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AskDefine \| Define recital Dictionary Definition 1 the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events; "his narration was hesitant" [syn: narration, yarn] 2 performance of music or dance especially by soloists 3 a public instance of reciting or repeating (from memory) something prepared in advance; "the program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems" [syn: recitation, reading] 4 a detailed statement giving facts and figures; "his wife gave a recital of his infidelities" 5 a detailed account or description of something; "he was forced to listen to a recital of his many shortcomings" User Contributed Dictionary 1. The act of reciting; the repetition of the words of another, or of a document; rehearsal; as, the recital of testimony. 2. A telling in detail and due order of the particulars of anything, as of a law, an adventure, or a series of events; narration. 3. That which is recited; a story; a narration. 4. A vocal or instrumental performance by one person; -- distinguished from concert; as, a song recital; an organ, piano, or violin recital. 5. The formal statement, or setting forth, of some matter of fact in any deed or writing in order to explain the reasons on which the transaction is founded; the statement of matter in pleading introductory to some positive allegation. Extensive Definition A recital is a musical (vocal or instrumental) performance. It can highlight a single performer, sometimes accompanied by piano, or a performance of the works of a single composer. Also, a recital may have many participants, as for a dance recital. recital in Esperanto: Recitalo recital in Hebrew: רסיטל recital in Dutch: Recital recital in Polish: Recital recital in Finnish: Resitaali Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words Philharmonic concert, account, address, after-dinner speech, allocution, assignment, band concert, chalk talk, chamber concert, concert, copy, critique, debate, declamation, description, diatribe, discourse, disquisition, dwelling upon, elaboration, entertainment, enumeration, eulogy, exercise, exhortation, exposition, filibuster, forensic, forensic address, formal speech, funeral oration, going over, harangue, homework, homily, hortatory address, inaugural, inaugural address, instruction, interpretation, invective, iteration, jeremiad, lecture, lecture-demonstration, lesson, moral, moral lesson, morality, moralization, musical performance, musical program, musicale, narration, narrative, object lesson, oration, pep talk, performance, peroration, philharmonic, philippic, pitch, pop concert, pops, popular concert, practicing, preachment, prepared speech, prepared text, presentation, program, program of music, prom, promenade concert, public speech, reading, reaffirmation, recap, recapitulation, recitation, recountal, recounting, rehash, rehearsal, reissue, reiteration, relation, rendition, repetition, report, reprint, restatement, resume, retelling, review, sales talk, salutatory, salutatory address, say, screed, sermon, service of music, set speech, set task, show, skull session, speech, speechification, speeching, story, summary, summing up, symphony concert, tale-telling, talk, talkathon, task, teaching, telling, tirade, valediction, valedictory, valedictory address, version, yarn spinning Privacy Policy, About Us, Terms and Conditions, Contact Us Material from Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Dict Valid HTML 4.01 Strict, Valid CSS Level 2.1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Christopher Columbus was the first European to visit Antigua. Before he visited, there were other people living there like the Ciboney, Arawak and Carib Indian tribes. Columbus visited Antigua in the year 1632. He named it after Mary, the mother of Jesus. The British visited in 1632 and lived there. They brought slaves with them. The slaves farmed sugar cane. The slaves were allowed to stop being slaves in 1834.[2] The island stopped being a part of Britain in 1981. It is now a country with Barbuda.[2] References[change \| change source] Other websites[change \| change source]
05/17/2012 04:39 pm ET Updated Jul 17, 2012 Are All Blacks Prejudiced Against All Gays? Beyond the Static View of Race, Sexual Orientation and Otherness President Obama's support for marriage equality came just one day after North Carolina voters banned same-sex marriage. Twitter storms followed each development, in which tweeters first declared that black people were homophobic as a group, then just as sweepingly that they were not. Somehow, the North Carolina defeat for marriage equality was seen as proof that all blacks hate all gays, whereas President Obama's support was proof of the opposite. This overgeneralization is somewhat similar to some of the commentary in the wake of the Trayvon Martin tragedy. We heard that "black violence" was somehow worse and more endemic than violence committed by non-black perpetrators. This idea was also the organizing principle behind the blog post that got John Derbyshire fired from the National Review for advising his children to avoid contact with black people who are, Derbyshire argued, statistically more likely to be arbitrarily violent, especially toward whites. It is not hard to see the racist undertones of all of these arguments, down to the very notion that everyone of a certain "race" has personal character traits that are inescapably and intrinsically linked to their skin color. It is also not hard to find information to disprove them: many blacks in North Carolina opposed the constitutional same-sex marriage ban. And Justice Department statistics show that most violence is carried out within racial homogeneous communities, so that, for example, black-on-white homicides are a rare exception rather than the rule. There are, of course, good reasons to pool and parse statistical information about any population using group criteria that may illustrate unequal policy outcomes for individuals associated with those groups. In fact, we expect governments to collect and separate statistics with a view to analyzing policy effectiveness and equal access to benefits, rights, and care. Generalizations about groups can also be helpful in visualizing the underlying reasons for inequality and devising strategies to overcome it. However, problems arise when our only understanding and interactions with specific people result in our treating them as part of a group and not as individuals. Whatever else may be true about George Zimmerman's interaction with Trayvon Martin, it is clear from his phone comments to the police dispatcher that he had preconceived notions about Martin's "dangerousness" even before he got out of the car -- preconceptions that therefore only could be based on Martin's appearance, including his sex, age, color, and apparel, and most likely the combination of all of them. The corollary of this notion is that one way to overcome racism and homophobia and other "group-isms" is for people to relate to each other as individuals. While it is true that some people are able to reconcile a generalized negative feeling about certain groups ("all blacks are violent") while nurturing positive sentiments about individuals from that group ("some of my best friends are black"), it is also true that most people start seeing a group differently when they know and love someone who belongs to it. A generally homophobic parent with a gay child may not feel compelled to campaign for marriage equality any more than they did before their child was "out." However, most will at least start questioning negative portrayals of "all gays" in the media. This is why Derbyshire's advice to his children to actively avoid contact with blacks is so insidious: it pushes a false notion of otherness that is purposefully static. Even more serious problems arise when policies that should be informed by data and statistics instead are influenced by such Derbyshire-style perceptions of static and false otherness. The racial profiling of stop-and-frisk practices is one blatant example. Along those lines, Michelle Alexander has amassed examples of situations where police departments target predominantly black communities for aggressive interventions and arrests for drug-related crimes, even where data shows that in that specific state or city, the main users or sellers of drugs are not black. Many of the arguments voiced against marriage equality are equally based on false ideas that all gay people are promiscuous, sexually predatory, or bad parents. And perhaps this is where the real issue lies. It is almost instinctual for us to organize information about the world around us based on visual cues and personal experiences. And it is equally human to use these cues and experiences to generate assumptions about what might happen and what we should do about it. It is when we confuse trends or, worse, preconceptions with reality that abuse, inequality, and discrimination can take hold. More disturbingly, negative generalizations about what everyone in a given group wants, thinks, and does, help to justify those who actually do. When we portray all black people as homophobic we exonerate individuals of color who feel prejudiced against gays. They are not responsible for their beliefs -- their skin color made them do it. I would not wish to be called homophobic just because quite of lot of individuals who happen to be white make anti-gay remarks. Even less would I want these individuals to be able to brush off their anti-gay sentiments as a natural part of their "whiteness." Prejudice is prejudice, wherever it comes from and whatever form it takes. Respect dictates we treat it as such. This article was first published at
Kayak - Bio, News, Photos - Washington Times Skip to content Topic - Kayak A kayak (not to be confused with a canoe) is a small human-powered boat that traditionally has a covered deck, and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler who strokes a double-bladed paddle. The cockpit is covered by a spraydeck that keeps the inside of the boat (and the paddler's lower body) dry. The spraydeck or similar waterproof covering attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, preventing the entry of water from waves or spray, and making it possible, in some boats, to roll the kayak, capsizing and righting the boat without it filling with water or ejecting the passenger. Some modern kayaks have modified the traditional design in a variety of ways, such as eliminating cockpits, seating the paddler(s) on top of the boat, having inflated air chambers surrounding the boat, and replacing paddles with other propulsion methods. - Source: Wikipedia Related Stories No Stories Found
Friday, June 03, 2016 Fullbore Friday For the SMS Seydlitz, it is tempting just to say that her story is the story of the Battle of Jutland - but that is too easy. There is a lot more to her story than that - but because it was her finest hour - when I do talk tactical, we'll stick to Jutland. First though, I want you to think about warship design in the USA since the late '90s, then read the following with a close eye to the timeline. SMS Seydlitz was a 25,000-metric ton battlecruiser of the Kaiserliche Marine, built in Hamburg, Germany. She was ordered in 1910 and commissioned in May 1913, the fourth battlecruiser built for the High Seas Fleet. She was named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, a Prussian general during the reign of King Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. Seydlitz represented the culmination of the first generation of German battlecruisers, which had started with the Von der Tann in 1906, and continued with the pair of Moltke class battlecruisers ordered in 1907 and 1908. Seydlitz featured several incremental improvements over the preceding designs, including a redesigned propulsion system and an improved armor layout. The ship was also significantly larger than her predecessors—she was approximately 3,000 metric tons heavier than the Moltke class ships. Here are the details of the timeline above. Despite the success of the previous German battlecruisers designs—those of Von der Tann and the Moltke class—there was still significant debate as to how new ships of the type were to be designed. In 1909, the Reichsmarineamt (Navy Department) requested Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary, provide them with the improvements that would be necessary for the next battlecruiser design. Tirpitz continued to push for the use of battlecruisers solely as fleet scouts and to destroy enemy cruisers, along the lines of the battlecruisers employed by the British Royal Navy. The Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and the majority of the Navy Department argued that due to Germany's numerical inferiority compared to the Royal Navy, the ships would also have to fight in the line of battle. Ultimately, the Kaiser and the Navy Department won the debate, and the battlecruiser for the 1909–1910 building year would continue in the pattern of the previous Von der Tann and Moltke class designs. Debate based on recent experience with a proven platform ... and resulting action. All in less than half a decade. Yes, to us the technology is simpler - but 100 years ago it was no less "new" than the electric drive and other "new" systems we talk about now. Remember - the average Navy Commander in 1910 was a Midshipman in the 1880s, if not earlier with the slow promotions of the pre-war period. No, the "you can move faster then" excuse does not hold water for me. These men also did not have computers and the raft of information technology that we have .... perhaps that was an advantage too? No, I don't buy that excuse either. Shipbuilding pressure from the legislature? New? Snort. Financial constraints meant that there would have to be a trade-off between speed, battle capabilities, and displacement. The initial design specifications mandated that speed was to have been at least as high as with the Moltke class, and that the ship was to have been armed with either eight 305 mm (12.0 in) guns or ten 280 mm (11.0 in) guns. The design staff considered triple turrets, but these were discarded when it was decided that the standard 280 mm twin turret was sufficient. In August 1909, the Reichstag stated that it would tolerate no increases in cost over the Moltke-class battlecruisers, and so for a time, the Navy Department considered shelving the new design and to instead build a third Moltke class ship. Admiral Tirpitz was able to negotiate a discount on armor plate from both Krupp and Dillingen; Tirpitz also pressured the ship's builder, Blohm and Voss, for a discount. These cost reductions freed up sufficient funds to make some material improvements to the design. On 27 January 1910, the Kaiser approved the design for the new ship, ordered under the provisional name "Cruiser J". Enough lessons for now - lets get to the role that defined her; in the thick of it at Jutland. On the night of 30 May 1916, Seydlitz and the other four battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group lay in anchor in the Jade roadstead. The following morning, at 02:00 CET, the ships slowly steamed out towards the Skagerrak at a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h). By this time, Hipper had transferred his flag from Seydlitz to the newer battlecruiser Lützow. Seydlitz took her place in the center of the line, to the rear of Derfflinger and ahead of Moltke The II Scouting Group, consisting of the light cruisers Frankfurt, Rear Admiral Bödicker's flagship, Wiesbaden, Pillau, and Elbing, and 30 torpedo boats of the II, VI, and IX Flotillas, accompanied Hipper's battlecruisers. Shortly before 16:00, Hipper's force encountered Vice Admiral Beatty's battlecruiser squadron. The German ships were the first to open fire, at a range of approximately 15,000 yards (14,000 m). The British rangefinders had misread the range to their German targets, and so the first salvos fired by the British ships fell a mile past the German battlecruisers. As the two lines of battlecruisers deployed to engage each other, Seydlitz began to duel with her opposite in the British line, Queen Mary. By 16:54, the range between the ships decreased to 12,900 yards (11,800 m), which enabled Seydlitz's secondary battery to enter the fray. She was close enough to the ships of the British 9th and 10th Destroyer Flotillas that her secondary guns could effectively engage them. The other four German battlecruisers employed their secondary battery against the British battlecruisers. Between 16:55 and 16:57, Seydlitz was struck by two heavy caliber shells from Queen Mary. The first shell penetrated the side of the ship five feet above the main battery deck, and caused a number of small fires. The second shell penetrated the barbette of the aft superfiring turret. Four propellant charges were ignited in the working chamber; the resulting fire flashed up into the turret and down to the magazine. The anti-flash precautions that had been put in place after the explosion at Dogger Bank prevented any further propellant explosions. Regardless, the turret was destroyed and most of the gun crew had been killed in the blaze. By 17:25, the British battlecruisers were taking a severe battering from their German opponents. Indefatigable had been destroyed by a salvo from Von der Tann approximately 20 minutes before, and Beatty sought to turn his ships away by 2 degrees in order to regroup, while the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron arrived on the scene and provided covering fire. As the British battlecruisers began to turn away, Seydlitz and Derfflinger were able to concentrate their fire on Queen Mary. Witnesses reported at least 5 shells from two salvos hit the ship, which caused an intense explosion that ripped the Queen Mary in half. Shortly after the destruction of Queen Mary, both British and German destroyers attempted to make torpedo attacks on the opposing lines. One British torpedo struck Seydlitz at 17:57. The torpedo hit the ship directly below the fore turret, slightly aft of where she had been mined the month before. The explosion tore a hole 40 feet long by 13 feet wide (12 m × 4.0 m), and caused a slight list. Despite the damage, the ship was still able to maintain her top speed, and kept position in the line. The leading ships of the German battle fleet had by 18:00 come within effective range of the British ships, and had begun trading shots with the British battlecruisers and Queen Elizabeth-class battleships. Between 18:09 and 18:19, Seydlitz was hit by a 380 mm (15 in) shell from either Barham or Valiant. This shell struck the face of the port wing turret and disabled the guns. A second 380 mm shell penetrated the already disabled aft superfiring turret and detonated the cordite charges that had not already burned. The ship also had two of her 150 mm guns disabled from British gunfire, and the rear turret lost its right-hand gun. As the evening wore on, visibility steadily decreased for the German ships. Seydlitz's commander, Kapitän zur See von Egidy, later remarked: "Visibility had generally become unfavorable. There was a dense mist, so that as a rule only the flashes of the enemy's guns, but not the ships themselves, could be seen. Our distance had been reduced from 18,000 to 13,000 yards. From north-west to north-east we had before us a hostile line firing its guns, though in the mist we could only glimpse the flashes from time to time. It was a mighty and terrible spectacle." At around 19:00, Beatty's forces were nearing the main body of the Grand Fleet, and to delay the discovery of the Grand Fleet's location by the German fleet, he turned his ships towards the German line, in order to force them to turn as well. This reduced the distance between the British and German battlecruisers from 14,000 to 12,000 yards (13,000 to 11,000 m). Visibility continued to favor the British, and the German battlecruisers paid the price. Over the next several minutes, Seydlitz was hit six times, primarily on the forward section of the ship. A fire started under the ship's forecastle. The smothering fire from Beatty's ships forced Hipper to temporarily withdraw his battlecruisers to the southwest. As the ships withdrew, Seydlitz began taking on more water, and the list to starboard worsened. The ship was thoroughly flooded above the middle deck in the fore compartments, and had nearly lost all buoyancy. The German fleet was instead sailing west, but Scheer ordered a second 16-point turn, which reversed course and pointed his ships at the center of the British fleet. The German fleet came under intense fire from the British line, and Scheer sent Seydlitz, Von der Tann, Moltke, and Derfflinger at high speed towards the British fleet, in an attempt to disrupt their formation and gain time for his main force to retreat. By 20:17, the German battlecruisers had closed to within 7,700 yards (7,000 m) of Colossus, at which point Scheer directed the ships to engage the lead ship of the British line. Seydlitz managed to hit Colossus once, but caused only minor damage to the ship's superstructure. Three minutes later, the German battlecruisers turned in retreat, covered by a torpedo boat attack. A pause in the battle at dusk allowed Seydlitz and the other German battlecruisers to cut away wreckage that interfered with the main guns, extinguish fires, repair the fire control and signal equipment, and ready the searchlights for nighttime action. During this period, the German fleet reorganized into a well-ordered formation in reverse order, when the German light forces encountered the British screen shortly after 21:00. The renewed gunfire gained Beatty's attention, so he turned his battlecruisers westward. At 21:09, he sighted the German battlecruisers, and drew to within 8,500 yards (7,800 m) before opening fire at 20:20. In the ensuing melee, Seydlitz was hit several times; one shell struck the rear gun turret and other hit the ship's bridge. The entire bridge crew was killed and several men in the conning tower were wounded.[ At 00:45, Seydlitz was attempting to thread her way through the British fleet, but was sighted by the dreadnought Agincourt and noted as a "ship or Destroyer". Agincourt's captain did not want to risk giving away his ship's position, and so allowed her to pass. By 01:12, Seydlitz had managed to slip through the British fleet, and she was able to head for the safety of Horns Reef. At approximately 03:40, she scraped over Horns Reef. Both of the ship's gyro-compasses had failed, so the light cruiser Pillau was sent to guide the ship home. By 15:30 on 1 June, Seydlitz was in critical condition; the bow was nearly completely submerged, and the only buoyancy that remained in the forward section of the ship was the broadside torpedo room. Preparations were being made to evacuate the wounded crew when a pair of pump steamers arrived on the scene. The ships were able to stabilize Seydlitz's flooding, and the ship managed to limp back to port. She reached the outer Jade river on the morning of 2 June, and on 3 June the ship entered Entrance III of the Wilhelmshaven Lock. At most, Seydlitz had been flooded by 5,308 tonnes (5,224 long tons) of water. Some of the best things learned for us are from the Seydlitz's CO, Kommandant Kapitän zur See von Egidy's report. As important in 2010 as they were a century ago. Training and the importance of questioning established procedures. The first hit we received was a 12-inch shell that struck Number Six 6-inch casemate on the starboard side, killing everybody except the Padre who, on his way to his battle-station down below, had wanted to take a look at the men and at the British, too. By an odd coincidence we had, at our first battle practice in 1913, assumed the same kind of hit and by the same adversary, the Queen Mary. Splinters perforated air leads in the bunker below and gas consequently entered the starboard main turbine compartment. Somewhat later the gunnery central station deep down reported: "No answer from 'C' turret. Smoke and gas pouring out of the voice pipes from 'C' turret." That sounded like the time of Dogger Bank. Then it had been "C" and "D" turrets. A shell had burst outside, making only a small hole, but a red-hot piece of steel had ignited a cartridge, the flash setting fire to 13,000 pounds of cordite. 190 men had been killed, and the two turrets had been put out of action. Afterwards, a through examination showed that everything had been done in accordance with regulations. I told the gunnery officer: "If we lose 190 men and almost the whole ship in accordance with regulations then they are somehow wrong." Therefore we made technical improvements and changed our methods of training as well as the regulations. This time only one cartridge caught fire, the flash did not reach the magazines, and so we lost only 20 dead or severely burned, and only one turret was put out of action. The importance of inspections - and the love of the hardest ones once you are in harm's way. In the conning tower we were kept busy, too. "Steering failure" reported the helmsman and automatically shouted down from the armoured shaft to the control room: "Steer from control room." The order: "Steer from tiller flat" was the last resort. We felt considerable relief when the red helm indicator followed orders. The ship handling officer drew a deep breath: "Exactly as at the admiral's inspection." ... and as is my experience as well - the Liberty Risk Sailor is often the Indispensable Warrior. The helmsman was a splendid seaman but every six months or so he could not help hitting the bottle. Then he felt the urge to stand on his head in the market square of Wihlemshaven. Each time this meant the loss of his Able Seaman's stripe. At Jutland he stood at the helm for 24 hours on end. He got the stripe back and was the only AB in the fleet to receive the Iron Cross 1st Class. The need to stress individual action in response to unforeseen challenges - act without orders if needed - and leaders should let their Sailors know you trust their judgement to act. The first casualty in the conning tower was a signal yeoman, who collapsed silently after a splinter had pierced his neck. A signalman took over his headphone in addition to his own. In our battle training we had overlooked this possibility. Our aerials were soon in pieces, rendering our ship deaf and dumb until a sub-lieutenant and some radio operators rigged new ones. The anti-torpedo net was torn and threatened to foul the propellers, but the boatswain and his party went over the side to lash it. They did it so well that later, in dock, it proved difficult to untie it again. To h3ll with regulation written by those who don't fight. According to regulations our paymasters were expected in a battle to take down and certify last wills, but we preferred them to prepare cold food forward and aft, and send their stewards round to battle-stations with masses of sandwiches. Combat leadership. Are your LTJG's ready to do this? "In 'B' turret, there was a tremendous crash, smoke, dust, and general confusion. At the order "Clear the Turret" the turret crew rushed out, using even the traps for the empty cartridges. Then they fell in behind the turret. Then compressed air from Number 3 boiler room cleared away the smoke and gas, and the turret commander went in again, followed by his men. A shell had hit the front plate and a splinter of armour had killed the right gunlayer. The turret missed no more than two or three salvoes." Finally - damage control. During the course of the battle, Seydlitz was hit 21 times by heavy-caliber shells, twice by secondary battery shells, and once by a torpedo. The ship suffered a total of 98 of her crew killed and 55 wounded. Seydlitz herself fired 376 main battery shells, but only scored approximately 10 hits. This FbF first published in 2010. No comments:
Example sentences for: dcoh How can you use “dcoh” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary: • In the SCOP database, the α-subunit core domains have been classified together with several other domains, including the ligand-binding domain of the bacterial arginine repressor, the dimerization cofactor of the transcription factor HNF1 (DCOH), and a domain specific to the bacterial aspartyl-tRNA synthetases. Search for example sentences Loading Loading...
Foundations Of Cognitive Science Structure From Motion Computing structure from motion is a problem of underdetermination that has been a focus of interest in the study of vision by natural computation researchers. It has long been known that when humans view motion -- even simple movements of a small set of dots -- this motion can be used to provide a powerful sense of 3D structure. This is called the kinetic depth effect. How is this effect possible? Ullman (1979) considered simple motion displays consisting of dots. He assumed that the motion correspondence problem had been solved for this display. He then adopted another assumption: that the object in motion was rigid. He then developed a proof that it was possible to deduce the 3D structure of the moving object using only three different views, where each view required only four different dots. The proof required that the four points not be coplanar. This work inspired a great deal of later work in the natural computation approach to vision, in which researchers explored natural constraints that could be used to (formally) solve visual problems of underdetermination. (Added November, 2009)
Prolegomena to Ancient History: Containing Col (Classic Format: Paperback Language: English Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub Size: 13.03 MB Downloadable formats: PDF This allowed for the growth of a culture different from that which grew up in the Fertile Crescent. The upper class consisted of the pharaoh and his family, rich landowners, priests and doctors. Large, well-planned towns with fortified walls and brick-built buildings had also appeared. Statues of every God were carried or brought on barges, from Karnak to Luxor, the festivities lasted almost a month. Thereafter, not human actions but the unpredictable favor or anger which the gods directed towards individual cities and their rulers accounted for the changing fortunes of city states. Pages: 462 Publisher: Forgotten Books (June 16, 2012) ISBN: 1451000707 Papyrus: Structure and Usage (Occasional Paper) The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt A Smart Kids Guide To AMAZING AUSTRALIA AND ANCIENT EGYPT: A World Of Learning At Your Fingertips Tutankhamen Amenism, Atensim and Egyptian Monotheism with Hieroglyphic Texts of Hymns to Amen and Aten A Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library (Catalogs) The Sumerians built walled cities and developed the earliest-known writing called cuneiform, in which scribes (record-keepers) carved symbols onto wet clay tablets that were later dried. The Sumerians are credited with writing the world's oldest story, the Epic of Gilgamesh, about the life of a Sumerian king. The Sumerian number system was based on 12, which explains why we have 60-minute hours, 24-hour days, 12-month years, and 360-degree circles The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt, Revised and Updated. Off northern Crete they find skulls, scattered bones and round pellets of grape-shot fired in a 300-year-old battle and at another site, 1st-century Roman jars. Their biggest wreck is uncovered at Martinique. In 1902, 30,000 people died when Mount Pele erupted and a harbor of ships disappeared into the depths Look Inside Mummies & Pyramids. Several methods can be used to create faience, but typically production involved application of the powdered materials in the form of a paste over a clay core, which was then fired. By a related technique, the ancient Egyptians produced a pigment known as Egyptian Blue, also called blue frit, which is produced by fusing (or sintering) silica, copper, lime, and an alkali such as natron The Iron Lady (House of Winslow Book #19). The unification of the two kingdoms resulted in combining the two myths concerning the gods. Horus was the son of Osiris and Isis and avenged the evil Seth's slaying of his father by killing Seth, thus showing the triumph of good over evil Cleopatra Of Egypt, Antiquity's Queen Of Romance. Egypt was once more separated into its natural divisions of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. The pharaoh now ruled from his residence-city in the north, and Memphis remained the hallowed capital where the pharaoh was crowned and his jubilees celebrated. During the Twenty-first Dynasty, the pharaohs ruled from Tanis (San al Hajar al Qibliyah), while a virtually autonomous theocracy controlled Thebes. Egyptian control in Nubia and Ethiopia vanished The Natural History Of The Bible: Or A Description Of All The Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, And Insects, Trees, Plants, Flowers, Gums, And ... Mentioned In The Sacred Scriptures (1824). Download Prolegomena to Ancient History: Containing Col (Classic Reprint) pdf And the first steps towards an art error and puts controls in schools of art sculpture and engraving and drawing, and did the same thing for agriculture and handicrafts, management and ownership traditions after the country reunited with the beginning of the first family Alexandria National Museum. The Israelites were conquered by the Babylonians in the 500s BC and taken to Babylon in chains. During the exile in Babylon, Jewish scribes began to write the Bible in an effort to preserve Hebrew culture and religion Life in Ancient Egypt. The greatest objection to the religion of the Amarna age being true monotheism is the elevation of the king and his queen Nefertiti (and perhaps, posthumously, Akhenaten's father, Amunhotep III) to divine status. The vestiges of the old gods, as well as the triad formed by Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the incarnation of the solar light as the Aten, consisted of yet another conventional grouping of gods, not the formation of a transcendent monotheistic godhead In the Arctic Seas A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and His Companions. Cleopatra's Nose: Essays on the Unexpected Treasure Hunt ("Mummy") Isolated from everything this area was a place where the incan emperor and his guest could kick back and hunt, fish, and enjoy the view. a private garden growing beans, corn, potatoes, and a wide variety of flowers The Oasis Papers 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project (Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph). This civilization was the only one, to have fully developed written language and have advanced knowledge of Mathematical and Astronomical systems, in Americans Zeitschrift Fur Agyptische Sprache Und Altertumskunde, 1869, Vol. 7 (Classic Reprint). The panaqas played a major role in the political life of the Inka state, with their individual importance depending on how well they maintained political and marital ties with the reigning monarch (Patterson 1991) Egypt under the Saïtes, Persians, and Ptolemies. This is interesting, since the Welsh ll had also been suggested as the original pronunciation of the Arabic d.âd -- a sound anciently identified as unique to and within Arabic but now little different in articulation from several other Arabic phonemes. The picture of a piece of folded cloth, this is an "s" (voiceless alveolar fricative) The Ancient Empires of the East: Herodotos (Classic Reprint). Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia both developed in river valleys. These first civilizations in the Middle East, Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates and Egypt by the Nile River. They are early civilizations that relied heavily on geographies and their surrounding environment What is truth?: An inquiry concerning the antiquity and unity of the human race ; with an examination of recent scientifc speculations on those subjects. Hunter/gatherer societies ended around 12,000 years ago when they shifted to domestication and agriculture. Acts/Laws on how cultural remains are dealt with- Casualties of warfare for example. UNESCO is the leading agency of preservation of our past heritage. Preservation groups include NAGPRA, the National Historical Preservation Act of 1966, the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979, and California's Environmental Protection Act of 1970 Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction. Dwellings were normally built of mud brick and have long since disappeared beneath the rising water table or beneath modern town sites, thereby obliterating evidence for settlement patterns. In antiquity, as now, the most favoured location of settlements was on slightly raised ground near the riverbank, where transport and water were easily available and flooding was unlikely Notes for the Nile: Together with a Metrical Rendering of the Hymns of Ancient Egypt and of the Precepts of Ptah-Hotep (The Oldest Book in the World). What Egyptologists don't want you to see! An adventure in photojournalism: B&W Version (Volume 1) Outlines of Ancient: Egyptian History (Classic Reprint) The Discoveries in Crete: and Their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilization Holocene landscapes through time in the Fertile Crescent (Subartu) Funerary Sacrifice of Animals in the Egyptian Predynastic Period (Bar International) Pharaohs (Ancient Egypt) Hours with the Bible ; or, the Scriptures in the light of modern discovery and knowledge Volume 3 Egyptian Chronicles, Vol. 1 of 2: With a Harmony of Sacred and Egyption Chronology, and an Appendix on Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities (Classic Reprint) The Storehouses of the King: Or the Pyramids of Egypt, What They Are, and Who Built Them (Classic Reprint) Ancient Egypt: Life, Myth, and Art (Stewart, Tabori & Chang's Life, Myth, and Art) Ancient Egyptians Egyptian Scarabs Another great achievement that the Egyptians made was inventing the Nileometer. Nileometers were very important to the Egyptians The Sculpture from the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqâra 1964-76 (Excavation Memoirs). Perhaps the most striking example of such a misconception was the widespread acceptance of Karl Wittfogel's (1957) concept of "oriental despotism." This construct, which dominated the interpretation of early civilizations in the 1950s and 1960s, was only challenged after Robert McC. Adams' (1965) detailed studies of settlement patterns in Iraq revealed that large irrigation systems in that region were a product, rather than a cause, of the state Pharaohs: Treasures of Egyptian Art from the Louvre. Ahmad Ibn Tulun who had been sent by the Abbassid Khalif Al-Mu'taz to govern Egypt in AD868, declared Egypt an independent state and successfully defended his new domain against the Abbassid armies sent to unseat him. Ibn Tulun built Al-Qitai, a new capital centered on a vast central mosque, the courtyard of which could accommodate his entire army and their horses Development Of Religion And Thought In Ancient Egypt. Known for rich deposits of gold, Nubia was also the gateway through which luxury products like incense, ivory, and ebony traveled from their source in sub-Saharan Africa to the civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean. Archers of exceptional skill provided the military strength for Nubian rulers. Kings of Nubia ultimately conquered and ruled Egypt for about a century. Monuments still stand—in modern Egypt and Sudan—at the sites where Nubian rulers built cities, temples, and royal pyramids Egypt and Iceland in the Year (Classic Reprint). To add an extra layer to this assignment, consider having students create a mosaic reflecting a scene from the history of a culture they are studying. This lesson teaches students about the different types of vases that were used in ancient Greece Indian Frontier Policy: An Historical Sketch. It is currently housed in its own museum at the base of Khufu’s pyramid. Both boats were found disassembled and it will be several years before the new boat will be fully restored and ready for exhibition. The ships were able to survive 4,500 years of decay because of the air tight shafts they were laid to rest in Prolegomena to Ancient History: Containing Col (Classic Reprint) online. From a standpoint of ethnology, we must unhesitatingly reject this supposition. The Nubians possessed an independent and individual religion in the earliest known times, the cult of which impressed the Egyptians, who gave an account of it to the, authors of old." (Voice of Africa Hebraic Influences On Greek Civilization. Giza's pyramids and the Sphinx were constructed in the 4th dynasty of Egypt's Old Kingdom, arguably the first great civilization on earth (about 5000 years ago) download Prolegomena to Ancient History: Containing Col (Classic Reprint) pdf. Rome never did conquer Meroë, and this kingdom continued to thrive for another 200 years. Actually, “queendom” would be more accurate, since the leader of Meroë was usually a warrior queen, called a “kandake” which means “queen mother” or more simply “gore” meaning ruler”(Fairservis. p.60) Private Lives of the Pharaohs: Unlocking the Secrets of Egyptian Royalty. Interestingly, there was also a fourth trial, but this one did not involve the actual conspirators, but instead three of the judges and two officers. It would seem that this curious affair resulted from accusations that, after their appointment to the conspiracy commission, they knowingly entertained several of the women involved in the plot, as well as consorted with a general referred to as Peyes The Ancient Advanced Civilization of Khemit {Egypt} in Antiquity..
Berner rxMast Cell Tumors - Bernese Mountain Dogs by Patricia Long September, 1998 Edited by Margie Reho and Judy Benoit Contributors: Melissa Bartlett, Moyra Bunger, Pat Long, Kathie Meier, Sue Van Ocker, Margie Reho, Terri Zimmerman Mast Cell Tumors (MCTs) Many of us have heard the name, but what is a mast cell? The skin is made up of two layers, the thin outer layer, the epidermis, and the thicker tissue called the dermis. This is all attached to the underlying tissues and organs by the subcutis. Within the dermis one finds the hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat glands, and mast cells. The mast cells are what control many of the body's allergic reactions. When the body comes into contact with an allergen, the mast cells release histamine-containing granules. A series of events unfold, ultimately causing swelling. Sometimes, however, these mast cells begin to grow out of control. As many as 25% of all skin tumors in dogs are mast cell tumors. Half of these tumors are malignant. Most of them appear as raised nodular masses that feel soft to solid. 10 - 15% of them are indistinguishable from fatty cysts which lie under the skin in the subcutis. Half of them are found on the body, 40% are found on the legs, and 10% are found on the head or neck. Although these tumors may be found anywhere, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, most of the MCTs are found in the skin. There seem to be breed predilections for MCTs, with Boxers, Boston Terriers, Bulldogs, and Bull Terriers most commonly listed as being at risk. MCTs can occur in a dog of any age, but they are typically found in middle age or older dogs, with a mean age of 8.5 years. They are found in males and females equally; there is no sex predilection. Heredity is thought to play a role. Other risk factors include viral infections, and sites of previous injuries, such as burns. So you pet your dog every day, carefully checking for any new lumps and bumps, and you find something new - a lump, a bump, or a swelling. Now what? You go to the vet (Note: vets and pathologists can be male or female, I will stick to the standard English usage, sorry ladies!) and ask him to do a fine needle aspirate of the suspicious area. He sucks some of the cells into a syringe. He might test some of the cells between his fingers, cells from a fatty cyst (lipoma) feel distinctly greasy. But if that greasy feel is missing, a slide will be prepared for review by a lab. If the report comes back MCT, the next step has to be planned. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or combinations of these are all options. Radiation would be used if the tumor is inoperable, the whole tumor wasn't or couldn't be removed, or after surgery to prevent a recurrence of the tumor. Chemotherapy in this case is not what you think, it is prednisone. (Note: chemotherapy in dogs may not be as devastating to their system as it is for humans. They get lower, more frequent doses, and the side effects may be minimal. ) The steroids - prednisone or prednisolone - are the most effective for fighting mast cell. It is used for treating the cancer if it has metastasized (spread to other locations in the body), to help shrink a MCT prior to surgery, or to help prevent metastasis after surgery. Surgery is the preferred treatment choice. The tumor normally consists of a seemingly well-defined core, but there is a "halo" of cells in the normal-looking tissue around that core. So a surgeon needs to remove the lump along with 3 - 5 cm. of surrounding tissue. The lump is then sent to a pathologist for analysis. Grading a tumor is done to help a Veterinarian determine the best treatment options. The tumor is examined to determine how well differentiated the cells are. As you may remember from beginning biology, the standard cell structure has, among other things, a cell wall and a nucleus, a bit like a long box with a ball in it. This is a well-differentiated structure. But as cancer cells grow out of control, this structure breaks down, and often becomes an amorphous mass with lots of nuclei and very few distinct cell walls. This is called an anaplastic tumor (ana - backward, plasia - growth), and is not differentiated enough to even determine the type of cancer cells present. The anaplastic tumors are very aggressive, fast growing cancers. Grade I tumors are well-differentiated, and are not very aggressive. Grade II can be difficult to rate. If they are well-differentiated and localized similar to Grade I, they can usually be treated with a moderate approach. If the cell is well-contained but with poorly differentiated cell structure, or if MCTs are found at multiple sites, it should be treated very aggressively. Some vets call this Grade II aggressive. Grade III tumors are very aggressive and poorly differentiated. (Note, some labs use just the opposite grading method, so listen carefully before panicking!) In addition, samples of the biopsy will be checked to see if any cancer cells are found at the edge of the sample. If none are found, the margins are said to be 'clean.' If cancer cells are found anywhere at the edges, then the margins are dirty. But remember, the pathologist is not able to look at all cells at the edge, so a report of clean margins is not a guarantee that the entire cancer was removed. For the next step in planning treatment, it helps to use a tool developed by the World Health Organization called the Clinical Staging System. Stage I - solitary tumor confined to the dermis without lymph node involvement Stage II - solitary tumor with regional lymph node involvement Stage III - multiple dermal tumors with or without lymph node involvement Stage IV - any tumor with distant metastasis or recurrence with metastasis Berners resting in snow A typical chemotherapy regimen will start with prednisone, and if no response is seen after two weeks, the drugs used will be cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and prednisone (CVP). Tagamet will generally be used to minimize stomach irritation from the prednisone, as well as to counteract the histamines released by existing mast cells. (Note: the histamines may cause the surgical incision site to heal more slowly than normal.) Typical treatment options for the different stages are: I - surgical tumor removal Clean margins - no further treatment Dirty margins - wider surgical excision or radiation II - surgical excision Clean margins - pred for at least 6 months Dirty margins - wider surgical excision and pred, or radiation & pred III & IV - local therapy (surgery) if possible, pred or CVP ALWAYS check for lumps and bumps, and... ALWAYS get them checked by your vet! Insist on it, and don't feel like an old fussbudget! Also see... (search for mast cell) ► Mast Cell Health Studies Personal Experiences with Mast Cell Tumors in Bernese Mountain Dogs From the Berner-L Mailing List ► Margie Reho battled MCTs with Elga for several years. The first MCT was found on a rear leg just above the hock when Elga was almost 7. Advised by one vet to amputate the leg, Margie chose instead to have only the tumor removed. Additionally, a small (originally thought to be) lipoma was found and removed very topically from the chest. During surgery on the leg, and post-surgical pathology indicated that full removal for clean edges was not possible due to the tumor's location. Pred was injected into the leg site for several weeks, and Elga was put on a program of oral pred and Tagamet daily. Several weeks later, the tumor on the chest returned. This time, it was removed cleanly with plenty of the underlying muscle, and pred was again injected into both sites for several weeks. At six months post surgery, with no sign of regrowth on either MCT, and Elga happy and healthy, the decision was made to alter her drug treatment. The cancer drug Vincristine was added to the program because existing statistics stated that oral pred plus Tagamet appeared to have diminishing effect on Type II aggressive MCTs beyond 6-9 months. Vincristine was administered IV by the vet on a 4-6 week basis for the next 3 years. [The pred and Tagamet continued as well.] 1 year 9 months later, Elga was looking great, when another growth was found on her right elbow. Margie was relieved when it was found to be a spindle cell tumor, very aggressive locally, but easily removed and treated. Additional cancer types are common with a suppressed immune system (suppression caused by chemo). Steroids were used to shrink it before surgery, and the roller coaster went up again. Elga stayed healthy, active, in perfect weight and condition and totally "normal", even on her almost 3 and 1/2 years of chemo. She lived to over 10. At that time, the spindle cell tumor reoccurred at the same site, but just before surgery, it was determined that cancer had invaded her spleen and the spleen was in a state of partial rupture. Prior to this, neither known MCT, nor any new ones had appeared. ► Melissa Bartlett's 9 year old Panda had a MCT removed from her elbow. It returned a year later, and was removed again. Panda lived problem free until just before her 12th birthday when her legs failed her. Melissa told us that surgery in Berners after age 10 is hard on the dog, with a slower recovery time, and the dog seems to feel pretty bad. ► Kathie Meier's 7 year old Kari had a MCT on the inner upper eyelid. The lump itself looked innocuous. Kathie only found it because there was a swelling above the eye. She opted for radiation for Kari, 3 weeks of treatments 5 times a week. Kari was intubated daily (for anesthesia) during the treatment, and other than some hair loss and specialized home-care during that time, Kari went through the treatment with little difficulty. Four years later, Kari was still doing quite well with no mast cell recurrence, although the hair never did grow back over that eyelid! ► Moyra Bunger's Bess had a lump appear overnight on her left knee. It was the size of a golf ball. She had two surgeries, and a treatment of prednisone. She got a clean bill of health at the last check-up, but Moyra is very diligent in looking for new lumps, a process that Bess loves! ► Sue Van Ocker's 4 year old Jessie had a small MCT removed from her lower eyelid. After consulting with Dr. Jeglum in West Chester, PA the decision was made not to use any pred, and observation was the only treatment used. Jessie appreciated the medically prescribed belly rubs! Since 1996 Jessie has had two additional "bumps" - fortunately they have been fatty tumors, not MCTs!! ► Terri Zimmerman's 6.5 year old Zephyr had a lump on his front leg that was removed within two weeks of finding it. It was a tumor, and turned out to be a grade one well-differentiated mast cell tumor. Blood work was done to find out if there was any systemic spread of the disease. The blood work came back clear, and the vet decided that observation was all that would be necessary by way of treatment. ► Binay Curtis' Bandit was 5 years old with a lump behind her ear. It had been checked before, but started to be a concern since it seemed to change size. Diagnosed as mast cell, it was immediately removed. Bandit came home crying in pain with a stomach getting bigger. Fearful of bloat, she went back to the vet's office for monitoring through the night. No bloat, but I never learned why this happened, perhaps drinking too much water, or maybe a response to the anesthetic. In an attempt to learn to avoid more MCTs, I visited the oncologist. The reading material wasn't much more than the information in this article. She basically had a "That's a Bernese Mt. Dog for you" attitude. Four months later, I found another MCT on the side of her body. It was removed, it was Grade I, but we had the vet use a different anesthetic, and had Bandit monitored by the vet overnight. Three months later, two more tiny bumps, one on her side and two on her chest. We shaved her down and searched everywhere, found 8 lumps in all. I marked them with liquid paper for the vet, all were removed. Most were MCTs, Grade I, some were unclear, and some were fatty tissue. Bandit recovered well! Desperate to stop the onslaught, we considered doing chemotherapy. But because of the stomach problems that Bandit has, and because the tumors were all Grade I, we opted against this. We also visited a holistic vet, tried some herbal therapies, but stomach problems prevented any of their use for very long. MGN3 was the only one she could tolerate. The holistic vet seemed to feel that the stomach problems may have something to do with the MCTs. The mainstream vet insists that the cancer is not systemic, the tumors are all Grade I, nothing in the bloodwork to indicate a problem. She also indicated that MCTs can come and go, so Bandit's may have always been present and we simply finally found them all. Bandit has been on venison and potatoes for 2 months since the surgery, she is doing well, her energy levels are up, and we haven't found another lump! Bandit has had a few mast cells removed - all grade 1 in the past year since surgery. Since they've all been grade 1, our vet tries to remove them with a "punch hole" biopsy. This way, she can send it to the lab and can determine if the punch hole was enough (because of margins), and, if not, more surgery. If so, we're done. This works a lot better than repeated surgery. ► Pat Long's Maggie had a lump suddenly appear in her front leg, and in two days it had more than doubled in size. She had to convince the vet to aspirate the lump, which felt just exactly like a fatty cyst. He sent a slide to the lab, and it came back mast cell tumor. The lump was removed immediately, and the pathology result was grade I, fully contained. No further course of action was needed, other than constant monitoring for any new lumps or bumps. Essentials of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Richard Nelson, C.Guillermo Couto, Mosby Year Book, 1992. Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, Stephen J. Birchard, DVM, Robert G. Sherding, DVM, W. B. Saunders, 1st edition, 1994. Veterinary Medical Terminology, Dawn E. Christenson, W. B. Saunders, 1997. The Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co., 7th edition, 1991.
The more things change…. Its true. The more things change the more they remain the same. In technology and everywhere…. Take setting up a website for example. In the early nineties, most websites were static and were set up to create a ‘web presence’ for a business (mostly) or an individual. The static pages took time to create because the HTML had to be handcrafted and had to cater to the many differences between browsers. Today, a slew of tools allow you to set up the static pages very quickly and browser differences have all but been eliminated, to the extent that you could actually set up a simple website in a few hours. So things have changed, haven’t they? Sure. but who is satisfied by a simple website today? You need content management for a blog or for that catalogue that is carried on the website. You need personalization and you need analytics to understand who is coming to your website and what they do there. You need web forms to take user input and you need the ubiquitous ‘like’ button to help advertise your pages on social media. Finally if you wish to monetize your website, you want to embed affiliate marketing tags that will earn you the ‘click’ dollars for directing traffic to your partner’s site. So that is a lot of stuff and it will take time to put it all up. So setting up a website takes as much time and has as much complexity (relatively speaking) as it had before. Just when you thought that you had conquered the problem, it just got bigger! And so it is in real life. The distance from Bangalore to Hosur is about 40 kms. In 1983, it took about 1 hour to travel that distance on an undivided (narrow) highway. Today, it still takes about an hour to travel that distance although we now have a broader multi-lane, and divided, highway. The increase in traffic through the years simply offset the speed gains of the better road and new settlements along the highway have increased the congestion along it. Some things just do not change! This entry was posted in general. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply Reload Image
Wrought iron as an engineering material passed its peak in the 19th century. In line with other manufacturers the Whitechapel Bell Foundry replaced wrought iron components with those made from either steel or grey cast iron but with the notable exception of clappers where the material remained in regular use until the early 1970s. The relatively high cost of the material coupled with the lack of consistent quality were disadvantages offset by the convenience of its forging characteristics and its essentially ductile properties; a necessary feature for withstanding the impact stresses during ringing. Even by the early 1940s supplies of genuine wrought iron were fading fast as were the number of companies able and willing to forge the bottom end sections of clappers ready for use. As an experiment, Whitechapel produced composite clappers comprising grey cast iron balls and flights cast on to round section wrought iron stems. The experiment was however unsuccessful as the ball ends tended to work loose. The experimental design was abandoned within two years and although most of these composite clappers have long since been replaced a few still survive to this day. In 1959 Whitechapel's supplier gave notice that wrought iron would probably only continue to be available for a further 10 years and that in its place they recommended EN16 steel which could be forged, machined and welded. One such clapper was immediately manufactured and fitted to the tenor of a ring in North London where it is still in regular use. Although the clapper has proved successful, the cost of production was considered unacceptably high. Whitechapel continued its search for a replacement material until, in 1970, and when designing special 18th century style ringing fittings for full size replica Liberty Bells, the company was introduced to ductile iron (also referred to as spheroidal graphite iron) for the manufacture of some of these special components. The techniques involved in causing the graphite in iron to freeze in spherical balls within the iron matrix rather than into thin razor like flakes had been researched and perfected by the British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA) during the late 1940s. Initially, the discovery was put to no commercial use, however by the early 1950s the American-based Ford Motor Company was employing the material for the manufacture of petrol engine crank shafts as both the material and the manufacturing processes were far less costly than the steel forgings that it replaced. By 1970 the material had become commercially available and today well over half of all iron castings produced worldwide are made in ductile iron. A number of grades are available and one or two of these have mechanical properties that are remarkably similar to those exhibited by the best of genuine wrought iron which is perhaps surprising in that wrought iron is associated with the forging process whereas ductile iron is employed only in castings. Working closely with BCIRA Whitechapel established the precise nature of clapper failures through a series of destructive tests, and from the results of these tests was able to select the grade of iron most suitable for clapper production. As a casting material, the opportunity presented itself to produce clappers of a radically different design in which stronger components could be produced employing less material. In spite of this obvious advantage, it was eventually decided to model the new clappers on their wrought iron predecessors so that they were visually indistinguishable. This would allow new clappers to be interchanged with old without any significant change in appearance. As interchangeability was considered to be a major requirement, several of Whitechapel's change ringing installations from the 1970s have a mixture of the two types of clappers. Although most clappers now supplied by Whitechapel are of ductile cast iron the company has not overlooked its knowledge and experience with wrought iron, EN16 and the alternative design possibilities of ductile iron. Whitechapel continue to make daily use of their skills in the working and reworking of genuine wrought iron clappers and at the time of writing are investigating the supply of irons similar and interchangeable with wrought iron but with higher levels of mechanical consistency. Clappers manufactured from EN16 are still provided for larger bells where their relatively high cost is justified by improved mechanical properties in resisting the reversed impact bending fatigue failures associated with most clapper breakages. The clapper fitted to Great Paul at St Paul's Cathedral London, the largest swinging bell in Britain, illustrates how a beam type stem section may be more efficiently employed in making best use of the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron. By 1977 Whitechapel was not only supplying ductile iron clappers to its own customers but additionally to all other UK bell companies. What had started as a Whitechapel design had become, in less than a decade, the accepted industry standard and, over a quarter of a century later, this remains true today.
Search the lexicon SYNTAX: a process which deletes CP (also known as S-bar deletion). CP-reduction has been proposed to explain Exceptional Case Marking (ECM). EXAMPLE: in (i) expect assigns structural accusative Case to the subject (Greg) of its complement clause (Greg to win). This should not be possible if this clause were a full CP, because expect could not govern the subject in that case (CP would be a barrier). If expects deletes CP, government is possible, as the remaining IP is not a barrier to government. (i) Everybody expected [IP Greg to win ] CP-reduction has also been assumed to obtain in Raising to Subject constructions such as (ii): (ii) John seems [IP t to have won ] In order for the trace of John to be properly governed by the matrix verb, the embedded clause may not be a barrier. LIT. Chomsky, N. (1981)
Solaris 8 with OpenLDAP: Security Binding to the directory server: • Binding as root: To bind to the directory server as "root," you should use the "RootDN" and the RootDN's password. This gives you full read/write access to the server. • Binding as self: "self" is a keyword that means that a user is bind to the directory server with their own entry. This usually gives them read access to their entry, and write access to certain attributes within their entry such as their password, their shell, their gecos field, etc. • Binding as anonymous: Binding as anonymous is equivalent to anonymous FTP access. There is no real authentication performed, and the user should have very limited access. Based on how a user is bound to the directory server, you can impose a number of access restrictions. We will go over some sample access restrictions later. With OpenLDAP, access restrictions are incredibly granular. You can specify which entries can and can't be read (or searched for), and you can specify which attributes can and can't be read. As always, with power comes complexity. The access restrictions for one network's needs can vary quite a bit from another's. Previous: Intro to LDAP \| Next: Schema
Characteristics of using em width vs. % width on text containers When you set your column div widths in em, as font size is changed, the relative widths of the columns stay the same, but the absolute widths only change when font size is changed. Whether a horizontal scoll will appear depends on the viewport width, on the widths you set, and on the font size actually used, which means it is possible for the font size used to cause a horizontal scroll. Using em for column widths means line lengths in characters will not vary as text size is changed. If at 12pt default in div#leftcol 'The quick brown fox jumps over' fits exactly all on one line, then it will do the same if the default is instead 18pt or 9pt. If you design a page with no images using em widths to look the way you want in a 1000px wide viewport with 16px defaults (e.g. for 1024x768 resolution), then the page should look proportionally identical with 32px defaults in a 2000px wide viewport (e.g. for 2048x1536 resolution). In contrast, when you set column widths as a % of the body, the column widths change only when the viewport width is changed, not when font size is changed. This means regardless of actual font size, a change in font size won't cause a horizontal scroll. This also means the columns can get very crowded or even inadquate in width if the actual font size is large. If at 12pt default in an 800px wide viewport in div#leftcol 'The quick brown fox jumps over' fits exactly all on one line, as text size is increased to 24pt, that line will split onto two or more lines. Typography in modern media
Share this story Close X Switch to Desktop Site 'Unusual' dinosaur offers glimpse of evolutionary quirk 'Balaur bondoc,' a new species of dinosaur discovered in Romania, is a close relative of Velociraptor, but developed several striking evolutionary differences because it lived on an island. View video This image shows the reconstruction of the skeletal anatomy of 'Balaur bondoc,' a new species of dinosaur discovered in Romania. View photo Move over Vlad the Impaler; here comes Balaur bondoc. That's the name scientists have given a new meat-eating dinosaur unearthed in southern Transylvania. About these ads The first formal description of the creature, whose name translates as "stocky dragon," appears in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). IN PICTURES: Dinosaurs The creature is noteworthy for its odd features when compared with many of its contemporaries in other parts of the world, paleontologists say. The team reporting the results says Balaur also provides fresh evidence for the so-called "island effect," in which geographic isolation spawns unique body forms. In some cases creatures shrink, in others they grow much larger than their continental cousins, and they can evolve to display some truly unique body forms. Balaur "is really highly specialized and unusual," says Mark Norell, a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and a member of the team reporting the results. The research effort was led by Zoltan Csiki, a paleontologist at the University of Bucharest. Matyas Vremir, a prehistoric tortoise expert at the Transylvania Museum Society in Cluj-napoca, Romania, made the find. Balaur inhabited Hateg Island, now part of a geological formation in Romania. Some 70 million years ago, however, Hateg Island was a patch of terra firma in the Tethys Sea, forerunner to the modern Mediterranean. Hans-Deiter Sues, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History calls Balaur "one of the most exciting discoveries" yet emerging from these ancient island ecosystems that now lay buried within the European continent. About these ads For 100 years, paleontologists have unearthed fossils from this area, Dr. Norell says, including fossils belonging to small plant-eating dinosaurs, mammals, lizards, turtles, and crocodile-like animals. But not much is known about the top-of-the-food-chain dinosaurs beyond a smattering of fossilized bone fragments from around the continent. The fragments are too nondescript to be helpful in trying to reconstruct the original animal. "Some people had even argued that the top of the food chain on this island wasn't dinosaurs at all, but crocodillians," Norell says. "Now we've found a carnivore." If Balaur represents the island effect, it's more for the creature's highly specialized features than a puny or gigantic size, the researchers say. Balaur stretched some 6 to 7 feet from nose to tail tip, comparable to its nearest contemporary continental relative, Velociraptor. Both shared a common ancestor more than 112 million years ago. The dwarf plant eaters, by contrast, had no close relatives living at the time, suggesting they had been isolated much longer. Yet Balaur is beefier than its movie-star cousin. Among Balaur's unique features: two sets of readily extended sickle-like claws on each of its hind feet, and hands that host three fingers, only two of which function, instead of all three. The team also found shoulder bones, vertebrae, pelvis, and other parts of Balaur's skeleton in a mudstone formation near the Romanian down of Sebes, in southern Transylvania. Dr. Sues notes that Hateg Island was part of an archipelago that stretched from a nascent Iberian peninsula to what is now the Eurasian land mass. Over the years, researchers have wondered whether islands in the archipelago served as final stops for animals nearing the end of their evolutionary trails, or whether there may have been some continuing contributions to the local fauna from the continent. With the appearance of Balaur in the fossil record, it would seem the answer may be a bit of both, given the theropod's close relationship with velociraptors uncovered in Mongolia and China, notes Sues in an independent analysis of the find in the same issue of PNAS. He suggests that during periods when climate conditions led to lower sea levels, the continentals might have island-hopped their way along the archipelago, allowing for some evolutionary changes without losing their clear links to extant relatives on the mainland. IN PICTURES: Dinosaurs
— (Quran 30:21) Polygamy is anathema to modern legal and moral standards. The general impression is that the conjugal mores of seventh-century Arabia — and the problems that travel with them — have taken roots because Islam is perceived as a misogynist religion. This is not so. On the surface, it may appear a facile assumption, but if you slice it deeply you will find that polygamy is an anathema in Islam too. This practice continues because Islam’s drowsy cultural and religious watchdogs either look the other way or have an implicit vested interest in it. Plural unions not only inspire distrust between spouses and heightened competition among offspring. Children also learn from an early age that females are unworthy of exclusive affection and therefore hold less value than males. Moreover, if common, polygamy creates legions of unhappily unmarried young men who are ripe for radicalization. Contrary to various myths, polygamy is a social safety and security net that has unfortunately been maligned on account of its abuse. The issue of polygamy requires a much nuanced understanding. The Qur’anic institution of polygamy is a piece of social legislation which was designed not to gratify the male sexual appetite and lust , but was intended to correct the injustices done to widows, orphans, and other female dependants, who are especially vulnerable. It ensured that unprotected women were decently married, and old loose, irresponsible liaisons of men were abolished and morality was restored and upheld. The Qur’an permitted polygamy as a solution to the pressing social welfare problems during the time of revelation, roughly 1,400 years ago. The reasons behind polygamy had nothing to do with satiating men’s sexual appetites or curbing their wandering eyes. We first read about polygamy in the Qur’an’s fourth chapter: “Give orphans their property, do not replace their good things with the bad, and do not consume their property with your own. That is a serious crime. If you fear you will not deal justly by the orphans, marry the women, who seem good to you, two or three or four; and if you fear that you cannot do justice (to so many) then one (only) or the captives that your right hands possess. Thus it is more likely that you will not do injustice.” (4:2-3) The primary concern of the Qur’an was orphans. To me the Qur’an is the only book which has so many tons of verses overflowing with profuse compassion for orphans. There can be no better manifesto of the rights of orphans. Note that polygamy and orphans — which in Arabic refers to fatherless children — are mentioned in the same sentence. These “polygamy verses” were revealed shortly after the battle of Uhud, in which the Muslim forces lost many soldiers. The gender imbalance, and the fact that in that time and place women largely depended on men for their economic survival, made polygamy a pragmatic solution for a woman for her protection and protection of her children. Thus the Qur’an permits polygamy for the purpose of caring for orphaned children and defending their assets. Answering why Muslims engage in polygamous marriages in modern society is really vexatious. It is certain that most of them engaging in polygamous marriages are not marrying widows and even if they are widows, their action is not inspired by impulses of the welfare of orphans – a litmus test laid down by the Qur’an. Protection of these women’s children from injustice and exploitation may probably be just one of the many considerations. In the Qur’anic context, polygamy implies that there has to be a relationship between the woman or women whom the Muslim man marries and the orphans, because marrying a woman unrelated to orphans will not be of help in safeguarding their rights. While doing justice to orphans is mandatory, so also is doing justice to all the women whom a Muslim man marries. A Muslim family unit is built on the Islamic notion that the husband must always be the primary breadwinner and a wife must always be the primary care giver. The Qur’an permits polygamy — not readily but reluctantly as the last resort — and only in conditions of great social hardship and for humanitarian purposes. It is very important to note that there are two commandments to do justice, and that polygamy was allowed for the benefit of orphans and the women who were their guardians or caretakers. There are two countries which have banned polygamy while several countries have imposed restrictions on them. Turkey was the first Muslim country to legally ban polygamy in 1926. This decision was not based on religious reasons, but rather was an entirely secular ban. Tunisia was the next country to ban polygamy through legislation passed in 1956 and restated in 1964. In other Muslim countries, it is restricted. In Pakistan, man cannot contract another marriage during the subsistence of an existing marriage without the permission of the Arbitration Council. There is a clamour in the West and they have a right to ask – why is the taking of more than one wife even mentioned in the Qur’an if it was never meant to be exercised? Well, here we have the historical context. The Prophet lived at a time when continual warfare produced large numbers of widows, who were left with little or no provision for themselves and their children. In these circumstances, polygamy was encouraged as an act of charity. Needless to say, the widows were not necessarily sexy young women, but usually mothers of up to six children, who came as part of the deal. On this point Muslim law is more elastic and more in harmony with the requirements of society than the other systems of law which do not permit polygamy in any case. Supposing there is a case in which a woman has young children, and falls chronically ill, becoming incapable of doing the household work. The husband has no means of employing a maid-servant for the purpose, not to speak of the natural requirements of conjugal life. Supposing also that the sick woman gives her consent to her husband to take a second wife, and that a woman is found who agrees to marry the individual in question. Western law would rather permit immorality than a legal marriage to bring happiness to this afflicted home. In fact, Muslim law is nearer to reason. For, it admits polygamy when a woman herself consents to such a kind of life. The law does not impose polygamy, but only permits it in certain cases. Polygamy is not the rule, but an exception. The worst tragedy for a woman is when her husband passes away and, as a widow, the responsibility of maintaining the children falls upon her. In the Eastern world, where a woman does not always go out to earn her living, the problems of widowhood are indescribable. Prophet Muhammad upheld the cause of widows. Most of his wives were widows. In an age when widows were rarely permitted to remarry, the Prophet encouraged his followers to marry them. He was always ready to help widows and exhorted his followers to do the same. If understood correctly in its Qur’anic context, polygamy was a grave responsibility for Muslim men. In practice, however, it has often been regarded as a male privilege intended for the pleasure of men. The stringent conditions which are tagged by the Qur’an to polygamy have generally been disregarded by the traditional interpreters. “If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry women of your choice, two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a captive) that your right hand possesses, that will be more suitable, to prevent you from doing injustice’ (or in order not to make your family support worse).” (Q 4:3) It goes on to add that: “You are never able to be fair and just as between women, even if it is your ardent desire…” (Q 4:129) The verse was revealed after the battle of Uhud in which the Muslims not only lost against the pagans, but also several men died and there were a large number of widow Similarly, we have lost more than 90,000 people in the Syrian civil war that has left so many women widows, and orphans. Even in this historical context, the Quran asks men to first consider taking care of orphans, and only when they think they may not be able to do justice to the orphans’ interests while staying in isolation, should they consider marrying their widowed mothers, on the condition that the new family would be dealt justly and on par with the existing one. If the rights of Muslim women are upheld and advanced as contained in the spirit of the Qur’an, then the justice that it embodies will never be ignored. Islam does not allow a husband to act cruelly to his wife, either physically or mentally. “O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness…on the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them it may be that you dislike a thing which God brings about through it a great deal of good.” (Q 4:19) Plurality of wives made sense at a time of war, when there were many widowed women and sometimes they fell on hard times. It was also a sociological mechanism to ensure that men with barren wives could marry again and reproduce. It was certainly not a licence for lust, as suggested by the Orientalist fantasy of the harem. The Qur’an explicitly states that a man intending to take more than one wife is only allowed to do so if he treats each wife equally. He must lavish his love and affection equally, and financially support each wife absolutely equally to the penny. It’s very important for relationships to be neutral and fair. The concept of fairness demands that a husband treat all his wives with complete, and unfailing, magnanimity, showering on each his equal and undivided attention. The husband needs to provide for the physical, emotional, and monetary, in effect, the complete ‘worldly’ welfare, of each of his wives, without making any allowance for compromise or his favouring of one spouse over another. Anything short of this would be considered a violation of the Holy Quran’s recommendation for observing justice. This is simply not possible, which leads us to believe that polygamy was never meant to be practised and is only done so by men exploiting Qur’anic teachings. Prophet Muhammad has said, “Whosoever has two wives and he inclines towards one to the exclusion of the other, he will come on the Day of Judgment with his body dropping or bending down.” In other words, “It is mission impossible”. There is no place for polygamy in modern society. “There are a number of cases we have come across and there is hardly a case where a man can balance all the duties required in a polygamous situation. In today’s industrial society, it is impossible to observe the conditions laid down by the scriptures. But social psychologists will say that polygamy is a solution to many complex and difficult situations and, in the absence of a socially sanctioned mechanism, extra social arrangements have to be worked out. Polygamy protects the status of women by according them full rights. Instead of being a secret “mistress”, demeaned to live more like a chattel, a woman becomes a dignified wife with all the rights and privileges that come with being a wife. Polygamy ensures sexual purity and chastity and whenever polygamy has been banned, it emerges from history that illicit sex has raised its head. An unlawful mistress is more harmful to a social fabric than a lawful second wife. In fact, this Qura’nic provision unconsciously inspired the 19th-century social purity movement that sought to abolish prostitution and other sexual activities that were considered immoral according to Christian morality. Composed primarily of women, the movement was active in English-speaking nations from the late 1860s to about 1910s, exerting an important influence on the contemporaneous feminist and eugenics, discourses. The baser instincts can always overwhelm human sanity and social mores and in many cases turn out to be ineffective deterrents. But the law and its implementing apparatus, the judiciary and the state, can always use their chastening influence. This exceptional right can be supervised and made subject to stringent conditions. A New York Times review in 1994 described the views of Robert Wright, the celebrated author of The Moral Animal, in this way: “Monogamy, Wright says, does not favor the interests of most women, particularly lower-status women. Most human cultures throughout history have been mildly polygynous, with wealthier men attracting several wives. Though women in these cultures ‘are often less than eager to share a man,’ he writes, ‘typically, they would rather do that than live in poverty with the undivided attention of a ne’er-do-well.’ Monogamy instead favors lower-status men who in a polygynous society would be frozen out of the marriage market by wife-collecting elite. It is no coincidence that Christianity has advocated monogamy and pitched its message to poor and powerless men.” The compelling message of the Qur’an is: Polygamy is a provision for the welfare of widows and orphans and certainly not for the convenience of men. If the overriding concern is the welfare of these destitutes, polygamy has an enduring and great relevance. Scriptures were meant for the good of human societies. But there will always be animal spirits. Humans have both angelic and satanic traits. There are evil impulses within each soul. We have the means of taming them — laws for punishing them, norms for shaming them, and cure for healing them. Let us not in our imperfect understanding or prejudice throw the baby out with the bathwater. 3 Responses to “The myths about Islamic polygamy” 1. Istiak Mahmud What a thoughtful insight! This type of enlightened article is much more required to come out of laymen traditional understanding. Thank you and hope you will continue your good work. 2. Farhad Faisal The problem lies with male dominance in all spheres of life in patriarchal societies — independent of religions. Comments are closed.
It’s no secret that obesity has become a crisis in North America. As the number on the scale continues to rise, so does the number of diseases and illnesses associated with are poor diets, lifestyles, and body fat percentages. Even more concerning is the alarming increase in obesity in children. While unhealthy diets and lack of exercise are certainly to blame for our need for larger pant sizes and wider seats on airplanes, many of us struggle to lose weight despite our efforts to clean up our diets and move more. In fact, many of us who eat well and exercise regularly still have an extra layer of fat that won’t budge no matter how many salads we eat and laps we run of our block. The reason? The toxins in our food and environment are making us fat. Obesogens: The Connection Between Detoxification and Fat Metabolism Chemical “obesogens” are toxins that alter your metabolic function and predispose you to weight gain and obesity, as well as cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes. (1, 2, 3, 4) How it Works You may not know this but your fat cells release hormones related to metabolism and appetite into your blood stream. These obesogens or toxins end up getting stored in your fat cells where they alter their function and how they act on your body. (1, 2, 3, 4) There are several proposed ways in which obesogenic drugs and chemicals can disrupt the body’s physiology. The three main ways include: • changes in the way hormone receptors respond • dysregulation of sex steroid creation, leading to changes in control of lipid balance • changes in the regulation of appetite and satiety (your ability to feel full) in the brain and changes in metabolism. The effects will vary, depending on the toxin:(1, 2, 3, 4) • Some effect the number of fat cells • Some effect the size of your fat cells • Some effect hormones that affect appetite, satiety, food preferences, and energy metabolism Essentially, they not only increase your capacity to store fat, but they also slow down your metabolism and predispose you to store more of it. (1, 2, 3, 4) Common Obesogens (1, 2, 3, 4) 1. Pesticides: In food (the dirty dozen) and some tap water 2. BPA: In canned foods, medical devices, and come receipt papers. 3. PFOA: In non-stick pans, microwave popcorn bags, carpeting, clothing, backpacks, luggage, and some water. 4. Phthalates: In plastics, vinyl, toys, wall paint, air fresheners, and beauty products. 5. Soy: In non grass-fed livestock and many packaged food products. 6. MSG: In canned foods and soups, some restaurants, and some packaged foods. 7. TBT: In vinyl, fungicides, pesticides, textiles, and carpets 8. Antibiotics: In livestock and medical use. 9. PCBs: In fish, meat, and dairy. 10. Artificial Sweeteners: In low-fat foods and diet drinks and foods. Effect of Obesogens on Children These chemicals can explain a large reason why the obesity problem in children has become such an issue: Many of these obesogens can slightly alter your DNA, which then gets passed along to your children and genetically causes them to have slower metabolisms and more, larger fat cells. (1, 2, 3, 4) So…Do You Need To Detox? On top of avoiding sources of obesogens, helping to support your body’s own detoxification organs and pathways is a great way to jump start weight loss and get back on track. How To Detox Your Body to Lose Weight Due to obesogens and the toxins putting stress on your body, it can be nearly impossible to prevent weight gain and lose fat, despite your efforts to eat healthy and exercise, without getting rid of these chemicals. While your liver, kidneys, colon, skin, and lungs do a fantastic job cleansing your body, they can easily become bogged down by this influx of chemicals. To make it worse, once you do start losing weight, those toxins that were stored in your fat cells will be released into your circulation, putting even more stress on your detox organs and causing you to plateau. Thankfully, nature has provided us with fantastic “detox” foods that support your detox organs, flush out toxins, and help you to lose weight. 4 Incredible Detox Foods that Flush Toxins and Boost Metabolism 1. Lemon obesogens, detox drinks weight loss, detox foods Lemons are fantastic for supporting your detox organs thanks to their high concentrations of antioxidant flavanoids and vitamin C. They also contain high amount of potassium which help to decrease your blood pressure. When added to water, they act as a natural metabolism booster. (5) The enzymes in lemons stimulate liver function to help eliminate waste more efficiently, including the obesogens that are slowing down your metabolism and making you hold onto fat. (5) 2. Tomato detox foods, obesogens, detox and weight loss Like lemons, tomatoes contain plenty of vitamin C. The antioxidant that makes tomatoes stand out, however, is the high levels of lycopene, which protect the liver from oxidative damage and keep it functioning optimally. To get the most lycopene out of a tomato, however, they actually need to be cooked. The best ways to consume tomatoes for the benefits of their lycopenes are in the form of tomato paste, tomato sauce, or tomato juice. (6) * Watch out for sodium content in tomato sauces and juice, store bought varieties can often be quite high. Look for low sodium versions or better yet, make your own. (6) 3. Ginger obesogens, detox foods This spicy root has been shown to improve blood sugar and leptin levels, the hormone responsible for signaling to your brain that you are full and that it is time to stop eating. This prevents you for overeating and therefore gaining weight. (7) Ginger also suppresses the production of cortisol, which is released in response to stress. This lowered stress level reduces the amount of belly fat that we hold on to. On top of that, ginger has a thermogenic effect, meaning that it increases your body temperature and therefore your metabolic rate. Finally, ginger is a potent anti-inflammatory, which also relieves the overall stress on your body and detox organs, allowing you to lose weight. (7) 4. Cayenne obesogens, detox drinks weight loss Spicy cayenne pepper has shown to suppress cravings, and also has thermogenic, and therefore metabolism boosting, effect on the body. It has shown to help decrease belly fat and increase feelings of fullness. Thanks to its spiciness, it raises your metabolic rate after eating for up to half an hour, and sends your body into cool-down mode, forcing you to burn more calories without doing any extra work. (8) Metabolism Boosting Detox Remedy to Burn Fat Fast All of the previously mentioned ingredients have amazing detox and metabolism boosting effects on your body. This drink combines all four of them for the ultimate fat-burning drink to kick start your weight loss. (9) • Juice of 1/2 a lemon • 1 cup of tomato juice • 2 tablespoons of grated fresh ginger • 1 pinch of chili powder or cayenne pepper (to taste/spice tolerance) • celery stalks (optional) 1. In a blender, combine all ingredients except for celery and blend until smooth. 2. Pour the mixture into a glass and garnish with celery, if desired. 3. Store any leftovers in the fridge. Remember, supporting the organs responsible for detoxing your body by both avoiding toxic chemicals and obesogens as much as you can, and by including detoxifying drinks and foods in your daily diet, will help you to lose weight and live a long, healthy life. The Hearty Soul Health Network
Culture media for industrial microbiology CONDA Beer is not a very appropriate medium for the development of bacteria due to its characteristics, such as the low quantity of available nutrients, the presence of alcohol, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, as well as low conservation temperatures. Beer filtration and pasteurization phases also contribute to the stabilization of the product against microorganisms. The number of genera and species which usually contaminate it is limited. As is the case with wild yeasts, the contaminating bacteria cause turbidity and generate anomalous smells and bouquets. Lactic acid bacteria are the only Gram-positive ones that cause serious problems within beer-producing industries. The frequently found ones only belong to two genera: Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Wild yeasts are also frequent contaminants in beer production. Culture media for Bakery products In order to guarantee a process free of microorganisms, equipment and facilities should be kept in a perfect state of hygiene since contaminating elements almost always locate themselves in tanks, pipes, hoses, etc. It is also necessary to subject all equipment and raw materials including water, malt, triturates, hops, etc., to these controls. Culture media specific for beer follow:
Geography Chapter 14 Home > Preview The flashcards below were created by user Anonymous on FreezingBlue Flashcards. 1. Russia is the world's ___________ country. 2. What two continents does Russia stretch across? Europe and Asia 3. What forms the traditional boundary between European Russia and Asian Russia? Ural Mountains 4. What are the Ural Mountains rich with? Iron ore and mineral fuels. 5. What lies between the Black and Caspian Sea? The Caucausus Mountains 6. The mountain ranges that form a natural boundary between Russia and China mark the southeastern edge of what? The Central Siberian Plateau 7. Most of European Russia is part of what? The Northern European Plain; the northern part is poorly drained, but the southern part has navigable waterways and a rich black soil. 8. What is the rich black soil? 9. Chernozem upports what kind of agriculture? Wheat, barley, rye, oats, and other cash crops. 10. About what percent lives on the Northern European Plain? 75% including the cities Moscow and St. Petersburg 11. What is the world's largest area of flatland? The West Siberian Plain (poorly drained w/swamps and marshes) 12. Russia has the longest continuous what? 13. Black Sea:provides warm water outlet to the Aegean annd Mediterranean Sea Caspian Sea: the larget inland body of water, rivers flow into the sea but there are no outlets into the ocean. Water levels vary due to evaporation. Lake Baikal: lies southern Siberia. 3rd largest lake and deepest freshwater. 20% of Earth's total supply of freshwater. 14. What is Russia's main use their water for? irrigation, transportation, electric power. 15. Most rivers in Russia are located where? Card Set Information Geography Chapter 14 2012-04-04 22:34:30 Christenson Test The Whole Chapter Show Answers: Home > Flashcards > Print Preview
Lest We Forget - African American Military History by Researcher, Author and Veteran Bennie McRae, Jr. Big Pigs and Tight Sleeping Quarters Tony and Elaine Dorty Tony and Elaine arrived in Cowtown at pitch black o’clock and were introduced to a site straight out of a Mel Gibson, Road Warrior film. They were greeted by what seemed total chaos as architecture goes; nothing was distinguishable in the moon light. In fact the light from the heavens seem to give what was ever there an eerie look about things. Ed’s timely appearance kept them both from screaming at the top of their lungs and running for tilt for the truck. This behavior would have been brought on by the appearance of huge shapes moving about in the half moon light. Ed told us they were pigs, big pigs, really big pigs. This out of the way, they both being tired sought out their sleeping quarters. Opting not to sleep in the cabins huts what ever they were because the Keeylocko residents, meaning the pigs had access to them too. Heaven forbid and what a horrible awakening it would be, to be licked in the face and awakened from a dead sleep by a pig the size of a Dodge hemi engine. That night and subsequent ones would prove to be a challenge in the comfortable sleep department. The bunk the Dortys slept in required that they both turn at the same time, in unison, the same way. This went on for 3 nights straight; the other had to be wakened so they both good rotate, 3 and 4 times a night. It is a wonder they got any sleep at all. This is a true story. Category: Western Frontier \| Subcategory: Cowtown Keeylocko \| Tags: There are no tags defined for this page
The Path – November 1888 ANALOGIES — Alexander Fullerton Theosophy being of recent disclosure to the West, and none of us, therefore, having been Theosophists from childhood, almost every one encounters perplexities from the unfamiliarity of the new facts and of the new methods of thought. We may be entirely convinced of their correctness; the demonstration may be conclusive; in fulness, reason, stimulus, and expectation, the new faith is so obviously richer that the deserted one may appear incomparably jejune and poor; we may have become fluent with its ideas and its terms; nevertheless, its whole genius is so diverse from all hitherto habitual to us that we do not as yet think or move quite easily. It is as if an inhabitant of the dry Egyptian plain was transported, to Switzerland. It would not be only a revelation as to scenery, but an induction into a new life, whereof the sights, the sounds, the movements, the habits, the very air breathed and water drunk, had been wholly unknown. Until all these had become familiar, there would be a process of mental re-moulding, re-adjustment, modification. And so with the thinker transported from the circumscribed habitat of conventionalism to the stupendous scenery of the Theosophic domain. His Deity has been an enlarged, not always an exalted, Man; his universe ended with the telescope; his chronology went back but 60 centuries; other than animals, he knew of but three kinds of beings, — men, angels, and demons; human life was short, not easily justified, and morally puzzling; its hereafter was hazy, and all but its terrors had been carefully concealed; of its present, nothing could be known except what was disclosed to the eyes, ears, and touch, and any supposition of forces or beings or agencies beyond was probably absurd and certainly false. Out of these ideas the Theosophist has removed to a realm practically boundless. Limitations have dropped off in every direction. Anthropomorphic conceptions of Deity vanish at once. Matter expands till it fills space. Existing chronologies have as much real antiquity as yesterday's newspaper. Life multiplies till air, earth, fire, water, the illimitable ether teem with it. Humanity receives a justification and acquires a destiny. Light is poured into futurity. The senses, as sole criteria of fact, are deposed; means are put within reach by which the investigation of the whole universe is made possible. There is no boundary line to knowledge; there is not even an horizon. Now, of course, our mental capacities cannot instantly enlarge to this. The fresh air is invigorating, but then it is strange. The lungs are inelastic, the muscles torpid, the movements new. We hardly realize our freedom, and at every slight excursion we strike against some old prejudice or error, or feel the cramp which reminds us how long and how closely we had been bound. This is inevitable, but it is also temporary. We shall acquire agility; the cramp will gradually disappear; the errors discarded as beliefs will steadily weaken as hindrances; new habits of thought will form, new powers of perception develop, new vigor of advance arise. Revolutions do not go backwards, nor are the emancipated again enslaved. In the happy process of enlargement, we are wise, I think, to meet every check or difficulty with whatever means, however humble, may most effectually remove it. And it very often happens, in Theosophic thought, that a perplexity dissolves if we can confront it with some visible, familiar fact in life. The latter, being known to us, if in clear analogy with the former which is not known, may dissipate its strangeness and secure for it a welcome. Nor is this an artificial or whimsical procedure. It is but an application of the doctrine of Analogies, which, say the Adepts, pervades the universe. "As above, so below" is one of their constant maxims. We are quite right to use it in our humbler exercises. Of the many illustrations possible let us take, this evening, one from each of three planes of life, — that below us, our own, and that above us. For the conception of a medium of existence diverse from ours, diffused, invisible, yet material, though of a far more tenuous and rarefied nature than our air, science has happily prepared us by its "Undulatory Theory of Light," wherein is predicated a sensitive ether pervading space. We have, therefore, no antecedent difficulty in conceding an unseen world of more delicate texture than this. But science has done nothing to people it, and so the Theosophic doctrine of Elementals is new. We are abundantly accustomed to the word, yet the thing has perhaps for us not wholly lost a fanciful quality and entered the region of fact. Now I have found it to gain reality by thought on this wise. It is difficult to conceive of the direct action of will upon matter. There seems no mode by which an intangible, immaterial purpose can educe obedience from a lifeless, irresponsive block. I see a stick lying 20 feet away. I will it to approach me, but there is in it no consciousness of my will, and there is no apparent link between the distinct kingdoms of mind and matter. I sign to my dog, and he brings it at once. Here, then, is the link supplied, an intermediary agency with sufficient intelligence, on the one side, to apprehend the order, and with the physical power, on the other, to carry it out. The widely-separated kingdoms are connected by a medium uniting some of the features of each. In fact, a very subtle question in thought is promptly solved by one of the most common-place facts in life. Analogy instantly suggests a similar nature and function in Elementals, and hence a similar naturalness. What is there either improbable or inconceivable in an order of beings lower than our own, with no more conscience than have some grades of animals and with as much intelligence as have others, quite as controllable by men who understand them as are animals by men who understand them, and dwelling in a medium which, though unseen, may be as real as the unseen ether of Light? But Analogy does not stop here. Those of you who have read Sir John Lubbock's remarkable monograph on Earth-Worms know that the whole face of nature is being constantly re-formed through that humble agency. That is to say, an important, an indispensable, condition of agriculture is committed to the charge of a lowly, unprogressive, mindless creature, which lives, perpetuates its species, blindly performs its mission, and expires. Why, then, may not a somewhat higher function in Nature be entrusted to a somewhat higher organism, a still higher function to a still higher organism, and so on, the intelligence and the physical strength increasing, but there being no moral endowment because there are no moral duties? If earth-worms knead the soil and coral-insects erect islands in the ocean, it seems not unreasonable that larger operations in ever-active Nature, less mechanical and more intelligent, may be effected by Elemental spirits. And analogy goes still further. We see in animals instincts and habits which may as well mark Elementals. Secretiveness, playfulness, mischievousness, friendliness or hostility to man, a transmitted tendency to routine, constructive power, conformity to laws in mechanics, — all are illustrated in dogs, kittens, monkeys, beavers, birds, and bees. Why then may they not exist in sylphs and gnomes? In fact, if the perfection and regularity of a bee's honeycomb, which combines the maximum of space with the minimum of material, are due to the action of a conscious being, why may not this be equally true of a crystal? Yet again. The enormous differentiation of animal life in structure and quality, according to its function and its habitat, seems to indicate a corresponding differentiation, for corresponding reasons, of Elemental life in the various regions and operations peculiar to it. The four classes usually mentioned are doubtless capable of subdivision indefinitely. And once more. No small part of the animal world has been subdued to the will of man. This is, of course, mainly due to his larger intelligence, yet is in measure the result of his ability to impart, record, and transmit observations. The same reasons seem to justify the possibility of his controlling Elementals. Indeed, the theological doctrine that he is to conquer the earth implies that he is to conquer the beings which mould the earth, and any far-reaching vision of human triumph must include a sway over all lower organisms. It would seem, then, that analogies from very familiar facts around us warrant some vivid conception of the unseen beings no less around us. Our knowledge of the animal kingdom impels to a belief in the Elemental kingdom. Let us now step up to the plane of man, and attempt a similar process there. Whether we look at the lives of men or at the conventional beliefs they hold, it is equally evident that this present visible existence is considered the normal and important one, its interests being necessarily dominant, and those of the future, invisible world, however to be cared for, being, from the nature of the case, subordinate. More or less of this mode of thought has been so habitual with ourselves that we probably find the opposite, the Theosophic, mode only natural while we are reading Theosophic books or afterwards meditating on their contents. And yet most certain is it that Theosophy affirms the real, permanent, important life to be unseen, that which depends upon a material environment being absolutely transient and relatively mean. As the Adept, St. Paul, expressed it, "The things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal." Now if we are to be true Theosophists in either thought or aim, we have to reverse our former conception. The invisible world has to become the true world, and the visible world the deceptive world. And here again analogy is at hand to help us. The simplest incidents or acts disclose the tremendous forces hidden from sight. A leaf falls because of the all-pervading principle of gravitation; I hold this paper because of an inscrutable energy behind the muscular contraction which is its physical expression. You who are listening to these words hear them, indeed, through undulations set up in a material atmosphere and impinging on the tympanum of the ear; but no sense can reach the mysterious force which transmits the vibrations of the material tympanum to the unmaterial mind, still less the force which transmutes mere sound into thought, least of all the force which is mind. Look around you in the world and analyse the causes of the seething activity everywhere apparent. Every sound, every movement in this great city has its source in some desire of the inner being, — ambition, love, acquisitiveness, or other. We can hardly take one step from visible things towards their causes before we are in the realm of the invisible. All roads seem to lead to the unseen. It, not matter, has "the promise and the potency" of every form of life. But if the mechanics of daily life, if the continuance of vegetation, the conservation of vital powers, the evolution of all terrestrial advance are referable back to impalpable forces, — gravitation, electricity, magnetism, etc., only the effects of which we see; if even our own careers and the very constitution of society itself are but the objective, visible results from subjective, intangible desires; is it too much to say that the unseen is as much vaster than the seen in its resources as it must be in its extent? A pebble, a stick, a leaf has behind it stupendous powers; it is insignificant, but it reveals the immeasurable. The effect of observation, then, is to belittle the seen in comparison with the unseen; and herein Theosophy is in complete analogy with science. Yet surely the analogy need not pause at this point, but may proceed to urge that the constitution, the training, and the destiny of Man may justly be based on the same principle. The material elements must be the less important elements, the material life the less important life. Permanency, potency, boundlessness must inhere in a region which is not transient, weak, limited, as is this earth. And, indeed, our confidence in the analogy is strengthened by the fact that, up to a certain point, it is held to vigorously by all men in civilized lands. Cultivation of the mind is considered finer than cultivation of the body; the scholar ranks higher than the athlete. But if it is admitted that spiritual powers are nobler than mental, even as mental are nobler than physical, — which is, in truth, the position of the Theosophist, it follows that there is the same reason for developing the spirit rather than the mind, that there is for developing the mind rather than the body. The same principle which elevates a Herbert Spencer above a Sullivan will, analogically extended, elevate an Adept above a Herbert Spencer. And it follows that, when we read of the training given to secure mastery of self, ascendency over distraction from discomfort or desire, fixedness of meditation with a view to enlightenment, a distaste for levels of being lower than the highest, we have not encountered something which is chimerical or grotesque, but a sober, logical, scientific method of spiritual education. The third illustration proposed is from the plane of life above us, — that of Adepts. No doubt there is, among Theosophists, much misconception of the Adept character. For present purposes, however, we may describe him as an advanced man, who, through the expanding of the spiritual principle, has become a Master in mind and over matter, and whose powers are therefore, from the conventional point of view, supernatural. (1) All this, to the conventionalist, appears nonsense. To us it is a reality. Nevertheless, there is a certain remoteness about it. There is only one conceded Initiate in Western lands, and few of us have been privileged to see her. The East is faraway, and residence even in it by no means ensures approach to a Master. Hence belief is not always without misgivings, and I suppose there are few Theosophists who are not at times staggered by the strangeness of the conception. Still, it too is not without its analogies, and the weak may fortify themselves by recalling them. All history shows that deeds beyond experience have been pronounced incredible upon hearsay, and pronounced miraculous upon being seen. An astronomer foretells an eclipse to barbarians; he is ridiculed till it arrives, and then he is worshipped. The Adept from whom I have quoted a sentence once healed a cripple in cultivated Greece, and was hailed with the cry, "The Gods have come down to us in the likeness of men." In these days, though apotheosis does not follow phenomena, incredulity lasts till demonstration. It has been so with every great invention of modern times, and it must be so till is pulverized the inveterate habit of judging impossible that which does not square with ordinary observation. The moment we realize — not concede only — the dictum that "there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in our philosophy," we are unshackled; and the moment we perceive that those things are attainable, our freedom has begun. And why should it not be so? Every new fact in science or invention means that an explorer has been where we have not been, and has brought back something which we have not seen before. Surely we are accustomed to the idea that realms beyond our ken are being daily entered, examined, and sampled. Where, and on what principle, are we to set bounds to them? Is the Astral Light necessarily more impervious than the Space-Ether? If a Tyndall may reveal the vibrations of the one, is it impossible that a Adept may reveal the photo-pictures of the other? In fact, (one may ask), is an Adept more impossible than a Tyndall? Each represents high ability, developed by specialized training into exceptional power. We speak now, it is true, of matters on planes lower than the spiritual. But this does not vitiate the analogy. For, 1st, the difference between the lofty spiritual functions of an Adept and the highest attainments of an acute physicist is not any more truly a difference in kind than are those attainments of the physicist and the solely-muscular capacities of a burly savage; and, 2nd, if antecedent improbabilities of evolution fail in the one case, they may in the other. Indeed, one may say that the contrast between an Adept and a Tyndall is not any greater than between a Tyndall and a savage. Moreover, there is yet another consideration. All of us know that our unseen minds may, and do, grow in power of apprehension and in thoroughness of insight. We know, too, that the moral nature, also unseen, expands and strengthens with appropriate exercise. It would seem, then, that the spiritual principle, no less unseen, may no less have capacities as yet feeble. It, too, may evolve, and quicken, and ultimately triumph. These various analogies indicate that an Adept is not a phantasm, or a chimera, or an ingenious invention of Mr. Sinnett, but an entirely possible flower of a peculiarly rich, a highly cultivated, yet an entirely natural, soil. And, if so, we believers are not only judicially yielding to the burden of testimony, but are rationally following the pathway of logic. Before the sceptic and the scoffer we have only to point to Nature, Analogy, and Fact. Reverting now to the propositions with which this paper began, it would appear that the means to give reality to the more distinctive features of Theosophy is to perceive their likeness to those in departments of life better known. While we treat them as eccentric, we are never free from a haunting suspicion that they are doubtful. But if they are merely an extension of principles elsewhere demonstrated, if analogy shows that, so far from being isolated or grotesque, they lie really along the very lines enclosing conceded fact, the only thing needed for greater peace of mind is greater use of mind. The demand is not for more faith, but for more reason. We are not required to apologize, internally or externally, for positions which seem at first odd, but rather to assert that they are quite what might have been expected from the very constitution of being. Given a world enormously transcending that which we can see or hear or touch with our physical senses, its repletion with various forms of life seems inevitable. Given a humanity whose most powerful motives and impulses come from interior desire, and whose development on the material plane is necessarily limited while that on the immaterial plane has no bounds whatever, there can hardly be question as to the true sphere of effort. Given a telescopic look into the realm of Evolution, with some apprehension of what that discloses and means and foretells, and the supposition that Adeptship is incredible becomes infantile. More than this; there awakens a prevision that we ourselves are the proper subjects for all the fulness which analogy assigns to the race, and an assurance that every day of duty wrought and concentration gained is speeding us on to a time when incarnations shall have been completed and destiny shall have been achieved. 1. The reference, of course, is only to White Adepts. (return to text) The Path
The Patriot Resource - American Revolution Battle of Cowpens Battle of Cowpens The Battle: Fighting Continues It was now 7:45 A.M. and while the British raced across the battlefield, the Americans had begun to form up at a position that Brig. General Daniel Morgan had indicated. When the British were within thirty yards, the Americans turned and fired. The British charge was brought to a halt. Lt. Colonel John Eager Howard then ordered a bayonet charge. The proud British regulars were so surprised that they threw down their weapons and either fled or fell to the ground and pleaded for mercy in the face of the charge. Though calls for "Tarleton's Quarter", a reference to the Battle of Waxhaws, ran along the American lines, General Morgan made sure such brutality did not happen. Lt. Colonel Howard observed that the British artillery still fired away and ordered the pieces taken. After a fierce defense from the British gunners, the artillery was silenced. Lt. Colonel William Washington and his cavalry had finished driving off Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton's dragoons and now assisted in rounding up the fleeing infantry. The militia under Andrew Pickens had now come around the right and were attacking the Scottish Highlanders. Howard wheeled his Continentals around and they attacked the Highlanders on the left which left them double-enveloped or double-flanked. Lt. Colonel Tarleton attempted to rally the retreating infantry to no avail. He then sent orders that the 200 mounted British Legion come up from reserve and aid the Highlanders. They did not comply. He then galloped across the field to personally order them into the fray. His horse was shot from under him. Tarleton was then given a horse by Dr. Robert Jackson, who had ridden to his commander's aid. Jackson then tied his handkerchief to his cane and walked to the Americans. He identified himself as a surgeon and offered his services, which were excepted. Lt. Colonel Tarleton found his British Legion unwilling to join the field and they instead fled into the woods leaving Fraser's Scottish Highlanders alone on the field. They fought on until several men from Elijah Clarke's Georgia militia led by Major James Jackson charged into the Highlanders. Jackson seized the regiment's colors, then lost them. He then pushed on and made Major Archibald McArthur his prisoner. Lt. Colonel John Eager Howard then called for surrender. The Highlanders grounded their arms and McArthur handed his sword to Andrew Pickens. Lt. Colonel Tarleton did not give up. Forty British regulars of the 17th Light Dragoons still remained on the field. Tarleton led them and fourteen officers who also remained in an attempt to recover the artillery. Lt. Colonel Washington's cavalry intercepted his charge. Washington sighted Tarleton and ordered a charge and took off after Tarleton, but in the din of battle, his order was heard by only a few. He soon found himself in advance of his cavalry. Tarleton and several of his officers turned and engaged Washington. While engaged with one of the officers, Lt. Colonel Washington broke his saber at the hilt. As the officer prepared to deliver the killing blow, Washington's black body servant rode up and shot the officer in the shoulder. Another British officer swung at Washington, but Sergeant Major Perry parried the blow. Tarleton himself swung at Washington, but Washington blocked it with his broken sword. Tarleton then fired his pistol, but only managed to wound Washington's horse. Tarleton then fled the field. It was now 8:00 A.M. The battle had lasted one hour.
Tolkien Gateway Revision as of 12:04, 26 January 2013 by Sage (Talk \| contribs) The name Amdír refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Amdir (disambiguation). Edward Johnson - Amdir.jpg Biographical Information Other namesMalgalad see Etymology TitlesLord of Lórinand LocationDoriath,[source?] Lórinand AffiliationLast Alliance of Elves and Men LanguageSindarin and Silvan Ruleuntil S.A. 3434 DeathS.A. 3434 Battle of Dagorlad Physical Description GalleryImages of Amdír Amdír, also called Malagalad,[1] was a Sindarin Elf of Doriath, who later became the King of Lórien. After the War of Wrath, Amdír came from Beleriand with his son Amroth, and established himself in Lórinand, where he would soon lead the princeless Silvan Elves.[2] Peace lasted, until the Downfall of Númenor and the subsequent return of Sauron to Middle-earth. Though he answered the call of Gil-galad to the War of the Last Alliance, he did not serve under the High King of the Noldor. Instead, he joined forces with the Sinda Oropher of Greenwood the Great. Ill-equipped and highly independent, Oropher and Amdír were driven back into the Dead Marshes and slain. Thranduil, the son of Oropher, returned home with less than a third of his original force.[1] The word Amdir, without the long í, is recorded as a word for "Hope", or "looking up", in Sindarin.[3] The King of Lórien is called Malgalad in one text, detailing the fate of the Sindarin kings in the Battle of Dagorlad. Christopher Tolkien argues that, since they are contemporaries and both described as Kings that died in the Battle of Dagorlad, they are likely the same.[1] It is unclear however which form was abandoned. Malgalad likely means "Gold-shine", from malt, "gold (the metal)"[4] and galad, "light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)"[5] or "Golden-tree", from the outdated spelling of galadh.[6] 4. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "The Shibboleth of Fëanor", "The Names of Finwë's Descendants"
Wednesday, June 24, 2015 What Is a Spruce Top on a Guitar? Guitar tops can be made from several types of wood. Having an understanding of what a spruce top on a guitar means allows you to evaluate different guitar models expertly. The type of spruce used will affect the overall tone production and you should be aware of these effects on tone before making a decision. The richness of tone and physical characteristics of the instrument are greatly affected by your choice of materials. Understanding these differences will make your buying experience less stressful. Spruce Top Most guitars tops are made of spruce, which provides an ideal balance between the flexibility and strength of the wood and the overall weight. Using a wood that has too much mass will put unnecessary strain on the musician who has to hold the guitar during a performance. Also, using materials that are weak would require the performer to be more careful not to break the instrument. The top must be strong since the strings create tension that pulls upon the wood. Using a weaker wood results in premature breakage. Wood Types The type of wood used affects the tone production of the instrument. The two most common types of wood are spruce and cedar. Spruce produces more volume and better defined high notes with a bass that is clear, but not booming. Cedar produces a more mellow sound in comparison and has more effective low, bass tones. You should not select a wood based on the appearance of the guitar. Each spruce instrument will have a slightly different sound, due to the nature of the wood. The different grain widths, the degree of flexibility and the overall thickness of the wood contributes to the sound. Grain Type The size of the grain on the spruce guitar top also affects the instrument resonance. The size of the grain can be determined simply by looking at the spacing between the grains on the guitar. A narrow grain will produce more powerful high tones and subtle low tones. A medium wood grain delivers a fairly balanced tone with highs and lows both compromising a small amount of power, in exchange for an even tone production. A wide grain creates resonant bass notes. Sitka and Red Spruce Sitka and red spruce each lends themselves to different characteristics and tones. Sitka spruce is more commonly used for guitar tops and has a penetrating tone that is effective and clear, but is also thin and lacking in density. In contrast, the red spruce has a denser and richer tone color, but it also adds physical weight to the instrument. Red spruce tops provide a more consistent, balanced tone throughout the register and dynamic range of the instrument.
May 18, 2012 by: G2anderm External video: See video Videos are an easy way to express information or ideas. For my project, I used clips and pictures of the damage caused by rockets and explosive devices, both physical and psychological. Many perspectives can be derived from these videos with some thought. This wasn’t limited to just those directly affected but also those indirectly affected, such as witnesses and family members. The videos used depict the physical damage dealt by a direct impact of a rocket as well as of an IED. One shows the physical damage done by a rocket piercing one’s body without detonation. Two more show the body (or missing body) of men killed by IEDs. A perspective of how witnesses may be emotionally scarred is given when one soldier begins walking around disoriented and screaming out. I wanted to use another clip from Black Hawk Down which shows a rocket which detonated inside a militia’s chest cavity but couldn’t find it. All of these show how devastating these weapons can be and show that there are several ways they can cause damage. The passages I recorded from The Things They Carried relate by explaining the damage caused by explosives. First comes one about Kiowa’s corpse, detailing how shrapnel from an artillery round or mortar cut up his upper body and blew off part of his shoulder. Next comes one with much more detail, explaining all the physical damage done to a VC soldier after O’Brien threw a frag grenade at his feet. These give an idea of the physical harm an explosive can do. Because these come directly from a Vietnam War veteran, these passages show how survivors and witnesses may act later on in life, although O'Brian does a good job not corrupting the information too much with his emotions. In my presentation I used a passage from my outside reading book as well as some pictures. The passage is from a book about WWI. It tells that although men could get used to awful living conditions, the fear and death of artillery shells and bullets never left them. That’s a perfect example of the psychological damage done by explosives and of the indirect damage done when soldiers witness fellow soldiers being killed. The pictures depict bodies of victims of rockets and explosives, people using these weapons, people who witnessed the death of the victim, and a picture of a woman who was recently left alone because her soldier-husband (?) was killed. These are all victims either directly or indirectly of an explosion. The song I included is Mama by My Chemical Romance. It seems like a fitting song—the lyrics are basically a man writing a letter home to his mom saying he’s going to die. In music video’s I’ve seen this song used with, this plays accompanied with footage of WWII or movies about WWII. This song makes me think of the awful conditions and death soldiers may face. The lyrics “we let the fire just bathe us” can be related to the way the people featured in my project were consumed by fiery explosions. My theme is the effect of this type of scenario. Included in my project are parts of an article by The Save the Children Fund (UK): an organization dedicated to saving children in warzones. It contains relevant information about the effects of explosives on children as well as adults. This also gives perspective that the initial physical damage to a person is not the only damage done. It explains that friends and family members will be affected and that victims may develop psychological and social problems later in life. We saw this in Forrest Gump when Lt. Dan became a bitter alcoholic following the loss of his legs. The Save the Children Fund (UK) is a reputable source because it is a non-profit organization for saving lives and much of this information I was already aware about. I also asked you and you agreed it’s a reputable source. My personal thoughts on this theme have changed throughout the project. When I asked myself how much damage a rocket or other explosive device can do, my first thought was the immediate physical damage to the people exposed to these weapons. Now I also will think about the families of the victims and the lives of victims who survive beyond that point and the additional problems they’ll face. The theme I chose was picked out of a list of random questions about the world. This was done so because the effects of a rocket or explosive are a reality to soldiers, such as several of the men in The Things They Carried. Several things changed my perspective on the theme. One of them was the way that Tim O’Brian’s haunted by his memories of corpses and his friends’ deaths. Watching a video of a soldier breaking down after witnessing his friend’s death and information from The Save the Children Fund (UK) also got me thinking about lasting and secondary effects of these weapons, or any. Lastly, the stats of the number of soldiers with PTSD and taking anti-depressants made me think of how traumatizing these events can be.
There Never Was a Happier Time – Alma 50:23 The period of Nephite history described in this passage was anything but stress-free. The Nephites had just repelled an attack by their enemies, the Lamanites, and they were preparing for another attack. The leader of the Lamanites had sworn to attack them again. Yet Mormon tells us there was never a happier time in their history. Why were they so happy? 1. They were working hard. The idle life is not a happy life. If you want to be happy, you need to have the sense of accomplishment that only comes from diligent pursuit of worthy goals. 2. They were righteous. Mormon tells us in the prior verses that the Nephites’ happiness at this time was a fulfillment of the Lord’s promise to Lehi that his people would prosper if they kept the commandments. 3. They were united. Working together with other people toward shared goals is a source of joy. 4. They were innovating. Even though they faced serious threats, they did not revert to doing things the way they had always done them. Under Moroni’s leadership, they found new ways to defend themselves which proved to be much more effective. Today, I will follow the Nephites’ example of happy living. I’ll work hard, be obedient to the commandments, collaborate with my teammates, and look for new and better ways to do my work. This entry was posted in Alma, Happiness and tagged . Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
How can local governments and urban planning mechanisms help tackle the water crisis? By Flavia G. Water is a finite resource and it must be used and managed as such. Unfortunately, today that is not the common understanding. There is waste related to people’s behavior and due to poor infrastructure and maintenance. Water sources get contaminated because there is not enough control or punishment on those who pollute them. These are some of the key challenges to be addressed immediately. The earlier we are able to convey the urgency and the limitations of water availability and get people to change their mindset and behavior, the better. In certain regions the quantity of water being drawn from nature and consumed by human activity already exceeds the natural recharge capacity. Such pattern creates system imbalances and stresses the water cycle further jeopardizing future water supply. It also causes problems we don’t even foresee or know the actual extension of. The City of Mexico case we discussed is one example of such impacts where the entire city is literally sinking. The implications of such phenomenon (physically sinking) range from damage to buildings’ safety and increased maintenance costs, to disruptions in public infrastructure and transportation systems, exposing all citizens to risk and uncertainty. From my experience working with local governments on urban planning in Brazil, I believe there is an important role policy makers and regulators can play in this landscape to prevent the extreme negative impacts and improve current standards. From construction and land use parameters, to investment in urban infrastructure and financial incentives to private contractors; there is a set of tools policy makers can deploy to foster new strategies and solutions. I envision three categories of interventions. The first targets improving existing management and distribution systems of potable water. Worldwide, water distribution networks are estimated to loose from 30% to 50% of the clean water pumped into them due to leeks, poor infrastructure conditions and theft. In my opinion, these figures are unacceptable and there should be a strong push to improve performance. Governments and concessionaries need to work together to establish ambitious goals and more rigorous parameters to lower loss and waste levels. A second realm of policy action is to incentivize and enforce the adoption of water reuse mechanisms. One possibility is to require more permeable surface in buildings and public spaces, such as the adoption of green rooftops where rainfall can be filtered and captured. Another possibility is to require new buildings to incorporate greywater (from showers and sinks) usage mechanisms, again substituting potable water. The water captured through these mechanisms can be used for watering gardens and flushing toilets, thus optimizing the use of our precious and finite resource. The third category of interventions tackles sewage management and treatment, enforcing higher standards and better control. In developing nations, 90% of the water used is not treated before being sent back into nature. There is certainly room to improve this statistic and I believe there are levers local governments can pull to push for investments in treatment and compliance to higher environmental standards. Action is urgent and if the current challenges are not addressed it will become increasingly difficult to guarantee stable and reliable water supply for future generations. Water is a vital resource for human life, for our continuous development and ultimately for safety and peace. Local governments can play a key role engaging their constituencies and stakeholders in solutions towards a more sustainable water usage. About macomberjohnd Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Sultan Bayazid II and his brother Jem Sultan The events that took place between Sultan Bayazid II and his brother Jem Sultan openly reflect the courage of faith of our forefathers and the beauty and virtue that Islam bestowed upon them: Becoming a sultan in the year 1481, Bayazid II (who was even known as Bayazid the Saint due to his piety) spent the first 14 years of his sultanate dealing with the problems that arose as a result of his brother Jem Sultan’s claims to the Ottoman throne. This situation hindered Bayazid II from active participation in the Christian world. Jem Sultan proposed the following to Bayazid II: “Let us divide our country into two. You rule over half and I will rule over the other half” Bayazid II replied, rejecting his offer: “My brother, this country is the property of the people. If we divide it, the government will lose power. We will become a series of weak principalities. This will have grave consequences. I would divide my body but the land of my people cannot be divided”. A short time after that Jem Sultan was invited to Rhodes by the Knights of Rhodes. He was impressed by their polite words and heedlessly accepted their invitation. However the Knights broke the promises they had made and sold him to the Papacy like a slave. The Papacy were planning to use the prince in the next crusade against the Ottomans. However, realizing that he was not going to be successful in this, Pope Innocent suggested that Jem Sultan become Christian. This offer greatly offended Jem Sultan. Deeply saddened he said to the Pope: “Even if you give me the whole world, and not just the Ottoman Sultanate, I would never change my religion”. The supplication that Jem Sultan made to Almighty Allah when he realized that the Crusaders wanted to use him against Islam is sufficient to show the aspiration of his efforts for his religion: “O my Sustainer! If it is the case that the unbelievers wish to use me as a tool to bring harm to the Muslim world, then do not let this slave of yours live any longer. Take my soul to your honorable abode as soon as possible…” His prayers must have been answered for at the age of 36 he passed away in Naples. In his last days, his last testament he made to those near him was as follows: “Make sure to announce the news of my death all over the land. Do this for certain so that the games that the unbelievers wish to play with the Muslims, using me as a tool, can be over. After that, go to my brother Sultan Bayazid. Request that, however difficult it may be, he transports my body back to our country. I do not wish to be buried in the land of the unbelievers. Whatever has happened until now has happened. Make sure that he does not refuse this request of mine. Ask him to pay all of my debts. I do not want to go the Divine Presence in debt. Let him forgive my family, my children and those who served me. Let him make them content according to their states”. His brother Bayazid II carried out his final testament. These are the qualities that Islam bestows upon the human being. The reciprocal relationship between these two brothers displays their devotion to their faith and their love of their country. It is also a demonstration of sacrifice for the sake of the peace of their people, and an example of tolerance, the accounting of the conscience that results after realizing one’s mistake, refraining from violating another’s rights, forgiveness and compassion amongst many other virtues. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Sunday, June 7, 2009 Obama at WWII Sites President Obama visited a German concentration camp and spoke from Normandy, the site of Allied beach landings. Nazi and Japanese soldiers were tried for war crimes after WWII. Sites of horror were preserved, turned into historical sites chronicling man's inhumanity to man. New Holocaust museums were built throughout the world. Yet, President Obama won't send prisoner torture to a special investigator, much less a court. He suppresses evidence of horrific crimes from a public wanting to hold leaders and perpetrators accountable. Why were trials and memorials important post WWII but not now? What role did justice have in helping the world move forward? What changes occurred to prevent such horrors from happening again? America's unitary executive and "legal basis" for torture remain firmly in place. A court has not convened. The United States is at the mercy of a "good king" in this regard. Someone should investigate, bring trials and make crystal clear the authorities of a wartime President. Who knows how long Obama can stay "good"? “Our history has always been the sum total of the choices made and the actions taken by each individual man and woman,” Mr. Obama said. “It has always been up to us.” Yes, President Obama, it is up to you....
Country of Origin Effect and Education A strong country-of-origin effect means that a country's name, attatched to a service or product, means it will be be positively received by the public. This is as obvious as having a Cambridge degree to as subtle as Swiss Bank accounts or degrees from Columbia. These criteria influence purchase decisions for students and target markets. Is the U.S.’s California wine region is catching up with France? Is the educational system of the United States catching up with competition overseas like in North Korea or China? Switzerland and their delectable, rich chocolate. I have personally divulged in Swiss chocolate and can assure it does not compare with any US Hershey manufactured product or anything made by Nestle. When I see Swiss chocolate, I confirm on the back it was made in Switzerland and I purchase it without comparing it to any of the other competitors. The Swiss make some indulgent and delicious chocolate bars, however, the same cannot be said for a Nestle Crunch Bar. Japan has a strong country-of-origin effect in regards to their electronic and technological industry. Unlike China, who will be seeing a positive change in their COO, Japan is facing the inverse. With a traditional society that is overpopulated, their sales will suffer because cost of production is too high. When comparing DVD players, video games, or even cars, I immediately recognize the skill and abilities specifically of Japan, even compared amongst the rest of the Asian communities, as superior and reliable. I believe countries such as North Korea and businesses such as Samsung, Apple, and Microsoft will be negatively impacting the country-of-origin effect present in Japan. When purchasing a television, I am very likely to go with a Japanese model than a domestic made product. Does the country-of-origin effect sometimes negatively effect the reputation of a product? Many scholars have research which supports a negative country-of-origin effect can be see in educational institutions across the globe. China has been known for products of inferior, cheap, inhumane or even deadly manufacturing standards. However, even after the incident with lead paint, China’s force in the global economy has not hesitated. Their disrespect of Intellectual Property laws will surely catch up with the country. If China continues to dominate manufacturing, while incrementally improving on product quality, their importance the global market will be reason enough to diminish negative connotation about Chinese made products. Chinese sweatshops raise ethical concerns among the conscientious consume and calls into question companies who choose to take advantage of these events. These negative perceptions spiked earlier in the century and are on the decline. China’s socialist and capitalist culture are proving to be a force to be reckoned with. India has been known for poor customer support. This is going to change. India is developing at a remarkable rate and they are now consuming more coal than the top two consumers of coal in the United States. As Indian families continue to stress education and tradition it is likely AOL customer support with be easier to understand and communicate with. Because India is awake when everyone else sleeps, they are at a unique marketing advantage to change the way foreign customer’s views the support that is offered in India. Complications arise when comparing data among countries such as the United States and India because of the different stages of market growth that India is experiencing. After constant struggles, India has a developed one of the most educated populations in the world, with a percentage of doctorate and engineering students that will surely overwhelm their competition. India has a very high literacy rate, however, like many emerging economies, the country still much grow as a ethical society and allow women the chance to learn to read and work. The strict regulations of Korea's educational system give their country a very strong effect when merged with school because of their dedication to standardization. The picture below is one of a North Korean school boy who had to get a haircut to conform with his school's rules for acceptable appearance. Is standardization necessary in an economy that favor creative innovation? This blog absolutely supports maximum autonomy, however, there must also be ample opportunity for students to apply what they have learned in personal areas of their career, to encourage innovation and growth. Haircut for School Many countries have stronger educational programs than the United States on an elementary level. North Korea's grade schools are strict and designed to develop a highly educated public. However, the higher level of education, can hardly compete with a United States Ivy League program or some of the prestigious universities of the United Kingdom. Country-of-Origin Effect The one aspect of education which must be addressed, is the lack of creativity and discipline found in institution world-wide but especially here at home. This is because memorization techniques will only give the academic opportunities to achieve substandard goals. China, India, Russia, the USA, Pakistan, Bulgaria, Japan, and Switzerland all have developed into powerful nations and their education system represents a strong relationship between ethnocentric and nationalistic beliefs combined with objective results and statistics. 1. Technology can also bring a lot of positive or negative effects to education depending on how we use it.
5 Following Manny Rayner's book reviews Currently reading The Greatest Show On Earth: The Evidence For Evolution Richard Dawkins R in Action Robert Kabacoff Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies Douglas R. Hofstadter Harold McGee Epistemic Dimensions of Personhood Simon Evnine Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics) Christopher M. Bishop Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology Richard C. Tolman The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Julia Herschensohn, Martha Young-Scholten An Introduction to the Historiography of Science - Helge S. Kragh This is the fourth book I have read by Helge Kragh, and as usual it is extremely impressive. I know hardly anyone who makes me feel quite as ignorant: Kragh's breadth of knowledge is phenomenal, and he appears equally at home with scientific and historical issues. As far as I can tell, he's read absolutely everything relevant in both subjects. It's hard to understand how he's found the time. The book systematically describes the problems and methods involved in writing histories of science; some of it is rather dry, but Kragh puts in enough good stories that I was never bored for more than a couple of pages. He is particularly good at exploding myths, and showing you how difficult it is to be certain of anything in scientific history. For example, there is a nice segment on Einstein and the Michelson-Morley experiment. The way I first read the story, I think in Asimov's The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science, this discovery was what got the theory of relativity started: after seven years of work, Michelson and Morley found that the speed of light wasn't affected by the Earth's movement through space. A key piece of evidence came from a speech that Einstein made in Michelson's honor, on the one occasion they met in person. But in the 50s, Einstein wrote that he didn't even know about the Michelson-Morley experiment until after he'd published his first relativity paper in 1905. So maybe he was just being polite when he gave the speech in front of Michelson? There are people who have argued for this interpretation. Kragh digs around some more: he finds earlier evidence, where Einstein did say that he was aware of the experiment when he started working on relativity. It seems that he'd forgotten this when he wrote his retrospective statement near the end of his life. Another bit I liked concerned Galois, the brilliant French mathematician who was killed in a duel at age 20. As everyone knows, he was set up; the duel was supposedly over a woman, but was really a political assassination. He was sure he would be killed, and spent the preceding night feverishly writing up what would later be known as Galois theory, interspersing the mathematics with frantic complaints that "I have no time!" Alas, it turns out that none of this is true. The duel was not over his mistress, but was an unrelated private quarrel; he did spend the preceding night writing, but it wasn't Galois theory, just some rather mundane editing. The most startling section, though, was about A.D. White's A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, which I read last year. White spent 20 years writing it, and it's highly respected. At one point, discussing the reaction to Copernicus, White has the following passage: While Lutheranism was thus condemning the theory of the earth's movement, other branches of the Protestant Church did not remain behind. Calvin took the lead, in his Commentary on Genesis, by condemning all who asserted that the earth is not the centre of the universe. He clinched the matter by the usual reference to the first verse of the ninety-third Psalm, and asked, 'Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?' This has been quoted by, among others, such prominent authorities as Bertrand Russell, Will Durant, J.G. Crowther and Thomas Kuhn. Unfortunately, painstaking research by Rosen and Hooykaas conclusively demonstrated that Calvin never said any such thing. Why is the history of science so appallingly full of this kind of sloppiness? I still don't really know, but Kragh's book at least leaves me feeling more skeptical, and hopefully a little less likely to believe the next outrageous claim I happen to read.
Wednesday, September 17, 2014 Conjecturing on a possible secondary Astronomical significance to Revelation 12. First and Foremost Revelation 12 is a symbolic summery of all History, where The Woman is Israel, the Man Child is Jesus and/or The Church, and The Dragon is Satan. And the third of the stars The Dragon caused to fall to The Earth I don't think accounts for all Fallen Angels, but specifically those from Genesis 6. Because the Angels fighting with The Dragon latter haven't fallen form Heaven yet, they're still up there with the Dragon. But it's also possible, When John Says he saw a Wonder in heaven, that it could be referring to signs seen in the Heavens at this time. The Greek Texts has no Chapter breaks, this is still the outcome of the Seventh Trumpet. Kai (Strong# 2532) the Greek for "and" used at the start of Verse one, can also mean "also", even" "then" and so on. This is a Wonder seen right after or during all the events of the Seventh Trumpet. I'm well aware there are a lot of dangerous ideas linked to the Mazzaroth and Gospel in The Stars theories. But I still think they're worthy of study. And I think Jupiter's conjunction with Regulus on September 11th 3 B.C. was the Star of Bethlehem. Thing is, unlike a lot of people delving into the possible Astronomical implications of Revelation 12, I don't think there is anything here sufficient to tell us what year it happens, just the time of year. First question, why choose Virgo for The Woman? Yes being a Virgin fits other Biblical themes but Revelation 12 itself uses no word for Virgin, and there are other Constellation that are represented as female personages. The main reason is that Virgo is the only female one that is part of the Zodiac, so only she can have the Sun and Moon pass through her, that is what makes the Zodiac Constellations different from the others, they're the ones the Sun, Moon and Planets pass through. The Sun and Moon both being in some way in the same constellation means it's an event on or near a New Moon, because the New Moon is when the Moon is as close as it gets that monthly cycle to The Sun, that is why Solar Eclipses always happen on New Moons. Virgo is the longest Constellation, so generally two New Moons happen in Virgo every year. The Moon being specifically under Virgo's Feet places it right at the end of the Moon's travel through Virgo, so generally 1 or 2, or maybe 3 days after the New Moon. Almost always, the New Moon of Tishri (The Feast of Trumpets/Yom Teruah) occurs while they are in Virgo. That fits with this following the Seventh Trumpet, because the First of Tishri is also affiliated with the Last Trump. A day or two after the First of Tishri is interesting, this could be Tzom Gedalya, the Third of Tishri. One of Four major Fast Days of the Jewish Calendar. Zachariah 8:18-19 foretells that all four major Fast Days will become Joyous celebrations. Maybe one of those will be the day of The Rapture. Tishri is in the Seventh Month here, because God uses the Holy Calendar which begins with Nisan. You may be thinking, "Virgo isn't even visible in the Night Sky when the Sun is in her". Normally yes, but if we're at the time of the Rapture for this particular New Moon or soon after, Jesus said in Matthew 24:29 "Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken:". Contrary to Pre-Wrath conjecture this is incompatible with the Sixth Seal. But Stars fall from Heaven in Revelation 12 as well. And if the Sun and Moon are darkened, then perhaps unlike normal circumstances the Constellations will be visible during Daytime hours. Full Moons, as an interesting side note, are the opposite, they are when the Moon is farthest from the Sun, the other side of the Earth. Why Lunar Eclipses are always on Full Moons. The Full Moon that begins Tabernacles in Tishri generally happens while the Sun is in Virgo and the Moon in Aries, The Ram. The Full Moon linked to Passover is while the Sun is in Aries and the Moon in Virgo, usually under her Feet. I looked and the Passover of 30 AD when I believe the Crucifixion happened is no exception. Rams are a Levitically clean animal, used in Temple Sacrifices. They're related to Lambs, and I bet some less well known forms of the Zodiac have used a Lamb instead of a Ram for that Constellation. So it's an interesting one to be linked to Passover. Now one thing considered necessary to narrow this down is one of the Planets being in her (usually Jupiter is the favored one) and probably about to leave. To represent the Man Child in her Womb. But this isn't really rare at all, a planet (sometimes more then one) is almost always there when this happens. This years (2014) Yom Teruah (which begins at Sunset September 24th), Mercury and Venus will both be there. Venus will go through it rather quickly, Mercury will stay awhile. Jupiter is favored because it's the Planet of Kingship. The star that was in Conjunction with Regulus of Leo to be the Star of Bethlehem in one popular theory. And it usually spends 9 months to a year in roughly the womb area of Virgo, depending on how you define when it enters and exits. But Jupiter leaves Virgo every 12 years. A lot of attention is paid to when Jupiter will leave Virgo in September of 2017. But it will happen again 12 years later, only lacking certain details of the 2017 event deemed important by it's proponents, mainly Leo having 3 extra stars. Leo is directly above the head of Virgo, and linked to Royalty. But is today viewed as a 9 star Constellation, so the assumption tends to be that you need to add 3 planets to make it fit being Virgos 12 star Crown. The overlooked historical detail is that Coma Berneicis was part of Leo in Ancient Times. Though it was already refereed to sometimes as a distinct sub portion of the Constellation, like Orion's Belt, it was not separated from Leo until Renaissance times. The Coma is 3 stars as defined by Ptolemy. One of it's stars is even named Diadem, meaning Crown. So in Fact Virgo's 12 Star Crown is always there, you don't need any other more distinct event. As attractive as the September 2017 event may look. I view The Seventh Trumpet as the middle of the 70th week. And I believe The 70th Week can't begin until The Temple is fully reconstructed. So it's too late now. Still I will pay attention as we approach that date, I'm prepared to be wrong. October 9th/10th 2029 fits equally as many valid qualifications. I don't want to Date set on it either, but what's interesting is it's during the time when we will be living exactly 2000 years since the roughly year long ministry of Jesus Christ. The Tishri of 2029 will be the 2000 year anniversary of John 7. Thing is, I don't think Jupiter or any Star being in Virgo is required at all to fit what this describes. The Man Child I don't think needs to be represented specifically by an astronomical object. It's simply that from the Christian view of the stars, the Woman is always inherently pregnant with The Man Child. In most views of the Mazzaroth, Spica is the Seed of The Woman. So as I said before, these signs tell us the time of year, but not what year. Once The Week begins we'll be able to calculate what year, but not yet. Update September 26th 2015: My thoughts have Revelation 12 have been adjusted quite a bit. Read this. 1. Jared, the woman is not Israel. Israel of the promise are counted as the seed, and are the children of God. How can the children be there own mothers? Romans 9:6-8 KJVS Apostle Paul identifies the woman in Galatians Galatians 4:24-26 KJVS New Jerusalem, the city of God is the mother of us all. Note that there are only two covenants. Covenant of the law and covenant of the promise. God made promises to Abraham and his seed Jesus Christ. Inheritance is not through the law but by the righteousness of faith. Galatians 3:17-18 KJVS Jared, the baptism of the Holy Spirit is essential for salvation. When I received the Holy Spirit 34 or so years ago, it was a powerful experience. That Spirit can teach you much if you don't get deceived with the myrid doctrines of man. 1. You've shown yourself to be ignorant.
Minimal corruption in Denmark began with the absolute monarchy December 15, 2014 - 06:23 Denmark's path to becoming the world's least corrupt country was laid with the introduction of the absolute monarchy in the 17th century. King Frederik III introduced the absolute monarchy in 1660. After this he and the monarchs who followed him made greater demands of their civil service. Civil servants were to be loyal and they were not allowed to be corrupt -- because this weakened the king's reputation and left less power and money to the Crown Prince. (Painting: Wolfgang Heimbach) We can thank 17th-century absolute monarchs for Denmark's re-nomination as the world's least corrupt country in Transparency International's corruption index. When the absolute monarchy was introduced in 1660, the king laid out a framework for the behaviour of state officials -- judges, customs officers and bailiffs. He also stipulated that they should not be corrupt, according to PhD Mette Frisk Jensen, who is researching the history of corruption at Aarhus University. "Much of the explanation as to why we have such low levels of corruption in Denmark is due to the fact that we have a loyal civil service. Its establishment began when Frederik III introduced the absolute monarchy in 1660." "The absolute monarchs demanded the unconditional loyalty of their civil servants. Loyalty proved to be an effective tool when it came to securing a public administration in which corruption was minimised over the centuries to come," says Jensen. The monarchs wanted to secure maximum wealth and power for their successors When the Danish king became an absolute monarch it was in his personal interest to ensure that his civil servants were not corrupt. The shire, town and district bailiffs and the men responsible for the state's monetary affairs were not to be for sale -- they should serve the king alone. "When the absolute monarchy was introduced in 1660, Frederik III assumed all power and authority. Denmark became a hereditary kingdom instead of the former electoral kingdom, in which the kings were chosen by an aristocratic Council of State," says Jensen. "The fact that Denmark became a hereditary kingdom meant that the king could be certain that the power of the monarchy would remain in the family in the long term. It was therefore in his interest to keep tabs on the state's administration and its monies," says Jensen. This firm grip on public servants' loyal administration of the king's interests was initially an attempt to secure consolidation of the monarchs' absolute power. "However, an ingenious added bonus was an effective control of public servants' systematic corruption, which was a long term bonus for the absolute monarchy," says Jensen. Civil servants were more loyal Not only did the absolute monarchy deny the aristocracy the privilege of appointing monarchs at a meeting of a Council of State, it also meant that the offices of the civil servants were not automatically inherited by the aristocracy. Instead, the monarch started to appoint civil servants on the basis of their qualifications. "The first absolute monarchs very deliberately avoided their former dependence on the aristocracy by repealing the aristocrats' favours and their right to be first in line for significant positions." "Instead, men of non-aristocratic descent were gradually appointed to positions within the state. The monarchs attempted in this way to avoid the emergence of a real power-political aristocratic alternative to the absolute monarchy," says Jensen. At the same time it became easier for the king to demand much sought-after loyalty because he was able to dismiss his civil servants if he detected any shilly-shallying. This independence was emphasised by the fact that civil servants were required to swear allegiance to the king. Clear instructions and tough penalties Slowly, the king limited his civil servants' ability to deal dishonestly with the state's money. "From the end of the 17th century a whole range of elaborate instructions were drawn up, describing the individual tasks assigned to the civil servants." "The requirements regarding the civil servants' administration were written down. This resulted in the long term in a more homogenous administration of the state and a limitation of the freedom of action of the individual civil servants," says Jensen. At the same time, the king declared illegal a number of corrupt official acts. • In 1676 receiving 'drinks and gifts' -- what we call bribes -- was forbidden under penalty of death. • The year 1683 saw the publication of the body of laws, Danske Lov, in which it became a crime for civil servants to perpetrate forgery. • In 1690, a statutory instrument was introduced determining the punishment the civil servants who help themselves to the state purse. The penalty was life imprisonment with hard labour. "All in all, these were harsh penalties which certainly deterred a good number of civil servants receiving bribes or committing embezzlement," says Jensen. The king did not, however, reign by the whip alone. A ranking provision was introduced in 1671 which enabled the monarch to confer prestigious titles in recognition of good service. These included Lord Chamberlain, Councillor of State and Lord Justice. Trained lawyers created dependable rule of law Parallel to their oath of loyalty, established instructions and tough penalties the corruption, greater demands developed regarding the civil servants' formal professional qualifications. The monarchs preferred to appoint trained lawyers who were able to understand the laws -- and abide by them. "In 1736, a formal course of legal education was established at the University of Copenhagen, the law graduates of which began to occupy royal offices," says Jensen. By the beginning of the 19th century, the majority of royal appointees were in possession of a law degree. They were legally trained and conversant with current legislation. "It goes almost without saying that this greatly improved their potential to administer in pursuance of the law," says Jensen. From 1821 many of the most central state offices legally required a law degree. "This undoubtedly improve the conditions for the establishment of a constitutional state which was administered and governed in accordance with established rules of law, leaving much less leeway for corruption," says Jensen. Professor: corruption is just like cleaning Jensen's research has received the positive acclaim of one of the authorities on Danish history research. "I would not hesitate to refer to Mette anyone who wants to know anything about corruption. Her study is the only proper, convincing one we have," says professor Gunner Lind of the University of Copenhagen. He has read Jensen's research and has done research into how the state administration functioned in the 17th and 18th centuries. He believes that Jensen's research makes it clear that there is no direct route to less corruption. "It looks as though corruption is rather like cleaning. It's not something you do once and for all. For example, corruption in Denmark increased from around 1670 but became less widespread in the early 18th century. And Mette Jensen has also shown how it flourished again in in the 19th century before being beaten back down again," says Lind. Read the original story in Danish on Translated by Hugh Matthews
In Depth Probe of Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is a type of eating disorder characterized by an irrational fear of gaining weight and an obsession to become thin. This condition is psychological in nature, mainly due to a distorted body image, in which the afflicted individual thinks, feels and believes that he or she is fat, even though this is contrary to the truth. As a reaction to this mode of thinking, the person eats too little or sometimes nothing at all, resulting to severe weight loss that poses a great risk to their overall wellness and health. What causes Anorexia Nervosa? Like all other kinds of psychological disorders, anorexia nervosa may be attributed to a constellation of factors that interplay and impact on a person’s life experiences. Heredity, society and individual personality types can all contribute to the development of this condition. A person may be genetically predisposed to develop this kind of eating disorder if they have family members who suffer from it, or other similar eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa. It may also be due to hormonal imbalance or irregularities in the brain’s chemical transmitters. Some examples of societal causes of anorexia nervosa are peer pressure, profession and cultural expectations. In a society that equates thinness with physical attractiveness, a person may become obsessed with losing weight and maintaining a stick-like figure in order to fit in. This is especially true with people who work in industries that put emphasis on slim figures, like modeling and the performing arts. People with personality traits of being a high achievers, perfectionists and worriers are also likely to succumb to this type of disorder. What are the signs of Anorexia Nervosa? Aside from the most telltale sign of rapid and uncharacteristic weight loss, other symptoms that may point to the existence of this eating disorder in an individual are social withdrawal, preoccupation with the dieting, obsession with the idea of being fat, excessive exercise and abnormal eating habits. An anorexic person would normally make excuses not to eat with family members or other people. This is a way for them to avoid scrutiny from others regarding their unusual food rituals, such as breaking their food into tiny pieces when eating. What are the health risks of Anorexia Nervosa? Since anorexic patients are literally starving themselves to achieve their “ideal” body weight, this condition can be highly hazardous. It poses a serious threat to an individual’s health, and the effects of long-term deprivation of nourishment can be fatal. Blood pressure, heartbeat and body temperature may become abnormal, as well the menstrual cycle in women. Obviously, body weakness and fatigue is also evident due to undernourishment. Early detection of the problem is vital for the success of treatment for cases of anorexia nervosa. Since patients would seldom admit that they have a problem and need professional help, the role of family and friends is important in observing the symptoms and extending help to the patient. Once diagnosed, therapy could help the patient gain a healthy body image and establish proper eating habits to regain a normal weight and lifestyle. Leave a comment Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
BROADEN THE BASE AND LOWER RATES The United States tax code is filled with deductions and exclusions that shrink the basis of taxation. The smaller base in turn requires higher tax rates to raise the revenue needed to fund government. The starting point of reform is to reverse this process. This principle was endorsed both by President George W. Bush’s tax reform commission in 2005 and by President Obama’s deficit reduction commission in 2010. Neither report had much impact, because eliminating deductions and exclusions is politically treacherous. Yet each made a good case on the merits. Consider the deduction for mortgage interest. The policy is politically popular, but economists have long thought it has little justification. Because of this provision, among others, our tax system gives a better treatment to residential capital than it does to corporate capital. As a result, too much of the nation’s saving ends up in the form of housing rather than in business investment, where it could have increased productivity and wages. This efficiency cost might be worth bearing if the deduction had a benefit from the standpoint of equality, but it fails there as well. Subsidies to homeowners are, in effect, penalties on renters — after all, someone has to pick up the tab. But there is nothing wrong with renting. And once one acknowledges that renters are poorer, on average, than homeowners, the mortgage interest deduction becomes even harder to justify. Continue reading the main story TAX CONSUMPTION RATHER THAN INCOME Almost four centuries ago, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes suggested that taxes should be based on consumption, not income. Income measures a person’s contribution of labor and capital to society’s production of goods and services. Consumption measures the quantity of those goods and services he gets to enjoy. Hobbes reasoned that because consumption better reflects the benefits a person receives as a member of society, it is the proper basis of taxation. Much modern economic theory confirms that conclusion. In standard models, a consumption tax allows the economy to achieve the best allocation of resources over time, whereas an income tax needlessly discourages saving, investment and economic growth. Credit Skip Sterling Moving to a consumption tax might seem to require wholesale reform of our current system. But such a politically difficult step isn’t necessary. In fact, as our tax system has evolved over many years, legislators have come to appreciate the logic of taxing consumption, if only implicitly. The United States now has an income tax, or at least that is what it is called. But because many Americans do most of their saving through tax-preferred accounts, such as I.R.A.’s and 401(k) plans, they in effect pay taxes based on how much they consume. Tax reform could expand and simplify the availability of such tax-preferred savings accounts. In this way, our progressive income tax could further evolve toward a progressive consumption tax. KEEP IT SIMPLE, STUPID This engineering aphorism is based on the timeless insight that complex systems are more likely to break down, often in ways the designer failed to anticipate. It applies with force to tax systems. Indeed, unlike engineering systems, complex tax systems go awry because an army of highly paid accountants and tax lawyers is ready to take advantage of any loophole it can find. Remember when President Obama’s stimulus plan offered tax credits for electric cars? Suddenly, the sale of golf carts took off. To be sure, any tax system will be subject to gaming, which is why we will always need the Internal Revenue Service. But the more we use narrowly targeted taxes and tax breaks, the more gaming there will be. Continue reading the main story
Spotting Bad Seeds A few youngsters start a career of antisocial behavior early in life--destroying property, being cruel to animals, or getting booted out of grade school for fighting. At least some troublemakers, it seems, have a flawed biological response to stress that may help set them on the wrong path: A new study has found low levels of the stress hormone cortisol in persistently aggressive boys. Scientists have found several clues that there are biological aspects to entrenched antisocial behavior. For example, psychologist Adrian Raine of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles has found that boys with low levels of physiological arousal as teenagers--as indicated by both heart rate and brainwaves--are more likely to commit a felony later in life. The latest evidence comes from the University of Chicago, where psychologist Keith McBurnett and colleagues followed 38 boys aged 7 to 12 diagnosed with conduct disorder, a cluster of behaviors such as stealing, fighting, and sexual aggressiveness. Earlier work had hinted at a link between antisocial behavior and low levels of cortisol, a hormone that rises with stress levels. Probing this further, McBurnett's group tested the boys' saliva twice over a 4-year period and rated social behavior from interviews with parents, teachers, and classmates. The really bad actors and those who started misbehaving earliest, it turned out, also had the lowest cortisol levels, the team reports in this month's Archives of General Psychiatry. Raine says the findings fit with research showing that people with aggressive antisocial personalities often have sluggish nervous systems. Why the link? Researchers say it means they need to go to extremes to achieve stimulation, and also that they don't experience normal feelings of inhibition and fear of giving in to destructive impulses. Measuring cortisol levels, McBurnett says, might help identify which troublemakers are just going through a phase and which have a persistent aggressive streak. The task now, he adds, is to sort out to what extent a dampened response to stress is ruled by genes and to what extent by early emotional trauma, which can permanently alter the hormonal system that generates cortisol.
Public Release: New discoveries on the connection between nicotine and type 2 diabetes Lund University Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have made two new discoveries with regard to the beta cells' ability to release insulin. The findings can also provide a possible explanation as to why smokers have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The researchers have discovered that so-called nicotinic acetylcholine (nicotine-sensitive) receptors influence the normal release of insulin. They also show that a specific genetic alteration renders dysfunctional nicotine-receptors affecting the number of functional nicotine-sensitive receptors found in beta cells. A reduced number of functional receptors leads to a decrease in insulin secretion, thereby increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. "The effect that this single gene, MafA, alone has on insulin secretion was previously unknown, and nicotine receptors have never before been connected to type 2 diabetes", says Isabella Artner, and continues: For more information about the study, please contact: Isabella Artner, researcher at Lund University, phone: +46 (0)46 222 3829, email: Malin Fex, researcher at Lund University, phone: +46705988792, email:
15 July 1989 Above the medicine / Review of ‘Survival in Space’ by Richard Harding Survival in Space By Richard Harding, Routledge, pp 208, Pounds sterling THIS IS a book that repays the persistent reader. Its subject is the physiology and performance of humans in space, and it is organised in three main sections: first, an introduction concerning the nature of space, with an overview of the world’s manned space programmes; second, the problems of putting humans into space for short periods, and returning them to Earth; and finally, the problems of living in space for long periods. Unfortunately, the opening section, where the author is not writing about space medicine, but rather about physics or celestial mechanics, is by far the least satisfying. It may put some readers off completely, and that would be a pity. The problems are small, but they are frequent enough to be irritating. There are misspellings scattered throughout the book: for example, of Vladimir Komarov, the first Soviet astronaut to die in space and of Ellison Onizuka, one of the Americans lost on the Challenger spacecraft. There are several factual errors: the orbital period of a spacecraft at an altitude of 125 miles is not two hours, it is a little less than one and a half hours; the decrease in air density with height is not the result of solar heating nor is it the effect of decreasing gravity. Neutrons are not ‘a potential source of great biological risk . . . because such neutrons are unstable’, but because of their interaction with body tissues. A free neutron certainly does not ‘decay into a proton and a neutron’. And the opening sentence of the whole book, ‘Space is the ultimate hostile environment’, is very debatable. The surface of Venus, or the bottom of the Mariana Trench, seem far less benign for the presence of humans. Fortunately, Harding, who is a specialist in aviation and space medicine, hits his stride in Part Two. He divides the problem of moving to space and of functioning there into five main parts: the effect of changes in pressure and density, the effects of both increased and decreased acceleration, protection from radiation and meteoroids, control of temperature and humidity, and the less life-threatening but no less important questions of nutrition, personal hygiene, selection and training, and general health care. These variables are related to six main classes of physiological function: neuro-vestibular, cardiovascular, fluids and electrolytes, haematology, musculoskeletal, and central nervous system. This sounds like a mouthful, and the medical discussion, drawing freely and knowledgeably on both Soviet and American experience, does become highly detailed. Along the way, however, the book poses and answers questions that anyone who has wondered about the dangers of going to space, or of living there, must have asked. How long would a person live, suddenly exposed to a vacuum? Would human blood boil, in that situation? How high an acceleration can a person stand without blacking out? How much shielding is needed on a spacecraft, to provide the same protection as our own atmosphere at sea level? Exposed to vacuum, a human becomes unconscious in 15 to 20 seconds and dies in about four minutes. Human blood would boil above 63 000 feet, where the saturated vapour pressure of water at body termperature equals the total atmospheric pressure, were it not for the restraint offered by the skin. Untrained personnel become unconscious when acceleration exceeds 5G, although volunteers (possessed, presumably, of a certain element of masochism) have endured over 40G for short periods without permanent ill-effects. A layer of water 10 metres deep offers the same overall protection to radiation as the Earth’s atmosphere. These simple-minded answers are available in the text, but it slights Harding’s discussion to suggest that the short answers are all there is. The author provides a full discussion of the experiments that lead to these conclusions, of the ways in which harmful effects can be mitigated, and of the parameters that control variability in human responses. The analysis embodies available medical data, through late 1988, and yet it becomes clear that such data are far from complete. Occasionally the reader finds an intriguing passage that cries out for more detail, only to realise that such detail is simply not available: ‘the immunological response of white blood cells . . . was inhibited in microgravity . . . bacterial cell proliferation was increased . . . their resistance to antiboitics was enhanced’. Do bacteria find the microgravity environment more acceptable than humans? The third section of the book concerns long-term human habitation of space. It is less definitive, understandably, because, although there have been Soviet cosmonauts in space continuously for many months, we still lack an adequate base of experience. The full story is not yet in on loss of body calcium, maintenance through exercise of muscular strength, and many other physiological and psychological factors. However, Harding offers an impressive list of a dozen existing spin-offs from space medicine to terrestrial medicine. Each one of these, ranging from noninvasive monitoring of body functions to recorders and analysers of eye movement, is far more impressive than the famous (or infamous) example of Teflon. I have other minor criticisms. Harding is unduly fond of acronyms. A list of 76 of them is given at the beginning of the book, but the reader often feels that far more than that are being used. Occasionally, an acronym is more confusing than useful, as in the case of IR to mean ‘ionising radiation’ rather than the familiar ‘infrared’. And to add to the confusion, ‘radiation’ is used here principally when the author means particles. The assertion that the largest meteoroid to hit Skylab was 4 to 8 inches in diameter is, to this reader at least, not at all credible. Impact with something that size would have destroyed Skylab. And Harding’s habit of explaining technical terms by giving a more familiar equivalent word in brackets is often useful, but does the reader need to be told, for example, that ‘initial’ means ‘starting’? To summarise, this is a work with some irritating flaws. On the whole, however, the interest of the material more than outweighs the defects. This book is, to my knowledge, the only one of its kind. It is a serious and successful attempt to bring the technical medical problems of space travel to a general audience. As such it is sometimes irritating, often fascinating, occasionally tough, but ultimately rewarding reading. Charles Sheffield is chief scientist at Earthsat Corporation, Bethseda,
In Brief 14 October 1995 Brain deaths LAST year, 55 British people died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, the human equivalent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This is twice the number of deaths recorded in 1985, according to a report issued by the Edinburgh-based CJD Surveillance Unit. CJD is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is thought to be caused by an abnormal form of a protein found in the brain. Some cases seem to be due to defects in the gene that codes for the protein. Others arise after the abnormal protein enters the body, for example during brain surgery. In these cases, the disease can lie dormant for up to 30 years. Robert Will of the Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, who heads the surveillance unit, says it is too early to say whether the increase in recorded deaths is linked to the consumption of BSE-infected meat. Since BSE first broke out in 1986, greater effort has been made to identify cases of CJD, so the rise could be due to improved diagnosis.
Project Life Cycle «Prev Next» Lesson 5 Coupling Objective Define coupling. Do I put this function in this object or that object? If I put it in that object, then the first object always needs to ask the second object for help. If I put it in the first object, then the first object has low cohesion. What do I do? Coupling is a measure of the degree of dependency between objects. Dependency means that one object requires the data or the functionality owned by another object. Loose coupling means a low degree of dependency, and tight coupling means a high degree of dependency. If a change in one object requires a change in another object, the second object is dependent on the first. For example, if the interface to a server changes, the client application probably will not work. The client application depends on the server to function properly. Coupling has a direct effect on system maintenance. Tight coupling results in a ripple effect, that is, a change in one object requires changes (or, at the very least, testing) of all the associated objects. Loose coupling can be achieved by assigning to an object only the behaviors that closely map to the object’s purpose (high cohesion). Avoid including behaviors simply because they are needed for a process that the object participates in. Cohesion and coupling: balance is the key to success Cohesion and coupling should always be evaluated together. Loose coupling can be achieved easily by very low cohesion, that is, by cramming everything into one object so it does not need help from any other objects. High cohesion can result in too many tiny objects that cannot get anything done without talking to a lot of other tiny objects. The communication overhead can destroy the performance of the application. The optimum solution is a compromise between high cohesion and loose coupling. These two concepts, cohesion and coupling, are enabling factors in the creation of design patterns. In a design pattern, every object has a specific responsibility, that is, high cohesion. The collection of objects has a predictable pattern of collaboration or communication. The pattern of collaboration is based on the specific nature of the coupling between the objects, that is, the help that each object requires from other objects. Loose Tight Coupling - Exercise Click the Exercise link below to determine instances of loose and tight coupling. Loose Tight Coupling - Exercise
Pages Navigation Menu Spotted Bass Fishing Spotted BassThe spotted bass is a freshwater game fish notable for being cousins with North America’s largemouth and smallmouth bass. The spotted bass belong to the black bass group which actually belongs to the sunfish family. The more notable of the black bass (but not true bass) are the largemouth and smallmouth bass and related species such as the spotted, Suwannee, redeye and Guadalupe are smaller in population when compared with the large and small-mouth bass. Though considered by most bass angler as the “runt” of the black bass group, fishing for a spotted bass is still quite challenging. In North America, the spotted bass is commonly known as the Kentucky bass. Of late, another species of the spotted bass has been identified and is called the Alabama bass. The spotted bass is often mistaken for a largemouth bass because of their colors but as one looks closely the spotted bass has a smaller mouth and its tongue has an irregular tooth patch. It is called “spotted” because of the seemingly irregularly-shaped dark spots on its olive-greenish body.Adult spotted bass grows to a length of 12 to 17 inches but can be as large as 25 inches. Its average weight is about 3 to 4 lbs but world record is 9 lbs and 9 oz. fishing1Tips for Spotted Bass Fishing Spotted bass are easier to hook than its largemouth bass cousins as they are more aggressive. They are more easily coaxed into biting especially when sighted in open water. Though they also prefer to inhabit underwater structures like pilings, docks, weed beds and the likes. They also prefer coves and undercuts on rocky shorelines. Spotted bass also prefer clear water and flowing streams.Spotted bass prefer to swim in schools and are not “loners” like the largemouth bass. They tend to group together by age. If you catch a 2-pounder, it’s likely that you’ll catch other spotted bass in the same weight range.Spawning is in April and May usually at the mouths of tributary rivers and streams. The male spotted bass guard the eggs that they have fertilized until they hatch.You can catch a spotted bass even in the fall season as they are quite hardy in cold water. The trick is to find a deeper spot in the lake or river as spotted bass are most likely to hug the rocky bottom part of the body of water. fishing1Tackle and Gear for Spotted Bass Fishing Most spotted bass anglers agree that light and ultralight tackle are the best gear to use for spotted bass fishing. An ultralight tackle is just a light spinning rod fitted with a reel that holds a 2 to 6 pound line with small lures. A spotted bass rarely goes beyond the 2-3 pounds anyway. Light flyrods are also recommended. Fly lures that work best are leeches, nymphs and crayfish. Poppers and terrestrials are best used for night fishing when spotted bass prefer to actively “bite” on the surface. A jerkbait rod will also do well when jigging for spotted in deeper water. fishing1Where are the Spotted Bass? Where there are trout and largemouth bass, there is bound to be a spotted bass population. One avid spotted bass angler has five favorite spots for spotted bass fishing: Bull Shoals; Table Rock; Pine Flats and Lake Shasta in California and the Alabama River. The spotted bass is abundant in the southern part of North America from Florida to Texas. However, there is bound to be spotted bass in every lake, river, stream and reservoir in North America. In Missouri try the Big River; Birch Lake in Oklahoma; Blue River in Indiana; Catahoula Lake in Louisiana; Lake Bowen in South Carolina and more.
March 4, 2013 rising gas prices Shawkat Hammoudeh Much to the dismay of American drivers, the price of gasoline started an upward climb earlier than usual this year. Though gas prices rise each year as spring turns to summer, this year saw the increases start in mid-January, with costs going up for 32 straight days at one point. With drivers feeling pain at the pump, DrexelNow spoke with Dr. Shawkat Hammoudeh, a professor of economics and international business for the LeBow College of Business who specializes in oil and commodities and financial economies, who shed some light on the various causes of this year's earlier-than-usual price increases. Gasoline prices typically climb from February to Memorial Day on expectations of rising consumption and costlier summer-blend gas. Why are they surging sooner and faster this year? Sixty percent of the cost of gasoline relates to the price of crude oil, while the other 40 percent has to do with the gasoline market itself. This early surge in the price of gasoline has to do more with the 40 percent than the 60 percent. This case is now called the refinery factor. There are 149 refineries in the United States yielding a total refinery capacity of 16.4 million barrels a day. The current demand for refined products demonstrates that the number of refineries and total-refinery capacity are not enough as they do not include a cushion to guard against price jumps during unfavorable conditions. The oil companies have participated in creating the gasoline shortages. The elimination of dozens of refineries since 1995 due to low margins and shrinking demand, and the dearth of new refineries have the market sensitive to marginal causes. For example, the news of the closure of the St. Croix Hovensa refinery on the East Coast next month has had a ripple effect that has been felt as far as the midcontinent refineries, which still have the “ocean view” of all U.S. refineries in terms of margins because of processing the trapped cheap West Texas Intermediate, or WTI, oil, compared to the ones that process the better Brent oil. Recent natural events have also damaged some refineries and caused erosions in the pipelines. The refinery problems in California caused shortages and long lines, particularly in Southern California, and spilled over to neighboring states. There is also a refinery problem on the East Coast, which has an average price higher than the national average. The natural events have damaged refineries and caused erosions in the pipelines. In Southern California, some gas stations refused to buy the more expensive, cleaner summer gasoline and were willing to wait in case the price would drop—this will make them lose money. In Northern California, there was a shortage because of a fire in Virginia that supplies that region with gasoline. But the straw that broke the gasoline camel’s back this winter is the heavy winter maintenance in many refineries, which reduced the throughputs of gasoline and other refined products, in addition to the transfer to the more expensive summer blends. These factors came on top of a lower-than-the-five-year-average gasoline inventories for this time of the year due to refinery closures and mechanical problems that happened in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. How high can we expect gas prices to go before we see relief? Which states will see the highest increases? The answer depends heavily on the refinery factor explained above. Some of the components that make up this factor should be resolved soon. That includes the end of scheduled winter maintenance and the repair of some refineries, which implies that the refinery throughputs will start to increase. The unscheduled maintenance and the deep repairs will take longer to do. But as indicated, some of these problems are being resolved over time. This means a small and temporary relief to the gasoline market is on the way. But this will not last long because the summer driving season is coming. The current estimates for the national retail gasoline price for this summer ranges between $4 to $5 a gallon. But the price may not reach $5 because of adjustments of consumer behavior to oil prices, barring any major development in the Middle East, particularly in Syria. The American consumer was trained in 2007-08 on how to deal with higher gasoline prices and it can make use of that training this summer to make the adjustment. The price can easily go above $4 a gallon this summer. But there is a “perfect storm” that is currently affecting the American consumer. It is made up of a higher payroll tax, a looming sequester and higher gasoline prices. This storm should keep the gasoline price below $5 a gallon. The states that will see the highest price increases include California and Hawaii. Those states have extraordinary problems with refineries. On February 19, the price of retail gasoline reached $5.15 a gallon in a gas station in downtown L.A. The closure of the St. Croix refinery is likely to make the Northeast, particularly in areas near Boston and New York, the “California of the East.” The St. Croix refinery is a large supplier of the more expensive and more difficult to produce summer-grade reformulated gasoline blend sold in New York harbor. In the refinery business, the price of gasoline is location, location, location. How much of a role does political unrest in the oil-rich Middle East play in determining gas prices? Some reports say several refineries went out of business in the U.S. and this is contributing to the rise in gas prices. Is that true? The price of crude oil makes up 60 percent of the price of gasoline. Therefore, the political unrest in the Middle East directly affects the 60 percent. The prices of oil and gasoline are also indirectly affected through the increases in the risk premium, which is one of the four components that make up the price of oil. The size of the risk premium is a factor that influences the speculators in terms of whether to act or not to act. The elimination of refineries has made gasoline prices very vulnerable to marginal events. The East Coast has lost one million barrels a day of lost capacity, which has made it sensitive to unfavorable events such as hurricanes and refinery closures. The news about the imminent closure of the St. Croix refinery is the best example of the vulnerability of the Northeast to refinery closures or a better economy. Any predictions in terms of what we can expect to see in the future in terms of the relationship between supply and demand for gas? The era of cheap gasoline is gone for good. There is no return to the $2 gas even after the shale oil and natural gas revolution takes traction. The balance between supply and demand for gasoline should come from automobiles that will be powered by natural gas and batteries.
(redirected from first person) Related to first person: third person Foreign governments otherwise eligible to sue in United States courts are "persons" entitled to institute a suit for treble damages for alleged antitrust violations under the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C.A. § 12 et seq.). Illegitimate children are "persons" within the meaning of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The phrase interested person refers to heirs, devisees, children, spouses, creditors, beneficiaries, and any others having a property right in, or a claim against, a trust estate or the estate of a decedent, ward, or protected person. It also refers to personal representatives and to fiduciaries. noun autonomous being, being, caput, chap, character, fellow, homo, human, human being, human creaaure, individual, living being, living soul, member of the human race, mortal, mortal body, mortalis, party, somebody, someone, soul Associated concepts: adult person, artificial person, compeeent person, credible person, disorderly person, fictitious person, injured person, natural person, person aggrieved, person in need of supervision, poor person, third person, unauthorized person See also: actor, character, individual the object of legal rights. There are two kinds of legal person: human beings and artificial persons such as corporations. A PARTNERSHIP in England is not a separate legal person but in Scotland it is said to have quasi-personality. References in classic literature ? Samuel, the footman, was the first person I met in the passage. The first person with whom I took up my habitation was the mother of this old woman, with whom I remained concealed till the news of the glorious revolution put an end to all my apprehensions of danger, and gave me an opportunity of once more visiting my own home, and of enquiring a little into my affairs, which I soon settled as agreeably to my brother as to myself; having resigned everything to him, for which he paid me the sum of a thousand pounds, and settled on me an annuity for life. The service was conducted, with a great clattering of plates, by the same clumsy lout who had opened the door for him; and though he was quick it happened that the first persons to be served had finished before the last had received their appointed portions. One of the first persons we encountered, as we walked up the street, was the Rev. The frequency of first person singular pronoun in master's introductions varied among the three discip lines. Throughout these chapters, Baker is at pains to stress the non-Cartesian character of her position and emphasizes that she understands the first person perspective as an emergent higher order dispositional property in light of which our bodies constitute us as persons. The 48-year-old is hoping to reach Whitesands beach in St Davids Head, Pembrokeshire, 35 hours later - and said he would love to become the first person to complete the feat.
「3.3 論理値」 Boolean Values A boolean value represents truth or falsehood, on or off, yes or no. There are only two possible values of this type. "" // the empty string All other values, including all objects (and arrays) convert to, and work like, true. false, and the six values convert to it, are sometimes called falsy values, and all other values are called truthy. Any time JavaScript expects a boolean value, a falsy value works like false and a truthy value works like true. if (o !== null) ... if (o) ... Boolean values have a toString() method that you can use to convert them to the strings "true" or "false", but they do not have any other useful methods. Despite the trivial API, there are three important boolean operators. if ((x == 0 && y == 0) \|\| !(z == 0)) { // x and y are both zero or z is non-zero トラックバック - http://mnemonic.g.hatena.ne.jp/paragramma/20121124
McCarthy vs. Communists Nicole D. Nottingham High School Wiki-Joseph McCarthy and Communists Persecution in general: Joseph McCarthy was a Republican U.S. Senator. between 1947 and 1957. Joseph McCarthy pressed accusation onto communist during the 1950’s. This persecution was the presistant mistreatment of the communists by the anti-communists; McCarthy and his followers. He was anti-communist, and anyone who was a communist was wrong. Participating in the American Communist party was never illegal, but many saw the participation as an act of treason. McCarthy accused many various government participants of being communists. He also accused many of passing information back to the Soviets. Many of the accused had supporters sticking up for them, but McCarthy accused their supporters of being communist also, so they were soon shut down. McCarthy delivered countless speeches against the communists, and suspected communists. He made many places of business have employee oaths where they would be required to rat out any communists or communist sympathizers. McCarthy’s mission was a Communist-Free America. Major and Specific Event: In the Late 1940s the cold war escalated between the Unites States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. This main event was the reason for all the hostility and aggressive convictions of the communists in the United States. The Soviet acientests were making great advances during the time or McCarthy. They developed an atomic bomb which was attributed by many to the cleverness of communist spies in stealing American secrets. Two who were accused of leaking the atomic bomb data to Moscow were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. They were convicted in 1951 and went to the electric chair in 1953. They were the only people in the history of the US to be excecuted in a peace time. McCarthy and his followers also ransacked school libraries for subversive textbooks and drove debtors, drinkers, and homosexuals, all alleged to be security risks from their jobs. Key Facts: The Cold War= Basically the period of time where there was major conlict and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union from the 1950s- 1980s. The two competed in military, nuclear arms race, and proxy wars. here never was a major battle between the two. Joseph McCarthy= A Republican U.S. Senator from Wisconsin between 1947 and 1957 Communism= the idea to make a classless, stateless social organization, based on common ownership of the broader socalist movement. (
Example sentences for: debunking How can you use “debunking” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary: • Paul Cameron, originator of the statistic (publicized by virtue expert William Bennett) that gay males have an average life expectancy of 43 years, defends and explains his calculation in response to a Slate article by Walter Olson debunking it. • Magazines and newspapers have recently run articles like "Debunking the Small Business Myth," "Small Is Not Beautiful," "Doing the Small Business Shuffle," and "The Real Engine of U.S. • Which reminds Culturebox that the first maxim of movies debunking the illusion of movies is: It doesn't matter how devastating your expos, of an illusion, if the illusion's a pretty one, some people will always want a piece of it. • One of the most telling and effective exposés of the entrenched nature of sexism in language is Douglas Hofstaedter's pseudonymous parody “A person paper on purity in language,” written as a supposed debunking of “silly prattle” about racist language. Search for example sentences Loading Loading...
Why you should eat Brazil Nuts Brazil nuts contain all the essential amino acids, making them a complete protein. One ounce of Brazil nuts provides 774 percent of the daily recommended value of selenium. Selenium is a trace mineral essential to immune and thyroid function. While selenium deficiency may cause anxiety disorders, asthma, depression, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and seizures. The Bad News They might interfere with the absorption of some nutrients. While their monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats may be beneficial in lowering cholesterol when ingested in small quantities, Brazil nuts have a high level of saturated fat (25%) that could possibly raise cholesterol levels if the nuts are consumed in large quantities. So only eat two a day. The high fat content also means they go rancid easily. Store them in the refrigerator or freezer to maintain their freshness. Overdosing on selenium can cause a toxic condition known as selenosis, leaving you with a host of nasty symptoms like hair loss, brittle hair, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, sloughing of the fingernails, fatigue, irritability, and nerve damage. Less common are cirrhosis of the liver and kidney failure. Brazil nuts also can stimulate skin rashes, affect the nervous system, make you feel fatigued and disrupt digestion causing diarrhea. These nuts may have great health benefits but only in small quantities. This is a great example is a little is good and more is NOT better. So eat them sparingly but enjoy them. Live Strong Real Food Nutrition Summit
Criminal sanctions Punishments are the essence of the criminal sanctions system. The general punishments are fixed fine, fine, conditional imprisonment, community service, monitoring sentence and unconditional imprisonment. A special punishment for offences committed by persons under the age of 18 is the juvenile penalty. Special punishments for public officials are warning and dismissal from office. Disciplinary punishments may be imposed on soldiers and corporate fines on legal persons. A court may also decide to waive punishment. Forfeiture and administrative sanctions may also be imposed for acts that are punishable under the law. Forfeiture means, for example, that the proceeds of crime are ordered forfeit to the state. Tax penalties are an example of administrative sanctions Unconditional imprisonment. A sentence of imprisonment is imposed for a fixed term or for life. The length of a fixed-term sentence of imprisonment is determined in accordance with the penal latitude provided for the offence. A fixed-term sentence of imprisonment is imposed for at least fourteen days and at most twelve years. When a person is sentenced to a joint punishment of imprisonment for two or more offences at the same time, the maximum length is 15 years. A sentence of life imprisonment may be imposed only for certain most aggravated offences. Conditional release. A person serving a fixed-term sentence of imprisonment is conditionally released when he or she has served a specified proportion of the sentence. Conditional release refers to the release of a prisoner serving an unconditional sentence of imprisonment or a monitoring sentence to serve the rest of the sentence in freedom, either under supervision or without supervision. A probationary period, which is equivalent to the length of the sentence remaining at the time of release, begins when a sentenced person is conditionally released. However, the maximum length of the probationary period is three years. Probationary liberty under supervision. At most six months before the regular conditional release, a prisoner may be placed outside prison in probationary liberty under supervision, if the conditions for placement in probationary liberty are met. The purpose of probationary liberty is to promote the sentenced person's social adjustment by means of a gradual and well-planned release. Conditional imprisonment. A sentence of imprisonment not exceeding two years may be imposed conditionally with a probationary period of a minimum of one and a maximum of three years. If conditional imprisonment alone is deemed insufficient punishment for the offence, an ancillary fine may be imposed or, if the length of the sentence of conditional imprisonment is eight months or more, an ancillary community service order for at least 14 and at most 90 hours may be imposed. A person who has committed an offence when under 21 years of age may be subjected to supervision in order to reinforce conditional imprisonment, if this is deemed justified in order to promote the social adaptation of the young offender or to prevent further offences. If the sentenced person during the probationary period commits an offence for which he or she is sentenced to unconditional imprisonment, the sentence of conditional imprisonment may be ordered to be enforced either in full or in part. Juvenile penalty. A juvenile penalty may be imposed for an offence committed at the age of 15-17, if a fine is considered an insufficient punishment and unconditional imprisonment is deemed too severe a punishment. The length of the juvenile penalty is from four months to one year. The juvenile penalty consists of supervision, different activities and programmes promoting the young offender’s social functioning ability, as well as induction to working life and work. Community service. Community service is a community sanction which comprises unpaid work carried out on the sentenced person’s free time under the supervision of the Criminal Sanctions Agency or, alternatively, activities or outpatient care that aim to reduce recidivism or substance abuse problems. The extent of community service is 14-240 hours. If the sentenced person grossly violates the obligations set for him or her, a court may convert the remaining part of the community service into monitoring sentence or unconditional imprisonment. Monitoring sentence. The monitoring sentence is a punishment enforced in liberty. A person serving the sentence is monitored by technical and other means. A monitoring sentence may be imposed instead of certain short sentences of unconditional imprisonment, and the maximum length of the sentence is six months. One of the conditions for imposing a monitoring sentence is that it is deemed to be justified for the maintenance or promotion of the social adaptation of the offender and that the offender is assumed to be able to comply with the obligations included in the monitoring sentence (i.e. to remain in one’s household and participate in the activities that the offender has been ordered to carry out). Fine is a pecuniary penalty. The total amount of a fine is determined on the basis of two factors: the degree of reprehensibility of the criminal act and the financial standing of the person being fined. If a fine cannot be recovered from the offender, the unpaid fine may be converted into imprisonment under certain conditions laid down in the Criminal Code. Fixed fine is a pecuniary penalty of a fixed amount in euros which is less severe than a fine and which is established by the Act on violations giving rise to fixed fines as the only punishment for certain violations. An unpaid fixed fine cannot be converted into imprisonment. Related links Read more about the different sanctions on the website of the Criminal Sanctions Agency: Community sanctions
A dangerous type of childhood meningitis has been virtually eliminated in Uganda in just five years after a vaccine was introduced, according to a study released this week. That should save the lives of 5,000 children a year, the authors estimated. ''This is the first time we've seen this kind of impact, a 100 percent drop,'' said Dr. Julian Lob-Levyt, executive secretary of the GAVI Alliance, which paid for the vaccines. ''We hope this can be repeated in other countries.'' The study, released by the World Health Organization, monitored cases from 2001 to 2006. The vaccine, known as Hib, protects against haemophilus influenzae type B, a bacterium that can inflame the lining of the brain or cause pneumonia. Each year, it kills 386,000 children globally. Three million more have severe side effects like deafness, paralysis or retardation. The vaccine has existed since 1991 but was rare in the third world until the creation of the alliance -- originally the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization -- in 2000. Even at prices offered to poor countries, it had cost $7 , seven times as much as other vaccines. The alliance joins United Nations health agencies, the World Bank, vaccine companies, universities and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and receives money from $1 billion in bonds issued by the International Finance Facility for Immunization. By guaranteeing large orders, the alliance tries to drive down the price of vaccines. It estimates that it has helped prevent 2.3 million early deaths since 2000. In wealthy countries, Hib vaccine is typically given at the age of 8 weeks. MAP Map details area of Uganda.
Analogies and metaphores. How to use an analogy effectively? There is no simple answer, since it depends on how much information is understood from case to case. One example of this is when trying to explain a complex system to someone who do not understand it, but do understand another complex system. Example: Why do some countries do better than others on an economic basis? The analogy I like to make is to view the economy as a closed thermo-dynamic system. This is obviously problematic, and you should never make arguments from analogies - but to convey an idea, they are efficient. So, due to entropy in the system - if energy (money) is concentrated/increased in one part (company/country) of the system (global economy) , the energy (money) must be taken from other parts (companies/countries) of the system (global economy). It's pretty basic physics - energy can't be created or destroyed - only changed. If the economy follows some equivalent rule, the analogy works. But the Earth is not a thermo-dynamic, closed system - so the analogy is flawed if used in an argument or taken literally. I can always use the excuse that it must be interpreted correctly, though... "Well, that part is just a metaphor..." but that would be pretty, fucking dishonest of me, would it not? Also, I'm obviously not an expert in either area - perhaps not in any area, now that I think about it - so please don't make an argument from authority based on this. Or anything else, for that matter. I'm trying to get some coherent answers from our beloved officials, but I seem to not understand their arguments - so that'll probably be my next topic. Maybe you can help me decipher them? Doddy out. PS. Watch this. Well, let's get a clue about the world, then... A stable ground... To get a better view of the state of affairs, I've had to abandon what I would've viewed as 'common sense' about subjects I don't understand perfectly. It's very difficult to let go of indoctrinated opinions - but it's certainly not impossible. What helped me the most was healthy skepticism and a quote from Richard Feynmann. "Remember, the easiest person to decieve, is yourself." (Or something like that.) It pretty much boils down to actually talking to many experts and people who have another view than me - and letting go of stereotypical views of how they are as individuals - since that's being judgemental instead of challenging myself. "Does my view, opinion, argument hold up to scrutiny?" Why am I doing this, then? To learn. A democracy is worthless if those who vote are not informed or educated. And to find out if I can help. It's been fascinating, depressing, frightening and strengthening to take a step back. Some take offense that I change opinions, others welcome that. But as easy as it is to brush of the trolls - I can't build on a foundation of compliments either. It's very easy to jump to conclusions when searching for evidence - and that place is filled with conspiracy-theories and religions. It's even easier to stop caring about finding out - and that's where PR, corporations, "alternative medicines" and such lurk and profit of peoples' ignorance. There is harm to holding false beliefs, be they supernatural or not. And there's always someone profiting from yours. The "finance-crisis" is a perfect example of this. Stop fighting amongst eachother and find out who is not sharing the misery - why are they not? Humanity makes the most progress when we work together - not for eachother and certainly not when we work against eachother. I'll comment on some subjects further on, I appreciate your criticism and pointing out where I'm wrong. Doddy out. Hej igen, ni vackra människor! Har varit ett tag sedan jag skrev här, men jag kommer ta upp detta nöje igen. Förmodligen så kommer jag att bredda innehållet till fler ämnen än teologi - förhoppningsvis har jag lite intressant att skriva om på andra områden. Det är upp till er läsare att avgöra i kommentarsfältet eller via direkt kontakt med mig om vilka ämnen som intresserar Er! Layouten skall jag göra om också, den är ingen vacker syn. Fortsätt leva underbart och låt inte åsikter andra har förstöra er dag. Peace goes in, peace goes out... You can't explain that!
These days, nuclear technology is used in several applications. Some of these include: medicinal, power and of-course military. Out of these, nuclear energy based power is getting popular. In any case, because of growth in applications, based on nuclear technology, there are several nuclear installations being found at industrial scale. In general, nuclear installations are highly sophisticated, and, have lots of control measures in place to prevent any major hazard. Still, it’s a fact, that inspite of all these sophistications etc. accidents could still occur. The problem with nuclear accidents is – though, less frequent (due to high degree of sophistication and control measures), but, once an accident occurs, the impact is severe. Some of the worst known nuclear accidents have been at: • Three Mile Island, near H Harrisburg Pennsylvania, USA in 1979 • Chernobyl (in current Ukraine), in (then) USSR, in 1986 Besides, once in a while, smaller incidents of minor amounts of leaks get reported from around the world. Do's and Don't Do's and Don't Some other precautions and guidelines that you should follow: • Unless you are competent and authorized to be working on the disaster relief/mitigation, do not drive/venture into the zone having risks. First of all, by entering into this area, you could be endangering yourself, and, secondly, you could be hampering other efforts which could include: movement of rescue vehicles, disaster response teams, and, maybe possible evacuation. Remember, a nuclear accident is not a show-item, that you have to watch. Stay away. • While staying indoors, try to stay in closed rooms – away from doors and windows, in basements etc. All mechanisms of air-circulation should be turned off. Once again, the idea is to avoid contamination from radioactive material, which is there in the atmosphere and air. For this purpose, when you build your house, it should be so constructed, such that all openings should be totally coverable – to prevent the entry of contaminated air into your house. The material chosen for building should also be such that it can effectively screen contaminated material, e.g. timber is very poor in its ability to screen radiation. So, timber houses would be very risky – in terms of contamination. • Care should be taken that you should be able to continue to receive further information that might be provided by the disaster management team. • One of the most active action that one can take is: take Iodine tables. Iodine tables actually saturate the thyroid glands, and thus, they prevent radio-active iodine (released due to the accident) from getting accumulated into the thyroid gland. Considering that, you might not want to get outdoors – during a disaster, to collect iodine tablets – it might be prudent to have a supply of such tablets, if you are staying in an area, which has a risk of seeing nuclear accident. It should be understood that ability to have uncontaminated proper food is more effective than having iodine. So, if uncontaminated food can be consumed, that should be given the first preference. • Iodine tablets also have severe side-effects. Hence, an overdose of iodine tables is not advisable. In general, older people should avoid iodine tables. The side-effects on them could be more harmful than the advantages that it might provide. Similarly, children and pregnant women should take a lower dosage. • The exact dosage of iodine tablets would be dependent on several factors, several of them being very local. Hence, local experts should be consulted on the exact dosage to be taken. WHO recommendations could act as an indicative information on dosage. • If evacuation is to be involved, it should be done before the formation of the radioactive clouds. However, there is only so much that one can do in his/her individual capacity – in the sense that we would need to depend on the disaster management authority to advise as to when should we start evacuating. However, when evacuating, try to do so in an orderly manner, without clogging the roads etc. Once again, try to stay tuned to sources of traffic information, so that you can use the least congested routes to evacuate. • Theoretically, post-evacuation, the law enforcement agencies are responsible for ensuring no-burglary/break-ins in your house. However, there is a limit to how much can they control/patrol. Hence, it would be good to secure your house properly. Also, since, its not known how long you might have to stay away, try to arrange for sufficient fodder for your livestock. • If you are not contaminated, you should NOT crowd the emergency Centres and/or hospitals. As it is, dealing with nuclear radiation needs specialized knowledge, and, you don’t want to overburden the system, which would be already too stretched in case of a nuclear incident. • As soon as you are out of the effected area, or, are entering a non-contaminated area, you should: • Discard your contaminated clothing (so that the virgin area does not get further contaminated) • Wash those areas of your body, which were exposed, e.g. hands, face etc. If needed, take a bath. Needless to say, this step needs to be done using uncontaminated water. Imagine, you are just entering your house – from outside. Since the water stored in overhead tanks could also be contaminated, there is only a limited supply of decontaminated water. Hence, you should use your judgement, as to whether to take a whole-body wash, or, just washing the uncovered areas of your body. Emergency kit Zone Map Zone Map
The elements of description provided in DCRM(B) constitute a full set of information for describing rare materials. This appendix sets out a less than full level of description containing those elements recommended as a minimum for effective description of early printed books and other rare materials. Libraries most often turn to minimal-level cataloging to create accession records for new acquisitions, to provide access to low-priority unprocessed collections in backlogs, and for item-level access to digital images. These guidelines are provided in response to such needs. Their purpose is not to promote the use of DCRM(B) minimal-level cataloging, but rather to provide a usable standard for those institutions wishing to adopt it. See also: Appendix D: Minimal-Level Records
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Explain the meaning and significance of Sabbath worship for Christians today. Extracts from this document... Name: Danielle Carolan Candidate number: School: BUCHS Centre number: 16127 Date completed: 8th October Question 2. Explain the meaning and significance of Sabbath worship for Christians today. All Christians believe the commandment "To keep Sunday holy". This is why every Sunday, Christians gather together to worship God. They believe that God wants them to come together regularly and worship or give God honour and praise as a group or community. However, different Christian denominations observe Sunday differently with regards to the meaning and significance. There are three main kinds. The first kind is 'liturgical worship' and is celebrated by Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Church of England and Lutherans. These Christians see the Eucharist as central to their act of worship and faith and they celebrate it every Sunday and often during the week. ...read more. The altar is central to this kind of worship, the bread and wine are unleavened and the priest is ordained and wears vestments. At the end of the mass, the worshippers are sent too love and serve the lord, which means their lives are affected in the way that Christ is a part of their lives and they are sharing this by putting other people before themselves. The second kind of worship is pulpit-centred and is celebrated by groups like Methodists and Congregationalists. This is a longer sermon and a very prominent pulpit, with more Bible readings and less communion services than the liturgical worship. They believe that God is speaking to his people telling them how to live their lives through the bible. ...read more. This is not Eucharist based but spiritual based (hence the name). There are no priests, few communion services (none at all for the Quakers) - although the Bible may be read and the elders of one church lead the service. Another example is the Pentecostals. They wait for Gods spirit to move in their group; through songs, readings from the Bible and gifts of Gods spirit like prophecy, healing, tongues and knowledge. In conclusion, we can see that different denominations have different ways of worshipping with different significance's and meanings. The three different types of groups all centre on different aspects of the Christians faith. However, all Christians come together in their communities on Sundays to worship and give thanks to God, observing the forth commandment and keeping the day holy. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related GCSE Places of Worship essays 1. The Easter Controversy: Basically, the ruling concluded that: Easter must be celebrated by all Christians throughout the world on the same Sunday; that this Sunday must follow the 14th day; and that some efforts should be made to communicate the proper date to the Church as a whole. 2. Describe and explain the way in which Christians celebrate Holy Communion' In Orthodox Churches there is always a screen called an iconostasis, which separates the congregation to the altar. This also symbolically separates the heaven and earth as well as God and the people. When this screen is opened it reminds people that this separation had ended in the person of Jesus Christ. very centre of their worship, and members of the Roman Catholic Church are have to take communion at least once a year. Active Roman Catholics take it weekly or even daily. Why are there such differences between Christians on this important matter? 2. The Acts of the Apostles - sectarianism and relevance today One Church of Ireland clergyman whom they interviewed on the troubles in Northern Ireland said: I can preach the ministry of reconciliation until I'm blue in the face...but right now, they [his parish] are incapable of hearing it.23 It is in situations like these that the Holy Spirit must play a vital role. 1. Places and Forms Of Worship Saint George and Saint Teresa- Section A The confessional box is at the back of the church, on the left. There are two separate rooms with separate wooden doors. The priest sits on the green chair with the bible on his lap, whilst in the other room the penitent kneels down. 2. &quot;New Move&quot; Chartism the dangerous distressing and unscriptural mode of redress - an appeal to arms ... Young and old could abstain for a short time from the most heavily taxed excisable commodities ... alarm would be generated in the minds of the fundholders, national confidence destroyed and a national bankruptcy ensured. 1. Places of Worship This tells them that when they love they shouldn't't be hateful at the same time, it hints that they should love their enemies and it tells them love is perfect. All Christians need to take part in the worship as well as following and spreading the word. 2. Choose two different Christian denominations. Select and explain the main features of their places ... Together all these different features, symbolisms and sanctities create the perfect recipe to do justice to the omnipotent God. The Orthodox Church takes the view of dark mysterious atmosphere as being the best tone to worship God. In contrast to the numerous over-elaborate symbolisms of the inside of the Eastern Orthodox Church and its dark mysterious feeling. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Florida gets its first zero-net-energy campus Florida gets its first zero-net-energy campus Abuilding complex in Anna Maria City, Fla. will be the state's first zero net energy campus when completed in 2012. Developers plan to make the five LEED-Platinum buildings in the plot generate more energy than they consume. The Florida buildings incorporate energy saving features that include geothermal cooling and heating, 100 kW of photovoltaic panels to generate electricity on-site, solar thermal panels to produce hot water for a café in the complex, and cisterns to capture rainwater that irrigates plants and flushes toilets. Appliances, of course, are either Energy Star or WaterSense-certified, and the buildings themselves are recycled: They are historic structures. Some have even been moved from a different location. Building refurbishments use recycled materials, low-emitting paints, sealants and solvents, and a range of other sustainable design choices and materials. The installation includes a three-unit, four-ton geothermal HVAC system from FHP Manufacturing that uses a ground water loop to provide heating and cooling. HVAC contractor Symbiont Service Corp. says geothermal heat pumps will eventually do all cooling for the freezers and refrigerators in the café, as well as for the display cases and ice machines. A plate heat exchanger transfers heat from the geothermal wells while simultaneously isolating well water from the HVAC loop water. Once heat is extracted from the water, the water is re-injected into the ground through a discharge well. The 7.5-hp source pump which circulates water from the geothermal well is powered by a variable-frequency drive from Yaskawa America. The VFD adjusts the pump speed by controlling the frequency of the electrical power it supplies to the motor, throttling back motor speed to as low as 30% of capacity during times of lower cooling demand. Symbiont says running the VFD at 80% of capacity yields about a 50% energy savings over simply running the motor at rated speed. FHP Manufacturing, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., (954) 776-5471, Symbiont Service Corp., Englewood, Fla., (941) 474-9306, Yaskawa America, Waukegan, Ill., (847) 887-7000, Hide comments Plain text • No HTML tags allowed. • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
You might or might not know this, but every PC is infected having a virus, whatever kind of virus it may be. it is stated that whenever a new PC is plugged in and signed into an internet browser that it get infected with at least one virus in under ten seconds. now, that is a truly scary thought, what is more scary is that your info could be at danger, which is why we all need to install some sort of Microsoft Registry Cleaner, to ensure that we can rest assured that our information is secure. Okay, so there are a great deal of people who do not recognize just how essential it is to have a registry cleaner or antivirus plan installed onto their PC. this is why we is going to be explaining the dangers of Spyware and Adware to you in the following text. You’ll discover that you will know why it is important and what dangers await you if you do not have it. Of all the malware applications, the worst of the great deal is spyware. this is the virus that infects your PC without you even realizing it. it will basically sit there and just spy on you and your internet activities. With web banking being so popular nowadays this isn’t a good point to have watching your every move and figuring out your passwords. This really is simply because that banking info is exactly what the spyware is looking for. if you do internet banking, you internet banking particulars are at danger of becoming found on your PC. this really is especially true if you don’t have an antivirus and antispyware plan set up on your PC. Adware isn’t as bad, all this little point does is open up ads all over your desktop, and these ads could be something that purchasing utilized cars to signing up to some porn website. the other problem is the fact that you do not need to be browsing online for it to come up, it will pop up in the middle of your work, and when whoever is using the PC. Aside from the obvious, these malware infections are also bad because they consume your computer’s means and this really is what makes it run so slowly. So if you see that your pc is not running at its optimum level and you suspect a virus or something, you ought to get a Microsoft registry cleaner right away so that you can protect your personal particulars. You are able to find a very reputable free download from Registry Easy. In order to really get the answers to your question, I highly recommend you go straight to the net’s leading site about this issue here. go there now!: registry cleaner and free registry cleaner
Orville Wright in his bicycle workshop Orville Wright in his bicycle workshop H423/0292 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 61.0MB Downloadable file size: 4.1MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Orville Wright (1871-1948), centre, filing bicycle frames in the Wright Cycle Company workshop with his friend and neighbour Edwin Sines (left). Wright, along with his brother Wilbur, is famous for making the first powered, heavier-than-air flight in 1903 and for developing the first fixed- wing aircraft. The brothers obtained their practical skills by working with various motors and machines, particularly printing presses and bicycles. They opened a bicycle repair and sales shop in 1892, and by 1896 had developed their own bicycle brand. The revenues funded much of their experimentation with gliders and flying machines. Photographed in 1897. Keywords: 1800s, 1897, 19th century, 20s, 26, adult, american, bicycle frame, bicycle shop, black-and-white, caucasian, cycle, dayton, dead, duo, edwin h. sines, engineer, filing, frames, friend, historical, history, human, inventor, machinery, making, male, man, monochrome, neighbour, north america, north american, ohio, orville wright, pair, people, person, portraits, surname w, technological, technology, tool, tools, twenties, two, united states, us, usa, white, working, workshop, wright brothers, wright cycle company
Logo - springer Slogan - springer About Springer - Media - Springer Select \| Veeries very quiet when owls are about New York / Heidelberg, 30 July 2013 Veeries very quiet when owls are about If you hear an owl hooting at dusk, don’t expect to catch the flute-like song of a Veery nearby. This North American thrush has probably also heard the hoots, and is singing much less to ensure that it does not become an owl’s next meal. Research by Kenneth Schmidt of Texas Tech University and Kara Loeb Belinsky of Arcadia University in the US, published in Springer’s journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, provides insights into just how eavesdropping between predators and prey around dusk may be shaping communication in birds. The study is the first to use the playback of recorded owl vocalization at sunset to study how birds change their behavior when potential predators are heard nearby. “Singing becomes much more risky in the low light of dusk when owls are around,” explains Schmidt. “However, by eavesdropping on owls, Veeries can adapt their singing behavior to decrease the risk of predation.” Schmidt adds that the study of the avian dusk chorus has been largely ignored relative to the more well-researched dawn chorus. “Further studies of dusk chorus singing may reveal how the risk of being attacked by predators has contributed to the evolution of singing behavior at dusk,” he believes. Schmidt, K.A., Belinsky, K.L. (2013) Voices in the dark: predation risk by owls influence dusk singing in a diurnal passerine, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. DOI 10.1007/s00265-013-1593-7 The full-text article and audio clips are available to journalists on request.
24 proverbs that are just plain common sense the Webster dictionary defines wisdom as knowledge that is gained by having many experiences in life. it’s interesting to me that Solomon found common sense that -after all the centuries that have passed- is still common sense today. check out these proverbs that are just plain common sense. giving advice: the stuff that comes out of our mouth: Foolish people don’t want to learn from others. They only want to talk about their own ideas. Foolish people hurt themselves when they speak. Their own words trap them. Foolish people say things to start arguments. They are just asking for a beating. An insulted friend is harder to win back than a city with strong walls. The words of a discreet and wise man’s mouth are like a gushing stream sparkling, fresh, pure, and life-giving. results of our actions: Someone who does careless work is as bad as someone who destroys things. Giving gifts can open many doors and help you meet important people. The rich think their wealth will protect them. They think it is a strong fortress. The best way to settle an argument between two powerful people may be to roll dice. Arguments separate people like the strong bars of a palace gate. Share your heart by commenting here WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Addiction Is a Progressive Disease istock_000012354150xsmall“Why doesn’t he just stop drinking?” “Why does she keep using heroin if she knows the consequences?” People can ask these questions when they see someone struggling with substance abuse—they may think that if a person recognizes the dangers, they should be able to stop. But it’s not that simple. Addiction is not a choice that is made and can be stopped by the simple desire to quit. Research has shown that addiction is a disease. It affects the brain in staggering ways, making the cravings and the reliance on drugs or alcohol involuntary. Most drugs target the reward center of the brain. When someone uses a drug, dopamine is released and floods their brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that signals pleasure and reward. When an action causes dopamine levels to rise, the person is motivated to repeat that action. In this case, when the use of a drug causes a person to feel pleasure, they are motivated to use the drug again to replicate the feeling. Compulsive cravings start occurring, and the person becomes addicted. Over the long term, the flood of dopamine from the use of drugs or alcohol causes the brain to slow the natural production of dopamine and/or reduce its response to the dopamine. This can further the addiction, as the person now needs the drug to feel pleasure and happiness. Addiction not only affects and alters the reward center of the brain but also causes changes to other parts of the brain. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the use of drugs and alcohol affects the parts of the brain responsible for learning, memory, habits, impulse inhibition, decision making, cognitive awareness, mood, and stress reactivity. These changes to a person’s brain chemistry can contribute to the continuing use of drugs and alcohol. It is hard for an addicted person to simply use “willpower” to quit when so many vital cognitive functions have been affected. rrw2016-ribbonThis Red Ribbon Week (October 23–31), Gateway Alcohol & Drug Treatment Centers want to encourage others to recognize that addiction is a disease, not a choice, and to take steps to reduce both the stigma and the problem. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, remember that it is not as simple as just making the decision to quit. As with other diseases, professional help is often needed to recover. For more information about the effects of drug abuse and treatment options, visit Shame, Stigma, and Addiction Individuals struggling with substance abuse may often feel a sense of shame or stigma and find that it is easier to lie and hide rather than seek treatment. However, more prevalent coverage of substance use disorder-related issues in media and depictions on television of individuals who are not only struggling with drugs and alcohol but also seeking treatment and sobriety, is helping reduce the shame and stigma associated with addiction. With addiction, stigma can crush you. Stigma is what says your drug and alcohol use is a character flaw. It’s what says you’re a bad mother, it is what says you are a bad son, or a bad husband. It took me a while to get to rehab. I spent years bashing around, harming myself and the people around me before I finally went. I knew I had some serious issues with booze, drugs and sex that I could not get under control on my own, but still, at least people didn’t know I had those problems, and at the time that was all that mattered. It wasn’t like my parents, friends, employers, wives and lovers, knew I was a drunk, a freak and a loser. Sure, it might help if I went to rehab, but as ridiculous as it sounds to me now, the embarrassment of going, and the stigma attached to it, outweighed the fact that I actually might be able to get help. I was terrified of people finding out what my problems were. I had fallen victim to shame, that was perpetuated by stigma. If you are suffering with an issue of addiction, stigma can crush you. Stigma is what says your drug and alcohol use is a character flaw. It’s what says you’re a bad mother, it is what says you are a bad son, or a bad husband. It is what says you are weak, that you are crazy, that you are a piece of crap. It is why you are afraid to tell your boss that you need some time off to go get help. It is why you would rather lie than tell someone that you are not doing okay. It was why I would rather steal than let people know I needed help. That was ten years ago. Now, when I look around at the people I know who are struggling with similar issues, there seems to be much less stigma attached to addiction and getting help for one’s problems, at least when it comes to the younger people I know. I am a member of Generation X, my generation hid everything we could about our issues as a rule, but with the coming of Generation Y, otherwise known as millennials, things finally seem to be changing. Mike Reis, CEO and Founder of DecisionPoint Wellness, had this to say to me about stigma and the younger generation over an email interview: “A big factor that prevents many people from getting the help they need is the stigma associated with being labeled an addict. This is especially true for older Americans who isolate and feel an overwhelming sense of shame. Surprisingly, millennials are leading the way to remove the social stigma. I’ve learned a lot from the millennials that have come through our intensive outpatient program at DecisionPoint in Johns Creek, Georgia. They are connecting to others in recovery through technology and social media. Millennials openly share their recovery stories and daily journey on the Internet too. Unlike previous generations that came into recovery through the anonymity of AA, millennials don’t feel the need to be shackled to those traditions. They are more focused being individuals, and building a community of support. It’s common to see them proudly posting their sober anniversary dates on Facebook. Millennials seem to understand that the way to maintain their sobriety long-term is to publicly share their personal stories as survivors, and bring truth to the spotlight while creating a community of support. In doing so, they help others realize that addiction is a disease, and it needs to be treated as such without shame.” Many millennials just don’t care a whole lot about what anyone thinks. A good example of this is Kassia Kristoff, a 30-year-old woman who once went to rehab to get help with her heroin use. “Fortunately for me, I have never cared much if at all what ‘society’ thinks of me, and as a result, felt no shame going to rehab. My world by the end consisted of only other addicts, so the only shame might have been in throwing in the towel. What I do feel shame about is the fact that people in this country are judged so harshly for being addicts. As someone who now works in a rehab and works with addicts in my personal life as well, I have seen the devastation that addiction causes to all who suffer from it. Most addicts, when clean, are extremely loving, caring and productive people. They simply need to be taught how to live without using first. Rehab is very helpful in this regard, because it teaches addicts (a term I use for all who suffer from addiction to any substance, including alcohol) about their addiction, and ways to cope without the crutch of their substance. Rehab gives addicts an opportunity to temporarily thrive in a safe and compassionate controlled environment, and to allow their brains and bodies to ‘sober up.'” According to Karen Wolownik Albert, LCSW, who is executive director of Gateway Foundation Alcohol & Drug Treatment, social and traditional media has a lot to do with this change. She said to me in an interview: “More prevalent coverage of substance use disorder-related issues in media and depictions on television of individuals who are not only struggling with drugs and alcohol but also seeking treatment and sobriety, is helping reduce the shame and stigma associated with addiction. Younger generations are more likely to openly discuss the topic and be more transparent with their families and friends about their desire to seek help, compared to previous generations that kept their struggles private due the negative stigma of being an ‘addict.'” Of course, it isn’t easy to go to rehab, no matter what generation you are in. But the stigma is way harder to deal with when you are going to get help than it is once you come out on the other side. As an obvious example, I have gone from someone who was terrified about letting anyone know about my issues, to writing about them in forums such as this one. Someone else who has done that is Lindsey Hall, who writes for many websites about her experiences with her eating disorder, including her own. She told me that “I do not feel stigma around my eating disorder. Not anymore, at least… but I also write about it publicly and have connected with hundreds of people who have been through what I experienced, and I think that has slowly worn away the fear of stigma. Also, we live in a world where opioid addiction and eating disorders are on the rise, so it’s more likely than ever that you have a loved one or you yourself have experienced addiction. Due to social media, people talk about their ‘issues’ more openly than ever and for an eating disorder, there are so many body positive Instagram accounts as well as recovery websites and essays and blogs (including mine) about this exact topic that make you feel like you’re actually in a community. However, before I went to rehab in 2013, I absolutely did feel stigma. I was terrified to tell people I was going. I wanted people to respect me and think of me as someone who had her life together, and I felt like rehab had this whole stigma of ‘Oh, you went to rehab? You must be like super messed up. You’re crazy. I can’t take you seriously anymore.’ At the end of the day, I’m not going to say it’s easy to proclaim, when meeting new people, that I’ve been in rehab. But, it’s just becoming more of an acceptable reality in a culture where drug addiction/binge drinking/and eating disorders are rampant.” David Rosenbloom, PhD, is a professor of Public Health at Boston University where he directs Join Together, a program that helps communities prevent and reduce alcohol and drug problems. Dr. Rosenbloom told me that he believes millennials are more tolerant of a much broader range of human conditions than their parents or prior generations. When I asked him what we could do as a society to decrease stigma, he said, “We need to significantly expand access to medication-assisted treatment and conduct a public education campaign in support of their long-term use. We also need to apologize for past excesses in the criminal justice system, and systematically review and release hundreds of thousands of people who are in prison or jail because of their substance use disorder. We should repeal all laws that prevent individuals with criminal records associated with drug or alcohol use from getting jobs, housing or education, and expand public investments to provide jobs for these people.” When it comes right down to it, more and more people of the millennial generation are not only not ashamed of their seeking help for their issues, they make a point of that for all to see. One of those people is Seth Leaf Pruzansky, who is shopping a book about his spiritual awakening that came when he was incarcerated for a drug-related offense. Seth told me that, “The stigma of being an addict shouldn’t stop anyone from getting help. Taking responsibility for getting it is squarely in the lap of the addict him or herself. Until they really own the fact that despite the circumstances leading to their addiction, they are the ones who ultimately made the choice of devolving into their current station in life, they will remain in a state of not believing that help is available. They will continue to play the victim card because in the short run, it’s a lot easier to stay in that rut rather than to get help and clean up. But in the long run, the continuing spiral into de-evolution and death is all but inevitable. I know. I personally climbed out of that hell.” View article on > If you know someone struggling with substance abuse and mental health issues, know that help is available. Visit for more information or call Gateway Alcohol & Drug Treatment Centers for a confidential consultation at 877-505-HOPE (4673). %d bloggers like this:
Resource Room Play is the highest form of research. -Albert Einstein Our resource room at Somaiya Preschool is an ideal learning center for kids. This room is divided into areas that are designated for different types of learning or skill development. Each area (Library area, math and manipulative area, block play, dramatic play area and puppet theater) is equipped with child-friendly materials that require the students to explore and create something new. They get to play with toys that are scientifically designed and appropriate for their overall development. We encourage kids to learn something new through playing and various other activities because play is considered effective in developing cognitive and social skills in children. It also helps them gain self-confidence required for engaging in new experiences. Through our resource room, we aim to provide them the right tools to enhance their understanding of the world by exploring, interacting and using different instructional materials. Resource room
Join our weekly newsletter. Articles, news, and ideas. Languages, people and their cultures. What Do The US Courts Look For in a Legal Interpreter? Legal Interpreters in US Courts What Do The US Courts Look For in a Legal Interpreter? on September, 14 2017 Under the provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, U.S. state courts that receive federal funding have to provide a legal interpreter free of charge to individuals in criminal and civil cases who have limited proficiency in English. Federal law also states that the courts must see to it that the legal interpreter has essential interpreting and language skills. There is another act, the Court Interpreters Act, 28 U.S.C. §1827, which “requires the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts to prescribe, determine, and certify the qualifications of persons allowed to work as certified interpreters.” This is done when the Director considers that the certification is needed, like a legal interpreter for the hearing impaired and persons who only speak in a language other than English. Related Post: What is Legal Translation And What Makes it Different? Job of a Legal Interpreter In U.S. courts, the legal interpreter works for individuals with limited English proficiency who come before the court. It could be witnesses and defendants in criminal courts or witnesses and litigants in civil and family courts. The interpreting work is not limited in the courtroom. The legal interpreter can also be called out of court during interviews with court support officer, witness preparation sessions, depositions and meetings between attorney and client. The legal interpreter must orally translate everything that is being said while maintaining the level and tone of the original language, without any addition or omission. The interpreting work can be consecutive or simultaneous depending on circumstances, with the interpreters using the same grammatical person as the speaker for whom they have been assigned. If you are a legal interpreter, you cover almost every kind of court case in the federal, state and municipal level. Illegal gambling, arson, drug offenses, sexual assault, child support, domestic violence, landlord and tenant disputes, small claims and personal injury are the cases often handled by legal interpreters in state courts. Drug cases form part of the majority workload of a legal interpreter assigned to state and federal courts. Languages Often Used If you want to specialize in legal interpreting, know that Spanish is the most often used language in the U.S. courts. But the courts do not only require a legal interpreter who is proficient in Spanish. Several other languages are required. The frequency of use of a specific language depends on the proportion of residents who speak a given language. In New York, for example, about a dozen languages are needed by the courts each day. The increase in immigrants from other countries, such as Asia, requires the addition of legal interpreters proficient in Asian languages, particularly Cantonese and Mandarin. Certifications for a legal interpreter depend on where you are located. Certification exams are given to test the practical interpreting ability of the interpreter to see if he or she meets a particular minimum standard. There are states that do not require certification while in other states such as New Jersey, California and Washington, they test legal interpreters of different languages. The National Center for State Courts (NCSC) organized a consortium comprising several states. They share resources for building testing methods and standards. It has a contract with the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and manages the court interpreter certification program via the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts. The certification requirements and the validity of the testing methodology make interpreter certification valuable. If you have federal certification, this indicates that you are competent. Related Post: The Definitive Guide to Legal Translation You Need to Read Legal Interpreter Carving a Career Path as a Legal Interpreter If you are interested in becoming a legal interpreter, you have to know that is a very demanding job, which could be stressful at times. You have to keep pace with the speakers in court and have to be very careful about the interpretations due to legal complexities. Here are the steps to take. 1. Start preparing for your career as a legal interpreter in high school, especially if you are not bilingual. You'll be able to develop the required language skills at this stage. Give equal attention to English as well, because, as a legal interpreter, you'll also have to be precise in the language. Choose the foreign language that is most in demand, such as Spanish or Cantonese or Mandarin Chinese. 1. Choose legal studies as your major or minor, as you have to learn the legal terminology. See if your college has a legal interpreting training program as well. Employers and U.S. courts want a legal interpreter to have a bachelor's degree. 1. Join workshops and training programs to develop your skills. State courts and national and local interpreting associations usually offer training programs for those interested to become legal interpreters. 1. Take certificate or associate degree programs that you can take alongside with your bachelor's degree. The programs provide courses in interpersonal communication, linguistics and legal language and procedure. 1. Go for internships and volunteering work. They will provide you with actual and hands-on experience that you cannot gain from reading books. 1. After graduation, you may opt to take the certification exam administered by an agency, a professional organization or by the court. Several states in the U.S. recognize certifications issued by the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators and the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts. You can find work, depending on your professional credentials, as a language skilled interpreter, professionally qualified interpreter or certified interpreter. 1. Advance your career of legal interpreter by continuing education when you have gained enough experience. Types of Legal Interpreters Your professional credentials define what kind of a legal interpreter you are. Certified Legal Interpreter A certified legal interpreter is someone who had passed the certification examination given by the Administrative Office, particularly for Spanish (Haitian Creole and Navajo certification are no longer offered). If the judge determines that certified interpreters are available, the courts will choose those who have satisfied the criteria for certification issued by the Administrative Office. If you want to become a certified legal interpreter, you must pass the Spanish-English Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination given by the Administrative Office. The first phase is a written exam which you must pass before you can take the second phase, the oral exam. The second phase exam tests your ability to perform simultaneous and consecutive interpretation accurately. You will also be tested on your ability to do sight translations. Professionally Qualified Interpreter A professionally qualified interpreter is for legal interpreters of all languages except Spanish. Adequate documentation and authentication is required to be a professionally qualified interpreter. You should also meet any of the following criteria: • Passing the U.S. Department of State seminar or conference interpreter test in English and a target language. • Passing the UN interpreter test in a language pair, especially English and target language. • Currently a member of good standing of The American Association of Language Specialists (TAALS) or Association Internationale des Interprètes de Conférence (AIIC). • You must hold the Specialist Certificate: Legal (SC:L) of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) if you are a sign language interpreter. Language Skilled Interpreter Language skilled interpreter is a legal interpreter who is not qualified to be a professionally qualified interpreter. However, he or she should be able to show the ability of interpreting court proceedings from English to a target language and vice versa to the court's satisfaction. Related Post: The Difficulties of Legal Translations Explained Legal Translation Skills of a Legal Interpreter U.S. Courts Look For Legal interpreting demands so much more from the interpreter due to the nature of the work. The courts require specific skills from the legal interpreters they hire. The requirements are more complex, in terms of abilities, skills and professional knowledge. The communication during court proceedings is equally demanding and complex. The parties involved in the court proceeding may use different variations of a language, which affects its nuances and meaning. Different jargon and dialect, informal and formal registers and legal and specialized terminology may be used. Here are the skills you need: • You must have mastery of English and a second language. At the same time you should have mastery of the language of the court. • You must be adept at oral communication with the delivery and poise required in the court. • A legal interpreter should have a very extensive vocabulary consisting of formal legal language as well as slang and colloquialisms. Never expect all the persons you are interpreting for to have received formal education. • You should be able to accurately and idiomatically deliver the message from the source language into the target language without omissions or additions. There should never be additional words that may deviate from the intended meaning that the speaker wishes to convey. • You must have the ability and experience to deal with the public, court personnel and lawyers; have verbal and mental agility; and a deep understanding of court procedures and terminologies. Having the ability to sight-translate legal documents is also optimal. • You should also be able to maintain impartiality and neutrality. • Be proficient in simultaneous interpretation, which is the most used form in the courtroom. Although there are times when consecutive interpretation is needed. • You must display excellent professional conduct and court demeanor. A legal interpreter normally works within the courts, but there will be instances when they need to work out of court, and at odd hours. Occasions include sudden immigration cases or major cases such as racketeering or drug cases. Legal interpretation is very challenging and you should master all the interpreting skills, as well as know the legal system by heart. Learning everything about a case helps you perform better in court. Need legal interpreting services? We can provide you with a trained legal interpreter in person or an over the phone interpreter at any time, trained in legal terminology. Contact us today! Bernadine Racoma Join our weekly newsletter for articles, news and ideas
• The story of music is the story of humans 4 monthes ago - By ScienceDaily How did music begin? Did our early ancestors first start by beating things together to create rhythm, or use their voices to sing? What types of instruments did they use? Has music always been important in human society, and if so, why? These are some of the questions explored in a new article. The answers reveal that the story of music is, in many ways, the story of humans. Read more ...
Special report 10 October 2007 Death special: The bitter end IN GREEK mythology, Tithonus was a handsome mortal who fell in love with Eos, goddess of the dawn. Eos begged Zeus to grant her lover eternal life. Perfidious Zeus made Tithonus immortal, but did not grant him eternal youth. As Tithonus aged, he became increasingly debilitated and demented, eventually driving Eos to distraction with his constant babbling. Tithonus’s fate now threatens us all. We can look forward to an ever-increasing lifespan, but at the cost of progressive enfeeblement, ill health and dementia. Until about 200 years ago, the average human lifespan was about 30 years. People died young, and they died relatively rapidly, mainly from infections. During the 20th century the average lifespan in the world doubled, and people in developed countries now tend to die old and slowly from degenerative diseases brought on by ageing. It was once thought that humans had a maximum lifespan that we would hit To continue reading this premium article, subscribe for unlimited access. Quarterly by Direct Debit Inclusive of applicable taxes (VAT)
Articles by alphabetic order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 From Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A debate (kathojja or vivāda) is a formal discussion between two or more people holding opposing views conducted in a public forum. Unlike in ancient and medieval Christendom, Indian society has always been very tolerant in religious matters. The pros and cons of different teachings were aired at public debates and discussions and individuals were left to make up their own minds as to whether or not to believe. The Tipiṭaka and other sources give us a good idea of how these debates were conducted. If on being asked a legitimate question for a third time one could not answer, one was considered to have been defeated (M.I,231). Participants were expected to use recognized arguments and adhere to accepted procedures and an adjudicator (pañhavīmaṃsakā) made sure they did (Sn.827). To avoid answering a question by asking another question, to change the subject or to ridicule the questioner, was considered improper. Likewise, to shout down an opponent, catch him up when he hesitated or interrupt from the sidelines was also not allowed (A.I,197; M.II,168). A teacher who held his own in debate would win honour and respect while the defeated had to slink away in shame. We have a description of a participant in a debate ‘reduced to silence , his head lowered, his eyes downcast, at a loss, unable to make a reply’ while the audience ‘assailed him on all sides with a torrent of abuse and poked fun at him’ (A.I,187). To have ‘one’s wings clipped’ (opakkhiṃ karoti, A.I1,88) in a debate could mean a teacher losing his prestige, his disciples and his supporters. Vague theologies and dreamy doctrines were soon subjected to cold reason , logical scrutiny and demands for evidence. Those that stood the test, like the Buddha ’s Dhamma , flourished, those that did not faded away. With the stakes so high it is not surprising that these debates could get heated and sometimes even end in blows. It was probably for this reason that during the early part of his career the Buddha avoided such assemblies. He said: ‘Some debates are conducted in a spirit of hostility and some in a spirit of truth . Either way, the sage does not get involved.’ (Sn.780). As a consequence of this, the Buddha was accused of being unable to defend his ideas in the face of careful scrutiny. One critic said of him: ‘Who does the monk Gotama speak to? From whom does he get his lucidity of wisdom ? His wisdom is destroyed by living in solitude , he is unused to discussions, he is no good at speaking, he is completely out of touch. Just as an antelope circles around and keeps to the edges, so does the monk Gotama .’ (D.III,38). It seems that for a long time the Buddha was content to let his Dhamma speak for itself. But as people began to seek deeper explanations of it and it began to be criticized and even misrepresented, he was compelled to participate in public debates and discussions. Very soon the Buddha earned a reputation for being able to explain his philosophy with great lucidity and to effectively defend it against criticism. He also began to subject the doctrines of others to hard questioning. So successful was he in confounding critics and converting the followers of other religions that he was even accused of using occult means to do this. Someone said of him: ‘The monk Gotama is a magician who uses magic to convert the disciples of others.’ (M.I,381). Of course, there was no truth in this claim. The only ‘magic’ the Buddha used was the appeal to common sense , reason and experience. The Buddha ’s aim was never to defeat an opponent, silence a critic or ‘win’ disciples , but to lead people from ignorance to clarity and understanding. In one of the most heartfelt appeals he ever made he said: ‘I tell you this. Let an intelligent person who is sincere, honest and straightforward come to me and I will teach him Dhamma . If he practices as he is taught, within seven days and by his own knowledge and vision he will attain that holy life and goal .... Now you may think that I say this just to get disciples or to make you abandon your rules. But this is not so. Keep your teacher and continue to follow your rules. You may think that I say this so you will give up your way of life , follow things you consider bad or reject things you consider good. But this is not so. Live as you see fit and continue to reject things you consider bad and follow things you consider good. But there are states that are unskilful, defiled, leading to rebirth , fearful, causing distress and associated with birth, decay and death , and it is only for the overcoming of these things that I teach the Dhamma .’ (condensed, D.III,56). Throughout history debates have had an important part to play in protecting and promoting Buddhism. The Samye Debate of 742 in Tibet between Kamalaśīla and Mahāyāna meant that the Indian rather than the Chinese interpretation of Dhamma became dominant in that country. The most significant debate of recent times took place in Panadura in Sri Lanka in 1873 between Venerable M. Guṇānanda and the Wesleyan missionary Reverend David de Silva. The former’s decisive victory gave Buddhists a renewed confidence in themselves and their religion and marked the beginning of a revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Debate ’, A. Kariyawasam, Encyclopedia of Buddhism , Vol. 4, 1984.
Alcoholism causes and effects Alcohol abuse is increasing in our society especially among the younger generation, this issue has many causes and effects. For example, peer group people emotional, social and family issues. Unfortunately, the person doing the drinking is not the only one who feels the impact of this abuse. It has a profound and direct impact on their families as. Alcohol abuse and dependence, now both included under the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder, is a disease that is characterized by the sufferer having a pattern of drinking excessively despite the negative effects of alcohol on the individual s work, medical, legal, educational, and/or social life. It may involve a destructive pattern of alcohol. Drinking too much – on a single occasion or over time – can take a serious toll on your health. Here’s how alcohol can affect your body: These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination. Heart: Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage the heart, causing. Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder) is a disease that affects over 14 million people in the U.S. Get the facts on the symptoms, treatment, and long-term effects of. Alcohol abuse among pregnant women causes their fetus to develop fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the pattern of physical abnormalities and the. Alcoholism is also known as alcohol dependence. It occurs when you drink so much over time that your body becomes dependent on or addicted to alcohol. When this happens, alcohol use becomes the most important thing in your life. An alcoholic will continue to drink even when faced with negative consequences, such as losing a job. People with alcohol. Uploaded by sls465 on Apr 19, 2007 Causes And Effects Of Alcoholism Alcoholism is defined as a primary, chronic disease with genetic and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. Alcoholism is often progressive and fatal. That is to say, alcoholism is a pattern of drinking that causes harmful consequences. The many. Studies show that alcoholism cause and effects vary by person. This is a highly individualized disease. There is a wide assortment of pieces that create the puzzle of alcoholism and these pieces, in turn, influence the effects of alcoholism in the individual. Evidence reveals that there are likely genetic markers that influence how easily a person. Staff Who Understand The excellence of any residential treatment center is determined by the caliber and commitment of its staff. Timberline Knolls team of psychiatrists, psychologists, therapists and nurses are available to residents and their families 24 hours a day, seven days per week. Our therapists and medical staff, admissions team.
We are in the suburb of Talence and looking at a sign outside a small, carefully-tended plot of land at the end of a cul-de-sac, Rue Bahu... From the Allied War Cemetery of Talence (to the fields of Flanders) We are in the suburb of Talence and looking at a sign outside a small, carefully-tended plot of land at the end of a cul-de-sac, Rue Bahus. The sign reads “Commonwealth War Graves” although a more precise description would be “Allied War Graves”. The tiny cemetery, which is located next to Talence’s municipal graveyard, is the final resting place for 18 men: five Americans, ten Canadians and three Britons (or Australians). Wooden crosses mark the graves of the five Americans, who died at various dates between 1918 and 1945: Edward Simacys (1918), Anton Rivas (1919), Abraham Hamde (1920), Charles Carroll (1928) and Joseph Bouchard (1945). Some mystery surrounds who the men were. Some sources claim the five men died when their plane crashed in the Landes forest but that seems inconceivable given how the deaths were spread out over a 27-year period. The US consulate in Bordeaux recently stated they would be investigating the background of the five men to establish who they were and how they passed on. The row of graves opposite them are occupied by victims of the First World War but again the information is sketchy at best. Certain sources state that the ten Canadian soldiers, whose headstones feature a maple leaf, were employed as medical staff in makeshift wartime hospitals in and near Talence (within the premises of Victor-Louis and Saint-Genès secondary schools, and a nursing school). However, most were members of the Canadian Forestry Corps who would more likely have been out chopping down trees, again in the forests of the Landes. This unit, which was created in November 1916 and disbanded in 1920 (it was reformed in 1940 then disbanded again in 1945), comprised of Canadians employed to cut down forests in the UK and France to produce wood needed for use on the Western Front. Further sources suggest that the Canadians and their British (and/or possibly Australian) counterparts were killed during a mine clearance operation in the Gironde Estuary… It’s all rather vague! Completing the picture is a memorial in the shape of a Celtic cross which sports the names of men who died in both world wars. This cross was previously positioned in front of the St Nicholas English-speaking Anglican church on Cours Xavier-Arnozan in central Bordeaux (the church closed in 1989 - it had been operational since 1840). Sadly, the cemetery is not usually open to the general public (I made use of a telephoto zoom lens to get many of the shots featured here), although once a year, on the Sunday which is closest to November 11th, solemn commemorations led by the Royal British Legion are held here. A bagpipe player breaks the silence and it has become customary for the poem “In Flanders Fields” to be read aloud. The words were written by the Canadian military doctor and artillery commander Major John McCrae in 1915 shortly after he had conducted the burial of a friend from the same unit who was killed near Ypres: In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. • Find it: Rue Bahus, Talence. • If you have more precise information about this cemetery, do get in touch and I will gladly edit this article! 0 commentaires:
Things You Need To Know About Drinking Water Water is that one thing which will help you continue a healthy and a better lifestyle. There is not a single organism on earth that is able to survive without water. Each and every one of us are not able to live without water and it is important that we always try to take in as much as water to keep ourselves hydrated and to make sure that our body functions are properly maintained. Link here to find out more about water ionizer. Water maybe contaminated If you consume water which is contaminated by harmful diseases, there is a high chance that you will have to suffer from dangerous diseases. Deadly diseases such as cholera are caused when you consume water which is infected and also, you maybe drinking water which has chemicals mixed in them. To get the best and to clean the water, you should make sure that you drink water which is clean and purified. To make sure, you can get the help from an alkaline water filter. To keep your organs functioning properly Your body functions will only be maintained properly if your body organs are in a healthy state. If you are not drinking the required amounts of water, you will have to face constant malfunctions in your body functions. To make sure that your body organs are functioning properly, you should drink water which is purified. To get the water that you drink to be purified, you can use an alkaline water ionizer. Your kidneys will have to face major damages if you don’t supply them with the required amounts of water. To prevent dehydration It is really important that you keep yourself hydrated because if not, you will have to go through many troubles and you will not be able to maintain your optimum health. your body will get dehydrated if you lose more water than the amount of water that you take in. also, the right amount of water will maintain the amount of nutrients in your body which is responsible for the other important activities in your worst cases of dehydration, it can also turn out to be if threating because it can lead to dangerous conditions in your body such as heart failures, kidney failures, damage to the central nervous system, anemia, etc. You have to make sure that you supply your body with the right amounts of water to prevent any potential damages which will make you suffer a life time. It is always better to stay healthy for the sake of your loved ones because when you are not in good health, they will also suffer from stress.
Procompsognathus triassicus • Pronounced: pro - comp - so - Nath - us • Diet: Carnivore (meat-eater) • Name Means: "Ancestor of Pretty Jaw" • Length: 3 feet (1 m) • Height: 1 foot (.3 m) • Weight: 5 pounds (2.5 kilos) • Time: Late Triassic - 215 MYA Fossil remains for this Dinosaur have been found in Germany ProCompsognathus is the ancestor of the more famous (thanks to the "The Lost World: Jurassic Park") Compsognathus It was about the same size but lighter. It was also very fast for such a small dinosaur - it could probably run at over 35 mph for a short distance! It also probably hunted in groups, running through the forest looking for small lizards, baby dinosaurs, little mammals and big bugs. It had lots of small, sharp teeth and could use its hands to grab its prey. This little dinosaur was at the base of a successful family of creatures (Theropoda). It had a long, thin neck that was most likely held in an "S" shape so it could swiftly move its head forward to bite. It had long, slender, almost straight-foot claws, which would have been good for digging or kicking straight out in front during an attack. It could also have used its tail as a weapon as it was very muscular at the base. ProCompsognathus shared the general body style of the Coelophysoidea - long tapering snout, small teeth, powerful legs, and the long neck. Its eyes were not forward facing and therefore it probably had poor depth perception - a liability for a hunter. It may have been a good tree climber. All contents of are Copyrighted
a diagram of your blood sugar level How to test your blood sugar levels – webmd, Webmd explains blood sugar testing and diabetes. most people with diabetes need to check their blood sugar (glucose) levels regularly.. What impacts blood glucose levels? \| your guide to diet, What impacts blood glucose levels? foods that contain carbohydrates will affect blood glucose levels the most. the foods that contain the most carbohydrate include. Diabetes Blood Sugar Monitor Checking your blood glucose (blood sugar): american, Checking your blood glucose. blood glucose (blood sugar) monitoring is the main tool you have to check your diabetes control. this check tells you your blood glucose. How stress impacts high blood sugar levels \| prevention, Is stress messing with your blood sugar? 12 ways to chill out and help you control your condition. by the editors of prevention november 3, 2011. Labeled Diagram of Blood Flow through the Heart Why your “normal” blood sugar isn’t normal (part 2), Learn what truly normal blood sugar values are – contrary to popular belief..
Written by Nina Kureishy Nina Kureishy is a Medical Writer at Alpharmaxim Healthcare Communications Prevalence of dementia in the UK In the UK, there are an estimated 850 000 people living with dementia – a number set to increase to over 2 million by 2051. This year, 225 000 people will develop dementia – one person every three minutes.1 The brain deterioration mostly affects older people and is rare in people under 65 years of age. Dementia is not a specific disease but a set of symptoms that generally includes memory loss, disorientation, confusion, problems with communication, changes in mood/behaviour and difficulty in performing familiar tasks. Such symptoms are often frustrating for the patient, who may eventually lose all independence. Individuals with dementia often experience social isolation and feel cut off from their community; however, having dementia should not mean living an isolated life. The main economic burden relates to looking after those affected, with costs continuing to rise as the number of people with dementia increases in an ageing population. Thus, challenges persist as families, caregivers and healthcare professionals cope with the increasing, and often overwhelming, emotional and physical burdens of disease, which are factors that are often overlooked. This year, the aims of Dementia Action Week (20–26 May) are to increase awareness of the growing need for action on dementia and to improve the lives of those affected. Types of dementia Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia; others include vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. In Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, dementia may not necessarily develop. Currently, there are no treatments that can stop or reverse the progression of dementia. Despite relative underfunding, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of dementia. In Alzheimer’s disease, damage to the area of the brain responsible for laying down new memories leads to deterioration of this function. Levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for processing memory and learning, are also abnormally low. Furthermore, accumulations of beta-amyloid peptides between neurones form plaques, and tau proteins inside neurones form tangles, disrupting or even blocking neurotransmission. In contrast, vascular dementia is characterised by reduced blood flow to the brain due to diseased blood vessels, often arising from stroke or atherosclerosis. Less money is spent on research into dementia than cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, yet dementia is one of the main causes of disability in later life. The area is underfunded considering the growing burden of disease, indicating an unmet need. In dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple areas of the brain are affected by abnormal alpha-synuclein aggregation, leading to problems with thinking and movement.2 Such deposition also occurs in Parkinson’s disease, in addition to the loss of dopamine-producing cells, which are critical for central nervous system functions. Treatments for dementia Current treatments only serve to improve symptoms and brain function. Levels of brain neurotransmitters can be boosted to enhance communication between neurones, improving memory and judgement.2 For Alzheimer’s disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine and increase communication between neurones. For Parkinson’s disease, dopamine levels may be increased to stimulate areas of the brain where levels are low. In contrast, the treatment for vascular dementia aims to treat the underlying conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. In this case, drugs for cardiovascular disease that relax the blood vessels of the brain, thereby increasing blood flow, are commonly used. Other generic treatments include those for depression, anxiety and the symptoms of psychosis, with a view to combatting behavioural symptoms. It is paramount that patients are regularly monitored in order to identify the treatment that works best for them. Presently, there are more than a hundred drugs being explored for Alzheimer’s disease alone. Dementia research strategies There is an ongoing drive of research to discover biomarkers of disease. Studies at the University of Manchester, focusing on Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, have compared levels of metabolites in the brains of people with and without disease diagnosis, in an attempt to identify people at risk of disease development, thereby facilitating early treatment.3,4 Another stimulating story relates to a woman having the ability to detect Parkinson’s disease through smell. Scientists, with her help, have now been able to identify specific compounds on the skin of people with the disease. These biomarkers could lead to the development of a detection test for early diagnosis before debilitating symptoms begin.5 Strategies adopted by biotech companies to tackle dementia have included utilising the body’s own immune system to target the implicated proteins with the intention of eliminating them. Other strategies have used anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies or gamma-secretase inhibitors to reduce plaques.6 However, despite their effectiveness in reducing toxic protein levels, such therapies do not improve cognition, which raises pertinent questions about why these drugs are failing.7 Are the drugs targeting the wrong pathological substrate? There is increasing evidence that tau pathology is a better indicator of cognitive impairment than beta-amyloid lesions. Has the (iso)form of the targeted protein and its interaction with other proteins been considered? Has the dosing been optimised? Is the pathology already too advanced and the treatment therefore too late? Would prevention trials be more apt? Despite the high failure rate of drug development, there are many lessons to be learned from past trials as we enhance our understanding of the exact molecular pathways involved in the cause of dementia. Importantly, this knowledge, as well as the government’s commitment in 2018 to double dementia research funding by 2025, should help speed up the search for more effective solutions, offering the hope of success. 1. Alzheimer’s Society. Facts for the media. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-us/news-and-media/facts-media. Accessed 15 April 2019 2. Alzheimer’s Research UK. Types of dementia. https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/about-dementia/types-of-dementia. Accessed 21 May 2019 3. Xu J, Begley P, Church SJ, et al. Elevation of brain glucose and polyol-pathway intermediates with accompanying brain-copper deficiency in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: metabolic basis for dementia. Sci Rep 2016;6:27524 4. Alzheimer’s Society. Study suggests urea is a cause of dementia. 12 December 2017. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/news/2018-04-06/study-suggests-urea-cause-dementia. Accessed 15 April 2019 5. BBC News. Parkinson’s smell test explained by science. 20 March 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-47627179. Accessed 15 April 2019 6. Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Zhong K. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2018. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2018;4:195–214 7. Mehta D, Jackson R, Paul G, et al. Why do trials for Alzheimer’s disease drugs keep failing? A discontinued drug perspective for 2010–2015. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017;26(6):735–739 If you’d like to know discuss more about this topic, please contact Sophie Jones on +44 (0)161 929 0400.
We are in the generation of cryptocurrency. You might have heard news about people getting rich by investing in Bitcoins and Etherum but to understand about it you need to understand the technology behind it – Blockchain. The blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can be programmed to record and track anything of value. Just like a database that is decentralized and distributed among a whole network of computers. Simply it can be termed as a peer- to -peer technology that continuously updates a record of transactions which spread out across a vast network of computers without the need of intermediaries like banks, third parties, governments or anything. It stores information in batches called as blocks which are connected in a continuous chronological order like a chain. Suppose if you wanted to change any information in a block, you couldn’t directly change that block as the change would be recorded in a new block and everyone will know that change. Making, it the most transparent technology. Here’s a detailed explanation of how blockchain works Blockchain has the potential to transform the way the world functions as it removes the centralized third parties and middle-men that handle transactions in various industries. Example, in the entertainment Industry people, could directly pay to writers and artists without the need of a record label or any third party firm handling them. As of now, services like Spotify, iTunes, and Amazon take 95% of artist revenue. And International Payment by individuals and companies become cheap, fast, and secure. The blockchain can be used in various sectors and its application is not limited to cryptocurrency like bitcoin. Here’s everything you should know about Blockchains: • The person behind this technology is Satoshi Nakamoto, but his real identity is secrecy. • A block in a blockchain consists of various types of information namely Index, Time Value, Hash Value, Previous Hash Value, Data to be stored in the block, Nonce • Blockchain uses hash-based cryptology to assure security. A hash in a Blockchain is an encrypted version of a string or sequence of characters. • It is highly transparent because anyone with an access can view the entire chain. • A blockchain user will have two keys a private and a public key where a public key is for sending material to a specific individual on the blockchain and private key is to authenticate transactions from the individual holder. • The blockchain is now bringing transparency to the food industry too with distributed ledgers that verify everywhere a piece of produce that has traveled along its journey to the market. • Today’s tech giants such as IBM and Microsoft are investing in Blockchain technology and IBM dedicated $200 million right now and 1,000 employees to Blockchain-powered projects. • Today only 0.5% of the world’s population is using Blockchain. But still by 2024 global Blockchain market is expected to be worth $20 billion. • The first Blockchain was the database on which every Bitcoin transaction was stored and now it holds over 160 gigabytes worth of data. • Based on Blockchain technology a city named Tsukuba in Japan has recently tested a voting system. • According to a study conducted by a corporate giant Accenture, world banking sector can save up to $20 billion by 2022 by implementing Blockchain. A future with blockchain technology everywhere awaits for us A future Awaits for us where we can order anything like furniture to our new home by releasing payment via blockchain once the delivery of the furniture is confirmed via the internet of things (IoT) sensors located within the product itself to verify its physical location.
Two pointers is a method for iterating over a linear collection, such as array list and string, by maintaining two indices instead of one to reduce the time complexity of the solution Let's see a specific example The 2Sum Problem Given an array of integers A[N] and an integer number targetSum Find if existing in A two integers A[i] and A[j] such that A[i] + A[j] = targetSum Two pointers approach
Holidaymakers are in Focus of Hackers The tourism industry is increasing with over 7.1 million international tourists in 2018 up from 6.6 million travelers the year prior. But, a growing concern is the number of hacking incidents that travelers can fall prey to. Cybersecurity experts are finding that the increase in travel with airlines, cruises, and hotels make travel destinations hotspots for cybercriminals. Travelers might not realize the dangers of using free wifi in their hotels or in travel destination cafes making them prone to all kinds of attacks. Specifically, there are newer malware threats designed to bypass cybersecurity detection which can lead to other types of attacks. A few types of suspicious attacks to look out for include: Man in the Middle Attacks The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reported an estimated 2.7 million fraud incidents were reported that resulted in a loss of $905 million. Despite cybersecurity programs and free wifi warnings about internet imposters, 1 in every 5 Americans was a victim of some type of online scam. With the man in the middle attack, unsuspecting tourists use free wifi at their travel destinations. They’re unaware that hackers have set up an access point nearby and they mimic the hotspot for the cafe, airport or hotel. It’s recommended that travelers use a virtual private network (VPN) that can encrypt their data online. This prevents their personal information from being shared with attackers who eavesdrop on network traffic. Having the right internet security in place can safeguard a traveler and protect their personal information. Outdated Software An easy way for hackers to gain access to a traveler’s computer is if they haven’t updated their security protocols. Hence, it’s important to always update the software on all devices, PCs, phones, gaming devices, and tablets. Software vulnerabilities are security holes that let attackers in. All they need to do is write code for the vulnerability and they can exploit the traveler’s computer and steal their information. Travelers are not Paying Attention to Phishing Scams Being away on holiday isn’t the time to let one’s guard down. It’s important for travelers to pay attention to emails that ask for personal information. Maybe it’s an urgent request about a package that’s lost in the mail. Or, a friend shares an urgent email that they’re stranded without money. The unsuspecting tourist clicks on the link in the email which is actually a phishing email sent by a scammer. To help travelers know the difference, double-check the wording in every email and look for misspellings and typos like FeDExx. Or an email might have extra wording like instead of simply These might confirm that the email isn’t real. And, if the person contacts that friend in need, they might find that it was the friend’s email that was compromised and they never sent a message of concern. The Same Password is Used for Multiple Accounts Online attackers are sophisticated. A cyber attacker can record keystrokes on a computer at an internet cafe the person is using. From there, all they have to do is use the same password for the traveler’s other accounts. Travelers should change their passwords often and use a combination of numbers, symbols, and letters. For people that don’t want the inconvenience of multiple passwords, they can store them with their preferred cybersecurity software. Travelers are Sharing Too Much on Social Media An attack can come in different ways including social media. When tourists post that they’re in a new location and sharing pictures of their surroundings, a hacker might try to send an attack from another computer pretending to be a friend. All the cybercriminal has to do is send a message to “check out a bar here” or “visit these top restaurants”. They can secretly embed malware in a link and then the person clicks on the link and receives malware on their phone or another device. Attackers can also monitor what the traveler writes on social media for key information they can use to steal the person’s identity. They might look for the person’s mother’s maiden name, first pet or first street address. These are all used with security passwords. Source link Leave a Comment × How can I help you?
How SeaCure Helps Ear Clearing The outside of the ear drum is exposed to water pressure when diving. The space on the inside of the eardrum should be equalized by the pressurized air. This is facilitated by the air coming in through the Eustachian tube (see arrow) one end of which is connected to the middle ear and the other end to the back of the throat. This end is usually closed but can be opened by jaw movement and the action of “clearing.” As the diver moves deeper the increasing pressure must be equalized to avoid pain or even damage to the eardrum. The muscle that assists in the opening of the Eustachian tube is called the Tensor Velli Palatini and it develops from the same tissues and shares nerve connections with the chewing muscles. Because of this early developmental connection these muscles can at times act together (we call this synchrony). When this happens and the divers jaw muscles are tense the TVP muscle will not easily allow the air to enter the Eustachian tube. The diver now has a significant problem clearing. SeaCure has been documented by electromyographic muscle testing to reduce muscle activity by up to 90% over conventional mouthpieces (see graph below). Because the mouthpiece grips the diver, the diver does not have to grip the mouthpiece. SeaCure has also been specifically designed to provide maximum stiffness (unlike some moldable mouthpieces) which again reduces muscle activity. This reduction of muscle activity can help divers who are prone to clearing problems. Many divers have told us of this very important benefit. Standard Mouthpiece Muscle Activity electromyographic muscle testing of standard mouthpiece SeaCure Mouthpiece Muscle Activity electromyographic muscle testing of SeaCure mouthpiece
The Physical World and Its Characteristics Cannot Explain All of Existence The individualistic age of humanity developed the approach of Science to bring forth a new view and standpoint for humanity in its attempt to comprehend human life and the world within which we live. Physical science, mathematics, chemistry, physics, astronomy all worked to explore the world we live in, and understand its laws, processes and relationships. Eventually however, even an exclusive focus on the physical principles of life are found insufficient and the search must turn inward, to the study of the vital and mental processes, and finally to a recognition that consciousness informs the universe and creates the physical world and physical laws rather than the other way round. Sri Aurobindo, The Human Cycle: The Psychology of Social Development, Chapter 3, The Coming of the Subjective Age, pp. 28-29 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
UK National Databank of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) or salinity-temperature-depth (STD) profiles (1969-) Data set information \| Query EDMED \| Data holding centreBritish Oceanographic Data Centre CountryUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Time periodFrom 1969 onwards Geographical area Primarily North Atlantic and UK continental shelf but also contains global data Transmittance and attenuance of the water column; Electrical conductivity of the water column; Chlorophyll pigment concentrations in water bodies; Dissolved oxygen parameters in the water column; Raw fluorometer output; Salinity of the water column; Temperature of the water column; Raw suspended particulate material concentration sensor output; Concentration of suspended particulate material in the water column; Sound velocity and travel time in the water column; Alkalinity, acidity and pH of the water column; Visible waveband radiance and irradiance measurements in the atmosphere; Visible waveband radiance and irradiance measurements in the water column; Raw light meter output Fluorometers; radiometers; optical backscatter sensors; sound velocity sensors; transmissometers; CTD; dissolved gas sensors; pH sensors The databank comprises more than 60,000 profiles of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) or salinity-temperature-depth (STD) profiles collected during 100s of research cruises by UK laboratories, since 1969. In addition to water column temperature and salinity, some profiles may include measurements for nutrients, dissolved gases, pigments, or suspended particulate material. The majority of profiles were collected in the North East Atlantic or the shelf seas (often around the UK) but data are available from elsewhere including for example the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Many profiles have been measured in the shallow waters of the UK continental shelf but some are deep ocean profiles which may contain data to a depth of 5000m. Data are normally supplied to the British Oceanographic Data Centre as time or depth averages resulting in vertical resolutions between 0.5 dbar and 10 dbar, with casts collected in shallow water typically having a higher vertical resolution. OriginatorsBritish Oceanographic Data Centre Data web site OrganisationBritish Oceanographic Data Centre ContactPolly Hadžiabdić (Head of the BODC Requests Team) British Oceanographic Data Centre Joseph Proudman Building 6 Brownlow Street L3 5DA United Kingdom Telephone+44 (0)782 512 0946 Collating centreBritish Oceanographic Data Centre Local identifier1048015 Global identifier159 Last revised2019-11-05
The Real Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Article Featured Image Microsoft made headlines in 2016 when a representative of the company started acting inappropriately on Twitter. Fairly new to the public social media platform, the representative, called Tay, quickly began dishing out highly offensive comments. Adding further insult to the damage done to Microsoft’s reputation, Tay was an early prototype chatbot that was engineered by Microsoft’s own research team. Though its intentions were noble, Tay was given the ability to learn from reams of user behavior to formulate its own original responses. As such, it was easily corrupted, drawing inspiration from some of the bad influences it came across. Microsoft couldn’t fire Tay, but it did have to remove tens of thousands of tweets that it had fired off in poor taste. Tay is often cited as living—if not quite breathing—testament to the dangers of letting artificial intelligence–driven machines act on their own. And for companies looking to implement sentient tools in their customer service endeavors—where appeasing the customer is paramount—the prospect of a Tay-type incident has deterred even some of the most tech-savvy enterprises from going anywhere near artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. “Whether you’re looking at [AI] from an agent perspective or a customer perspective, this is a revolutionary technology, [one that] will change our industry,” says Kathleen Jezierski, chief operating officer at COPC, a global consulting company. “But we also have to remember that when it goes wrong, it can go wildly wrong,” pointing out that Tay’s mishaps were not just seen by one person, but by thousands. While it might be a terrible idea for a company to let AI conduct free and unsupervised conversations with people, let alone run a Twitter account, the consensus is that such tools can be useful guides to customer service organizations as they try to resolve common customer issues. They simply require the supervision of humans. Tools that use AI and learn from data to become smarter over time can help contact center agents quickly access information scattered across multiple locations. And when used wisely, these tools can also allow customers to quickly find solutions on their own. When, for example, agents have to deal with very complex issues, they need to be able to search for relevant information quickly. If no answers are available, agents can make note of this lack of information and improve the knowledge base by collecting feedback about it. The same AI technologies can also analyze text or voice recordings to identify customer emotions and intentions and then use that information to determine where a call or message should be routed. But the technology is far more versatile than that. According to Kate Leggett, a vice president and principal analyst at Forrester Research, AI and machine learning will extend far beyond the contact center to impact nearly every aspect of customer service, including field service and customer success management. Companies, then, should start using these technologies sooner rather than later. Unfortunately, it is not as simple as buying a solution and pressing some buttons. Many complex considerations have to be taken into account before companies can introduce AI into their workforce. Contrary to its portrayal in movies such as Ex Machina or Her, AI has plenty of limitations right now and will continue to be limited in the not-too-distant future. Experts agree that those who wish to replace live customer service agents entirely with robots will be disappointed, at least for the time being. “The expectation that AI is going to do your laundry and solve world hunger is overblown. We’re far away from the true potential of AI,” Leggett says. “But using AI today to solve very discrete scenarios—to be able to shift the needle on some fundamental metrics like productivity and efficiency—is here today.” Using AI to shave two seconds off every call by automatically classifying cases wound up saving one major insurance company up to $18 million a year, she says. But not every company can expect those kinds of results right away. Therefore, companies must set realistic goals with AI-driven technology, experts advise. “AI has been effective at structuring large data sets and millions and millions of records, which no human could ever do alone,” says Matt Swanson, CEO of Augment, provider of a customer experience AI platform. However, “where AI still struggles, and will for some time, is in decision making and the judgment of the appropriateness of what matches a scenario,” he cautions. CRM Covers for qualified subscribers Subscribe Now Current Issue Past Issues Buyer's Guide Companies Mentioned
Iban - Sociopolitical Organization Social Organization. Each longhouse, as each bilik, is an autonomous unit. Traditionally the core of each house was a group of descendants of the founders. Houses near one another on the same river or in the same region were commonly allied, marrying among themselves, raiding together beyond their territories, and resolving disputes by peaceful means. Regionalism, deriving from these alliances, in which Iban distinguished themselves from other allied groups, persists in modern state politics. Essentially egalitarian, Iban are aware of long-standing status distinctions among themselves, recognizing the raja berani (wealthy and brave), mensia saribu (commoners), and ulun (slaves). Prestige still accrues to descendants of the first status, disdain to descendants of the third. Political Organization. Prior to the arrival of the British adventurer James Brooke there were no permanent leaders, but the affairs of each house were directed by consultations of family leaders. Men of influence included renowned warriors, bards, augurs, and other specialists. Brooke, who became Rajah of Sarawak, and his nephew, Charles Johnson, created political positions—headman ( tuai rumah ), regional chief ( penghulu ), paramount chief ( temenggong )—to restructure Iban society for administrative control, especially for purposes of taxation and the suppression of head-hunting. The creation of permanent political positions and the establishment of political parties in the early 1960s have profoundly changed the Iban. Social Control. Iban employ three strategies of social control. First, from childhood, they are taught to avoid conflict, and for a majority every effort is made to prevent it. Second, they are taught by story and drama of the existence of numerous spirits who vigilantly ensure observation of numerous taboos; some spirits are interested in preserving the peace, while others are responsible for any strife that arises. In these ways, the stresses and conflicts of ordinary life, especially life in the longhouse, in which one is in more or less constant sight and sound of others, have been displaced onto the spirits. Third, the headman hears disputes between members of the same house, the regional chief hears disputes between members of different houses, and government officers hear those disputes that headmen and regional chiefs cannot resolve. Conflict. Major causes of conflict among Iban have traditionally been over land boundaries, alleged sexual improprieties, and personal affronts. Iban are a proud people and will not tolerate insult to person or property. The major cause of conflict between Iban and non-Iban, especially other tribes with whom Iban competed, was control of the most productive land. As late as the first two decades of the twentieth century, the conflict between Iban and Kayan in the upper Rejang was serious enough to require the second rajah to send a punitive expedition and expel the Iban forcefully from the Balleh River. Also read article about Iban from Wikipedia User Contributions:
Menu Close Back Sharpen These App Security Skills to Stand Out as a Developer Sharpen These App Security Skills to Stand Out as a Developer Developers aren’t necessarily security professionals, but secure coding is a discipline that can serve both iOS and Android developers alike. Not only can AppSec skills help protect an organization against threats, they can also make coders even more marketable. One of the biggest challenges of AppSec is that developers need to operate in a context of zero trust. The device itself and the application could become a target at any given moment. For example, hackers may clone or repackage apps with malicious code, or reverse-engineer apps to steal IP or sensitive data. Organizations like OWASP have dedicated top 10 lists for application security risks, which will continue to arise if developers aren’t diligent about protecting their code. Here are a few ways in which app developers and engineers can sharpen their secure coding skills to prevent successful attacks to their iOS and Android apps. Participate in Bug Bounties While there’s no substitute for real-world experience, bug bounties, such as Google’s Vulnerability Reward Program (VRP) can help you identify vulnerabilities that need to be addressed. Programs like these will reward developers for discovering vulnerabilities in Google’s own applications, including remote code execution, unrestricted file system or database access, logic flaw bugs and more. Once you’ve learned how to identify some of these bugs in the wild, you can perform penetration testing on your own applications to determine where there are points of vulnerability, and remediate them before they become larger problems for your organization. Learn Common Code Hardening Techniques Both Android and iOS applications and SDKs can easily be reverse-engineered by hackers, which can expose source code and API keys or lead to cloning or repackaging counterfeit versions of your apps (complete with security vulnerabilities included). Fortunately, code obfuscation—that is, rendering code illegible without affecting its functionality—can prevent hackers from exploiting applications. In addition, encryption ensures that the code of the application, as well as its data, cannot be accessed while the application is at rest. It can be helpful to understand some of the basic techniques so you know exactly how your application’s code will be impacted. For example, some of the most common code obfuscation and encryption techniques are: • Arithmetic obfuscation: using simple arithmetic and logical expressions to create equivalents in code • Name obfuscation: replacing readable names in code with illogical equivalents. Solutions such as ProGuard can help you try this basic obfuscation technique • Control flow obfuscation: modifying the code’s logic to make it less predictable and more difficult to trace • String encryption: uses random encryption for each string, or scrambles strings • Asset encryption: encrypts files in the asset directory so they’re unreadable by hackers • Resource encryption: encrypts the resources within the apps themselves, including the data Developers should understand these techniques and the impact on their apps well enough to be able to make strategic decisions about trade-offs that are worthwhile for the security benefits they provide. Software that obfuscates and encrypts code, such as DexGuard for Android and iXGuard for iOS, can help automate some of these processes for you as a developer. Protect Against Dynamic Attacks Testing apps for vulnerabilities during their development and QA phases is another important part of making sure that the application is ready for prime time. However, runtime application self-protection, or RASP, provides an additional layer of security against dynamic attacks. Since many security attacks happen in real time, it’s important to have a mechanism in place to block the attacks and protect the app’s vulnerable assets. RASP works by monitoring the integrity of the application and the environment in which it is running in real time. As a result, the application developer would receive a security notification if a third party tampers with their app, and/or a hacker’s session within the application would be terminated immediately upon any wrongdoing. Deploying Static and Dynamic App Protection Guardsquare’s mobile app protection solutions help developers secure their completed applications, ensuring that a combination of best practices including RASP, code hardening, and vulnerability management are in place to prevent common security issues. The era of secure coding is here for applications, and developers can no longer rely on the default requirements of app stores to protect their sensitive data and IP from hackers (even iOS). Starting with these three areas, developers can hone their skills and protect their organizations against security threats. Want to learn more? Download the DexGuard and iXGuard fact sheets.
Jinxia Li Published: 22 January 2015 Lubricating Grease: Experiments and Modeling of wall-bounded and free-surface flows Lubricating grease is commonly applied to lubricate e.g. rolling bearings, seals and gears. Grease has some clear advantages over lubricating oil: it is a semisolid material, which prevents it from flowing/ leaking out from the bearing system and gives it sealing properties, and it also protects the system from contaminants and corrosion. Due to its consistency, lubricating grease has many additional advantages over lubricating oil: it does not require pumps, filters and sumps. However, the rheology of grease makes it more difficult to measure and study its flow dynamics. This study focuses on the influence of rheology on grease flow in different geometries involving a straight channel with restrictions, concentric cylinder geometry, and free-surface flow on a rotating disc. To better understand grease flow in bearings and seals, two types of flow restrictions were applied into the straight channel in order to simulate the flow of grease near a seal pocket. In the case of a single restriction, the horizontal distance required for the velocity profile to fully develop is approximately the same as the height of the channel. In the corner before and after the restriction,the velocities are very low and part of the grease is stationary. For the channel with two flow restrictions, this effect is even more pronounced in the narrow space between the restrictions. Clearly, a large part of the grease is not moving. This condition particularly applies in the case of a low-pressure gradient and where high-consistency grease is used. In practice this means that grease may be locally trapped and consequently old/contaminated grease will remain in the seal pockets. A configuration comprising a rotating shaft and two narrow gap sealing-like restrictions (also called Double Restriction Seal, DRS) was designed to simulate a sealing contact. Two different gap heights in the DRS have been used to compare the grease flow. It is shown that partially yielded grease flow is detected in the large gap geometry and fully yielded grease flow in the small gap geometry. For the small gap geometry, it is shown that three distinct grease flow regions are present: a slip layer close to the stationary wall, a bulk flow layer, and a slip layer near the rotating shaft. The shear thinning behaviour of the grease and its wall slip effects have been determined and discussed. Free-surface flow of grease occurs in a variety of situations such as during relubrication and inside a rolling element bearing which is filled to about 30% with grease in order to prevent heavy churning. Here the reflow of lubricant to the bearing races is a key point in the lubricant film build-up, and centrifugal forces have a direct impact on the amount of available grease. Understanding of the free-surface flow behaviour of grease is hence important for the understanding of the lubrication mechanism. Adhesion and mass loss are measured for greases with different rheology on different surfaces and temperatures. It is shown that the critical speed at which the grease starts to move is mostly determined by grease type, yield stress and temperature rather than surface material. A developed analytical model covers a stationary analysis of the flow resulting in solutions for the velocity profile of the grease as well as a solution for the thickness of the viscous layer remaining on the disc.
Nutrition For Athletes With Diabetes The body’s need for further glucose for the duration of exercise can also lead to low blood sugar levels (known as hypoglycemia , pronounced: hy-po-gly-SEE-mee-uh). Low blood sugar can take place when the body utilizes up all the sugar that it is stored so there’s no extra to be released as glucose when the muscles demand it. This is in particular true if insulin levels in the blood are still high soon after taking an injection. You may well have to have to check blood sugar levels and have an additional snack to avert low blood sugar levels. If you’re beginning a rigorous exercising schedule, like training for a sport, your medical doctor could propose that you adjust your insulin dosage to avert low blood sugar levels. In folks with Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. This benefits in inadequate glucose uptake into the cells for energy and an accumulation of glucose in the blood. Individuals with Sort 1 Diabetes demand every day injections of insulin to handle their blood glucose levels. Thiazolidinediones—pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia)—act to improve insulin sensitivity. 14 Hypoglycemia is uncommon, 14 but there are current issues about the increased threat of cardiovascular events and edema with rosiglitazone. There are restricted information relating to the efficacy of these medicines in stopping extended-term complications of diabetes the danger:advantage ratio is unclear. 29 , 30 Caution ought to be utilized with these medications owing to concerns for cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and the unknown effects of the medicines with exercising.
What is a Data Scientist May 25, 2016 It turns out that this question is harder to answer than you might think. Having just performed a quick Google search, the top hit came back with a page giving 14 different definitions of what a data scientist is and what they do. As someone who purports to be a data scientist, I’m constantly irked by the liberal use and abuse of the job title so I thought it was high time I waded into the debate. Apparently (Wikipedia research alert), the term “data science” has been around since the sixties and was used interchangeably with “computer science” to describe someone who did any machine aided computer processing. Of course, these days the field of computer science is very far removed from just the processing of data (at least that’s what computer scientists like to think) and the title of data scientist has been repurposed to describe people who do something to do with data… And, no, I’m not talking about statisticians! Data? Statistics? What’s the Difference? This does raise the interesting question about what the difference is between a data scientist and a statistician. Many definitions of a data scientist suggest that they derive insight from data and present it to others in a form which is more readily accessible. Arguably, this is exactly what an applied statistician does, so what make data scientists so special? a data scientist is a statistician but they also have other skills In my opinion, this confusion between statisticians and data scientists is precisely why the definition of a data scientist as “someone who derives insights from data” is literally not sufficient (that was a statistics pun for those of you that weren’t paying attention!) In my book, a data scientist is a statistician but they also have other skills and knowledge that sets them apart. For me, a data scientist has three main attributes: 1) Knowledge of statistics and statistical methods. 2) Computer programming experience 3) Business analysis skills I suspect that the first two are fairly uncontroversial but, in my experience, very little is made of the fact that data scientists are constantly having to analyse processes and procedures to understand the context of the data that they’re working with and also how any insights or models that they produce can actually be incorporated to either improve the existing processes or complement them; propensity modelling on a website is a classic example of this. Suppose a data scientist is tasked with designing a propensity model to suggest which clothes a customer might be interesting in purchasing next, a statistician’s approach would be to gather all the available data and then design a model which, for a given set of behaviours, gives a prediction of what the customer would next go on to buy. A data science approach to the same problem could be to use the same data but then develop a model which operates interactively, while the customer is browsing the website, to try to influence the purchase decision towards a favourable outcome for the business. The difference can be quite subtle, and may lead to the same conclusions, but I would suggest that the mind-set is quite different. So What Does A Data Scientist Do? For me, where a data scientist proves their worth, is by being an active consumer of data - not just providing a static analysis of the data at hand and then producing a report. A successful data scientist has to be able to do all of the following: • Analyse the data in context to develop insights from it. • Prototype models to show why a particular outcome occurred. • Design algorithms to exploit the underlying insights from the data. • Develop validation strategies and tests to prove the design works. • Understand the business and technical challenges involved in implementing their design. • Understand the limitations and assumptions of the final implementation. Most of what I’ve talked about so far has been to do with analysing the data and developing models, but this is only half of the job. There is no point in developing a clever model which solves all of a business’s problems if it can’t actually be incorporated into the business’s procedures, IT infrastructure, software design, etc. This is why it is important that a data scientist is able to collaborate with developers, business analysts, and technical architects to understand the physical limitations and non-functional requirements that their algorithm has to work with. In extreme situations this may mean that the original solution is unworkable and has to be completely redesigned but this is exactly why data scientists shouldn’t just develop a model and then throw it over the wall to some developers to implement. This is another reason why data scientists are more than just statisticians. It is widely acknowledged that there are issues when it comes to developers implementing algorithms that have been designed by data scientists. Often this problem is solved by the data scientist restricting themselves to simple methods that, while not as effective as a more sophisticated technique, they know should be straightforward to implement by a developer that doesn’t have a data science background. I have frequently heard that data scientist end up implementing linear regression models because at least they know that they aren’t going to be problematic to implement. For me, this is the wrong way of going about things. Ideally the developers that are tasked with implementing the latest creation from a data scientist should have some understanding of the methods involved and, by the same token, the data scientist should have enough understanding of the developer’s environment to be able to work with them to modify their algorithms to fit requirements surrounding execution time, data structure, data timeliness, etc. If this effort is not undertaken then there is the danger that the potential solutions are too limited or, in the worst case, the developer implements something that doesn’t actually do what is intended. The Cerberus of Data Okay, so I admit that finding one person who is an expert in all of the different areas I’ve just outlined is hard to come by so what do you do in reality? Fortunately, for sophisticated projects at least, you wouldn’t just have one person who is responsible for anything that might have some sort of data science aspect to it; the different facets are shared out within a data science team. By ensuring that your team has a disparate set of these skills, different people with different specialities can take up the different tasks involved and hopefully fulfil all of the requirements of the data scientist brief. It does require a certain amount of team working skills (not necessarily a universal trait among data scientists!) but it is often the only way to overcome the problem. So, while it appears that there are a set of skills that a data scientist must have, it turns out that actually data scientists actually come in various different flavours. Depending on what their specialities are, you will have different data scientists that are better suited to doing different parts of the job, so you wouldn’t expect one person to be able to do everything. In retrospect, this does seem to undermine the whole subject of this blog somewhat but then the analysis of my self-defeating nature is the topic of another blog post. Maybe I need to get a data scientist to look into that… Or maybe two…
Deva, aka: Devā; 33 Definition(s) In Hinduism Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy) 1) Deva (देव, “lord”) refers to a specific “mode of address” (nāman) used in drama (nāṭya), according to Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 19. Deva is used by servants to address their king. 2) Deva (देव) refers to a women of goddess (deva) type, according to Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 24.—“A woman who has delicate limbs, steady and soft looks from the corner of her eyes, is free from any disease, has lustre, munificence, truth and simplicity, emits very little sweat, has middling sexual passion, takes moderate food, loves sweet scent and is engaged in vocal and instrumental music, is known to possess the nature of a goddess (deva)”. 3) Deva (देव) refers to the “gods” according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 35. Accordingly, the role (bhūmikā) of actors playing the Gods is defined as, “Persons who have all the limbs intact, well-formed and thick-set, who are full-grown, not fat or lean or tall or large, who have vivacity, pleasant voice and good appearance, should be employed to take up the role of gods (deva)”. Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra Natyashastra book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Natyashastra from relevant books on Exotic India Purana and Itihasa (epic history) Deva (देव).—Gods or deities. General information. From time immemorial belief in Devas has existed in every country and all religions have lauded their superior nature and power. It was the Hindus and the Buddhists who first applied the term 'Deva' to certain very subtle beings recognised in all religions. The Pārsi religion (Zaratuṣṭra) has spoken about seven Devarājans and their attendants. 'Ameṣ pentas' is the actual term used for the Devarāja. The Christian religion refers to nine sects of Devas like Srāfi, Kherubi, Dominion, Angel etc. Īslam refers to four chief Devas viz. Gabriel, the presiding Deva over revelations, Mikhayel of protection, Asriyal of death and Israfin of resurruction. An important section of the Ṛgveda is Sūktas about Devās like Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni etc. In Yajñas etc. Devas occupy a very important place. The Kenopaniṣad states that the conceited and haughty Devas were taught a lesson by God. The subject matter of the Kaṭhopaniṣad is the advice given by Yama to Naciketas. The Muṇḍakopaniṣad says that the Devas, man and birds originated from God.* There are references about Deva worship in the Smṛtis. The Purāṇas and Upapurāṇas contain scientific discussions, about the origin, work or functions, classes, etc. of Devas. The Mantraśāstra and Tantraśāstra deal also about the various sects and class of Devas, their nature, and the worship to be offered to them etc. (See full article at Story of Deva from the Puranic encyclopaedia by Vettam Mani) Source: Puranic Encyclopaedia 1a) Deva (देव).—The name of the 6th Kalpa.* • * Matsya-purāṇa 290. 4. 1b) With fourteen faces; born from the fourfaced Brahmā with different colours and sounds; from these were born 14 Manus.* • * Vāyu-purāṇa 26. 27-30. Viṣṇu-purāṇa I. 5. 33-4. 1c) One of Viśvāmitra's sons.* • * Vāyu-purāṇa 91. 96. 1d) A son of Akrūra and Ugrasenī.* • * Vāyu-purāṇa 96. 112. 1e) A son of Devaka.* • * Vāyu-purāṇa 96. 129. 1f) Eight kinds of Gods.* • * Vāyu-purāṇa 58. 123. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index Deva (देव) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.59.7, I.65, I.61.1) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Deva) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old. Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places Purana book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Purana from relevant books on Exotic India Vastushastra (architecture) Deva (देव, “gods”) refers to one of the three gaṇa (clusters), according to the Mānasāra. Gaṇa is one of the three alternative principles, besides the six āyādiṣaḍvarga, used to constitute the “horoscope” of an architectural or iconographic object. Their application is intended to “verify” the measurements of the architectural and iconographic object against the dictates of astrology that lay out the conditions of auspiciousness. The particular gaṇa (eg., deva) of all architectural and iconographic objects (settlement, building, image) must be calculated and ascertained. This process is based on the principle of the remainder. An arithmetical formula to be used in each case is stipulated, which engages one of the basic dimensions of the object (breadth, length, or perimeter/circumference). Of the three gaṇas, the asura (demonic) and manuṣa (human) class are to be avoided. Source: Wisdom Library: Vāstu-śāstra Vastushastra book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Vastushastra from relevant books on Exotic India General definition (in Hinduism) The whole Genealogy of the South Indian Deteis is divided into four main parts: 1. Parāparavastu; 2. Mummūrttis; 3. Grāmadevatās; 4. Devas. Source: Google Books: Genealogy of the South Indian Deities Devas are gods who are placed in the world known as Devaloka. In this world [of human beings] they do not have either temples or adoration, with an exception that they are remembered in several ways in the history books [i.e., in Purāṇas]. Whenever sacrifices are offered to the above-mentioned gods and goddesses, the Devas receive some attention [lit. ceremonies] too. There are many beings that do not have the name of a god. Since they are highly respected, they are mentioned in the history books [i.e., Purāṇas]. They too must be counted to the number of Devas. Source: Google Books: Genealogy of the South Indian Deities Deva (देव): The Sanskrit word for god or deity. It can be interpreted as a demi-god, deity or any supernatural being of high excellence. Source: WikiPedia: Hinduism In Buddhism Theravada (major branch of Buddhism) Literally, "shining one" - an inhabitant of the heavenly realms (see sagga and sugati).Source: Access to Insight: A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist Terms 1. Deva - Aggasavaka of Sujata Buddha. He was a chaplains son, and the Buddhas first sermon was addressed to him and his friend Sudassana (J.i.38; BuA.168, 170). He is also called Sudeva (Bu.xiii.25). 2. Deva - A devaputta, son of Virupakkha and brother of Kalakanni (J.iii.261). 3. Deva - A monk, resident in Kappukagama (v.l. Kambugama). Voharikatissa heard him preach and restored for him five buildings (Mhv.xxxvi.29; Dpv.xxii.41). This may be the Thera whom Sanghatissa heard preaching the Andhakavinda Sutta. The king, being very pleased with him, set up an offering of gruel to the monks of the Mahavihara (Dpv.xxii 50). 4. Deva - A thera of Ceylon at whose request Upasena wrote the Maha Niddesa Commentary (MNidA.i.1). 5. Deva - See also Maliya(Malaya-)-deva and Mahadeva. 6. Deva - A Thera of Ceylon, who, according to the Gandhavamsa (Gv. p.63), wrote the Sumanakutavannana. This work is, however, generally ascribed to Vedeha (P.L.C.223f; Svd.1263). 7. Deva - Senapati of Kittisirimegha. He was stationed at Badalatthali, and accompanied Ratnavali when he took the young Parakkamabahu to Kittisirimegha. Cv.xxvii.82. 8. Deva - Lankadhinayaka. A general of Gajabahu II. Cv.lxx.104, 324. 9. Deva - A general of Parakkamabahu I. He took part in the campaigns against Gajabahu, and later was sent to his rescue in Pulatthipura. Deva was imprisoned there, and Parakkamabahu sent housebreakers to release him, after which he was despatched with an army to Gangatataka, where he defeated Manabharana. At Hedillakhandagama he defeated Mahinda. The last we hear of him is that he fell into his enemys power at a village called Surulla. Parakkamabahu went to rescue him, but had to abandon the effort. It is possible that he was ransomed and became Lankapura. (See below.) Cv.lxx.123, 153-7, 245, 285, 300, 316; lxxii.45, 75, 82, 122, 137f. 10. Deva - A general of Parakkamabahu I., called Lankapura, probably identical with 9. He fought against Sukarabhatu, and later took part in the Sinhalese expedition to South India and fought in fierce battles at Tirippaluru and Rajina, capturing the latter place. Cv.lxxv.130; lxxvi.250, 310, 324, 326. 11. Deva - A minister of Ayasmanta. He was sent to erect a vihara at Valligama. Cv.lxxx.38. 12. Deva - A setthi of Vedisagiri. His daughter Devi was married to Asoka, who met her while staying at her fathers house on his way to Ujjeni. MT.324; Sp.i.70. 13. Deva. A minister of Devagama. He once gave food to a starving dog. He was reborn in the same village, and later entered the Order at Pupphavasa Vihara. During the Brahmanatiya famine a tree deity looked after him for twelve years. Once men looking for food wished to kill him, but he was saved by his luck. He became an arahant, -- or -- 1. Deva - A class of beings.Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names M Being dwelling in the sphere of existence bearing the same name and which is superior to the one of humans. A deva is endowed with far subtler and more refined sensuous perceptive faculties than the ones of humans. There do exist six different categories of devas. The individuals pertaining to the lowest category can expect to live up to nine millions of years and the ones pertaining to the loftiest, up to nine billions two hundred sixteen millions of years. A deva does enjoy a tremendous comfort. All his needs are being fulfilled in such an easy way that he absolutely has no effort to do to satisfy them. Most of humans dream to experience these kinds of living conditions as they ceaselessly go after pleasure. Such a rejoicing life quality as the one of a deva is dangerous as in no wise does it stir up within those beings (except a few exceptional cases) an interest into the path to detachment, which is meant for eradicating suffering. In spite of the appearances, suffering is being experienced, at any elapsing moment, among all the beings of each sphere of existence. Thus, the kind of life which is led by a deva widely prompts him to be rooted into ignorance. Source: Dhamma Dana: Pali English Glossary 1. Cātumahārājika-deva, 2. Tāvatimsa, 3. Yāma, 4. Tusita (s. Bodhisatta), 5. Nimmāna-rati, 6. Paranimmita-vasavatti. Cf. anussati. (6). 2. Parittābha, Appamānābha, ābhassara. Here will be reborn those with experience of the 2nd absorption. 1. the heavenly beings of the sphere of unbounded space (ākāsānañcāyatanūpaga-devā), 2. of unbounded consciousness (viññānañcāyatanūpaga-deva), 3. of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatanūpaga devā), Source: Pali Kanon: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Theravada from relevant books on Exotic India Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism) Deva (देव).—There are three kinds of gods (deva): 1. the metaphorical gods (saṃmatideva), 2. the gods by birth (upapattideva), 3. the pure gods (viśuddhideva). The Cakravartin kings and other Mahārājas are called saṃmatideva. The gods of the Caturmahārajakāyika heaven up to those of the Bhavāgra are called upapattideva. The Buddhas, the Dharmakāya Bodhisattvas, the Pratyekabuddhas and the Arhats are called viśuddhideva. Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra Mahayana book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Mahayana from relevant books on Exotic India Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism) Deva (देव) is the name of a Vīra (hero) who, together with the Ḍākinī named Devinī forms one of the 36 pairs situated in the Agnicakra, according to the 10th century Ḍākārṇava chapter 15. Accordingly, the agnicakra refers to one of the three divisions of the saṃbhoga-puṭa (‘enjoyment layer’), situated in the Herukamaṇḍala. The 36 pairs of Ḍākinīs and Vīras [viz., Deva] are red in color; they each have one face and four arms; they hold a skull bowl, a skull staff, a small drum, and a knife. Source: The Structure and Meanings of the Heruka Maṇḍala Tibetan Buddhism book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Tibetan Buddhism from relevant books on Exotic India General definition (in Buddhism) Deva (देव, “gods”) or Devānusmṛti refers to one of the “six recollections” (anusmṛti) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 54). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (eg., deva). The work is attributed to Nagarguna who lived around the 2nd century A.D. Deva also refers to one of the “six destinations” (gata) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 57). Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgrahaLiterally "heavenly beings," devas for a large group of deities from the pantheons of other religions, especially Hinduism, who have been adopted into the service of Buddhism.Source: The Art of Asia: Who is Who in Heaven A deva in Buddhism is one of many different types of non human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being. From a human perspective, devas share the characteristic of being invisible to the physical human eye. The presence of a deva can be detected by those humans who have opened the divyacaksus (Pali: dibbacakkhu), an extrasensory power by which one can see beings from other planes. Their voices can also be heard by those who have cultivated a similar power of the ear. The devas fall into three classes depending upon which of the three dhatus, or "realms" of the universe they are born in: • The devas of the Arupyadhatu • The devas of the Rupadhatu • The devas of the Kamadhatu Also see: Types of devas Source: WikiPedia: Buddhism In Jainism General definition (in Jainism) Deva (देव) is the shorter name of Devadvīpa, one of the continents (dvīpa) of the middle-world (madhyaloka) which is encircled by the ocean named Devasasamudra (or simply Deva), according to Jain cosmology. The middle-world contains innumerable concentric dvīpas and, as opposed to the upper-world (adhaloka) and the lower-world (ūrdhvaloka), is the only world where humans can be born. Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism Deva (देव).—Gods (deva) are beings with fine transformation-bodies who pass their lives, which are very long in comparison to earthly conception, relatively in a greater or smaller state of bliss. They enter into existence through “manifestation” (upapāta), i.e., they appear suddenly where according to their karman they must originate. If the āyus of a god is exhausted, his existence is ended, without a cause of death (upakrama) being the apparent reason of it. Gods are developed and undeveloped; the latter only if their organs are not fully developed. The faculties (labdhi) of the body, breath, etc. are always completely existing in a god. The 4 celestial classes are: 1. Bhavanavāsin, 2. Vyantara, 3. Jyotiṣka, 4. Vaimānika. Source: Google Books: The Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy Deva (देव).—The four types of gods are Bhavanavāsins, Vyantaras, Jyotiṣkas and Vaimānikas. And the ten classes into which a god sub-type is divided are: 1. Indra (someone who acts as a chief), 2. Sāmānika (someone who is as good as Indra), 3. Trāyastriṃśa (someone who acts as a minister or a chaplain), 4. Pāriṣadya (someone who acts as a companion), 5. Āmarakṣaka (someone who acts as a bodyguard), 6. Lokapāla (someone who acts as a border-guard), 7. Anīka (someone who acts as an army-chief), 8. Prakīrṇaka (someone who acts as an ordinary townsman or villager), 9. Ābhiyogya (someone who acts as an slave), 10. Kilviṣika (someone who acts as an outcaste). The god-types Vyantara and Jyotiṣa lack the classes Trāyastriṃśa and Lokapāla, the god-types Bhavanavāsin and Vyantara have two Indras each. Source: Google Books: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies volume X: Jain Philosophy (Part 1) 1) Deva (देव).—The ten divisions of Gods are: 1. Indras (lords of all the gods), 2. Sāmānikas (the same as Indras but lack Indraship), 3. Trāyastriṃśas (the ministers and priests of Indras), 4. Pārṣadyas (companions of Indras), 5. Rākṣasas (bodyguards), 6. Lokapālas (quarter-guardians who wokrk as spies of Indras), 7. Anīkas (the armies), 8. Prakīrṇas (the villagers and townsmen), 9. Ābhiyogikas (who work like slaves), 10. Kilbiṣakas (who are regarded as the lowest castes). The Jyotiṣkas and Vyantaras have no Lokapālas. The Sthānāṅga and other Jaina canons classify gods into four main groups, namely, 1. the Bhavanavāsīs, 2. the Vyantaras or Vāṇamantaras, 3. the Jyotiṣkas 4. and the Vimānavāsīs. These are again sub-dividedinto several groups with Indra, Lokapālas, Queens of these and so on. The classification is acknowledged by both the sects (Śvetāmbara and Digambara) and is a very old tradition, but they are after all deties of a secondary nature in the Jaina Pantheon. 2) Deva (देव).—Somasena, another Digambara writer of c. 16th century a.d., has composed a work, Traivarṇikācāra which betrays much Brahmanical influence. According to him, deities are of four types: 1. Satyadevas, 2. Kuladevas, 3. Kriyādevas, 4. Veśmadevas. Source: Google Books: Jaina Iconography Deva (देव) is the father of Akampita: the eighth of the eleven gaṇadharas (group-leader) of Mahāvīra.—Śramaṇa Lord Mahāvīra’s congregation had 11 gaṇadharas. All these were Brahmin householders from different places. All these gaṇadharas (for example, Akampita) were Brahmins by caste and Vedic scholars. After taking initiation, they all studied the 11 Aṅgas. Hence, all of them had the knowledge of the 14 pūrvas and possessed special attainments (labdhis). Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī Mahāvīra Deva (देव).—According to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 4.1, “the celestial beings (devas, gods) are of four orders /classes”. These classes are called 1. residential (bhavanavāsin), 2. peripatetic or forest (vyantara), 3. stellar /luminous (jyotiṣī), 4. heavenly / empyrean (vaimānika). Literally all celestial beings have either a palace or a vehicle and are free to roam around at will. The word ‘deva’ is extracted from the verb ‘div’ which means to have a desire for victory, to indulge in play etc. The nature of these divine beings (devas) is to have a divine body and to possess 8 types of extraordinary body transforming powers, like transforming their body into smaller size etc and who continue to roam and indulge in various pleasures (auspicious and inauspicious) in the celestial world. Each class of celestial beings (deva) has ten grades namely: 1. lord /chief (indra), 2. his equal or co-chief (sāmānika), 3. the ministers (trāyastriṃśa), 4. the councilors (pāriṣada), 5. the body guard (ātmarakṣa), 6. custodian (lokapāla), 7. army chief (anīka), 8. citizens (prakīrṇaka), 9. attendants (ābhiyogya), 10. the menials (kilviṣika). 1) Deva (देव) or Devāyu refers to “heavenly/celestial realms or states of existence” and represents one of the four divisions of Āyu, or “life determining (karmas)”, which represents one of the eight types of Prakṛti-bandha (species bondage): one of the four kinds of bondage (bandha) according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra chapter 8. What is meant by life in heaven or heavenly life (deva-āyu)? The karmas rise of which causes the body of the living beings stay in heaven realm is life in heaven realm. 2) Deva (देव) refers to “celestial state of existence body-making karma” and represents one of the four types of Gati (state of existence), which represents one of the various kinds of Nāma, or “physique-making (karmas)”, which in turn represents one of the eight types of Prakṛti-bandha (species bondage): one of the four kinds of bondage (bandha) according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra chapter 8. What is meant by celestial (deva) state of existence (gati) body-making (nāma) karmas? The karmas rises of which causes birth in the heavenly realm are called celestial state of existence body-making karma. 3) Deva (देव, “heavenly”) or Devānupūrvī refers to the “infernal migratory form” and represents one of the four types of Ānupūrvī (migratory form), representing one of the various kinds of Nāma, or “physique-making (karmas)”, which represents one of the eight types of Prakṛti-bandha (species bondage): one of the four kinds of bondage (bandha) according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra chapter 8. Source: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 8: Bondage of karmas General definition book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of General definition from relevant books on Exotic India India history and geogprahy 2) Deva (“god”) refers to one of the exogamous septs (divisions) among the Mogers (the Tulu-speaking fishermen of the South Canara district). The Moger people are called Mogayer, and are a caste of Tulava origin believed to Sudras of a pure descent. Deva.—a god; cf. te-aḍimai (SITI), a dancing woman as the servant of a god; maid servant attached to a temple; cf. teva-kuḍimai, tenancy under the control of a temple; tevakulam (deva-kula), a temple. (EI 7), the king. (EI 3), a saint. (EI 7-1-2), ‘thirtythree’. Note: deva is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary India history book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of India history from relevant books on Exotic India Languages of India and abroad Pali-English dictionary deva : (m.) 1. a deity; 2. the sky; 3. a rain cloud; 4. a king. Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary Deva, (Ved. deva, Idg. deịā to shine (see dibba & diva), orig. adj. deiǔos belonging to the sky, cp. Av. daēvō (demon.), Lat. deus, Lith. dë̃vas; Ohg. &slashedZ; īo; Ags. Tīg, Gen. Tīwes (=Tuesday); Oir. dia (god). The popular etymology refers it to the root div in the sense of playing, sporting or amusing oneself: dibbanti ti devā, pañcahi kāmaguṇehi kīḷanti attano vā siriyā jotantī ti attho KhA 123) a god, a divine being; usually in pl. devā the gods. As title attributed to any superhuman being or beings regarded to be in certain respects above the human level. Thus primarily (see 1a) used of the first of the next-world devas, Sakka, then also of subordinate deities, demons & spirits (devaññatarā some kind of deity; snake-demons: nāgas, tree-gods: rukkhadevatā etc.). Also title of the king (3). Always implying splendour (cp. above etym.) & mobility, beauty, goodness & light, & as such opposed to the dark powers of mischief & destruction (asurā: Titans; petā: miserable ghosts; nerayikā sattā: beings in Niraya). A double position (dark & light) is occupied by Yama, the god of the Dead (see Yama & below 1 c). Always implying also a kinship and continuity of life with humanity and other beings; all devas have been man and may again become men (cp. D.I, 17 sq.; S.III, 85), hence “gods” is not a coincident term. All devas are themselves in saṃsāra, needing salvation. Many are found worshipping saints (Th.I, 627—9; Th.II, 365).—The collective appellations differ; there are var. groups of divine beings, which in their totality (cp. tāvatiṃsa) include some or most of the well-known Vedic deities. Thus some collect. designations are devā sa-indakā (the gods, including Indra or with their ruler at their head: D.II, 208; S.III, 90, A.V, 325), sa-pajāpatikā (S.III, 90), sa-mārakā (see deva-manussaloka), sa-brahmakā (S.III, 90). See below 1 b. Lists of popular gods are to be found, e.g. at D.II, 253; III, 194.—A current distinction dating from the latest books in the canon is that into 3 classes, viz. sammuti-devā (conventional gods, gods in the public opinion, i.e. kings & princes J.I, 132; DA.I, 174), visuddhi° (beings divine by purity, i.e. of great religious merit or attainment like Arahants & Buddhas), & upapatti° (being born divine, i.e. in a heavenly state as one of the gatis, like bhumma-devā etc.). This division in detail at Nd2 307; Vbh.422; KhA 123; VvA.18. Under the 3rd category (upapatti°) seven groups are enumerated in the foll. order: Cātummahārājikā devā, Tāvatiṃsā d. (with Sakka as chief), Yāmā d., Tusitā d., Nimmānaratī d., Paranimmita-vasavattī d., Bṛahmakāyikā d. Thus at D.I, 216 sq.; A.I, 210, 332 sq.; Nd2 307; cp. S.I, 133 & J.I, 48. See also devatā. 1. good etc.—(a) sg. a god, a deity or divine being, M.I, 71 (d. vā Māro vā Brahmā vā); S.IV, 180=A.IV, 461 (devo vā bhavissāmi devaññataro vā ti: I shall become a god or some one or other of the (subordinate gods, angels); Sn.1024 (ko nu devo vā Brahmā vā Indo vāpi Sujampati); Dh.105 (+gandhabba, Māra, Brahmā); A.II, 91, 92 (puggalo devo hoti devaparivāro etc.); PvA.16 (yakkho vā devo vā).—(b) pl. devā gods. These inhabit the 26 devalokas one of which is under the rule of Sakka, as is implied by his appellation S. devānaṃ indo (his opponent is Vepacitti Asur-indo S.I, 222) S.I, 216 sq.; IV, 101, 269; A.I, 144; Sn.346; PvA.22 etc.—Var. kinds are e.g. appamāṇ’—ābhā (opp. Paritt’ābhā) M.III, 147; ābhassarā D.I, 17; Dh.200; khiḍḍāpadosikā D.I, 19; gandhabba-kāyikā S.III, 250 sq.; cattāro mahārājikā S.V, 409, 423; Jat I.48; Pv IV.111; PvA.17, 272; naradevā tidasā S.I, 5; bhummā PvA.5; manāpa-kāyikā A.IV, 265 sq.; mano-padosikā D.I, 20; valāhaka-kāyikā S.III, 254.—Var. attributes of the Devas are e.g. āyuppamāṇā A.I, 267; II, 126 sq.; IV, 252 sq.; dīghāyukā S.III, 86; A.II, 33; rūpino manomayā M.I, 410, etc. etc.—See further in general: D.I, 54 (satta devā); II, 14, 157, 208; S.V, 475=A.I, 37; Sn.258 (+manussā), 310 (id.); 404, 679; Dh.30, 56, 94, 230, 366; Ps.I, 83 sq.; II, 149; Vbh.86, 395, 412 sq.; Nett 23; Sdhp.240.—(c) deva=Yama see deva-dūta (explained at J.I, 139: devo ti maccu).—atideva a pre-eminent god, god above gods (Ep. of the Buddha) Nd2 307; DhsA.2 etc.; see under cpds.—2. the sky, but only in its rainy aspect, i.e. rain-cloud, rainy sky, rain-god (cp. Jupiter Pluvius; K.S. I.40, n. 2 on Pajjunna, a Catumahārājika), usually in phrase deve vassante (when it rains etc.), or devo vassati (it rains) D.I, 74 (: devo ti megho DA.I, 218); S.I, 65, 154 (cp. It.66 megha); Sn.18, 30; J.V, 201; DhA.II, 58, 82; PvA.139. devo ekam ekam phusāyati the cloud rains drop by drop, i.e. lightly S.I, 104 sq., 154, 184; IV, 289.—thulla-phusitake deve vassante when the sky was shedding big drops of rain S.III, 141; V, 396; A.I, 243; II, 140; V, 114; Vism.259.—vigata-valāhake deve when the rain-clouds have passed S.I, 65; M.II, 34, 42.—3. king, usually in Voc. deva, king! Vin.I, 272; III, 43; A.II, 57; J.I, 150, 307; PvA.4, 74 etc. devī (f.) 1. goddess, of Petīs, Yakkhiṇīs etc.; see etym. expl. at VvA.18.—Pv.II, 112; Vv 13 etc.—2. queen Vin.I, 82 (Rahulamātā), 272; D.II, 14; A.II, 57, 202 (Mallikā) J.I, 50 (Māyā); III, 188; PvA.19, 75. Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary Pali book cover context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Pali from relevant books on Exotic India Marathi-English dictionary dēva (देव).—m (S from the root diva To shine.) A deity or god. Pr. mānalā tara dēva nāhīṃ tara dhōṇḍā. 2 The Supreme Being, God. 3 An idol. 4 A demon. 5 In the drama. A king. dēva dēva karitāṃ Through many supplications and prayers; or, generally, through many efforts or much exertion. dēva hōūṃ lāgaṇēṃ To begin to be imperious and overbearing; to begin to lord it over. In this sense tū mājhā dēva mī tujhā bhagata "Who made thee a prince and a judge over me." Ex. ii. 14. dēvācēṃ nāṃva āṇi āpalā gāṃva Used where one man possesses virtually things bearing the name of another. dēvācēṃ nāṃva ghēṇēṃ To set to or enter upon (a business or an act). dēvānēṃ ḍāvī dilhī The flowers or rice (which were stuck upon an idol that, from the fall of them according to conditions then stated, might be inferred the idol's answer to the question proposed,) fell on the left side. Hence ḍāvī dēṇēṃ To refuse. Also dēvānēṃ ujavī dilhī The idol has answered consentingly or affirmatively. dēvānēṃ bharalēṃ dharalēṃ See explained under bharaṇēṃ. dēvānēṃ māralēṃ God has laid his hand upon (him, me &c.) dēvāvara havālā ghālaṇēṃ or dēṇēṃ To give over unto God; to commit or resign into the Lord's hands. dēvāvaracīṃ tuḷasīphulēṃ ucalāvīṃ To swear by the tuḷasa (Holy basil). dēvāvaracēṃ phūla or bēla kāḍhaṇēṃ To take off a flower &c. from an idol. A form of taking oath or obtesting a god. dēvāsa or dēvālā karaṇēṃ An ejaculation upon any remarkable providence or occurrence. dēvāsa pēñcaṇēṃ To bind an idol (by making some vow to it) to inflict evil upon an enemy. dēvāsārakhā basaṇēṃ (To sit as the idol.) To sit still and mute. na dēvāya na dharmāya (Sanskrit phrase.) Neither for God nor for religion; or neither in worship nor in charity or love; i. e. not to any good purpose--money expended, labor undergone. Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary dēva (देव).—m A deity or god. Pr. mānalā tara dēva nāhīṃ tara dhōṇḍā An idol. dēva dēva karatā Through many supplications and prayers; or generally, through many efforts or much exertion, give over unto God; to commit or resign into the Lord's hands. dēvāsārakhā basaṇēṃ (To sit as the idol.) To sit still and mute. na dēvāya na dharmāya Neither for God nor for religion; i. e. not to any good purpose. Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India Sanskrit-English dictionary Deva (देव).—a. (- f.) [दिव्-अच् (div-ac)] 1) Divine, celestial; Bg.11. 11; Ms.12.117. 2) Shining; यज्ञस्य देवमृत्विजम् (yajñasya devamṛtvijam) Rv.1.1.1. 3) Fit to be worshipped or honoured. -vaḥ 1 A god, deity; एको देवः केशवो वा शिवो वा (eko devaḥ keśavo vā śivo vā) Bh.3.12. 2) (a) The god of rain, an epithet of Indra; as in द्वादश वर्षाणि देवो न ववर्ष (dvādaśa varṣāṇi devo na vavarṣa); अवर्षयद्देवः (avarṣayaddevaḥ) Rām.1.9.18; काले च देशे च प्रववर्ष देवः (kāle ca deśe ca pravavarṣa devaḥ) Bu. Ch.2.7. (b) A cloud. 3) A divine man, Brāhmaṇa, as in भूदेव (bhūdeva). 4) A king, ruler, as in मनुष्यदेव (manuṣyadeva); तां देवसमितिं (tāṃ devasamitiṃ) (abhyā- gacchat) Mb.3.13.22. 5) A title affixed to the names of Bārhmaṇas; as in गोविन्ददेव, पुरुषोत्तमदेव (govindadeva, puruṣottamadeva) &c. 6) (In dramas) A title of honour used in addressing a king, ('My lord', 'Your majesty'); ततश्च देव (tataśca deva) Ve.4; यथाज्ञापयति देवः (yathājñāpayati devaḥ) &c. 7) Quicksilver. 8) The Supreme Spirit; हित्वा च देहं प्रविशन्ति देवं दिवौकसो द्यामिव पार्थ सांख्याः (hitvā ca dehaṃ praviśanti devaṃ divaukaso dyāmiva pārtha sāṃkhyāḥ) Mb.12.31.112. 9) A fool 1) A child. 11) A man following any particular business. 12) A lover. 13) Emulation. 14) Sport, play. 15) A husband's brother (cf. devṛ, devara). 16) A lancer. -vam An organ of sense; देवानां प्रभवो देवो मनसश्च त्रिलोककृत् (devānāṃ prabhavo devo manasaśca trilokakṛt) Mb.14.41.3. [cf. L. deus; Gr. deos.]. Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary Deva (देव).—(Sanskrit), often also devaputra (rare in Sanskrit, com-mon in Pali devaputta), god. More or less complete and corresponding lists of the classes of Buddhist gods are given in Pali in MN iii.100 ff.; Kvu 207, 208; Abhidh-s. (here called Abh) 21; Childers (Ch) 467 has a list nearly agreeing with the last; in BHS, in Mvy 3075 ff.; Dharmas 127 ff.; Mv (1) ii.314.4 ff.; (2) 348.16 ff.; LV 150.2 ff.; Av i.5.1 ff. (et alibi); Divy (1) 68.12 ff.; (2) 138.19 ff.; (3) 367.9 ff.; (4) 568.24 ff.; Bbh 61.27 ff.; Gv 249.10 ff. (the last in reverse order). There are other lists, mostly fragmentary, and often so confused as to be hardly usable. The gods fall into three grand divisions: kāmāvacara, living in the kāmadhātu (compare Mvy 3071—4), usually six in number; rūpāvacara, in the rūpadhātu; ārūpyāva- cara, in the ārūpyadhātu. Cf. also the 9 sattvāvāsa, Mvy 2288 ff. (Pali DN 3.263). — Kāmāvacara (deva). The standard list is: cāturmahārājika (BHS sometimes cat°); often °rājakāyika, so in Mvy, Dharmas, Divy 2, Bbh; trāyastriṃśa (Av, Divy, Bbh, trayas°); yāma (Bbh yama); tuṣita (in Dharmas before yāma); nir- māṇarati (see also nirmita); paranirmitavaśavartin. The Gv list omits 1 and 2. Before 1, Mvy inserts bhauma and āntarikṣavāsin, making 8 instead of 6. So Mv 2 prefixes bhūmyāṃ (see s.v. bhūmi) va carā (devāḥ; so read with mss.; va = eva) and antarīkṣecarā(ḥ). While no other of the above lists has these two items, bhauma and antarīkṣa (or antarikṣa; adjective) devas are asso- ciated with shorter lists (generally of kāmāvacara, or some of them, alone) in LV 266.1; 367.7 and 368.3; 396.14; 401.1; and correspondingly bhūmya and antarīkṣecara (deva) in Mv i.40.14; 229.14, 15; 240.3, 4; ii.138.12 and elsewhere. —Rūpāvacara (deva) dwell in the rūpadhātu (Mvy 3073), divided into the four dhyāna-bhūmi (Mvy 3084 ff., see dhyāna), the last of which includes, as its final and highest group, the śuddhāvāsakāyika gods, in five sub-groups. These being counted separately, the standard list of rūpāvacara contains usually 18 items in BHS, 16 in Pali, as follows. First dhyāna-bhūmi, usually 4 items, in Pali 3: brahmakāyika (not in Pali lists, but the word occurs, acc. to Childers as an inclusive term for the classes of the first dhyāna-bhūmi; perhaps rather for all the rūpāvacara, or for them plus the arūpāvacara, since they all inhabit brahmalokas, Childers s.v.; in Gv also omitted; in Mv put second, brahmā (devā) being first in Mv 1, and mahābrahmā in Mv 2); brahma- pāriṣadya (Dharmas, LV, Divy 4 °pārṣadya, Gv °pār- ṣada; om. Mv 1, Divy 1—3, Av, Bbh; after brahmapurohita in Dharmas, LV, Mv 2, Divy 4; our order is that of Mvy, [Page270-b+ 71] Gv, Pali); brahmapurohita (Gv omits brahma by haplo- graphy), mahābrahman (or °hma; as no. 1 in Mv 2). Second dhyāna-bhūmi, regularly 3 items in BHS and Pali; but Mv 1 and 2 and Pali MN iii.102.25 prefix another, ābhā(ḥ) (misprinted abhā in MN) devā(ḥ): parīttābha (Divy 1—3 mss. parītā°; Mv 1 omits); apramāṇābha (Mv 1 omits); ābhāsvara (Divy 3 apramāṇābhāsvara). Third dhyāna-bhūmi, regularly 3 items in BHS and Pali; Mv and Pali MN iii.102.30 add another, śubhā devāḥ (Pali subhā devā): parīttaśubha (Mv 2 omits); apra- māṇaśubha (Dharmas omits), śubhakṛtsna. Fourth dhyāna-bhūmi, usually three items in BHS, one in Pali, plus (sometimes app. included in the 4th dhy. bh. but sometimes not, compare Childers s.v. jhānaṃ) the five śud- dhāvāsa(kāyika), who are usually not given this separate group-designation in the lists (but are so designated e.g. in Mvy 3101 and Abh): anabhraka (Pali and Mv omit); puṇyaprasava (Pali and Mv omit); vṛhatphala (so only Mvy and Mv 2 in BHS, others bṛh°, but Pali vehapphala); only in Dharmas, LV, and Abh of Pali there follows asaṃjñisattva, Pali (Abh) asaññasatta, a term which occurs as the 5th sattāvāsa in the Pali list of these DN iii.263.9 ff. (preceding the arūpadhātu), while in the cor- responding list of 9 sattvāvāsa in Mvy (2297) it is made the 9th and highest, above the arūpadhātu (an obvious error of Mvy); this item is also given in Childers's list and is needed to make up the traditional Pali number of 16 rūpa-brahmaloka. Then all lists have the five śuddhā- vāsakāyika: avṛha (Av, Divy 1—3, Bbh abṛha, Gv abṛhat); atapa (Gv atapo, as s-stem); sudṛśa (Mv 1 omits); sudarśana (Mv 2 omits; Divy 1 sudarśa); akaniṣṭha (for the Pali forms see these words). Here Mvy alone adds as additional stages of śuddhāvāsakāyika, aghaniṣṭha and mahāmaheśvarāyatanam (see these words). — The ārūpyāvacara gods dwell in the four ārūpyadhātu bhūmi listed (only in Mvy and Dharmas, and in Pali MN, Abh. and Childers) as ākāśānantyā- yatana, vijñānānantyāyatana, ākiṃcanyāyatana, and naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana; the gods dwelling in them are described in Dharmas as °āyatanopagāḥ (see s.v. upaga; similarly Pali °āyatanūpagā). In Suv 86.11 ff., curiously, the first three ‘stages’, ending °āyatana, are personified as gods (°āyatanānāṃ koṭiśataṃ), while only with the last °āyatanopagatānāṃ (for °nopagānāṃ) is used. The first of the four is found in the Pali Kvu list also. For the Pali forms of the names see s.vv. Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary Deva (देव).—m. (-vaḥ) 1. A deity, a god. 2. A king, in poetical language. 3. A husbands’s brother: see devṛ. 4. A cloud. 5. A fool, a dolt. 6. A child. 7. A man following any particular line or business. 8. A spear-man, a lancer. 9. Emulation, wish to excel or overcome. 10. Sport, play. 11. A term or surname applicable to a Bramhan; also to a man of the kayestha class. n. (-vaṃ) An organ of sense. f. (-vī) 1. A flower, (Hibiscus mutabilis.) 2. A plant, (Marsilea quadrifolia.) f. (-vī) 1. A goddess, the wife of any deity of divine being. 2. A name very commonly applied to the goddess Durga. 3. A queen, one who has been consecrated as well as the king, (in the theatrical language chiefly.) 4. A respectful epithet or title applied to a woman of the first class. 5. Worship, reverence. 6. A plant, (Trigonella corinculata.) 7. Another plant: see mūrvā. E. div to play, (in heaven, &c.) affix ac, fem. affix ṭāp or ṅīṣ . context information Discover the meaning of deva in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India Relevant definitions Search found 1441 related definition(s) that might help you understand this better. Below you will find the 15 most relevant articles: Vāsudevā is the name of a deity depicted at the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam (Śrī R... Devadeva (देवदेव).—m. (-vaḥ) 1. A name of Bramha. 2. A name of Siva. E. deva god, repeated; god... Mahādeva (महादेव) is a name of Śiva, as mentioned in the Śivapurāṇa-māhātmya chapter 4.—Accordi... Vāmadeva (वामदेव).—m. (-vaḥ) A name of Siva. E. vāma contrary, (to human institutions,) deva wh... Devadatta (देवदत्त).—mfn. (-ttaḥ-ttā-ttaṃ) Given by the gods, god-given. m. (-ttaḥ) 1. The youn... Sahadeva (सहदेव).—m. (-vaḥ) The youngest of the five Pandava princes, begotten on Madri by the ... Devadāru (देवदारु) refers to one of the eight trees (vṛkṣa) of the Jñānacakra, according to the... Baladeva (बलदेव).—m. (-vaḥ) Baladeva, the elder brother of Krishna. 2. Air, wind. f. (-vā) A me... Naradeva (नरदेव).—m. (-vaḥ) A sovereign, a king. E. nara a man, and deva a deity, Kāmadeva (कामदेव).—n. of a former Buddha: Mv i.140.14. Devayajña (देवयज्ञ) refers to “ceremonial sacrifices for the propitiation of gods”, as defined ... Devarāja (देवराज) is the name of a Brahmin, according to the Śivapurāṇa-māhātmya chapter 2.—“in... Devadūta (देवदूत).—A messenger of the Devas. When Dharmaputra refused to live in heaven without... Devasabhā (देवसभा).—f. (-bhā) An assembly of the gods. E. deva a deity, and sabhā assembly. 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What is Marketing Research? Article Details • Written By: Margo Upson • Edited By: Heather Bailey • Last Modified Date: 17 January 2020 • Copyright Protected: Conjecture Corporation • Print this Article Free Widgets for your Site/Blog Marketing research is the research that companies do to study consumers and other companies. It seeks to understand the best ways to connect a consumer and a product, with the hopes that the consumer will buy it. This involves evaluating the current marketing already being done for that product, or similar products that are created by the same company, and determining how well the campaigns are working. It also involves studying the marketing techniques of other companies. In most cases, marketers begin research with a problem or a question, not with the goal of learning more about a particular market. Instead, they want to know why a particular market is doing well, or why it is falling and what can be done to change that. They may also want to know why consumers are not buying some products, but gladly purchasing similar ones. Research is then done to answer the question, and that answer can be turned into a marketing technique that may get better results. There are two types of marketing research. The first is consumer research, where the goal is to study the purchasing habits of consumers. This can be done by tallying up how much of a product is sold, through surveys or through other means. The information gathered from consumers can be used to analyze current marketing campaigns and to create new ones. The second type is business to business (B2B) research, which studies how businesses sell products and services to other businesses. For example, Company A sells computer equipment to companies B and C. Someone may be interested in seeing how companies B and C found out about the equipment, how company A marketed its product and how good the market for that product is. Marketing research is not the same as market research. The first studies how and why consumers and businesses buy, and how those sales can be increased or why they have decreased. It involves in-depth studies into the affect of advertisements and market conditions on consumers. Market research is the research that may be done into a single market, focusing on the size and trends in that market. As an example, Company A sells kids' cereal. It was once really popular, but now its sales have dropped almost 25% in the past year, and it wants to know why. Marketing research is done to answer this question. Research reveals that Company B's kids' cereal has seen a substantial jump in sales. The two companies sell a similar product. More research reveals that Company B has added some vitamins to its product, changed the look of the cereal box, and is running advertisements to promote this new "healthier" product. In fact, lots of food companies are developing healthier versions of their products, and they are all selling well. Even non-food products, such as sports equipment and books about healthy living, are seeing an increase in sales. Based on the results of this research, Company A decides to create a healthier version of its cereal, making it better than, or at least comparable to, Company B's brand. This new cereal is promoted, free samples are given away, and within a few months, sales are better than they were before the drop. Although this is simplified, this example shows what this form of research is and how it works. You might also Like Discuss this Article Post 9 @indemnifyme - That makes sense. After all, just because a product is successful, you don't know which part of your marketing made it that way. Doing marketing research can show a company exactly what part of their marketing is doing the most good. This is probably advantageous to a company not just for their information, but so they can cut ad campaigns that aren't working. If they're running two or three different kinds of campaigns for one product, and one of those campaigns isn't doing any good, they can save money by cutting that campaign! Post 8 It sounds like businesses do marketing research both when products are doing well, and when they're failing. I think that marketing research strategy makes a lot of sense. You need to know why your products are succeeding (if they are) so you can keep doing what you're doing, instead of waiting for them to fail and then finding out what went wrong! Post 7 @betterment - I think you're probably right. Companies probably do market research into specific markets so they can see where to focus their advertising efforts. Then after that, I bet they do marketing research to see if their advertising efforts are working, and what else they can do to improve. I really liked the example given in the article about the marketing research report on the cereal. Sometimes, a few small details can be the difference between a product being really popular and being a complete dud! But if companies don't do research, they'll never know. Post 6 I had no idea marketing research and market research were two different things! It seems like just adding an "ing" onto the end of the word makes a big difference. I imagine most companies do both marketing research and market research in order to sell their products and make the most profit. Post 4 Post 3 GreenWeaver-There are many marketing research firms that perform qualitative marketing research through the use of focus groups like this and marketing research questionnaires. These questionnaires are also referred to as marketing research surveys. I think that focus groups are more insightful, but surveys allow you to sample a larger group of people for a lot less money. Sometimes marketing research methodology often involve double blind studies in which two sets of groups are given a product that is not labeled. It is called a double blind study because both parties do not know which product is what. This usually is done for product tasting research. Post 2 Oasis11- I participated in a business marketing research study in a focus group. It was really fun. The market research agency was Ask Miami in Coral Gables. They called me with some screening questions and I passed, and got on the panel. There were about eight other people and we were asked about our preferences regarding a particular retailer and some the products that it sold. It was an effort to improve the customer service along with the product assortment.I have seen improvements since the study. Post 1 Great article- I want to add that market research often includes focus groups. Focus groups are selected to offer specific information regarding a product or service. Competitive insight is also gain as the participants are asked questions about various competing products and services. Usually a focus group prequalifies the participants for the specific study and then chooses about 8-10 that fit the marketer's criteria. The sessions general last one to two hours and the participants are compensated for their time. Post your comments Post Anonymously forgot password?
What Is Phenol Acidic » bollywoodkhabarnama.com Why is a phenol acidic? AnswersDrive. Phenol is a very weak acid and the position of equilibrium lies well to the left. Phenol can lose a hydrogen ion because the phenoxide ion formed is stabilised to some extent. The negative charge on the oxygen atom is delocalised around the ring. The more stable the ion is, the more likely it is to form. Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols, but they are still quite weak acids. A typical alcohol has a pK a of 16–17. In contrast, phenol is 10 million times more acidic: its pK a is 10. Phenol is more acidic than cyclohexanol and acyclic alcohols because the phenoxide ion is more stable than the alkoxide ion. Phenol C6H5OH or C6H6O CID 996 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety. Phenol is a family of organic compounds that consist of an aromatic ring bonded to an alcohol group. The molecular formula of phenol is C 6 H 5 OH. Its physical properties include a high boiling. Sep 25, 2015 · Phenols are much more acidic than alcohols. This is indicated in the order of acidity constant: Ka Gernal formula PHENOLS 10-10 Ar-OH ALCOHOLS 10-18 C-OH Phenols are more acidic. Phenol is an aromatic, organic compound. It's structure is formed from six carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It has a sweet odour and is a colourless, crystalline solid. Jan 25, 2011 · surely para nitro phenol is more acidic than phenol because nitro group is a powerful electron withdrawing group such that it facilitiates the easily removal of protons and it deactivates the. Phenol 108-95-2 Hazard Summary Exposure to phenol may occur from the use of some medicinal products including throat lozenges and ointments. Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute. Phenols, alcohols and carboxylic acids - pKa values For oxygen containing organic compounds this is given: pKa the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, molecular structures, molar weights, density and melting and boiling points. Phenol is an alcohol with a benzene ring attached. It s an aromatic compound and it is used as a disinfectant because it controls the growth microorganisms How might the acid-fast characteristic of Mycobacterium enhance the organism's ability to cause disease? Phenol is acidic or basic ? Phenol is an aromatic alcohol,which contain – OH group. The lone pair electron on oxygen atom of pheno. Why are phenols acidic in nature - Answers. Phenols are less acidic than carboxylic acids, and even carbonic acid. Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution as the oxygen atom’s pi electrons donate electron density into the ring. By this general approach, many groups can be appended to the ring via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and other processes. In RNA extraction procedures, Acid Phenol:Chloroform:IAA aids in the removal of DNA it partitions into the organic phase, helps to stabilize the interface, and prevents foaming when mixing. Preparation of phenol for use in molecular biology applications is a time-consuming and often hazardous procedure due to its toxic and corrosive nature. Phenol alone retains 10-15% of water resulting in an equal loss of RNA; chloroform prevents this since it’s miscible with phenol, but more dense, so it pulls the phenol away from water, making the separation sharper. It also is a good partner with phenol for denaturing proteins and it dissolves lipids. Viking Professional Range What Is Idml File In Indesign Stress Less Video Tips Mtv Ex On The Beach Usa Season 2 Kapan Dragon Ball Super Movie 2018 Rilis Love And Hip Hop Jessica Dime Cottage Cheese And Diarrhea Still Tired After 9 Hours Sleep The Best Tattoo And Piercing Shops Near Me Why Is It Unhealthy To Be Underweight Bmw F800gs Deals Not Starting Best Snacks To Eat While Watching A Movie How Many Syllables In Question What Is The Opposite Of Clean Bay Coupon Code If You Feel Yourself Getting Sick Low Calorie But Filling Meal Plan What Does Papasito Mean In English Scary Sounding Last Names Any Bleeding In Early Pregnancy Role Of A Child Life Specialist Ice Monster Shaved Ice R For Data Science Online Eb 5 Coupons News Today Triple Net Car Deal Quotes For Best Friends Happiness Yankees Dining Guide Lego Movie 2 When It Comes Out Jack Ryan Hanin Cream Cheese Glaze For Red Velvet Bundt Cake Timeless Season 2 Episode 1 Dailymotion Mountain Mint Edible Uk Full Facelift Before And After What Are You Giving Up For Lent Meaning Nisd Last Day Of School Justin Bieber Know You Love Me Gamestop Mail In Rebate Xbox 360 Epi Manpower Agency Hiring Olive Garden Coupon For December 2019 Fgcu Nursing Program Interior Design sitemap 0 sitemap 1 sitemap 2 sitemap 3 sitemap 4 sitemap 5 sitemap 6 sitemap 7 sitemap 8 sitemap 9 sitemap 10 sitemap 11 sitemap 12 sitemap 13 sitemap 14 sitemap 15 sitemap 16 sitemap 17
Larch Pug Eupithecia lariciata: Distribution map View the NBN Atlas Map 70.163 BF1856 Larch Pug Eupithecia lariciata (Freyer, 1841) Wingspan 19-22 mm. Distributed widely throughout the British Isles; as the name suggests, this is a species generally found in and around plantations of larch (Larix). It flies during May and June, when it can be attracted to light. The small stripy caterpillar feeds on the needles of larch, and is well-camouflaged. The species overwinters in the pupal state. back to top
Kinds of Traditional Scottish Ceilidh & other dance & folk music Our Ceilidh Idealach Scottish Ceilidh Band can play any of the kinds of music described below, but does not do ceilidh dances to them all. Some, for example the Strathspeys are very complex dances and can only be done by people who have studied Scottish dancing. If you are a dance society and have your own caller, we will happily play for the dances. If yiou are looking for a less Scottishy event, but still with plenty of the wonderful Celtic music and dance included, then book the Ringerike Ceilidh Band, letting them know when you book them that you want plenty (but not exclusively), Scottish, If you are wise enough to book the Ceilidh Idealach Scottish Ceilidh Band for your wedding reception or birthday party, you'll want to know what music you might expect to hear. The hornpipe itself is an instrument and was a primitive double-reed wind instrument dating from around the 13th century. The dance and its related music came to have its maritime associations around the middle of the 18th century. As many ships' companies carried a resident fiddler, music was readily available for dancing, thus providing a much-needed form of daily exercise, and as I said in other articles, was a means of keeping rhythm when doing group tasks such as 50 people turning the large capstan. Similar functions were the origins of the jazz idiom, where the slaves would sing and chance to keep time when working in the plantations, and it was this rhythmical work music that was part of what developed into jazz, along of course with the religious music of the slaves. Much of the even-rhythmed passage-work coincides with the style of the reel, but the dotted rhythms, characteristic of so many hornpipes, were a later mid-19th century innovation, another thing that the Victorians can be thankful Giga, Gigue and Geige are all titles for the "fidil", the modern violin's ancestor of twelve to fifteen hundred years ago. The Scottish Jig probably derives its name from the sort of music played on these instruments. Although mainly associated with the music of Ireland, the jig occupies an honourable place in Scottish traditional music. Usually cast in the pastoral or slow air genre, this is a composition to commemorate a person's death. Imbued with the spirit of the Scottish fighting man, the Scottish march is normally written in common time and played at a tempo of J = 92 - 100. Playing pipe marches on the fiddle is an important part of the repertoire. Like the slow air and slow strathspey, this is music for listening to and was not designed for dance purposes. Played in a slow or moderate tempo ( Beats/min = 52 - 56), this was a form particularly cultivated by J. Scott Skinner, the Victorian who I have mentioned earlier. Originating in Bohemia around the 1830's, the Scottish polka is usually written in 4 time and played at a tempo of Beats/min = 76 - 84. It is often associated with display-music of a rather virtuoso nature. The word is of Germanic origin meaning to frolic or romp and denotes a lively reel or strathspey. Many tunes, familiar today as strathspeys, appeared originally as rants. The tempo is similar to that of the strathspey, i.e., Beats/min =132- 138. Re Reel is a form common to Scotland, Ireland and England and today implies a sprightly, ev-rhythmed tune in fast tempo. Many of the reels in J. Scott Skinner's The Scottish Violinist marked to be played at Beats/min = 136 . Here is a quote from that ubiquitous Mr Scott Skinner: "The reel should be played crisp and birly like a weel-gaun wheelie." Jigs and reels are the central theme of the kinds of Scottish Ceilidhs that Ceilidh Idealach Scottish Ceilidh band play and call at the numerous ceilidhs we have performed throughout Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Shropshire. A strathspey-like tune accented in a way which implies more of a metre than the strathspeys common time; correspondingly the tempo can be rather faster than that of the average strathspey This made its first appearance in print around 1700. It is distinguished by a use of an accent and a stressing of the first three quavers of the bar and tempi which can vary from a leisurely to a lively speed. A form of solo-music giving the player a chance to display beauty of tone and phrase Here the form, rhythms and bowing technique of the dance-strathspey is applied to music a slower tempo ( 60-69). Skinner applied the title "solo strathspey" to form. These compositions, usually of the slow air genre, were once the melodies of songs and wee to a text. The earliest examples of this form emerged around 1749 and were known as "strathspey reels". Its structure hinges upon the rhythms and undoubtedly provides our mu greatest challenge to bowing-technique. The dance-strathspey, moulded from the character of the fiddle itself, has developed into the most important form of Scottish traditional music, tempo can vary from J = 126 to J = 138. So here we've been looking at an East Coast Scottish musical family involved with the traditions of the Scottish ceilidh as seen in that part of Scotland, plus some definitions of the tunes that they would think would be an important part of any Scottish ceilidh or Scottish country dance. Because I suggested earlier, with the difference between a Scottish ceilidh on the east coast Scottish ceilidh on the West Coast of Scotland, unless and forget the Scottish Highlands in particular the Orkneys and Shetland's. Sometimes the islands have their own tunes, or they take the traditional tunes such as Willafjord, As played by Tom Anderson, the famous Shetland fiddle player. This traditional Shetland reel came originally from Greenland, having been brought back at the end of the 19th century as a result of the Arctic whaling expeditions. It can be found in collection of Shetland fiddle-tunes entitled Haand me doon da Fiddle (1979) compiled by Tom Anderson and Pam Swing. This is the version that I play quite frequently at Scottish ceilidh's, and for that matter may put it into any general ceilidh as it's such a good tune. The characteristic syncopations (a displacing of the normal order of the stressed beats) in this I tune are produced as a result of the tied note (notated with a curved line similar to the slur). This [is a method of lengthening the duration of a sound by tying it to another of the same pitch, is very characteristic. There is a strong Scandinavian influence in some Scottish folk music, largely influenced by the Scottish islands, particularly the Shetlands, which were reaped and pillaged by the Vikings and have had close cultural connections ever since. The Ceilidh Idealach Scottish Ceilidh Band plays a number of wonderful Shetland tunes by the famous fiddler / composer as music to listen to between dances. Norwegian and Swedish immigrants to America brought with them the strong fiddling traditions of the Scandinavian countries. I came across it first when I was about 16 and travel to Norway with my county youth orchestra, spending couple of weeks giving concerts in different Norwegian towns and cities. At one stop we were treated to Norwegian folk band, the equivalent of Norwegian ceilidh band I guess, where people were playing various instruments including Hardanger Fiddle, Trudy beautifully crafted instrument. . Scandinavian fiddlers often play in harmony, and sometimes use eight- or nine-string, heavily-ornamented. Hardanger fiddles. These are tuned like a regular violin (except for the G string which is usually tuned up a step to "A" ),but have four or five drone strings running under the fingerboard and through the middle of the bridge. Rather like Ralph Vaughan Williams researched and compiled and edited collections of English folk music, in between composing is symphonic works, similar has happened with Scottish folk music is a compilation of The Scottish Fiddle Music Index (published 1994) which involved in its compilation a detailed inspection of every page of music processed, preferably in the original or failing that, a readable photocopy - in all probably between 30-40,000 pieces, a final total of around 12,500 actual melodies. This was to ask the Tom Anderson, the fiddle player was involved with, together with others. He says: It soon became evident that much of what was appearing hadn't been re-published within the last 200 years and was likely to be unknown to the traditional musician of today. At the time it was impossible to do more than note the details and pass on. Now it becomes all too apparent that much of the music in question was collected and composed by individuals who had faded from history, not because their work was in any way inferior, but simply because the collections they published have become very difficult to find. Whereas the better-known "fiddler-composers" (like Gow and Marshall) have been kept in the public eye by writers, artists and the music publishing world, others are now all but forgotten. Some of their collections are down to a handful of copies, mostly held in the great libraries of Britain and North America. They fall into the category of rare books and can only be studied under the strictest surveillance. His is just little idea of the immensity of the task of rescuing music, and the reason why musicians just play by ear are very often not passed on their creations, wearers the Beethoven's and Mozart's of this world who have written it all down, even though Mozart was a jazz improviser and effect, have been passed on to the string quartets who play at wedding ceremonies today. The Scottish ceilidh is also been affected by huge changes in dance fractions. Between about 1820 and 1840, the waltz, the polka and the quadrille with the most popular. Then there was quite a revival of interest in reels and strathspeys for dancing, but nothing so marked for the traditional jig, once such an evident favourite. Half dozen large collections of traditional jigs appeared during the 1880s and 90s which have become our best known reference works for much of the remaining unforgotten repertoire of the 18th century. James Scott Skinner (1843-1927), who we hear about again, was a prolific composer as well as performer, added a mere handful of dance jigs, a fact no doubt connected to the ever-changing fashions of dance. He composed the music for the Highland Sword dance, which most people think goes back to ancient history, but is really a relatively recent invention. So folk music and ceilidhs beat Scottish ceilidh or any other kind of ceilidh, is not necessarily all music of the people and all going back to the dim and distant past history of minstrels plying their traditional tunes. So I see nothing wrong in a ceilidh band using modern instruments, like an electric bass guitar instead of an acoustic bass, and having a full Rock band drum set, and even including some pop covers if that is what people like, because the Scottish ceilidh or any other ceilidh is not as traditional as some people would like to think and has been in continual development as fashions come and go, and music gets lost and rediscovered. In Ireland, the 6/8 remained popular; the Scottish version of the dance jig had to wait until the 1920s revival to return to favour. So there remains a great reservoir of quite excellent dance music - strathspeys, reels, quicksteps, as well as jigs - all asking to be re-discovered Scotland's traditional dance jigs have a delicacy and charm not so often to be found in the 6/8 melodies of other nations. Of course, this depends on which part of the country the tune is being played, and in fact not even just whether it is a Scottish ceilidh that is being played at, but whether it is in English barn dance or an Irish ceilidh, as many jokes are claimed to be originating in Scotland, in Ireland, and in England depending on where your allegiances lie. First in print in 1680 in John Playford's Dancing Master, they joined the reel, strathspey, quickstep and hornpipe in their glorious heyday (1760-1820). The Gows, William Marshall and a long list of other composers made their worthy contribution to the 6/8 (also 9/8, 12/8) repertoire during those years, in all probably between 2 - 3000 tunes. Only a few hundred of these are now widely known or readily available in print, but new collections and discoveries are always being made, so now is what will be found in the future. The music is being nurtured and rediscovered by all sorts of organisations ranging from The English Folk Song and Dance Society, Based at Cecil Sharp House in London, for English folk music to Scotland's Shetland Musical Heritage Trust. The Trust has as its wider aim the preservation and development of all aspects of the musical heritage of the Shetland Islands. The members of the Trust are proud to present this book, the first of a collection of four, consisting of Dr. Tom Anderson's unpublished music so, the Scottish trick a tradition is alive and well, not only in Scotland but in the rest of the UK, and throughout the United States of America, Canada and Australia, all countries brimming with expatriates Scots. And we at The Midsummer Music Agency are doing our bit to keep the ceilidh tradition alive, offering hundreds of superb Scottish ceilidh bands, as well as Irish ceilidh bands English barn dance bands and American barn dance bands, for everything from weddings to birthday parties, fundraising events to wedding anniversaries, or just people who want to have a ceilidh just for the enjoyment of it. Print Print \| Sitemap © 3 Counties Barn Dance
Optical aberrations in rifle scopes All optical systems have what is called aberrations which is the reality that the image is imperfect due to unavoidable flaws. One should keep in mind there is no such thing as the perfect lens, and every lens has some degree of aberrations due to the compromises made during the design process. Aberration flaws are not caused by any physical or mechanical imperfections but rather from the optical system lens curvatures, and material types. We can determine the types of aberrations present in an optical system but it can be difficult to recognize them. Aberrations are more pronounced in a zoom system because lens performance from low to high magnification is compromised as compared to fixed power systems. In the process of designing a new optical system aberrations are easily expressed in a computer design program, however, it is a more difficult task to recognize them in real-world observations. Aberrations include: 1. Field curvature 2. Distortion 3. Astigmatism 4. Spherical aberration 5. Coma 6. Chromatic aberration Field curvature Aberrations most recognized in an optical system are distortion and field curvature. These two aberrations are both most pronounced in low magnification scopes. At low powers, the field angles are large which make it difficult to keep light rays to maintain the image plane to be flat and undistorted. Field curvature is the geometric curved surface of the image plane. When a scope has field curvature different zones of a scope are in focus as compared to a flat plane such as a reticle. With field curvature, the center field image can be made sharp but as you look out toward the mid and edge of the field the image begins to blur. The effect of field curvature is that only one segment, such as the center of the field of an image is in focus while the edge of field starts to blur. This is easy to see in a rifle scope which has a second focal plane reticle. At the second focal plane, the reticle has features such as the vertical and horizontal lines of the reticle. In a scope which exhibits field curvature, one can move the head laterally a small amount in the exit pupil and the center field and reticle will both maintain position together. If you move your head a bit while looking to the outer edge of the field, the image will move relative to the line of the reticle plane. So as you move your head the reticle moves at the edge of the field and does not move at the center field. Field curvature is very small at magnifications over about 15 power. In low power scopes, field curvature can be directly observed by setting the scope on a steady surface and looking at a distance scene. Carefully make sure the center of the field is in focus. Notice the edge of field part of the image. If field curvature is significant you will be able to see some blurriness at the edges of the field. By definition, distortion is a change in magnification as a function of field. With no distortion, features do not change relative size at any place in the field as it happens with field curvature. If distortion is positive, features get larger as you move toward the edge of the field and is referred to as pincushion distortion. Negative distortion makes features smaller as you move toward the edge of the field and is referred to as Barrel distortion. The difference between distortion and field curvature is that a distorted image is in focus at all points in the field of view. Astigmatism is similar to field curvature except the curved field has a different curvature in two different axes of the image. For example, the left to right axis of the image can have more or less field curvature than the top to bottom axis of the image. In geometric terms, an astigmatic focal plane is like the shape of a football where field curvature is like the shape of a basketball. Riflescopes usually have some astigmatism which can be observed if it is significant. To see astigmatism point the scope at a target with vertical and horizontal lines that extend far enough to fill the entire field of view. A good target would be telephone pole and the connecting wires. If a scope had astigmatism a feature in one axis will have a different clarity than the axis 90 degrees apart. For example, the telephone pole would look sharp from top to bottom but the wires would blur out towards the ends or vice versa. Regarding the design tradeoffs, a scope can be designed to have more field curvature and less astigmatism or less field curvature and more astigmatism. The degree of astigmatism is an image quality tradeoff in which a scope with some astigmatism can be considered a better design than one designed allowing relative more field curvature. Spherical aberration Spherical aberration occurs in an optical system because the light that passes through the edge of a lens is refracted more than when it strikes the center. Spherical aberration causes all areas of v the field of view to appear not as sharp. Spherical aberration is harder to control as the objective lens diameter and magnification increases. With large objectives and high magnification, the objective lens system requires more complexity in terms of the number of lens elements to meet most performance goals.. The metric for spherical aberration is how well the scope resolves small details. Spherical aberration can be expressed in units such as lines per millimeter, inches at 100 yards, or arc seconds of angle. Spherical aberration in a lens is shown below Fa – Where edge of rays come to focus Fb – The best overall image sharpness (circle of least confusion) Fc – When center rays come to focus (paraxial focus) The challenge is to design an objective for a high magnification rifle scope with as large an objective as possible in order to collect more light and also provide low spherical aberration. It must be kept in mind that some manufacturers are pushed to sell scopes with large apertures but have not implemented a design to reduce spherical aberration. These products provide more light but will have poorly resolved images if the objective design is simple. An example is that some manufacturers reduce cost by making a 40mm diameter objective to be 50mm without redesign to minimize manufacturing cost. Typically a 40mm objective can provide good images using a cemented doublet lens and a 50mm requires going to a triplet design if one keeps the spherical aberration the same between the two objectives. Coma aberrations are similar to astigmatism except comatic errors get equally worse in all areas of the field as you work your way out from the center to edge of the field. In other words, coma gets worse as the field increases. In riflescopes, coma is normally a small contributor to image clarity as its contribution is small compared to field curvature aberration. If coma is significant, one will see flares at the edge of the field. If the field consists of dots the outer dots will appear similar to a comet’s tail hence the term coma. Chromatic aberration Chromatic aberration is the inability for an optical system to focus all colors from an object at one point in an image. An optical design has always some residual effect of red, green, and blue colors not exactly coming together. Chromatic aberration appears at the edges or boundaries of object details as blue or yellow fringes of colors. Chromatic aberration is most easily seen when looking at a white object against a black background. Chromatic aberration increases with magnification. In low power scopes, chromatic aberration is so small as not being noticeable. However, at magnification over 15 to 20 power, it is visible if not well controlled. High magnification optics can make use of low dispersion glass, referred to as ED glass, to help minimize this aberration but it is more expensive than the more common grades of glass. High power rifle and spotting scopes used for long-range observing are examples of product which require very significant control to reduce color aberrations. Chromatic aberration is important to control because it significantly reduces the ability to see fine details as well as give what is commonly referred to as false color. Optical aberrations are unavoidable imperfections to an image. The challenge is to manage the aberrations to meet customers specifications as well as balance performance and manufacturing cost. As an optical system is being designed the engineer has to make decisions such as: should there be more elements or more exotic glass types, is the design goal to minimize product weight or length, or what demands are requiring optimization of certain performance parameters. Optical design is the same as other engineering tasks in that to improve performance 10% it can increase the cost 50%. With a given optical complexity, regarding the allowable number of lenses in a system, the engineer must balance all aberrations to maximize overall performance. One might want to compromise more field curvature at low power to provide exceptional image sharpness across the field at high power. Some aberrations such as coma and spherical aberration, if considered unacceptable in a design, can only be improved by adding elements to the objective and/or eyepiece. To provide the very best overall design with the minimum number of lenses is a balancing act requiring back and forth trials. However, the required effort to meet all performance goals has been considerably improved by using modern optical design programs. Have an Idea for a product? Let your voice be heard
China's new environmental protection law may lead to increased risk of â€œelectricity shortageâ€ New environmental protection law refers to coal-fired power generation enterprises Under the pressure of smog, the days of power companies are getting worse. A few days ago, the National People's Congress made the first revision of the Environmental Protection Law in the past 25 years, and increased the punishment for large polluters. The amendment clearly stipulates that polluting enterprises can be punished continuously according to the original penalty amount, not only for one-time punishment. Coal-fired power generation companies will bear the brunt. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke dust, etc. are the main pollutants causing smog. The emissions of these three pollutants in coal-fired power generation account for about 40% of the total emissions. The installation of equipment such as dust removal and desulfurization is the main means for power plants to reduce air pollution. However, such environmental protection equipment has also increased the cost of power plants, and the enthusiasm of power plants is generally not high. For the power plant, the environmental protection cost of a 100,000 kW generator set is as high as 50,000 to 600,000 per day. If the environmental protection equipment is not opened, it will be fined 10,000. The illegal cost is too low and the environmental regulations are ineffective. In 2011, eight thermal power companies were punished for desulfurization problems. Many power generation companies under China Power Investment, Guodian, Huadian and Datang were punished by the Ministry of Environmental Protection for reasons such as abnormal operation of desulfurization facilities and depreciation of desulfurization data. With the implementation of the new environmental protection law, the cost of sewage disposal by power generation enterprises will increase significantly, which is undoubtedly positive for alleviating China's environmental pressure. Environmental protection costs have increased the risk of the "electricity shortage" In April 2011, the phenomenon of â€œelectricity shortageâ€ appeared in most provinces and autonomous regions in China. It is worth noting that China's thermal power installed capacity has basically been able to meet the needs of society. The main reason for the "electricity shortage" is that the thermal power enterprises have insufficient operating rates, and an important reason for enterprises not to start work is that electricity prices are insufficient to cover costs. In order to encourage power plants to adopt environmental protection measures, the state implements the environmental protection tariff policy for desulfurization, denitrification and dust removal tariffs based on the current on-grid tariff. At present, the desulfurization price increase standard is 1.5 cents per kWh, the denitrification price is 1 cent, and the dust removal price is 0.2 cents. Although the environmental protection electricity price has been raised several times before, but it is not enough to make up for the environmental protection cost of the power plant investment, the impact on the enthusiasm of the power plant is limited, and the denitrification situation of domestic power plants is progressing slowly. At the end of 2012, the total capacity of flue gas denitration units that had been put into operation at the thermal power plant accounted for only 28% of the capacity of the current active thermal power units in the country. As of the end of 2013, China's largest power generation company Huaneng Group's denitration units accounted for only 65% â€‹â€‹of the coal-fired power units. According to estimates, for a 300 million generator set, only one day of desulfurization equipment can be stopped, which can save 220,000 yuan in cost. After the implementation of the new environmental protection law, the environmental protection investment of power generation enterprises will increase greatly. It is likely to reduce the cost of electricity supply and reduce the risk of â€œelectricity shortageâ€. Cracking the power shortage, we must open the on-grid price Since 2002, the power system has undergone a large-scale "grid separation" reform, separating the power generation enterprise from the power grid enterprise to introduce market competition, improve efficiency, and effectively reduce the cost of power generation enterprises. As the marketization is not complete, the on-grid price is still strictly regulated. As long as the grid company can guarantee the normal operation of the grid system, it can earn the price difference between the on-grid price and the terminal sales price. The increase in the cost of power generation enterprises cannot be reflected in the on-grid electricity price, and only the choice of voting with the feet is the direct cause of the â€œelectricity shortageâ€. In terms of power reform, Japanâ€™s plan may be worth learning. In November 2013, Japan passed the â€œElectrical Business Law Amendmentâ€, which clearly defined the power reform in three phases: the first phase (as of 2015), the establishment of a wide-area system operation coordination agency, responsible for coordinating the operation of various power company dispatching agencies across the country. In the second phase (as of 2016), the retail market will be fully liberalized, allowing all users to freely choose the sellers; in the third phase (2018-2020), the grid link will be separated from the power generation business, and the market price control will be fully liberalized. From the international experience, no matter how countries break the monopoly of the power industry, as long as the sales of electricity is not separated from the transmission and distribution network. The power sales link can rely on the power grid to achieve a monopoly on power plants and users. Therefore, to introduce fair and effective competition, the link between the power sales link and the power grid must be cut off. The new environmental protection law makes it difficult for power generation companies to pay environmental protection costs. The strict regulation of on-grid electricity prices is the direct cause of the â€œelectricity shortageâ€. Breaking the power transmission and distribution of the power grid and the monopoly of the retail chain is the proper meaning of power reform. SC series Construction Building Hoist, other name Construction Hoist, Construction Lifter. Used for lifting material and passenger when construction. It is easy to install and operate, secure and popular. Subjects to the application site, the mast sections, cage dimension, lifting height could special make. Construction Lift Construction Lift,Warehouse Elevator Lift,Demolition Of Construction Lift,Construction Lift Installation Jinan Shanghangda Machinery Co., Ltd. ,
Building Management Healthy Ingredients for a Green Building For my first blog for Schneider Electric, I’d like to write about creating healthier building environments. How many of you, while at the grocery store, always look at the box of food to see what ingredients were used to make it? The same thought can be used when looking at buildings. What are they being made of, and is it important to have more disclosure with the components of the individual materials? As designers, we know if the building is made of concrete, metal, wood, plastic, etc. But what about the chemicals used to create other building materials and interior finishes? There is a website called Pharos Project that allows project teams to closer study some of the materials and finishes used in buildings. It was initially created for healthcare facilities, but can really be used for any building type. The website provides a library of materials and products and then ranks them based on VOCs, toxins and energy to manufacturer the product. Then it takes a step further and analyzes the chemicals used in the material. It identifies any hazardous concerns based on authoritative and warning lists. This allows project teams to better understand what they are putting into their buildings and if there is any opportunity to consider using a different material or product. As an architect, I appreciate knowing this up front. As an occupant of the building, you can be assured that the places where people live and work were designed with maximum energy efficiency, sustainability, AND safety in mind. Chris Mundell Vice President/Sustainable Design Coordinator at HKS Chris Mundell is the Vice President/Sustainable Design Coordinator at HKS, Inc. In his 18-year career, Chris has worked on various architectural project types including healthcare, education, and residential. In 2008, Chris began a dedicated role of managing sustainable services and education at HKS, Inc. He is responsible for assisting project design teams with sustainable strategies, managing LEED projects, and researching new and upcoming sustainable products and technologies. One Response 1. LEED Flooring The Pharos Project is a great idea but as a former account manager/project manager I rarely had a client care about such things regardless of the selling points. I think this a good step in the right direction but more is needed in the way of education regarding the long term benefits that directly appeal to businesses. LEED points & gov’t incentives are great for major corporations but not every business is so large that these become factors.
Research Shows We’re Raising Girls to Believe Boys Are The Brilliant Ones We're telling girls they can do whatever boys do, but clearly, our actions say something different. Annie Otzen/Getty Images Annie Otzen/Getty Images When I was conducting research for my book, 13 Things Mentally Strong Women Don’t Do, I wanted to uncover the reasons why women are more likely to engage in specific unhealthy habits that rob them of mental strength. I knew many of the unhealthy habits start at a young age–so I spent a lot of time examining the research on how girls are raised differently. Even during a time when girls are repeatedly told, “You can do anything boys can,” the message isn’t sinking in. Girls continue to internalize a message that says, “Boys are naturally more brilliant.” Boys Are Brilliant, Girls Try Hard A 2017 study looked at 400 children between the ages of 5 and 7. In the first experiment, children were told a story about a person who is “really, really smart.” Then, they were given photos of two men and two women and asked to identify which person they thought the story was about. The people in the photos appeared to be the same age, equally happy, and dressed professionally. At age 5, both girls and boys were most likely to identify someone with the same gender, meaning boys picked men and girls picked women as the person they thought was “really, really smart.” By age 6 and 7, girls were “significantly less likely” to pick women. Both boys and girls chose a man as the person who was most likely “really, really smart.” In the second part of the study, children were given a choice of two board games to play. One was for “children who are really, really smart,” and the other was for “children who try really, really hard.” At age 5, girls and boys were equally likely to play the game for smart ids. But at ages 6 and 7, the girls were more likely to opt for the one for kids who try hard while the boys still requested the game for kids who are smart. So what happens to little girls between the ages of 5 and 7 that cause their beliefs to shift so sharply? It happens to be the timeframe when they start school. Perhaps all of the scientists, astronauts, and historical figures they learn about are men–which sets the stage for their belief that men must be brilliant. This may be one of the reasons why it’s tough to attract women to STEM careers–girls grow up believing men are naturally more brilliant. What We Need to Differently So how do we prevent girls from developing self-limiting beliefs? The notion that women don’t quite measure up is deeply engrained in our culture and telling girls they’re good enough only scratches the surface. We’re starting to see some examples of this. For example, toy manufacturer Mattel has tried to change Barbie’s image in recent years by launching the “You can be anything” campaign that shows Barbie can be veterinarians, professors, and paleontologists. Changing the type of toys we market to girls is one step in the right direction. But we need to do a lot more. One big issue we need to tackle is the media girls are consuming. Magazines for adolescent girls focus almost solely on make-up advice and weight loss tips. And social media can give them a skewed sense of what’s really important in life. And, we need to make sure girls are exposed to brilliant, successful, strong women. Perhaps if girls saw more examples of female engineers, physicians, and scientists, they might be more likely to believe that women are brilliant too. Originally published on Inc. Sign up for the Thrive Global newsletter Will be used in accordance with our privacy policy. Thrive Global
Stars/Sun/X-ray sources From Wikiversity < Stars‎ \| Sun Jump to navigation Jump to search The Sun as an X-ray source is a curiosity. At right is a visual image of the Sun, the star around which the Earth orbits. This image shows the ball that is the photosphere of the Sun, the surface of the Sun. The effective temperature of the photosphere is too low to emit X-rays. Notation: let the symbol indicate the solar radius. This X-ray image is first light of the Sun from the GOES-15 SXI, June 2, 2010. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The image at right is the first X-ray light image of the Sun by the satellite GOES-15 Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) on June 2, 2010. The surface of the Sun, beneath the coronal cloud layer is dark. The coronal cloud is the actual source of the X-rays. "X-rays span 3 decades in wavelength, frequency and energy. From 10 to 0.1 nanometers (nm) (about 0.12 to 12 keV) they are classified as soft x-rays, and from 0.1 nm to 0.01 nm (about 12 to 120 keV) as hard X-rays."[2] Planetary science[edit] The GOES 14 spacecraft took this image of the Sun. Credit: NOAA/Space Weather Prediction Center and the NWS Internet Services Team. The GOES 14 spacecraft carries a Solar X-ray Imager that took this image [at right] of the Sun during the most recent quiet period. The Sun appears dark because of the wavelength band of observation and the lack of X-rays. Except for X-ray emission that suggests a circular disc with some isolated X-ray sources at specific locations, the Sun is almost invisible. X-rays are primarily emitted from plasmas near 106 K. This is a montage of solar activity during a sunspot cycle. Credit: David Chenette, Joseph B. Gurman, Loren W. Acton. Theoretical solar astronomy[edit] Def. "[t]he star at the center of our solar system"[3] is called the Sun. Def. "[a] luminous celestial body, made up of plasma (particularly hydrogen and helium) and having a spherical shape"[4] is called a star. "Depending on context the sun may or may not be included."[4] Def. "[a]ny small luminous dot appearing in the cloudless portion of the night sky, especially with a fixed location relative to other such dots"[4] is called a star. Def. "[t]he natural medium emanating from the sun and other very hot sources (now recognised as electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 400-750 nm), within which vision is possible"[5] is called light. Def. "emitting light"[6] is called luminous. "[M]otions resulting from [a linear magnetohydrodynamic] instability act as a dynamo to sustain the magnetic field."[7] "Supersonic flows are initially generated by the Balbus-Hawley magnetic shear instability."[7] "The solar dynamo is the physical process that generates the Sun's magnetic field. The Sun is permeated by an overall dipole magnetic field, as are many other celestial bodies such as the Earth. The dipole field is produced by a circular electric current flowing deep within the star, following Ampère's law. The current is produced by shear (stretching of material) between different parts of the Sun that rotate at different rates, and the fact that the Sun itself is a very good electrical conductor (and therefore governed by the laws of magnetohydrodynamics)."[9] Magnetic reconnections[edit] "Apart from the Sun, the known X-ray emitters now include planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), planetary satellites (Moon, Io, Europa, and Ganymede), all active comets, the Io plasma torus, the rings of Saturn, the coronae (exospheres) of Earth and Mars, and the heliosphere."[11] Strong forces[edit] The "force acting between the protons and the neutrons [is] the strong force".[12] "A potential of 36 MeV is needed to get just one energy state."[12] The width of a bound proton and neutron is "2.02 x 10-13 cm".[12] A fossil stellar magnetic field is a relic "of the primordial field that [threads] the interstellar gas out of which stars [form].[13] As "[o]hmic decay times in stable radiative envelopes ... are very long, [a] primordial field sufficiently concentrated by the star formation process [may survive] through most or all of such a star’s main-sequence [lifetime].[13] "[T]he slow rotation of most magnetic ... stars relative to [non-magnetics of the same spectral type] is ... [the] result of magnetic braking by the field threading the stars."[13] "Invoking fossil origins for the observed surface magnetism, with predominate dipole structure surviving, is a favored explanation ... since strong fields could more easily be obtained."[13] "The Sun ... consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields.[14][15]"[16] "The Sun is a magnetically active star. It [has] a strong, changing magnetic field that varies year-to-year and reverses direction about every eleven years around solar maximum.[17] The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity, including sunspots on the surface of the Sun, solar flares, and variations in solar wind that carry material through the Solar System.[18] Effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes, and the disruption of radio communications and electric power. Solar activity [may] have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Solar activity changes the structure of Earth's outer atmosphere.[19]"[16] "[A] variety of geophysical and astrophysical phenomena can be explained by a net charge on the Sun of -1.5 x 1028 e.s.u."[21] This figure was later reduced by a factor of five.[22] Solar radii[edit] "When we speak of the surface of the Sun, we normally mean the photosphere."[25] "[T]he photosphere may be thought of as the imaginary surface from which the solar light that we see appears to be emitted. The diameter quoted for the Sun usually refers to the diameter of the photosphere."[25] Illumination of the Sun's photosphere is in part by gamma rays. "Each gamma ray [that interacts with the photosphere] is converted into several million photons of visible light ... At the visible surface of the Sun, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000th the density of air at sea level).[26]"[16] "The tremendous power output of the Sun is not due to its high power per volume, but instead due to its large size. ... Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions, which absorb visible light easily.[27] Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions.[28][29] ... The photosphere has a particle density of ~1023 m−3 (this is about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of Earth's atmosphere at sea level; however, photosphere particles are electrons and protons, so the average particle in air is 58 times as heavy)."[16] "The color of a star, as determined by the peak frequency of the visible light, depends on the temperature of the star's outer layers, including its photosphere.[30]"[31] The effective temperature of the surface of the Sun's photosphere is 5,778 K.[32] The "[t]emperature at [the] bottom of [the Sun's] photosphere [is] 6600 K", while the "[t]emperature at [the] top of [the] photosphere [is] 4400 K".[32] The photosphere is "~400 km" in thickness.[32] The peak emittance wavelength of 501.5 nm (~0.5 eV) makes the photosphere a primarily green radiation source. The figure at the right shows the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance as compared with a blackbody spectrum. The sharper than black-body cutoff at the shorter wavelength end indicates an even lower likelihood that X-rays are emitted from the photosphere. Polar temperatures[edit] "Many CMEs have also been observed to be unassociated with any obvious solar surface activity"[35]. "On 1991 June 1, an active sunspot appeared at N25 E90 on the Sun (NOAA region 6659). The commencement of an enormous bright flare was observed at 03:37 UT on 1991 June 4 [...] The flare was classified as 3 B and the location was at N31 E70 of the solar surface."[37] "The solar neutron telescope [image at right] consists of 10 blocks of scintillator [...] and several lead plates which are used to place kinetic energies Tn of incoming particles into three bands (50-360 MeV, 280-500 MeV, and ≥ 390 MeV)."[37] The telescope is inclined to the direction of the Sun by 15°.[37] The plane area of the detector is 1.0 m2 and protected by lead plates (Pb) to eliminate gamma-ray and muon background from the side of the detector.[37] The anti-coincident counter (A) is used to reject the muons and gamma rays, coming from the side of the detector and the top scintillators.[37] (P) and (G) are used to identify the proton events and gamma rays.[37] The central scintillator blocks are optically separated into 10 units.[37] "Mount Norikura Cosmic-Ray Laboratory has an elevation of 2770 m above sea level. The geographical latitude is 36.10° N and the longitude is 137.55° E. The zenith angle of the Sun at 03:37 UT on June 4 is 18.9° and the solar neutron telescope was set at a zenith angle of 15° on this day."[37] Electrons "provide remote-sensing observations of distant targets in the heliosphere - the Sun, the Moon, Jupiter, and various heliospheric structures."[38] Gamma rays[edit] Ultraviolet emission from the Sun actually comes from the Chromospheres. "The flare was observed by [the commencement of an enormous bright flare was observed at 03:37 UT on 1991 June 4 (K. Yamaguchi, M. Ire, & M. Miyashita 1991, private communication5; Sakurai et al. 1992) with] a 14 cm aperture Hα monochromatic heliograph of the National Astronomical Observatory [Mitaka, Tokyo 181, Japan]."[37] This image shows the Solar Submillimeter-wave Telescope at the El Leoncito Observatory in the Argentina andes. Credit: Pierre Kaufmann. The "solar submillimeter telescope [(SST) is] at the El Leoncito Observatory located at 2550 m altitude in the Argentina Andes. The SST has a 1.5 m reflector with four 212 GHz and two 405 GHz radiometers operating simultaneously with 5 ms time resolution. The main-beam cluster consists of three 212 GHz beams (about 4 half-power beamwidth) partially overlapping each other and one 405 GHz beam (about 2) in the center of the three".[43] Plasma objects[edit] Def. "[t]he luminous plasma atmosphere of the Sun or other star, extending millions of kilometres into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse"[44] is called a corona, or stellar corona. "Some of the theories of the solar corona were then illustrated and discussed."[45] "[T]he sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind. Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather. Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn.[48] The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae,[49] and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals."[50] Gaseous objects[edit] The solar photosphere is a "weakly ionized [ni/(ni + na)] ~ 10-4, relatively cold and dense plasma".[51] The image shows the solar observatory at Harestua near Oslo, Norway. Credit: Hans Olav Lien. "On April 23, 1978 a system of bright loop prominences was observed at Oslo Solar Observatory, Harestua, on the east limb of the Sun."[55] "X-ray photons can be effectively backscattered by photosphere atoms and electrons (Tomblin 1972; Bai & Ramaty 1978). ... [A]t energies not dominated by absorption the backscattered albedo flux must be seen virtually in every solar flare spectrum, the degree of the albedo contribution depending on the directivity of the primary X-ray flux (Kontar et al. 2006). The solar flare photons backscattered by the solar photosphere can contribute significantly (the reflected flux is 50-90 % of the primary in the 30 - 50 keV range for isotropic sources) to the total observed photon spectrum. for the simple case of a power-law-like primary solar flare spectrum (without albedo), the photons reflected by the photosphere produce a broad 'hump' component. Photospheric albedo makes the observed spectrum flatter below ~ 35 keV and slightly steeper above, in comparison with the primary spectrum."[56] Coronal clouds[edit] From coronal cloud: "Initially the concept of a coronal cloud developed with observations of clouds or cloud-like structures forming above the photospheric surface of the Sun." "Coronal clouds, type IIIg, form in space above a spot area and rain streamers upon it."[57] Type IIIg is a subdivision of sunspot prominences (class III).[57] "Occasionally dots form in space above a sunspot group. Other dots then appear, and all coalesce into a suspended cloud from which streamers pour into the spot area."[57] "A hot coronal cloud at T ~ 107 K is left behind, presumably evaporated from the original material."[59] "[O]nce ionized, the gas is rapidly heated by Coulomb collisions to the coronal cloud temperature, but as this material peels off, a cooler hydrogen-emitting region is left."[59] At right is an image showing the Sun as viewed by the Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) onboard the orbiting Yohkoh satellite. The bright, loop-like structures are hot plasma (MK) confined by magnetic fields apparently rooted in the solar interior. An image of the Sun in visible light would show sunspots at the feet of many of these loops. The halo of gas extends well beyond the Sun and almost appears like a shell around the Sun. The darker regions at the North and South poles of the Sun are coronal holes, where the magnetic field lines are open to space and allow particles to escape. These holes are the source for the solar wind. Coronal heating[edit] "The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of 5,570 K[60] yet its corona has an average temperature of 1–2 x 106 K.[61] However, the hottest regions are 8–20 x 106 K.[61] The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.[62]"[2] Although the total energy output of the photosphere is larger than that of the coronal cloud there appears to be no mechanism to focus it into the corona. The source of heat that brings the coronal cloud near the Sun hot enough to emit X-rays may be an electron beam heating effect due to "high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffusing into our solar system from outside"[64]. "Electron beams can be generated by thermionic emission, field emission or the anodic arc method. The generated electron beam is accelerated to a high kinetic energy and focused towards the [target]. When the accelerating voltage is between 20 kV – 25 kV and the beam current is a few amperes, 85% of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into thermal energy as the beam bombards the surface of the [target]. The surface temperature of the [target] increases resulting in the formation of a liquid melt. Although some of incident electron energy is lost in the excitation of X-rays and secondary emission, the [target] material evaporates under vacuum."[65] The image shows a drawing of a sunspot in the Chronicles of John of Worcester. Credit: Original work by John of Worcester. This drawing of a group of sun spots and veiled spots is as observed on June 17, 1875, at 7 h 30 m a.m. Credit: Étienne Léopold Trouvelot. This spiral sunspot was seen at Rome on May 5, 1857. Credit: Secchi. A sunspot is a depression on the Sun's face that is slightly cooler and less luminous than the rest of the Sun. Credit: Vacuum Tower Telescope, NSO, NOAO. A planet-sized sunspot showing for the first time dark cores of the filaments extending into the sunspot. These filaments are thousands of km long by about 100 km wide. Recorded on July 15, 2002, using the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST). Solar active region AR 10030. Credit: SST, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Measurements of solar cycle variation are included for the last 30 years. Credit: Robert A. Rohde. History of the number of observed sunspots during the last 250 years shows the ~11-year solar cycle. Credit: Leland McInnes. Def. "[a] hollow spot in a surface"[66] is called a hole. Def. "[a]n opening in a solid[, liquid, gas, or plasma]"[66] is called a hole. Def. "[a] round or irregular patch on [or apparently on] the surface of [an entity] having a different color, texture etc. and generally round in shape"[67] is called a spot. Def. "[a]n opening through which [entities such as] gases ... can pass"[68] is called a vent. "For the greater part of the sun-spot period there is practically but one zone of spots in each hemisphere. The departure from this condition of things near or at the time of minimum, when the spots of the dying cycle are approaching the equator, and the forerunners of the new cycle are beginning to appear in high latitudes, is the only case in which the solar spots are distinctly separated into more than a single zone in each hemisphere."[71] "Spöerer's law ... involves that in a minimum year the zone about 15° should be entirely barren".[71] "First of all there were only fifteen groups seen during the entire year [1901], north and south put together. Of these, seven were in the north, and the mean latitude for the north was 8.6°, exactly the latitude of one spot of the seven, and this very naturally, seeing that it was by far the greatest group of the year, the celebrated "eclipse group.""[71] Bold added. "Greatest group" and "eclipse group" are both relative synonyms for "dominant group". "[T]he spot-groups have been carefully examined for cases of return, and where it appeared clear that the same group has returned a second time or more frequently, without any temporary disappearance or subsidence, such a long-continued group has been treated as an entity throughout."[72] Bold added. "It has been forgotten that, whatever the cause which produces this variation of rotation rate with latitude, the causes producing difference of rate within any given latitude are more effective still."[72] "[T]here is a slight retardation of the rotation period from the first cycle to the second, shown by both northern and southern hemispheres."[72] "Studies of stratigraphic data have suggested that the solar cycles have been active for hundreds of millions of years, if not longer; measuring varves in precambrian sedimentary rock has revealed repeating peaks in layer thickness, with a pattern repeating approximately every eleven years. It is possible that the early atmosphere on Earth was more sensitive to changes in solar radiation than today, so that greater glacial melting (and thicker sediment deposits) could have occurred during years with greater sunspot activity.[73] [74] This would presume annual layering; however, alternate explanations (diurnal) have also been proposed.[75]"[70] "The earliest surviving record of sunspot observation dates from 364 BC, based on comments by Chinese astronomer Gan De in a star catalogue.[77] By 28 BC, Chinese astronomers were regularly recording sunspot observations in official imperial records.[78]"[70] The second drawing at right is of a group of sun spots and veiled spots. This group was observed on June 17, 1875, at 07:30 a.m. The interior of these spots appears to have a larger granule size than the outer surface of the photosphere itself. The spiral sunspot in the third drawing at right is a vortex seen on May 5, 1857, at Rome. "[T]he substance of the photosphere is rushing with an eddying motion [into the spot]."[79] "Starspots are equivalent to sunspots but located on other stars. Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect since they are too small to cause fluctuations in brightness. Observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the Sun, up to about 30 % of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to sizes 100 times greater than those on the Sun."[80] "The distribution of starspots across the stellar surface varies analogous to the solar case, but differs for different types of stars, e.g., depending on whether the star is a binary or not. The same type of activity cycles that are found for the Sun can be seen for other stars, corresponding to the solar (2 times) 11-year cycle. Some stars have longer cycles, possibly analogous to the Maunder minima for the Sun."[80] "Another activity cycle is the so called flip-flop cycle, which implies that the activity on either hemisphere shifts from one side to the other. The same phenomena can be seen on the Sun, with periods of 3.8 and 3.65 years for the northern and southern hemispheres. Flip-flop phenomena are observed for both binary RS CVn stars and single stars although the extent of the cycles are different between binary and singular stars."[80] "The sunspot itself can be divided into two parts: • The central umbra, which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (normal to the Sun's surface). • The surrounding penumbra, which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined."[70] "[T]he rate of helicity change dH/dt due to horizontal motions is where Bn is the vertical component of the magnetic field on the photosphere and v the photospheric horizontal velocity."[82] "Helicity [(H)] is a quantitative measure of the chiral properties of the structures observed in the solar atmosphere. ... [H]elicity [is] injected to the corona by photospheric horizontal shearing motions (other than differential rotation) or by [vertical] magnetic flux. ... [D]ifferential rotation cannot provide the required helicity to the [CME] field ejected to interplanetary space."[82] Solar active region AR 10030 contained a group of sunspots including the largest one partially included in the image at the right. It is a planet-sized sunspot showing for the first time the dark cores of the filaments extending into the sunspot. These filaments are thousands of km long by about 100 km wide. The image is recorded on July 15, 2002, using the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST). HD 154345b has "a 9.2 year, circular orbit with radius 4.2 AU. ... We also detect a ~ 9 year activity cycle in this star [HD 154345] photometrically and in chromospheric emission. ... We note that the Sun's 11 year activity cycle has a period similar to that of Jupiter's orbit, and that the Mount Wilson survey demonstrated that decadal activity cycles are a common feature of old G stars (Baliunas et al. 1995)."[84] "Naked sunspots are spots seen in Hα to be devoid of associated plage. In magnetograms and K-line little if any opposite polarity field is found, and in soft X-ray images a blank appears in the region of the spot. In almost all cases ... in which naked spots resulted the spot groups had emerged in unipolar regions of the same polarity as the naked spot. At least half of the naked spots are associated with coronal holes."[85] "[N]aked spots are long-lived and show rotation rates close to the Newton-Nunn curve. Most of the naked spots had bright rims in Hα"[85]. "Though sunspots themselves are darker, they form when there are particularly magnetically active regions, which is when larger, brighter, longer-duration Faculae are more common as well"[86]. Solar cycles[edit] "The solar cycle has a great influence on space weather, and a significant influence on the Earth's climate since the Sun's luminosity has a direct relationship with magnetic activity.[87] Solar activity minima tend to be correlated with colder temperatures, and longer than average solar cycles tend to be correlated with hotter temperatures. In the 17th century, the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades; few sunspots were observed during this period. During this era, known as the Maunder minimum or Little Ice Age, Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures.[88] Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.[89]"[16] "The Babcock Model describes a mechanism which can explain magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun."[95] 4. "The sunspots result from the strong local magnetic fields in the solar surface that exclude the light-emitting solar plasma and appear as darkened spots on the solar surface."[95] 6. "The solar dipole field, through similar processes, reverses again at the end of the 22-year cycle."[95] 8. "The fluctuations in the bundled fields convert magnetic field energy into plasma heating, producing emission of electromagnetic radiation as intense ultraviolet (UV) and X-rays."[95] Solar winds[edit] "The observations show that the night side ionosphere moved outward to at least 15 000 km from Venus' centre over a period of only a few hours," said Markus Fraenz, also from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, who was the team leader and a co-author of the paper.[97] "It may possibly have extended for millions of kilometres, like an enormous tail."[97] Venus has been detected as a gaseous object using X-ray through red astronomy. "Ionization [of the ionosphere] depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions)."[100] Interplanetary medium[edit] Def. the "region of space where interstellar medium is blown away by solar wind; the boundary, heliopause, is often considered the edge of the Solar System"[101] is called the heliosphere. "The point where the solar wind slows down is the termination shock".[102] Further out "is the heliosheath area ... As of June 2011, the heliosheath area is thought to be filled with magnetic bubbles (each about 1 AU wide), creating a "foamy zone".[103][102] Electron winds[edit] Local hot bubbles[edit] The 'local hot bubble' is a "hot X-ray emitting plasma within the local environment of the Sun."[104] "This coronal gas fills the irregularly shaped local void of matter (McCammon & Sanders 1990) - frequently called the Local Hot Bubble (LHB)."[104] Recent history[edit] The recent history period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present. The beginning of the search for X-ray sources from above the Earth's atmosphere is on August 5, 1948, 12:07 GMT.[105] A US Army (formerly German) V-2 rocket as part of Project Hermes is launched from White Sands Proving Grounds. The first solar X-rays are recorded by T. Burnight.[106] After detecting X-ray photons from the Sun in the course of the rocket flight, T. Burnight wrote, “The sun is assumed to be the source of this radiation although radiation of wave-length shorter than 4 angstroms would not be expected from theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona.”[107] 1. The source of electrons to bombard the Sun is external to the Sun. See also[edit] 2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "X-ray astronomy, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-06. 3. "Sun, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. May 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05. 4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 "star, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05. 5. "light, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. June 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05. 6. "luminous, In: Wiktionary". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. July 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05. 9. "Solar dynamo, In: Wikipedia". 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Springer Netherlands. pp. 143–54. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4732-0_13. ISBN 978-94-010-8603-5. Retrieved 2013-07-07. 94. 94.0 94.1 H. A. Hill and R. T. Stebbins (September 1, 1975). "The intrinsic visual oblateness of the sun". The Astrophysical Journal 200 (09): 471-5. doi:10.1086/153813. 95. 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 95.7 95.8 "Babcock Model, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-16. 100. "Ionosphere, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-13. 102. 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 "Heliosphere, In: Wikipedia". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. February 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-10. 103. NASA - A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System (06.09.11) 105. Rolf Mewe (December 1996). "X-ray Spectroscopy of Stellar Coronae: History - Present - Future". Solar Physics 169 (2): 335-48. doi:10.1007/BF00190610. 106. T. R. Burnight (1949). "Soft X-radiation in the upper atmosphere". Physical Review A 76: 165. 107. Manuel Güdel (2004). "X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae". Astron Astrophys Rev 12 (2-3): 71-237. doi:10.1007/s00159-004-0023-2. Retrieved 2011-10-16. Further reading[edit] • Manuel Güdel (September 2004). "X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 12 (2-3): 71–237. doi:10.1007/s00159-004-0023-2. External links[edit] {{Charge ontology}}
The Raspberry Pi is a small, inexpensive computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in the United Kingdom. The Pi was originally intended to promote computer science in schools but has since blossomed into a community of makers and enthusiasts who are always looking for the next great project. Numerous Raspberry Pi models have been released throughout the years. Looking to make something cool? We built a Raspberry Pi projects guide just for you! New to Raspberry Pi? Learn what you can do with a Raspberry Pi or how to set up your Raspberry Pi! Setting up Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi single-board computer has had built-in Bluetooth connectivity since the release of the Raspberry Pi 3 in 2016, allowing you to connect wireless peripherals such as keyboards, game controllers, headsets, and more to your device. If you don’t have a model of Raspberry Pi that has Bluetooth built-in, you can use a third-party USB adapter to add support. You may need to install additional software packages to do this, depending on the adapter you use. If you're using using Raspberry Pi OS (previously Raspbian), then Bluetooth should be enabled by default, but you'll need to follow these additional steps to connect and set up your devices. These instructions will work for Raspberry Pi OS users, including Raspberry Pi OS Lite, which lacks a graphical desktop environment by default. DietPi Logo If you need a resource-light operating system for your Raspberry Pi, then you should consider trying DietPi. Raspbian OS Gets New Name and 64-bit Beta New changes to the classic Raspberry Pi operating system. 8GB Raspberry Pi 4 Model Released The Raspberry Pi Foundation has announced the official release of an 8 GB model of the Raspberry Pi 4. Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera Update your Pi project with high-quality images. RetroPie Raspberry Pi 4 Finally, retro gaming has arrived on the most powerful Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi Imager New official Raspberry Pi imaging software. RetroArch FAQ Everything you didn't know about the retro gaming staple. Finding guides
Mar 12, 2020 By Natalia Saucedo From wearing lipstick to putting on a pair of jeans, fashion has become a political statement for North Koreans. As of today, more than 25 million North Koreans live under a totalitarian regime led by “supreme leader” Kim Jong-un, a third-generation dictator. His grandfather, Kim Il-sung, came into power in 1948. North Koreans are allowed to know little about freedom of speech, while the state attempts to control everything they do, say, and think. Neglecting the regime’s strict rules leads to torture, forced labor, and even execution. The people of North Korea have no access to the internet, no foreign postal mail, and no ability to make phone calls abroad. Fashion has been a less-examined area of the government’s repression, but it is actually one of the most strict areas of control. Skimpy clothing, women’s trousers, sunhats, exotic garments, or the use of red lipstick and other cosmetics are a few examples of what is prohibited. “Totalitarian regimes, like the Kim regime in North Korea, demand uniformity from their citizens in every possible way. They demand that people sing the same propaganda songs and watch the same movies. And one of these means of control is appearance,” said North Korean defector Yeonmi Park. “The regime demands people to look the same so they can stop people from expressing their individuality.” The country has its own fashion police, called “Gyuchaldae, who patrol pedestrians to make sure everyone’s looks are acceptable. Despite reports that restrictions have been relaxed over the past few years, the dress code isn’t clearly codified. But violating these vague laws regarding appearance can result in public humiliation, hard labor, fines, and other punishments. But North Koreans are finding ways to challenge the regime. A recent piece by CNN examines how the youth of North Korea is using aspects of their appearance as a form of protest. For instance, wearing jeans – a so-called symbol of capitalism according to the Kim regime – is an act of dissent in North Korea. Being able to wear silver or gold accessories, short skirts or even a different haircut equals freedom for many North Koreans. But how can people living in the “Hermit Kingdom” know about fashion and beauty culture from the outside world? Information from abroad, illegally obtained on the black market. Jangmadang is the term for the black market where North Koreans can buy illegal products smuggled into the country, such as clothes, makeup and, of course, USB drives filled with international content. The Human Rights Foundation’s Flash Drives for Freedom program has been sending USB drives into North Korea since 2016, based on the belief that free, unrestricted access to information can alter people’s perceptions, promote democratic ideals, and inspire radical change from within. These drives, which contain movies including the latest Korean soap operas and romantic comedies, articles, and Korean Wikipedia pages, news, pictures, and music, have reached an estimated 900,000 North Koreans to date. North Koreans born after the 1990s and known as the “black market generation” or the “Jangmadang Generation,” are most keen on consuming outside information and they’re changing their fashion choices accordingly. The symbolic power of fashion is undeniable and authoritarian leaders use fashion to suppress opposing voices and exert a specific vision of the country they hope to control. Simple items of clothing that are deemed a threat are banned by regimes, while others are imposed as a form of social control. In China, the Cheongsam dress or qipao was banned in 1949 when the Communist Party began to govern China, until the ’80s. The dress was considered a visual symbol of the bourgeoisie, and this conflicted with the Party’s objective to eliminate signs of social status and impose uniformity and order. In Saudi Arabia, flashing an inch of flesh is strictly prohibited, Saudi women are required to wear a niqab and long black cloak called an abaya. In 2011, Malaysians were being arrested for wearing yellow to demand the resignation of their Prime Minister, that color is associated with the Bersih (Malay for “clean”) opposition movement. But fashion is also used by the people as a tool for expression and protest globally. In 2012, after the Russian punk protest group Pussy Riot was arrested in Moscow’s Cathedral of Christ the Saviour after a performance, thousands of people around the world donned the colored balaclavas that the group members wore, in a show of support. In 2005, Cuba witnessed every Sunday the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White) as they marched peacefully in the streets of Havana wearing white to symbolize the innocence of their family members being imprisoned by Fidel Castro’s regime. Throughout the recent year’s protests, Hong Kongers wearing all black made their own pro-democracy statement. As Coco Chanel once said, “Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only; fashion is something in the air. It’s the wind that blows in the new fashion: you smell it. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening.” Fashion can be about so much more than aesthetics. The way people in North Korea are seeking to express themselves through their garments, style, and appearance indicates nothing less than a push for change from within.
microbiology: salmonella in food analysis: microbiology Salmonella is an organism which can make you ill. It is present in, for example, in chickens and eggs. Cases of salmonella infections must be registered in Germany. It is estimated that only every 10th infection is recognized as a salmonella infection. Salmonella can survive outside the human or animal organism for several weeks. The best protection against salmonella is to heat the food for about 10 minutes to at least 75°. In addition salmonella will die in an acidic medium (eg pickles) quickly. Freezing does not kill the bacteria.</ amount of sample200 g Laboratoryaccreditated Partner methodEN ISO 6579 Similar analyzes
Saturday, June 6, 2020 Home Opinions Cultural genocide of Hindus Cultural genocide of Hindus Also Read The Hindus of the Indian subcontinent today occupy a unique place in the world. They represent the last stand of indigenous tradition. In many countries of both east and west, monocultural monotheist cults have succeeded in wiping out ancient, indigenous, polytheistic traditions. Hinduism, Buddhism and other Eastern traditions today survive in only a few countries such as India, Thailand, Japan etc. How humanity moved backward Around 1500 years ago, the situation was vastly different. In most of the world, including Asia, Africa, the Middle East, local traditions and practices prevailed and there was thus much cultural diversity. Around 2000 years ago, mono cults desirous of world domination were only restricted to a small part of the world. Since the time of Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, paganism was entirely wiped out from the Roman empire and eventually from Europe. The practice of committing cultural genocide was not new to the ancient Romans, who had already performed such acts with the Gauls and the Carthaginians. Similarly, a second wave of attempted monotheistic world domination came from the deserts of Arabia and Central Asia and wiped out much of the pagan practices of peoples in surrounding regions. It appears, at least from a geographical viewpoint, that the Hindus of India form the final frontier against the total cultural genocide of indigenous customs and practices. The disaster of monotheism: One could always begin to question the value of such local practices and traditions that could not even withstand the onslaught of a violent group of fanatics. It could be inferred that those customs that could not self-sustain need not be artificially resuscitated. The answer to this lies in the monotheistic Bible itself in Matthew 7: One needs to decide the value of a culture or a civilization by the fruits which it produced. The result of monotheism being imposed by force on this world has been the loss of original human thought and culture. There was little progress made in the fields of science and philosophy in the western world for a long time after the advent of monotheism. This remained the case until the church beliefs and dogmas began to be questioned. These problems of imposed belief did not exist during the pre-monotheistic time when paganism ruled the roost. The question of woman empowerment and rights also remains an unsolved problem for the mono cults which essentially view the female with suspicion as opposed to pagans who tend to view the female as sacred. The mono cults have contributed greatly to the degradation of the status of women and female traditions. The Christian mass lynchings of women in Europe and America in the name of witch hunting is only one example. India had produced giants of philosophy, science, mathematics etc before the civilisation began to be battered by the onslaught of the Central Asian and European invaders. It can be noted here that the Aryan invasion of around 3500 years ago brought in fresh polytheistic perspectives to an already polytheistic population. Thus, the Aryans were indigenized. Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, Kanada, Adi Shankara are only a few examples of intellectual giants who strode in this land thanks to the freedom of thought that developed over the millennia thanks to the indigenous Hindu culture. Cultural genocide of local traditions and practices, many of which of which are oral records from ancient times leads to an atmosphere of fear and brutality. This is one of the fundamental mistakes of the mono cults that try to impose themselves on the world by wiping out all local cultures similar to the parasitic behavior seen in the biological world. Hindu progress disrupted by monotheism: Ruins of the Nalanda University How to fight cultural genocide In order to fight cultural genocide, Hindus have to strategise and organise. A multi-pronged approach can be conceived to protect, preserve and propagate the dharma. 1. Intellectual arena: Writing and reading books, articles and pamphlets. Publishing of popular videos, podcasts and other digital media. Conducting debates, seminars, lectures and courses. The internet has become the best avenue to fight the battle for the mind. 2. Legal battles: Many discriminatory laws exist to persecute Hindus in violation of fundamental rights offered to all citizens by the constitution. These have to be legally challenged and overthrown. 3. Physical fitness: In order to be taken seriously, one needs to be physically fit and agile. Swami Vivekananda emphasized the importance of physical fitness by quoting the Upanishadic statement “nayamatma balahinena labhyah”, the self cannot be realized by the physically weak. 4. Social arena: Community festivals and yagnas need to be organised and celebrated. These events form the basis of a free dharmic society. Temples need to once again become the center of Hindu life. Legal battles need to fought to free temples from the clutches of corrupt bureaucrats and politicians. 5. Institutions: It has to be first accepted that the academia, the media and the bureaucracy in India and the west are permanently damaged institutions. These institutions have make their livelihood by defaming and destroying indigenous Hindu cultures. The way to fight the totalitarian establishment is to not play the game on their terms. Hindus should build and promote alternative media and institutions that expose the charlatanry of the enemies of dharma. These strategies(and more) need to be adopted broadly. However, the expectation is not that the Hindu masses will suddenly change their minds and overcome their inertia overnight. History demonstrates that it is a few intransigent minorities inside a society who are able to bring about the most change. So, the adoption of these strategies needs to be undertaken by small groups of highly dedicated people. It is such small groups of people who tend to have the most impact as opposed to utopian mass movements which rarely have any effect. Support Us Trending now Latest News हिन्द उवाच है लहू मिला जिस मिट्टी में, बिस्मिल, अशफ़ाक़, भगतसिंह का। जिसको स्वेदों से सींचा है, गाँधी और लाल बहादुर ने। From a porcupine to a tiger – Advent of Modi sarkar The Modi government has established a brand India, enveloping components of economy, diplomacy, revival of foreign affairs and a clean-up of corrupt-ridden governance of the past; dispensed from an establishment with little obligation to coalition partners that enjoys mandate and confidence of the citizenry of India Has social service become a way of conversion? George Floyd and India Ashok Swain, who is a professor in Sweden’s Uppsala’s University was upset that such protest doesn’t happen in India, so did another ‘journalist’ Rana Ayyub. Instead of showing solidarity with a man who lost his life, these opportunists are provoking vandalism and mayhem in India too. बौद्ध मत की वो बातें, जो बताई नहीं जाती कोई कॉमरेड और नवबौद्ध आपको देवराज इंद्र से जुड़ी हुई ये बातें नहीं बताएगा. वास्तविकता तो यह है कि बौद्ध ग्रंथों में देवराज इंद्र का उतना ही वर्णन है, जितना हिन्दू ग्रंथों में मिलता है. Recently Popular रचनाधर्मियों को गर्भस्थ बेटी का उत्तर Easing lockdown a gamble? The journey of anti-CAA virus in the U.S.: A tale of three cities Kshama Sawant, a Hindu immigrant embraces Hindu phobic ideology and lead an anti-India campaign to seek a stage for her future political dreams. भारत-चीन पर राहुल का सवाल भारत ही नेहरू के नेतृत्व में पहला गैर साम्यवादी जनतांत्रिक राज्य था जिसने जनवादी कम्युनिस्ट चीन को मान्यता प्रदान की. नेहरू उस दौर में चीन को लेकर इतने रोमांटिक (कल्पनावादी) हो गए थे कि तिब्बत पर चीन का आधिपत्य स्वीकार कर लिया. पर जब 1962 में चीन ने भारत पर हमला किया तो नेहरू की विदेश नीति चौपट हो गई थी. Corona and a new breed of social media intellectuals
Cart 0 Coping Skills for Kids Deep Breathing Printables Regular price $0.00 Sometimes you need a visual to help teach deep breathing. Here are printable pages of 4 simple breathing techniques - square breathing, figure 8 breathing, star breathing and triangle breathing. Triangle - Breathe in for 3, hold for 3, breathe out for 3 Square Breathing - Breathe in for 4, Hold for 4, breathe out for 4, hold for 4. Lazy 8 - Start with an image of an 8 on it’s side (it looks like an infinity sign). Starting in the middle, go up to the left and trace the left part of the 8 with your finger while you breathe in. When you get to the middle of the 8 again, breathe out while you trace the right part of the 8 with your finger. Star Breathing - Breathe in, hold at the point, breathe out, keep going until you’ve gone around the whole star. These deep breathing printables are part of the Coping Skills for Kids Workbook. To learn more, click here. Customer Reviews Based on 2 reviews Write a review Share this Product More from this collection
An unfairly treated genius The genius that I am talking about in the title of this post is none other than Alan Mathison Turing, considered one of the fathers of computer science and a forerunner of modern computing. For mathematicians, Turing is best known for his involvement in the solution of the decision problem previously proposed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and David Hilbert, who were seeking to define a method that could be applied to any mathematical sentence to prove whether that sentence were or not true (to those interested in the matter, it could be demonstrated that such a method does not exist). But what it is Turing is famous for among the general public comes thanks to the cinema and to his work in statistics during World War II. And it is that Turing was taken to exploiting Bayesian magic to deepen the concept of how the evidence we are collecting during an investigation can support the initial hypothesis or not, thus favoring the development of a new alternative hypothesis. This allowed him to decipher the code of the Enigma machine, which was the one used by the German navy’s sailors to encrypt their messages, and that is the story that has been taken to the screen. This line of work led to the development of concepts such as the weight of evidence and concepts of probability, with which confront null and alternative hypotheses, which were applied in biomedicine and enabled the development of new ways to evaluate new diagnostic tests capabilities, such as the ones we are going to deal with today. But all this story about Alan Turing turn out to be just a recognition of one of the people whose contribution made it possible to develop the methodological design that we are going to talk about today, which is none other than the meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. We already know that a meta-analysis is a quantitative synthesis method that is used in systematic reviews to integrate the results of primary studies into a summary result measure. The most common is to find systematic reviews on treatment, for which the implementation methodology and the choice of summary result measure are quite well defined. Reviews on diagnostic tests, which have been possible after the development and characterization of the parameters that measure the diagnostic performance of a test, are less common. The process of conducting a diagnostic systematic review essentially follows the same guidelines as a treatment review, although there are some specific differences that we will try to clarify. We will focus first on the choice of the outcome summary measure and try to take into account the rest of the peculiarities when we give some recommendations for a critical appraisal of these studies. When choosing the outcome measure, we will find the first big difference with the meta-analyzes of treatment. In the meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy (MDA) the most frequent way to assess the test is to combine sensitivity and specificity as summary values. However, these indicators present the problem that the cut-off points to consider the results of the test as positive or negative usually vary among the different primary studies of the review. Moreover, in some cases positivity may depend on the objectivity of the evaluator (think of results of imaging tests). All this, besides being a source of heterogeneity among the primary studies, constitutes the origin of a typical MDA bias called the threshold effect, in which we will stop a little later. For this reason, many authors do not like to use sensitivity and specificity as summary measures and resort to positive and negative likelihood ratios. These ratios have two advantages. First, they are more robust against the presence of threshold effect. Second, as we know, they allow calculating the post-test probability either using Bayes’ rule (pre-test odds x likelihood ratio = posttest odds) or a Fagan’s nomogram (you can review these concepts in the corresponding post). Finally, a third possibility is to resort to another of the inventions that derive from Turing’s work: the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). The DOR is defined as the ratio of the odds of the patient being positive with a test with respect to the odds of being positive while being healthy. This phrase may seem a bit cryptic, but it is not so. The odds of the patient being positive versus being negative is only the ratio between true positives (TP) and false negatives (FN): TP / FN. On the other hand, the odds of the healthy being positive versus negative is the quotient between false positives (FP) and true negatives (TN): FP / TN. And seeing this, we can only define the ratio between the two odds, as you can see in the attached figure. The DOR can also be expressed in terms of the predictive values and the likelihood ratios, according to the expressions that you can see in the same figure. Finally, it is also possible to calculate their confidence interval, according to the formula that ends the figure. Like all odds ratios, the possible values of the DOR go from zero to infinity. The null value is 1, which means that the test has no discriminatory capacity between the healthy and the sick. A value greater than one indicates discriminatory capacity, which will be greater the greater the value. Finally, values between zero and 1 will indicate that the test not only does not discriminate well between the sick and healthy, but classifies them in a wrong way and gives us more negative values among the sick than among the healthy. The DOR is a global parameter easy to interpret and does not depend on the prevalence of the disease, although it must be said that it can vary between groups of patients with different severity of disease. In addition, it is also a very robust measure against the threshold effect and is very useful for calculating the summary ROC curves that we will comment on below. The second peculiar aspect of MDA that we are going to deal with is the threshold effect. We must always assess their presence when we find ourselves before a MDA. The first thing will be to observe the clinical heterogeneity among the primary studies, which could be evident without needing to make many considerations. There is also a simple mathematical form, which is to calculate the Spearman’s correlation coefficient between sensitivity and specificity . If there is a threshold effect, there will be an inverse correlation between the two, the stronger the higher the threshold effect. Finally, a graphical method is to assess the dispersion of the sensitivity and specificity representation of the primary studies on the summary ROC curve of the meta-analysis. A dispersion allows us to suspect the threshold effect, but it can also occur due to the heterogeneity of the studies and other biases such as selection’s or verification’s. The third specific element of MDA that we are going to comment on is that of the summary ROC curve (sROC), which is an estimate of the common ROC curve adjusted according to the results of the primary studies of the review. There are several ways to calculate it, some quite complicated from the mathematical point of view, but the most used are the regression models that use the DOR as an estimator, since, as we have said, it is very robust against heterogeneity and the threshold effect. But do not be alarmed, most of the statistical packages calculate and represent the sROC with little effort. The reading of sROC is similar to that of any ROC curve. The two more used parameters are area under the ROC curve (AUC) and Q index. The AUC of a perfect curve is equal to 1. Values above 0.5 indicate its discriminatory diagnostic capacity, which will be higher the closer it gets to 1. A value of 0.5 tells us that the usefulness of the test is the same that flipping a coin. Finally, values below 0.5 indicate that the test does not contribute at all to the diagnosis it intends to perform. On the other hand, the Q index corresponds to the point at which sensitivity and specificity are equal. Similar to AUC manner, a value greater than 0.5 indicate the overall effectiveness of the diagnostic test, which will be higher the closer the index value is to 1. In addition, confidence intervals can also be calculated both for AUC as Q index, with which it will be possible to assess the precision of the estimation of the summary measure of the MDA. Once seen (at a glance) the specific aspects of MDA, we will give some recommendations to perform the critical appraising of this type of study. CASP network does not provide a specific tool for MDA, but we can follow the lines of the systematic review of treatment studies taking into account the differential aspects of MDA. As always, we will follow our three basic pillars: validity, relevance and applicability. Let’s start with the questions that value the VALIDITY of the study. The first question asks if it has been clearly specified the issue of the review. As with any systematic review, diagnostic tests’ should try to answer a specific question that is clinically relevant, and which is usually proposed following the PICO scheme of a structured clinical question. The second question makes us reflect if the type of studies that have been included in the review are adequate. The ideal design is that of a cohort to which the diagnostic test that we want to assess and the gold standard are blindly and independently applied. Other studies based on case-control designs are less valid for the evaluation of diagnostic tests, and will reduce the validity of the results. If the answer to both questions is yes, we turn to the secondary criteria. Have important studies that have to do with the subject been included? We must verify that a global and unbiased search of the literature has been carried out. The methodology of the search is similar to that of systematic reviews on treatment, although we should take some precautions. For example, diagnostic studies are usually indexed differently in databases, so the use of the usual filters of other types of revisions can cause us to lose relevant studies. We will have to carefully check the search strategy, which must be provided by the authors of the review. In addition, we must verify that the authors have ruled out the possibility of a publication bias. This poses a special problem in MDA, since the study of the publication bias in these studies is not well developed and the usual methods such as the funnel plot or the Egger’s test are not very reliable. The most conservative thing to do is always assume that there may be a publication bias. It is very important that enough has been done to assess the quality of the studies, looking for the existence of possible biases. For this the authors can use specific tools, such as the one provided by the QUADAS-2 declaration. To finish the section of internal or methodological validity, we must ask ourselves if it was reasonable to combine the results of the primary studies. It is fundamental, in order to draw conclusions from combined data, that studies are homogeneous and that the differences among them are due solely to chance. We will have to assess the possible sources of heterogeneity and if there may be a threshold effect, which the authors have had to take into account. In summary, the fundamental aspects that we will have to analyze to assess the validity of a MDA will be: 1) that the objectives are well defined; 2) that the bibliographic search has been exhaustive; and 3) that the internal or methodological validity of the included studies has also been verified. In addition, we will review the methodological aspects of the meta-analysis technique: the convenience of combining the studies to perform a quantitative synthesis, an adequate evaluation of the heterogeneity of the primary studies and the possible threshold effect and use of an adequate mathematical model to combine the results of the primary studies (sROC, DOR, etc.). Regarding the RELEVANCE of the results we must consider what is the overall result of the review and if the interpretation has been made in a judicious manner. We will value more those MDA that provide more robust measures against possible biases, such as likelihood ratios and DOR. In addition, we must assess the accuracy of the results, for which we will use our beloved confidence intervals, which will give us an idea of the precision of the estimation of the true magnitude of the effect in the population. We will conclude the critical appraisal of MDA assessing the APPLICABILITY of the results to our environment. We will have to ask whether we can apply the results to our patients and how they will influence the attention to them. We will have to see if the primary studies of the review describe the participants and if they resemble our patients. In addition, it will be necessary to see if all the relevant results have been considered for decision making in the problem under study and, as always, the benefit-cost-risk ratio must be assessed. The fact that the conclusion of the review seems valid does not mean that we have to apply it in a compulsory way. Well, with all that said, we are going to finish today. The title of this post refers to the mistreatment suffered by a genius. We already know what genius we were referring to: Alan Turing. Now, we will clarify the abuse. Despite being one of the most brilliant minds of the 20th century, as witnessed by his work on statistics, computing, cryptography, cybernetics, etc., and having saved his country from the blockade of the German Navy during the war, in 1952 he was tried for his homosexuality and convicted of serious indecency and sexual perversion. As it is easy to understand, his career ended after the trial and Alan Turing died in 1954, apparently after eating a piece of an apple poisoned with cyanide, which was labeled as suicide, although there are theories that speak rather of murder. They say that from here comes the bitten apple of a well-known brand of computers, although there are others who say that the apple just represents a play on words between bite and byte. I do not know which of the two theories is true, but I prefer to recall Turing every time I see the little-apple. My humble tribute to a great man. And now we finish. We have seen the peculiarities of the meta-analyzes of diagnostic accuracy and how to assess them. Much more could be said of all the mathematics associated with its specific aspects such as the presentation of variables, the study of publication bias, the threshold effect, etc. But that’s another story… The guard’s dilemma Sensitivity and specificity The world of medicine is a world of uncertainty. We can never be sure of anything at 100%, however obvious it may seem a diagnosis, but we cannot beat right and left with ultramodern diagnostics techniques or treatments (that are never safe) when making the decisions that continually haunt us in our daily practice. That’s why we are always immersed in a world of probabilities, where the certainties are almost as rare as the so-called common sense which, as almost everyone knows, is the least common of the senses. Imagine you are in the clinic and a patient comes because he has been kicked in the ass, pretty strong, though. As good doctor as we are, we ask that of what’s wrong?, since when?, and what do you attribute it to? And we proceed to a complete physical examination, discovering with horror that he has a hematoma on the right buttock. Different approaches for a differential diagnosis Here, my friends, the diagnostic possibilities are numerous, so the first thing we do is a comprehensive differential diagnosis. To do this, we can take four different approaches. The first is the possibilistic approach, listing all possible diagnoses and try to rule them all simultaneously applying the relevant diagnostic tests. The second is the probabilistic approach, sorting diagnostics by relative chance and then acting accordingly. It seems a posttraumatic hematoma (known as the kick in the ass syndrome), but someone might think that the kick has not been so strong, so maybe the poor patient has a bleeding disorder or a blood dyscrasia with secondary thrombocytopenia or even an atypical inflammatory bowel disease with extraintestinal manifestations and gluteal vascular fragility. We could also use a prognostic approach and try to show or rule out possible diagnostics with worst prognosis, so the diagnosis of the kicked in the ass syndrome lose interest and we were going to rule out chronic leukemia. Finally, a pragmatic approach could be used, with particular interest in first finding diagnostics that have a more effective treatment (the kick will be, one more time, the number one). It seems that the right thing is to use a judicious combination of pragmatic, probabilistic and prognostic approaches. In our case we will investigate if the intensity of injury justifies the magnitude of bruising and, in that case, we would indicate some hot towels and we would refrain from further diagnostic tests. And this example may seems to be bullshit, but I can assure you I know people who make the complete list and order the diagnostic tests when there are any symptoms, regardless of expenses or risks. And, besides, one that I could think of, could assess the possibility of performing a more exotic diagnostic test that I cannot imagine, so the patient would be grateful if the diagnosis doesn’t require to make a forced anal sphincterotomy. And that is so because, as we have already said, the waiting list to get some common sense exceeds in many times the surgical waiting list. The two thresholds Now imagine another patient with a symptom complex less stupid and absurd than the previous example. For instance, let’s think about a child with symptoms of celiac disease. Before we make any diagnostic test, our patient already has a probability of suffering the disease. This probability will be conditioned by the prevalence of the disease in the population from which she proceeds and is called the pretest probability. This probability will stand somewhere between two thresholds: the diagnostic threshold and the therapeutic threshold. The usual thing is that the pre-test probability of our patient does not allow us to rule out the disease with reasonable certainty (it would have to be very low, below the diagnostic threshold) or to confirm it with sufficient security to start the treatment (it would have to be above the therapeutic threshold). We’ll then make the indicated diagnostic test, getting a new probability of disease depending on the result of the test, the so-called post-test probability. If this probability is high enough to make a diagnosis and initiate treatment, we’ll have crossed our first threshold, the therapeutic one. There will be no need for additional tests, as we will have enough certainty to confirm the diagnosis and treat the patient, always within a range of uncertainty. And what determines our treatment threshold? Well, there are several factors involved. The greater the risk, cost or adverse effects of the treatment in question, the higher the threshold that we will demand to be treated. In the other hand, as much more serious is the possibility of omitting the diagnosis, the lower the therapeutic threshold that we’ll accept. But it may be that the post-test probability is so low that allows us to rule out the disease with reasonable assurance. We shall then have crossed our second threshold, the diagnostic one, also called the no-test threshold. Clearly, in this situation, it is not indicated further diagnostic tests and, of course, starting treatment. However, very often changing pretest to post-test probability still leaves us in no man’s land, without achieving any of the two thresholds, so we will have to perform additional tests until we reach one of the two limits. And this is our everyday need: to know the post-test probability of our patients to know if we discard or confirm the diagnosis, if we leave the patient alone or we lash her out with our treatments. And this is so because the simplistic approach that a patient is sick if the diagnostic test is positive and healthy if it is negative is totally wrong, even if it is the general belief among those who indicate the tests. We will have to look, then, for some parameter that tells us how useful a specific diagnostic test can be to serve the purpose we need: to know the probability that the patient suffers the disease. The guard’s dilemma And this reminds me of the enormous problem that a brother-in-law asked me about the other day. The poor man is very concerned with a dilemma that has arisen. The thing is that he’s going to start a small business and he wants to hire a security guard to stay at the entrance door and watch for those who take something without paying for it. And the problem is that there’re two candidates and he doesn’t know who of the two to choose. One of them stops nearly everyone, so no burglar escapes. Of course, many honest people are offended when they are asked to open their bags before leaving and so next time they will buy elsewhere. The other guard is the opposite: he stops almost anyone but the one he spots certainly brings something stolen. He offends few honest people, but too many grabbers escape. A difficult decision… Why my brother-in-law comes to me with this story? Because he knows that I daily face with similar dilemmas every time I have to choose a diagnostic test to know if a patient is sick and I have to treat her. We have already said that the positivity of a test does not assure us the diagnosis, just as the bad looking of a client does not ensure that the poor man has robbed us. Let’s see it with an example. When we want to know the utility of a diagnostic test, we usually compare its results with those of a reference or gold standard, which is a test that, ideally, is always positive in sick patients and negative in healthy people. Now let’s suppose that I perform a study in my hospital office with a new diagnostic test to detect a certain disease and I get the results from the attached table (the patients are those who have the positive reference test and the healthy ones, the negative). Sensitivity and specificity Let’s start with the easy part. We have 1598 subjects, 520 out of them sick and 1078 healthy. The test gives us 446 positive results, 428 true (TP) and 18 false (FP). It also gives us 1152 negatives, 1060 true (TN) and 92 false (FN). The first we can determine is the ability of the test to distinguish between healthy and sick, which leads me to introduce the first two concepts: sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). Se is the likelihood that the test correctly classifies a patient or, in other words, the probability that a patient gets a positive result. It’s calculated dividing TP by the number of sick. In our case it equals 0.82 (if you prefer to use percentages you have to multiply by 100). Moreover, Sp is the likelihood that the test correctly classifies a healthy or, put another way, the probability that a healthy gets a negative result. It’s calculated dividing TN by the number of healthy. In our example, it equals 0.98. Someone may think that we have assessed the value of the new test, but we have just begun to do it. And this is because with Se and Sp we somehow measure the ability of the test to discriminate between healthy and sick, but what we really need to know is the probability that an individual with a positive results being sick and, although it may seem to be similar concepts, they are actually quite different. The probability of a positive of being sick is known as the positive predictive value (PPV) and is calculated dividing the number of patients with a positive test by the total number of positives. In our case it is 0.96. This means that a positive has a 96% chance of being sick. Moreover, the probability of a negative of being healthy is expressed by the negative predictive value (NPV), with is the quotient of healthy with a negative test by the total number of negatives. In our example it equals 0.92 (an individual with a negative result has 92% chance of being healthy). This is already looking more like what we said at the beginning that we needed: the post-test probability that the patient is really sick. Predictive values And from now on is when neurons begin to be overheated. It turns out that Se and Sp are two intrinsic characteristics of the diagnostic test. Their results will be the same whenever we use the test in similar conditions, regardless of the subjects of the test. But this is not so with the predictive values, which vary depending on the prevalence of the disease in the population in which we test. This means that the probability of a positive of being sick depends on how common or rare the disease in the population is. Yes, you read this right: the same positive test expresses different risk of being sick, and for unbelievers, I’ll put another example. Suppose that this same study is repeated by one of my colleagues who works at a community health center, where population is proportionally healthier than at my hospital (logical, they have not suffered the hospital yet). If you check the results in the table and bring you the trouble to calculate it, you may come up with a Se of 0.82 and a Sp of 0.98, the same that I came up with in my practice. However, if you calculate the predictive values, you will see that the PPV equals 0.9 and the NPV 0.95. And this is so because the prevalence of the disease (sick divided by total) is different in the two populations: 0.32 at my practice vs 0.19 at the health center. That is, in cases of highest prevalence a positive value is more valuable to confirm the diagnosis of disease, but a negative is less reliable to rule it out. And conversely, if the disease is very rare a negative result will reasonably rule out disease but a positive will be less reliable at the time to confirm it. We see that, as almost always happen in medicine, we are moving on the shaking ground of probability, since all (absolutely all) diagnostic tests are imperfect and make mistakes when classifying healthy and sick. So when is a diagnostic test worth of using it? If you think about it, any particular subject has a probability of being sick even before performing the test (the prevalence of disease in her population) and we’re only interested in using diagnostic tests if that increase this likelihood enough to justify the initiation of the appropriate treatment (otherwise we would have to do another test to reach the threshold level of probability to justify treatment). Likelihood ratios And here is when this issue begins to be a little unfriendly. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR), indicates how much more probable is to get a positive with a sick than with a healthy subject. The proportion of positive in sick patients is represented by Se. The proportion of positives in healthy are the FP, which would be those healthy without a negative result or, what is the same, 1-Sp. Thus, PLR = Se / (1 – Sp). In our case (hospital) it equals 41 (the same value no matter we use percentages for Se and Sp). This can be interpreted as it is 41 times more likely to get a positive with a sick than with a healthy. It’s also possible to calculate NLR (negative), which expresses how much likely is to find a negative in a sick than in a healthy. Negative patients are those who don’t test positive (1-Se) and negative healthy are the same as the TN (the test’s Sp). So, NLR = (1 – Se) / Sp. In our example, 0.18. A ratio of 1 indicates that the result of the test doesn’t change the likelihood of being sick. If it’s greater than 1 the probability is increased and, if less than 1, decreased. This is the parameter used to determine the diagnostic power of the test. Values > 10 (or > 0.01) indicates that it’s a very powerful test that supports (or contradict) the diagnosis; values from 5-10 (or 0.1-0.2) indicates low power of the test to support (or disprove) the diagnosis; 2-5 (or 0.2-05) indicates that the contribution of the test is questionable; and, finally, 1-2 (0.5-1) indicates that the test has not diagnostic value. Postest probbility and Fagan’s nomogram The likelihood ratio does not express a direct probability, but it helps us to calculate the probabilities of being sick before and after testing positive by means of the Bayes’ rule, which says that the posttest odds is equal to the product of the pretest odds by the likelihood ratio. To transform the prevalence into pre-test odds we use the formula odds = p / (1-p). In our case, it would be 0.47. Now we can calculate the post-test odds (PosO) by multiplying the pretest odds by the likelihood ratio. In our case, the positive post-test odds value is 19.27. And finally, we transform the post-test odds into post-test probability using the formula p = odds / (odds + 1). In our example it values 0.95, which means that if our test is positive the probability of being sick goes from 0.32 (the pre-test probability) to 0.95 (post-test probability). If there’s still anyone reading at this point, I’ll say that we don’t need all this gibberish to get post-test probability. There are multiple websites with online calculators for all these parameters from the initial 2 by 2 table with a minimum effort. I addition, the post-test probability can be easily calculated using a Fagan’s nomogram (see attached figure). This graph represents in three vertical lines from left to right the pre-test probability (it is represented inverted), the likelihood ratios and the resulting post-test probability. To calculate the post-test probability after a positive result, we draw a line from the prevalence (pre-test probability) to the PLR and extend it to the post-test probability axis. Similarly, in order to calculate post-test probability after a negative result, we would extend the line between prevalence and the value of the NLR. In this way, with this tool we can directly calculate the post-test probability by knowing the likelihood ratios and the prevalence. In addition, we can use it in populations with different prevalence, simply by modifying the origin of the line in the axis of pre-test probability. So far we have defined the parameters that help us to quantify the power of a diagnostic test and we have seen the limitations of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values and how the most useful in a general way are the likelihood ratios. But, you will ask, what is a good test?, is it a sensitive one?, a specific?, both? Here we are going to return to the guard’s dilemma that has arisen to my poor brother-in-law, because we have left him abandoned and we have not answered yet which of the two guards we recommend him to hire, the one who ask almost everyone to open their bags and so offending many honest people, or the one who almost never stops honest people but, stopping almost anyone, many thieves get away. The resolution of the dilemma And what do you think is the better choice? The simple answer is: it depends. Those of you who are still awake by now will have noticed that the first guard (the one who checks many people) is the sensitive one while the second is the specific one. What is better for us, the sensitive or the specific guard? It depends, for example, on where our shop is located. If your shop is located in a heeled neighborhood the first guard won’t be the best choice because, in fact, few people will be stealers and we’ll prefer not to offend our customers so they don’t fly away. But if our shop is located in front of the Cave of Ali Baba we’ll be more interested in detecting the maximum number of clients carrying stolen stuff. Also, it can depend on what we sell in the store. If we have a flea market we can hire the specific guard although someone can escape (at the end of the day, we’ll lose a few amount of money). But if we sell diamonds we’ll want no thieve to escape and we’ll hire the sensitive guard (we’ll rather bother someone honest than allows anybody escaping with a diamond). The same happens in medicine with the choice of diagnostic tests: we have to decide in each case whether we are more interested in being sensitive or specific, because diagnostic tests not always have a high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). In general, a sensitive test is preferred when the inconveniences of a false positive (FP) are smaller than those of a false negative (FN). For example, suppose that we’re going to vaccinate a group of patients and we know that the vaccine is deadly in those with a particular metabolic error. It’s clear that our interest is that no patient be undiagnosed (to avoid FN), but nothing happens if we wrongly label a healthy as having a metabolic error (FP): it’s preferable not to vaccinate a healthy thinking that it has a metabolopathy (although it hasn’t) that to kill a patient with our vaccine supposing he was healthy. Another less dramatic example: in the midst of an epidemic our interest will be to be very sensitive and isolate the largest number of patients. The problem here if for the unfortunate healthy who test positive (FP) and get isolated with the rest of sick people. No doubt we’d do him a disservice with the maneuver. Of course, we could do to all the positives to the first test a second confirmatory one that is very specific in order to avoid bad consequences to FP people. On the other hand, a specific test is preferred when it is better to have a FN than a FP, as when we want to be sure that someone is actually sick. Imagine that a test positive result implies a surgical treatment: we’ll have to be quite sure about the diagnostic so we don’t operate any healthy people. Another example is a disease whose diagnosis can be very traumatic for the patient or that is almost incurable or that has no treatment. Here we´ll prefer specificity to not to give any unnecessary annoyance to a healthy. Conversely, if the disease is serious but treatable we´ll probably prefer a sensitive test. ROC curves So far we have talked about tests with a dichotomous result: positive or negative. But, what happens when the result is quantitative? Let’s imagine that we measure fasting blood glucose. We must decide to what level of glycemia we consider normal and above which one will seem pathological. And this is a crucial decision, because Se and Sp will depend on the cutoff point we choose. To help us to choose we have the receiver operating characteristic, known worldwide as the ROC curve. We represent in coordinates (y axis) the Se and in abscissas the complementary Sp (1-Sp) and draw a curve in which each point represents the probability that the test correctly classifies a healthy-sick couple taken at random. The diagonal of the graph would represent the “curve” if the test had no ability to discriminate healthy from sick patients. As you can see in the figure, the curve usually has a segment of steep slope where the Se increases rapidly without hardly changing the Sp: if we move up we can increase Se without practically increasing FP. But there comes a time when we get to the flat part. If we continue to move to the right, there will be a point from which the Se will no longer increase, but will begin to increase FP. If we are interested in a sensitive test, we will stay in the first part of the curve. If we want specificity we will have to go further to the right. And, finally, if we do not have a predilection for either of the two (we are equally concerned with obtaining FP than FN), the best cutoff point will be the one closest to the upper left corner. For this, some use the so-called Youden’s index, which optimizes the two parameters to the maximum and is calculated by adding Se and Sp and subtracting 1. The higher the index, the fewer patients misclassified by the diagnostic test. A parameter of interest is the area under the curve (AUC), which represents the probability that the diagnostic test correctly classifies the patient who is being tested (see attached figure). An ideal test with Se and Sp of 100% has an area under the curve of 1: it always hits. In clinical practice, a test whose ROC curve has an AUC> 0.9 is considered very accurate, between 0.7-0.9 of moderate accuracy and between 0.5-0.7 of low accuracy. On the diagonal, the AUC is equal to 0.5 and it indicates that it does not matter if the test is done by throwing a coin in the air to decide if the patient is sick or not. Values below 0.5 indicate that the test is even worse than chance, since it will systematically classify patients as healthy and vice versa.We’re leaving… Curious these ROC curves, aren`t they? Its usefulness is not limited to the assessment of the goodness of diagnostic tests with quantitative results. The ROC curves also serve to determine the goodness of fit of a logistic regression model to predict dichotomous outcomes, but that is another story… A never-ending story Today we won’t talk about dragons that take you for a walk if you get on its hump. Nor we’ll talk about men with feet on their heads or any other creature from the delusional mind of Michael Ende. Today we’re going to talk about another never-ending story: that of diagnostic tests indicators. When you think you know them all, you can raise a stone to find another beneath it. And why are there so many?, you may ask. Well, the answer is simple. Although there’re indicators that know very well how to interpret how a diagnostic test manages healthy and sick people, investigators are still looking for a good indicator, unique, that give us an idea about the diagnostic capability of a test. DORThere are many diagnostic tests indicators that assess the ability of the diagnostic test to discriminate among sick and healthy comparing the results with those of a gold standard. They are computed from the comparison among positives and negatives in a contingency table, with which you can build the usual indicators you see in the table above: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, accuracy index and Youden’s index. The problem is that most of them partially assess the ability of the test, so we need to use them in pairs: sensitivity and specificity, for example. Only the last two of the mentioned indicators can function as single ones. The accuracy index measures the percentage of correctly diagnosed patients, but it treats equally positives and negatives, true or false. Meanwhile, Youden’s index adds the patients misclassified by the diagnostic test. In any case, it’s not recommended to use either the accuracy or Youden’s index in an isolated way when evaluating diagnostic tests. Moreover, the latter is a term difficult to translate to a tangible clinical concept as it’s a linear transformation of sensitivity and specificity. At this point it’s easy to understand how we’d like to have a single indicator, simple, easy to interpret and not dependent on the prevalence of the disease. It would certainly be a good indicator of the ability of the diagnostic test that would avoid us of having to resort to a pair of indicators. And at this point is when some brilliant mind has thought about using a well-known and familiar indicator such as the odds ratio to measure the capabilities of a diagnostic test. Thus, we can define de diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) as the ratio of the odds that the patients tests positive with respect to the odds of testing positive being healthy. As this is quite a tongue-twister, we’ll discuss the two components of the ratio. The odds that the patient tests positive versus negative is simply the quotient among true positives (TP) and false negatives (FN): TP / FN. Moreover, the odds that a healthy tests positive versus negative is the quotient among false positives (FP) and true negatives (TN): FP / TN. And seeing this, we just have to define the ratio of the two odds: DOR = \frac{TP}{FN} / \frac{FP}{TN} = \frac{Se}{1 - Se} / \frac{1 - Sp}{Sp} DOR can also be expressed in terms of predictive values and likelihood ratios, according to the following expressions: DOR= \frac{PPV}{1 - PPV} / \frac{1 - NPV}{NPV} DOR= \frac{PLR}{NLR} As any odds ratio, the possible values of DOR range from zero to infinity. The null value is one, which means that the test has no discriminatory capacity among healthy and sick. A value greater than one indicates discriminatory ability, which will be greater the higher the value is. Finally, values between zero and one will indicate that the test not only not discriminate well among healthy and sick, but that it incorrectly classifies them and yield more negative values among sick than among healthy people. DOR is a global measure that is easy to interpret and does not depend on the prevalence of the disease, although it must be said that it can vary among groups of patients with different severity of their disease. Finally, add to its advantages the possibility of constructing its confidence interval from the contingency table using this little formula that I show you: Standard\ error (ln DOR)= \sqrt{\frac{1}{TP} + \frac{1}{TN} + \frac{1}{FP} + \frac{1}{FN}} Yes, I’ve seen the log, but this is the way with odds ratios: as odds are asymmetrical around the null value, these calculations must be done with logarithms. So, once we have the standard error, we can calculate the interval as follows: IC\ 95\%= ln DOR \pm 1,96 SE(lnDOR) We just have to apply the antilogarithm to the limits of the interval we got with the formula (the antilog is to raise the number e to the limits obtained). And I think that this is enough for today. We could go more. DOR has many more virtues. For example, it can be used with test with continuous results (not just positive or negative), since there’s a correlation between DOR and the area under the ROC curve of the test. Furthermore, it can be used in meta-analysis and in logistic regression models, allowing the inclusion of variables to control the heterogeneity of the primary studies. But that’s another story…
5 Simple Steps to Determine the Production Rate of a Reverse Osmosis System Posted by Freeman Linton Is Your RO System Not Producing Water Fast Enough? If your reverse osmosis unit seems to be producing less filtered water than it did previously, we outline here a few simple steps to check the current production rate of your system. Follow these 5 Steps to determine how much water your system is producing over a 24-hour period, and some suggestions for increasing the flow rate. With the water turned on to the reverse osmosis system, Step 1: First, make sure the incoming water line to the RO system is turned "ON". Then, turn the ball valve on top of the reverse osmosis storage tank to the "OFF" position (generally a 1/4 of a turn). Step 2: If you have a standard reverse osmosis faucet, flip the handle to the "up" position, so the faucet is now locked into a continually open/flow position. At this time any water in the lines of the system will flow from the faucet. Step 3: After there is no more water in the system lines, you may need to wait 1-5 minutes at which time you will/should get a continual fast drip or very slow flow from the faucet. (NOTE: If you get no flow from the reverse osmosis faucet, the system is not producing water). This flow rate represents the flow rate the system is producing water and the rate that the reverse osmosis storage tank would be filling if the valve on the storage tank was in the "open" position. Step 4: Once you have a continual drip or slow flow from the faucet, using a measuring cup, measure how much water drips/flows from the reverse osmosis faucet into the measuring cup for 60 seconds. Step 5: Now it's time to do the math! • Take the number of ounces your RO system produced in one minute. • Multiple this number by 1440, which is the number of minutes in a day. • Divide this number by 128 which is the number of ounces in a gallon. This number is the amount of water your RO system is producing over a 24 hour period. If you want an hourly rate divide the number by 24, or the number of hours in a day. Example: Within 1 minute your system is produces 4 ounces per minute. 4 x 1440 (minutes in day)= 5760 (ounces) divide by 128 (ounces in a gallon)= 45 gallons per day. Divide by 24 (hours in day) = 1.875 gallons per hour After you understand exactly how much water your RO system is producing, you can better asses the situation. For example, if you've determined that the RO system's flow rate has decreased, you can now work to figure out the cause and find a solution. For example, a decreased flow rate may be caused by clogged filters or a fouled membrane that simply need to be replaced. To troubleshoot a variety of issues relating to your reverse osmosis system, you may find this page helpful as we list symptoms, probable causes and the recommended solution. You might also want to read up on how to properly maintain your reverse osmosis system. Clean and Sanitize Kits for RO Replacement Kits for RO
Diagnosed in Madrid, one of the first cases of sexual transmission of dengue in the world When in the Hospital Ramón y Cajal came to the conclusion that they were before the first case of dengue fever by sexual transmission described in Spain, they sent samples to the National Centre of Microbiology Carlos III Health Institute, with the laboratory of arboviruses of reference in Spain. Its director, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, was a charge of analyzing the case. Question. why is it so rare a case of sexual transmission of dengue fever? Response. dengue fever is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito; this is the normal way. The sex is another way that opens a door of investigation. If you had not seen until now, beyond a case that was described as likely, it is usually because the virus circulating in areas where the disease is endemic, full of mosquito vectors. And it is impossible to distinguish whether the transmission was by them or by any other means. There will surely be more cases that have gone unnoticed, but it is still very unlikely. Q. How do you know that occurred through sexual transmission? A. The virus have an incubation period. The index patient acquired it outside, on a trip to Cuba, but the other was in Madrid during that entire period, so I had to become infected here. In addition, there is an active surveillance of mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus is present in Spain but not in Madrid. When detected the case, the services of the Community sought for if there could be in the vicinity of where he lived the infected person, where it was moved, and not found. In addition, there are laboratory data: we have found traces of the RNA (genetic material) of the virus in the semen of the patient. Q. what, Then, are 100% sure that the transmission was sexual? A. you can Never be 100% sure, but it is highly likely, the lab tests so indicate, and there is no other plausible explanation. Q. has described sexual transmission of the virus zika and it is not uncommon to be confused, could it not be a case of zika? A. Effectively, you know the sexual transmission of zika, who is from the same family as the dengue fever. This makes us see that it is not so far-fetched: we know that there are similar viruses that can be transmitted by this route. But it is totally out of the question that is zika. Symptoms can be confused, by the pictures of fever; also in some lab tests to do based diagnostic tools serology. But here we talk about other things: the RNA and the genetic sequence tells us that it is dengue. What is more, in the two patients, the sequences are identical and equal to the strains circulating in Cuba that we have seen in some other traveller infected in this country, what that indicates to us that there is the origin. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here

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