyword combinations you may never have thought of. One more great idea is that businesses should always publish every question they receive from a prospect in a Q&A section on their web site. Not only does this show openness and expertise that benefit your brand, but short questions and answers are also likely to contain a nice proportion of keywords, as well as usually being easy and quick to generate, and provide content that looks appealing in search engine results as it contains a specific answer to a specific question. Feeding keywords You can’t always get people to use the keywords you want them to when linking to your content, but there are things you can do to increase the probability. The #1 thing is probably to give your content a strong, concise, and meaningful title that is likely to be good enough that no one is going to bother coming up with new link text. To support that, making sure that it’s very explicit what a page is about will make it more likely that someone will select meaningful terms that happen to match web searches. For example, put an explicit short summary after the main heading, reuse key terms in your headings and throughout the text. (Of course, you may find that people find their own terms to describe your page, which you may not expect, but that can be to your benefit as I found with my “Current Style” page.) Getting free or paid links You can purchase links from other related web sites, which often let you control the link content, but the costs can be prohibitive for many small sites. In general, if you go down this route, aim to get links from pages that have a similar subject matter to the page you want them to link to. It may be better to rent 10 links from smaller, specific pages than to spend the same budget on one link from a single higher-profile but more generic page. There are usually lots of directories you should look into, many of which are free. Definitely look at getting included on Yahoo, DMOZ (the Open Directory project), as well as any industry-specific, or locale-specific listings you can find. Link exchanges and web rings People have long sought to trick the search engines into believing that their sites are more popular than they really are, by swapping links with a single other site (you link to me, I’ll link to you), which is a simple link exchange, or by extending the chain into “web rings”, where the inbound and outbound links don’t point directly to the same place. This is clearly a grey area, and it’s not something that I’d get involved with personally, but judging by the number of requests we get every week from people proposing link exchanges (despite the fact we make it very clear we don’t do them), there’s still a lot of demand. But the penalty for getting identified as a trickster by a search engine can be severe, so avoid this technique for any important domain. On-page Factors I’ve covered off-page factors briefly. Let’s look at what actually goes in your HTML markup. Put simply, when search engines look at your page, they’re trying to figure out what the page is about, so that they can match the page to searches for the same kind of thing. The general goal of on-page optimisation is to optimise the “aboutness” of page content. This pretty much means arranging the content so that the target search terms feature prominently compared to less relevant content. If you were a search engine, how would you work out what a page is about? Obviously, you’d start by looking for special terms & phrases. You’d look past the ordinary words like “and, but, then etc.”, but any meaningful terms will stand out as indicative of the subject of the page/site. Sometimes the page has a focused, highly specific subject. Other times it seems to be about lots of related things. you’ll often find links to other pages (or site), which give an indication of what those pages are about too (off-page factors). So if you’re tring to top the charts for the search phrase “Web Designer small business Oregon”, how do you make your home page (for example) more about that? Thinking from the search engine’s point of view, and asking a bunch of “All other things being equal…” questions, it seems pretty obvious that the following would increase the specific “aboutness” of the page/term. The places to position key words in your HTML definitely have a hierarchy of importance. The precise balance of power is different for different search engines, and the algorithms are continually tweaked, so while full-time SEO pros make it their job to get as close as they can to the secret numbers, no one really knows for sure. But logic indicates a general order of priority, which I’ll sketch out below. Remember, search engine spiders don’t really understand the language your content is written in. They’re just machines programmed for a job. What they do is mostly counting The page says it’s about the term Title tag very important The main place a web page says what it’s about is using the tag. So key words or phrases in your page’s title tag will count big towards a page’s aboutness. Heading 1 tag very important The other key announcement of a page’s subject is the main heading It’s not clear whether it’s better to have one or multiple <h1> tags, but logically it would seem to be no better to use loads of major headings containing loads of keywords than just one containing the same proportion of keywords. (I tend to use one <h1> on my sites, on the principle that every article should have a title on the page.) Meta tags moderately useful Meta tags contain content that is not displayed on the page, but is read and used by browsers and search engines. Their contents vary in importance, but they’re pretty much irrelevant for Google. The main 2 meta tags you should always have are the description and keywords. The meta descriptiontag is literally a description of a web page and its purpose. The description used to be displayed with search results, but Yahoo and Google (at least) now display excerpts from page contents, which shows how the importance of meta content has diminished. The meta keywords tagis a comma-delimited list of key words or phrases, and really cannot be trusted, although most experts recommend you still keep them. The page contents reveal what they’re about When Google launched, it focused more on the real evidence derived from what pages really say than what they say they say. Prior to Google, meta tags were taken as significant, but Google caused a sea change when it started prioritising off-page factors and real content above metadata. Continuing the theme of what the page content actually reveals about the page’s “aboutness”, we must consider the rest of the words. • Minor headings are more significant than regular text. Use headings – <h2></h2>, <h3></h3> & <h4></h4> and feature your key terms in them. • Content at the top of the page is more significant, because pages start with more high-level descriptions and introductions. In other words, web pages normally start by saying what they’re about! • Any non-text content, such as images, are also content and should reveal any “aboutness”, using the alt property (for short descriptions) or longdesc for more content-rich images. Consider Keyword-content Ratio All other things being equal, a page that features a good density of search terms in a smaller page size cannot be less meaningful than a page with the same number of keywords in a larger file. Briefly, you should always strip as much non-content out of your page code as you can. Ideally, this means writing clean, semantically-correct HTML that has no style information in the markup itself (it should all be in external CSS files, just as JavaScript code should be in external files). Keep your Content Realistic and Human-Readable Search engines will smell a rat if the ratio of key search terms in your page content is too high. Don’t overstuff your content with too many repetitions of key terms. Search engines are looking for real content, not artificially enhanced content, which means a natural balance of search terms to the dietary fibre of other content. The trick, of course, is to figure out how much is too much, and the only way to know (as SEO pros do) is to run continual tests using dummy content that is not business-critical. Also, there’s little point getting loads of traffic to a page when the page content is not useful, readable, or helpful. About the author Comments are closed
Study your flashcards anywhere! Download the official Cram app for free > • Shuffle Toggle On Toggle Off • Alphabetize Toggle On Toggle Off • Front First Toggle On Toggle Off • Both Sides Toggle On Toggle Off • Read Toggle On Toggle Off How to study your flashcards. H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key A key: Read text to speech.a key Play button Play button Click to flip 93 Cards in this Set • Front • Back • 3rd side (hint) Freud, Adler, & others interventions were individually-driven, problems were rooted in families, focus was on, "What is the underlying issue?" Harry Stack Sullivan 1920s, bridge between psychoanalysis and family therapy -- "grandfather" -- focus on interpersonal/between people, asked "what makes this make sense" Von Bertallanfy 1940s, scientist who coined general systems theory -- a system is maintained by the interrelationship of parts, when one piece is altered, everything else is altered Norbert Weiner late 1940s, MIT mathematician who formed cybernetics -- made system of parts (both human/nonhuman) that relied on internal feedback to aid more accurate steering and aiming of guns on WWII ships important figure in development of FT; psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist studying schizophrenia @ NIMH, founder of family systems therapy, shifted focus in research on mother/child symbiotic relationship, pioneered influential concepts such as differentiation important figure in development of FT; strong willed psychiatrist known for innovative techniques, associated with experiential model, focus on helping people feel more deeply and personally in order to help them get unstuck from dead patterns of bx Bateson project Gregory Bateson headed group that received grant to study paradox of communication; important group in influence of FT; would become basis for MRI model Haley, Weakland, Fry, Jackson important members of Bateson project; noticed schizophrenic families communicated differently (double-bind theory) Theodore Lidz important figure in development of family therapy; not associated with particular model; studied role of fathers in families of schizophrenics Lyman Wynne important figure in development of FT; not associated with particular model, studied with Bowen at NIMH, focusing on communicative deviance important figure in development of FT; not associated with particular model, founder of contextual therapy, focus was on invisible loyalities/family ledger that are guided by entitlement and indebtedness Don Jackson important figure in development of FT; established MRI; part of the Bateson group at Palo Alto, trained by Sullivan, influenced by Bateson and Erickson too, focus on family homeostasis, communication theory, double bind, and redundant behaviors, sudden death, founder (w/ Ackerman) of Family Process Individuals through MRI Satir, Watzlawick, Beavin, Riskin, Fisch (became director), Bodin, Haley, Weakland, Fry Milton Erickson important influence on development of FT; trained some MRI individuals, known for his use of hypnosis or "communicative trance", and his pragmatic, problem solving approach that had heavy influence on strategic/brief models Nathan Ackerman child psychiatrist trained in the psychoanalytic tradition, associated with strategic therapy, thought of human bx in terms of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts, known for maintaining focus on individual in light of emphasis of family context, founder (w/ Jackson) of Family Process Jay Haley part of Bateson project, had brief stint with MRI, joined Minuchin at Philidelphia Child Guidance Clinic, focus on structural changes, positive feeback loops, as well as function of symptom for system; heavily influenced by Erickson de Shazer worked earlier in Palo Alto, heavily influenced by and trained in MRI approach, developed solution-focused therapy family therapist who pioneered structural model, which became dominant model of 70s; focus on problematic bx in context of structures that lack boundaries in authority, therapists should "join" structure to reinforce proper boundaries; main work with poor kids/families at Philideplphia Child Guidance Clinic family therapist who went through MRI, associated with experiential model, wrote Cojoint Family Therapy, largely focused on individual and relationship b/w bx and rigid family rolels, known for tenderness and authenticity John Bell psychologist who began treating families in early 1950s, "may have been first familiy therapist", used group therapy techniques in forming "Family group therapy" after rumor that Bowlby was experimenting with group therapy with families (found to not be true) Development of models communication studies--->MRI/strategic (50s-60s)--->experiential (60s)--->Milan(70s)--->structural--->SF--->post-modern (80s-90s)-->feminist critique-->narrative (90s)-->EFT Communications theory Don Jackson; 1)one cannot not communicate, 2)communication has a report and command level, 3) communication must be understood in context, 4) all communicative systems characterized by rules, 5) in which homeostasis is maintained and system preserved, 6) communicative relationships are symmetrical or complimentary, 7)everyone punctuates reality in dfferent ways, 8)problems are maintained w/ recursive feedback loops/interactional system how a system moves or doesn't move, the study of control processes in systems, the natural action a system takes in light of a changing environment, esp. + and - feedback loops (von Bertallanfy)the process by which a system changes its structure to adapt to new contexts, natural mechanism to seek change the process by which families/systems resist change, maintain status quo, maintained by rules and feedback, problematic when prevents flexibility family/systemic rules rigid, unwritten, and unspoken norms of bx that preserve homeostasis; goal of FT is to bx in way where rules must change and expand repetoire of bx outside the rules 1st order cybernetics ability for therapist to observe interaction and make changes in system from the outside or separate from it w/o influence; more content oriented 2nd order cybernetics therapist is part of the system; more process oriented 1st order change change in bx w/o rules/system change 2nd order change change in bx w/ rules/system change, often involving epiphany, can only happen spontaneously, and when it occurs, there is no relapse symptom serves purpose in system, typically preservation double bind two messages on different levels that are conflicting that leaves individual in trance-like stupor--led to seeking out Erickson and his hypnosis work ability of complex systems to reach a given final goal in a variety of different ways. The end result is same despite where change begins in system funnel and infinity a metaphor for systemic thinking, there are inumerable influential factors beginning from D.O.B. that contribute to what you see in front of you in your office (abuse, parent's marriage, social interaction, abuse, rejection, etc, etc, etc….), you only see drips of their system linear vs circular thinking a causes b vs causes cannot be isolated, multiple factors are at play within system, and they reciprocally determine and impact bx cause vs effect, effect, effect systems theory concerned more w/ interrupting cycle of effect, effect, effect rather than search for cause-effect. process vs content distinction b/w how members of a family relate (command, meta-message, analog) and what they say (report, message, digital), "all bx is an effort to define a relationship b/w 2 people" --> "bx in a way so that the rules must change" style differences in FT vs previous models 1) somewhat away from expert/couch laying, labeling, diagnosis model symmetrical vs complimentary relationship two forms of communicative relationships; when one part moves the other part moves with it vs when one part moves the other accomodates; neither is better than other positive feedback vs negative feedback bx that promotes or leads to more change vs bx that discourages, resists or lessens change, bring back homeostasis to system feedback loops the return of a portion of the output of a system interactional systems metaphor for systemic thinking; collection of interlocking relationships that operate on recursive feedback--I am with you as you are with me, as I am with you…why 1+1=3, interactions become entity in itself baby mobile metaphor for systemic thinking, pull 1 part it affects all communication about communication, communicates context of comunication and how it should be interpreted/qualified. EX: a dog "smiles" and then begins to aggresively play w/ another dog; the metacommunication lets everyone know that this is play and not fight Why might it be that when a client gets between, someone else in the family gets worse? b/c family is a system and change in one person changes the system. The bx of the client, whether positive or negative, plays an important role in the function of the overall system. The symptoms that were serving the function in preserving the rest of the system as is. No man is an island in himself individuals cannot not interact with others--it is part of the human condition. This means that all bx, including disorders and private ailments, should really be understood within the system in which it is of a part because the indivdiual alone cannot be the sole reason for the disorder FT vs individual therapy attest to power of external forces/system on individual-->treat family and focus on system vs belief that dominant forces that influence individual and bx are internal-->treat person in isolation and focus on internal dynamics Why would Freud be against FT? mainly b/c of importance of transference in PCT/client relationship; family-as-remembered is important, while seeing family would only exacerbate conflict Factors that influence ability to leave home? mainly marital instability or the relationshp between client and other members in the system. How much stability in the system relies on this one individual? Time frame for FT development what makes this make sense vs what is the underlying cause recognizes that human bx is complex and limited by system and interactions therein, expands options for the treatment of human bx, where persons can "continue to exert synchronous change on each other" whereas other hyperfocuses on indivdiual as "problem" and removes context from which it is a part Kurt Lewin studied conflict and group tensions and turned focus to "hear and now" rather than on the history/past emphasizing process over content, which FT later utilized a similar emphasis on process over content, and the here and now general systems theory (Von Bertallanfy) characterizes living systems as whole entities that maintain themselves through continuous input and output from the environment black box concept focus on the input-ouput of communication rather than on intrapersonal dynamics; thought as a more useuful way to understand what goes on b/w people; related to circular causuality and reciprocity where focus is on interactions b/w people and bx is chain of input-output or stimulus-response quid-pro-quo, "this for that", bx is in continuous change what is said is never heard, everyone has a filter that makes them vary in how they view, define, and explain reality and communication; bx and communication is deduced and experienced relative to perspective (epistemology) of observer; has important implications for how they view the origination and maintenance of a problem influence of group theory on FT brought attention away from the individual and to group as a whole; the group was seen as having own identity and characteristics; therapist focused on interactions and dynamics of group as a way to understand people specifically and generally. Concepts and practices from group theory were some of the first used in family therapy b/c both focus on treatment in a setting of multiple individuals influence of child guidance movement on FT clear in work with children that family had a large influence, new theories were put out about connection b/w role of parents and problematic bx in children, shifted focues from the individual to the family as a way to bring clarity to bx, and interactions seemed to improve with the interpretation of bx individuality and togetherness (Bowen) a person's ability to maintain a clear sense of self and indentity and a person's ability to engage in meaningful connection with another; the two counterbalancing forces that drive human relationships; a differentiated person is able to successfully balance a lifelong process of striving to keep one's being in balance invoing both interpersonal (relational, clearly distinguish self from others) and a intrapsychic (individual, separation of thinking and feelings) processes; believed to be significantly impacted by general level of differentiation in one's family of origin and one's role in the family when a conflict b/w two people involves a third as a way to stabilize the relationship b/w the original pair, divert the conflict, and lower anxiety; it offers some relief while maintaining the conflict beneath the surface nuclear family emotional process defines the flow of emotional process or patterns of emotional functioning in a nuclear family; an undifferentiated parent may cut themselves off from the family of origin and fuse with his or her spouse, creating an instability that may result in reactive emotional distance in marriage, emotional and physical issues, conflict, as well as projection of the problem to children. Influenced by differentiation, cutoff, and system's level of stress family projection process the way in which parents transmit their lack of differentiation to their children as a way of stabilizing their relationship and lessen their anxiety; how marital issues affect children multigenerational process tendency to repeat impairing patterns of emotional bx in sucessive generations, the transmission of anxiety from generation to generation; a less differentiated person marries someone of like differentiation, increasing anxiety in system, child who is most involved in conflict of family will naturally inhibit own differentiation emotional cutoff the way people manage undifferentiation and reduce the dicomfort of being in emotional contact with family of origin; a sign of unresolved issues and lower levels of differentiation; flight from an unresolved emotional attachement; EX: A son avoids talking to his mother as a way to get away from the anxiety and fear he has of her being "controlling" a diagram of the family system that pictures family members and their relationships to one another; Useful for providing a calm way to indentify patterns, processes, and triangles that may be difficult to see, and expand the presenting problem I position taking a personal stance by stating your desire rather than what others are or are not doing in order to limit emotional reactivity undifferentiated family ego mass refers to a nuclear family emotional process that is highly fused; the less differentiated a family is, the more the children from this family will "fuse" in their parents' marriage that can result in a)reactive emotional distance, b) physical or emotional dysfunction, c) marital conflict, and/or d) projection of the problem onto children refers to the role therapists play in that they should be objective and neutral and teach clients on increasing differentiation displacement stories stories about other families with similar problems that therapists share with clients in order to help the family gain a clearer understanding of its own process in a less emotionally reactive manner 3 kinds of psychotherapy management (ex: medical model), problem solving (MRI), and healing/growth MRI model a brief strategic model originating out of Palo Alto, CA; typically done in 8-12 meetings, impactful, revolutionary, controversial, misunderstood, way outside the box, arguably the most purely systemic; almost exclusively indirect, requiring great creativity in use of language and faith in isomorphic change History of MRI model early 1950s research on communication, 1958 some establishment, early 60s full swing and training. People not accustomed to short term approach. Integrated ideas from Jackson's communications theory, Bateson team's research on cybernetics, and Milton Erickson's work do as little as possible to induce meaningful change (decided by client); extra can make worse interactional theory vital in MRI theory; "I am with you as you are with me as I am with you…"; ahistoric and infiniti non-normative stance no time, effort given to what is right or wrong but rather what works; you are not guardian of truth (Romans 14), problems are client-driven goal of MRI therapy aimed at interrupting homeostatic patterns and stopping, allowing clients to "free themselves in whatever way they choose"; bx in a way that the rules must change, expand your client's behavioral repetorire to problem situation to allow for adjustment that works. What works is defined by client. MRI design designed from years of studying nature and difficulties of change, designed to avoid homeostatic bx features and fear behaviors thought to create resistance by being indirect 2 basics to understand MRI if something's working leave it alone; if something is not working, quit, and do something diffferent 3 problems w/ change that MRI therapist hopes to avoid/alleviate change when no change is needed, change at 2nd order when 1st order is needed, change at 1st order when 2nd order is needed the problem according to MRI purist redundant failed attempted solutions reframing and framing using client's language to find a more useful way to discuss/think of bx or issue in order to promote change instructing people not to change or to go very slow in order to stop failed attempted solutions use of indirect, subtle communicative bx to try and induce meaningful change; are heard and thought of more than direct messages and avoid resistance bellac ploy saying it to induce it interactional adjustment and manuverability working with by working against. EX: Why are you here then? the one down stance (MRI) implies equality and invites clients to reduce anxiety and resistance; applied humility by the therapist, taking responsibility for client outcome no negations do not argue with your clients, meet them where they are w/o concern what they should be doing -- in faith, if rules change their bx will improve proposed steps of MRI intro to tx set up (rapport, # of sessions, differences in approach, 2) inquiry and definition of problem (in clear, behavioral, measurable terms), 3)assess for attempted solutions ("the problem"), 4)goals, 5)intervention, 6)termination systemic lumping vs. linear segregating systems theory tends to lump factors together while linear tends to segregate; the problem is vs the problem is something change on various levels best predictor of bx client's current/past bx effectiveness as a counselor is determined by whether or not you believe this statement "people are doing the best they can all the time"
Early access :+98 935 583 6088 : info@irantourismcenter.com Azerbaijan museum Azerbaijan museum The Azerbaijan Museum, located next to the Blue Mosque and Khaqani Park in central part of Tabriz, is the second most important archeological museum in Iran after the Archeological Section of National Museum in Tehran and it has the largest collection that belongs to different periods of Iran’s history. Amir Nezam House-07 The museum was established on April 1958 and was designed by a French archeologist and architect, Andre Godard. This fascinating museum consists of three major halls, a side yard, some office rooms and a library. Its objects from pre-Islamic and Islamic era were mostly discovered from excavations in Azerbaijan, Iran as well as some art works and sculptures by contemporary artists which are displayed on two floors. The first floor is to exhibit the finds belonged to pre-historic and ancient Iran some of which 7000 years old. On the second floor objects from Islamic era can be seen, with a hall displaying Iranian coins from Achemeniad to Qajar period. The basement is used to show some contemporary statues. The library contains more than 2500 books both handwritten and printed about history, archeology, art and Iranian culture. In the yard of the museum some stone figurines, statues, rams and inscriptions can be seen. The three galleries in the museum display different items as follows: 1. The first gallery houses the oldest remains from the 5th millennium BC until Sassanid dynasty (212-656 AD) including idols, rhyons, a male and a female skeleton and a carved slab of marble weighing about three tons and known as Bism Allah Stone as well as pottery, carpets, candlesticks, and glass from about 650 to 1900. 2. The second gallery is divided into two parts, one for Islamic Archeology and another one for coins and seals. Part one includes pottery dated from the 10th to the 19th century. The coins in part two start from the Achemeniad and end in the Qajar dynasty. The seals and stamps displayed in the Azerbaijan Museum date from the 3rd millennium BC to the Islamic period including a Sassanid agate stamp seal with the sun and the moon image and Pahlavi inscription on it. 3. The third gallery, located in the basement, displays some plaster sculptures and several tall bronze statues made by Ahmad Hosseini, an artist born in Tabriz to represent the sculptor’s predictions of what might happen to mankind in the 20th century. Although the Azerbaijan Museum is well-guarded, on May 7, 2013 five silver plates from the Sassanid period were stolen from the museum. On November 2013, Azerbaijan police arrested the thieves, but unfortunately the stolen items could not be retrieved. There are many fine impressively designed and made objects such as the 5th millennium ceramics, beautiful weights, a lot of Bronze Age pottery and jewelry from Khodafarin, an Iron Age idol from Rostamabad, an excellent Achemanid rhyton, and a marvelous gold cup. The most beautiful objects are undoubtedly the precious Sassanid gold and silver dishes that take the visitors’ breath away. There are also some objects from other parts of Iran, including bronze items from Lorestan and a Parthian figure from Susa. The low-key light in the museum is used to make the objects look even more mysterious. There is a nice bookshop providing the visitors with archeological brushers and booklets and also photos of all collections displaying in the museum are available on DVD, which is a kind of digital catalog.
Presidential Elections: Do The Lawmakers Know How To Vote? Here Is How! The parliamentarians and the legislators have to reckon with the constitution and their conscience. The constitution provides opportunity for the electors to vote freely without fear of anti-defection law or the whip of the party leadership. Madabhushi Sridhar Legislators and Parliamentarians have to elect the President according to their individual conscience and our Constitution. They have to hear the call of conscience, understand the constitutional responsibilities of President and find out how to cast valid vote avoiding shame of invalidation of his vote. The people directly elect their representatives. The directly elected are electors to directly elect the head of the nation. Very interestingly, the elected electors are free to elect any candidate. The anti-defection law will not apply and the MPs or MLAs need not fear the whip. Whips cannot be issued by the Legislature and Parliamentary party leaders. But the million dollar question is how many MPs and MLAs know how to vote for next President. In the last elections held in 2012 there is a record 15 invalid votes among MPs and 54 among MLAs. Most of our graduates and teachers failed to cast valid votes in MLC elections while some votes were invalid in Rajya Sabha polls also. There should be training for these law makers about our supreme law – the Constitution of India. President has to promise to protect Constitution The President is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India (or in his absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court), an oath or affirmation that he/she shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows: I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India. (Article 60) Indira Gandhi’s call for Conscience Vote After nominating Neelam Sanjeev Reddy as Congress nominee for Presidential position, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked MPs to vote by conscience. That indicated that she changed her mind and supported the other candidate V V Giri, who was ultimately elected. The Congress MPs voted non-Congress candidate as conscience (!) drove them so. Indira Gandhi has, in fact, called her MPs to defy the party discipline. There were no anti-defection disqualifications at that time as tenth Schedule was not added to the Constitution by then. But Indira Gandhi’s call to defy party candidate acted like a ‘whip’ and MPs overwhelmingly voted non-Congress candidate Giri, defeating the official candidate. However, the voting in President’s Election has to be strictly a secret process. None knows who voted whom, and there is no disqualification threat. No challenge to Rajendra Prasad Though party discipline demands that all MPs should go by the line of the party, cross voting is not ruled out. Depending on situations, it was engineered, example is again Giri’s election. Almost all elections, except two, were challenged by the defeated candidates. First election of Rajendra Prasad was not challenged by Mr K T Shah, a renowned personality who contributed in making of Indian Constitution. However, Prasad’s election second time was challenged. However it was rejected [Dr N B Khare vs Election Commission – AIR 1958 SC 139]. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishna and Pratibha Patil’s elections also remained unquestioned. The election petition against the President can be heard only by five-member bench of the Supreme Court. Zakir Hussain: Canvassing is not undue influence Babu Rao Patel alleged undue influence exerted by the PM and cabinet ministers by openly canvassing for Zakir Hussain and thus there was no free conscience vote as mandated by Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 was violated. Supreme Court did not agree and rejected the petition saying canvassing could not be considered as ‘undue influence’. [AIR 1968 SC 904]. As Zakir Hussain suddenly died in 1969, election to President became essential. Scurrilous Pamphlet against Sanjeev Reddy Indira Gandhi was at logger heads with the traditional leadership of the Congress (Old guards) and fielded Vice President V V Giri against the N Sanjiv Reddy, the candidate of the high command. In this election only she gave a call for ‘conscience driven vote’ by MPs. Mr Shiv Kirpal Singh alleged that Indira Gandhi and her ministerial colleagues misused their authority in Central Government to get VV Giri elected. One of the contentions against election was that a pamphlet containing scurrilous and vulgar allegations was circulated openly in the Central Hall of Parliament. The pamphlet also said that Reddy would destroy democracy with his dictatorial methods. As the ‘connivance’ or ‘consent’ of Giri in the printing and circulation of the pamphlet was not established, the petition was defeated. Supreme Court for the first time asked President to answer the allegations. SC could not find enough evidence to say that there was misuse of official machinery, and petition was thrown out [AIR 1970 SC 2097]. Sahu challenges many a President After this one Mr Charan Lal Sahu was contesting every election and unsuccessfully challenging the elections to the office of President. The petitions against election of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, N Sanjiva Reddy and Giani Zail Singh rejected. This petitioner himself challenged elections of KR Narayanan and APJ Abdul Kalam. The SC has angrily warned him against non-serious contest and subsequent challenge to the office of President. The election of Shankar Dayal Sharma and R Venkataraman were also challenged by Mithilesh Kumar Sinha, without success. Suitability issue in Zail Singh Election The BJP, Lok Dal, Democratic Socialist Party of India and Janata Party having strength of 27 MPs together fielded Justice Hans Raj Khanna against the Congress candidate Zail Singh. Main allegation by MPs against Zail Singh was that official machinery was misused at massive scale. They also alleged that Zail Singh was not suitable to the highest office as he proclaimed loyalty to Indira Gandhi by saying he was ready to sweep the floor with broom if she commanded so. Former Chief Justice of India M H Beg, has posed a counter challenge to suitability of his former colleague Justice Khanna to contest the election for Presidentship. During emergency Beg was with majority decision in ADM Jabalpur case, that fundamental rights can be suspended while Khanna gave historic dissent saying right to life and personal liberty cannot be suspended during emergency. Mr Beg tried to make out points of defects in Khanna’s dissent order and alleged that made him unsuitable. Beg became chairman of Minorities Commission in 1982. Deciding on the point of suitability, the Supreme Court said: “Suitability of a candidate is for the electorate to judge and not for the court to decide. Suitability is a fluid concept of uncertain import. The ballot box is, or has to be assumed to be, its sole judge.” How can anybody define or decide on suitability which is a fluid concept. The apex court dismissed the petition [1984 (1) SCC 390] Pranab Mukherjee: Office of Profit issue Recently the election of Pranab Mukherjee was also challenged by former speaker P A Sangma who contested the election. He alleged that Mukherjee held an office of profit being chairman of the council of Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata. Parliament had found it to be an office of profit and included it among exempted ones to prevent disqualification of MPs. That post was indeed an office profit. Three judges held that he was not having any profit from office hence not disqualified. But two judges held otherwise. They said on December 11, 2012: “Categorising it as an office of profit did not really make it one, since it did not provide any profit and was purely honorary in nature.” Pranab Mukherjee scraped through to Rashtrapathi Bhawan. Who is eligible to contest? A citizen, completing 35 years of age, eligible to become a member of Lok Sabha, without holding office of profit either at Center or in states is eligible to contest to this top position. Now for President 108 have filed nominations but only nominations of Ram Nath Kovind and Meira Kumar were found valid. The list of valid voters is available at ( Article 55 The election is held in accordance to the system of Proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. Electoral College President is indirectly elected by elected MPs and MLAs, who constitute an electoral college. Nomination paper of a candidate has to be signed by at least 50 eligible voters as proposers and at least 50 eligible voters should second it. One voter cannot second more than one candidate. Generally one voter’s vote has value of only one vote. But in the Presidential election, the value of the MP vote is different from the value of a MLA vote. The value of a MLA vote from one state differs from the value of the MLA vote of another state. Before each such election, the Election Commission notifies the total value of all the votes based on vacancies etc at that point in time. Value of votes The value of votes of electors (voters) is basically determined on the basis of population of the States. By 84th Amendment to Constitution the population of the States for the purpose of this calculation will mean the population as per the 1971 census. Value of MLA The value of the vote of each MLA is calculated by dividing the population of the State as per 1971 Census, by the total number of elected members of the respective state assembly, and then to divide the quotient by 1000. Total Value of all members of each State Assembly is obtained by multiplying the number of seats in the Assembly by the number of votes for each member. If Telangana is taken as example: Number of MLAs 119, Population as per 1971 census is 1.57 crore. Value of each MLA is 1,57 crore divided by 119 multiplied by 1000 = 132. Thus the total value of votes of all Telangana MLAs is 119 x 132 = 15,708. The total value of the MLA votes is 5,49,495. The value of a MLA vote in individual states is given in the table below. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Batoche Bell to Be Returned By all accounts, the legendary bell of Batoche is a tarnished, unadorned silver-plated object that stands just 30 cm high, and weighs 36 kg. Produced in Spain in the early 1880s and blessed by a Canadian Catholic bishop, the bell hung in a church in the Métis settlement of Batoche, 75 km north of present-day Saskatoon, where it was used to announce Sunday masses, funerals and weddings. But in the tumultuous spring of 1885, after Louis Riel and the Métis mounted an unsuccessful armed resistance against the Canadian government, the bell disappeared. Victorious soldiers from Millbrook, Ont., a farming village 100 km northeast of Toronto, took it home as a war trophy. For Millbrook residents, the bell has long since lost its lustre, but it is still revered by the Métis. "The bell is part of our folklore," says Gerald Morin, president of the Métis National Council. "It almost has spiritual significance." That said, there was - until likely this week - one small problem with this historic symbol. The bell hasn't been seen, publicly at any rate, for nine years. It hung for several decades in the Millbrook fire hall before being put on display at the local Legion during the 1980s. Métis organizations occasionally tried to recover the bell, but were rebuffed by descendants of the 1885 veterans. And in October, 1991, about a week after a social visit by six Métis activists, there was a break-in at the Legion and the bell was stolen. But it is expected to resurface during the week-long annual Métis celebration, beginning on July 24 at the Batoche battle site. Shortly after Saskatchewan Aboriginal Affairs Minister Jack Hillson last week promised there would be no criminal charges involving the bell, Hillson and Morin said an unidentified person claimed he would present the bell during Batoche 2000. "If it happens," says Morin, "it will be a joyous occasion." Meantime, a new chapter in the saga of the bell is about to unfold in the Ontario village where it was kept. Millbrook's 4th Line Theatre company, which specializes in historical productions, has turned the story into a play called Crossings (The Bell of Batoche) that opens for a four-week run on Aug. 5. The production is being staged in an unusual venue - a rolling meadow on artistic director Robert Winslow's 100-acre farm just outside the village. Crossings, says Winslow, who co-wrote the drama with native playwright Greg Daniel, goes beyond the story of the bell to explore the forces that led to the 1885 conflict. The 50-member cast includes Métis and Cree actors from Saskatchewan. "I realized there were real political passions behind the break-in at the Legion," says Winslow. "Someone obviously said, 'They've had our bell for 106 years. We're going to get it back.' " Those passions, say some Métis, can be traced back to 1885, a pivotal year in their history. Batoche, where Riel declared a provisional government, was completely destroyed, never rebuilt, and is now a national historic park. Defeat on the battlefield led to the execution of the charismatic Riel. In most historical accounts, the Métis leaders have been treated as traitors, their followers as rebels and the conflict itself has become known as the Northwest Rebellion. "We didn't write the history books," says Tony Belcourt, president of the Métis Nation of Ontario, "and we very definitely have a different view of 1885." The Métis perspective will come across loud and clear in Crossings. Cast member Cheryl L'Hirondelle-Waynohtew, a Métis storyteller from Dundurn, Sask., says her people mounted a legitimate and courageous resistance against a distant government that refused to recognize them or grant them title to their lands. "The Métis took up arms after setting up a provisional government," she says. "So you can't say they were rebelling. They were defending their land, and resisting another government." The task of portraying the motives of the Millbrook men who joined the fight fell to Winslow, whose great-uncle Charles Winslow served in the 1885 campaign. The playwright, who worked for more than a decade as an actor and director in Toronto and Edmonton, inherited the family farm in 1990 and promptly founded 4th Line so he could use the property to stage large, historical dramas. His company has mounted 12 works, all original, starting with a play about the Cavan Blazers, a group of tough, Protestant farmboys from the surrounding township who intimidated Catholic settlers in the 1840s. "This was a very strong Protestant Orange area from the beginning," says Winslow. "In 1885, local men went west to keep Canada British and Protestant." But even in Millbrook, times changed. Joe McGrail, 61, a retired correctional officer and past-president of the Legion, says some branch members wanted to hold a vote in the spring of 1991 to return the bell to the Métis. They also formed a committee, after the theft, that worked with Métis organizations to try to recover the icon. News that the bell had turned up, at last, was welcomed in many quarters. Winslow said he hoped his finale for Crossings - the return of the bell to Batoche - would no longer be fictional. For his part, Morin said the Métis may have a new hero - the person who brings the bell back to Batoche. And why not? A 115-year odyssey with a happy ending. Maclean's July 31, 2000
Back to top Thoughts on Slavery. A Poem. A long poem on slavery by Lewis Stevens (Pulaski, NY, 1854). Digitized by the Antislavery Literature Project. Little is known about Lewis Stevens, the author of this popular-voice antislavery poem, other than that he was a clergyman in the area of Utica, New York. This lengthy poem is Stevens' only known publication. The region of Utica was heavily contested between pro- and antislavery political forces, despite there having been relatively little slavery in the area. Early in the nineteenth century "Negro slavery was practically extinct, for of the ten thousand slaves numbered in the State of New York in 1820, Oneida had but nine. Slave sales, which once had not been uncommon in Utica, were no longer announced in the papers, an issue of the year 1817 containing the last of such announcements...: M.M. Bagg, The Pioneers of Utica: Being Sketches of its Inhabitants and its Institutions, with the Civil History of the Place (Utica, NY: Curtiss & Childs, 1877) 633-634. The Oneida Institute, an interracial labor school headed by Beriah Green, was an important center of early antislavery activity near Utica. However, the disappearance of the social institution of slavery did not mean disappearance of pro-slavery sentiments. The 1835 convention of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, for example, was disrupted by rioters. The poem contains no local references, but rather addresses an apocalyptic warning to the nation against the social corruption of slavery. Stevens argues that " we shall meet with the awful retributions of Heaven, unless we avert them by repentence and thorough reformation..." and the poem seeks to illustrate the consequences of ignoring this warning. - Joe Lockard
Hawaii and Its Volcanoes Front Cover Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1911 - Hawaii - 322 pages 0 Reviews What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Other editions - View all Common terms and phrases Popular passages Page 144 - For, behold, the Lord cometh forth out of his place, and will come down, and tread upon the high places of the earth. And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place. Page 172 - Immediately before us yawned an immense gulf, in the form of a crescent, about two miles in length, from north-east to south-west, nearly a mile in width, and apparently 800 feet deep. The bottom was covered with lava, and the south-west and northern parts of it were one vast flood of burning matter, in a state of terrific ebullition, rolling to and fro its " fiery surge Page 171 - The steep which we had descended was formed of volcanic matter, apparently a light red and grey kind of lava, vesicular, and lying in horizontal strata, varying in thickness from one to forty feet. In a small number of places the different strata of lava were also rent in perpendicular or oblique directions, from the top to the bottom, either by earthquakes, or other violent convulsions of the ground connected with the action of the adjacent volcano. Page 190 - The whole course of the stream from Kilauea to the sea is about forty miles. Its mouth is about twenty-five miles from Hilo station. The ground over which it flowed descends at the rate of one hundred feet to the mile. The crust is now cooled, and may be traversed with care, though scalding steam, pungent gases, and smoke are still emitted in many Page 189 - The atmosphere in all directions was filled with ashes, spray, gases, etc.; while the burning lava, as it fell into the water, was shivered into millions of minute particles, and, being thrown back into the air, fell in showers of sand on all the surrounding country. The coast was extended into the sea for a quarter of a mile, and a pretty sand-beach and a new cape were formed. Three hills of scoria and... Page 180 - ... ceased, and immediately after, flames burst from a large cone, near which we had been in the morning, and which then appeared to have been long inactive. Red-hot stones, cinders, and ashes, were also propelled to a great height with immense violence ; and shortly after, the... Page 172 - The sides of the gulf before us, although composed of different strata of ancient lava, were perpendicular for about 400 feet, and rose from a wide horizontal ledge of solid black lava of irregular breadth, but extending completely round. Beneath this ledge the sides sloped gradually towards the burning lake, which was, as nearly as we could judge, 300 or 400 feet lower. It was evident, that the large crater had been recently filled with liquid lava up to this black ledge, and had, by some subterranean... Page 102 - There was besides an endless variety in its forms. Now we passed a cascade, then a whirlpool, then a smooth majestic river, then a series of rapids, tossing their waves like a stormy sea: now rolling into lurid caverns, the roofs of which were hung with red hot stalactites, and then under arches which it had thrown over itself in sportive triumph. Page 172 - ... the sides of the great gulf, and apparently quite detached from it. The streams of lava which they emitted rolled down into the lake, and mingled with the melted mass, which, though thrown up by different apertures, had perhaps been originally fused in one vast furnace. Page 87 - Sometimes they resembled an inverted burning mountain with its apex pointing to the awful orifice over which it hung. Sometimes the glowing pillar would shoot up vertically for several degrees, and then describing a graceful curve, sweep off horizontally, like the tail of a comet, further than the eye could reach. The sable atmosphere of Hilo assumed a lurid appearance, and the sun's rays fell upon us with a yellow, sickly light. Clouds of smoke careered over the ocean, carrying with them ashes,... Bibliographic information
Lighting Shabbat Candles February 28, 2014 Every week, Jody Hirsh, the JCC's Judaic Education Director, provides a Judaic message that is featured at the top of the JCC's weekly email newsletter. Below is the Shabbat message for Friday, February 28, 2014. Lighting Shabbat Candles What more iconic image is there then that of someone lighting Shabbat Candles? It was so important to the Rabbis 2000 years ago, that it was one of only three positive (“Thou Shalt”) commandments that were REQUIRED of women, who are exempt from time bound commandments! In every observant Jewish home today, two or more candles are lit. However candles themselves have only been used for the Sabbath in Jewish homes for about 150 years!!! If you think about it, the blessing says “Lehadlik NER shell Shabbat”… we are commanded “to light the Sabbath light.” Light (singular), not lights! The word NER actually means lamp, not light, or candle (although it is used in modern Hebrew to mean candle). Candles in the middle ages were an unpleasant, messy concern. They were made of animal fat and other animal products – the oil from sperm whales figuring in many of them. They smelled awful and smoked horribly. Candles that were less noisome, such as those from beeswax, were far too expensive to be used. In a typical Jewish home in the Middle Ages, people used what came to be known as a Judensstern, or “Jewish Star.” This was a star shaped lamp with five to twenty points, an oil reservoir in the center, and wicks in the points. It typically hung over the table where it illuminated the home on weekdays. On Shabbat it was pulled down closer to the table. Finally in 1834, candles started being mass produced and therefore cheaper, and in the 1850’s they developed using the scent free and smokeless Paraffin wax. It was only then that Jews started using candles for this central Shabbat ritual. A Sabbath Lamp Shabbat Shalom
Sedang Disiapkan Simple project in Java A simple model of diffusion and pattern formation can be made as follows. Imagine a grid of say, 400 x 400 points upon which are scatters, say 3000 atoms randomly. Now have an atom enter the grid from some random point on the edge, and make a rule that the atom will move around the grid until either it leaves the grid, or else it comes to a point which is immediately next to point containing an atom, in which case it will stick to that point. HAve the motion of the atom "almost" random - if it enters from the left, say, have it preferentially move to the right (say, with probability 40%), but it could also move up or down (say, with probabilities of 25% each) or back to the left (with probability, say 10%). Now have another atom enter the grid, and follow the same rule, and so on. Write a program which will take command-line options indicating the size (in pixels) of the (square) grid to consider, the initial number of atoms to scatter randomly about the grid, and the number of atoms that enter the grid, and which will then produce a png (or jpeg) image of the results, using the gd library. Include in your output 4-6 images representing an interesting range of parameters, This can be done in C++, or java preferably I need this right away(24 hours), when can it be done? Kemahiran: Java Lihat lebih lanjut: simple project java, points that are on the same line, or java, c-stick, c random number library, can 0 be a probability, simple grid project using java, write simple, the edge, stick, square, simple, say, project in, project c++, options java, leaves, java-, Java, java simple project, java c, initial, i-square, GD, edge Tentang Majikan: ( 1 ulasan ) Canada ID Projek: #990 Dianugerahkan kepada: New Bid New Bid New Bid $60 USD dalam sehari (0 Ulasan) 4 pekerja bebas membida secara purata $69 untuk pekerjaan ini $100 USD dalam 3 hari (1 Ulasan) I can do this. $45 USD dalam 4 hari (0 Ulasan) I have written a program somewhat similar to this earlier(a game program). I have to add a helper program to generate "jpeg" images for it....I can do it...but i require two days...coz i am engaged in other work. $70 USD dalam 2 hari (0 Ulasan)

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