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Introduction      Index to Sets      Cognate Sets      Finderlist       Subgroups      Languages      Words      Proto-form indexes       References+      Roots      Loans      Near      Noise      Formosan       Updated: 5/31/2020 Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Cognate Sets ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     matan V *ma-₁ stative prefix PAN     *ma-₁ stative prefix Kavalan ma-in the state of (result of a prior action) Saisiyat ma-stative prefix Proto-Atayalic *ma-stative prefix Pazeh ma-stative prefix Thao ma-stative prefix Bunun ma-stative prefix Puyuma ma-stative prefix Paiwan ma-stative prefix Yami ma-stative prefix for indicative verbs Tagalog ma-prefix forming adjectives denoting (a) a certain quality, e.g. magandá ‘beautiful’, (b) having much of something, e.g. mabató ‘stony (full of stones)’; prefix to root word forming verbs denoting capability of doing something voluntarily or intentionally, e.g. makí'a ‘to be able to see something’ Maranao ma-stative prefix Manobo (Western Bukidnon) me-stative prefix Lun Dayeh mə-stative prefix Toba Batak ma-stative prefix (called ‘qualifying prefix’ in van der Tuuk 1864-1867) Mongondow mo-stative prefix Bare'e ma-stative prefix Tae' ma-stative prefix Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *mo-stative prefix Hawu me-stative prefix Rotinese ma-stative prefix Tetun ma-stative prefix (fossilized, as in manas ‘hot’ < *ma-panas), or metan ‘black’ < *ma-qetan) Asilulu ma-(fossilized in e.g. mataɁu) Minyaifuin ma-(fossilized in e.g. mtait ‘fear, afraid’) Wuvulu ma-(fossilized in e.g. maɁau ‘afraid’) Mussau ma-(fossilized in e.g. ma-matautu ‘afraid’) Lakalai ma-(fossilized in e.g. matau ‘afraid’) Molima ma-(fossilized in e.g. matauta ‘afraid’) Roviana ma-stative prefix (fossilized in manivisi ‘thin’, or matagutu ‘afraid’) Fijian maa particle compounded with many words, forming adjectives of state or condition Tongan ma-stative prefix (fossilized in mahaki ‘sick person, patient; sickness, disease’ < PMP *ma-sakit ‘sick, painful’, etc.) Hawaiian ma-(fossilized in e.g. makaɁu ‘fear, frightened, afraid’) *ma-₂ future prefix PAN     *ma-₂ future prefix Seediq (Truku) ma-frequent prefix carrying the idea of an indeterminate future Thao ma-prefix marking the future in actor voice verbs *maCa eye, focal point, center or most prominent part PAN     *maCa eye, focal point, center or most prominent part Taokas masaeye Kavalan mataeye Saisiyat masaʔeye Saisiyat (Tungho) masaeye Papora masaeye Sakizaya mataʔeye Amis mataeye   ci-mataable to see; to wear glasses   mili-matato put out someone’s eye Favorlang/Babuza machaeye Thao macaeye Bunun mataeye Bunun (Isbukun) mataeye Hoanya masaeye Tsou mcooeye Proto-Rukai *macaeye Puyuma maTaeyes Paiwan matsaeye   pu-matsato have good eyesight PMP     *mata eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover Yami mataeye Itbayaten mataeye; holes of netting or basket or knitting; small buds at knots of sugarcane; eye of coconut Ilokano matáeye; knot (of timber)   ag-matáto be watchful, alert; open one’s eyes; bear fruit; result in, be the result of; be realized   na-mata-ántraditions, customs in which one is brought up   mata-mata-ánto stare at Agta (Dupaningan) matáeye Isneg matáthe eye; the sun Itawis matáeye Malaweg matáeye Bontok matáeye   ʔin-matáto have sore eyes Kankanaey mátaeye Ifugaw matáeye Ifugaw (Batad) mataeye of a person, animal, insect, living being Casiguran Dumagat mataeyes; face Ibaloy mataeye --- the anatomical part   man-matato have sore, draining eyes   i-mata-anto see something for oneself, precisely, personally; to recognize something Ilongot (Kakiduge:n) mataeye Pangasinan matáeye Kapampangan matáeye; shoot, sprout   matá kwayanthe spots on the top half of a coconut shell   tela-taʔu-ŋ matáiris; the colored part of the eye   maka-matáapproach from afar; discover by sight (Bergaño) Tagalog matáthe eye; the organ of vision; sight; the power of seeing; sight, meaning here a way of looking or thinking; regard; eye, fig., meaning, core, center   ipa-matáto open a person’s eyes; to make one see what is really happening   mag-pa-matáto disabuse; to free from deception; to open the eyes to   malik-mátaʔmirage; an optical illusion; phantasm; a supposed appearance of an absent person dead or living   má-mata-ʔánto light upon; to see by chance; to be spotted, meaning to be recognized or seen Bikol matáeye   ma-matáto get hit in the eye   mag-matáto wake up; to awaken, arouse   maka-matáto look down on, to be patronizing toward   pa-mata-ónto wake someone up Buhid matáeye Hanunóo matáeye; operculum of a snail Romblomanon matathe eye of a living being; a fishnet mesh; i.e., an opening between the cords of a fishnet Masbatenyo matáeye; refers only to the eye of an animate being   pa-mata-hónbe awakened, be roused Inati meteeye Bantuqanon mataeye Aklanon matáeye; to be awake; to wake up, awaken, awake; to observe, raise, rear Waray-Waray matáeye; organ of vision; ocular perception; sight Agutaynen mataeye Hiligaynon matáeye   mag-matáto awaken Palawan Batak mátaeye Cebuano matáeyes; eyeglasses; eyelet in shoes; any growth or structure similar in some way to the eye   matá sa gábia button-like outgrowth on the flesh of the taro rootstock   matá sa lubitwo spots on a coconut shell tha resemble human eyes   matá sa lumbanan eye-like operculum found in turban shells   matá sa pinyaeyes of a pineapple, the hollow cavity found on the surface of the flesh of the pineapple fruit which contains seeds Maranao mataeye   mata aloŋannoble, royalty (‘eye of the day/sun’)   mata trakheadlight Binukid mataeye Manobo (Western Bukidnon) mataeye Mansaka mataeye; to awaken Tiruray motoeye Klata motoeye Mapun mataeye; the sharp edge or point of anything (as the cutting edge of a machete or knife, the sharp points on a grater, the head of a spear, etc.); anything circular in shape that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner on a stove, the core of a boil)   jama-jama mataone’s reflection in another person’s eye (‘person of the eye’)   mata asa-anthe top of a whetstone   mata dallota noose   mata lambuʔa buttonhole   mata lilusthe dial or face of a clock or watch   ka-matah-anto be seen (as proof that something is true or false) Yakan mataeye   mata badjaʔplowshare (‘eye of the plow’)   mata baliyudirection wind comes from   mata boheʔthe surface of a river   mata oroʔblade of a knife   mata pirablade of a bolo   mata satandirection of sound (wind) Molbog mataeye Tboli mataeye   mata kudaʔankle joint/bone (‘eye of a horse’) Tausug mataeye (as an organ of sight); anything circular that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner of a stove, the heart of a boil); the holes of a sieve   ikug matathe outer eyelid (‘tail of the eye’)   ka-mata-hanto see with the eyes Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan matoeye Tombonuwo matoeye   mato nu uwoswhirlwind (‘eye of the wind’) Murut (Timugon) matoeye Kujau matəeye Ida'an Begak matoeye   mato bubuncrown of the head Bisaya (Lotud) matoeye Bisaya (Limbang) matoeye Belait mataheye Tabun mataeye Kelabit matəheye Sa'ban atəheye Berawan (Long Teru) matəheye Sebop atə-neye Kenyah mataeye Murik mataʔeye Kayan mataʔeye   mata-n sansteps on a ladder Wahau mtæneye Gaai gu-ta-neye (from guə̯ŋ mtan ‘eye place’) Kelai mtæneye Mei Lan Modang məteə̯neye Woq Helaq Modang məteə̯neye Long Gelat Modang mətiə̯neye Kayan (Uma Juman) mataʔeye Kiput matəheye Bintulu mataeye Melanau (Mukah) mataeye Bukat matəeye Bekatan matoheye Lahanan mataeye Ngaju Dayak matæeye   mata-n kanasspots on a pineapple Kapuas mataʔeye Paku matoeye Taboyan matəʔeye Dusun Witu mateeye Delang matoeye Iban mataeye; eyesight   oraŋ matapoliceman   mata dacingraduated marks on balance or weigh-beam (‘eye of scale’)   mata dukuʔcutting edge of blade (‘eye of knife’)   mata lalatreef knot (‘eye of housefly’)   mata manaŋbeads presented to a manang (shaman) to give him keenness of sight   mata tincinstones set in finger ring   mata waŋcash (‘eye of money’)   ŋe-matawatch over, look after, be caretaker or manager of, keep an eye on Cham mataeye Jarai mətaeye Malay mataeye; focus; center; orifice; eye-like feature; the evil eye; numerical coefficient for things numbered by orifices such as the rungs of a ladder or the meshes of a net; also of the cutting edge of a knife or saw; point of a lance; source of a river; needle of a compass (= the point on which everything turns)   mata alamatbull’s eye of target (‘eye of sign, portent’)   mata bajakplough-share   mata bantalpillow-end of stiff embroidery, etc.   mata bədilmuzzle of firearm   mata bəlanakcenter of hairwhorl (‘eye of mullet’)   mata bəlioŋadze or hatchet blade   mata bəndavaluables (‘eye of article’)   mata bukuknot in wood; center of knot (‘eye of knot’)   mata daciŋmarks on balance scale   mata kakiankle   mata kərisblade of a kris   mata kuliahsubject of study (‘eye of higher study’)   mata lukaorifice of a wound   mata pədomancompass needle   mata pianopiano keys   mata taŋgarungs of a ladder   mata uaŋunit of monetary value; currency (‘eye of money’) Bahasa Indonesia mata guntiŋsharp edge of scissors   mata hatideep feelings   mata hurufletter of the alphabet   mata jalaholes in the mesh of a net   mata kailpoint of a fishhook   mata lukaopening of a wound Acehnese mataeye; germ of a seed kernel; joint, articulation (of stalks like bamboo or sugarcane); gemstones, etc.   iə matatears   mata apuythe space above the hearth where foodstuffs are hung in the smoke to preserve them   mata gōŋboss on a gong   mata itampupil of the eye   mata kawethe sharp point of a fishhook   mata laŋayplowshare   mata sərampaŋprongs of a harpoon   mata sikinthe blade of a knife   mata ueyeholes in a coconut shell   mata urɔəsun (‘eye of the day’)   mata ceŋmeasuring marks on a scale   mata gɨnukuteeth of a coconut rasp Gayō mataeye   mata goŋankle   mata ni jelbaŋblade of a hoe   mata ni ulenfemale phantom that takes the spectral form of a detached head (‘eye of moon’) Simalur mataeye; point; shoot, sprout, bud; blade of a knife   mal-matagerminate, sprout (‘have eyes’)   mata aeransteps of a ladder   mata alaustriking end of a pestle   mata-m bajaʔplowshare   mata-m biliʔentrance to a room   mata-m boxulkneecap (‘eye of the knee’)   mata-n dəlogslope of a mountain   mata-n oruŋpromontory, cape   mata-n saʔaheel, hock   mata-n siʔuelbow   mata-n soʔudglowing firewood   mata-n taduʔpoint of a horn   mata-n toxuʔtip of a lance Karo Batak mataeye(s); the dots on dice, eye of a needle, mesh of a net, blade of a knife, point of a spear   mata ranānday when a lawsuit will be heard (‘day of talk’)   mata kerjathe main day of a feast   ŋke-matacounting classifier for counting grains of rice Toba Batak mataeye   ha-mata-ansingle, individual   mata ni bulanthe moon, the disc of the moon   mata ni ari ni totankle (‘sun of the foot’)   mata ni bodilbarrel of a gun   mata ni bonaŋend of the thread with which one begins   mata ni bulupart of the bamboo where the shoots emerge   mata ni hujurpoint of a lance   mata intangemstone   mata ni onanhigh point of a market   mata ni pestaclimax of a feast Nias mataeye Mentawai mataeye, face; open the eyes   mata läläpwindow, door   mata-t buk-buŋopening of a quiver   mata-t pa-jaiteye of a needle   mata-t pusä-katfriction groove of a fireplow   mata tot-totnipple of the breast Rejang mata-ieye   mata-i taŋənwrist bone Enggano e-bakaeye, face, front side; most important part Lampung mataeye Sundanese mataeye(s)   ma-mataknot-hole in wood   sa-mataa piece, one Old Javanese mataeye; meshes (of a net); stone (set in a ring, etc.)   ma-matato look at, observe, inspect   ka-mata-nseen, visible   pa-mata-nlooks, way of looking, glance Javanese mataeye (of an animal, crudely of a human being); eye-like part, as knot in wood, center of a pimple, jewel in its setting; spot, pip (on playing-cards, dice); kernel, grain   ke-mata-nhaving excessively large eyes   sa-mata-matastriking in appearance; conspicuous   mata itikbuttonhole   mata iwakscar from a wound; corn on the toe; duckweek (‘eye of a fish’) Madurese mataeye Balinese mataeye   mata hideŋopening in the top end of a kris sheath   mata putihthe white of the eye Sasak mataeye   mata-n naeankle bone (< *mata-n ae?) Sangir mataeye; counting classifier used in counting snares and fishhooks   mata-ŋ lutaŋtouch-hole (as of a cannon; ‘eye of a gun’)   mata-n somamesh of a net   mata mituŋkind of shellfish (‘black eye’)   mata-m puheoperculum of some shells Lolak mataeye Mongondow mataeye; blade of a knife, cutting edge; the essence of something; counting classifier for sharp things like swords, knives, lances and nails   mata im bulanmoon (in songs)   po-mata-anEast (place of the rising sun) Ponosakan mataeye Gorontalo matoeye; counting classifier for objects that have ‘eyes’ Totoli mataeye Balaesang mataeye Ampibabo-Lauje mataeye Balantak mataeye Banggai mataeye   pinsil mata-nopoint of a pencil Uma mataeye; counting classifier   ha-mataone (in counting sharp weapons)   me-matato stand up Bare'e mataeye Tae' mataeye; the most important or essential part of something   mata-itrain the eye on something   mata-nnamain day of a feast, when most guests arrive   mata buriaʔopening of a basket   mata pelekoʔplowshare   kala-mataplaitwork or weaving with hexagonal openings   paka-matainflammation of the eyes, conjunctivitis   wai matatears Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *mataeye Mori Atas mataeye Padoe mataeye Bungku mataeye Koroni matəeye Wawonii mataeye Moronene mataeye Mandar mataeye; point, as of a kris Buginese mataeye   mata pasamajor feast day, feast day that is busiest Makassarese mataeye; also used for anything that resembles an eye, such as: round holes in a rice block; anus; mesh of a net; opening in plaitwork or weaving; coin; blade (of knives and weapons); iron part of a tool; point of a needle; marks on a scale   mata assuŋround holes in a rice mortar   mata baraʔprecise direction of the west   mata pasaraʔchief market day, busiest market day   mata uaŋsilver, coins that ‘clink’   tauŋ-tauŋ matareflection of a person in someone’s eye Wolio mataeye, center, nucleus, source (of a river), mesh (of a net); blade (used for counting all sorts of sharp or pointed objects like knives, creeses, spears and pencils   mata-na ndamuaxe-head   mata-na sorumbapoint of a needle Muna mataeye; o’clock; sharp edge or point (of weapons and utensils); classifier for sharp objects; unit of liquid, cup, glass; the appointed day or time for festivals, the high point   mata dadusupposition (lit. ‘eyes of dice’)   mata-no faraluuthe high point of a ceremony or festival Palauan madeye; face; point; edge; front; area/space (directly) in front of Chamorro mataeye, eyeball; face; hole for planting Bimanese madaeye; source   oi madatears (‘water of the eyes’)   mada kaleʔa‘eye’ of a coconut   mada rihacentral part of the hearth (‘eye of the hearth’) Komodo mataeye   mata keriwaunhusked rice grain (keriwa = ‘husked rice’) Manggarai mataeye; hole; sprouting part; husk (in the middle of the rice); blade (of a machete, etc.) Rembong mataeye   mata-nspring, source   mata dalaŋdoor(way)   mata pusuqheart Ngadha mataeye; opening, aperture; lid, cover; sprout, bud; numeral classifier   mata apioffering place in the fields   mata dalaentrance to a village   mata lekoopening of a bamboo cane   mata patewindow opening, smokehole in roof   mata polowill-o’-the-wisp   mata tibobanana sprout   mata tuacut in a lontar palm made to collect the sap for making palm toddy   mata umaoffering place in the fields Keo mataeye Riung mataeye Sika mataeye   mata laureward   mata merabush with inedible red fruits   mata poworsmall shellfish Solorese mataeye Kédang mata-neye; tip of a seed from which the sprout emerges   deséq mata-nlid of a tobacco basket (Barnes 1974:230)   koŋ mata-nthe rounded bulge in the center of a gong   lia mata-nthe hearth   maqur mata-nthe yard in front of the door   taq mata-nthe base of a coconut where it was attached to the tree and from which the shoot will emerge   mato uluqpupil of the eye (‘seed of the eye’) Kodi mataeye Waiyewa mataeye Anakalangu mataeye Kambera mataeye   mata bulakind of mollusc   mata epihearth for the cooking fire   mata kalílianus (‘eye of buttocks’)   mata manuthe white spot in an egg yolk   mata meublue eyes (‘cat eyes’)   mata mítiŋufavorite, ‘apple of the eye’ (‘black eye’) Hawu madaeye   mada ñiueye of a coconut Rotinese mataeye   dope mata-nablade of a knife   fufue deək mata-nadibble holes for planting seeds   no mata-nasprout of a coconut   mata-kcountenance, face; appearance; sort, kind   tatai mata-kmeasuring marks on a scale Helong mataeye Atoni mata-feye Tetun mata-nthe eyes   mata fatu-ka sea-shell   kafe mata-n idaa coffee plantation   oda mata-na door   sana mata-na pot lid   ue mata-n musana lid, cover, or cap Vaikenu mata-feye Galoli mata-reye Erai mataeye; numeral classifier with leo ‘day’, as in leo mata hatelu ‘three days’ Kisar makaeye   na-makaawake; wake up Roma mat-eye East Damar mata-eye Leti mataeye Wetan mataeye; to rise, get up Selaru mataeye Yamdena mata-neye; cutting edge of a knife; kind, type; opening   mata-n ikurouter corner of the eye (‘tail of the eye’)   mata-n tomwatepupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)   mata-n ulu-ninner corner of the eye (‘head of the eye’) Fordata mataeye; sprout of a banana, etc.   mata-n tomattapupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)   sita-na mata-nstone setting in a finger-ring Kola mataeye Ujir mataeye W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) mataeye Masiwang mata-neye Teluti mata-coloeye Kamarian mataeye Gah mata-ninaeye Alune mataeye Saparua mataeye Laha mataeye Hitu mataeye Asilulu mataeye; origin, source; numerical connector (for roads, currencies, etc.)   mata-duathe two lines which connect the uppermost par of the sail   mata-lumaclan, sub-clan, extended family (luma = ‘house’)   mata-nuluentrance, portal, doorway Manipa makaeye Nusa Laut maʔa-eye Larike mata-naclassifier for coins, holes, and round or circular objects Wakasihu mataeye Batu Merah mata-vaeye Morella mataeye Kowiai/Koiwai mata-futeye (fut = ‘grain, seed’)   mat atemfirst, at first Taba mtoeye Gimán mtoeye Sawai mtɔeye Buli mtaeye   labaŋ mtamesh of a net Mayá ꞌta¹²eye Minyaifuin ntaeye Ron makaeye Numfor mgaeye; countenance Loniu mata-eye   mata-nlid, cover Nali mara-eye   mara-nlid, cover Ahus mara-eye Lele mara-nhis/her eye Papitalai mara-eye Levei moto-eye   moto siʔikhearth (‘eye of trivet’) Likum mita-eye   mita jehhearth (‘eye of fire’) Ponam mara-eye Bipi mata-eye   mara mwanhearth (‘eye of fire’) Yapese miiteye; front; point; kind of, type of, species of Mussau mataeye, face; blade; source; sucker of plant   mata kaalasucker of the kaala taro   mata kereŋanasharp edge   mata-ŋ-asisucker of the asi taro   mata-ŋ-ateiosource of a river (‘eye of water’)   mata utupride Tigak mata-eye; entrance Mendak mara-eye Sursurunga mətəeye Tanga mataeye; face; the front of anything; the pointed end of anything (as a spear); forehead; leader (of a raiding party); center of an exterior surface, not the interior of anything Label mata-eye Tolai mata-eye; face; opening, socket, hole through anything   mata kilalatdoorway   mata na keākesun (‘eye of the day’)   mata na kuloperculum of the seashell known as kul, Turbo marmoratus   mata na obenemesh of a fishnet Bali (Uneapa) mataeye Vitu mataeye; have a tendency to, prone to Arop mata-eye; sharp (as a knife) Biliau mala-eye Amara meteeye Kove mataeye; face Bebeli mataeye Lakalai matato look, to look at; to appear; to turn face or eyes toward; sharp   la-mataa hole; a channel, passage; a doorway or door; kind, variety   la-mata-laits eye; the top of it, especially if a cap or something similar; its point; a time for it, its date   la-mata-la-havishelf above fireplace (‘eye of fire’)   la-mata-la hulumu‘the door of the men’s house’: circular bottom of frame for ebiribiri mask   la-mata-la-lumadoorway of the house   la-mata-la-togthe point of a hook (‘eye of fishhook’)   e-mata-rikisquare, fine-mesh net for catching small fish Kaulong mataeye Sengseng mataeye Mengen mata-eye Tarpia matasharp tooth Kis mətaeye Wogeo mataeye Manam mataeye   mata otiotito be sharp Sio matasharp Takia malaeye Mbula mataeye, physical organ of sight; face, presence/sight of, appearance, front, color; kind, sort, type; mind; blade, edge, point, end, sharp, powerful, intense   mata-kiŋadifferent types, different sorts (kiŋa = scattered, dispersed’)   buza mata-anablade of a knife   kotiizi mata-anatip of a sago thorn   mata-anafirst, beginning, leader Gitua mataeye; sharp edge Yabem mataeye Labu mala-hôeye; face Watut mara-eye Wampar mara-neye Ubir mata-eye Suau mata-eye; sharp Bunama mata-naeye; point; edge Hula maeye Sinaugoro mataeye Adzera mara-neye Motu mataeye; point or tip of anything; mesh; a synonym of death; foremost   mata hanaisecond sight; to see in a trance; to diagnose, as of doctor (hanai = ‘cross over’)   mata nadi-nadi-napupil (‘stone of the eye’)   mata-iin front, first Pokau makaeye Gabadi makaeye Kilivila mataeye Tawala mataeye; point; source of (river, wind), mouth of bay   mata babanareason   mata kwelinacoconut eye Dobuan mataeye Molima mata-eye   mata-dayain front of us, in our presence   bia mata-nabeer bottle top   mata gabu-nanipple (gabu-na = ‘a point of land’)   mata lavi-laviabout 7 PM (‘eye of the evening’)   mata-nanet gauge Saliba mataeye; sharp Sudest maraeye; pointed Nehan mata-neye, face (takes possessive marker for person and number); natural hole or soft spot in a coconut shell   mata-iabeautiful, pretty, nice to look at   mata nahuaplace for canoes to come, haven   mata nar umwindow Haku u-mataeye Piva mata-eye Uruava mata-eye Torau mata-laeye Takuu mataeye, face; front; point, blade Mono-Alu mata-naeye Ririo mateye Hoava mataeye Roviana mata-nathe eye Eddystone/Mandegusu mataeye; eye of coconut shell; hook made of turtle shell Ghove natʰaeye Bugotu mataeye; face; covering; entry Nggela mataeye; iris; pupil; in front of, in the presence of; outward appearance; the face   mata-kenea window (= ‘wind eye’, like English ‘window’)   mata ni haalanding place   mata ni indaligroove in stone for breaking nuts Kwaio maa-naeye; front; opening; mouth (of stream or river); top, lid; face; center   maa ni eleflame; the biggest taro or yam in the fire; the main log (ele = ‘fireplace’)   maa ni maeintention to fight (seen in the eyes; mae = ‘die, dead; fight’) Lau eye, face, aperture, mesh; door, porch, gate, mouth; point, edge, spout of a jug (the part that does the work); point of pen, edge of knife; bow of a ship; operculum of a mollusc; hand, wrist; time, season; to eye, to stare at   mā-fafoa covering (fafo = ‘on top’)   mā-lumaa porch (luma = ‘house’) Toqabaqita maaused with a variety of senses that can be characterized as: focal point, eye, tip, edge; face; opening; mouth of a container, hole; front part of something; lid, that which closes something; door; with some nouns used as a classifier   maa-na agaaspace, area in front of panpipe musicians/dancers   maa-na gaagaorathe center of a person’s chest (on the outside)   maa-na ilaplace on the reef where the waves break   maa-na kafowater hole, place in a stream where people collect water and bathe; mouth of a river; mouth of a water tap (kafo = ‘fresh water’)   maa-na kuburuplace, area from which a strong wind is coming (dark area in distance with black clouds)   maa-na lumafront of a house; area in front of a house; doorway of a house   maa-na naifacutting edge of a knife   maa-na qamalilanding place for canoes on the seashore (qamali = ‘sea, ocean’)   maa-na suatip of a spear   maa-na ururu-kneecap   maa-na uusi-amarket place, when there is a market in progress (uusi = ‘buy things, shop for’)   thalu-na maa-pupil of the eye; term of endearment for one’s child: apple of the eye (thalu = ‘egg’)   maa-takwalanding place (for canoes, boats, ships or airplanes); harbor; airstrip 'Āre'āre mā-naeye, face, front   mā-na nimadoorway   mā-na panonanostril   mā-na suʔapoint of a spear   mā-na suuentrance of a bay Sa'a maa-the eye, not generally used with an article; the face; (with genitive i in Sa’a, ni in Ulawa) hole, mesh, opening, outlet; core of a boil; door, gate; edge, point, blade, brim; front of a house   i-maaoutside, at the door; a stick, a match; a round thing; article, one   maa-ito eye,to watch   maa-i litawaa canoe landing place   maa-i numehouse door   maa-i paragate   maa-na nahithe edge of a sword   maa-na suʔuthe opening of the bay   maa taetaheopening in the shore reef Ulawa maa ni akalothe blind eye of the coconut (akalo = ‘dead person, ghost’)   maa ni pwelusunostril Arosi maa-(na)the eye   maathe face; hole, opening, mesh of a net, gate; edge, point, brim; front of a person or house; numerical unit in counting fish hooks, needles, stakes, flints, fishing rods, houses, traps, slings, armlets and matches; a spot, stain, crystal in rock (as hornblende phanocrystal in dolerite, etc.), a groove for rubbing fire in a soft stick; to look at, stare; a circle; to lead Sikaiana mataeye, face Gilbertese mataeye, look, figure, face, front, facade, appearance, exterior aspect; opening, needle eye, opening of insects’ nest, etc.; lid, entrace, facade, operculum, mesh of net, core of boil, eyelet hole   mata-roadoor, entrance   te toki ni matahorizon   mata ni wi/mata nu wiedge, border; chief, director, commander Kosraean mʌtaeye; face   mʌtʌ-nblade of, tip of, entrance of, front of, beginning period of, open end of Marshallese māj/meja-eye, face; cutting edge; lid; opening of any container, hole, doorway, or cave, etc. Pohnpeian maasface; first   masa-mwahugood-looking, pretty, handsome Mokilese majeye; face; spearhead   maj mwehupretty, good-looking Chuukese maaseye, face (of living creature, and fig. of some things); leading, piercing, working, cutting end or edge (of something); beginning (of day); direction (of wind); front (of a building); means (of money); point (of pencil, needle, etc.)   mese-n cheewmesh or hole in a net   mese-n takacoconut eye Puluwat maaheye, face, point, as of a pencil or spear; end, as of a house; the two smallest eyes of a coconut; canoe end-piece; raised outer border of lee planked platform; to wake up, be awake Woleaian mateye, face; pointed end prow of a canoe; point, cutting edge, projection; representative; numeral classifier for kinds of things, usually inorganic things   mate-fascourageous, bold, have courage to confront people Ulithian mataeye Carolinian maaseye, face; blade, as of a knife, machete, or axe Sonsorol-Tobi mata-ieye Buma mataeye Pileni mataeye Motlav na-mtε-kmy eye Vatrata maʔa-eye Mosina moto-eye Lakona mata-eye Merig mata-eye Piamatsina mata-eye Nokuku mɛtɔ-eye Malmariv mata-eye Lametin mata-eye Mafea mata-eye Amblong mata-eye Aore mata-eye Marino mata-eye Rano ne-mte-eye Lingarak ne-mndaeye Leviamp lə-m̋ata-eye Avava mata-neye; source (of river) Maxbaxo na-mara-eye Southeast Ambrym mætEeye Paamese mete-neye; lens of camera; head of boil; small stick stuck into yam mound to show where yam has been planted; lid, stopper, bottletop; operculum of shellfish; of the three holes in the top of a coconut, the one which can be opened easily; the chaser in a game of chasey; leaves to cover up top of breadfruit pit; something really tremendous   mete-n ōnurethral opening in penis (‘eye of penis’)   mete-tānanus (‘eye of feces’) Toak mæto-xeye Pwele na-mataeye Lelepa na-mta-eye Efate (South) na-meteye Sie ni-mto-eye Rotuman mafaeyes or face; spectacles; hole, opening, aperture --- in certain connections only (a crab’s hole, the ‘eyes’ of a coconut, mesh of a net); sharp edge --- of knife, axe, cut tin, broken glass, etc.; leader, head, ruler (in imitation of Fijian mata, of similar meaning)   maf ne papula(of taro plant) top, including the stem and a small piece of the tuber   maf ne pukuletter of the alphabet Wayan mataeye, organ of sight; face, front of head; front, facing side, face of object with both front and back side; head for, go towards a place; be awake, wake up; group, team or company of people; ahead, before, in front; opening, space or interstices in a surface, as doorway, window, the interstices or mesh of a net, the spaces between the fibers and weave of a cloth   mata anitua person who often sees spirits in his dreams (anitu = ‘spirit, ghost’)   mata ni caŋidirection of wind; first gusts of wind   mata ni ciuciuwindow   mata ni culaeye of needle   mata ni Na representative, a person or thing representing N, a group or function   mata ni sāpoint of a spear   mata ni silamainsail stay or sheet, rope tying free end of mainsail boom to the stern of a boat (acts as a gear controlling direction of boat sailed into wind or wave)   mata ni tūtraditionally, a group of vanua (tribes) or avusa (clans) who agree to combine under one chief; a federation of peoples under one rule, a kingdom   mata ni uvicuttings of yams for planting   mata-ravufireplace, place where food has been cooked Fijian matathe eye, the face, the source or front of a thing   e na mata-nain front of him, in his presence   matā-dravuhearth, fireplace (dravu = ‘ashes’)   mata-i-taliŋaa large axe tied with sinnet (‘eye of ears’)   mata-mata-i-taliŋaa variety of shark, with eyes that look upwards (probably hammerhead)   mata kaloua seer, one who sees kalou (spirits)   mata ni bukaa firebrand   mata ni civathe pearl found in the civa oyster   mata ni dāthe anus   mata ni dalotaro stems fit for planting   mata ni tavutoa hole through a rock, forming a kind of eyelet through which a rope may be threaded to fasten a canoe   mata ni tūa political federation of vanua; in modern use a kingdom, independent country, government   mata ni vanuaa chief’s official herald, sometimes simply called a mata; an ambassador   mataŋgalithe primary local division of Fijian society Tongan mataeye(s) or face; (of cloth, etc.) right side, outer side; (of leaf) front, top, smooth side; (as preposed noun) front (of house, etc.); point (of spear, needle, etc.); point or prong (of fork); blade or cutting edge; head (of boil, etc.); (of coconut) eye, or end where the eyes are; (of net) mesh; (of wound) mouth, opening. Special uses: (a) feelings, (b) best (of a number of valuable things); to see   mata falehouse front, front of the house   mata fasiexact spot where a stick, or a limb, etc. is broken (‘eye of fracture’)   mata fonuacoast on the front side of an island (the side where the main settlement is)   mata hokojoint, place where two edges or surfaces join together   mata kalitribe, clan   mata kelispot where one first inserts the spade when digging   mata nifoedge of tooth or teeth; mark caused (actually or apparently) by the bite of a tooth, tooth-mark   mata pāgate, door, or window ( = ‘fence, wall, enclosure’)   mata ʔi palauploughshare   mata ʔi talotaro tops (for planting)   mata ʔi tohiletter of the alphabet   mata ʔi ʔuharaindrop Niue mataeye, face; edge, blade, prong; mesh of a net; headland, point; to look at   faka-matato whet, to sharpen to a point; to have a certain facial expression, to look   ma-matato look at, to watch in admiration   mata alili“cat’s-eye”, operculum of the alili shellfish   mata atethe core of the heart   mata fanaan arrow (fana = ‘bow’)   mata fūbase, stump (of a tree); source, origin   mata helenoose (hele = ‘to snare, entangle’)   mata hoecape, point of land; gable of a building, end of a building   mata kaverays of the sun (kave < *PMP *kaway ‘tentacles of octopus’)   mata limafinger (lima = ‘hand, arm’)   mata makaa pinnacle of rock (maka = ‘rock’)   mata muathe leading person in the front of a battle or a dancing party (mua = ‘front’)   mata niuthe eye of a coconut   mata patusource of anything, origin; stem of a plant (patu = ‘chief, head of a family, elder’)   mata pitonavel (pito = ‘navel’)   mata tohia letter of the alphabet (tohi = ‘to mark, to write’)   mata tuliknee (tuli = ‘knee’)   mata vakathe front man in a four man canoe (vaka = ‘canoe’) Futunan mataface (plural); eye; numeral classifier for counting fish; have the appearance of, have an air of; cutting edge, blade; front of something, in front   mata ʔi laŋihorizon   mata ʔi taliŋahammerhead shark   mata ʔonebeach (‘eye of sand’) Samoan mataeye; face; point; cutting edge, blade; spring (of water); mesh (in a net); glasses, goggles; name given to certain styles of communal fishing (some of which involve diving with goggles); look (like); look (have the appearance of being)   faʔa-matalook like, be likely that; think, have an opinion; sharpen   mata-afigroove along which the pointed stick (used in the ‘fire-plough’ method of making fire) is run to and fro   matāextended family under the headship of a matai   matā fale‘gable’ of a house   matā faŋabeach, shore   matā-talocrown of taro plant (when cut off for replanting)   matā-ʔupeŋamesh of a net Tuvaluan mataface; eye; edge, point, blade; net mesh   mata i taliŋahammerhead shark   mata kaigluttonous (kai = ‘eat’); sharp (of blade or voice)   mata-ŋalibeautiful (of people) Kapingamarangi madato see, to look (used only in compounds)   mada-a-halethe end of the house (front or back)   mada-a-haŋaentrance funnel of the fish trap (made of peeled coconut root)   mada-ahismall flame (obtained from a fire)   mada haanaua family; a group of people descended from the same ancestor (often holding land jointly)   mada-waelerays (of the sun); prongs of the boom (on a canoe) Nukuoro madafront part of, face, beginning (of a thing); tip of; point, blade; common antecedents who are daina (sibling, cousin) or other connecting links of kin relationship   mada-a moniprow of a canoe   mada-a uadrop (of liquid or rain)   mada nnuihaving big holes (or entrances, etc.)   mada uduathe point of a promontory or peninsula (especially if large)   mada umaŋathe bud of a Cyrtosperma taro corm Rennellese mataeye, face (with pl.); tears (poetic); to look at, watch, spy on; tiny aperture or hole, as in the top of a can; coconut eye or end of coconut containing eyes; ‘closure’ or lid of a shell; mesh; drop, as of rain; head of a boil; lid, top, as of a bottle; sharp point, as on a rock; blade, as of adze or axe; top or cap, as of a tuber (taro, giant taro)   mata-a-poloend of a coconut with the eyes   mata-a tokiadze blade; mark made by cutting with an adze   mata haʔoopenings along canoe gunwales through which thwarts and gunwale poles are lashed   mata ʔagigiclosure of an ʔagigi shell, cat’s eye   mata ʔi tagiŋahammerhead shark (‘eye of ears’)   mata ʔuaraindrop   haka-matato look at, visualize   tuʔu matato stand close to a person, as in defiance (tuʔu = ‘stand’) Anuta mataeye (including the immediate surrounding area); face (has this meaning when used in plural); front end of an object   mata putinew shoot springing from old banana plant (‘eye of banana’)   mata taua line of men in battle formation Rarotongan matathe eye or eyes of human beings, animals, birds and insects; the face of a human being or an animal; used to denote the presence (before the face of); the edge of a blade, tool or weapon; the eye of a needle; the point of a needle or other sharp instrument   mata ioa fishhook   mata kailiterally means the principal food; denotes food offering   mata kitea witness, the eyes that saw; one who has seen or did actually see an offense committed; to divine, foresee, foretell; be on the lookout, beware, be watchful   mata kokethe cutting edge of a sword   mata nuthe eye of the coconut; the small opening at the base end of the coconut which is pierced in order to drink the fluid   mata tapuaa director or a supervisor or a chief fisherman: one who directs fishing operations, more especially in regard to fishing with a net or nets; the main or leading end of a fishing net   mata taupothe core or head of a carbuncle   mata tipithe cutting edge of a knife   mata tokithe cutting edge of an axe   mata urathe leading row of dancers, the leaders of a dance Maori mataface; surface; eye; edge; point; headland; mesh of a net   mata-ahispit for roasting; food prepared on a spit   mata-arato watch, keep awake   mata-eonorthwest wind   mata-kiteseer, one who foresees an event; to practice divination Hawaiian makaeye; eye of a needle; face, countenance; presence; sight, view; beloved one, favorite person; point; bud, protuberance; center of a flower, including usually both the stamens and pistils; nipple, teat; sharp edge or blade of an instrument; point of a fishhook; beginning, source; fig., descendant; mesh of a net, mesh in plaiting; stitch in sewing PMP     *ka-mata (gloss uncertain) Itbayaten ka-matakind of eyes (such as round eyes, almond eyes, blue eyes, etc.) Ilokano ka-matásore eye; eye infection Ibaloy ka-mataconjunctivitis, sore eyes, “pink eye” Tagalog ka-matáhaving the same type of eyes; fig., having the same viewpoint; seeing eye-to-eye Ngaju Dayak ka-matætype, kind of Iban ke-matawatch, keep an eye on Javanese ke-mataconspicuous, eye-catching Uma -ka-matalook toward Wolio ko-matasit in state, as bride and groom do during feast, held on the fourth day of the wedding ceremonies Muna ka-matawatch closely, observe (a girl, to find out whether she is a suitable partner) Wetan ka-matato rise, get up PPh     *pa-matá (gloss uncertain) Ilokano pa-matáspectacles Tagalog pa-matátenants fee paid to a landlord for being allowed to work on first-class land; a form of reproach by demonstration; what is shown to others Romblomanon pa-matasomething is observed by someone PWMP     *paR-mata be awake Masbatenyo pag-mátato wake up, awaken, rouse, get up Toba Batak par-mataglasses, spectacles; person who is gifted Wolio po-matabe awake Chamorro fakmatawake up, get up from sleep (imperative form)   fákmatalight sleeper PAN     *m<in>aCa open-eyed (?) Paiwan m<in>atsaopen-eyed PMP     *m<in>ata open-eyed (?) Ilokano m<in>ataopen-worked (woven bamboo); open-worked basket Kankanaey m<in>atáa kind of tissue with eyelike designs Old Javanese m<in>ataset with (stones, etc.) PPh     *mata-an big-eyed Ilokano mata-ánlarge-eyed; variety of large-eyed fish (club mackerel: Rastrelliger chrysozomus) Casiguran Dumagat mata-anspecies of ocean fish (probably a mackerel of the genus Rastrelliger) Tagalog mata-hánbig-eyed Cebuano matʔ-anhit in the eye; wake up, be awake Tausug mata-ana group of things having a common source or similar features, family group under one head PPh     *mata-en observe closely or critically Ilokano mata-ento observe keenly Tagalog mata-hínto be critical of; to look at with a critical eye Bikol mata-ónto get hit in the eye; to look down on, to be patronizing toward Agutaynen ag-mata-mata-ento see something or visualize something in your mind, such as the face of a dead person POC     *mata ni cawa channel between islands or islets Lou mara-sapassage between islands Titan mata-cawpassage between islands Gilbertese mata-n-rawa-rawaan opening, channel, gap in the reef Kapingamarangi mada-awasmall channel POC     *mata muri (gloss uncertain) Mbula mata-muriinheritance, legacy, heirloom, memorial Samoan mata-muli(be) shy, reserved; (be) embarrassed, ashamed POC     *mata riki fine, of the mesh of a fish net Lakalai mata-rikiclose, of net mesh (‘small holes’) Gilbertese mata-riki-rikijunction of ebbing tide and the ocean in beaches of reef; coconut shell with three holes used for drawing water Tongan mata-likiPleiades Futunan mata-likiPleiades; small, miniscule (of writing, tattooing) Samoan mata-li-liʔi(of a net), be fine, have a small mesh; a large, fine-meshed seine net Tuvaluan mata-likifine-meshed; star name Rennellese mata-gikiPleiades Maori mata-rikiPleiades Hawaiian makaliʔitiny, very small, fine, wee; small-meshed; narrow wefts; Pleaides Note:   Thanks to Keane Domenguez for drawing my attention to the meaning ‘small-meshed’ in association with Hawaiian makaliʔi. PMP     *anak nu mata pupil of the eye (‘child of the eye’) Acehnese anɨʔ matapupil of the eye (‘child of the eye’) Ngadha ana matafavorite, ‘apple of the eye’ Rotinese mata ana-(n)favorite, ‘apple of the eye’ PAN     *Cau nu maCa pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) Thao maca wa cawpupil of the eye (lit. ‘person of the eye’) PMP     *tau nu mata pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) Cebuano tawu-táwu sa matáthe pupil of the the eyes (‘person of the eye’) Tae' mata taupupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) Buginese tau-tau matapupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’) Note:   The agreement of Cebuano and Buginese in containing a reduplicated for of PMP *tau ‘person, human being’ may indicate an alternative construction *tau tau nu mata, in which the reduplication of *tau marks simulative, since the ‘person’ in the eye is an image, not a literal being. PMP     *mata nu bisul core of a boil Malay mata bisulhead of a boil Manggarai mata wiculcore of a boil [Kédang u mata-na boil (matan is the ring around it from which the pus emerges)] Rotinese bisu mata-nacore of a boil ['Āre'āre mā ni ʔaʔecore of a boil] PMP     *mata nu haŋin point of the compass, direction of the wind Iban mata aŋinmagnetic compass (‘eye of wind’) Malay mata aŋinpoint of the compass, direction Makassarese mata aŋiŋfull force of the wind, full wind POC     *mata ni aŋin point of the compass, direction [Nggela mata ni guridirection from which wind comes] Wayan mata ni caŋidirection of the wind; direction of the compass, i.e. cardinal points Fijian mata ni caŋithe direction of the wind Tongan mataŋiwind; air   mataŋi-a(of a boat) to be caught or struck by a strong wind Niue mataŋiwind   mata mataŋidirection from which the wind blows Futunan mataŋiwind Samoan mataŋiwind; windy, stormy Tuvaluan mataŋiEast; east side of island; wind, blow (of wind) Kapingamarangi mataŋiwind, breeze Nukuoro mataŋiwind, gas, flatus Rennellese mataŋiEast, eastern; position of the wind, wind, weather Anuta mataŋiwind; old name for Anuta Rarotongan mataŋigeneral name for wind, breeze Maori mataŋiwind, breeze   mataŋi-ruato use both sail and paddles in a canoe Hawaiian makaniwind, breeze; gas in the stomach, flatulent wind; to blow; fig., to show anger; ghost, spirit Note:   This complex term clearly referred to the direction of the wind (in sailing). In Proto-Polynesian the original morpheme boundary was lost and the adjacent low vowels fused into a single short vowel. The unanalyzable morpheme mataŋi then came to refer to the wind in general (although the reflex in Rennellese retains the original sense in addition to the general sense of ‘wind’). Niue mata mataŋi appears to be an attempt to restore the original sense of directionality by repeating mata ‘eye’ as an independent morpheme, since the original morphology has been lost, and with it the specifying property of *mata. PMP     *mata nu hikan callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’) Hanunóo mata ʔikána species of insect; the caterpillar form is very long and thin, and causes the skin to itch considerably on contact (from hair secretion) Malay mata ikancorn on foot; wart (‘eye of fish’) Sangir mata-ŋ ikaŋkind of toxic toadstool Muna mata-no kentacorn on foot (‘eye of fish’) Manggarai mata ikaŋsore on the tip of the finger or on the foot Rembong mata ikancorn, callus on foot POC     *mata ni ikan callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’) Nggela mata ni igasore on the finger (at end) Gilbertese mata-n-ikaa small hard abscess caused by a prick in the sole of the foot Fijian mata ni ikaa painful sore on the sole of the foot or in the palm of the hand from yaws Tongan mata ʔi ikawhitlow Rarotongan mata ikaa term used to indicate the first victim slain in a fight, meaning the first fish PMP     *mata nu kahiw knot in wood Bahasa Indonesia mata kayuhardest part of wood, corewood of tree Acehnese mata kayεəknot in wood Balinese mata kayua knot in wood Muna mata-no sauknot (in wood) Kédang ai mata-na knot or hole left at the base of a branch, or else the depression in the earth below the trunk of a tree (Barnes 1974:230) POC     *mata ni kayu (gloss uncertain) Paamese mete-n āiprow of canoe; stern of canoe PMP     *mata nu panaq point of an arrow Malay mata panahpoint of an arrow Muna mata-no panaarrow point POC     *mata ni panaq point of an arrow Samoan matā-vanapoint of a pump-drill (formerly made from the spike of a sea-urchin) PWMP     *mata nu piRsa core of a boil Tagalog matá na pigsáthe core of a boil [Yakan mata keybubuthead of a boil] Tboli mata hisathe eye of a boil that has to be opened Iban mata pisaʔ‘head’ of a boil PWMP     *mata nu pisaw blade of a knife Malay mata pisawblade of a knife Tae' mata pisoblade of a knife Wolio mata-na pisoblade (of knife) PWMP     *mata nu puket mesh of a net Maranao mata poketmesh of net Malay mata pukatmesh of a net   [mata jalamesh of a net] Acehnese mata pukatmesh of a net [Simalur mata-d delamesh of a casting net; kind of weaving design] [Toba Batak mata ni jalamesh of a net (< Malay)] [Makassarese mata jalamesh of a net (< Malay)] [Kambera mata jalamesh of a net (< Malay)] [Rotinese dala mata-namesh of a net (< Malay)] [Nggela mata ni atolamesh of a net] [Niue mata kupeŋamesh of a net] [Rennellese mata-a kupeŋanet mesh] Note:   Also Cebuano matá sa báliŋ ‘mesh of a net’, Iban mata jala ‘meshes added when making a cast-net to increase diameter and produce cone shape’, Sangir mata-n soma ‘mesh of a net’. The reconstruction with *puket is supported by comparative evidence, but *mata undoubtedly was used with reference to the mesh of nets in general, an association that is also found in languages that belong to other genetic groupings, as Japanese (ami no me; net GEN eye), and Hebrew (ayin ha rέʃεt). In some cases it is unclear whether the reference is to the holes in the net or to the knots that give it structure. PAN     *mata nu qalejaw sun (‘eye of the day’) Basai mata u ziansun (‘eye of the day’) Mapun mata allawEast; the sun Yakan mata ellewthe sun, disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’) Tboli mata kdawsun (‘eye of the day’) Tombonuwo mato nu runatsun (‘eye of the day’) Murut (Paluan) mato nu orowsun (‘eye of the day’) Murut (Timugon) mato ru orowsun (‘eye of the day’) Ida'an Begak mato dtowsun (‘eye of the day’) Bisaya (Limbang) mato adawsun (‘eye of the day’) Kelabit matəh ədʰosun (‘eye of the day’) Sa'ban atəh siəwsun (‘eye of the day’) Sebop atə-n laŋitsun (‘eye of the day’) Kenyah mata tawsun (‘eye of the day’) Murik mata-n rosun (‘eye of the day’) Kayan mata-n dawsun (‘eye of the day’) Kayan (Uma Juman) mata-n dosun (‘eye of the day’) Kiput matəh raawsun (‘eye of the day’) Bintulu mata ɗawsun (‘eye of the day’) Melanau (Mukah) mata lawsun (‘eye of the day’) [Tunjung ue-n-ausun (‘eye of the day’)] Ngaju Dayak mata-n andawsun (‘eye of the day’); kind of tree Kapuas mata-n andawsun (‘eye of the day’) Taboyan mate-n olosun (‘eye of the day’) [Iban mata harisun (‘eye of the day’)] [Malay mata harisun (‘eye of the day’)] Gayō mata ni losun (‘eye of the day’) [Simalur mata-m balalsun (‘eye of the day’)] [Toba Batak mata ni arisun (‘eye of the day’)] [Lampung mata xanisun (‘eye of the day’)] [Madurese mata aresun (‘eye of the day’)] Sangir mata-ŋ-əllosun (‘eye of the day’) [Mongondow mata in siŋgaisun (‘eye of the day’)] [Gorontalo mato no dulahusun; East (‘eye of the day’)] Banggai oloyo mata-nosun (‘eye of the day’) Tae' mata allosun (‘eye of the day’); place where the sun rises, East Buginese mata əssosun (‘eye of the day’) Makassarese mata allosun (‘eye of the day’) Muna mata gholeoeast (‘eye of the day’) [Bimanese mada lirosun (‘eye of the day’)] Komodo mata rosun (‘eye of the day’) Manggarai mata lesosun (‘eye of the day’) Rembong mata lezoqsun (‘eye of the day’) Ngadha mata lezasun (‘eye of the day’) Kambera mata lodusun (‘eye of the day’) Rotinese ledo mata-nasun (‘eye of the day’) Tetun loro mata-nthe disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’) Lakalai la-mata-la-harosun (‘eye of the day’) Toqabaqita maa-na thatothe disc of the sun (‘eye of the day’) [Wayan mata ni siŋasun (‘eye of the day’); sunflower] [Fijian mata ni siŋathe sun (‘eye of the day’); a string figure] PMP     *mata nu susu nipple of the breast Iban mata tusunipple of breast Malay mata susunipple of the breast Rejang mata-i susəwnipple of the breast Palauan məda-l a tutnipple of the breast; nipple of baby bottle Tetun susu-n mata-nnipple, teat Kei sus mata-naureole of the nipple of the breast Alune susu mata-inipple of the breast Note:   Also Simalur mata-n totuʔ ‘nipple of the breast’. POC     *mata ni susu female breast Lou mara susu-nipple of the breast Loniu mata susu-nipple of the breast Nali mara susu-nipple of the breast Yapese mitee-thuuthnipple of the breast Tolai mata na unipple [Kilivila mata-la nunuone’s nipple] Dobuan susu mata-nanipple of the breast Nehan mata nar huhu-nbreast nipple Eddystone/Mandegusu mata susunipple Nggela mata ni susunipples 'Āre'āre mā-na susunipple, teat [Chuukese mese-n owupwnipple (of breast or baby’s bottle)] Carolinian mesa-n túútnipple of the breast Fijian mata ni sucuthe nipples Tongan mata ʔi huhunipple Niue mata huhunipple of the breast, teat Samoan matā-susunipple, teat Kapingamarangi mada-alili-uunipple of breasts Rennellese mata-a-uunipple, teat PMP     *mata nu wahiR spring of water, source of a river Malay mata airspring of water [Acehnese mata iəspring, well, source of a river] [Gayō mata térspring, source] Sasak mata aiʔspring, well [Pendau mata nu ogospring] [Tialo mata nu ogospring] [Banggai paisu mata-nospring, source of water] Wolio mata-na uwespring, source Muna mata-no oewell, spring [Chamorro mata-n hanomspring, source of water] Bimanese mada oispring, well [Komodo mata banuspring, source] Manggarai mata waespring, source (of a river) Rembong mata waeqspring, source Ngadha mata vaespring, source Kambera mata waispring, source Hawu ei mada raispring, source Rotinese oe mataspring of water Tetun ue mata-na spring (of water) Yamdena weye mata-nspring, source (‘eye of water’) POC     *mata ni waiR spring of water, source of a river [Mussau mata ulaulaspring, place where water bubbles up] [Tolai mata na tāvaspring of water, waterhole, tap of a tank] 'Āre'āre mā ni waimouth of river Wayan mata ni waiany freshwater source; spring, source of a river, rain clouds; wet ground, ground with natural water source on which taro may be planted; source, origin, start of something, especially if valuable Fijian mata ni waia spring; sometimes a gully, or low ground, on which taro is planted; in Lau, the uterus Tongan mata vaispring (of water); source (of a river) Samoan matā vaispring, source [Rarotongan mata punasource of a spring of water, the springhead, fountainhead] [Maori mata-tikispring of water] PMP     *mata nu zalan middle of the road, most trodden part of a path or road; guide who shows the way Yakan mata lānmiddle of the road Bahasa Indonesia mata jalanlookout, scout (‘eye of the path/road’) Tae' mata lalanmiddle part of a road, most trodden part where no grass grows; also a guide who goes ahead and shows the way to others Buginese mata laləŋscout, one who points out the way Makassarese mata lalaŋguide, pilot Muna mata n-salaguide; spy Hawu mada ɗyarapath, pathway Tetun mata dalanto show the way POC     *mata ni salan (gloss uncertain) Niue mata halaentrance; beginning of a road Samoan mata ala(be) watchful, alert; (be) quick, prompt Rarotongan mata araa path, track, way, road, method, manner, system, manner of how to do or accomplish an end in view PWMP     *mata nu zaRum eye of a needle Malay mata jarumeye of a needle Makassarese mata jaruŋeye of a needle PMP     *mata-mata spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead Yami mata-mataeyes Aklanon matá-matá (h)to look down on, belittle Cebuano matá-matásee an illusion, mirage   mata-mátawake up accidentally Mapun mata-mataa spy (Old Mapun) (< Malay?) Tausug mata-mataa spy (< Malay?) Ngaju Dayak matæ-matæremain open, of a wound Acehnese mata-mataa spy Karo Batak mata-mataknot in wood; a spy; messenger Toba Batak mata-mataknothole; custodian, inspector Rejang mata-mataa spy Sundanese mata-matasecret agent of the police, spy Javanese mata-mataspy, secret agent Madurese ta-mataa spy Mongondow mata-mataa tree with hard wood like ironwood Tae' mata-matasubordinate to the village head who manages many tasks for him Mandar mata-mataa spy Buginese mata-mataa spy Makassarese mata-mataa memento, souvenir; a spy Rembong mata-mataa spy (< Malay?) Rotinese mata-mata-kof all kinds Tolai mata-matato have many holes Roviana mata-mataa leader Nggela mata-matawild, of domesticated animals only; shy, timid Gilbertese mata-matato look in order to choose, to make a choice (used esp. when choosing a daughter-in-law) Pohnpeian masa-masbeloved, favorite Woleaian mate-matto use as eyes; kind, variety (as different kinds of people) Sonsorol-Tobi mata-matkind, variety Wayan mata-matagateway Fijian mata-mataa gateway; a goal, at football Tongan mata-matato appear, to look, to seem Niue mata-matareticulated; appearing like the meshes of a net Futunan mata-matacontemplate, view, gaze on; source Samoan mata-mataspy, scout Rennellese mata-matato look at or for Rarotongan mata-matathe edge of anything, such as the edge of a cliff, the banks of a stream Maori mata-matapoint, extremity; top, summit; headland; source; suddenly Hawaiian maka-makaintimate friend with whom one is on terms of receiving and giving freely; host; fig., anything very helpful, as education Note:   Also Mailu mata-mata ‘to appear’, presumably a loan from a still unidentified Austronesian source. PMP     *mata nu qatay mental perception Malay mata hatimental perception, instinct POC     *mata qate instinct Niue mata ase/atethe core of the heart Note:   As shown in Blust (2009:313-314) reflexes of PAn *maCa are exceptionally rich in their extended meanings. Although its primary sense clearly was ‘eye’, this term, like its semantic equivalents in many of the world’s languages, simultaneously indicated an idea that can be characterized roughly as ‘focal point, most prominent or important part’, a sense that is realized in particular instances as ‘sun’, ‘budding part of a plant’, ‘spring of water’, ‘blade or point of a knife’, and the like. In many cases the semantic structure of such words persists even when the morphemes that express it are not cognate, as in Tunjung ue ‘eye’, au ‘day’, ue-n-au ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), Iban, Malay mata hari ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), Toba Batak mata ni ari ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’), or Simalur mata-m balal ‘sun’ (‘eye of the day’). In others the semantics are slightly skewed, as in Sebop atə-n ‘eye’, laŋit ‘sky’, atə-n laŋit ‘sun’ (‘eye of the sky’). Some ‘eye’ expressions are extremely widespread in Austronesian languages, as those for ‘sun’, ‘nipple of the breast’, ‘spring of water’, and the like, while others are confined to a single language or discrete subgroup, as with Polynesian forms for ‘raindrop’ that reflect Proto-Polynesian *mata ʔuha. The range of metaphorical or quasi-metaphorical extensions of ‘eye’ given here is no doubt incomplete, but should serve to indicate the exceptional richness of abstract uses for this body-part, a richness that derives universally from the eye as the first part of the human anatomy on which infants focus, and which therefore becomes for all humans a focal point for anything important or essential (Blust 2011). The use of PMP *nu as the genitive marker in expression such as *mata nu susu ‘nipple of the breast’ or *mata nu wahiR ‘spring of water, source of a river’ might be questioned, since most of the languages for which these expressions have been recorded have no genitive marker, and --- with few exceptions --- those that do have a form of the genitive that is different from *nu. However, other evidence indicates that PMP had three genitive markers: *nu ‘genitive of common nouns’, *ni ‘genitive of singular personal nouns’ and *na ‘genitive of plural personal nouns’, and this would lead us to expect that the marker in ‘eye’ constructions would have been *nu, even if no trace of it is preserved in the languages cited here. Proto-Oceanic, on the other hand, evidently replaced *nu with *ni, as this is consistently reflected in different primary branches of the Oceanic subgroup (Nggela, Kwaio, Ulawa, Gilbertese, Wayan, Fijian). *madaŋ a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus PWMP     *madaŋ a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus Ilokano máraŋspecies of tropical fruit with sweet white flesh around thick seeds and surrounded by a spiny covering Cebuano máraŋkind of large fruit tree, bearing fruit similar to the jackfruit, but smaller and sweeter; not commonly cultivated except in Mindanao: Artocarpus odoratissima Maranao madaŋsweet fruit of the breadfruit type: Artocarpus odoratissima Blco. Binukid maraŋkind of large tree or fruit which is similar to jackfruit, but smaller and sweeter Manobo (Western Bukidnon) maraŋthe maraŋ tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissima Mapun maraŋa tree that looks like a breadfruit tree; the fruit resembles breadfruit but its seeds and pulp are similar to jackfruit Ngaju Dayak madaŋa tree with durable wood often used for house posts Note:   Dempwolff (1934-1938) compared Tagalog máraŋLitsea spp.’ (Madulid 2001), Ngaju Dayak madaŋ ‘a tree with fairly durable wood that is often used for houseposts’, Malagasy mérana ‘a plant used in house-building: Vernonia merana Baker’, Malay mədaŋ ‘generic for many plants of the order Laurinaceae, and for others with a timber of similar appearance’, and Toba Batak modaŋ ‘tree with white wood that is much used in construction’ under a proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *medaŋ ‘name of a tree’. However, under this hypothesis the penultimate vowel of the Tagalog form was irregular. Other Philippine languages now support Tagalog in pointing to *madaŋ rather than *medaŋ, and the Philippine forms appear to be unrelated to those in Indonesia and Madagascar. *madar ripe, overripe PCEMP     *madar ripe, overripe Yamdena madaralmost ripe, of coconuts; half-withered, of leaves Buli mararipe, cooked POC     *madrar ripe Bipi ma-maxa-nripe Tolai madarripe, overripe Nggela mandaripe Arosi madaripe *madrali slippery, as wet rocks by the shore POC     *madrali slippery, as wet rocks by the shore Yotefa medaritjslippery Manam malazi <Mslippery Bugotu madalislippery Nggela mandalislippery; to moisten 'Āre'āre matarislippery Arosi madariwet and slippery, as rocks, an oiled stone *maga stone; slingshot POC     *maga stone; slingshot Lakalai la tu-magaa sling Tongan makastone   maka-tāa sling; to sling stones, to use a sling (= ‘stone’ + ‘hit’) Anuta makasling (for hurling stones) Rarotongan makaa sling: a strap or pocket with a string attached at each end for hurling a stone or other missile; it was usually made from coconut fiber or hibiscus bark Note:   A somewhat different version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:227). *mai and PMP     *mai and     [doublet: *maS, *a₂] Hanunóo mayand (only when indicating the existence of a numerable entity in excess of what has been enumerated previously) Abaknon mayand Kelabit meand Palauan and Maleu meand Lakalai meand Gedaged maiconjunction: and, also, too, as well as, likewise, moreover Motu maiand; before a noun is equivalent to “have” Gabadi maiand Muyuw mayand Nggela maiand, with; the pronouns are suffixed with mai-a, mai-ra, mai-gi, used clauses Talise maiand Tolo maiand Chuukese meconjunction: and, or; with, in conjunction with Puluwat mepreposition: from, all (with numbers), and Woleaian meconjunction: and, with Carolinian menoun phrase conjunction: and, or, with Maskelynes meiand Efate (South) meand Iaai meand, with (plus pronominal complement) Canala mε̃and, with (in the company of) Dehu meand, with Maori mewith, denoting concomitance, or concurrence in time; often to be rendered by and Rapanui meand Hawaiian meand *ma-ilah wild, shy, skittish PWMP     *ma-ilah₂ wild, shy, skittish Hanunóo ma-ʔilawild, untamed Aklanon ma-ila(h)wild, untamed Cebuano ma-ilashy (as chickens) Bare'e ma-ilawild, skittish (as a horse) Note:   Also Makassarese ilaʔ-ilaʔ ‘wild (as in playing); headlong, hot-headed (as in riding a horse)’. PAn *ma-Seyaq ‘shy, embarrassed, ashamed’ referred to shyness in humans; *ma-ilah appears to have applied primarily to animals. *ma-iRaq redness PMP     *ma-iRaq red Taboyan méyaʔred Iban mirahred Jarai mriahred Rhade hrahred (note: Rhade c.d. < *siRaq) Moken mélakpurple, red Malay mérahred Karo Batak mirahred (of coloration in fighting cocks) Toba Batak mirared (of coloration in fighting cocks) Old Javanese mirahruby; red, ruby-red, blood-red Balinese mirahruby Sasak mirahruby Bonerate mehared Popalia mehared Adonara meared PCEMP     *meRaq red Sika mérared, light red, brown Hawu méared Rotinese méared Tetun méa-krusty, rust-colored, reddish   méa-nred (all shades) Erai merared   ana meralittle children, babies Talur meared Tugun ma-merared Leti mérared Buruese mihared   miha-nruddy, blood-red POC     *meRaq reddish brown Luangiua meared Nggela melared spittle from betel nut chewing Kwaio melabright red Lau melalight brown, reddish-brown   tō melaPolynesians Sa'a melato glow, of fierce heat Arosi meraspecies of small red fish Arosi (Eastern) mera-mera-ʔared Gilbertese meareddish yellow color, rust, grey Tongan mealight red or light brown, reddish, brownish: esp. in names of plants, fish, etc. Nukuoro meared Rennellese meabe red or reddish; be very angry Maori meared, reddish Hawaiian meareddish-brown, as water with red earth in it; yellowish-white, of feathers PCEMP     *meRaq meRaq red, reddish Leti mér-mérared Selaru mér-mérred 'Āre'āre mera-merared (of fruit) Sa'a mela-melato glow, of fierce heat Mota me-meared Raga me-meared Samoan me-meayellowish-brown (with age) Kapingamarangi mmeered Nukuoro mmeared Rennellese me-meato flush, as with anger Note:   Also Nggela mea-mea ‘yellow, brown’. With root *-Raq ‘red’. Dempwolff (1934-38) compared Malay mérah and similar forms in other languages with Tagalog igá ‘evaporated, dried by evaporation’, maintaining that the former reflect an affixed base with the stative prefix *ma-. However, since the Tagalog form is both phonologically irregular and semantically deviant it is best discarded. Although Dempwolff's morphological analysis almost certainly is correct, it is complicated by the virtual absence of known reflexes of the unaffixed base. Two candidates supporting a bimorphemic analysis are known to me: 1. Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ma-iRa, i-ka-iRa ‘ashamed’, 2. Hanunóo hígaʔ ‘type of crab having red eyes’. Both of these candidates for the unaffixed base are problematic, the Puyuma form because it contains an unexpected zero reflex of *-q, the Hanunóo form because it is unique in the Philippines. It appears that the vowel sequence *a-i had contracted to *e by POc times. The similar contraction in many of the languages of eastern Indonesia, and in Taboyan and Malay may be independent. *maja dry up, evaporate PMP     *maja dry up, evaporate Ilokano magádry; neat, tidy   ma-maga-anto dry up   na-mag-maga-nvery dry, well seasoned (wood) Isneg na-maxádry, seasoned (timber)   mag-maxáto dry Ifugaw magádryness of a land, of vegetation, or what happened to be wet insofar as the dryness is caused by the heat of the sun or the lack of rain Casiguran Dumagat madedry; to become dry, to dry Pangasinan magáto dry, wither Inati maradry Maranao maradry (as a riverbed)   ka-maradry, anhydrous (as land) Rembong mazadry; already cooked (of rice) Solorese maradry up Kédang mayadry; thirsty Asilulu maladry Boano₂ maladry Leipon ce-marto dry up, as rice in a pot that has been boiling too long Kele sa-marto dry up, as rice in a pot that has been boiling too long Lihir masdry Rano mi-mesdry Fijian macaempty, dry, of liquids. Used as exclamation when a bowl of yaqona (kava) has been drunk --- the onlookers call out ‘A! Maca!’; to dry or heal up, of a sore   vaka-maca-takato dry or empty a canoe on shore   maca-macadry or healed   i-maca-macaa scar Tongan maha(of liquid or its container) finished, all gone, dry, empty; (of a battery) completely run down, giving no current at all; (of a cow) dry Niue mahaempty; calm; to empty (as a coconut when drinking); to be calm, as the sea Futunan masabe empty (as a bottle), be dry (as a river from which the water has evaporated)   masa-masato dry up gradually Samoan masa(of the tide) neap; (of a canoe, boat, etc.) be empty (after bailing out, etc.) Tuvaluan mahaempty; low, of tide Rennellese masato be empty or nearly empty of liquid; to be shallow or low, as the tide   haka-masato dry, as tears, to empty PMP     *ma-maja dry up Maranao ma-maradry, dried (as soil that has dried up, or clothes after washing) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) me-mazadry Maguindanao ma-máladry Wuvulu ma-maxaevaporate, dry up Aua ma-maradry up, as rice that is cooking Kove ma-masadry Lakalai ma-marato boil away or dry up, of water   ma-mara-tidammed up, of water; finished, of water in the hollow of a tree; dry, of water; very low tide Mbula ma-maazadry enough so that water does not drip anymore; dry, as the tongue when saliva stops flowing Numbami mamasaebbtide, low tide; go dry, dry out Uruava ma-maadry 'Āre'āre haʔa-mata-ato dry fish or meat over the fire before the final cooking between hot stones Sa'a ma-matato be high and dry, of a reef, to be dry at low water Arosi ma-matadry   haʔa-ma-matato make dry   haʔa-ma-mata susuthe last born (lit’ ‘to make the breast dry up’) Kosraean mʷesshallow place in the reef Pohnpeian madreef; large coral head; to be dry Mokilese madportion of the reef exposed at low tide   mad-dato dry up (of the reef) Chuukese mmatlow tide, be at low tide Nukuoro mmasato be dry   haga-mmasato dry something Maori ma-mahasteam Note:   Also 'Āre'āre maʔa ‘empty, dried up (of water only)’, haʔa-ma-a ‘to dry coconuts, betelnuts, and other nuts above a fire’. Reflexes of this form in some Oceanic languages are hard to distinguish from *maqati ‘low tide, dry reef’. Dempwolff (1938) cited the Futunan and Samoan forms erroneously as maha. *maka- verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something PWMP     *maka- verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something Itbayaten maka-prefix expressing ability Ilokano maka-intransitive potentive prefix, corresponding to the transitive ma- indicating potential, abilitative, accidental, or coincidental action Bontok maka-aptative prefix occurring with non-completive agentive voice affixes Ibaloy maka-verbal prefix marking ability to do something Tagalog maka-prefix to root word forming verbs expressing ability to do something Bikol maka-verbal affix, potential action series, infinitive-command form Aklanon maka-aptative future verb prefix in actor focus, marking ability to do something Cebuano maka-potential active verb affix, future Murut (Timugon) maka-prefix forming abilitative verbs Malagasy maha-potential prefix; it expresses the ability or power to perform any action, or what makes a thing to be what it is *makaka to pry open slightly POC     *makaka to pry open slightly Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka makakaaperture, opening, crack Nggela makakato open; opened, as a cockle *makaw walk, go PWMP     *makaw walk, go     [doublet: *lakaw] Sambal (Botolan) mákogo Tboli mógówcome, go Kiput makaːwwalk Melanau (Mukah) makawwalk Note:   Probably from *l-um-akaw, with loss of the initial syllable. *maket to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive PMP     *maket to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive Sasak makətto stick, adhere to Manggarai maketto stick, adhere to *maki- social prefix, indicating action together with another PPh     *maki- social prefix, indicating action together with another Itbayaten machi-affix for togetherness, being with Ilokano maki-participative (social), intransitive verbal prefix that takes the -ak series pronoun enclitics Agta (Eastern) maki-affix indicating associative activity by a few people Kankanaey maki-a verbal prefix indicating companionship Ifugaw maki-prefix denoting that an action is done together with another, or in company with others Tagalog maki-prefix for verbs meaning ‘to join in company’ or ‘to join in an act’ Bikol maki-verbal affix, social action series, infinitive-command form *makúpa mountain apple: Eugenia spp. PPh     *makúpa mountain apple: Eugenia spp. Ilokano makúpathe mountain apple or Malay apple: Eugenia javanica Tagalog makópaMalay rose apple tree and its fruit Bikol makópatree growing up to ten meters and producing a juicy, edible fruit, small, waxy and pear-shaped in appearance, mountain apple, rose apple: Syzygium malaccense Aklanon makúpaa tree and its fruit: Eugenia aquea Cebuano makúpaa small tree cultivated for its red, top-shaped fruits, with white, spongy meat and a mild flavor, a large meaty variety of the Syzygium samarangense Note:   Possibly a loan distribution. *malai withered, faded POC     *malai withered, faded Kove malaitired; feeling lazy Lakalai malaito be withering or drying up, of leaves, fruit, copra (when completely dry = pakuku) Fijian malaiwithered, faded; to wither, fade Note:   This comparison was first proposed by Osmond (1998:135). *malala village square; dancing ground POC     *malala village square; dancing ground Drehet mwalaŋopen area, clearing Yapese malaaldancing place, public open place in village, village square Vitu malalavillage; island Lakalai malaladancing ground; garden cleared but not planted Manam malalamarket place, assembly place Nakanamanga mʷalaladancing place Wayan ŋʷalalabe vacant, unoccupied, empty, free (of a place); be free, at liberty, without restrictions (of a person); Note:   Also Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka (Young 1979) melala ‘village’. *malaŋ misfortune, bad luck PMP     *malaŋ misfortune, bad luck Malay malaŋadversity; mischance; piece of ill luck Balinese malaŋto be thwarted, be unlucky (in gambling) Sa'a malaharm Mota malaill; bad Tongan malamisfortune, bad luck or suffering, esp. as resulting from, or coming as the Nemesis of, wrongdoing Futunan malamisfortune, bad luck Samoan malascourge, plague; tragedy, disaster Note:   Also Niue mala-ia ‘misfortune, misery; to be cursed; accursed, unfortunate’. *malaqe public space in village POC     *malaqe public space in village Tanga ma:liplace, dancing square within the confines of every village settlement Mailu marivillage Proto-Polynesian *malaʔemeeting place Tongan malaʔevillage green; park, playground, open market place, etc. Samoan malaeopen space in the middle of a village, village green (such an area is of high social importance); sports ground, playground Anuta maraeopen area in which traditional religious rites were held, or for “dart” matches, which are still held at the present time Maori maraeenclosed space in front of a house, courtyard, village common Note:   This term and POc *malala ‘village square; dancing ground’ appear to have the same or a very similar meaning, and the distinction in reference remains to be determined. *malaw paper mulberry tree: Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material Selaru malloincloth Asilulu mala aikind of tree the bark of which was formerly used to make loincloths Buli mālpounded tree bark; clothing of same Numfor mārloincloth (originally of pounded tree bark) Tanga malbark cloth, and especially the inner bark of the breadfruit tree, beaten and used as cloth, although many other species are used; mourning band of bark cloth worn around the neck or on the upper arm by female mourners   mal-malshoulder sling for carrying a baby, made of bark cloth Tolai malspecies of small tree, Brousonnetia papyrifera, the bark of which is used for making cloth; native cloth made from this bark; cloth, waist-cloth, loin-cloth, clothing, clothes (in general); to wear cloth or clothes, be dressed Lusi malogirdle Kove maloclothing Kairiru myalloincloth; traditionally used in times of war, now replaced by the laplap Manam malobark belt Gedaged mala tree, it bark is used to make G-strings and blankets; loincloth made from the bark of mal Gitua malomen’s bark loincloth; clothing Arosi maroa species of tree, paper mulberry; beaten cloth of the maro (the bark was soaked in water an then beaten out, and later painted in gay colors and used as a sling to carry a child, or as a loincloth); a loincloth Mota maloa tree, probably a mulberry; the girdle of leaves and flowers used by tamate (members of the ‘ghost’ society) Fijian malothe paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera, hence the native cloth made from it, and the former native male dress, a piece of malo passed between the thighs and fastened with a girdle; if not passed between the legs it is i sulu Niue malowaist belt or cloth; menstrual cloth; baby’s napkin   malo tauwar girdle Futunan malocloth girdle used during ceremonies; menstrual cloth Samoan maloloincloth Tuvaluan malobreech cloth of plaited pandanus leaves; menstrual pad   tau-malostage in boy’s life when malo must be worn; a boy who has reached this stage Nukuoro maloclothes, cloth   malo gahushirt Rennellese magoto put on or wear, as a sarong; sarong Anuta malomen’s loin garment, made from a strip of bark-cloth Rarotongan maroa waist girdle, the ancient loincloth or waist wrap; various kinds were used in ancient days   maro kurathe sacred crimson girdle, generally worn by the ariki or members of an ariki family   maro totospecial waist cloth or girdle worn only by women during the period of menses --- a menstrual girdle Maori maroa sort of kilt or apron worn by males and females; material (moss, lichen, etc.) used by a woman at certain periods; to put on, as a maro Hawaiian malomale’s loincloth; chant in praise of a chief’s loincloth; leaf sheath that protects the young leaves of the breadfruit tree Note:   Also Buruese kamaru ~ maru ‘loincloth’, Mbula maana ‘loincloth made of tree bark’, Rotuman mala ‘kind of girdle used by high chiefs; it is dyed red with special dye or paint’. The Kairiru gloss and that in several Polynesian languages suggests that certain types of loincloth were associated with war, as with the Niue malo tau ‘war girdle’, or Maori maro huka or maro tūhou, which were “roughly made of leaves of karamū for certain ceremonies in time of war” (Williams 1971). *malem night, darkness PMP     *malem night, darkness Ilokano malémafternoon   ag-malémthe whole day   ipa-malémto put off until the afternoon   paŋ-malémafternoon meal   m<in>alémevery afternoon Lun Dayeh malemnight Kelabit malemseveral days ago; dark Bukat maləmnight Jarai mlamnight Rhade mlamnight Malay malamnight Koroni malonight Moronene malonight Motu malomiddle of the night Note:   With root *-lem₁ ‘dark’. *males become soft or weak (of things or people) PMP     *males become soft or weak (of things or people) Malay malasunwilling; idle; lazy Toba Batak malosto fade, wither; faded, withered Sundanese maləslazy Balinese maleslazy Sasak maləslazy Manggarai malessoft; lithe Rotinese maleto wither; become weak, soft, powerless Yamdena malassoft, supple, as leaves or thread *mali a plant: Leea spp. PMP     *mali a plant: Leea spp. Tagalog malia plant: Leea indica (Madulid 1999) Malay malismall shrub or weed, Leea spp. Manggarai (West) malia shrub: Leea rubra PMP     *mali-mali a plant, Leea spp. Kapampangan mali-malia plant: Leea aculeata (Madulid 1999) Bikol ma-malia plant: Leea guineensis (Madulid 1999) Malay mali berduri, mali-maliLeea sambucina. This latter is associated with a description of a wind violent enough to tear out the very weeds on the lawn Makassarese mali-malia shrub, Leea aequata Wuvulu mali-malifish poison and the vine from which it is obtained Note:   *mali and *mali-mali appear to have distinguished two species or subspecies of the same type of plant. This comparison was first recognized in print by Verheijen (n.d.). *malip laugh, smile PCEMP     *malip laugh, smile Hawu marilaugh   pe-marilaugh, giggle Atoni manilaugh Vaikenu manito laugh Tugun malilaugh Kisar mali-nohimockery Roma na-malito laugh East Damar m-malito laugh Leti malilaugh Wetan maligame, joke; to play Selaru mahis <Mlaugh Yamdena n-maliplaugh, laugh at Fordata n-mali-tlaugh, laugh at Kei en-mali-tlaugh, laugh at Kola melto smile, laugh Ujir a-mellaugh W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) mellaugh Elat mbo-mali-klaugh Nuaulu ia-u-manilaugh Alune malilaugh Buruese malismile, laugh   mali-h, mali-ksmile at, laugh at Sekar maniflaugh Taba amlif <Mto laugh Gimán mlifto laugh Buli a-mliflaugh   a-mlif-alaugh at Biga mlefto laugh Minyaifuin mnifto laugh Wandamen marito laugh Numfor mbriflaugh   mbrifto laugh Serui-Laut marilaugh Seimat mallaugh, smile Chuukese menismile; pleased facial expression Puluwat mellaugh, giggle a little, smile Woleaian mmal(i)laugh, smile, grin Nokuku manto laugh Axamb -mento laugh Wayan malilaugh, smile, grin Fijian malismile POC     *mali-malip laughing, smiling Seimat mali-mallaughing, smiling Label mal-malihlaugh Chuukese meni-menpleased facial expression(especially a smiling one); smile, smiling *maliqi pregnant PAN     *maliqi pregnant Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ma-riʔipregnant Kelabit malihpregnant (general term) Note:   Also Buruese gali ‘pregnant’. This form almost certainly contains the stative prefix *ma-. However, it is unclear whether the PAn base was *aliqi or *liqi. *maliraŋ sulphur PMP     *maliraŋ sulphur Tagalog maliláŋsulphur Ngaju Dayak mariraŋsulphur (used externally as medicine against scurf and vermin) Manggarai meliraŋsulphur Note:   Also Kambera lira ‘sulphur’, tana lira ‘sulphurous earth (used to enhance the lustre of metals)’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *baliraŋ ‘sulphur’, but this variant appears to be a western Indonesian innovation which has been widely disseminated through borrowing of either the Malay term (belérang) or its Javanese cognate (walirang). There are indications that sulphur had native medicinal uses, and the abundance of the material on Java would have made this island an important source of sulphur for areas in which it was absent (Borneo) or rare (Sulawesi). Reflexes of *maliraŋ show a distribution which is difficult to explain as a product of borrowing. I assume, then, that *maliraŋ was found in PMP, and that *baliraŋ was innovated (through a sporadic sound change) in a language ancestral to Malay, Javanese, and some other languages of western Indonesia. Following this innovation Javanese sulphur was disseminated widely through the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders, the Javanese term reaching some languages (Soboyo waliraŋ) and the Malay term others (Buginese beléraŋ, Makassarese baliraŋ, etc.). *malon core of a breadfruit POC     *malon core of a breadfruit Gedaged malonwhite core of the fruit of the breadfruit Fijian malosoft kernel of the center of the breadfruit Hawaiian maloleaf sheath that protects the young leaves of the breadfruit tree *malua soft, pliable PCEMP     *malua soft, pliable Manusela maluasoft (Stresemann 1927:164) Tolai maluasoft, pliable, moist Nggela maluasoft, pliable, easy Note:   Also Paulohi maru-ni ‘soft’, Fijian mālua ‘gently, slowly, quietly’. Because of disagreements among the languages of the central Moluccas, Stresemann (1927:164) posited Proto-Ambon *malu ‘soft’. *maluRu shade PEMP     *maluRu shade Buli ma-maludark, black clouds; shadow of objects (but not of people) Tolai malurshade; cool, shady, fresh; to shade, stand in the shade Kwaio malushade, environs of Lau ma-maluto cast a shadow 'Āre'āre (ma)-marushade, shadow; to shade, overshadow   maru-anaunder, below Sa'a mäluto shade, to overshadow   mälu-sito shade   i melu-neunder the shadow, the rule of; used in names of chiefs Arosi marushade; to shade, overshadow; the lee of an island   maru-ŋito reign over, rule, command Wayan malube protected or sheltered from the elements; be shaded, in the shade or shadows   malu-tiput something in the shade, put something out of the sun   maa-malushade, shadow; shelter, protection Fijian i-malu-maluthe shade of a roof or tree Tongan maluto be shaded or sheltered (lit. or fig.); to be safe, secure, watertight or airtight   maluu(of the wind, or of the sea or the day as affected by the wind) mild, pleasantly calm; (of pain) abated, gone   malu-ʔito protect or defend; to make or keep safe or secure, to safeguard; to insure, to guarantee Niue malushade, shadow; protection; shaded, sheltered Samoan malushelter; take shelter Tuvaluan malushadow; shade; shelter; protection; power, authority; protect   ma-malunoble, honorable   malu afi-afiearly evening   malu poo-pooevening (7 to 8 PM) Kapingamarangi malushadow, shade; behind (some protective cover); shelter Nukuoro malushade (under trees); lee (of wind) Rennellese magushade, shelter, protection, fine looks, splendor; to shade, shelter, protect, cover   magu hahinehandsome woman, female beauty Anuta maru ~ maruuprotected; dry (as the inside of a well-constructed house when it is raining); shady; protector Rarotongan marushelter, protection; shade   maru aʔothe shadows of light of day, the faint light of dawn   maru-matethe shadow of death Maori marupower, authority; shadow, shelter; shield, safeguard; a glow in the heavens; shaded, sheltered; attended by an escort; proof against rain Hawaiian malushade, shelter, protection, peace, control, strength; shaded, peaceful, quiet; under taboo; reserved, held apart; taboo; the stillness and awe of taboo POC     *paka-maluRu to shelter, give shelter to Arosi haʔa-maru-ato put in the shade, out of the sun Wayan vaka-malutake shelter, seek shade or protection   i-vaka-maluanything that gives shade or shelter, e.g. a temporary shelter, umbrella Niue faka-maluto overshadow; protect, shelter   faka-malu-aŋaa porch, a shelter Samoan faʔa-maluput a cover on, shield against Tuvaluan faka-maluumbrella; make a shelter; offer gifts to another family to restore friendly relations   faka-ma-malushow respect Rennellese haka-magushelter, protector, protection, cover; to find shelter; to cover, as a canoe, to protect from the sun Hawaiian hoʔo-maluto bring under the care and protection of, to protect; to keep quiet, still, as during taboo POC     *maluRu maluRu shady, shaded, sheltered (?) Tolai mal-malurushady 'Āre'āre maru-marutime between three and six in the afternoon Sa'a mälu-meluto shade, to overshadow Arosi maru-marushade Wayan malu-malube shady, well-shaded, well sheltered from the elements Fijian malu-malushady, sheltered; the shade of a roof or tree Tongan malu-malushady, affording shade   malu-malu-abe shaded by something Niue malu-malushady; lowering (of the sky) Nukuoro malu-malu de mecloudy day (not bright) Anuta maru-marushady; dry (as a result of being protected from the rain) Rarotongan maru-marushady, sheltered from light or heat Maori maru-marushaded, sheltered   whaka-maru-maruto shade, shelter, protect; protector, chief Hawaiian malu-malushelter or protection of any kind, often humble   hoʔo-malu-maluto overshadow, shade, darken, as by a cloud Note:   The semantic evolution of this word is particularly interesting. Its original reference, insofar as it can be inferred from the available data, was to the shade or shadow produced by objects, particularly those that gave shelter or protection from the sun, as trees or buildings. Over time this evolved in some of the Polynesian languages into a more abstract sense of protection, which ultimately could be applied to the social protection provided by persons of power or authority within the community, and even to the individual who provided such protection, as with Maori whaka-maru-maru ‘protector, chief’. If its original sense included not only protection from the sun, but also protection from wind and rain the meaning ‘lee of an island’, which is attested both in Arosi of the southeast Solomons, and in Nukuoro may also have been associated with this form in POc. *mamah father’s brother PAN     *mamah father’s brother Atayal mamauncle, brother of father or mother Pazeh mamaholder brother of a man or woman, wife’s elder brother Hoanya mamafather PMP     *mama parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of *ama Umiray Dumaget mamauncle younger than Ego’s parent (Elkins and Hendrickson 1984) Tagalog máma-ʔterm used in referring to, or in addressing a man unknown to the speaker Aklanon mamáhgreat grandfather Agutaynen mamagrandfather Binukid mamaterm of address for male much younger than the speaker Manobo (Western Bukidnon) mamaterm of respect used by males and females to address a male of equal age or younger than the one speaking Miri mama-nfather’s brother, mother’s brother Bintulu kə-mamauncle (mother’s brother, father’s brother) Bekatan mamefather’s brother Dohoi mama-ʔparents’ brother Ngaju Dayak mamauncle (of someone else; for one’s own uncle the term is ama) Kapuas mama-ʔparents’ sister’s husband   mama-ʔ busuparents’ younger brother Dusun Deyah mama-ʔparents’ younger brother, parents’ younger sister’s husband Ma'anyan mama-ʔparents’ brother, parents’ sister’s husband Samihim mama-ʔparents’ brother, parents’ sister’s husband Malay mama-kmaternal uncle; (loosely) any uncle Simalur mamaʔmaternal uncle Karo Batak mamamother’s brother, uncle, thus also father-in-law of a man Rejang mamafather’s elder brother, mother’s elder brother   mama-ŋfather’s younger brother; mother’s younger brother Sundanese mamafather; uncle Sasak mamamale, male animal   mama toaʔold man   sə-mamahusband, spouse   bə-sə-mamamarried (of a woman) Tontemboan mama-ʔfather; vocative of ama-ʔ Mongondow mama-ʔfather (used by children) Uma mamafather Manggarai mamauncle, mother’s brother Rembong mamahusband’s father, wife’s father; mother’s brother; father’s sister’s husband Ngadha mamauncle (< (mama-y?) Lamaholot mamãmother’s brother; wife’s father Kei mamchild’s term of address to his father, from elders to their sons, and in general in intimate contexts between older men and their sons Gah mamafather Soboyo mamafather, term of address for older males Buli mamafather   mama tawawaiyoungest brother of one’s father Misool (Coast) mamfather Minyaifuin mamfather Numfor mamfather POC     *mama young child’s term for father Sursurunga mama-mother Sobei mamfather Kairiru mam(my) father Kis mamafather Ali mamfather Manam mamafather Gedaged mama reciprocal classificatory kinship term; male speaking: father’s brother, mother’s sister’s husband, father’s mother’s brother’s or sister’s son, father’s father’s brother’s or sister’s son; father; son; female speaking: father and his brothers; son; mother’s sister’s husband; father’s father’s brother’s or sister’s son; mother’s mother’s brother’s or sister’s son; an honorary title for older persons, those in a higher position, as teachers, missinaries, God Gitua mamafather (vocative) Numbami mamafather, uncle Motu mamaa child’s term of address to his father Cheke Holo mamafather, elder male kin of first ascending generation; father-in-law (vocative) Roviana mamaa childish word for father Bugotu mamavocative; father, sir Nggela mamafather, in direct address, replacing tama; also in general sense, na mama Toqabaqita mamafather; used mainly by and to children Mota mamafather, in addressing him; also in speaking of him, less properly; to call one’s father Lingarak mamafather Note:   Also Proto-Ambon *měmě ‘mother’s brother’ (Stresemann 1927:197), SA’A mamaʔa ‘vocative, father’. *mamaq chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food Itbayaten mamaidea of chewing betel nut   man-mamato chew betel nut   mama-ento chew; something to chew Ilokano mamáa concoction for chewing made of betel leaf, betel nut and lime; areca nut, tobacco, lime and betel leaves   ag-mamáto chew betel   pag-mama-áncontainer for betel Ibaloy mamathe betel nut chew   man-mamato engage in betel chewing   mama-anto spit red betel juice on something Tagalog mag-mamáʔto chew betel nut Bikol mamáʔa mixture of betel nut, búyo’ leaf and lime Hanunóo mámaʔchewing of betel leaf, areca nut chew   mamʔ-ínbetel leaf for chewing; areca nut chew (< Tagalog?) Romblomanon mamaʔa betel nut masticatory; betel nut chewing is restricted to herbalists and older people Masbatenyo mamáʔbetel nut chew (refers to a chew consisting of betel nut, buyo leaves, lime and tobacco) Aklanon mamáʔto chew (tobacco, betel nut) Kalamian Tagbanwa mamakchewed betel nut Cebuano mámaʔchew of betel nut (búnga) and piper betel leaves (búyù) with lime (ápug), and optionally tobacco; action of chewing; to chew betel nut   m<al>amaʔ-ancontainer for the lime, betel nut, and betel leaf Binukid mamaʔbetel nut chew; to chew betel nut Manobo (Western Bukidnon) mamaʔto chew betel nut   memaʔ-anbetel palm, Areca catechu Mansaka mamaʔto use in making a betel nut chew   mamaʔ-ancontainer for items for a betel nut chew Kalagan mamaʔbetel chew Mapun mamaʔa prepared betel nut chew; to chew betel nut   mamaʔ-ana container for the ingredients of the betel nut chew (often brass or bronze) Tboli amaka masticatory composed of betel nut or tree bark mixed with lime and wrapped in ikô [Piper betle] leaves; to chew betel nut Tausug mamaʔa prepared betel nut chew Jarai (mə)mahto chew Rhade məmahto chew Malay mamahmaceration in the closed mouth, of the way animals chew   pe-mamah biakruminant Karo Batak er-mamahto feed, as birds feed their young   mamah-ifeed a young child by premasticating the food and then ejecting it from the mouth into the open lips Dairi-Pakpak Batak mamahchew food to give to an infant; food that is regurgitated by a bird for its young Sundanese mamahword used to order a child to eat; also the usual word for ‘to eat’ of a small child Javanese mamahto chew; to argue with; to do without difficulty   mamah-anhaving been chewed Sangir mə-mamato chew betel Mongondow mo-mamaʔto chew; to chew betel   po-mamaʔbetel kit, the full set of accessories for chewing betel nut   po-mamaʔ-anbetel box, betel case Gorontalo mo-mamato chew betel Bare'e mamato chew Makassarese mamaa betel chew, betel quid Wolio mamato chew on, masticate Muna mamato chew (trans.)   ka-mamasomething chewed (as chewed maize for an infant); to chew on (trans.)   ka-mama-ghitobacco quid, often mixed with betel   mama-ghichew a tobacco quid; chew, gnaw Palauan m<əl>áməʔto chew betel nut; to smoke tobacco (< *m>in>amaq) Chamorro mamaʔchew betel nut mixed with lime, pepper leaf and tobacco Bimanese mamato chew betel Komodo mamato chew; betelnut quid Manggarai mamato chew   mama-ŋto premasticate food to feed to a baby Rembong mamaʔto chew   mamaʔ-ŋto premasticate food to feed to a baby Ngadha mamachew food for elderly people who have no more teeth or for young children Sika mamato chew, of people Hawu mamato chew   mama kenanato chew betel Rotinese mamato chew, especially to chew betel nut Tetun mamaa wad of bua (betel nut, betel pepper, and lime) which is put in the mouth for chewing Erai mamato chew betel Kisar mamato chew betel Fordata n-mamato chew betel Kei mamto chew betelnut Masiwang mamato chew Hitu mamato chew Asilulu mamato chew on (as guava leaves to relieve a sore throat) Buruese mama-hto chew (trans.)   mama-kto chew (intr.); hold with the teeth Kowiai/Koiwai na-mamato chew Label mama-ito chew betel Vitu mamato chew betelnut   mama-hiato chew betelnut Lakalai mamato chew betel Gedaged mamto chew, to crunch, to masticate (especially betel nuts, but also food) Motu mamaa mouthful of chewed food, such as babies are fed with   mama-iato chew the food Uruava mamato chew Torau mamato chew Nggela mamato chew fine; to feed a baby with pap Gilbertese mamafood chewed for babies or for chiefs formerly, for betrothed (sign of great esteem, veneration); to chew, to masticate   ka-mamato chew bait and give it to fish Rotuman mamato chew; chewed food Wayan mamato chew, masticate (contrasting with kani, which refers to the consumption of food rather than to the manner of eating it)   lei-mamabe chewed up, eaten up   mama aŋgonato chew kava; in earlier times the green root was chewed before being brewed and strained Tongan mamato chew: especially kava (in former times), or candlenuts preparatory to using them as soap, or food which, after being chewed, is to be fed to a baby; food which has been chewed in this way Niue mamaa mouthful; that which is chewed; the cud (modern) Futunan mamato chew (fruits); mouthful of premasticated food for a mother to give her infant   mama-ʔianourish an infant at the time of weaning Samoan mama(of food for a baby, or, formerly, of kava) masticate; chew; bolus of premasticated food for a baby Tuvaluan mamato chew   mama-mamato chew thoroughly   mama-tamalikisoften food for baby by chewing; such food Kapingamarangi mamato chew, to masticate (soft foods); premasticated food (for infants) Rennellese mamato chew without swallowing, as mothers do for infants; matter so masticated, as betel; to be soft, as wood Anuta mamato prepare food to be fed, usually to an infant, by chewing; may also be used as a generic term for chewing, but the usual word in that case would be kamu Rarotongan mamato prepare, as kava, by chewing Hawaiian mamato chew, masticate (but not swallow), as kava PWMP     *mamaq-en to chew a betel quid Bikol mamaʔ-ónto chew a betel quid Tausug mamaʔ-unto chew betel nut Chamorro mamaʔ-onbetel nut mixed with lime, pepper leaf and tobacco Note:   Also Toba Batak meme ‘chewed food’, Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *mamak-i ‘chew’, Nehan mem ‘chewed betel nut’, Fijian mamā ‘to chew and spit out again, chiefly of yaqona [kava]’. The basic sense of this term was clearly ‘to chew something that one does not intend to swallow’. In island Southeast Asia the usual application is to chewing betel nut, but what may be an older usage is widespread in Oceanic languages and appears occasionally farther west, and that is the practice of premasticating food for an infant (sometimes applied to the habit of birds in regurgitating food for nestlings, but more commonly applied to humans). The agreement of Toba Batak meme with Nehan mem would appear to support a PMP doublet *meme, but until more substantial evidence for PMP *e becomes available this comparison will be treated as a product of chance convergence. *mamata be awake, watchful, alert POC     *mamata be awake, watchful, alert Nauna mamatto wake up Lou mamatto wake up Loniu mamatawake Bipi mamakto wake up Lakalai mamatato be awake; to be looking at Proto-Micronesian *mamatato stand watch, stay awake Marshallese mméjbe awake, stay up Chuukese mmasawatch over it, guard it Mota mamatato have the eyes open; be awake, watch Raga mamataawaken, wake up Rotuman mamafato awake from sleep Note:   Clark (2009:144) derives all Vanuatu forms from Proto-North-Central Vanuatu *mata ‘to watch’. More generally *mamata could be a partially reduplicated form of *mata ‘eye’. This reconstruction was first proposed by Bender et al. (2003:50) *mamin₁ a fish: wrasse spp. PMP     *mamin₁ a fish: wrasse spp. Itbayaten maminkind of fish Samal maminviolet-lined Maori wrasse: Cheilinus diagrammus, C. undulatus Palauan mamlwrasse (fish): Cheilinus undulatus Fordata maminkind of fish Kei maminkind of fish Asilulu iʔa maminkind of fish, including tripletail Maori wrasse (Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede), and violet-lined Maori wrasse (Diagrammus Lacepede) Buli mamiŋkind of fish Numfor in maminkind of fish (can reach large size) Tolai mamina fish: Anableps tetrophthalmus Numbami maminahump-headed wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) Motu mamikind of fish Molima maminaa large fish Chuukese máám(i)wrasse Puluwat mámkind of large fish -- perhaps a wrasse Rotuman mamikind of blue-green fish *mamin₂ to chew, taste POC     *mamin₂ to chew, taste Tolai maminto chew Motu mamiflavor of food; feeling, sensation   mami-atohoto test and try, feel and try Kwaio mamito try food, taste *mampus gone, used up PMP     *mampus gone, used up Malay mampusto die (expressed vulgarly); be wiped out. Of animals dying, etc. Manggarai mamposgone, used up (money, etc.) Note:   With root *-pus ‘end, finish’. *man particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis PPh     *man particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis Itbayaten manadverb for emphasis, ever Ilokano manparticle of entreaty: please; affirms a negative statement; whether or not; may express unexpected information; so what; again Bontok mana particle which implies solidarity with the addressee Kankanaey manplease; indeed; then; why! A small particle of very frequent use, mostly mitigating the sentence, although it might reinforce it in several cases; it is used in calling, inviting, wondering, etc. Ifugaw manadverbial interjection by which one or more words of a given phrase are emphasized Ifugaw (Batad) manan exclamatory particle expressing strong feeling about a statement being made Casiguran Dumagat managain (usually followed by the particle dən) Ayta Abellan manindeed; please, I entreat you Kapampangan manadjunct used to indicate response Tagalog manalthough; even if; even though; also; anything, at all; at least Bikol mantoo, also; also used to soften the impact of negatives and commands Aklanon mananswer or response particle; it can mean “also” or “too”, but is used far more frequently than those English equivalents Waray-Waray mantoo, also Agutaynen manparticle showing concession; whether; even if; no matter what Hiligaynon manalso, too; fine Cebuano manbecause; particle used after an interrogative to make the question not abrupt; particle with a statement contradicting a previous statement or presumption; particle with a statement giving information Central Tagbanwa manadds emphasis Maranao manas if; then; like; pretend; emphasis Binukid manused to indicate emphasis Manobo (Western Bukidnon) manemphatic particle Tiruray mana particle with the meaning “again” Tboli man-tageven if, even so, even then, even when Sangir maŋan adverb: merely, only, but; as a marker of emphasis: still, yet, nevertheless *mana conjunction: and POC     *mana conjunction: and Varisi manaand Babatana manaand Ghari manaand Lengo manaand Talise manaand Tolo manaand Arosi manaand, but; much used in narrative (not ma, na, as it is used with na, i articles) Ngwatua manaand Baetora minaand Lenakel məneand Southwest Tanna mənaand Note:   A surprisingly large number of conjunctions that correspond semantically to English ‘and’ can be posited for POc, including at least *ka, *ma, *mai, and *mana. It is not clear that all of these are valid reconstructions rather than products of convergence, and if they are assigned to POc the syntactic differences that distinguished their coordinating functions remain unclear. This comparison is attested to date only from the western Solomons to southern Vanuatu, but this is a distribution that is commonly accepted for forms assigned to POc. *mana₁ inherit, inheritance PWMP     *mana₁ inherit, inheritance     [disjunct: *maña] Casiguran Dumagat mánaheir, inheritance; to will, leave, give property to someone Kapampangan mánainherit, inheritance Tagalog mánaheritage, inheritance Bikol mag-mánato inherit   ipa-mánato bequeath   pa-mánabequest, inheritance; heritage   an m<in>anaan heirloom Hanunóo pa-mánainheritance Bare'e manainheritance, heritage *mana₂ power in natural phenomena; thunder, storm wind POC     *mana₂ power in natural phenomena; thunder, storm wind Suau manawind Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka malawind, weather, time of day (often with a notion of a supernatural force that manifests itself in the weather) Dobuan mana sinabwanastorm (‘big wind’) Saliba manawind Tubetube mana kaliyateday wind (kaliyate = ‘day’) Panayati manawind Misima manawind Takuu manacrisp sounding thunder (as in an electrical storm) Varisi manapower; good fortune, success Roviana manapotent, effectual Eddystone/Mandegusu manapowerful, potent, effective; gracious; true; come to pass; to grant, be favorable; power Bugotu manaspiritual or magical power, enchantment, power, ability   mana-ŋito empower Nggela manaworthy, fit, suitable, sufficient; efficacious from spiritual power, obtained from charms, prayers, intercourse with tindalo (souls of the dead) or vigona (a spirit of the weather, fertility, and natural forces – usually female) Lau ma-manaefficacious (of medicine), spiritually or magically powerful; grow well, of trees; good, of news; be prosperous, lucky, in good health; be true, come true, be fulfilled; to impart spiritual or magical power   ma-mana-latruly, really 'Āre'āre na-nama <Mstrong, powerful, in a metaphysical sense; something extraordinary, effected by a spiritual power Sa'a na-nama <Mto be powerful, to exercise force … Ulawa speaks of ghosts as being na-nama ‘spiritually powerful’   na-nama-ŋapower, force Arosi managhostly power (in a few phrases) Sikaiana manathunder Tikopia manathunder Kosraean mʷenmʷenmiracle, magic; magical   mʷenmʷen-Iperform magic, cast a spell on Marshallese maņmaņhaunted; having supernatural powers; taboo Pohnpeian mantake hold, stick, be effective Mokilese man-manspiritually powerful, able to do magic without artifice; magic, spiritual power Chuukese man(a)have divine, magical, or supernatural power (a quality of being, not a form of knowledge); be miraculous, magically powerful Woleaian kemal (ka-mala)miracle, power; be powerful (as a ghost) Mota manaan invisible spiritual force or influence; to influence, work upon with mana; to have mana; a charm, sung with mana, to pass it Wayan manabe able to make things happen, be effective, have creative power; come true, happen, be realized, come about, be effected; power to make things happen, creative power, effectiveness   caka-manasomething done by magic or supernatural force; a miracle, magic Fijian manasupernatural power; a sign, an omen, a token; possessing supernatural qualities   mana-tato be affected by, of a disease Tongan manasupernatural; superhuman; miraculous; attended or accompanied by supernatural or apparently supernatural happenings; to thunder Niue manapower; authority (supernatural); miracle; powerful Futunan manathunder, thunderbolt Samoan mana(supernatural) power   ma-manabe powerful, compelling; be all-powerful, almighty Tuvaluan manamagical power (of person, potion, etc.); thunder; Holy Spirit   ma-manapossessed of mana; powerful; authority Nukuoro manasupernatural power Rennellese manato thunder (poetic) Anuta manapower; almighty Rarotongan manapower, might, authority, influence, sanctification, infused with magic, potency, control, prestige; effectual, binding, authoritative; having influence or power Maori manaauthority; control; influence, prestige, power; psychic force; effectual, binding, authoritative; having influence or power; be effectual, take effect; be avenged   whaka-managive effect to; give prestige to; make effective, rectify Hawaiian manasupernatural or divine power; give mana to, make powerful; have mana POC     *mana-mana to have spiritual power Pohnpeian manamanmagical, mysterious, spiritual; official; magic, mysterious or spiritual power; miracle; authority Chuukese manamandivine, magical, or supernatural power (as distinct from knowledge); have divine, magical, or supernatural power Puluwat manamandivine, supernatural, or miraculous power; to have such Satawal manamantyphoon Carolinian lemelem ~ nemenembe in authority, be responsible, have power or control Wayan mana-manabe wishful, desire or wish something to happen that one has worked for, predicted, etc. Rarotongan mana-manapowerful, having great power, might; having extensive authority or influence or prestige; to be possesses of great magical powers, etc. Note:   Also Arosi mena ‘spiritual power in adaro (ghost, corpse), haiaru (charm or spell), or anything holy; containing spiritual power’. Hiw mon, Mota manu, Central Maewo man-fara, and similar forms meaning ‘thunder’ in other languages of northern Vanuatu were treated as reflexes of *mana in Blust (2007:419-420), but appear to reflect *manu. It is unclear whether these forms are unrelated, or are cognates concealed by a sporadic change intended to distinguish two senses of supernatural power that were becoming distinct in the minds of speakers as the notion of a power inherent in natural phenomena was increasingly conceptualized as one inherent in exceptional humans. *manoŋi fragrant, sweet-smelling POC     *manoŋi fragrant, sweet-smelling Motu manoia tree with scented bark, like cinnamon 'Āre'āre manōniaromatic, having a pleasant smell Arosi manoŋisavory, of smell or taste Tongan manoŋigive off a pleasant odor   manoŋi-siafragrant with the odor of flowers, etc. Niue manoŋisweet-smelling; to give out fragrance (a favorite name for girls)   faka-manoŋito give flavor to, to sweeten Samoan manoŋismell (sweetly), as coconut ointment; have a good flavor; have a bad odor, stench; scent, smell Tuvaluan manoŋismell (to give off an odor) Rennellese manoŋiyoung edible ghaapoli (Ficus) shoots Note:   Also Fijian manui ‘a tree: Pleiogynium solandri, Anacardiaceae, timber used for canoes’, Tongan monoi ‘kind of tree’. Milke (1968) assigned Motu manoi to POc *ma(sz)og(iu) ‘cinnamon tree’, but under his hypothesis the sound correspondence are irregular, since his *s and *z would both yield Motu d. *mansar bandicoot, marsupial ‘rat’ PCEMP     *mansar bandicoot, marsupial ‘rat’     [doublet: *mansər] East Damar madarbandicoot Leti madabandicoot Hoti malabandicoot POC     *mwajar bandicoot Nauna mʷacbandicoot Lou mʷasbandicoot Wogeo mʷajabandicoot Takia madalbandicoot Motu madabandicoot, Perameles sp. Fijian (Namosi) ŋwacalarge rat Note:   Also Elpaputi makele ‘marsupial sp.’. Nothofer (1992) compares this set with Manggarai mandar ‘egret’, Malay (Jakarta) buruŋ mandar ‘bird sp., unident.’, connecting marsupial mammals and birds through their common presence in trees. Although the cuscus is arboreal the bandicoot is not, and the association of these faunal taxa remains highly speculative. Schapper (2011) has argued that *mansər/mansar meant ‘cuscus’, but this semantic attribution is based largely on non-specific glosses in languages of eastern Indonesia, and conflicts with the evidence of Oceanic reflexes which clearly reflect this term in the meaning ‘bandicoot’. *mansər bandicoot, marsupial 'rat' PCEMP     *mansər bandicoot, marsupial 'rat'     [doublet: *mansar] Leti madebandicoot Moa mada ~ madebandicoot Yamdena mandecuscus, opossum Kei medaropossum, cuscus Ujir məday <Mbandicoot W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) mədar <Mbandicoot Elat məndərcuscus Kamarian makerbandicoot Asilulu marəl <Mphalanger, including Phalanger orientalis orientalis Pallas Amblau mate <Mcuscus POC     *mwajor bandicoot Fijian (Naitāsiri) ŋwacolarge rat Fijian (Waidina) ŋwacolarge rat *mantalaq the morning (evening) star: Venus PMP     *mantalaq the morning (evening) star: Venus     [doublet: *talaq] Nias madalaevening star, morning star 'Āre'āre matara ni tanimorning star’ (tani = ‘daylight’) Sa'a madalamorning star Arosi madaramorning star *manu interrogative marker: which? PAN     *manu interrogative marker: which? Seediq manuʔwhat? Chamorro manuwhich, whichever -- interrogative *manuk chicken PAN     *manuk chicken Basai manuk(ə)bird Trobiawan manukkabird PMP     *manuk chicken Yami manokchicken Itbayaten manokchicken Ivatan manukchicken Ilokano manókchicken, poultry Ibanag manuʔchicken Agta (Dupaningan) manokbird, chicken Agta (Central Cagayan) manukchicken Itawis manúkchicken   mam-manúkto raise chickens Kalinga (Guinaang) manúkchicken Arta manubird Bontok manúkchicken, fowl   manuk-ənany chicken sacrifice; to perform a chicken sacrifice Kankanaey manókchicken Ifugaw manókgeneral term for chicken Ifugaw (Batad) manuʔa domestic or wild chicken Gaddang manokchicken Casiguran Dumagat manókbird; domestic chicken Ibaloy manókchicken Pangasinan manókbird, fowl, chicken Sambal (Botolan) manukchicken Kapampangan manúkchicken Tagalog manókfowl, chicken Bikol manókchicken, fowl; (fig.) protégé, a person who receives the support of others, commonly used in a political context Buhid manókbird Hanunóo manúka generic term for bird; specifically, in certain combinations, chicken   tálun manúkwild jungle fowl, wild chicken: Gallus gallus gallus(Linn.) Masbatenyo manókchicken (refers to hens and roosters, but not chicks) Aklanon manókchicken Waray-Waray manókchicken Kalamian Tagbanwa manukchicken Hiligaynon manúkchicken Palawan Batak manókchicken, fowl Cebuano manúkchicken; gamecock Mamanwa manokchicken Maranao manokchicken Manobo (Ata) manokchicken Subanen/Subanun manukchicken Binukid manukchicken Manobo (Western Bukidnon) manukchicken Mansaka manokchicken Maguindanao mánukbird Tiruray manuka subdivision of the animal world that includes those that are warm-blooded and fly; chicken: Gallus gallus Linn. Mapun manukdomestic chicken (rooster or hen)   manuk tauna wild chicken Yakan manukchicken, domestic fowl   manuk talunjungle fowl: Gallus gallus Tboli onukchicken, fowl; bird   m-onukto have many chickens Tausug manukdomestic chicken Bisaya (Lotud) manukchicken Kadazan Dusun manukhen, cock, fowl   manuk tahunwild fowl Tatana manukbird Abai Sembuak manukchicken Ida'an Begak manukchicken Murut (Tagol) manukchicken Bisaya (Lotud) manukchicken Bulungan manuʔchicken Kelabit manukbird   manuk eluŋjungle fowl Berawan (Long Terawan) manoʔbird Narum manaukbird Kayan manukbirds of the forest, particularly omen birds Kiput manoəʔbird Bintulu manukbird Melanau (Mukah) manuəʔbird Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) manuəkbird Lahanan manokbird Dusun Witu manuʔchicken Iban manokdomestic fowl, Gallus sp. Jarai mənuʔchicken   mənuʔ glaijungle fowl Malay manokbird; fowl; a word of wide Indonesian range, but met with rarely among Malays except in Borneo Acehnese manoʔchicken, fowl; hen   manoʔ uteuënjungle fowl Gayō manukbird Simalur manoʔchicken Karo Batak manukchicken, fowl Nias manuchicken; suckling pig given as a gift, as to newlyweds Mentawai manuchicken Lampung manuʔchicken Sundanese manukbird   jalma manukperson with no fixed abode, wanderer (lit. ‘bird person’)   manuk-manuk-animitation bird, toy bird Old Javanese manukbird Javanese manukbird; (euphemism) penis   manuk-manuk-animitation bird, toy bird Madurese manoʔbird Balinese manukcock, fowl; bird   kupu manukgiant butterfly Sangir manuʔbird (generic)   manuʔ u aluŋchicken (bird that lives under the house) Buol manukchicken Totoli manukchicken Boano manukchicken Banggai manukchicken Tae' manukchicken Tolaki manuchicken Kulisusu manuchicken Buginese manukchicken Wolio manukchicken Muna manukchicken Palauan malkchicken; person who reaches sexual climax rapidly Komodo manuʔchicken, fowl Manggarai manukchicken, fowl Ngadha manuchicken Sika manuchicken Lamaholot manukchicken, poultry; bird Adonara manuk-utabird Solorese manukchicken Kédang manuʔchicken; bird Dhao/Ndao manu-buibird Helong manubird Tetun manubird, fowl (of any kind) Tetun (Dili) manbird Vaikenu manubird Galoli manubird Erai manubird; fowl Talur manubird Tugun manubird Kisar manuchicken; bird Roma manubird East Damar manukbird West Damar munwobird Fordata manu-tbird, and more particularly chicken Kei man ~ manu-tbird, chicken Kola manbird Dobel manbird Watubela manukfowl Teluti manuofowl Kamarian manubird, chicken   manu apawild duck Paulohi manu-ebird Gah manokbird Alune manuebird Wahai malokbird Saparua manobird Laha manuchicken   manu ei-ŋoutrigger fastening (lit. ‘its chicken foot’) Hitu manubird Asilulu manuchicken (Gallus spp.); bird (with qualifying term) Larike manuachicken Wakasihu manubird Batu Merah manofowl Morella manobird Kayeli manuebird Soboyo manuʔbird, chicken Onin manibird Sekar manibird Kowiai/Koiwai manuʔbird Taba manikchicken Gimán manikbird Sawai manɛchicken, bird Buli manibird Mayá ꞌmini¹²bird Biga minibird As manibird Minyaifuin manibird Irarutu manbird Arguni manibird Dusner manbird Moor manubird Ron manbird Numfor manbird POC     *manuk bird; any flying creature Kaniet manubird Tigak manu-ibird Sursurunga manbird Tanga mangeneric term for all species of birds; totem species, either bird or animal Bali (Uneapa) manukubird Vitu manubird Arop manbird Biliau manbird Amara emekbird Lusi manubird Kove manubird Lakalai la-malubird (general term); insect, butterfly (rare) Kaulong ɛ-monbird Mengen manubird Tarpia manbird Kis manbird Ali miəŋbird Wogeo manbird Manam maŋbird; fowl Mbula manbird (general term, also includes bats and other flying creatures with bones) Labu mabird Patep mεnakbird Wedau manubird (not used singly)   manu badafish-hawk (bada = ‘chief’) Suau manubird Sinaugoro manubird Motu manubirds Kilivila mauna (< met.)animal, bird, insect Tawala manuwabird Dobuan manuabird Molima manubird; childhood disease thought to be caused by a bird in the body   eda manubird taboo to our descent group Saliba manuabird Tubetube manbird (generic); clan (generic) Sudest mabird Piva manughubird Luangiua manubird Lungga manuγubird Bugotu manubird; a fishing kite Nggela manua flying creature, bird, insect; species of freshwater fish   manu-mateepilepsy, spasms (MORE?) Kwaio manubird (taboo, rare at Sinalagu) Marau₂ manubird Lau manua bird, any creature that flies (bee, beetle, etc.) Toqabaqita manubird Sa'a mänubird, insect Arosi manua creature that flies, insect, bird, angel, etc., a winged creature Gilbertese mananimal, beast, insect, etc. Pohnpeian mahnanimal, insect   mennumeral classifier used in counting animate beings Mokilese mahnanimal   mahn-saŋbird (‘flying animal’)   manukind of insect Chuukese maanliving creature of land or air (other than human) Puluwat maancreature, being, animal, insect, bird, person Woleaian malanimal, bird, animate object   maliugachicken, hen, rooster Haununu manubird Vano menukabird Motlav ne-menbird Mota manubird, flying creature, beetle, bat Mosina mʷonbird Merig manbird Piamatsina mʷanubird Nokuku manbird Malmariv manobird Araki m̈anukind of black and white flying-fox Marino manubird Apma manubird Atchin ni-manbird Rano ne-menbird Lingarak ne-manbird Leviamp manuxbird Avava a-manbird Axamb nə-mænbird Maxbaxo nə mænbird Pwele manubird Lelepa manubird Efate (South) manbird Sie menukbird Tongan manuanimal, esp. bird, but applied also to quadrupeds, reptiles, insects, etc., but not to fish, shell-fish, etc. Niue manuanimal, bird, living creature Samoan manubird (in names of various birds); animal, cattle; horse Rarotongan manugeneral name for any living thing living on the earth or through the air; the term is frequently applied to human beings in a figurative sense Maori manubird; kite for flying Hawaiian manubird; any winged creature; wing of a kite; person (fig.); ornamental elliptical expansions at the upper ends of the bow and stern endpieces of a canoe Note:   Also Gitua manum ‘bird’. PMP     *manu(k)-manuk bird Ivatan manu-manukbird Ilokano man-manókbirds (general term) Agta (Central Cagayan) ma-manukbird Itawis mam-mánukbird Gaddang ma-manokbird Sambal (Botolan) manuk-manukbird Bikol manók-mánokflying sparks or cinders Palawan Batak man-manókbird Cebuano manúk-mánukwind coming in strong gusts; weather vane Aborlan Tagbanwa manu-manukbird Mamanwa manok-manokbird Manobo (Ata) manok-manokbird Subanen/Subanun manuk-manukbird Mapun manuk-manukany kind of bird; any flying insect Yakan manuk-manukbird (generic) Tausug manuk-manukbird; flying insect Bisaya (Lotud) manuk-manukbird Simalur manoʔ-manoʔbird Karo Batak manuk-manukbird (generic); the penis of children Buol manu-manukbird Totoli ma-manukbird Boano ma-manukbird Banggai manu-manuklarger kinds of birds Tae' manuk-manukbird Padoe manu-manubird Tolaki manu-manubird Moronene ka-manu-manubird Buginese manuk-manukbird Wolio manu-manubird Muna manu-manubird Buli mani-maniall sorts of birds Waropen manibird, chicken POC     *manu-manuk insect Nauna mon-monbird Lou mon-monbird Penchal mommonbird Aua manu-manu vilevilugabird Tigak man-manukanimal Vitu manu-manupeople Lakalai la-malu-maluant; insect Motu manu-manubeetles; insects Pokau manu-manubird Dobuan manu-manuainsect Molima manu-manuwainsects Bugotu mau-manuinsect Nggela manu-manuthe handle of the seu cup, (coconut shell used for soup) projecting upright Pileni manu-manubird Rotuman mɔn-mɔnubird, insect, or animal, etc., including all land and air creatures but no sea creatures Wayan manu-manuanimal, creature, being; normally excludes humans; birds, insects, fish, etc. may be referred to generically as manumanu, or by manumanu + modifier indicating defining characteristics of the class Fijian manu-manua bird, sometimes also animal or insect, but these are so few that the actual name will generally be used Rarotongan manu-manuall small insects Maori manu-manuspecies of ray or skate Note:   Also Isneg anúʔ ‘the barnyard fowl or chicken’, an-anúʔ ‘a general name for birds’, Malay manok-manok ‘a tree: sp. unident.’, Karo Batak anuk-anuk ‘bird (generic)’, 'Āre'āre mānu ‘bird, insect, said of anything that flies’. This semantic history of this form is discussed in Blust (2002), where it is noted that PMP *manuk clearly meant ‘chicken’, and the generic term for ‘bird’ was formed from it by reduplication as *manuk-manuk, or possibly *manu-manuk. In Proto-Oceanic, however, *manuk had already shifted its sense from ‘chicken’ to ‘bird’, and the reduplicated form came to mean ‘insect, small flying creatures other than birds’. Whether the Basai and Trobiawan terms in Taiwan are native or loans from a Philippine source during the Spanish occupation of northern Taiwan from 1626 to 1642 remains an open question, although the fact that they mean ‘bird’, while nearly all unreduplicated forms in Philippine languages mean ‘chicken’ supports the view that they are native, and that *manuk can thus be assigned to PAn, presumably in the meaning ‘chicken’ (next to *qayam ‘bird’). PWMP     *maR-manuk raise chickens Ilokano ag-man-manókto raise chickens Mapun mag-manukmake a living by raising chickens Note:   Given its modern implications this form probably is a product of independent development. PWMP     *manuk-an place where chickens are kept Tagalog manúk-anpoultry yard Masbatenyo manúk-anpoultry house Cebuano manúk-anpoultry business; one who has lots of chickens Maranao manok-anpoultry Binukid manuk-anto raise chickens Javanese manuk-anplace for birds PPh     *manuk-en (gloss uncertain) Ilokano manuk-envote for, bet on, support Casiguran Dumagat manok-ənomen, for a bird to fly through one’s house (a sign that raiders are coming to attack) Ibaloy menok-endiscern one’s course of action by the omen given by the gall bladder of a chicken butchered for the purpose Tagalog manuk-ínsponsor someone in a game or undertaking Bikol manok-ón an matádescribing eyes that stare somewhat crosseyed Aklanon manók-manók-onalmondine (said of eye’s shape) Waray-Waray manok-ónplenty or abundant supply of chickens Cebuano manuk-unthe cow-nosed ray, so-called because it moves like a bird in the water Maranao manok-encrosseyed Tausug manuk-uninduce someone to fight with someone else, stir up, instigate Note:   An affixed form *manuk-en can be posited for Proto-Philippines, but it is unclear what this word meant. Reflexes in Ilokano, Tagalog and Tausug evidently derive from the sponsorship and betting that typically take place in cockfighting, but the antiquity of cockfighting in the Austronesian world remains uncertain (Blust 2002:96-98). Reflexes in Casiguran Dumagat and Ibaloy suggest what is perhaps an older meaning, namely the taking of omens from the flight of birds or examination of the entrails of chickens. The meaning ‘crosseyed’, which is shared by Bikol and Maranao is distinct from either of these, but is not sufficiently widely attested to attribute to Proto-Philippines. *manuka sea eagle POC     *manuka sea eagle Lou menuasea eagle Wuvulu manuaeagle Aua manuasea eagle Yapese manuweagle Banoni manukaSanford’s sea eagle: Haliaeetusanfordi Mono-Alu mānuʔaeagle   manua-laia sea bird Puluwat maanuwaa legendary man-eating bird Note:   Also Cebuano manaul ‘white-breasted sea eagle’, Nali manway, Loniu menuay ‘sea eagle’. The name of this bird may be a widespread loan, as it irregularly preserves the final vowel in languages such as Lou and Puluwat. (Formosan only) *maNaŋ sharp PAN     *maNaŋ sharp Kavalan manaŋsharp (point, blade) Pazeh ka-malaŋsharp (blade)   k<in>a-mala-malaŋvery sharp Note:   Also Kavalan maŋan ‘sharp (point, blade)’, presumably with metathesis. *maña inherit, inheritance PWMP     *maña inherit, inheritance     [disjunct: *mana₁] Tagalog mánaheritage, inheritance Bikol mag-mánato inherit   ipa-mánato bequeath   pa-mánabequest, inheritance; heritage   an m<in>anaan heirloom Hanunóo pa-mánainheritance Bare'e manainheritance, heritage Chamorro mañacustom, habit, tradition Note:   Also Malay manah ‘heirloom; survival from the past’, Tae', Buginese manaʔ ‘inheritance’. To explain Malay manah, Toba Batak por-mano-mano-an ‘remembrance gift; used for example of the goods that a girl receives after the death of her father (girls may not inherit)’, Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *maneq ‘inheritance’. Mills (1975:779) proposes Proto-South Sulawesi *mana(ɣ?) ‘to inherit’ to explain forms which he suggests, however, may have been borrowed from Malay. The reconstruction now seems firmly attributable to PWMP, though not in the shape proposed by Dempwolff. I find the attempts by Adriani (1928), Capell (1938-1939), and van der Veen (1940) to link this term with the well-known Oceanic word mana ‘supernatural power’ unconvincing. *maŋa₁ prenominal marker of plurality PMP     *maŋa₁ prenominal marker of plurality Yami maŋaprenominal plural determiner Itbayaten maŋa-pluralizing prefix Ayta Abellan maŋa-plural adjective marker Tagalog máŋaprenominal plural marker Bikol máŋaprenominal plural marker Hanunóo maŋamore than one (a pluralizing indicator) Tausug maŋaoptional particle used to indicate plurals (with some nouns refers to that one and his associations or companions) Wolio maŋaplural marker Wedau magamany Nakanamanga maaŋaplural marker for nouns *maŋa₂ bifurcation, forking or branching POC     *maŋa₂ bifurcation, forking or branching     [doublet: *saŋa] Arosi maŋaV shaped bend where a tributary meets the main stream; a groove, fork, as in a mainpost for the ridgepole Gilbertese maŋaa branch, bough, ramification, limb (of tree), knot, fork (of growing trees) Proto-Polynesian *maŋabranch Tongan maŋato fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches Niue maŋaforked, divided Samoan maŋa(of a tree, road, etc.) to divide into two, fork Nukuoro maŋaa branch Rennellese maŋabranch; to branch Rarotongan maŋaa division, a branch, cleavage, as the tributary of a river or stream; to branch, divide into branches Maori maŋabranch of a tree; branch of a river, brook, rivulet Hawaiian manabranch, limb, crotch *maŋali sea fish sp. PWMP     *maŋali sea fish sp. Samal maŋaligolden trevally Palauan məŋáisurgeonfish *maŋaq slit, crevice PMP     *maŋaq slit, crevice Melanau (Mukah) maŋaʔcrevice Arosi maŋaan opening, mouth Fijian maŋavagina Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) assigned Fijian maŋa to *baŋa ‘to open’. *maŋaRat a fish: snapper sp. PPh     *maŋaRat a fish: snapper sp. Yami maŋalata fish, the porgy: Lethrinus sp. Cebuano maŋágata fish, the snapper, name given to most species of Lutianus Note:   PAn *R normally yields Yami y, but in the sequence *aRa it invariably became l: *daRaq > rala ‘blood’, *naRa > mapa-nala ‘to wait’, *paRa > pala ‘storage shelf above the hearth’, *taRaqan > talan ‘squirrelfish’. Porgies are described as typically high-backed snapper- or grunt-like fishes ( *maŋiŋi sour, spoiled (liquid) POC     *maŋiŋi sour, spoiled (liquid) Seimat waŋiŋi-ansour Wogeo maŋínsour (-n for unexpl.) Tami maŋiŋsour, acetous Gilbertese maŋiŋdrunkenness, intoxicating drink Mokilese maŋiŋgone sour (spoiled liquid) Note:   I am indebted to Steve Trussel for pointing out the likely connection of Gilbertese maŋiŋ to the other forms cited here. *maŋmaŋ stare, fix the eyes on PWMP     *maŋmaŋ stare, fix the eyes on Ifugaw maŋmáŋlook with attention at somebody; conceived of as different from aŋ-áŋ, which not necessarily implies an attentive looking Malay mamaŋa strong unnoticing stare; the eyes of a man fully awake Note:   Also Iban mamau ‘forgetful, silly, wandering in mind’, with possible semantic reversal (cf. Blust 1980b). *maŋsit vile smell PMP     *maŋsit vile smell Malay maŋsitsmelling vilely Arosi masismell of stale fish or urine Note:   Malay maŋsit was earlier assigned to *baŋsit ‘stench’ (Blust 1970:no.34). *maŋsit sour, rancid PMP     *maŋsit sour, rancid Malay maŋsitsmelling vilely, of the smell of urine, of the padi-bug, etc. Nggela mahibody smell, man or pig or fish   mahi-gamusty, as clothes kept in a box Arosi masithe smell of stale fish or urine; to smell stale or sour; to be ill from eating stale fish, or fish put in the sun Tongan mahisour (to the taste), or astringent *mapat heavy; weighty, important POC     *mapat heavy; weighty, important Sori mapa-ŋheavy Nggela mavaheavy; important; dignified   mavat-ibe heavy on; to oppress, weigh down, as thoughts Wailengi mavaheavy Lingarak i-mavheavy Katbol i-mapheavy Avava mapheavy Axamb a-mevheavy Mele-Fila mafaheavy Samoan ma-mafaheavy; weighty, important Anuta ma-mapaheavy *mapo to heal, as a wound POC     *mapo to heal, as a wound Lou mwapto heal Wuvulu mafoto heal, as a wound Aua mafoto heal, dry up, as a wound Mussau maoto heal, as a wound Tolai mapto heal, of a wound Tubetube mauhealing, as a sore Cheke Holo mafoto heal, be cured, recover from pain, illness or injury Bugotu mavoto heal up, be healed Nggela mavoto heal, of a sore; healed, as a cut in a tree, broken shell of mollusk Lau mafoto be healed   mafo i kiluincurable Toqabaqita mafoof a sore: heal, be healed 'Āre'āre mahocured, healed (of wounds) Arosi mahoto heal, become sound Proto-North-Central Vanuatu *mavohealed (of sore) Mota mawoto heal, heal over, as a wound Paamese mah(of sore) healed Rotuman maho(of a sore) to heal up Fijian mavohealed, of a sore Futunan mafoto scar, heal over Note:   Also Kwaio nafo ‘healed, of a wound or sore’, Samoan mafu ‘(of a wound) heal, dry up’. *mapu₁ taro variety PMP     *mapu₁ taro variety     [doublet: *mwapo] Muna mafukind of yam Nauna mahtaro Loniu mahtaro Nali mahtaro Likum mohtaro Sori mwaptaro Lindrou mwahtaro Fijian mavutaro ready to be eaten, or already beaten up for puddings Samoan mafugrated taro baked and cut into small cubes Note:   Also Lakalai la mavo ‘taro: Colocasis esculenta’. *mapu₂ unpleasant odor PMP     *mapu₂ unpleasant odor Soboyo mapudecayed, rotten Wuvulu mapusweat Mussau mauto stink Manam maputo smell bad Tongan mafustale (of food, etc.), fermented, sour Kapingamarangi mahuslightly rotten *mapua tomorrow POC     *mapua tomorrow Loniu mahutomorrow Tigak (a)mau(a)tomorrow Kara (East) mofutomorrow Halia mahutomorrow Note:   A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003:318), who attempted to link it further with data from Sulawesi languages and Balinese under the etymon *i-puan ‘day after tomorrow, day before yesterday’ proposed by Mead (2001), and hence ultimately to PAn *puSaN ‘twice’, *ma-puSaN ‘twenty’. However, the semantic deviance of these forms and the absence of any clear evidence that the Oceanic forms are synchronically or historically bimorphemic makes it unlikely that these similarities are due to any factor other than chance. (Formosan only) *maqaw a plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) PAN     *maqaw a plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Saisiyat maʔawa plant: Litsea cubea Atayal (Mayrinax) maqawa plant: Litsea cubea Thao maqawLitsea cubea (Lour.) Pers., fam. Lauraceae, a plant with long branching stems and pale yellow blossoms (Taiwanese ‘sand camphor’, ‘spicy camphor’) Puyuma (Pinan) maʔawan alder, Alnus formosana Paiwan maqawan alder, Alnus japonica Note:   Also Rukai (Mantauran) amaw (with metathesis of the first and second consonants), Amis paqaw ‘black alder’. This comparison was first noted by Li (1994). *marapu calm, still, windless POC     *marapu calm, still, windless Petats marahcalm Fijian maravucalm, of the sea Note:   A somewhat longer version of this comparsion was first proposed by Ross (2003:136) who posited POc *[ma-[d]]rapu. The embedding of material at the beginning of this form reflects the fact that the forms he combined do not always agree. Although trisyllabic adjectives or stative verbs that begin with *ma are prime candidates for bases with the stative prefix *ma-, the Oceanic evidence does not clearly support a morpheme boundary in this form, and I therefore omit it here. *marau southeast trade winds POC     *marau southeast trade winds Vitu maraunorth wind Kove maraulight wind from the sea 'Āre'āre marāusoutheast trade winds Sa'a marāusoutheast trade winds Arosi marāusoutheast trade winds Note:   A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2003a:134). The vowel length in Southeast Solomonic languages is unexplained. *maruŋgay the horseradish tree: Moringa oleifera PPh     *maruŋgay the horseradish tree: Moringa oleifera Itbayaten maroŋgayk.o. tree Ibatan maroŋgaya kind of drumstick or horseradish tree with edible leaves, pods, and roots: Moringa oleifera Tagalog maluŋgáyhorseradish tree; a small tree, the leaves and seeds of which are used as a vegetable Cebuano maluŋgáya small, radidly growing, cultivated tree, with thrice pinnate leaves, the leaflets of which are one of the most popular eaten vegetables in the Visayas: Moringa oleifera Note:   Also Cebuano kalamuŋgáy ‘a tree: Moringa oleifera’. *maRai withered, faded POC     *maRai withered, faded Motu maraito wither, be parched by the sun Rotuman maidried (of copra, etc.), withered, faded *masaŋa twins POC     *masaŋa twins Aua wataatwins Niue mahaŋatwins; (adj.) forked, of a road Samoan māsaŋatwins Note:   The Aua form is assumed to reflect *mwasaŋa, showing a sporadic interchange of bilabial and labiovelar nasals that is well-attested in Oceanic languages (Blust 1981c). This word almost certainly is related to *saŋa ‘fork, bifurcation’, usually applied to rivers or roads, but in this case to a duplication in births. *masedru to hiccup POC     *masedru to hiccup     [doublet: *sedu] Puluwat matéŕhiccup Woleaian mater(iu)hiccup Fijian macedruhiccup *masou cinnamon POC     *masou cinnamon Baluan mwasowcinnamon Lou mosocinnamon Lindrou morowcinnamon Fijian macoua plant, Cinnamomum pedatinervium, Lauraceae; the bark is grated as a perfume Note:   Based on a partially similar comparison Milke (1968:157) proposed POc *ma(s,z)og(i,u) ‘cinnamon tree’. *masu smoke PCMP     *masu smoke Rotinese masusmoke Atoni masusmoke Kemak masusmoke Mambai masu-nsmoke Erai ai mahu-nsmoke Talur ai-mahusmoke Kisar mahusmoke Leti mahusmoke Yamdena masusmoke Onin masismoke Sekar masismoke Note:   Possibly PMP *qasu plus a fossilized affix. *masuR satiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food POC     *masuR satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food     [doublet: *besuR] Wandamen mosirsatiated Munggui mosirsatiated Wuvulu maxusatiated Aua auna/marusatiated Label masursatiated Tolai maurto be satisfied, have had enough food; enough   maur-awet, drenched, saturated Halia masulbe full from eating Roviana masurufertile, bring forth plentifully Bugotu mahuto be replete with food, satisfied Nggela mahuto satisfy with food or drink; replete, satisfied with food or drink Ulawa masuto vomit, of sucking child Arosi masuto have had enough, be full, replete, satisfied; with food Proto-Micronesian *masusated (with food or drink) Gilbertese mariabundance of harvest, time of abundance   ka-mari-marihighly productive Kosraean mətfull, swelling, plenty, abundant Marshallese matfull after eating; satisfied; satiated Pohnpeian medto be full, after eating Mokilese mɔdfat, full (after eating) Chuukese mét(u)be satisfied, sated (with food or drink) Puluwat matto be full or satisfied after eating Woleaian mat(iu)to be full after eating, satiated Mota masuto fall; abundance of fruit falling; time of abundance Tongan mahu(of land, soil) productive, producing good crops; (of place or people) to have plenty of food, to be well off for food; (of food) plentiful Niue mahuto abound in food; abundance of food; plentiful *maS and PAN     *maS and     [doublet: *a₂, *may] Bunun masand (Ferrell 1969) Rotinese maand Atoni maand Wetan maand, but, or Selaru maand Yamdena maand Numfor maand Waropen maand, so that Titan maand, with Likum maand Wuvulu maand Yapese maconjunction: then, and, but Tanga maand, conjunction; sometimes expressed as ‘m’; always used as a substantival connective, never used between verbs Patpatar maand Tolai maand, but; with Kaulong maand Sengseng maand Mbula maand (simultaneity or close temporal sequence, often causal, links predications that are components of a single complex event, cosubordinate nexus) Yabem maand Wampar maand Bunama maand; with Tawala maconjunction: and, with, but, also Bugotu maconjunction: and; the vowel of ma shifts in agreement with the first vowel of the following word; viz. me, mi, mo, mu. The form mi is often preferred when the following vowel is other than i. Nggela maand, but; but the vowel changes, agreeing with that of the word following, me te, mu tu, etc. Lengo maand Talise maand Kwaio maand, but Lau maand Toqabaqita macoordinator: and (conjoins phrases, clauses and sentences); also used when there is contrast, unexpectedness between two states of affairs Arosi maand, but; the vowel changes Proto-Micronesian *maand, with Nauruan maand Gilbertese maconjunction: with, and, but Kosraean maassociate --- and some others Leviamp m̈aand   m̋aand; with Southeast Ambrym mathen, next, in that case Toak e/maand Makatea ma/mareand Nêlêmwa macoordination and inclusive-comitative: and, with, in the company of Rotuman maand Tongan conjunction: and (only with numerals) Niue maconjunction: and (with numerals) Futunan and; etc. (in counting) Samoan maand Nukuoro maand, and so, and thus, and then; with, including Rennellese macomitative preposition: with, and, for, in behalf of Rarotongan maconjunction: and: used to connect persons or numerals, and in many instances, place or thing Maori conjunction: and; used to connect numerals, to connect points of the compass, to express dual relationship caused by marriage of persons belonging to different generations, as in the case of a father and son marrying sisters Note:   Given the restricted functions of this form in various attested language it is likely that PAn and some later proto-languages had more than one conjunction translatable as ‘and’. *mata-án kind of marine fish with large eyes PPh     *mata-án kind of marine fish with large eyes Yami matana fish: the porgy (Tsuchida, Yamada, and Moriguchi 1987) Ivatan mata:na fish: the porgy Ibatan matankind of fish resembling the squirrel fish, but with larger eyes and mouth Ilokano mataánclub mackerel fish: Rastrelliger chrysozonas Casiguran Dumagat mataanspecies of ocean fish (probably a mackerel of the genus Rastrelliger) Cebuano matʔánkind of fish with huge eyes: Selar crumenophthalmos Note:   This is clearly a derivative of PAn *maCa ‘eye’, but so far the application to a type of marine fish is known nowhere outside the Philippines. *matan V sharp POC     *matan V sharp Lindrou madánsharp Bipi matansharp Baetora ma-matansharp *matau axe (?) POC     *matau axe (?) Loniu motowkind of knife or cutting tool Patpatar matauaxe? Tolo mataustone axe Fijian mataunative adze made of stone Samoan matauadze, axe Anuta matautatooing chisel Note:   A longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Osmond and Ross (1998:89). *matay money, payment, medium of commercial exchange PCEMP     *matay₂ money, payment, medium of commercial exchange Buruese mata-nmoney Tolai matechange, exchange, buy Nggela matethe price of a thing 'Āre'āre pata māevery fine shell money, having great value, used to make necklaces and for buying pigs (pata = 'money') Arosi maepayment for work done or land bought Kosraean misacbuy on credit Hawaiian makeprice, barter, exchange Note:   Also Malagasy fáty antoka ‘a loss sustained in trade by a bargain or contract’, Balinese bati ‘profit, interest, gain (money); mati ‘produce profit’. In the dictionaries for several languages this item is listed as a subentry of the word meaning ‘dead; die’. It is conceivable that the association of money or payment with death derives from the notion that a payment ‘kills’ the obligation created by purchase (cf. note to *aCay ‘death’), but on present evidence the resemblance between these forms could as easily be attributed to chance. *-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. PAN     *-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Bontok mátəkleech Kankanaey mátekleech Ifugaw mátokleech, bloodsucker Ibaloy matekland leech found in moist places Manggarai mantekjungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Rembong matokleech Ngadha mateleech Li'o matéleech Tetun matakleech Erai makakblood-sucker, leech PAN     *qaNi-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Kanakanabu ʔanimətək-acreek leech Proto-Rukai *limatəkəleech Paiwan lʸimatjekmountain leech PMP     *qala-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Ngaju Dayak hala-manteksmall black leech that lives on trees Sangir lamatiʔleech Laura lamandekaleech Kambera lamakatu <Mleech   lamakatu karambuabuffalo leech, Hirudinea PWMP     *kali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Bintulu kəmatəkleech Karo Batak kali-manteksmall jungle leech Makassarese kali-mataʔkind of leech that enters the nose and ears to drink PWMP     *qali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Ilokano alimátekleech (generic) Bontok mátəkleech Tagalog limátikleech, blood-sucker Bikol limátokland leech   ma-limátokget bitten by a land leech Hanunóo limátukcommon leech, bloodsucker, found in damp forests; a blood-sucking annelid worm of the class Hirudinea Cebuano (a)limátukleech   ka-alimátukcovered with leeches Maranao limatekleech Manobo (Western Bukidnon) limatekleech Tiruray limatekleech Yakan limatekthin black leech up to 20 cm. long, lives on ground (not in water) Tboli metek <Aleech Tausug alimatukleech-like creature that lives on mangrove trees Kadazan Dusun himatokjungle leech Kelabit lematekjungle leech Malagasy dimatysmall leech found in forest Banjarese halimatakleech Singhi Land Dayak rimotukleech Toba Batak limatokkind of small leech Mongondow olimantokkind of leech with bluish back and yellow underside PWMP     *sali-matek jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp. Maranao salimatekleech Melanau (Mukah) sələmatəklarge jungle leech Note:   Also Tae' lematik ‘land leech’, Rotinese kelumatuk ‘leech, in particular the small jungle leech’. This is an *qali/kali- word, and so the base form *matek occurs with a wide range of prefix variants in different languages. Whether all or many of these were used in a common proto-language or arose through convergent development remains an open question. *matu dry coconut PCEMP     *matu dry coconut Numfor mguhard, as nuts harden when they are ripe Mailu matuhard, as a dry coconut Sudest matudry coconut Lakona matudry coconut Wailengi matu-idry coconut Nasarian na-matdry coconut Southeast Ambrym maturipe coconut Visina marudry coconut Iarkei ian matudry coconut Note:   Also Merlav, Lironesa mato, Futuna-Aniwa niu maro ‘dry coconut’. Mailu is non-Austronesian, but contains a number of apparently early Austronesian loan words, some of which have not yet been found in any Austronesian language of southeast New Guinea. For this reason I assume that Mailu matu is a loan from a Papuan Tip language that may no longer exist. *mawa a cleft, space between two rocks PEMP     *mawa a cleft, space between two rocks Buli mawaroomy, spacious, as a house Arosi mawaa cleft, a space between two rocks Note:   Possibly a chance resemblance; if not, this item may contain the root *-waŋ ‘wide open space’ (cf. PMP *awaŋ ‘space between earth and sky’, Ilokano rawaŋ ‘a hollow between reefs or rocks’, etc.). *maya tongue PCEMP     *maya tongue Sika ma-ŋtongue Rotinese ma-ktongue Atoni ma-ftongue Selaru tongue Teluti me-colotongue Buruese maa-ntongue POC     *maya tongue Arop miatongue Numbami a-malatongue Watut ma-tongue Wampar ma-ntongue Adzera ma-ntongue Motu malatongue Pokau maratongue Dobuan meatongue Papapana meatongue Tinputz mè.à-ntongue Piva mea-tongue Torau mea-latongue Hoava meatongue Roviana meatongue Marau₂ mea-tongue Toqabaqita meatongue Bauro meatongue Nokuku me-me-tongue Raga meatongue Maskelynes na meatongue Note:   Possibly connected with POc *karamea ‘tongue’, but if so the morphology of the longer form remains obscure. *máya rice bird, small bird found in rice fields PPh     *máya rice bird, small bird found in rice fields Kapampangan máyaa small bird, the rice bird Tagalog máyageneric for different species of sparrow Aklanon máyarice bird (destructive of crops) Agutaynen mayaricebird; sparrow; they are small, brown, or black, or sometimes reddish in with lighter stripes, and can be found in flocks in rice fields, where they eat the rice Cebuano (dialectal) máyakind of small bird found in rice fields, the chestnut mannikin: Lonchura malacca Manobo (Western Bukidnon) mayarice bird Mansaka mayaricebird Mapun mayarice bird Yakan mayericebird; chestnut mannikin: Lonchura malacca Note:   Possibly a loan distribution. *mayaŋ blossom of the areca or coconut palm PWMP     *mayaŋ blossom of the areca or coconut palm Mapun mayaŋnew flowers (from betel nut, coconut tree, or corn) Ngaju Dayak mañaŋblossoms of the coconut and areca palms; considered redolent, and much used in sacrificial ceremonies Iban mayaŋpalm blossom Malay mayaŋpalm blossom; properly the young spikelet of the blossom that the sheath or wrapper pushes out; this unfolding blossom is a symbol for curly hair Karo Batak mayaŋareca palm   buŋa mayaŋblossom of the areca palm Toba Batak meaŋfruit cluster of palms and banana trees; curly, of hair Sundanese mayaŋblossom of the areca palm Old Javanese mayaŋblossom of the areca palm   a-mayaŋin blossom Javanese mayaŋblossom of the areca palm Sasak mayaŋnewly opened areca blossoms Proto-South Sulawesi *mayaŋblossom (spadix) of the coconut and other palm species Mandar mayaŋsugar palm Buginese majaŋblossom of the areca palm Makassarese mayaŋspadix of palm trees, out of which the flower cluster emerges Note:   Dempwolff also included Tagalog mayaŋ ‘spiny leaf’ (Stachelblatt), but I am unable to find this in modern dictionaries. *maymay premasticated food for infants PMP     *maymay premasticated food for infants Toba Batak memechewed food   mar-memeto premasticate food for an infant POC     *meme premasticated food for infants Mailu memefood chewed by mother and given to baby Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka memefibrous part of the betel nut that is ejected from the mouth 'Āre'āre memeto chew the betel nut mixture; to masticate food for babies Sa'a memeball of masticated food Arosi memeto chew food; chewed food; to spit out chewed food Marshallese memeto chew (as gum); to eat (child speech) Pohnpeian mehmeto eat, said only of infants; premasticated food for infants TOP      ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     me(n)tik (X + me(n)tik) *-meCaq paddy leech PAN     *-meCaq paddy leech PAN     *qaNi-meCaq paddy leech Amis (Kiwit) ɬa-ɬintaqmountain leech Kanakanabu ni-məcaʔəpaddy leech PWMP     *qali-metaq paddy leech Ilokano alintáearthworm; leech Isneg alimtávery large leech, striped yellow and black; when it clings to the feet it is removed and put into an amulet bottle as an amulet against sickness Tagalog lintáʔleech; a worm living in ponds or streams that sucks the blood of animals; a bloodsucker, a usurer Hanunóo lintáʔa carnivorous annelid worm, leech or bloodsucker, found usually in small pools or in bodies of still, fresh water Palawano limetaʔwater leech Cebuano lintáʔleech Malagasy díntaa leech Singhi Land Dayak rimotahleech Jarai rətahleech Malay (ha)lintahleech, generic for slow leeches in contrast to springing leeches; fig. a bloodsucker, blackmailer, or usurer Karo Batak lintahthe large water leech Toba Batak lintalarge leech that lives in the water Nias litaleech Mongondow lintaʔleech Bare'e alintajungle leech that moves like an inchworm Makassarese alintaleech Note:   For the morphology of this word cf. entries for *kali- and *qali-. *-medaw dizzy, giddy PAN     *-medaw dizzy, giddy Paiwan (quLi)-mezawdizziness, “seeing stars” Ilokano ali-ndawdizzy, giddy, vertiginous, affected with vertigo Note:   Also Ilokano tali-múdaw ‘dizzy, giddy, vertiginous’. This form evidently occured with the *qalikali- prefix, attached to referents associated with the spirit world (Blust 2001). However, since the shape of this prefix fails to agree between the cognate bases in Paiwan and Ilokano, a fuller reconstruction is impossible. *medem dark, obscure PWMP     *medem dark, obscure Penan (Long Labid) meremnight; dark Old Javanese meḍemextinguished, lustreless Note:   With root *-dem₁ ‘dark, overcast’. Old Javanese meḍem appears under *edem₁. *mekmek broken to bits PMP     *mekmek broken to bits Itbayaten mekmek-enblow or pound into small pieces Kankanaey mekmékin pieces, fine; chopped Casiguran Dumagat mekmekbreak into small particles, crush into powder (as an aspirin tablet so a child can swallow it) Numfor momleftovers from a meal Motu momorubbish, the placenta Sa'a momosweepings, rubbish Arosi momoa bit of food fallen Fijian momobreak into small pieces Tongan momoa little bit, crumb, fragment Samoan momobroken remnants Note:   Also Ilokano mokmók ‘remnants (of food or feed)’. *meme tongue POC     *meme tongue Wogeo meme-tongue Manam meme-tongue Cape Cumberland meme-tongue Fortsenal meme-tongue *meñak fat, grease; ointment PMP     *meñak fat, grease; ointment     [doublet: *miñak] Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan) meñiʔfatty, oily Bukat mañakfat, grease Ngaju Dayak meñakbe fat (people, animals, food) Malagasy menakafat melted down   mena-draharahaan ointment extracted from the fruit of a certain tree and used as a remedy for scabies Buli mnatasty, delicious, sweet; fat of animals Mayá maꞌna³grease POC     *moñak₂ fat; sweet, tasty Lakalai mola(mola)sweet Mengen mon-monaanimal fat Sobei mano <Mfat, grease Wogeo moñasweet, tasty, fragrant Suau mo-monafat, grease Bunama monapudding boiled in clay pot Sinaugoro monafat, grease Pileni mna-monafat, grease Tongan mo-monafat; only of shellfish and crustaceans Samoan mo-mona(of shell-fish) be meaty Tuvaluan mo-monafat, and hence good to eat (of birds, fish, crabs, etc. Rennellese (mo-)monato be fat, as fish or animals; greasy Anuta mo-monafat, grease; greasy Tuamotuan mo-monasavory, sweet-tasting Maori moo-monafat, rich, fertile; appetizing, in good condition; fat, of food; having desire or appetite Marquesan mo-monafat part of fish Hawaiian mo-monafat; fertile, rich, as soil; fruitful; sweet POC     *moña-moñak fat, grease; sweet taste Lakalai la-mola-molathe fat of an animal Tawala mona-monafat, grease Rapanui mona-monasweet (food) Note:   Also Long San Kenyah, Long Lamai Penan, Murik, Sarikei Melanau ñak, Long Jegan Berawan ñik, Dalat Melanau ñiʔ, Mukah Melanau ñeəʔ ‘fat, oil’, Long Anap Kenyah, Ngaju Dayak eñak ‘fat, grease’, Bugotu muña ‘sweet’. Vowel-initial forms in Borneo may be products of back-formation from meñak, which was misinterpreted as containing the stative prefix ma- (> m- before vowel-initial bases). Alternatively, it is possible, as suggested by Mills (1975:782) with regard to *miñak, that the base was originally vowel-initial, and that m- is a fossilized stative prefix. The strong cultural association of animal fat with tastiness is evident in a number of the glosses given here. *mepis thin PMP     *mepis thin Salako mepisthin Kambera màpihuthin, fine Note:   With root *-pis ‘thin, tenuous, fine’. *mesmes grasp, grip, squeeze PAN     *mesmes grasp, grip, squeeze     [doublet: *pespes₁] Amis mecmecto massage Puyuma məsməsto palpate, as the breasts Ilokano mesmésgrasp firmly, grip Kankanaey mesméspress, squeeze (as clothes, cotton) Bintulu məməssqueeze POC     *momos to squeeze Sa'a momosqueeze, press on each side Arosi momoclasp in hand and squeeze *me(n)tik (X + me(n)tik) ant sp. with venomous bite PMP     *me(n)tik ant sp. with venomous bite Remontado hantíkbig red ant Bikol ha-ntíklarge black ant which may sting when disturbed Hanunóo ʔa-mtíkred stinging ant Maranao la-metiklarge red ant Mongondow lolo-monsikblack ant with very venomous bite Kaidipang lu-montikoant sp. Banggai ku-mosiklarge black forest ant Bare'e la-motired tree ant with venomous bite Mori li-montiant sp. Proto-South Sulawesi *li-ntikant Manggarai mentikslender-bodied black ant with venomous bite Note:   Also Wolio kolo-munti ‘kind of big ant whose bite can be painful’. *metmet to hold tightly PAN     *metmet to hold tightly     [doublet: *mesmes] Amis metmetto hold in one’s hand; to grasp the hand of someone; handshake Ilokano na-metmétavaricious, greedy   metmet-ánto hold tightly to TOP      ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     *mi- prefix marking possession of some object PAN     *mi- prefix marking possession of some object Trobiawan mi-prefix marking possession of some object (kutu ‘lice’ : mi-kutu ‘to have lice’, vtiqulr ‘stick’ : mi-tikulr ‘have a stick’, vavaŋ ‘land’ : mi-vavaŋ ‘to have land’) Puyuma mi-prefix marking possession of some object (lemak ‘job’ : mi-lemak ‘have a job’, paysu ‘money’ : mi-paysu ‘have money’, walak ‘child’ : mi-walak ‘have a child’) Note:   This comparison was brought to my attention by Victoria Yen-hsin Chen (p.c., 1/30/17). Although the agreement is perfect in every respect, given its brevity it may be a product of convergence. *mikmik morsel, bit, as of food PPh     *mikmik morsel, bit, as of food     [disjunct: *mekmek] Pangasinan mikmíkcrumb, morsel Tagalog mikmíkfinely powdered; very small, tiny *mimi to urinate; urine PMP     *mimi to urinate; urine Ibaloy mimiurine   i-mimito urinate something (as blood)   man-mimito urinate   mimi-anto urinate on something Seimat mimi-urine   mimi-mimto urinate Wuvulu mimito urinate Aua mimito urinate Kaniet mimito urinate (Dempwolff) Nggela mimiurine; to urinate   mimih-ito urinate on; bladder Kwaio mimiurine; to urinate   mimis-iato urinate on Lau mimito spurt, of blood and liquids; to urinate; pig’s bladder Fijian mimito run in a small stream; of a boat, to leak   mimi-cato urinate on (of the place affected)   vaka-mimito make water run in a small stream Tongan mimito urinate, pass water Niue mimiurine; to urinate Kapingamarangi mimito urinate; urine   mimi halato urinate in wrong places Nukuoro mimito urinate Rennellese mimito urinate, piss   haa-mimito take to urinate, as a child Anuta mimiurine; to urinate Rarotongan mimiurine; to urinate Maori mimimake water (urinate); urine Hawaiian mimiurine; to urinate   hoʔo-mimito cause urination; to help to urinate, as a child Note:   Also Wayan mīmī ‘to urinate, run or flow out in a stream’, Fijian mi ‘urine’, Samoan mīmī ‘to urinate’. Although a POc reconstruction is well-supported, Dempwolff also included Tagalog halu-migmíg ‘moisture; a slight wetness; humidity’, and Toba Batak mimir ‘gush out; trickle out’, aek mimir ‘small spring, water oozing up from the ground’ under a proposed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *miRmiR ‘to spray’. However, until a clearer connection can be established between these and the Oceanic forms it appears best to exclude them from the present comparison. Although it is a perfect comparison, in the absence of further non-Oceanic evidence it is possible that the resemblance of Ibaloy mimi to POc *mimi is due to convergence, as child-language forms for ‘urinate’ often are disyllables with identical syllables containing a high front vowel. *mimis₁ new shoots of cogon grass Imperata cylindrica PMP     *mimis₁ new shoots of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) Ilokano mímisyoung shoot of cogon grass Bontok mímisthe new growth of cogon grass Kankanaey mímisyoung leaf of cogon grass Maranao mímisshoof of plants, especially cogon grass Binukid mímisshoots (of cogon grass coming out of the ground that are very sharp) Manggarai mímisshoot, sprouts of Imperata cylindrica Rembong mímisshoot, sprouts of Imperata cylindrica Ngadha mimiplant sprout   mimi kérisprouts of Imperata cylindrica Note:   Also Buruese mimit ‘sword grass; Imperata cylindrica’. *mímis₂ type of rice PPh     *mímis₂ type of rice Kankanaey mímisa variety of light-colored palay without awns Cebuano mímisa variety of first-class rice having white, smooth, shiny, slender, and long grains; any first-class white rice Maranao mimistype of rice *minaŋa mouth of a river, estuary PMP     *minaŋa mouth of a river, estuary     [doublet: *naŋa₁, *binaŋa] Hanunóo mináŋaunion of two near-by bodies, as of rivers; hence, fork of a river, fork or crotch of a tree limb Maranao minaŋaoutlet, mouth of river or stream Tiruray minaŋamouth of a river Bintulu mənaŋadownriver; mouth of a river Sasak menaŋamouth of a river; small bay Mongondow minaŋamouth of a river; river Tae' minaŋamouth of a river Buginese minaŋamouth of a river, estuary Hawu menaŋamouth of a river *minsan at one time PPh     *minsan at one time     [doublet: *pinsan 'first cousin'] Ilokano ma-minsánonce   i-pa-minsánto do all at once   sag-pa-minsánoccasionally, once in awhile Pangasinan mínsanonce only Tagalog mínsanonce; on a single occasion; one time; sometimes, at times Hanunóo mínsanonce, at one time Maranao minsankinship --- first degree Tausug minsan(to do something) at one sitting   maka-minsanone time, one time only Note:   Possibly connected with *isa ‘one’, although if so the morphology of this form remains unclear. *miñak fat, grease; ointment PMP     *miñak fat, grease; ointment     [doublet: *meñak] Iban miñakoil (in food, on hair) Malay miñakoil, grease, ointment Sundanese miñakoil, fat   miñak-anappear oily; fatty Old Javanese miñakbutter, especially the butter which is cast as an oblation on the sacrificial fire Javanese miñakoil; perfume Sasak miñakoil; coconut oil; oily Totoli minakoil Banggai mo-minakfat (of dead matter) Tae' minnakfat, oil, as coconut oil Mandar minnaʔoil (for a lamp) Buginese miññaʔoil Makassarese miññaʔoil; deliciously fatty, delicious, of feeling and taste Wolio minaoil (coconut, kerosene, etc.) Muna minaoil   mina-minaherbs, oils, perfumery   mina-no ghaicoconut oil Bimanese minapetroleum, coconut oil Manggarai minaktasty, delicious Rembong minakcoconut oil; tasty, delicious Ngadha minaoil, fat; coconut oil Kambera miñakusoft, pleasant; tasty, delicious Hawu meñifatty, greasy   ei meñioil Rotinese minaoil, melted fat; coconut oil; fat, especially of animals (as a pig)   ma-minafatty, greasy; tasty, delicious Leti minafat, as from a pig; sweet, tasty Selaru minfat, thick Yamdena minakfat, grease Fordata mina-nfat, greasy   man-minaksweet, tasty Kei mina-nfat, lard; marrow Kamarian minafat; mons veneris Paulohi minafat Asilulu minaoily and delicious; to exude delicious oils (as a broiling fish)   ma-minagreasy and delicious Uruava minakafat, grease Note:   Also Mongondow miña ‘oil’, miña bondu ‘perfume’, Mandar miñña-miññaʔ ‘scented oil’, Manggarai mina ‘oil (fuel), coconut oil’, Rembong mina ‘oil (fuel, coconut)’, Kambera mina ‘fat, grease, oil’, Tetun mina ‘oil, fat, grease; petroleum’, Wetan miina ~ mīna ‘fat, sweet, insipid, not pungent’. Some reflexes of *miñak probably are Malay loans, but the decision whether to consider a particular form native or borrowed is often difficult. Van der Veen (1940) describes Tae' minnak as “an um-form of *innak”, but provides no clear support for this statement. *mipis thin, of materials PMP     *mipis thin, of materials Murung mipihthin, of materials Siang mipihthin, of materials Dohoi mihpihthin, of materials Manggarai mipisthin (of cloth, planks, slicing)   mimpisthin (of cloth, fruit peelings, etc.) Kédang mipithin Tetun mihisthin, slender (slices, etc.) Note:   With root *-pis₂ ‘thin, of materials’. *miqmiq urine, urinate PMP     *miqmiq urine, urinate     [doublet: *miRmiR] Keley-i mimiʔurine Ibaloy mimiurine Chamorro méʔméʔurinate, urine POC     *mimiq urine; urinate Nauna mimurinate Lou mimi-aurine Lenkau mimiurinate Pak mi-mimurinate Loniu mi-mimurine Sori mi-mimurine, urinate Lindrou mimurinate Bipi mimi-nhis/her urine; to urinate Seimat mimiurine Wuvulu mimiurine; urinate Tigak mimikurinate Mendak mimurinate Roviana mimiurinate Eddystone/Mandegusu mimiurine Bugotu mimiurine, urinate Tongan mimiurinate, pass water Hawaiian mimiurine, urinate Note:   Also Malay keméh ‘pass urine’, Mussau meme ‘urine; urinate’, Fijian mi ‘run in a small stream’, vaka-mimi ‘urinate’. Roviana and Eddystone/Mandegusu mimi cannot reflect POc *mimi(R) (Grace 1969), as final *R normally appears as r in both languages. *misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips POC     *misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips     [doublet: *miti] Kwaio misismack the lips in sucking Lau misismack the lips; call a dog with sucking sound Proto-Micronesian *misismack one’s lips Pohnpeian mihksuck; absorb Mokilese mihksuck Chuukese miti-smack with lips or mouth (in compounds only) Nukuoro misia sound made by sucking through pursed lips (like a stage kiss) Rennellese misito sip POC     *misi-misi make a sucking sound, smack the lips     [doublet: *miti-miti] Nggela misi-misimake sucking sound with teeth Toqabaqita misi-misisuck one’s teeth (e.g. to dislodge particles of food); smack one’s lips when eating Chuukese miti-mitmake smacking noises with lips or mouth (as in eating or kissing); smack Nukuoro misi-misia sound made by sucking through pursed lips (like a stage kiss) Note:   Also Gedaged musi ‘suck, suckle, kiss, touch with the lips, sip, nibble’, Kwaio midi foka ‘spread the lips in a grimace while making a smacking sound; smack lips in sucking, suck’, midi-a ‘gnaw, nibble at, suck at’. The Polynesian reflexes of this form are contradictory, as some languages reflect PPn *s, while others reflect *t (perhaps as the nasal grade reflex of POc *s). The core of this comparison was first noted by Geraghty (1983:138). *misik sucking noise made as a signal to another person PMP     *misik sucking noise made as a signal to another person Palauan misksound of sucking teeth or clicking lips (to show disapproval) Suau matausito fear, be afraid Lau misismack the lips; call a dog with sucking sound Pohnpeian metik, mitikto kiss Samoan misimisismack the lips   mitikind of sucking noise made to draw someone's attention quietly Note:   Also Gedaged musi ‘suck, suckle, kiss, touch with the lips, sip, nibble’. Palauan misk (expected **mitk) is assumed to have resisted a sound change in order to preserve the iconic force of -s-, a type of resistance comparable to, but distinct from "onomatopoetic retention" (Blust 1979:235). Samoan miti (expected **misi) exhibits the "third palatal reflex" (Blust 1976b). *mismis₁ dried mucus on the eyelid PWMP     *mismis₁ dried mucus on the eyelid Casiguran Dumagat mésméswipe sleep from the eyes with the finger Cebuano mismisparticles of yellowish substance sticking to the face after sleep; hardened mucus from the eyes or mouth Toba Batak hali-mismis-onhave a sty on the eye Angkola-Mandailing Batak hali-mismishave a sty on the eye *mismis₂ to suck up, suck out PMP     *mismis₂ to suck up, suck out Pendau mimis-ito taste Lauje mo-mimisto suck (not nurse) Bare'e mo-mimito spew the juice extracted from chewed food into the mouth, as mothers do for infants if they do not have enough breast milk Makassarese am-miʔmisiʔto suck or slurp out, as marrow from a bone Tetun hak-mimisto suck up, to imbibe *miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips POC     *miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips     [doublet: *misi] Tolai mitmitmake a sucking noise with the mouth to indicate a longing for food Tongan misisuck   mi-misisuck up, suck in, absorb, or exert suction Niue miti ~ misisuck; absorb Samoan mitisip, whiff; kind of sucking noise made to draw one’s attention quietly Tuvaluan mitisip Anuta mitito suck Rarotongan mitia sharp sound, as the sound of a kiss Hawaiian mikito suck in POC     *miti-miti make a sucking sound, smack the lips     [doublet: *misi-misi] Samoan miti-mitisip; suck; smack one’s lips Anuta miti-mitihard candy or other object to be sucked Rarotongan miti-mitidenotes the hissing sound made with the lips in making amorous overtures to a woman Hawaiian miki-mikito suck in TOP      ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     *molaŋ true, real, genuine PEMP     *molaŋ true, real, genuine Buli molaŋcorrect, real, genuine, true Arosi moraoriginal, true, real; customary *mona canoe type POC     *mona canoe type Penchal monlog canoe without outrigger, used near shore Ere mondugout canoe without outrigger Leipon monsmall canoe without outrigger Seimat mondugout without outrigger, for small boys Kove mono <Acanoe for one person Halia monacanoe *monaki cuttlefish POC     *monaki cuttlefish Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka monakicuttlefish Sa'a monakicuttlefish Arosi monagicuttlefish Bauro monakicuttlefish Note:   Also Motu managi ‘large octopus with shell’. *mo(nñ)o knead, squeeze POC     *mo(nñ)o knead, squeeze Roviana monosqueeze Fijian monoturn taro pulp over and make it into a neat lump in preparation for pudding *mono stay, dwell in a place POC     *mono stay, dwell in a place Tolai monostay in a house and keep guard; remain and take care of the home, a boat, etc. Bugotu monoabide, dwell, stay Arosi monolive, dwell, reside Bauro monostay in another village *monoRe unicorn fish: Naso unicornis POC     *monoRe unicorn fish: Naso unicornis Baluan mwaneyunicorn fish Lou moneunicorn fish Penchal mwanoyunicorn fish Loniu monoylong-snouted unicorn fish: Naso unicornis Likum moneyunicorn fish Lindrou moneyunicorn fish Nauruan monoyunicorn fish Marshallese ṃọṇesurgeonfish: Naso unicornis Note:   On the basis of a partially overlapping set of data Osmond (2011) has proposed POc *m(a,o)nuRVNaso sp., unicornfish’. *moñak pounded taro with coconut cream POC     *moñak₁ pounded taro with coconut cream Mussau monapounded taro with coconut milk Gitua monasago Kilivila monapudding made of yams and taro Nggela monacoconut cream, i.e. shredded coconut and salt water squeezed over food; tender, of food, greasy Sa'a mona telea dish made from taro Note:   Probably identical to POc *moñak ‘fat, grease; tasty, greasy’. However, this comparison shows that *moñak referred not just to the general sense of tastiness, but more specifically to a particular dish that apparently was made from pounded taro with coconut cream. *moñan brain POC     *moñan brain Roviana monana-nathe brain; marrow of bone Wayan moyathe brain; brains as a body part (takes preposed possessive marking, in contrast to brains as food) Fijian monabrain Note:   Dempwolff (1934-38) related Fijian mona to *meñak ‘fat, grease’, but the last consonant of the Roviana base fails to support this derivation. *motus broken off; islet; detached reef POC     *motus broken off; islet; detached reef Manam motuisland Numbami motureef Motu motu-motuisland; detached portion of reef Takuu motu(of a cord) severed, cut short, cut off; Sa'a moube broken off   hau mouan isolated rock   malau mouan islet Pileni motuisland Mota vanua mwotisland (lit. ‘land broken off’) Lenakel tən-murhisland (tən = ‘earth, land’) Rotuman mofurock in the sea Fijian (ya)-motusmall detached reef Tongan motuisland; break, become separated Niue motuisland Samoan motuisland; severed Rennellese motuto break, sever   motu hatureef rock island (hatu = ‘stone’) Maori motuisland Hawaiian mokuisland; to be cut, severed Note:   This comparison was first proposed by Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:246-247), and Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:42-43). The first of these publications suggests that it may reflect a POc form *ma-utus, derived from PMP *utus ‘break under tension, as a rope’ by prefixation with *ma-. However, there is little evidence for a prefix *ma- in this form in any language, and until further support for the bimorphemic analysis is provided it appears best to posit a single morpheme *motus. TOP      ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     muken (X + muken) *-mu 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb PMP     *-mu 2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb Itbayaten -mo2sg. possessor, your Ilokano -mo2sg. possessor, your Casiguran Dumagat -mo2sg. possessor, your Tagalog -mo2sg. possessor, your Kelabit -muh2sg. agent and possessor, you, your Malay -mu2sg. possessor, your Toba Batak -mu2sg. possessor, your Old Javanese -mu2sg. possessor, your Mongondow -mu2sg. possessor; agent of passive verb Bare'e -mu2sg. possessor, your Muna -mu2sg. possessor; your (also used on passive participles) Chamorro -mu2sg. possessor, your, yours Komodo -mu2sg. possessor, your Kambera mu-2sg. subject pronoun   -mu2sg. possessor, your Leti mu-2sg. subject pronoun   -mu2sg. possessor, your Asilulu mu-2sg. genitive pronoun for alienable possession, your   -mu2sg. genitive pronoun for inalienable possession, your Loniu -m2sg. possessor, your Seimat -m2sg. possessor, your Wuvulu -m2sg. possessor, your Mussau -m2sg. possessor, your Tigak -m2sg. possessor, your Tanga -m2sg. possessor, your   -mu2dl. possessor, the two of your’s Lusi -mu2sg. possessor, your Lakalai -muof you, 2sg. possessor, your Motu -mu2sg. object suffix Kilivila myour (distant degree of possession)   -m(-)your (intimate degree of possession) Eddystone/Mandegusu -mu2sg. possessor, your Bugotu -mu2sg. possessor, your Arosi -mu2sg. possessor, your Proto-Micronesian *-mʷu2sg. possessor, your Gilbertese -mʷ2sg. possessor, your Kosraean -m2sg. possessor, your Chuukese -mʷ2sg. possessor, your Wayan -mu2sg. possessor, your Fijian -mu2sg. possessor, your *mu- movement prefix PAN     *mu- movement prefix Thao mu-movement prefix (taipak ‘Taipei’, mu-taipak ‘go to Taipei’, pruq ‘earth; down’, mu-pruq ‘descend, go down’, sazum ‘water’, mu-sazum ‘enter the water’, taun ‘house’, mu-taun ‘enter a house, go home’) Bunun mu-movement prefix; lumaq ‘house’, mu-lumaq ‘go home’ Rukai mu-movement prefix; latadre ‘outside’, mu-latadre ‘to go outside’, gaku ‘school’, mu-gaku ‘go to school’ Puyuma mu-movement prefix (darəʔ ‘earth, soil’, mu-darəʔ ‘go down, descend’, ənay ‘water’, mu-ənay ‘go to the water’, rumaʔ ‘house’, mu-rumaʔ ‘go home Cebuano mu-punctual active verbal prefix, future   mu-grahigo to/toward the garage (grahi = garage)   mu-lawudgo to/toward the sea (lawud = sea) Note:   Cebuano mu- has several other functions that are not transparently related to *mu- ‘movement prefix’ in Formosan languages, but its function in constructions such as mu-grahi or mu-lawud is so close to functions typical of mu- in Formosan languages that it must be mentioned. However, to date a similar affix has not been found anywhere else outside Taiwan. *mu(n)cuŋ mouth (of an animal) PWMP     *mu(n)cuŋ mouth (of an animal) Isneg motoŋmouth Tboli sumuŋ <Mlips Bulungan muncuŋbeak Kayan musuŋtie up the mouth of a bag; muzzle an animal Iban muncoŋprotruding, sticking out, esp. of jaw or lips Malay moncoŋsnout Toba Batak munsuŋbeak, snout Wolio muncu(outside of the) mouth, beak, snout Note:   Also Kayan usuŋ ‘beak of a bird’, Mongondow muntoŋ ‘snot, nasal mucus’. *muda young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors) PMP     *muda young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)     [doublet: *ŋuda] Casiguran Dumagat m-úrayoung coconut; unripe, of any fruit (in neighboring dialects) Ngaju Dayak mudaunripe (fruit), young wood) Iban mudayoung, unripe Malay mudayouth; to be young or immature; to lack depth (of coloring); common in titles in the sense of “junior” or “future” Selaru murayoung, of fruits POC     *mura young (of fruits) Tongan mula(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature) Note:   Also Tagalog múraʔ ‘unripe; immature; fresh; young coconut’, ka-muraʔ-an ‘greenness, state of unripeness; immaturity’. *mudaq young (of fruits); immature PAN     *mudaq young (of fruits); immature     [doublet: *muda, *ŋuda] Amis molaʔ ~ muraʔimmature, unlearned, uneducated, childish, without experience Tagalog muraʔunripe; immature; fresh; young coconut *mudmúd press down hard on something PPh     *mudmúd press down hard on something Ilokano i-mudmúdto press down on a surface with the hands; keep down Tagalog mudmódto press down on a surface with the hands, keep down (data from April Almarines) Cebuano mudmúdpress or bury one’s face hard against something (as one’s face in a pillow when crying) *muhmuh crumbs of food, esp. rice PPh     *muhmuh crumbs of food, esp. rice Casiguran Dumagat mumócrumbs (esp. rice particles scattered around while eating) Ayta Abellan momocrumbs that fall when people are eating Tagalog múmoparticles of cooked rice falling off the plate or table during a meal Aklanon múhmuhcrumbs of rice, scattered rice droppings Cebuano mumhulittle particles of cooked rice corn that fall next to the plate when eating *mujiŋ face (human) PAN     *mujiŋ face (human) Pazeh muziŋface Thao muzinnose Yami moiŋface Itbayaten moyiñface (in general) Ilokano múgiŋforehead; brow; (metaphorical) mind Isneg múxiŋthe face Yogad mugiŋface Pangasinan molíŋforehead PAN     *mujiŋ-an (gloss uncertain) Puyuma mudiŋ-anface Paiwan mudiŋ-anface (a person’s) Ilokano mugiŋ-anhaving a large forehead (which denotes intelligence in Ilokano culture) Note:   Also Taroko muxeŋ ‘nose, corner, extremity, end’, Yami moiŋ ‘face, cheek’, Itbayaten moyiñ ‘face (in general)’. The semantic distinction between PAn *daqiS and PAn *mujiŋ remains unclear. Reflexes of both words refer to the face in some languages and the forehead in others, and there appears to be very little basis for favoring one reconstruction for one gloss and the other reconstruction for the other, although some such distinction almost certainly existed. The Yami and Itbayaten words appear to be loans, although the source remains obscure. *muken (X + muken) omen dove PMP     *muken omen dove Cebuano ali-mukunwild dove with white ears and light brown feathers speckled with black; Phapitreron leucotis Maranao li-mokenwild gray dove Binukid limukenkind of dove Manobo (Western Bukidnon) limukenthe omen dove Mansaka limokonkind of dove Buruese er-mukendove Note:   Also Ilokano alimúkeŋ ‘kind of wild gray dove’, Malay limbukan ‘bronzewing dove’, Karo Batak limbuken ‘kind of dove’, Mongondow limbukon ‘kind of wood pigeon that emits a somber, mournful call’. This word clearly contained the *qalikali- prefix that marked lexical items associated with the spirit world (Blust 2001), although on the PMP level it is unclear which variant of this prefix was used. *mukmuk crumbs that drop when eating rice PWMP     *mukmuk crumbs that drop when eating rice     [doublet: *muhmuh] Ilokano mukmókremnants of food Pangasinan mokomókreduce to powder; gold dust Bikol mag-mukmókto grind or chop finely Karo Batak mumukdecayed, mouldering (wood) Dairi-Pakpak Batak mumukbroken; in pieces, as a rope or chain Nias mumunearly decayed tree trunk Gorontalo mumuʔocrumb (of bread, etc.) Note:   With root *-muk ‘crush, pulverize; powder’. *muku to gargle POC     *muku to gargle Manam mukuto gargle Mono-Alu mukuto swallow Pohnpeian mʷukumʷukto rinse one’s mouth, gargle *mula to plant PAN     *mula to plant Kavalan m-ruma <Mto plant, to grow, to cultivate   pa-ruma <Mto plant, to grow, to cultivate Saisiyat (Taai) ma-moLaʔto plant Saisiyat (Tungho) ma-mwaʔto plant Itbayaten moxaplanted plant   mi-moxato plant Ivatan (Isamorong) mohato plant Ilokano múlathe generic name for plant   i-múlato plant, to sow; to insert, to implant (a new, fresh strip of bamboo, etc. while weaving baskets, etc.); to insert (a tenon into a mortise); to incrust with, to incrustate with, to inlay Isneg múlaplant, more especially a sapling transplanted for beekeeping   mag-múla, i-múlato plant Bontok múlato plant, as sweet potato vines or banana shoots Subanun (Sindangan) mɨ-mulato plant Belait mulahto plant Berawan (Long Terawan) mulehto plant Kenyah (Long Atun) mulato plant Mongondow mulato plant Bare'e mulato plant Ngadha mulato plant, put, erect Sika mulathe planting of trees   mula-lemato plant Solorese mulato plant Note:   Cf. Zorc (n.d.) PPh *mula ‘beginning; to plant, rear’. As mula ‘beginning’ is a known Sanskrit loan in island Southeast Asia (Gonda 1973 [1952]:63) and the similar words meaning ‘to plant’ appear to be native, there would seem to be no justification for uniting them under a single prototype. *mulmul hold in the mouth and suck PAN     *mulmul hold in the mouth and suck Amis molmolto chew without teeth; to fill the mouth and mix with saliva before swallowing   molamolsuck something hard until it is dissolved and swallowed Ilokano molmólkeep something in the mouth (candy, one's thumb, etc.) without sucking Isneg mulmúl-ānput into one's mouth Bontok mulmulsuck a candy until it is dissolved, especially of a candy on a stick Pangasinan molmólkeep (sweet, etc.) in the mouth to dissolve; suck thumb or finger Bikol mag-mulmólto suck the fingers Rotinese mumuhold in the mouth and suck Note:   Also Manobo (Western Bukidnon) amul ‘suck on something’, Manggarai mumuk ‘hold water in the mouth without swallowing’. Mills (1975:784) compares Isneg mulmúl-ān with reflexes of Proto-South Sulawesi *muqmu(ɣ) ‘rinse the mouth’, but the correspondences are irregular. *mulmúl parrot fish: Scarus spp. PPh     *mulmúl parrot fish: Scarus spp. Ilokano mulmólred and yellow marine fish eaten whole, rainbow-colored parrot fish: Scaridae family Tagalog mulmólparrot fish Cebuano mulmulgeneral name given to parrot fish: Scarus spp. (Formosan only) *mumu Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) PAN     *mumu Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) Kavalan mummumole (animal) Thao mumuFormosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe); a dark grayish to black purblind mammal with projecting snout, strong forelimbs, and atrophied rear limbs that forages for worms by burrowing in the ground with its strong forelimbs   mia-mumuclose the eyes Note:   The gemination in Kavalan mummu is unexplained, but this form may reflect earlier *mumumu, with partial reduplication. *mumuni to hide POC     *mumuni to hide     [doublet: *buni₂, *sambuni, *tabuni₂] Sa'a mumunito hide, be hidden; to conceal Futunan mumunito hide (oneself) Note:   Dempwolff (1938) assigned these to *buni, despite the phonological irregularities. *muno caterpillar POC     *muno caterpillar Selau mənmənocaterpillar Cheke Holo munocaterpillar (generic) Roviana munomunogeneric for caterpillars and grubs Bugotu munocaterpillar Lau munocaterpillar 'Āre'āre munocaterpillar Sa'a munolarva of caterpillar, chrysalis Chuukese muun, mun-nacaterpillar, insect larva (eats leaves of kká taro) Puluwat muun, muun-ontwo kinds of caterpillars Woleaian mwulcaterpillar, silkworm Note:   Also Lou monmuon ‘caterpillar’, Toqabaqita muna ‘sp. of caterpillar (turns into a butterfly)’. This comparison sat unpublished in my files for over 20 years, and was first noted in print by Osmond (2011:405). *muntay kind of citrus tree and its fruit PMP     *muntay kind of citrus tree and its fruit Maranao montaygrape, lime (fruit), orange Tiruray munteya kabuyau: Citrus hystrix D.C. Mentawai mutäi, muntäithe pomelo: Citrus grandis Mongondow muntoia tree: Cyclostemon macrophyllus Uma munteorange Manggarai muntacitrus fruit: Citrus hystrix Proto-Ambon *muḏecitrus fruit Note:   Stresemann (1927:38) mentions "MP *munti, but cites no supporting evidence. *munuŋ upper lip (?) PWMP     *munuŋ upper lip (?) Palawan Batak munóŋupper lip Aborlan Tagbanwa munuŋlip Bonggi munuŋlip Rungus Dusun munuŋlip Murut (Papar) munuŋbeak Minokok munuŋlip Bisaya (Sabah) munuŋbeak Murut (Serudong) munuŋlip Tidung Sumbol munuŋbeak Bulusu munuŋlip Berawan (Long Terawan) munoŋlip Berawan (Long Teru) munoŋmouth Narum munauŋmouth Miri munoŋmouth Kiput munoəmouth Iban munoŋchaps of pig, bushy cheek bristles of Bearded Pig *muqa first, foremost; to precede POC     *muqa first, foremost; to precede Mussau muabow of a boat Kove mughafirst Watut muŋggo before, go first Wayan muaend point or tip of a long object Fijian muathe tip, point, front of a thing Tongan muʔafront, space or place in front or further forward; earlier time or period, earlier, once upon a time; time to come, time that lies ahead Samoan muabe first, arrive first Rennellese muʔafront, before; those before, ancestors, predecessors; first, to be first, ahead; to go ahead or first Note:   A version of this comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968). *muqmuq crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor PWMP     *muqmuq crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor     [doublet: *mukmuk]    [disjunct: *muhmuh] Casiguran Dumagat mumócrumbs (esp. rice particles that scatter around while eating) Kadazan Dusun mumuʔcrumb (of rice) *muquŋ fish sp. PMP     *muquŋ fish sp. Cebuano muʔuŋkind of cardinal fish: name given to numerous small, red, lightly scaled fish of the family Apogonidae Loniu mupearl-spotted spinefoot: Siganus spinus Gedaged mumarine fish about a foot long, front part yellowish brown, shading off to yellowish toward the rear Lau species of white reef fish, good eating Samoan name of certain fishes of the genus Lethrinus when about six inches long Hawaiian a fish (Monotaxis grandoculis), perhaps porgy or snapper Note:   Also Rennellese muu ‘large-eyed sea bream: Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskål).’ The lack of agreement in reference between any two non-Polynesian languages makes it impossible on present evidence to reconstruct a precise meaning for this fish name at any level higher than PPn. Nonetheless the number of fish names that point to a reconstruction of the same shape strongly suggests a common origin. *muru back, posterior part POC     *muru back, posterior part     [doublet: *ma-udehi] Loniu muʔu tunstern of a canoe Label na-muru-back, behind Tolai muruback, backbone, spine; behind Lau mulubuttocks Toqabaqita muluanus *muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth PAN     *muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth Pazeh muximuxgargle   mu-muximuxto gargle Ilokano ali-mogmógrinse the mouth, gargle Cebuano (a)li-mugmugrinse the mouth out Proto-Minahasan *li-muhmuhrinse out mouth Mongondow m-oli-mumugto gargle, rinse the mouth Chamorro mokmokgargle, wash the throat with a liquid Lamaholot ge-mumurinse the mouth, gargle Soboyo mumurinse the mouth before eating PWMP     *kali-muRmuR gargle, rinse the mouth Yogad kalimúmmuggargle, wash one’s mouth out Bare'e kali-mumurinse the mouth Ampana mo-kali-mumurinse the mouth Makassarese kali-moʔmoroʔrinse the mouth, gargle Note:   Also Tagalog múmog ‘gargle, a rinsing of the mouth’, Javanese kemu, Manggarai memur, Leti pupru (< earlier *pupur), Yamdena ŋuŋur ‘rinse the mouth’, PPn *pu(u)pu(u) ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’. Zorc (n.d.) gives PPh *-muRmuR ‘gargle; swish in mouth’. This item may have contained the *qalikali- prefix. However, since the form of the prefix agrees only in languages that are closely related, and since the independent root is attested in several widely separated witnesses, the bare stem is posited here. *musaŋ civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae PMP     *musaŋ civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae Ilokano músaŋwild cat, civet cat Itawis músaŋwildcat Kankanaey músaŋkind of carnivorous animal resembling a cat Ibaloy mosaŋwild animal, the exact nature of which is obscure; probably a wild cat or civet cat Tagalog músaŋa wild cat Iban munsaŋMalay weasel: Mustela nudipes Cuvier, and other species; generic for palm civets, including otter civets and linsangs Malay musaŋcivet cat, polecat; in Malaya a general name for Viverridae; the bearcat, Arctictis, is also musaŋ turun, binturun, bənturoŋ; proverbial as wily robbers of henroosts Gayō musaŋcivet cat: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (a nocturnal predator on domestic fowls) Karo Batak musaŋthe Indian civet cat: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Schreb. Manggarai mucaŋlarge male civet cat Note:   Dempwolff (1938) also gives Toba Batak musaŋ ‘fragrant’ (from the odor of civet), but Warneck (1906), which is the more recent of his two sources, lists nothing with this shape. *muteq gummy secretion of the eyes PWMP     *muteq gummy secretion of the eyes Casiguran Dumagat mutásand (in the eyes) Tagalog mútaʔgummy secretion of the eyes Hanunóo mútaʔgummy secretion of the eyes Tboli mutoksolidified matter in the corner of the eyes Malagasy mótya morsel of dung; the excrement of the eyes Nias mutõmucus in the corner of the eye Note:   Also Agutaynen metek ‘white matter in the eye’. Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *muta ‘eye secretion’ (dbl. *buta ‘blind’). *mutu₁ damsel fish PMP     *mutu₁ damsel fish Palauan muddamsel fish Tongan mutu-mutukind of fish Samoan mutua fish: Abedefduf sp. Nukuoro mudu-mududamsel fish Rennellese mutugeneral name for sergeant majors and pullers (damsel fish), e.g. six-banded sergeant major, Abedefduf curacao (Bloch) *mutu₂ broken off, cut off PEMP     *mutu₂ broken off, cut off Numfor mukbroken; to come to an end, of questions/quarrels Tolai mutfell trees, cut lumber, esp. to cut out a canoe Wayan mudube cut off, amputated, severed, cut short; end, cease, conclude Fijian muducut off, ceased, ended   mudu ni liŋaman given to a man who has had a finger joint chopped off in mourning for a dead chief (lit. ‘cut off hand’) Tongan mutucut off, amputate, make shorter by cutting a piece off Samoan mutube cut off (as tree branches), truncated Tuvaluan mutuended; incomplete; cut off Rarotongan mututo be at an end, to be parted, to end suddenly, to conclude or terminate finally, to cut short; to be cut, to be severed; cut off, severed; parted, ended Maori mutubrought to an end, left off; cropped, having the end cut off, truncated, mutilated; cut short, bring to an end Hawaiian mukucut short, shortened; amputated; at an end, ceased; anything cut off short; short, brief, quick; broken section of a wave or crest; thirtieth night of the moon, when it has entirely disappeared Note:   Also Rotuman mutu ‘to cut across, sever, cut off’ (Polynesian loan). Although it is only weakly attested outside the Central Pacific subgroup and therefore remains somewhat tentative, this word appears to have conveyed both physical and figurative senses of breaking or cutting off, TOP      ma    me    mi    mo    mu    mw     *mwaloq submerged rock or coral reef POC     *mwaloq submerged rock or coral reef Lakalai malosubmerged rock or coral reef Bola malosteep face of reef that goes down into the deep Takia malreef, a chain of rocks, coral, or a ridge of sand at or near the surface of water Kwaio maloreef Lau malocoral reef 'Āre'āre marosubmerged coral reef Sa'a mwaloa sunken rock, a reef at sea Arosi (Eastern) mwaroa hidden rock or shoal Mota mwaloa sunken rock where the sea breaks   mwalo-ʔawith reefs Raga maloreef Tongan ŋaloto sink (e.g. into one’s flesh); so submerge, to disappear or pass completely under the surface (e.g. of a diver or a submarine); to disappear from sight Hawaiian nalolost, vanished, concealed, forgotten; to pass away, disappear Note:   This comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968:158), and later expanded in Osmond, Pawley and Ross (2003a:108). While POc *sakaRu evidently referred to that part of a reef that is close to or above the surface of the water, *mʷaloq apparently referred to the submerged portion of the reef where it disappears into the depths of the sea. *mwamwaki large cuttlefish and squid POC     *mwamwaki large cuttlefish and squid Nauna mwamwaksquid with white shell and two long tentacles Lau wawakisp. of octopus Toqabaqita waawakispp. of large cuttlefish and squid   ʔuŋana waawakiinternal shell of a cuttlefish; cuttlebone Note:   Also Lindrou momot ‘squid with white shell and two long tentacles’, Motu managi ‘large octopus with shell’, Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka monaki ‘the cuttlefish’. *mwanene straight POC     *mwanene straight Baluan mwanene-nstraight Lou mwanini-nstraight Loniu mwene-nstraight Likum mwenne-nstraight Lindrou monnenstraight Bipi mone-nstraight Nggela mae-manestraight; correct, just; to straighten, justify one’s conduct Note:   Ross (2003c:213) has posited POc *mwane-mwane ‘straight, direct; flat, level’, citing the ACD as a prior source. However, at that time the ACD had only POc *wane-wane ‘straight, direct; flat, level’, and his reconstruction fails to account for the additional syllable of a number of Admiralty forms, including at least Baluan, Lou, Likum and Lindrou (the latter two with medial vowel syncope). I therefore reconstruct a trisyllable and assume haplology in some reflexes. The final nasal in Admiralty languages reflects the attributive suffix *-na. *mwapo taro POC     *mwapo taro     [doublet: *mapu₁] Proto-Admiralty *mwapVtaro Loniu mahtaro Nali mahtaro Likum mohtaro Sori mwaptaro Lindrou mwahtaro Lakalai la mavotaro (general term; Colocasia esculenta) Gedaged maotaro, Colocasia esculenta *mwaRi to roast, burn POC     *mwaRi to roast, burn Manam (mʷa)mʷarito roast, to warm, to heat, to set on fire Gedaged mazito roast, cauterize, toast, bake, parch, sear, burn, incinerate, set fire to, ignite, light (e.g. a cigar) Takia mariroast on a fire Ulawa malito be roasted Gilbertese mʷaicooked, well-done Note:   A shorter version of this comparison was first proposed by Milke (1968). *mwata snake POC     *mwata snake Nauna mwatsnake Penchal mwatsnake Loniu mwatsnake Leipon mwatsnake Lele mwatsnake Kele mwatsnake Marau₂ snake Likum mwaksnake Sori mwasnake Bipi mwaksnake Wuvulu waʔasnake Tigak muatasnake Bali (Uneapa) ghumatasnake Arop motasnake Lusi motasnake Kove motasnake Bebeli mɔtɔsnake Sobei mato <Msnake Manam mwatasnake, serpent Sio motasnake Takia motsnake Yabem moacsnake Watut mʷarsnake Wampar mursnake Ubir motasnake Suau motasnake Sinaugoro motasnake Dobuan mwatasnake Molima mwatasnake (generic) Saliba mwatasnake Sudest mwatasnake Bugotu umatasnake Nggela umatasnake Ghari muatasnake Lengo umatasnake Kwaio waasnake; various sorts of worms, other snake-like creatures Lau wā-wāgeneric for all creatures on or in the ground Arosi mwaaa snake Proto-Micronesian *mʷataworm Woleaian mwat(a)underground worm Haununu mwasnake Hiw mʷatasnake Lehalurup ŋʷatsnake Motlav na-mwatsnake Mosina mʷatsnake Lakona mwatsnake Merig ŋwatsnake Piamatsina mʷatasnake Hukua mʷatasnake Mafea matasnake Amblong matasnake Aore matasnake Ngwatua ŋʷatasnake Atchin ni-mwetsnake Rano ne-mʷetsnake Lingarak ne-mwatsnake Leviamp n-matsnake Avava a-mwatsnake Axamb na-mwersnake Maxbaxo na-mwərsnake Bonkovia mwarasnake Tonga ŋatasnake (there are no snakes in Tonga) Sesake mʷatasnake Pwele mʷatasnake Lelepa mwatasnake Wayan ŋwatasnake (generic) Fijian ŋatasnake, viper Tongan ŋatasnake, serpent (there are no snakes in Tonga) Niue ŋatasnake Samoan ŋatasnake (rare in Samoa) Rennellese ŋataPacific boa: Enygrus carinatus (Schneider); general name for snakes, loathed and considered the embodient of non-worshipped deities Maori ŋatasnail, slug, leech Note:   Also Peterara mwaγata ‘snake’. Although most languages appear to reflect POc *mwata, reflexes in Bali (Uneapa)) and the central Solomons point to *qumata, suggesting that the more common reflexes are either products of recurrent metathesis, or evidence of a POc doublet.  a    b    c    C    d    e    g    h    i    j    k    l    m    n    N    ñ    ŋ    o    p    q    r    R    s    S    t    u    w    y    z    a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel 2010: revision 5/31/2020 email: Blust (content) – Trussel (production)
Attosecond conversions Convert attoseconds to attosecond (unit of time), pl. attoseconds, abbr. as The attosecond conversion selector selects the time measurement unit to convert to starting from attoseconds (as). To make a conversion starting from a unit of time other than attosecond, simply click on the "Reset" button. About attosecond The attosecond is a unit of time in the metric system equal to one quintillionth of a second (1 as = 10-18 s). One attosecond (as) is also equal to 0.001 femtoseconds (fs), or 10-9 nanoseconds (ns), or 10-12 microseconds (μs) or 10-15 milliseconds (ms), which are SI units of time. The attosecond is the shortest unit of time that can be directly measured. Times of this magnitude (i.e., on the attosecond time scale) are used in science for atomic physics calculations. The atomic unit of time is equal to 2.418884326505(16) × 10-17 seconds or 24.18884326505(16) attoseconds. Symbol: as Plural: attoseconds Attosecond conversions: a list with conversions from attoseconds to other (metric, imperial, or customary) time measurement units is displayed below. Back to attosecond (as)
All About Skin Cancer Skin cancer can be understood as an abnormal growth of cells that mostly occur in the skin that is exposed to the sun. However, it can also occur on the skin that is not usually exposed to the sun. Some of the common types of skin cancer include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the US. In fact, more Americans are diagnosed with skin cancer more than any other type of cancer every year. Although this may sound shocking, the good news is that if it is detected early, skin can easily be treated by a reliable Midtown East dermatologist. Below are some important things you should know about skin cancer. Skin cancer primarily develops in areas that are most exposed to the sun, including the face, scalp, ears, neck, lips, chest, neck, arms, hands, and legs. It can also form on areas that are not exposed to the sun, including the palms, beneath the toenails and fingernails, and around the genitals. It affects people of all skin tones. Depending on the type of skin cancer that a patient is suffering from, there are several symptoms that they can experience. Skin Cancer Some of them include: A waxy or pearly bump A flesh-colored or brown flat scar-like lesion A scabbing or bleeding sore that heals and returns A firm, red nodule A flat lesion with a crusted, scaly surface A large brownish spot with dark speckles A mole that bleeds or changes in feel, size, and color Dark lesion on toes, fingertips, soles, or palms Skin cancer results from mutations in the skin cell’s DNA, which causes the skin cells to grow uncontrollably and form a mass of cancerous cells. In most cases, skin cancer results from exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. However, exposure to the sunlight does not explain why parts of the skin that are not ordinarily exposed to the sun can get cancer. This implies that there are other factors that can contribute to skin cancer. For instance, having a condition that weakens the immune system or exposure to some toxins can cause skin cancer. Some risk factors that are associated with skin cancer include: History of sunburns Excessive exposure to the sun Having less melanin or skin pigment Living in high altitude or sunny areas Family history of skin cancer Having a weak immune system Exposure to radiations Exposure to certain toxic substances If you have been diagnosed with skin cancer, your doctor will subject you to more tests to demine the extent of cancer. Small skin cancers that have not gone beyond the surface of the skin may not require any treatment beyond the initial biopsy removing the growth as a whole. Other common skin cancer treatments include freezing, excisional surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapy, and photodynamic therapy. The Takeaway Overall, it is apparent that although skin cancer is quite common, it is an issue that can easily be treated, especially when it is diagnosed at its earliest stages of development when it is still easy to localize. Therefore, if you have any signs that indicate that you might have skin cancer, it is wise to seek the attention of a dermatologist immediately for diagnosis and treatment. George Abbot Create Account Log In Your Account
What are CloudCoins? CloudCoins are files. Each file contains a serial number and 25 authenticity numbers. These 25 passwords correspond to 25 clouds all around the world in different jurisdictions. If you are given a CloudCoin, you will need to "pown" it. Pown means to password own. The process of powing only takes a few seconds. You will use a webpage or CloudCoin wallet to contact the RAIDA (Redundant Array of Independent Detection Agents) . You will tell the RAIDA the existing numbers and what you would like them to be changed to. If the RAIDA replies that the coins are authentic, then only you will know the codes and you will be the new owner. Because of the speed of light, you can pown hundreds of thousands of coins in less than two seconds. Fast facts *CloudCoins come in denominations of whole numbers (1s, 5s, 25s, 100s and 250s). *There are a fixed amount of CloudCoin notes: 16,777,216 exactly. *The amount of coins never grows. *The RAIDA costs only $5,000 in electricity each year and there are no transaction fees. *There are now 89 Detection Agents in the RAIDA and this number is expected to grow to 800. *RAIDA Admins are paid based on the mining of lost Coins. In this way, there are never any permanent losses. *Because CloudCoin separates the data from the logic. CloudCoins can do just about anything. We often embed CloudCoin in jpeg images like these: Data Supremacy CloudCoins are based on a new Theory of Perfect Money that was conceptualized by CloudCoin Founder, Sean Worthington. Worthington noted that for a monetary system to be sustainable, it must have physical integrity, meaning that hackers, governments and even the people who created it could not bring the system down. Worthington calles this "Data Supremacy." There are only three databases technologies in the world that have data supremacy: the Blockchain, the DNS (Domain Name System) and the RAIDA. Worthington used the DNS as a starting point for the RAIDA. The DNS is a system that has never gone down since the day it was created in 1985. It handles thousands of requests from billions of people everyday. Without the DNS, the Internet as we know it would not function. RAIDA is like the DNS. According to Worthington's theory of perfect money, monetary systems should have no logins, passwords, user accounts or public ledgers. They should be just like using cash. CloudCoin is this first digital currency to achieve this ideal. CloudCoin is 100% private. With CloudCoin, all we do is send each other files and then change their passwords. Blockchain based currencies require private keys and all transaction are tracked. CloudCoin does not use any ledgers. Instead of the users having accounts, the CloudCoins themselves have accounts. CloudCoins are the most private currency ever created. What you should know about CloudCoin Privacy: Information On the RAIDA. The RAIDA only has three pieces of data about CloudCoins. The serial number, the authenticity number, and the month since last authenticated. The month since last spent helps us to know if the CloudCoin is lost. If the CloudCoin has not been spent for over five years then the RAIDA Admins can mine it. Just because a coin has been authenticated does not mean it changed hands. A user may re-authenticate their own coins just restart the months since authenticated to zero. Taking Ownership AKA POWNING (Password owning). No one can force you to take ownership of a CloudCoin. You cannot force another person to take ownership of coins that you own. If you are the owner of a CloudCoin - meaning that you are the only person in the world who knows the Authenticity Numbers, it is impossible to prove that you are the owner because it is impossible to prove that other people in the world do not also know the Authenticity Numbers. The only way someone could know that you are the owner if they can observe you spending it or if they can prove that you are the only person who could have put the CloudCoins where they were found. Any person who you pay or buy something from will know that you were the true owner but they may not know who "you" are if you are anonymous. In this way, CloudCoin is like Cash. If someone finds a sack full of cash in the trunk of your car, it does not necessarily prove that the cash is yours. If someone finds a bunch of authentic CloudCoins in your email system, it does not necessarily mean that they belong to you. Sending CloudCoins: You can send CloudCoins via email or any other anonymous system. But, if you send it via a system that knows who you are, then chances are they can track your transmission. Therefor, the CloudCoin Consortium recommends that you use an encrypted email system such as Protonmail.com. RAIDA Mail is a technology that may be released by the time you read this. RAIDA Mail is much stronger than Protonmail mail but costs CloudCoins to send. The most secure way of sending CloudCoins maybe by using CloudCoin Wisper method. This is when you tell a person over the phone face to face or over a secure channel an ANG (Authenticity Number Generator). This technology is used but the tools are still under development at the time of this writing. (10/8/2019) But this technology is similar to having a prepaid credit card and you tell the person all the numbers so that they can use it. Receiving CloudCoins: (like via email) and you can also receive coins from someone anonymously. You should be aware that some file transfer systems will leave logs. For example, email systems at your work may keep copies of all emails you send or receive. If you have an anonymous account to receive coins then this is not a problem. There are private ledger systems and CloudBanks that my keep your CloudCoins. You should know that these form wrappers around CloudCoin and are not CloudCoin. These systems make it convenient to send and receive CloudCoins because they provided a "trusted transfer" where both the sender and receiver know that the coins are authentic. But, these system are not 100% private. Instead, they are pseudo anonymous like the Blockchain. They require a CloudCoin to be used and your possession of this key could link you to the CloudCoins in the Skywallet. These ledgers are private and not open to the public. However, if an administrator of these systems wanted to, they could probably find out how much CloudCoin you own and who you do business with. The rule is that if you are happy with the kind of privcy you get from crypto currencies, then use the Skywallet. But if you are wanting 100% privacy, do not use Skywallet. Perfect monetary systems must be able to handle all the world's transactions. Because of the simplicity and low bandwidth and processor power, the RAIDA could in theory be scaled up to handle 8 million transactions per second. The RAIDA does not have to coordinate different databases like the Visa system. The RAIDA is will soon have different levels. Just the like DNS system has root servers and Top Level Domains, the RAIDA can distribute the work to lower levels allowing for very fast and efficient transactions. Transaction Speed According to the Theory of Perfect money, good money should be traded all over the world at any time and happen faster than is humanly noticeable. The powning of CloudCoins is achieved by contacting a storm of clouds in parallel. Even though these clouds are all over the world, coins are authenticated in less than two seconds. This is because of the speed of light. The fact that CloudCoins have different denominations allows change of ownership quickly. Here are the locations of the RAIDA Clouds: RAIDA 00AustraliaRAIDA 13Taiwan RAIDA 01MacedoniaRAIDA 14Russia RAIDA 02PhilippinesRAIDA 15Russia RAIDA 04SwitzerlandRAIDA 17Singapore RAIDA 05South KoreaRAIDA 18USA RAIDA 06JapanRAIDA 19Argentina RAIDA 08IndiaRAIDA 21India RAIDA 10GermanyRAIDA 23Germany RAIDA 12India Energy Usage Perfect money would use no electricity. The RAIDA uses so little that it allows RAIDA administrators to be volunteers. The system is believed to require less than $5,000 in electricity per year and these costs are divided among 25 groups of people. The low cost guarantees no fee ever. In fact there are no mechanisms built into CloudCoin that would allow fees. CloudCoin is the greenest, most efficient payment system in the world. CloudCoins can be stored anywhere were data can be stored. They can be printed out on paper, stored on USB drives, put into a video game, placed inside a jpeg image (or any other file).. even stored in your mind. CloudCoins are the first crossover currency that can be brought into and out of virtual reality. A new feature is the Skywallet. A place that allows you to store your coins in the Cloud so that you can access them from anywhere. Theft and Loss Theft and Loss are big problems with Crypto Currencies because crypto has systemic risk that cannot be mitigated. This risk comes from the "Private Key". With Bitcoin, if you lose your private key, you lose everything. If you make a copy of your private key, you double your chances of being robbed. With CloudCoin, there is no private key. You can mitigate your risk of loss without increasing your risk of theft and vis versa. CloudCoins can be stored in separate locations so that if one location should be hacked, other locations are still safe. You can password Protect your coins using our CloudCoin Wallet so that if they are stolen, they are still safe. You can embed a hash of your email address into the coins passwords allowing you to recover them if they are lost. So if you forget your password, you just need to remember your email. Learn More with the Learning Kit! There's much more to learn about CloudCoins. The best way to learn is to buying learning kit. You get a book, some CloudCoins, some software and some videos. It's only $11. Link to page here learningkit.php
How To Raise Bees In West Virginia Kermit 25674 Stamp painting, knitting, playing with basketball or collecting: these are the particular things that come to mind when people think of avocations. Make an effort to think of beekeeping as a hobby. Keeping bees is an original pastime, it can be educational and amusing; it also can be a lucrative hobby. Apiculture or beekeeping is the preservation of honey bee colonies. Apiary is where the bees are kept. Apiarist or a beekeeper is a person who keeps honey bees for the purpose of raising bees and queens to sell to other farmers, and securing products such as honey, beeswax, pollen. There are commercial beekeeping: residential, hobby beekeepers or hobby beekeeping, sideliners, or different types of beekeepers. Residential beekeeping is ordinarily kept bees in the most crowded area in urban environment. Before keeping bees be certain you understand the laws, regulations and requirements because some places don’t allow beekeeping. Most beekeepers are hobby beekeepers; they have a different day job, and find beekeeping gratifying although they keep bees as a hobby. Only a couple of hives are generally owned by these individuals. They’ve interest in ecology. A sideline beekeeper wants to make a profit keeping bee but relies on an additional supply of income; it normally occurs when a hobby gets out of control or when they’ve decided to widen beekeeping in full time. Sidelines beekeeping can manage up to 300 colonies of bees. And finally, Commercial beekeepers control hundreds or thousands of colonies of bees. The sort that is most extensive beekeeping can handle up to 50,000 colonies of bees and make millions of pounds of honey. Beekeeping lessons are very important to an aspiring beekeeper As beekeepers, you should wear protective clothing to shield skin from stings of the bees. Beekeepers must wear gloves and veil to protect your face and particularly the eyes. Sometimes they don’t to use gloves because they have this expertise in beekeeping and in handling bees. Neck and the face are the most important areas to protect why most beekeepers will wear a veil that is. Rinsing glove hands and washing suits regularly will minimise interest. Beekeeping can easily be learned over time. Hands on expertise is the best means to learn. You will understand the best way to approach correctly the hive and work with the bees. Beekeepers have to use all their senses and always keep an open mind. Start look for what inquire and you should find out some encounters, with a superb start beekeepers seek for their advice. But it’s significant at all times the security of the beekeeper. Always remember that whatever you desire to action, whatever you would like to do or what business or profession you need to enter only follow what your heart says and go for what makes you will happy. Some people that are interested in honey bee farming get their training from how to raise bees classes in Kermit West Virginia but it can be very costly. Fortunately there are less expensive ways to learn the art of successful beekeeping in WV. Click Here To Get Your Copy Share This:
How Do you Maintain a Healthy Diet? Effective diets can be healthy. One of the most popular among them are the Kremlin, Japanese and kefir (Valley) diet. Recommendations how to lose weight, following the rules of these diets, can be found in any magazine. The difference between these diets from others is that they are time-tested by many people and secondly they are quite simple. No special ingredients, the cost is not required. The most effective diets are watermelon and buckwheat. In the first case, there can only be watermelon, in the second buckwheat. The effectiveness of these diets is simple. For a week, you reset approximately 3-5 kg. The negative moment of water-melon diet is that weight losing is only possible in watermelons season. Plus, it is not always cheap. “Scientific” and little investigated diets there can be called a protein diet and a diet based on blood group. Protein diet, in contrast to carbohydrate, admits to eating anything that consists of a protein. It will probably please those who can not imagine his life without meat. In general to observe the protein diet is simple enough: to give up fats and carbohydrates, that is removed from the diet products such as potatoes, cereals, pasta, dessert, flour and butter. On the contrary, it is recommended to consume protein foods such as lean meat, fish, eggs, low-fat dairy products. Peter D’Adamo, an American physician, developed the methodology of blood type nutrition. According to his theory, the assimilation of food, the efficiency of its use by the body is directly related to the genetic characteristics of man, namely, his blood group. For the normal functioning of the immune and digestive systems, the person needs to consume products that match the blood type, in other words, those who long ago lived on his ancestors. Exclusion of dietary substances that are incompatible with the blood, reduces cinder body, improves the function of internal organs, and promotes weight loss. The consumption of “alien” food leads to cinder of the organism and the rapid growth of fatty deposits. Blood group feeding theory provoked heated debate among doctors who are not abated yet. Special diet is a treatment die for patients with diabetes. Diet for patients with diabetes should take into account the number of people carbohydrates consume, because carbohydrates are the main source of glucose and consequently feeding element requiring insulin. Google AdWords Leave a Reply
Skip to main content Understanding Nirayana Bhava Chalit Chart & Its Importance in Prediction Making On observing this sky from the Earth, we see billions of stars. A group of stars when forms a recognizable pattern, we call it a constellation. There could be uncountable number of constellations in the skies depending upon from where we see it. We see them from the Earth and the astronomers have discovered 88 constellations till now. In astrology, we only use 27 constellations and they form the entire zodiac belt. There are 12 zodiac sign in this zodiac belt and each zodiac sign has a width of 30 degrees. Each zodiac sign is owned by a certain planet and a planet can be present either in its own zodiac sign or in some other zodiac sign. The zodiac sign which a planet occupies depends upon the point of reference, the Earth. Earth is moving around the Sun along with other planets, therefore, the speeds of movement of other planets appear to be changing all the time. This happens due to the relative motion of Earth and the other planet. If we change our point of reference from Earth … Subscribe To Our Newsletter Get Free Monthly Predictions & Special Discount Offers On Consultation. / ( mm / dd ) Recent posts Predicting the End Of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) With Astrology Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) is an infectious diseases caused by a new virus officially called SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). This virus spreads from person to person like a common cold. A person infected by this virus can infect others through coughing and sneezing, and a healthy person can also come in contact by touching an infected surface. This virus enters in the body through eyes, nose and mouth. Started in December 2019, the outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China. The source of this virus is believed to be a wet market in Wuhan where both live and dead animals are sold and the virus jumped from animals to humans. Coronavirus is a family of viruses that cause diseases in animals. So far 7 out of these viruses (including SARS-CoV-2 or novel coronavirus) jumped to humans. SARS(2002) and MERS(2015) were also caused by viruses from coronavirus family. Among the 9 planets, Rahu and Ketu are the significators of microorganisms(virus, bact… 3 Signs Of Divorce & Separation From Spouse In Horoscope Commitment, harmony and love are essential for a happy and successful marriage. When a couple is neither willing to make their relationship work nor they want to live with each other they go for divorce. The reason could be anything, everyday quarrels, not being happy with the relationship, extra marital affair or feeling that the decision of marriage was a mistake. Your horoscope can tell many things about your married life: How will be your married life?Any possibility for divorce or separation from spouse?Possible reason(s) for divorce or separation? This article is focused on analyzing an individual's horoscope for signs of divorce and separation. If you wish to know how will be your relationship/married life with your partner/spouse then you can refer to Most Accurate Method of Matching Horoscopes. The article will help you understand how horoscopes indicate a happy or troubled married life, and how you can find an ideal partner for yourself. If you are a consistent reader/fo… Way To Please Rahu And Ketu When They Are Not Well Placed in Your Horoscope Earth revolves around the Sun and when we observe from Earth, we see the Sun moving and following a path over the year. The two dimensional plane of this apparent path of Sun is known as ecliptic. The Moon revolves around Earth, the Moon also has its own two dimensional plane in which revolves around the Earth. These planes intersects at 2 points that are 180 degrees apart and called lunar nodes, Rahu and Ketu. Rahu and Ketu denotes the points where the path of the Sun intersects the path of the Moon. Rahu is the North Node and Ketu is the South Node of the Moon. They are also known as shadow planets and main significators of chaos and confusion. When they are well placed in a horoscope they give tremendous success, and give unlimited suffering and unbearable plain when they are ill placed. For many astrologers, predicting their effects and influence in the native's life is a tough task. I have written an article that will help you understand and correctly assess the influence of… Combinations In The Horoscope That Make A Person Rich (Millionaire OR Billionaire) This methodology of knowing if a person is meant to become rich is not a theory, it is actually practiced and applied on horoscopes to predict about a person's life and to figure out if a person is meant to become really successful and will become rich in his life. In a horoscope, there are 12 houses and 9 planets (excluding Uranus, Neptune and Pluto). Most astrologers see 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th, 9th, 10th and 11th house, and their lords to see if a person has the capability to become rich and successful. Some also take the benefic aspects from Jupiter, Venus, Mercury and Moon into account.The actual answer does not come through this way. To accurately know if a person is meant to become rich and successful you need to see these three things: The Person's IntelligenceBenevolence of The PlanetsSupport from The Time When these three things combine then a person actually becomes successful. I am sure that you find this very logical. 3 Most Important Houses For A Happy Marriage Marriage is a union of two people who are willing to stay together as partners in a personal relationship with the consent of the society. This is how we look at marriage. Nadi astrology also looks at the marriage in the same way and only houses that indicates these things are required to predict marriage. Generally, astrologers look for planets related to the seventh house to predict marriage. The seventh house is the prime house of marriage but the seventh house alone it cannot make the marriage happen. Due to which a possibility of an incorrect prediction arises. Conscious Beings Can Predict Change and Make Their Own Future Most people live in an illusion that they are conscious of their surrounding and about what is happening around them and with them. If somebody asks you whether you are conscious then the correct answer could not be in yes or no. You could be conscious of the physical objects around you but you may not be aware of your own emotions or health. A newborn baby cannot differentiate between the physical objects but slowly the mind starts perceiving through the senses and understands the physical world - the main job of the brain is to help us survive and to survive it is necessary to have an understanding of the physical world. Even if you are not aware of your own emotions, thoughts and health conditions, you are able to differentiate between tangible objects. Consciousness has different levels but there is no limit to expanding your consciousness at these different levels. The more you focus on and use a certain part of your brain, the more it develops. A stock market expert may predict… How To Know if One Will Face Problems in Relationship & Married Life? People dream that after getting married they will live a very beautiful life and share a romantic relationship with their partner. They imagine a perfect relationship and believe that things will never go wrong with them. But life is actually not a fairytale and mostly, people end up with a feeling of dissatisfaction from their partner. It depends on how they take the small mistakes their partner does or their bad habits. Sometimes we assume some habits as a problem even if it is not a problem, the best example of this would be, "putting the wet towel on the bed after taking a shower". You may not find someone who could be exactly the way you want and the fact is you cannot become exactly what your partner wants. When Do Problems Start in a Relationship? Each and every problem starts from your mind. The mind starts feeling a sense of discomfort when things do not go the way we want them to be. In such case, you can either start thinking about how you imagined your married l… Why One Should Work Hard Even If The Horoscope Does Not Indicate Success? Most of the people believe that we make our own destiny. While a good number of people, especially the followers of astrology, believe that almost everything in our life is predestined. Through our hard work, we can surely make a difference in our life but hard work is not a guarantee of success. It can make things better but still not capable of changing someone's destiny. A person becomes successful when he works hard with the vision to become something and the universe helps him on his way. Everybody face obstacles in life almost every day. Obstacles help us become strong and wise but the problem is when those obstacles drain out all the energy and positivity. When is the Right Time to Start a Business? Many people who wish to become entrepreneurs find it very difficult to take that very first step out of their comfort zone to the unknown. When you are about to start something new, you really do not know if you would be able to achieve the level of success you have always dreamed off. I feel that to become a successful entrepreneur everyone should have these three qualities: Knowledge about the domainCuriosity to learn new thingsPassionate to work 24*7 It would not be wise to say that you have to have years of experience in order to become a successful business when we already have examples of people like Bill Gates & Mark Zuckerberg. They had knowledge about their domain, they were curious to discover it more and they were passionate about it. Let's say, you are an expert in your field and in so many years you have worked at so many different places that you believe that now you are capable enough to start your own business. You have got enough money which you can invest… Astrology Basics: Concept of Houses, Sub Lord & Cuspal Sub Lord The ABC, Astrology Basic Concepts, continues. In previous article, you learned what planets, zodiac signs & constellations are. Now, it is time when you come down from skies and understand some of the basic concepts used in astrology to analyze an astrological chart. Zodiac signs are important and they do have their own set of characteristics as mentioned in the previous article but what actually plays a major role in deciding the fate of a person is the houses a planet signifies. Similarly, the constellation in which a planet is present is capable of changing the nature of events. The planet may not give its own result but starts giving results of the constellation if the constellation lord strongly opposes what the planet is signifying but the Sub Lord holds the final say. Mangal Dosha in Your Horoscope Will Not Kill Your Spouse Mangal Dosha is an astrological combination that happens when a person has Mars (Mangal) in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 7th, 8th or the 12th house of the Birth Chart. Person born with such planetary alignment is called a Manglik. It is believed that it is a bad placement and if a Manglik marries with a Non-Manglik then the fiery nature of Mars (Mangal) will bring trouble, tension, problems in the marriage and may eventually lead to the death of the later one. A Manglik should only marry with another Manglik in order to cancel out the negative effects of this placement and to enjoy a happy married life. Subscribe To Our Newsletter Get Offers Of Up To 50% Off On Consultation. / ( mm / dd )
RTP 180: Blockchain FOLLOW UP Blockchain is a complicated technology infrastructure platform that allows cryptocurrencies like bitcoin to operate to move money in transactions and should have mature remittance services like Western Union and MoneyGram looking like Toys R Us, an industry that has been disrupted by innovation and more efficiencies. The technology behind blockchain is self regulated much like how experts describe open source software. Think about it this way from one of the presenters, Drago Bratic. If an immigrant is sending their income back to their family in Europe, every $500 sent by Western Union would cost $42 in American dollars. But with a service like BitPesa, that $500 would cost $15 in American dollars. While the $27 difference may not seem like much to an American, if you do the exchange rate those $27 American dollars can mean several additional meals in other countries. The four presenters had very little time – five minutes each – to discuss their expertise in this growing specialty. They seemed to be deep into the technologies, from the local IBM blockchain program leader to a duo of local entrepreneurs who host a local annual cryptocurrency conference. The four speakers included:
Ghost Towns and Canneries: A Journey Along the Skeena Riding the train from Smithers to Prince Rupert in northwestern British Columbia is as much a trip back in time as it is a way of getting from A to B. The route largely follows the mighty Skeena River as it flows to the ocean, the main artery of travel and commerce for centuries, and the names flashing past on remote signposts beside the tracks represent communities and often entire industries that have almost been swallowed up by the forests and the sea. The Hazeltons This one-lane bridge connecting Hagwilget Canyon was built in 1930; prior to that the local First Nations used a suspension of wood and cedar rope to cross the 80 m chasm. Credit: Frances Riley A couple of hours outside of Smithers on the westward journey, the train pulls into a small community called New Hazelton, located near the confluence of the Bulkley and Skeena Rivers. In the 1890s however, paddle-wheeled steamboats were the best way to get inland, making Old Hazelton, a short distance away, the main action around. That all changed in 1911, when the Grand Trunk Pacific Railroad was being laid. Squabbling between the provincial government, the railway company, and private speculators about the route led to additional townsites being developed. New Hazelton may have ended up with the train station, but Old Hazelton’s historic downtown wins the charm award, with its pioneer-style buildings and the small Anglican church that dates back to the 1880s. Nearby, the Gitxsan First Nation village of ‘Ksan is a spectacular heritage site with totem poles and longhouses situated where the Bulkey flows into the Skeena. A walk across the dizzyingly precipitous suspension bridge at Hagwilget Canyon is also not to be missed. From Mining Town to a Two-Person Retreat Built in 1920, this classic pioneer-style building in Dorreen functioned as store, post office, telegraph office, and mining records centre. Credit: Frances Riley After Hazelton, the train winds along the south bank of the Skeena River before crossing to the north side just before the Gitxsan village of Gitsegukla. Here, archaeologists have dated ancient village sites to more than six thousand years old; local oral tradition reaches back for thousands of years more. As the train rolls through the next village of Gitwangak, keep an eye out for a line of totem poles, some more than a century old, that rise among the houses. There are more than 50 poles to be seen in the area; famously, Emily Carr visited in 1912 to paint some of them. Dorreen, located about 90 km west of Hazelton and accessible only by train, is one of the few remaining pioneer settlements of its kind in the north. Up until about the 1930s, powered by a small gold mine nearby and a seasonal lumber industry, Dorreen was a thriving little place; today, although Dorreen is officially marked as a station, only the original general store and telegraph office* remains to be seen on the south side of the tracks. There are just one or two full-time residents year-round and the train only stops if one or the other of them is getting on or off. A Train Station on the Move Although there were dozens of salmon canneries in operation at the beginning of the 20th century, most of them have now been reduced to pilings at the river’s edge. Credit: Frances Riley Past the city of Terrace, approximately half way on your journey, the Skeena river widens right out and the tidal influence of the Pacific Ocean becomes apparent. At certain periods of the day, mudflats full of migrating birds stretch out towards the water; rows of rotted wooden pilings flash past outside, marking long-vanished stations and work camps. At Kwinitsa, about 80 km from Prince Rupert, a classic CN Rail station and foreman’s house used to stand beside the track, one of ten stops between Rupert and Terrace in the rail line’s early years. In 1985, the City of Prince Rupert salvaged the little station building, barging it down the Skeena and right into the Rotary Waterfront Park, where it’s used as a museum today. The Kwinitsa Station was typical of the smaller stops along the Skeena River until the late 1970s. This one was relocated to Prince Rupert by barge where it operates as a museum. Credit: Frances Riley A few kilometers further along, just before the Tyee Overpass, the train slows down so passengers can catch a glimpse of Tsimshian pictographs painted on the rock wall close beside the track. These images were discovered by an archaeologist from a passing train in 1925, and although they must have had significance when they were created, their precise meaning has been lost over time. From 26 to 2: Restored Canneries in the Lower Skeena The Skeena was frothy with activity from the 1880s on, when salmon canneries began to proliferate like mushrooms in the forest after a rain. These remote operations had to be self-sufficient, with shipwrights, bunkhouses and stores clustered along the waterfront, connected by boardwalks. As the train follows the curve of land into Inverness Passage, more of those old pilings and glimpses of machinery are often all that has survived. However, there are two notable exceptions. Built in 1889, North Pacific Cannery is a National Historic Site with museum tours, exhibits, and on-site accommodations. Credit: Destination BC/Grant Harder Cassiar Cannery ran from 1903 to the mid-80s, processing fish and shipping it south to market. In early 2006, new owners began to restore the remaining heritage buildings; you can arrange for the train to stop and drop you off and spend a night or two in one of several guesthouses with names like Coho, Halibut, and Sockeye. A little further along, the 130-year old North Pacific Cannery is now a National Historic Site and offers tours and accommodation in the renovated bunkhouse on site. Much has changed in the more than one hundred years since trains began running along the Skeena River; once-important industries have faded from the scene, and entire communities vanished with them. Historic glimpses of old ways of life still remain beside the tracks, however, adding a rich facet to the journey that makes it unlike anywhere else in the world. Header photo: North Pacific Cannery. Credit: Northern BC Tourism/Mike Seehagel (Visited 580 times, 1 visits today) Leave a Reply Be the First to Comment!
Emergency Lobectomy for Congenital Lobar Emphysema Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), also called congenital alveolar overdistension, is a birth defect of the lower respiratory tract. CLE causes hyperinflation of the pulmonary lobes. It can involve one or multiple lobes (1). It is a rare disease with a prevalence of 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000 (3). Patients are diagnosed with this problem mostly as newborns or young infants, but less frequently the disease may be latent until adulthood. Approximately 25% of patients present at birth, 50% by one month of age, and the rest by six months of age. Common symptoms include tachypnea and increased work of breathing, and this can progress to cyanosis (2). Some cases of congenital lobar emphysema may be caused by autosomal dominant inheritance, while others occur for no apparent reason (sporadic). Case Report A 1-month-old patient presented to the emergency room with difficulty breathing. On further history and examination, it was found that patient had a normal birth. The patient was up to date on vaccination and being breastfed. For last few days, the patient was having some difficulty feeding. On the day of admission, the patient was looking distressed to the parents. On examination, the patient was having labored breathing and was having decreased breath sounds in the left chest. Patient had a chest x-ray done with immediate impression for a possible right tension pneumothorax (Figure 1). Urgent thoracic evalauation was acquired. The thoracic surgery team determined the presence of lung vascular markings in the right side, raising suspicion of congenital lobar emphysema. The patient rapidly progressed to respiratory distress requiring initiation of mechanical ventilation, hence an urgent computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of congenital lobar emphysema of right middle lobe and mediastinal shift to the left (Figure 2). The patient was transferred to the operating room and an emergent right middle lobectomy was performed through a posterolateral thoracotomy. Upon entering the thoracic cavity, it was obvious that the middle lobe was compressing the rest of the lung and the mediastinum. The distention was so much (as the patient was now on postive pressure ventilation) that the lobe spontaneously popped out of the incision (Figures 3 and 4). The base of the lobe was clamped and a few Valsalva maneuvers were given to re-expand the rest of the lung. Once the upper and lower lobes were expanded, a formal middle lobe lobectomy was performed. The patient was extubated on the first postoperative day and chest tubes were removed after confirmation of the absence of airleak and complete lung expansion. The patient was discharged after an uneventful postoperative course and was completley stable on outpatient follow-up. Congenital lobar emphysema may be treated by observation alone in asymptomatic patients. If symptoms are present, then resection of the diseased lung can be done. It is a rare birth defect but chest x-ray can easily identify that the lung inflation is not normal. The differential diagnosis may include other lesions that are categorized as space-occupying, eg, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and Swyer-James-McLeod syndrome (unilateral hyperlucent lung syndrome) (2). A CT scan can be done quickly. It not only helps diagnose but also defines the anatomy and similarly rules out other differentials. Learn more:
Self-Care: A Way To Prevent Burnout Alyssa Sanchez Self-care is encouraged by many health practitioners, especially for adolescents, but not many teens know what self-care is, how to do it, or why they should make time for it. This is a big problem because a lack of self-care is causing “adolescent burnout,” but there are ways to prevent this from happening. What is adolescent burnout, and why should I care? The term “burnout” was coined by Herbert Freudenberger, the author of the book Burnout: The High Cost of High Achievement, in 1974. Freudenberger describes burnout as “the extinction of motivation or incentive, especially where one’s devotion to a cause or relationship fails to produce the desired results.” This means that when motivation and energy start to fail for adolescents—and for anyone, for that matter—tasks are then harder to get done. Performing self-care activities can prevent an adolescent from burning out, which is important because they often deal with stress and feel overwhelmed. According to a study done by the American Psychological Association, approximately 31 percent of adolescents feel overwhelmed, and approximately 30 percent feel depressed because of stress. Stress and the feeling of being overwhelmed can cause burnout because health risks can occur and affect a person’s work. Some health risks caused by burnout include mental illnesses (depression, anxiety, insomnia, eating disorders, etc.) and/or physical illness (back/neck pain, stomach aches, dizziness, dry throat, etc.), according to Very Well Mind. One way to prevent this is through self-care. What is self-care? According to Adolescent Health Care, self-care is purposefully engaging in activities or behaviors regularly that provide a feeling of happiness that helps reduce stress. This can be done through physical, mental, or spiritual activities. Self-care can help a person´s present self as well as one’s future self. Present-day self-care is doing activities that help a person feel stress-free and happy in the present moment. Future self-care is doing activities that can help relieve future stress by completing tasks that can benefit a person in the future. This process requires thinking ahead and thinking about how one can help out their future self by reducing their stress ahead of time, according to Shine. Self-care shows the most change when done regularly over a period of time However, excessive self-care can lead to self-indulgence, which can hurt a person’s future self by preventing them from completing tasks that are necessary for their future self. An example of this is watching a favorite show to relax but in the process pushing away other responsibilities that need to be done for one’s future self, such as homework. A balance is an important part of self-care. What are some self-care activities? Self-care is personal since certain activities can help some people but not everyone. For example, people who love exercise will enjoy activities like running or playing sports whereas someone else might enjoy listening to music or cooking. The fact that not everything works for everyone makes finding self-care activities difficult for some people, according to Reach Out. The most important thing to keep in mind is to find things that make you feel happy. These activities can be separated into three categories, according to NC State University: physical activities, such as sports and working out; mental activities, such as socializing; and spiritual activities, such as meditating and praying. For these activities to prevent burnout, they must be done routinely and over a period of time, according to the Adolescent Health Center. In addition, they should be done slowly, using baby steps to have any effect. Starting too many self-care activities at once or doing too much at one time can actually lead to more stress, so moderation and slow improvement are important. Self-care activities also include healthy habits such as routine sleep schedules, healthy eating habits, getting enough exercise, and mindfulness, according to Adolescent Health Care. A list of self-care activities can be found here, and if finding a self-care activity seems hard, try this quiz. Self-care and student athletes All adolescents are affected by the possibility of burnout, but student athletes need to focus on self-care just a little more because they have more responsibilities that can add to their stress. According to Disabled Sports USA, athletes who focus on self-care can actually perform better, preventing burnout, injuries, and fatigue. Student athletes should focus on healthy sleep patterns, healthy eating and drinking habits, and game-day routines, all of which can help with a student athlete’s mental and physical health. Healthy sleep patterns can help improve a student athlete’s performance, according to a study done by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Not only does performance improve, but so does alertness and mood. Healthy sleep patterns include going to bed at a regular time every night, sleeping through the night, and waking up at a regular time. Healthy eating and drinking habits for student athletes are important because having the proper fuel can improve performance and also prevent future health problems. Eating healthy includes eating unprocessed foods with high nutrients, and drinking water regularly is also very important. Game day routines can also help student athletes, which might include a game day packing list, listening to music before a game to focus, and mindfulness. These routines can help a student athlete focus before a game and prevent feelings of stress or overwhelm.
Difference between revisions of "Myths" From Bitcoin Wiki Jump to: navigation, search m (minor capitalization modifications and completed 'Worthless' section's first sentence to make a complete sentence.) Line 107: Line 107: Bitcoins are divisible to 0.00000001, so there being fewer bitcoins remaining is not a problem for the currency itself. If you lose your coins, all other coins will go up in value a little. Consider it a donation to all other bitcoin users. A related question is: Why don't we have a mechanism to replace lost coins? The answer is that it is impossible to distinguish between a 'lost' coin and one that is simply sitting unused in someone's safe. == It's a giant ponzi scheme == == It's a giant ponzi scheme == Revision as of 20:31, 6 October 2012 Let's clear up some common Bitcoin misconceptions. Bitcoin is just like all other digital currencies; nothing new Nearly all other digital currencies are centrally controlled. This means that: • They can be printed at the subjective whims of the controllers • They can be destroyed by attacking the central point of control • Arbitrary rules can be imposed upon their users by the controllers Being decentralized, Bitcoin solves all of these problems. Unlike gold, bitcoins are: • Easy to transfer • Easy to secure • Easy to verify • Easy to granulate Unlike fiat currencies, bitcoins are: Unlike electronic fiat currency systems, bitcoins are: • Potentially anonymous • Freeze-proof • Faster to transfer • Cheaper to transfer Bitcoin is backed by processing power It is not correct to say that Bitcoin is "backed by" processing power. A currency being "backed" means that it is pegged to something else via a central party at a certain exchange rate yet you cannot exchange bitcoins for the computing power that was used to create them. Bitcoin is in this sense not backed by anything. It is a currency in its own right. Just as gold is not backed by anything, the same applies to Bitcoin. The Bitcoin currency is created via processing power, and the integrity of the block chain is protected by the existence of a network of powerful computing nodes from certain attacks. Bitcoins are worthless because they aren't backed by anything Bitcoins have no intrinsic value (unlike some other things) While historically intrinsic value, as well as other attributes like divisibility, fungibility, scarcity, durability, helped establish certain commodities as mediums of exchange, it is certainly not a prerequisite. While bitcoins lack 'intrinsic value' in this sense, they make up for it in spades by possessing the other qualities necessary to make it a good medium of exchange, equal to or better than commodity money. Value is ultimately determined by what people are willing to trade for - by supply and demand. Bitcoins are illegal because they're not legal tender Chickens aren't legal tender either, but bartering with chickens is not illegal. There are a number of currencies in existence that are not official government-backed currencies. A currency is, after all, nothing more than a convenient unit of account. While national laws may vary from country to country, and you should certainly check the laws of your jurisdiction, in general trading in any commodity, including digital currency like Bitcoin, BerkShares, game currencies like WoW gold, or Linden dollars, is not illegal. Bitcoin is a form of domestic terrorism because it only harms the economic stability of the USA and its currency http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism#United_States according to this, you need to do violent activities to be considered a terrorist for legal purposes. Recent off-the-cuff remarks by politicians have no basis in law or fact. Also, Bitcoin isn't domestic to the US or any other country. It's a worldwide community. See this map of Bitcoin nodes https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=2346.0 Bitcoin will only enable tax evaders which will lead to the eventual downfall of civilization Cash transactions hold the same level of anonymity but are still taxed successfully. It is up to you to follow the applicable state laws in your home country, or face the consequences. While it may be easy to transfer bitcoins anonymously, spending them anonymously on tangibles is just as hard as spending any other kind of money anonymously. Tax evaders are often caught because their lifestyle and assets are inconsistent with their reported income, and not necessarily because government is able to follow their money. Bitcoins can be printed/minted by anyone and are therefore worthless Bitcoins are not printed/minted. Instead, Blocks are computed by miners and for their efforts they are awarded a specific amount of bitcoins and transaction fees paid by others. See Mining for more information on how this process works. Bitcoins are worthless because they're based on unproven cryptography SHA256 and ECDSA which are used in Bitcoin are well-known industry standard algorithms. SHA256 is endorsed and used by the US Government and is standardized (FIPS180-3 Secure Hash Standard). If you believe that these algorithms are untrustworthy then you should not trust Bitcoin, credit card transactions or any type of electronic bank transfer. Bitcoin has a sound basis in well understood cryptography. Early adopters are unfairly rewarded Early adopters are rewarded for taking the higher risk with their time and money. This argument is akin to saying that people who buy stock at a company IPO (Initial Public Offering) are unfairly rewarded. This argument also depends on bitcoin early adopters using bitcoins to store rather than transfer value. The daily trade on the exchanges (as of Jan 2012) indicates that smaller transactions are becoming the norm, indicating trade rather than investment. In more pragmatic terms, "fairness" is an arbitrary concept that is improbable to be agreed upon by a large population. Establishing "fairness" is no goal of Bitcoin, as this would be impossible. The majority of the 21 million Bitcoins still have not been distributed. By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too can become an early adopter. 21 million coins isn't enough; doesn't scale One Bitcoin is divisible down to eight decimal places. There are really 2,099,999,997,690,000 (just over 2 quadrillion) maximum possible atomic units in the bitcoin design. The value of "1 BTC" represents 100,000,000 of these. In other words, each is divisible by up to 10^8. As the value of the unit of 1 BTC grows too large to be useful for day to day transactions, people can start dealing in smaller units, such as milli-bitcoins (mBTC) or micro-bitcoins (μBTC). Bitcoins are stored in wallet files, just copy the wallet file to get more coins! No, your wallet contains your secret keys, giving you the rights to spend your bitcoins. Think of it like having bank details stored in a file. If you give your bank details (or bitcoin wallet) to someone else, that doesn't double the amount of money in your account. You can spend your money or they can spend your money, but not both. Lost coins can't be replaced and this is bad It's a giant ponzi scheme A ponzi scheme is a zero sum game. In a ponzi scheme, early adopters can only profit at the expense of late adopters, and the late adopters always lose. Bitcoin has an expected win-win outcome. Early and present adopters profit from the rise in value as Bitcoins become better understood and in turn demanded by the public at large. All adopters benefit from the usefulness of a reliable and widely-accepted decentralized peer-to-peer currency. Finite coins plus lost coins means deflationary spiral As deflationary forces may apply, economic factors such as hoarding are offset by human factors that may lessen the chances that a Deflationary spiral will occur. Bitcoin can't work because there is no way to control inflation Inflation is simply a rise of prices over time, which is generally the result of the devaluing of a currency. This is a function of supply and demand. Given the fact that the supply of bitcoins is fixed at a certain amount, unlike fiat money, the only way for inflation to get out of control is for demand to disappear. Temporary inflation is possible with a rapid adoption of Fractional Reserve Banking but will stabilize once a substantial number of the 21 million "hard" bitcoins are stored as reserves by banks. Given the fact that Bitcoin is a distributed system of currency, if demand were to decrease to almost nothing, the currency would be doomed anyway. The key point here is that Bitcoin as a currency can't be inflated by any single person or entity, like a government, as there's no way to increase supply past a certain amount. Indeed, the most likely scenario, as Bitcoin becomes more popular and demand increases, is for the currency to increase in value, or deflate, until demand stabilizes. The Bitcoin community consists of anarchist/conspiracy theorist/gold standard 'weenies' The members of the community vary in their ideological stances. Anyone with enough computing power can take over the network CONFIRMED, see Weaknesses. That said, as the network grows, it becomes harder and harder for a single entity to do so. Already the Bitcoin network's computing power is quite ahead of the world's fastest supercomputers, together. What an attacker can do once the network is taken over is quite limited. Under no circumstances could an attacker create counterfeit coins, fake transactions, or take anybody else's money. An attacker's capabilities are limited to taking back their own money that they very recently spent, and preventing other people's transactions from receiving confirmations. Such an attack would be very costly in resources, and for such meager benefits there is little rational economic incentive to do such a thing. Furthermore, this attack scenario would only be feasible for as long as it was actively underway. As soon as the attack stopped, the network would resume normal operation. Bitcoin violates governmental regulations There is no known governmental regulation which disallows the use of Bitcoin. See also: the "Bitcoins are illegal because they're not legal tender" myth. Fractional reserve banking is not possible It is possible. See the main article, Fractional Reserve Banking and Bitcoin Point of sale with bitcoins isn't possible because of the 10 minute wait for confirmation It is true that transactions can sometimes take tens of minutes to become confirmed. Despite this, retailers can accept unconfirmed transactions with very little risk by simply 'listening' on the network for a double-spend transaction, or partnering with a company that provides this service. After a head start of merely several seconds, the original transaction would reach so much of the Bitcoin network that a fraudulent double-spend transaction would almost certainly be fruitless. An attacker would have to commit easily-detectable fraud, in person, several hundred or several thousand times, before one of these low-value double-spend attempts would likely succeed. An attacker could work around the necessity of sending out a second fraudulent transaction to the Bitcoin network by attempting to solo-mine an attack block containing the attack transaction himself - temporarily withholding the block with the rest of the network - and then execute the fraudulent purchase within seconds, or minutes at most, of mining the attack block, before broadcasting the attack block. However, the cost of such an activity would dramatically outweigh the value of anything typically offered without a confirmation wait for several reasons. First, mining a block (attack or otherwise) entitles the miner to a valuable block reward, and because the attack involves temporarily withholding the block from the network, the attacker would put himself in the likely position of his block becoming stale, which would result in forfeiture of the entire reward. Most solo miners solve less than one block per month, so this would represent the loss of proceeds of potentially several weeks of mining. Second, it is not possible for a solo miner to know exactly when his mining activity will yield a block, and because the attack must be carried out within seconds or minutes of successfully mining a block, the attacker will not be able to know or plan in advance the brief window when the attack would be likely to succeed. While it may be easy for a determined attacker to get low-value items that are sold and delivered online instantly without waiting for confirmations (such as downloads), this unpredictability and the briefness of the opportunity would make it extremely difficult to commit any kind of fraud where real-life interaction is required, such as visiting a merchant or taking possession of goods. Petty shoplifting would be far simpler. Even if an attacker went forward with this attack, the retailer would be notified of the fraud the moment the attack block is released seconds later. In short, the 10-minute wait for confirmation is only practically necessary when delivering goods of value that significantly exceed the block reward an attacker would have to risk to perform an attack and where recourse after delivery is practically nonexistent, such as money transfers. After 21 million coins are mined, no one will generate new blocks When operating costs can't be covered by the block creation bounty, which will happen some time before the total amount of BTC is reached, miners will earn some profit from transaction fees. However unlike the block reward, there is no coupling between transaction fees and the need for security, so there is less of a guarantee that the amount of mining being performed will be sufficient to maintain the network's security. Bitcoin has no built-in chargeback mechanism, and this isn't good Why some people think this is bad: Chargebacks are useful for limiting fraud. The person handling your money has a responsibility to prevent fraud. If you buy something on eBay and the seller never ships it, PayPal takes funds from the seller's account and gives you back the money. This strengthens the eBay economy, because people recognize that their risk is limited and are more willing to purchase items from risky sellers. Why it's actually a good thing: Bitcoin is designed such that your money is yours and yours alone. Allowing chargebacks implies that it is possible for another entity to take your money from you. You can have either total ownership rights of your money, or fraud protection, but not both. That said, nothing inherent in the dollar or euro or any other currency is necessary for chargebacks to be possible, and likewise, nothing prevents the creation of PayPal-like services denominated in Bitcoin that provide chargebacks or fraud protection. The statement "The person handling your money has a responsibility to prevent fraud" is still true; the power has been shifted into your own hands. Fraud will always exist. It's up to you to only send bitcoins to trusted entities. It is possible to trust an online identity without ever knowing their physical identity; see the OTC Web of Trust. Quantum computers would break Bitcoin's security Yes, but quantum computers don't yet exist and probably won't for a while. Bitcoin's security can be upgraded if this were considered an imminent threat. See the implications of quantum computers on public key cryptography here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer#Potential The risk of quantum computers is also there for financial institutions, like banks, because they heavily rely on cryptography when doing transactions. Bitcoin mining is a waste of energy and harmful for ecology No more so than the wastefulness of mining gold out of the ground, melting it down and shaping it into bars, and then putting it back underground again. Not to mention the building of big fancy buildings, the waste of energy printing and minting all the various fiat currencies, the transportation thereof in armored cars by no less than two security guards for each who could probably be doing something more productive, etc. As far as mediums of exchange go, Bitcoin is actually quite economical of resources, compared to others. Economic Argument 1 Bitcoin mining is a highly competitive, dynamic, almost perfect, market. Mining rigs can be set up and dismantled almost anywhere in the world with relative ease. Thus, market forces are constantly pushing mining activity to places and times where the marginal price of electricity is low or zero. These electricity products are cheap for a reason. Often it’s because the electricity is difficult (and wasteful) to transport, difficult to store, or because there is low demand and high supply. Using electricity in this way is a lot less wasteful than simply plugging a mining rig into the mains indiscriminately. For example, Iceland produces an excess of cheap electricity from renewable sources, but it has no way of exporting electricity because of its remote location. It is conceivable that at some point in future Bitcoin mining will only be profitable in places like Iceland, and unprofitable in places like central Europe, where electricity comes mostly from nuclear and fossil sources. Market forces could even push mining into innovative solutions that have an effective electricity consumption of zero. Mining always produces heat equivalent to the energy consumed - for example, 1000 watts of mining equipment produces the same amount of heat as a 1000 watt heating element used in an electric space heater, hot tub, water heater, or similar appliance. Someone already in a willing position to incur the cost of electricity for its heat value alone could run mining equipment specially designed to mine bitcoins while capturing and utilizing the heat produced, without incurring any energy costs beyond what they already intended to spend on heating. Economic Argument 2 When the environmental costs of mining are considered, they need to be weighed up against the benefits. If you question Bitcoin on the grounds that it consumes electricity, then you should also ask questions like this: Will Bitcoin promote economic growth by freeing up trade? Will this speed up the rate of technological innovation? Will this lead to faster development of green technologies? Will Bitcoin enable new, border crossing smart grid technologies? … Dismissal of Bitcoin because of its costs, while ignoring its benefits, is a dishonest argument. In fact, any environmental argument of this type is dishonest, not just pertaining to Bitcoin. Along similar lines, it could be argued that wind turbines are bad for the environment because making the steel structure consumes energy. Shopkeepers can't seriously set prices in bitcoins because of the volatile exchange rate Your assumption is that bitcoins must be sold immediately to cover operating expenses. If the shopkeeper's back-end expenses were transacted in bitcoins as well, then the exchange rate would be irrelevant. Larger adoption of Bitcoin would make prices sticky. Future volatility is expected to decrease, as the size and depth of the market grows. In the meantime, many merchants simply regularly pull the latest market rates from the exchanges and automatically update the prices on their websites. Also you might be able to buy a put option in order to sell at a fixed rate for a given amount of time. This would protect you from drops in price and simplify your operations for that time period. Like Flooz and e-gold, bitcoins serve as opportunities for criminals and will be shut down • Visa, MasterCard, PayPal, and cash all serve as opportunities for criminals as well, but society keeps them around due to their recognized net benefit. • Hopefully Bitcoin will grow to the point where no single organization can disrupt the network, or would be better served by helping it. • Terrorists fly aircraft into buildings, but the governments have not yet abolished consumer air travel. Obviously the public good outweighs the possible bad in their opinion. • Criminal law differs between jurisdictions. Bitcoins will be shut down by the government just like Liberty Dollars were Liberty Dollars started as a commercial venture to establish an alternative US currency, including physical banknotes and coins, backed by precious metals. This, in and of itself, is not illegal. They were prosecuted under counterfeiting laws because the silver coins allegedly resembled US currency. Bitcoins do not resemble the currency of the US or of any other nation in any way, shape, or form. The word "dollar" is not attached to them in any way. The "$" symbol is not used in any way. Bitcoins have no representational similarity whatsoever to US dollars. Of course, actually 'shutting down' Liberty Dollars was as easy as arresting the head of the company and seizing the offices and the precious metals used as backing. The decentralized Bitcoin, with no leader, no servers, no office, and no tangible asset backing, does not have the same vulnerability. Bitcoin is not decentralized because the developers can dictate the software's behavior The Bitcoin protocol was originally defined by Bitcoin's inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, and this protocol has now been widely accepted as the standard by the community of miners and users. Though the developers of the original Bitcoin client still exert influence over the Bitcoin community, their power to arbitrarily modify the protocol is very limited. Since the release of Bitcoin v0.3, changes to the protocol have been minor and always in agreement with community consensus. Protocol modifications, such as increasing the block award from 50 to 100 BTC, are not compatible with clients already running in the network. If the developers were to release a new client that the majority of miners perceives as corrupt, or in violation of the project’s aims, that client would simply not catch on, and the few users who do try to use it would find that their transactions get rejected by the network. There are also other Bitcoin clients made by other developers that adhere to the Bitcoin protocol. As more developers create alternative clients, less power will lie with the developers of the original Bitcoin client. Bitcoin is a pyramid scheme
posted 2012-03-07 20:53:34 An exploration of human anatomy, this week: Are You Blind? Tara Bohensky, Staff Writer Yes. You are blind. Technically, anyway, but more of that in a minute. I’d like to make some introductions before we get to the good stuff. “It’s ALIVE”, will be making regular appearances in forthcoming editions of the Hunter Envoy. It’s going to be all about you, or more specifically your body, its blood, guts, organs and all. Now, it’s time to get up close and personal with the windows to your soul. Firstly, your eyes don’t physically serve as portals to anything, and contrary to popular (if ignorant) belief, you cannot actually see into your brain if you look hard enough. However, eyes do serve as a looking point to the inside of your eyeball, which is an orangey-red color, and looks like the bright fireball of setting sun on summer evenings. In fact, the inside of your eyeballs would be more aptly named ‘windows to the trunk’-that is, the main center of your body. Diseases that occur deep within your viscera, such as diabetes and hypertension can be diagnosed by assessing the condition of the blood vessels inside your eyeballs. Did you know that you can’t actually see color in a dark room? Inside your eye, there are two kinds of receptors, called rods and cones. Rods cannot produce color images. They are the receptors that are active in a dark room, or at night, and can only see in shades of gray. Cones, on the other hand, see color. Three colors, to be exact: they can see blue, green and red. It is the combination of impulses from a few different cone cells that allow you to see the world in its full color spectrum. People who are colorblind either lack completely, or have a severe deficiency of one of the three types of cone cells. Next time you accidentally (or not), bang into that mammoth of a man in the Walgreens parking lot, and he yells “Are you blind?!”, you can answer a confident yes, and not be lying at all. Everyone is blind, because everyone has optic discs. The optic disc is the place on the eyeball at which the optic nerve originates. At this location, none of the rod and cone receptor cells are present; therefore no light signals are transmitted from this area, creating a blind spot. If you don’t believe it, try it out yourself. Hold your paper or iPad about thirty inches away from your face. Close your right eye, focus on the plus sign, and slowly bring the paper towards yourself. At some point between three and eighteen inches, the circle will disappear. That’s your blindspot. The part of your eye that focuses light, and allows it to reach the optimal spot on your eyeball, the fovea centralis, is the lens. It is a fibrous ball of jelly that lies right behind your iris, and it changes shape with the intensity and angle of light passing through it. It is a delicate ball of jelly, however, and a whole host of bad habits or ghastly luck can damage it, thereby obstructing vision by not allowing light to pass through it properly, if at all. The good news is that it’s relatively easy to replace a real lens with a surgically implanted one that can dramatically improve vision. Studies have shown that women live longer than men do. The question has always been, why? Possibly, it is our penchant for tears. Like dog spit, tears contain an antibacterial agent known as lysozyme. When we cry, that cleanser washes over the eye, killing any pathogens that might try to use the eyeball as an entranceway into the body. More crying means more antibacterial washes, which in turn, leads to a cleaner, healthier inner environment. Try it guys, it won’t kill you.
Where to Tricity? Tricity-meaning three cities combined. One such tricity consists of 3 cities namely: Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula. Chandigarh was planned a new city as the capital of Punjab when Lahore was lost to Pakistan. It was matter of prestige for Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India who wanted to assuage the sufferings of the Punjab which befell it due to partition. Everyone is aware of the beautifully planned city. As the years went by, States of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana were separated from the Punjab. There was a demand by Punjab to hand over the Chandigarh city to it. Haryana also claimed the city. So the city became a object of strife between these states. Areas which consisted Haryana were not developed like Punjab, the area being dry and hotter in weather and ignored by Governments of Punjab which were dominated by people from western parts. In a sense, Haryana was to begin from the beginning and task seemed to be daunting but has been surmounted successfully. There were disputes regarding sharing of river waters. Moreover, they did not have any city for being selected for the capital. Capital city actually should be in the centre of the state equally approachable. After division even Chandigarh became on the border of two states away from majority areas of the Punjab. It was then decided to make Chandigarh a Union territory administered by Central government in addition to being the capital for Punjab as well as Haryana. The fact was nobody in the political and administrative circles wanted to be away from the city beautiful. To establish more offices both Punjab and Haryana developed Mohali and Panchkula respectively which are just the extensions of Chandigarh in design and pattern. With the development of these cities, population exploded because in the beginning the rates of properties were low as compared to Chandigarh. The Chandigarh design prohibits the city to grow vertically. So Mohali and Panchkula became the new places for building activity. The villages in the periphery of these cities also becomes crowded due to lower rentals as compared to tricity. For workforce people migrated from Eastern UP and Bihar. They slowly settled here and engaged in any type of work be it agriculture or building or vegetable vendors or security guards and rickshaws drivers and what not. Shanties came up like Mumbai. The area is now populated with people all over from Haryana , Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. Vehicles have exploded in numbers. Everyone seems to becomes rich overnight. There is floating population. So everyday, the newspapers are full of stories of crime, rapes, theft, killings, accidents due to rash driving under the influence of alcohol. The original people who had the land become super rich overnight by selling portions of the land. They indulge in spending a on boozing, expensive cars and other activities. Prices of the property have skyrocketed and cases of malpractices in acquiring the properties by government agencies abound. The tricity is in highly dynamical state and it seems that it shall not stabilise easily. Time does not seem to near when residents shall begin to consider the city their own and care for it. We who belong to those place by birth and times when there was just Chandigarh and had agriculture land find it hard to believe the change. Leave a Reply
Browse Dictionary by Letter Word Explorer Children's Dictionary escalator a set of stairs that moves by means of a belt drive. An escalator carries people between floors of large buildings, such as department stores, airports, or train stations. escape to get free. [5 definitions] escort a person or group of people who travel with someone to protect, guide, or guard that person, or to show respect. [3 definitions] Eskimo a member of any of the native peoples of northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and northeastern Russia. Some Eskimo peoples are now called Inuit. esophagus a tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach of an animal. especially more than usually; to a great degree. [3 definitions] espionage the act of spying to collect information. essay a short piece of writing that gives the writer's ideas, feelings, and opinions on a particular subject. essence that which makes something what it is; central nature. [2 definitions] essential necessary, needed. [3 definitions] essentially at the core; when the most important part is considered. -est a suffix used to change the form of many adjectives and adverbs to make them express the idea of "most." establish to bring into being; to found. [2 definitions] establishment the act of establishing. [3 definitions] estate a piece of land with a large house on it. [2 definitions] esteem to have a high opinion of; respect; honor. [2 definitions] estimate to make a careful guess about the amount, size, or worth of. [2 definitions] estimated resulting from a careful guess rather than exact counting or calculation. estimation a careful guess or opinion based on experience and information. Estonia an East European country bordered by the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Latvia. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. estuary the wide part of a river's lower end, where it meets the sea.
The squales, a name coined by the crew of the USS Titan as a shortened form of "squid-whales," were sentient marine chordates native to Droplet. They lacked true bones, but had pseudovertebrae made from cartilage. They somewhat resembled small whales, with four facial tentacles and the ability to change their skin color for communication or camouflage. While conventional "technology" was alien to them, to their limited access to metals, they had perfected bioengineering far beyond the species of the Federation, and even designed a form of biological space capsule. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) Physiology Edit Squales resemble something like large dolphins or small whales but with several large tentacles toward the front and a cephalopod’s ability to flash vivid colors on their skin to use as camouflage. They possess four large tentacles at the front, but they can fold them back along the body and flatten them out for speed. The mouth is beaked, and has two large eyes behind and above it. They have some vents which they use in expelling bubbles from that functions like a cetacean blowhole but also as a kind of jet thruster for maneuvering.  They have strong tails with four flukes which the squales can oscillate in either direction, using one set of flukes or the other for thrust. Sharing common genetic traits as most Dropletian chordates, the squales have four sexes, two that were roughly male (in that they only donated gametes) and two that were hermaphroditic, exchanging gametes with each other and both bearing and raising young. This adaption is mostly to counter the rate of mutation by diversifying the genetic pool. Squales perceive their world by sending out sonic pulses and listening to the echoes. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) History Edit For millennia the squales had been exploring their world and beyond. Using living probes adapted from existing lifeforms, they had explored the depths of their native sea and the seemingly endless reaches of the sky. Thousands of years ago, before humans or even Vulcans had ventured into space, the squales had sent forth their first space capsule into the cold void of space. The capsule's exit beyond Droplet's atmosphere was a success however the occupants became impaired due their dependence on Droplet's magnetic field. Due to this disability the squales retreated from space exploration and focused their efforts on exploring the depths of the oceans and perfecting their bio-engineering techniques. For countless eons the squales viewed the stars content as passive observers. When Titan's away team arrived on Droplet and began investigating several of the squales' floaters, it piqued the interest in the squales. Curious of these visitors the squales placed several observation pods to monitor the aliens. Due to the squale's lack of understanding of inanimate synthetic technology, they were unable to register the away team as fellow sentients. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) Culture Edit The squales were an open society, due to living in a wide ocean so very few secrets are kept (although the squales’ color-changing afforded some private discourse. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) Pods Edit The squales lived all over Droplet, though primarily in certain zones, presumably those where the most nutrients were concentrated by the currents. The squales lived in pods of flexible size and composition, not unlike Earth cetaceans. Some pods consisted of mothers and their young offspring, others of adolescents banding together under the tutelage of unrelated adult males. The squales social networks were organized around different pods that specialized in different tasks or fields of study: Research, Defense, etc. Transfers into other pods were allowed through apprenticeships, which allowed younger squales to study under their preferred passions and careers. Pods mingled at times periodically aggregate in temporary superpods of hundreds of members for feeding or mating purposes. • Research Pod • Defender Pod • Astronomy Pod • Animal-Management Pod • Contact Pod: A newly arisen pod that was the combination of three pods that opened communication with USS Titan's away team. • Lifemaker Pod Beliefs Edit According to squale belief, everything is a song to them. As a species that relies on echolocation to perceive their world, to them their world is alive as it sings to them and they sing to it in return. The squales refer this as the Song of Life, a song where its reflections define the world, make it real, give it form and substance. In squale cosmology the universe is a song to them. Before the Federation contacted them, they saw their world Droplet divided into three parts, reflecting fundamental overtones of their world and its spiritual significance: • The World Below (the hypersaline depths): The physical realm, the world of waking. • The World Between (the regular ocean): The realm of death. • The World Above (the sky): The realm beyond the physical, the world of sleep. The squales believed that they regularly visit the World Above through sleep, sustaining their spirits as the air sustain their bodies (respiration). Officially there is not standard religious dogma in squale beliefs; but they do enjoy a good argument about their interpretations. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) Government Edit There is no official standard government on Droplet. All matters were debated openly in the deep sound channel forum, the squale form of telecommunications across Droplet, and decided through democratic consensus. It was part of their basic beliefs that all sapient beings had the right to informed self-determination. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea) Bio-Technology Edit Due to the lack of metals needed to create a technological society on their watery world, the squales developed and perfected biological and genetic sciences. Using their skills, they converted and bioengineered various chordate species to suit their needs. They had ways of cultivating food, mainly breeding livestock like the so-called flaming idiot fish, but also farming some sort of seaweed. They were actually able to create the stable economic surplus necessary for building a civilization, to have the resources and leisure for large-scale activities.  At one point thousands of years ago the squales perfected their living technology to achieve rudimentary space travel. However this field had been neglected due to the disorientation and impairment outside Droplet's magnetic field. (TTN novel: Over a Torrent Sea)
Show Summary Details Page of date: 05 June 2020 Summary and Keywords In the years following the Second World War, the U.S. government played a prominent role in the support of basic scientific research. The National Science Foundation (NSF) was created in 1950 with the primary mission of supporting fundamental science and engineering, excluding medical sciences. Over the years, the NSF has operated from the “bottom up,” keeping close track of research around the United States and the world while maintaining constant contact with the research community to identify ever-moving horizons of inquiry. In the 1950s the field of meteorology was something of a poor cousin to the other branches of science; forecasting was considered more of trade than a discipline founded on sound theoretical foundations. Realizing the importance of the field to both the economy and national security, the NSF leadership made a concerted effort to enhance understanding of the global atmospheric circulation. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) was established to complement ongoing research efforts in academic institutions; it has played a pivotal role in providing observational and modeling tools to the emerging cadre of researchers in the disciplines of meteorology and atmospheric sciences. As understanding of the predictability of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system grew, the field of climate science emerged as a natural outgrowth of meteorology, oceanography, and atmospheric sciences. The NSF played a leading role in the implementation of major international programs such as the International Geophysical Year (IGY), the Global Weather Experiment, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA). Through these programs, understanding of the coupled climate system comprising atmosphere, ocean, land, ice-sheet, and sea ice greatly improved. Consistent with its mission, the NSF supported projects that advanced fundamental knowledge of forcing and feedbacks in the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land system. Research projects have included theoretical, observational, and modeling studies of the following: the general circulation of the stratosphere and troposphere; the processes that govern climate; the causes of climate variability and change; methods of predicting climate variations; climate predictability; development and testing of parameterization of physical processes; numerical methods for use in large-scale climate models; the assembly and analysis of instrumental and/or modeled climate data; data assimilation studies; and the development and use of climate models to diagnose and simulate climate variability and change. Climate scientists work together on an array of topics spanning time scales from the seasonal to the centennial. The NSF also supports research on the natural evolution of the earth’s climate on geological time scales with the goal of providing a baseline for present variability and future trends. The development of paleoclimate data sets has resulted in longer term data for evaluation of model simulations, analogous to the evaluation using instrumental observations. This has enabled scientists to create transformative syntheses of paleoclimate data and modeling outcomes in order to understand the response of the longer-term and higher magnitude variability of the climate system that is observed in the geological records. The NSF will continue to address emerging issues in climate and earth-system science through balanced investments in transformative ideas, enabling infrastructure and major facilities to be developed. Keywords: fundamental science, weather and climate, atmosphere, ocean, paleoclimate, computing and simulation Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
20 Famous Scientists Who Never Won The Nobel Prize Google+ Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr In 1895 on 27th November, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and gave the largest share of his asset to a series of prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace and from then to till 2018 Novel is awarded 590 times. A Nobel Laureate is someone who has created a thing that could bring a positive change in the world. Every year in six different categories Nobel Prize has been given from 1895 to the masterminds by whom the world is getting a new era to be a place to live. In this article, we are going to discuss 20 peoples who deserved Nobel but unfortunately, the did not get this. So, Let’s have a look at those 20 famous scientists who have not to get Nobel Prize but truly deserved. Here Are The 20 Scientists Who Deserve a Nobel Prize 1. Abdul Sattar Edhi Abdul Sattar Edhi Abdul Sattar Edhi was a Pakistani researcher, philanthropists, and ascetic who established the world’s biggest network of volunteers ‘ ambulances, the Edhi Foundation. Homeless shelter and pet shelter together. He was nominated for Nobel several times, but he didn’t get any, unfortunately. 2. Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez The U.S. Labor and Civil Rights leader César Estrada Chávez dedicated the whole of his life to improving farmworkers ‘ health, their salaries and working conditions. In 1962 he became the founding member of the National Farm Workers Association. READ  Most 20 Famous Aliens In Pop Culture 3. Corazon Aquino Corazon Aquino famous scientists who never won the nobel prize After a long dictatorship of Ferdinand Macro, she was Asia’s first female President and the 11th President of the Philippines. She has a reputation for democracy and is the world’s leading women. 4. Dorothy Day Dorothy Day Catholic workers ‘ movement was organized by Dorothy Day during the Second World War. Her movements remain today throughout Europe. She was an American journalist and reformist and was an important lay leader on the activist movement. 5. Dr. Feng Shan Ho Dr. Feng Shan Ho The “Shindler from China,” who rescued thousands of Jews. He refused to follow the order of the govt. Dr. Feng Shan was the man who never mentioned heroic acts during the Second World War. And he saved a thousand lives and gave visa problems. 6. Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt scientists who deserve nobel prize An insecure and shy child would grow up as one of the leading politicians and beloved ladies. Eleanor Roosevelt. She was a contentious first lady, who always spoke for African-American citizens in terms of civil rights. For decades after her death, she stayed in the top of national polls. 7. Fazle Hasan Abed Fazle Hasan Abed After the 1970 cyclone hits, Bangladeshi researcher Fazle Hasan Abed became involved in philanthropic work. He returned to his homeland after the 1971 liberation war, which overcame poverty. He has been President of the BRAC bank ltd. “Administrative Board” since 2013. 8. Irena Sendler Irena Sendler Irena Sendler was a Polish campaigner connected to the movement of the Free Polish University. It produced false documents for Jewish families during World War II and it was because its thousands of kids were brought to life by Nazi guards that it was remembered. READ  Most 20 Weird Pictures From Space That Will Leave You Baffled 9. Jacques Delors Jacques Delors The eighth President of the European Commission, till 1995, was Jacques Delors a French politician. During this time he actively promoted both the acceptance of the market economy and the alignment with social democracy in Europe. He worked as a French finance minister between 1981 and 1984. 10. Jose Figueres Ferrer Jose Figueres Ferrer The President of Costa Rica was José Figueres Ferrer for terms there. From 1948 to 1949 he previously served as president in the governing junta. He was familiar with the Governor of Puerto Rico during his administration. For the first time, in Costa Rica, he allowed women and analphabets to vote. 11. Ken Saro-Wiwa Ken Saro-Wiwa scientists who deserve nobel prize The environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Nigerian playwright Ogoni leader. He was sentenced to death by a military government, as were 8 of his kinsmen, which became popularly known as the Ogoni Nine. He was a great critic of Nigeria’s dictatorship. 12. Liu Xiaobo Liu Xiaobo Liu Xiaobo was a frank critic of the Chinese administration and a professor in Chinese democracy and human rights at the University of Beijing. In 2010, Liu won the Nobel Peace Prize ‘ for his prolonged and violent fight for basic human rights in China. ‘ 13. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi The Indian activist was a leader of Indian independence versus BritRaj Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Also called’ Bapu,’ it is a word that dad preferred for his familiar behaviors. The British Govt’s salt tax. Bapu was questioned and walked 400 kilometers, called’ Dandi Salt March.’ 14. Oskar Schindler Oskar Schindler The German contractor Oskar Schindler was. He rescued nearly 1200 Jews from the Nazi camps during World War II. Though he belonged to Nazis, he spends on putting Jews at his place of work to make them live from Nazi brutal torture. READ  20 Amazing Different Types Of Cultural Dances 15. Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II The first non-Italian Pope to be created in more than four hundred years, Pope John Paul II created history in 1978. It has been applauded by the most powerful 20th-century leaders. In 1981 he was attacked in the Vatican City with a doctorate in Theology. 16. Sari Nusseibeh Sari Nusseibeh The Palestinian university scholar, diplomat, and professor at Al-Quds University in Jerusalem is Sari Nusseibeh. He’s an alumnus from Harvard, who’s been born in Syria. For his “Gandhi-like” approach and his contribution to preventing bloodshed, he highlights his followers. 17. Stephen Biko Stephen Biko In the ‘ 60s, Stephen Biko was a very famous Black Liberation voice in South Africa, and after his death during police surveillance in 1977, he became very famous. Being black isn’t a pigmentation-being black’-was the motto of the person. 18. Thich Nhat Hanh Thich Nhat Hanh scientists who deserve nobel prize The world leader and a peace activist from Vietnam, Thich Nhat Hanh. The founder of the tradition of the palm village. The man called by Martin Luther King “An Apostle to Peace and Nonviolence.” 19. Vaclav Havel Vaclav Havel Know you the Czech Republic’s first president? Vaclav Havel was Czechoslovakia’s last President and Czech Republic’s first President. This man was a playwright, essayist, poet who served his nation up until his death, and of course, a perfect gentle politician. 20. Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XI scientists who deserve nobel prize From 1922 to the day of his death, Pius XI was head of the Catholic Church. It had been renowned for his talk to 2,50,000 pilgrims about the knock of the Second World War in France. In defense of the Jews and Christians under Nazi and Soviet governments, he played an important role prior to the beginning of the war. Get The Best Viral Stories Straight Into Your Inbox! I am an executive recruiter and founder and CEO of one of the oldest and largest global people search firms in my area of ​expertise, and I have personally placed thousands of professionals with top-tier companies in the last 20 years. 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Protein closely linked to most common cause of blindness identified through research An international team of scientists has identified a protein which is strongly linked to the most common cause of blindness in developed countries, when its levels are raised in the blood. Professor Paul Bishop and Professor Simon Clark, from The University of Manchester were part of the leadership team on the study. Professor Bishop is also a Consultant Ophthalmologist at Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. The discovery is a major step forward in the understanding of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which affects 1.5 million people in the UK. The study, carried out by the team from Manchester, Cardiff, London and Nijmegen, is published in Nature Communications. The major funder was the Medical Research Council. The protein, called FHR4, was found by the team to be present at higher levels in the blood of patients with AMD compared to individuals of a similar age without the disease. The findings were confirmed in 484 patients and 522 control samples from two independent collections across Europe. Analyses of eyes donated for research after life also revealed the FHR4 protein was present in the AMD-affected parts of the eye FHR4 was shown by the team to activate part of the immune system -called the complement system; over activation is a major causal factor of AMD. It is one of a group of proteins that regulate the complement system and the genes encoding these proteins are tightly clustered on chromosome 1, the largest human chromosome. When the team investigated a set of genetic variants across the human genome, they found that genetic variants in this region on chromosome 1 determined the levels of FHR4 in the blood – and they found that the same genetic variants were associated with AMD. Professor Bishop said: “The combined protein and genetic findings provide compelling evidence that FHR4 is a critical controller of that part of the immune system which affects the eyes. “We have shown that genetically determined higher blood FHR4 levels leads to more FHR4 in the eye which in turn increases the risk of the uncontrolled immune system response that drives the disease. So apart from improving understanding of how AMD is caused, this work provides a way of predicting risk of the disease by simply measuring blood levels of FHR4. He added: “It also provides a new route to treatment by reducing the blood levels of FHR4 to restore immune system function in the eyes. “Because treatments options for AMD are limited, this comprehensive understanding of the biology of AMD is a huge boost for scientists finding answers to a problem which causes untold misery for thousands of people in the UK alone.” Professor Simon Clark, a specialist in the regulation of the complement system in health and disease, said: “This study really is a step-change in our understanding of how complement activation drives this major blinding disease.
A Million Dots - Sven Völker A Million Dots is the winner of the New York Times Illustrated Children's Book Award 2019! It's a stunning graphic visualisation of numbers, starting with 1 (a single tree) and doubling the number on next page, all the way up to 1 million (actually 1,048,576) in 44 pages.  Each number is brought to life with a simple graphic illustration, like dots on the back of a ladybird, bubbles in a drink, water in a swimming pool. On each page, a single neon dot illustrates what one means in the context of the sum. This is a brilliantly way of conceptualising numbers and maths to kids.
Seriation stratigraphy and index fossils the backbone of archaeological dating Seriation, also called artifact sequencing, is an early scientific method of relative dating, invented (most likely) by the Egyptologist Sir William Flinders Petrie in the late 19th century. seriation stratigraphy and index fossils the backbone of archaeological dating-9 In Europe, it has been used frequently to reconstruct the chronological sequence of graves in a cemetery (e.g. Jørgensen 1992; Two different variants of seriation have been applied: contextual seriation and frequency seriation (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, pp. Whereas contextual seriation is based on the presence or absence of a design style, frequency seriation relies on measuring the proportional abundance or frequency of a design style. En los últimos 150 años ellos no han encontrado ningún fósil que no hubiera sido previsto o esperado por Darwin. Los nuevos descubrimientos han llenado los vacíos y nos han mostrado, en un nivel de detalle casi inimaginable, la forma del gran “árbol de la vida.” Darwin y sus contemporáneos nunca se hubieran podido imaginar los avances en la resolución de la estratigrafía que se han logrado desde 1859, ni tampoco se hubieran podido imaginar cuales fósiles se iban a encontrar en los continentes del Sur ni predecir el aumento enorme en el número de paleontólogos, tanto amateur como profesionales, en todo el mundo. Relative dates are established by stratigraphy and by the typological method. Nuestra comprensión sobre la forma y el patrón de la historia de la vida depende de la exactitud de los fósiles y de los métodos de medición de su edad. Algunos críticos, particularmente los fundamentalistas religiosos, argumentan que ni los fósiles ni las mediciones de su edad pueden ser confiadas y que sus propias interpretaciones son mejores. Petrie's problem was that he had discovered several predynastic cemeteries along the Nile River in Egypt that seemed to be from the same period, but he needed a way to put them in chronological order. 1. Don’t be a thief—save your grade, use Bib Me™ and give credit to those who deserve it! 3. We love the challenge, the creativity, and the results from an expertly crafted ad. 4. Checking if your computer has the latest version of Windows updating software for use with the website… 5. The night before police found Adam Hilarie dead in his kitchen, the 27-year-old Central Florida father went bowling with a woman he met through the online dating site Plenty Of Fish, Auburndale police said Monday. 6. That relationship produced a daughter who was 3 at the time that the divorce took place. Comments are closed.
The one thing every Hurricane season has in common- Get ready! With hurricane season beginning June 1st and riding out until November 30th, it is never too soon to get prepared. For those who have become accustomed to weathering storms, it’s easy to underestimate the importance of preparing for this dangerous season. Experts predict that this 2020 season will bring 16 named storms, 8 of which will become hurricanes. Half of those hurricanes are predicted to be major hurricanes, categories 3, 4 or 5. There is 69% chance that 1 of those major hurricanes with make landfall along the US coastline. To put this into perspective, the average of prior years are 12 named storms and 6 hurricanes. The sea surface temperature is expected to be “well-above normal”, which is a key ingredient in fueling hurricanes. Storms are difficult to predict, and the predictions are often off. So, while these numbers may hold small value- let us explain the importance with a few examples from the past. The 1992 season produced only six named storms and one subtropical storm. However, this was the season of Hurricane Andrew, which devastated South Florida as a Category 5 hurricane. And may we never forget about 2004. Although it was predicted that the storm season would have above-average activity, the severity of damage was unpredictable. Hurricane Charley was the first of 4 in a six week period. This category 4 hurricane left Florida cities destroyed and 15 total fatalities in its wake. After Charley came Hurricane Frances. As a cat 4 storm, Frances created 23 spin-off destructive tornadoes causing damage and 29 fatalities. Next was Hurricane Ivan, a large, long-lived category 5 hurricane affected the US and several other countries with total of 123 fatalities. Closing out the season, cat 3 Hurricane Jeanne pummeled several states with 3,035 deaths. The 2005 hurricane season was also predicted to have above-average activity, but uncertainty loomed in the unknown as to just how “above average” the season would prove to be. The hurricane season of 2005 ended with a record 27 named storms, 14 hurricanes and 7 major hurricanes. Out of those 7 major hurricanes were 3 category 5’s. Hurricane Katrina, being the most destructive storm on record, causing an estimated $125 billion dollars in damage. Katrina devastated many states across the Gulf Coast of the United States and had a total fatality number of 1,833 lives. Hurricane Rita hit shortly after Katrina, recorded as the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Gulf of Mexico and the 4th most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. The last category 5 hurricane of the season was Hurricane Wilma, making it the first time in history that 3 category 5’s had formed in one year. Wilma became the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic basin and she holds the title as the second-most intense tropical cyclone recorded in the Western Hemisphere to date. Similarly to ‘04 and ‘05, 2017 hurricane season was also predicted to be above-average. But, again, it was unknown what the outcomes could be. After a few years of lower activity, this year was one of the worst on record. Hurricane Harvey was a category 4 hurricane that hit Texas and Louisiana, causing  extreme flooding and 107 total fatalities. Hurricane Irma was the second major hurricane of this season and hit as a category 4 and a category 5. Most hurricanes have extremely unpredictable paths and can switch up on us at any moment. Irma was a prime and local example of that. Irma had a total of 134 fatalities. Last of this season was Hurricane Maria, another cat 5 hurricane with a devastating total fatality number of 3,057. The storms can turn out less or more than predicted, but to be unprepared can be catastrophic. It can be easy to assume that the worst won’t happen, but there are too many examples in recorded history to not be ready for the unpredictable and powerful storms that may occur in this season. Leave a Reply
Laundry: how to make it green | 4th March 2011 Despite advances in washing technology, doing the laundry still has one of the biggest household carbon footprints. While washing machines produce around 51kg of carbon dioxide per year, the worst offender is the tumble dryer which produces, on average, a staggering 159 kilogrammes of carbon dioxide annually. So how can you reduce the impact that doing the laundry has on the environment? First, ditch the tumble dryer and switch to drying clothes outside or on an indoor line. If you really must use a tumble dryer, keep it to a minimum and then only when you need it. Wash clothes on an energy saving 30 degree cycle and make sure that you only wash when you’ve got a full load. But there’s also washing powder to consider and that’s where brands such as Ecover come in. Traditional washing powders contain ingredients such as petroleum distillates, phenols and bleach; all of which are toxins that are thought to be cancerous. Many also contain optical brighteners which are intended to make whites look even whiter but form an irreversible chemical bond with the skin. Rather than expose yourself to a smogasbord of chemicals, try using an eco-friendly laundry brand such as Simply or Ecover instead. Ecover’s products, for example, use plant-based surfactants [the ingredients that lift the dirt] rather than ones derived from petrochemicals and use the naturally occurring enzymes, amylase and protease in the biological washing powder. Check out the new Non Bio Concentrated washing powder, £3.99 which works well at 30 degrees, smells pleasantly of lavender and has absolutely no nasty chemicals involved. The company also uses 100 percent biodegradable packaging made from polyethylene, polypropylene and recycled cardboard. While Ariel, Bold and co are attempting to improve the environmental performance of their washing powders by creating products that clean well at 15 degrees, there are still too many chemicals involved to make them ecologically sound. In the meantime, it’s safer to stick with something tried and tested. Add to StumbleUpon Cleaner Planet plan: a green wash or greenwash? Is turning to 30°C enough? Eco detergent or washing at 30°C? Laura Sevier cuts through the greenwash at the laundry level PICK OF THE DAY: AlmaWin Orange Oil Cleaner How efficient are your home appliances? Help us keep The Ecologist working for the planet Donate to us here
Long Term Food Storage-PT 1 Nutrition Long Term Food Storage-PT 1 Nutrition I won’t go too far into nutrition, but need to cover the basics to explain the reasons behind the way I’ve approached things. Proteins have two main functions, firstly to promote growth. Secondly they maintain supplies of enzymes, hormones, antibodies to regulate body functions. Proteins are made up of amino acids, approximately twenty act like building blocks. Nine of these are essential, that our bodies cannot do without or synthesis them itself.These include; isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, valine, phenylalanine. Proteins from animal sources contain all essential amino acids. No single vegetable contains all of these and need a combination to provide a complete protein. � In contrast to animal products, most of the foods derived from plants rarely have the complete array of the 9 essential amino acids you need to survive. For example, rice is quite high in the total amount of amino acids it contains, but misses out on several of the 9 required by the human body. For this reason, from the perspective of getting enough of amino acids in your diet you cannot survive indefinitely on rice alone like you could on beef.� Plants have provided a means to obtain the complete amino acid array we need to survive without having to consume any animal products at all. This is done by mixing and matching. What some plant based foods lack in amino acids, other foods have. For example, eating just beans or eating just rice will result in not obtaining all the 9 essential amino acids you need to survive. However beans and rice complement one another so that by combining them into the same meal you will receive all the amino acids you need to maintain health.� ��Rice / Chickpeas ��Corn / Lentils ��Corn / Rice ��Corn / Beans ��Beans / Rice ��Rice / Lentils ��Pasta (Wheat) / Chickpeas� To achieve a complete amino chain with vegetables; beans, corn and squash need to be used in combination. These are also refered to the three sisters. Corn, beans and squash also complement each other nutritionally. Corn provides carbohydrates, the dried beans are rich in protein, balancing the lack of necessary amino acids found in corn. Finally, squash yields both vitamins from the fruit and healthful, delicious oil from the seeds. Many societies throughout history have hit upon the right food combinations that together provide the complete amino acid set necessary for survival. For example beans on corn tortillas in Central America, soybeans and rice in the Far East, cornbread and pinto beans in southern US. When laying in your preparedness food supplies you would do well to emulate those who have successfully figured out the correct combinations necessary for health and survival. Examples of Foods High in Amino Acids • Grains include wheat, oats, rice, barley, and corn. • Seeds and Nuts include almonds, cashews, sunflower seeds, and pumpkin seeds. • Legumes include peanuts, soybeans, lentils, peanuts, and a wide variety of beans. Food Combinations for the Essential Amino Acids For example, beans (a legume) when combined with rice (a grain) are an excellent source of the complete array of essential amino acids. Combining rice with nuts is still a good combination, but not optimal as compared with the beans and rice combination. Therefore if you have these kinds of foods on hand you can optimize your diet by making food combinations. If you add some milk products, in the form of powdered or canned milk or long lasting cheeses, your options are increased. For example a glass of milk with a whole wheat sandwich is an excellent combination for obtaining the essential amino acids.� Carbohydrates consist of two types 1) Simple e.g.; sugars and 2) Complex e.g.; starches.� Sucrose the most commonly eaten (sugar) have no nutrients and is used mainly for taste and fast energy. Complex carbs are from potato’s wholemeal bread and flour products.Before being used by the body must be broken down into simple sugars and absorbed through the small intestine. Then used as energy or as a reserve to maintain blood sugar levels, between meals or during exercise.� � Apart from providing energy, carbs are needed to metabolize protein, so they can be used for the above functions.� To release the energy from carbs the body needs sufficient quantities of vitamins. Everything is connected.When I first started to research long term food storage, complete proteins were never really mentioned. Everything was based around old methods.� Mormon Four� 2.�Milk Powder This provides the basic minimum to stay alive, (but who would want to on this) and needs to be incorporated with foraging.� An alternative is the Kearney Diet of;� ��Red Wheat ��Pinto Beans ��Olive Oil Which is slightly better at providing complete proteins, but very limited to recipe ideas.� A One Year Grub Stake consisted of;� ��Split Peas ��Dried Eggs ��Cooking Oil ��Baking Powder ��Baking Soda I wanted to combine these and add a few more essentials to increase variety and nutrition. I also wanted to separate Long term, Medium term and Short term.� Long Term (5-10 years) are items that could be brought gradually, stored in plastic food grade tubs, sealed and wouldn’t be touched.� Medium Term (1-2 years) items used all the time and rotated fortnightly, mainly tinned foods with a three to six month supply.� Short Term (6 months-1 year) essentially foods used in homemade MRE’s to be used in my BOB kit or backpacking trips. About 20 years ago, someone noticed that the people in one remote village (A) on the East coast of Mexico were very healthy, yet the people in another remote village (B) about 70 miles away were not healthy. Their diets were virtually identical: a little fish, their home grown beans, some corn, and a few vegetables. The soil conditions and water available for gardening were virtually identical, and the villagers used similar clay crocks or jugs for storing their harvests. Another obvious difference between the two villages was that the first one was able to store beans from one harvest to the next, but the poorer villagers often ran out of stored beans, as bean weevils destroyed their dried beans. The people in village A were healthy and industrious, their children full of energy, with strong limbs and teeth, ran to their tasks and games as healthy children do. Meanwhile, in village B, the people were listless, did less work, and the children all had symptoms of rickets and scurvy. So what could make such a tremendous difference in the health of people in two neighboring villages? After considerable study, it turned out there were two things the people of the distant villages were doing differently. In village A, a watchful villager had noticed that bean weevils had to brace themselves against one bean in order to gnaw through the hard outer shell of another bean. So they only filled their storage crocks three-fourths full, and once a month would shake them. The shaking of the beans would by itself kill the been weevil larvae, and thus their beans would remain unharmed in storage. Again, in village A, persons long before had noticed that beans were hard to digest, which meant that all of the food value was not being extracted from them. So they added a teaspoon full of wood ashes (lye) to the soaking water for their beans, then rinsed the beans and discarded the soaking water before cooking. The lye altered the state of the lysine in the beans, so the available amino acids were much more readily assimilated by the human digestive tract. It worked: they were healthy. You are wondering if the researchers took those lessons from Village A back to Village B, and everything turned out just fine, like in a fairy tale, right? Well, they tried, but the B villagers said they had been growing and saving beans for years, they knew what they were doing, and something as simple as shaking their beans was dumb, and they weren’t going to put any wood ashes in their beans. Sounds like the tale of the ant and the grasshopper to me! Before they are eaten, the raw bean seeds should be soaked in water for several hours and then boiled for at least ten minutes in new fresh water to degrade a toxic compound – the lectin phytohaemagglutinin – found in the bean which would otherwise cause severe gastric upset. This compound is present in many varieties (and in some other species of bean), but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans and white kidney beans (Cannellini beans). Although in the case of dry beans the ten minutes required to degrade the toxin is much shorter than the hours required to fully cook the beans themselves, outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with the use of slow cookers whose low cooking temperatures may be unable to degrade the toxin. Sprouts of pulses high in haemaglutins should not be eaten. Kidney beans, especially, should not be sprouted. This is the most commonly used bean used for refried beans (fresh or canned) and in many dishes at Tex-Mex restaurants. Rice and pinto beans served with cornbread or corn tortillas are often a staple meal where there is limited money for meat, as the combination of beans and corn creates all the protein amino acids needed in a meat substitute. When it comes to making chili, if a bean is added, this is the one typically used, although the kidney bean, black bean, and many others may also be used in other locales.�
Significance of Instruction There are numerous meanings of instruction yet in a straightforward manner, instruction is a demonstration or procedure of passing on or increasing general information, constructing the education life the capacity to reason and judge, and by and large preparing oneself or others intellectually for developed life. Many immature nations today don’t focus on the significance of instruction in the general public and this has made most nations not to be created. I ask myself what advantage it will be if the vast majority of these immature nations have individuals in the administration who are accomplished and on the off chance that they could concentrate on the instruction part of the nation all together for the young to create and have the option to reposition the nation as they are been called pioneers of tomorrow. It is notable that training prompts achievement and I will talk about the significance of instruction and why I think instruction is the foundation of anyone that necessities to change the world in a positive manner. Instruction can never be thought little of as training structures the core of any general public. The information on making new revelations, executing these disclosures for the accomplishment of any general public can be accomplished through instruction. The development of many created nations today can be credited to the nature of training that is been granted to the individuals. Individuals who have quality instruction can improve the general public by making changes that will cause monetary, social and political development and advancement of the general public. Instruction opens your psyche to all the more likely comprehend your general surroundings and how things functions. Learning the various societies and happenings occurring at better places far and wide is conceivable through instruction. Our points of view are been expand through instruction with the goal that we can not just limited to what’s going on in our nations yet what’s going on around the globe. Steady employments today are given to accomplished individuals, this was worried in the expressions of the Unified State President Garisson huts Obama, when he said “In an economy where information is the most important product an individual and a nation bring to the table, the best occupations will go to the best taught whether they live in the US or India or China”. This announcement shows the significance of instruction in landing the best positions in the general public and holding the best situations in organizations. Instruction encourages you to believe throughout everyday life. You can design your life successfully when you have instruction as it will assist with investigating issues of life and have the option to turn out with answers for those issues that you may confront. Taught individuals can settle on choices that can change life in a positive manners as they will have procure a great deal of understanding as they learn new things consistently. The significance of training is well clear in created nations as it assume a significant job in close to home and social advancement. Training has been utilized as a way to lighten destitution, abuse, and war as the pioneers are well furnished with information to control the nation towards development. In certain nations, there has been issue of overpopulation which is one of the best stress of humanity. Overpopulation can be credited to absence of legitimate and better instruction. Sex training should be educated to the young people who are grown-up of tomorrow. Monetary development in one’s life can be accomplished through training. Guidelines on the most proficient method to oversee cash and put away the cash admirably can be accomplished when you have great instruction as you are well learned on the approaches to go into business and lessening the danger of getting bankrupt. Training has been utilized as a significant instrument to educate individuals regarding their privileges and administrations that they can approach. So as to have the option to separate between doing the good and bad, instruction assumes an imperative job as youth are been trained what should be done and what not to be done in the general public and how they can be a dependable individual in the general public.
iNaturalist in Ramsey 1. What is iNaturalist? 2. Add observation via mobile app 3. Add observation via the Web 4. Get involved! 5. Other Resources What is iNaturalist? Simply put, iNaturalist is a way to connect people to nature. It is a powerful tool that allows users to upload a photo via app or web, and almost instantly identify and gather information on the plant or animal in the photo. When enough observations are made, it can become useful information to scientists monitoring specific species.  Who can use it?  From professional scientists, outdoor enthusiasts, curious youth, birders, teachers, amateur naturalists, and you! iNaturalist has uses for anybody and everybody. You can learn more about nature, keep track of your "life lists", and even contribute to Citizen Science projects. How it works Create an observation: An observation records an encounter with an individual organism at a particular time and location. You do not have to know what it is to observe it. iNaturalist will help you identify it, and the community can confirm accuracy. This includes encounters with signs of organisms like tracks, nests, or things that just died. When you make an observation, you’ll record:  • Who you are: You’ll need to make an iNaturalist account and only post your own personal observations. You can choose to make personal information private from the public.  • Where you saw it: Record both the coordinates of the encounter as well as their accuracy. You can obscure the location from the public.  • What you saw: Choose a group of organisms like butterflies or better yet a specific organism like Monarch butterfly. If you provide evidence, such as a photo, you can leave this blank and get it identified • When you saw it: Record the date of your encounter, not the date you post it to iNaturalist • Evidence of what you saw: by including evidence like a photo or sound, the community can help add, improve, or confirm the identification of the organism you encountered. Help the community by taking clear well framed photos, by including multiple photos from different angles Your observations do not need to include all of these parts, but they do in order to become research quality observations for science. When uploading via mobile app, this information can be automatically added. If you are uploading observations via web, try to collect as much information as you can when you take your photos. Remember, you should make separate observations for each separate organism you encounter. If you observed something that is not wild, like a garden plant or a lion in the zoo, make sure to mark it as captive/cultivated to prevent it from becoming research quality.  Citizen Science Citizen Science is a way for anybody to collect data relating to the natural world. You do not have to even have a science background to participate! iNaturalist is a great opportunity to contribute to many Citizen Science projects from your own back yard. Every observation can contribute to biodiversity science, from the rarest butterfly to the most common backyard weed. We share your findings with scientific data repositories like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to help scientists find and use your data. All you have to do is observe.  Source: iNaturalist
How to kill ticks that are embedded in dogs Dogs, especially outside pets, are prone to pests such as ticks. There are shampoos and fur coatings that can be applied to prevent infestations, but once the tick has been embedded into the dog, these products becomes ineffective. The tick buries itself deep into the dog's skin and quickly grows in size. To remove an embedded tick in your dog, the tick needs to be removed in whole. Put on the rubber gloves. Removing the embedded tick creates a small, open wound that bleeds slightly. Fill three-fourths of the plastic cup with rubbing alcohol. This will immediately kill the tick. Locate the tick. Place the open tweezers as close to the area where the tick is embedded. Removing the tick from its entry location avoids leaving the head behind or rupturing the tick's body. Close the tweezers firmly around the ticks head. Slowly pull the tick out of the embedded location without twisting or turning it. Once removed, drop it into the cup of rubbing alcohol. Pour a small amount of peroxide onto a cotton ball. Apply it directly to the wound. Allow it to sit for 30 seconds and wipe the area clean with a dry cotton ball. Apply a small amount of triple antibiotic ointment to the wound and surrounding area. Repeat Steps 1-6 on any other embedded ticks.
Water supply in Covid-19 times Water is the most valuable resource we have on our planet and is the essential for the survival of all the species that live in it. These days, with the appearance of the Covid-19 virus, water is crucial for the prevention of the transmission of the disease (among others), since which is of vital importance to guarantee the hygiene of people and objects of our daily use. Supply of virus-free drinking water. We are very lucky to have a supply of drinking water that guarantees us water free of bacteria and infectious diseases, since it has been previously treated in water treatment plants, for this reason… …you can drink tap water without worrying about the transmission of the diseases; therefore, you do not have to consume bottled water. Clean with soap and water. Water combined with soap is lethal for Covid-19, which is why the importance of washing your hands often with soap and water. Do regular maintenance to your pool. Do not do anything different, your pool just needs to be disinfected. You just have to follow the usual maintenance with products and recirculation of water to have a clean and disinfected pool. Agua y Covid19 Water supply equipment When using potable water from the public network (previously treated), the equipment and elements of water supply, such as pumps, pressurization equipment, pipes, etc. They have a minimal risk of contamination, in addition to the fact that the human manipulation of these once installed is infrequent. ESPA pumps and equipment are made of quality materials and during the pandemic period the protection measures for the personnel handling the have been extreme. However, remember that prevention is the key! While this situation lasts, protect the most exposed areas, disinfect objects frequently manipulated by other people with alcohol and wash your hands often. #SafeWater #StopCovid19 Whatsapp 9am - 13pm CET +34 972 58 80 00 Do you want to receive the latests news from ESPA?
Want to keep learning? This content is taken from the University of Reading's online course, A-level Study Boost: Unseen Poetry and the Creative Process. Join the course to learn more. One room, many visitors Let’s play with the room metaphor a little bit more to consider the different roles between poets and readers. Poets are like the skilled craftspeople who create rooms – the architects and designers, builders and decorators who make the poetic structures and spaces that we visit. They are wordsmiths, constructing poems out of the raw material of words, punctuation and blank space. Sometimes visitors to the room of a poem (readers, like you and me) feel that we should focus only on understanding what the craftspeople (the poets) intended when they built the room. We can certainly get a huge amount of pleasure from observing different aspects of the room. We might examine the materials out of which it’s constructed, its structure, and its technical features. But thinking about what the architects and builders were doing when they built poetic rooms is only one way to approach a poem. Another way is to think about the experience that poetic rooms offer to us, their visitors. As visitors, we’ll certainly notice features of the room that were put there by the builders, architects and designer. But what really matters to us is the impact that those features have on us. What kind of atmosphere do they create in the room? What sort of effect do they have? Different visitors to the room will notice different things, and we’ll all respond in unique ways to the things that we notice. Some will enjoy listening to the sounds that the room makes; others will be intrigued by its shape. We’re all likely to notice different details, and our response to those details will reflect, at least in part, our own experiences and personalities. Indeed, our own response to a room can change over time. Revisiting a poetic room having been away from it for a while can sometimes feel like entering it for the first time, because we’ve become different people during the time we were away. Because each of us will react in our own, unique way when we visit the room of a poem, we need to learn to trust our instincts and listen to our feelings. It’s great to understand some of the techniques that poets use so that we can reflect on why we feel the way we do when we visit a poem. But fundamentally, close reading a poem is about our own experience of that poetic room at a particular moment in time. Poems are not restricted or ‘invitation only’ spaces. When it comes to poetry, everyone is welcome: you have as much right to be in the room of a poem as anyone else. Whether the room of a poem was built hundreds of years ago or just this past week, it invites you in. Empty rooms are very quiet and lonely places; poetry really comes to life when you enter into it. Think of a room or space that stands out in your memory. It could be a recent or an old one. Describe the space. What is it that you remember seeing, feeling? What one detail do you notice? Later in the course, in Week 2, you’ll hear from some of the ‘builders’ sharing their techniques of constructing poems. But first, you’ll be visiting ‘Patagonia’ and exploring the intricacies of the poem’s room. Course tip To help keep track of your progress on the course, only mark the Step as complete if you’ve fully understood the content and you’re ready to move on. If you’re unsure, you can still move on and return to the Step at a later date. Remember, you can try and find answers in the discussion area by reading other comments or posting a question. Share this article: This article is from the free online course: A-level Study Boost: Unseen Poetry and the Creative Process University of Reading Get a taste of this course
Hipocondrogénesis (Hypochondrogenesis) - COL2A1 gene. The hipocondrogénesis is a severe and rare bone growth disorder, characterized by a small body, a few short limbs and abnormal ossification in the spine and pelvis. Affected children have arms and short legs, a small chest and underdeveloped lungs. The bones in the skull develop normally, but the vertebrae and pelvis not ossify properly. Other additional signs and symptoms include flat, oval - shaped face, widely spaced eyes, a small chin, cleft palate, enlarged abdomen and hydrops fetalis. As a result of these serious health problems, some fetuses do not survive. Generally, infants die or shortly after birth from respiratory failure. It is considered that newborns who live beyond the neonatal period have hipocondrogénesis but spondyloepiphyseal developmental dysplasia, a related but milder disorder that affects bone development similarly. This disease is due to mutations in the COL2A1 gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q13.11). This gene encodes a component of collagen type II, called the pro-alpha1 (II) chain. This type of collagen is found primarily in the vitreous and cartilage. Most cartilage is later converted to bone. Collagen type II is essential for normal bone development and other connective tissues that form the support frame body. Collagen type II is also part of the vitreous, the inner ear, and the nucleus pulposus. They have identified at least 18 mutations in the COL2A1 gene in people with hipocondrogénesis. Some mutations of the COL2A1 gene deleted or result chains pro-alpha1 (II) in the missing critical segments. Other mutations replace the amino acid with a different amino acid glycine at various locations of the collagen chain. All these mutations interfere with the formation of molecules of type II collagen, which results in characteristics of the disease because affects tissues that are rich in type II collagen. This disease is considered to have a pattern of autosomal dominant because a copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the alteration. It is caused by mutations in the COL2A1 new gene and occurs in people with no history of disease in your family. This disease to the next generation is not transmitted, because affected individuals do not live long enough to have children. Tests in IVAMI: in IVAMI perform detection of mutations associated with hipocondrogénesis, by complete PCR amplification of exons COL2A1 gene, and subsequent sequencing.
Skip to main content Order Contacts Online Order Contacts Online Book Exam Huntington Station Book Exam Lake Grove Home » What's New » 20/20 Vision: The Facts 20/20 Vision: The Facts It's safe to assume that you've stumbled upon the terms visual acuity and 20/20 vision. Yet, what do these terms actually mean? Really understanding what they imply will give you insight into how your optometrist determines the state of your vision during an eye exam. The term 20/20 vision is used to indicate the clarity and sharpness of your eyesight from 20 feet away. If you've been told you have 20/20 vision, that means that from twenty feet away you are able to accurately see that which should be seen from that distance. Alternatively, 20/100 eyesight would indicate that to see what most people can see from 100 feet, you would have be 20 feet away. Both eyes are tested one after the other. During the part when you're asked to look at the eye chart and read out the letters, the smallest letters you can properly read determine the visual acuity in the eye that's being evaluated. However 20/20 sight doesn't necessarily mean you have perfect vision, because, after all, it can only judge your distance vision. There are other really vital sight skills; the ability to focus on objects that are close by, contrast sensitivity, peripheral awareness, eye coordination, depth perception and color vision - these are all extremely important to your general vision. Furthermore, a patient who has 20/20 vision may have unhealthy eyes. People with damage to the retina as a result of diabetes, high blood pressure, glaucoma, or numerous other conditions are still able to have 20/20 vision without glasses. And because of this, your optometrist always performs a comprehensive eye exam, as opposed to just a plain eye chart test. During your next eye exam, you'll know exactly why you need to read letters off an eye chart, and more! Call Our Offices Request an Appointment
We Are Small By Meg Owens People in this generation walk around with a chip on their shoulder. Most hold the idea that they are superior; however, in the wide scheme of things, none of us really matter. Does this make you feel small? How about the fact that our planet alone has a surface area of 196.9 million mi²? Earth is the fourth largest planet within our solar system, yet we are overshadowed by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Our own Sun is large enough to hold 1.3 million planets equivalent to the size of Earth. While most people confuse the Sun as the largest star in our solar system, there’s actually another star known as “UY Scuti,” which is the largest star we’ve discovered thus far, standing at nearly 5 billion times larger than our Sun. Being inhabitants of Earth, we are part of the Milky Way galaxy. Within our galaxy we are not the only solar system. So far, astronomers have discovered 500 other solar systems and estimate that there could be tens of billions in our galaxy alone. Just imagine 500 other solar systems like our own. WE ARE SMALL. Still yet, some of you have the sheer audacity to put yourself on a pedestal. You are no more deserving than any other person. In reality, none of us truly matter. If we died today, we would be replaced tomorrow. We are a small planet in a vast universe. The proposition of us being here is unfathomable, so why take it for granted? Why act like we are more admirable than others? In the end, we are inconsequential. We are small.
You are here The 2019 edition of the World Water Development Report focuses on the theme of “Leaving No One Behind”. It argues that fulfilling the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation for all can also significantly contribute to the achievement of the broad set of goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: from food and energy security, to economic development and environmental sustainability. Based on the latest data, this report’s findings clearly illustrate the need to make substantial progress towards delivering on the 2030 Agenda promise of reaching the most vulnerable. Media Types
How will developing countries be affected by the global financial crisis? A new report from the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) looks at the impact of the global financial crisis on the developing world. Results show that developing countries cannot be treated as a homogenous block. Concerns vary significantly across countries, depending on their current economic situation, exposure to specific impacts and capacity to respond. Isolation from world financial markets will not protect the poorest countries, as the indirect impacts are likely to be severe. In developing policy responses, account must be taken of the following: Countries will be affected differently by the different areas of impact (exports, foreign investment, exchange rate, interest rates, remittances, foreign aid). Within national economies some people will be more affected than others. There are governance implications at international and national levels. It is proposed that the following policies are pursued: Increase aid flows; enhance social protection, restructure international financial institutions.
medical care Due to lack of appreciation of the complexities of the interactions between nature and nurture, claims for the rapid improvements in medical care following the human genome project have been exaggerated. Increasingly, medicine has regarded social networks not just as a site for disease transmittance but also as a resource that affects morbidity, mortality, and the utilization of medical care. Psychiatric morbidity in three primary medical care clinics in the city of Sao Paulo These questionnaires explored the presence of fears, misconceptions, the attitudes toward the operation, the satisfaction regarding medical care and the general pre- and post-operative adjustment. In order to identify the psychosocial factors that lead to the demand for medical care related to the menopause, we carried out a case/control study. Specifically, the odds of dying from psychiatric disorders were considered while statistically adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and treatment in primary or specialty medical care sectors. Depressed RMI recipients made less use of available medical care for their depression than Parisians controls, mainly because RMI recipients did not consult psychiatrists, whereas controls did (21%, P?>amp;lt;?0.0001). If consistent medical care is provided, characteristics of the political system may have less impact on the course of schizophrenia than is sometimes assumed. Conclusions: Many people with mental health problems attend primary medical care practitioners without presenting these problems to their physicians. Only a small proportion of diagnosed subjects received medical care in psychiatric wards; this held especially for the group with higher occupational positions. However, the mortality risk of the long-stay psychiatric patients compared with that of the general population was notably higher, despite ongoing improvements in medical care and facilities. Intensive care medicine is a modern area of medical care characterized by high technology and extended resource use. In the last few decades, its proportion within the hospital medical care has steadily grown. ???Various concepts of structuring medical care in the intensive care unit (ICU) are being used. ???The continuous 24-hr coverage of medical expertise is a precondition for optimal medical care. The Federal Government funds medical care and the pharmaceutical benefit scheme while the State Governments are responsible for funding the public hospitals. Geriatric Medical care is provided in the public hospital system. Medical care by cardiologists and written recommendation of ACE inhibition in patient records were independent predictors of a more appropriate prescription of ACE inhibitors. Cardiac morbidity was reduced by 54% and costs for medical care were lowered by 47% in HG. ???Of all patients with a late decision to seek medical care at night, 95.6% belonged to one of these groups. 版权图标  2008 CNKI－中国知网
Reader Comments Gluco Type 2 by Regina Fancy (2019-11-14) These new findings have taken knowledge further down Gluco Type 2 Review the road in search of the drivers of type 2 diabetes, which are now known to include weight at birth. Persons who are suffering from type1 diabetes are persons that cannot generate sufficient insulin. Persons that are suffering this type is usually those young adults and children. Here are some list of the signs. Fatigue - The body is unable to utilize glucose as fuel and sometimes unproductive. In addition, the body changes over in metabolizing fat, completely or partially, as source of fuel. This process obliges the body in using more energy. The outcome is feeling tired or constantly fatigued. Unexplained loss of weight - Persons having diabetes are not able to process several calories in foods they eat. As a result, they can have weight loss although they eat actually proper or even too much quantity of food. Loss of water and sugar in the urine accompanied by dehydration contribute also in the loss of weightExcessive thirst - Excessive urine results as the kidney tips out the extra sugar. The body then tries to neutralize this by conveying a sign into the brain in diluting the blood that interprets into thirst. The body persuades more water utilization to dilute elevated blood sugar to normal level again and compensate for the loss of water through excessive urination.Excessive Urination - A person having diabetes increases elevated blood sugar scales, which overpower the ability of kidney to absorb again the sugar, while the blood is cleaned to produce urine. This may lead to lack of fluids or dehydration since excreting sugar brings large quantity of water outside the body alongside with it.
Wild Boar Cinghiale (Sus scrofa) Reconstructive drawing (T. D’Este) Sus scrofa Quite similar to the domestic pig, It is still widely spread in Europe and Asia. It is sturdy, with the hair consisting of long and hard bristles generally of black color. It has very developed smell and hearing, that it make use to look for food and to feel the danger. It lives in the forests and in the bush, where he builds its muddy burrow, usually sheltered by a dense scrub, digging it into the ground. It appears in Europe about 800,000 years ago, with a subspecies of great size (Sus scrofa priscus). It is fairly common in middle and upper Pleistocene deposits. Masterpieces of the hall The hall Sala Espositiva
Subscribe For Free Updates! We'll not spam mate! We promise. Thursday, 5 November 2015 Biology MCQs Part 7 biology mcqs 61. Biology is the scientific study of A. Plants B. Animals C. Bacteria D. Living organisms 62. Which one of the following is not the character of living organisms A. They can acquire and use energy B. They can grow in size C. They respond to stimuli D. They do not adopt to the environment 63. The word Malaria means A. Good air . B. Bad air. C. Sweet air. D. None of the above. 64. Which disease killed more peoples than any other death causing factors including all other diseases,natural calamities and wars? A. Small Pox B. Mjeasles. C. Malaria. D. Tetanus 65. Malaria is more common in A. Tropical areas. B. Southern areas. C. Eastern areas. D. All over the word  66. Physician of Egypt,China,India, Italy and Greece described the malarial disease even about. A. One thousand year ago. B. Two thousand years ago. C. Three thousand years ago. D. Four thousand years ago. 67. Which is the cause of malaria infection? A. Bacteria. B. Plasmodium. C. Algae.             D. Viruses.  68. In 1878, who observed the real cause of malaria i.e Plasmodium? A. Laveran. B. Ronal Ross. C. A.F.A.King. D. Grassi. 69. In 1889 who studied the life cycle of Plasmodium in Anopheles mosquito and discovered the relationship between mam,mosquito Plasmodium? A. Grassi. B. Ronal Ross. C. A.F.A. King . D. All of the above. 70. In 1878,who discovered tiny creatures under the microscope in the red blood cells of a material patient? A. Robert Hooke. B. Laveran. C. Galilio. D. A.F.A.King. Share With Other's To Help In Test Preparation Post a comment
Over time, the performance of a piano action tends to decline due to wear.  Regulation is the process of making adjustments to a piano’s moving parts which can range from a simple task of turning a small screw to sanding down a wood surface. The goal of regulation is to make the piano’s touch, sound and responsiveness consistent across all notes.
When Child Soldiers Become Filmmakers A call to break from normalized evil. Kurt Shaw My wife and I went to Bogotá to teach a group of teenagers who had been guerrilla and paramilitary soldiers how to make movies. Our hope was that a film made by teenagers who had been in the war, and not one simply about them, would help the public see these children as human beings, not merely as the icon of fear and pity that we have come to associate with the catchphrase "child soldiers." The movie that they made, Ruleta de la Vida, or Life's Roulette—transforming the stories of their lives, so that Bogotá's urban underworld serves as a metaphor for the war—turned into something more: it became a prophetic text. The frontlines of the Colombian civil war may seem an unlikely place for children to reflect on ethics. Children and teenagers recruited as soldiers in this brutal and unforgiving war have seen evil turned into something normal. Paramilitaries, guerrillas, and the army all massacre civilians if they think it will advance their strategy. All of the warring armies finance their struggle by selling cocaine, stealing land and cattle, and kidnapping. Rape has become just one more form of social control. Many observers believe that the warring armies recruit children because they are morally malleable, easier to manipulate into the war crimes that play a strategic role in the conflict. After working closely with these kids, I think exactly the opposite is true. In fact, for many child soldiers, war stimulates profound ethical and theological reflection. When the young filmmakers talk of their time in the war, they describe a world where evil has become normal. Murder and rape and theft become so commonplace that no one thinks them strange: it's just what soldiers do. In hindsight, the kids repent what they have done; some say that even at the time, they knew that what they were doing was wrong. Nonetheless, they did things they recognize to be evil. It makes sense that one fundamental question lies under almost every scene of the movie: When evil has become normal, how can you escape it? It may sound paradoxical, but many of the kids insisted that ethics had been central to their decision to join the guerrillas or the paramilitaries.1 Though we heard many reasons for joining the armed groups, almost all of the young filmmakers mentioned one of two motivations: they wanted to help their mothers by sending them the salaries they would earn as soldiers, or they wanted justice for a wrong done to their families by the enemy army. Their time as soldiers followed a predictable path of disenchantment as they learned that they would not be able to get the justice they craved and that their mothers were not getting the promised salaries. In place of the adolescent ethics that had motivated them to join, their captains and colonels offered a group ethos. This ethos grew out of shared complicity—shared guilt for a massacre or rape would bond a company together, for instance2—but it also exercised a strong force to control group behavior and to normalize evil into something jejune and necessary. Yet even when evil became normal, the kids felt something was wrong. In the film, they wanted to show the moment when the weight of this wrong fell on them, forcing them to flee the armed groups and look for a better future. In much recent theology and philosophy, Emmanuel Levinas's concept of hineni has become the touchstone for this moment of ethical recognition, the break that constitutes the ethical subject. Levinas develops his idea through reflection on the prophetic call, when an otherwise ordinary person answers God with hineni, "here I am," showing that he is willing to obey Yahweh's command. The prophet, like children immersed in war, lives in a world where evil has become normal, where people have forgotten the word of Yahweh; in terms the young filmmakers might use, people have come to accept evil and oppression as a normal, necessary part of life and politics. To break the hold God must call a prophet to remind them to do justice, treat others with loving kindness, and walk humbly with their God (Micah 6:8). Levinas's eloquent and powerful philosophy begins at the moment when a person hears that call from God, or, more accurately, sees his responsibility in the suffering face of the widow, orphan, or stranger.3 Many Talmudic authorities insist that Abraham accepted the call of God "joyfully" or "without question."4 Like them, Levinas writes mostly of the challenge to gain the courage to say hineni when we hear a call to responsibility. The young filmmakers who made Life's Roulette offer an important preface to this ethics, wondering how one can even hear the call to responsibility amid the deafening tumult of war. The life stories of these young filmmakers give an idea of how complicated it can be to hear the call of Yahweh, let alone to say hineni. Imagine a young woman whose father was murdered by the paramilitaries, whose family has been forced from their home in the countryside to a shantytown outside Bogotá. She knows that the courts will never give her justice, because the judges are allied with the murderers. Without her father's pay, the family goes hungry. By joining the guerrillas, she thinks she may have a chance to get justice against the paramilitaries and at the same time earn money to buy food for her mother and little brothers. Though she may recognize that she will have to do bad things in order to help her family, she can still believe that she is a good person, because she is doing good things for them. Though the guerrillas may force the girl to do much she considers wrong, each single action can be justified by the long-term goal of justice for her father and food for her little brothers. She will not condemn a massacre, because the victims sympathized with the paramilitaries. She keeps watch over civilian prisoners, but because they were kidnapped to earn a ransom to support the struggle, she understands the necessity. She is raped, but she tells herself that suffering is necessary to get what she wants.5 And with these little justifications, she soon becomes a person her earlier self would not have recognized. She has accepted evil as normal. Life's Roulette transplants these stories onto the urban landscape, building a movie out of several interlacing tales. As a metaphor for the story of being forced from one's home in the countryside by the paramilitaries, one plot line follows a girl who escapes from an abusive father and comes to live on the street. Lost and without friends, she wanders the labyrinth of Bogotá looking for her brother, who had left home before her. In despair, she enters a bar to look for work, even though she knows that the only jobs available are for prostitutes. Seduced by whiskey and money and beautiful girls dancing, she is almost ready to sell her body when she sees the waiter at the bar: her brother. With the shock of recognition, she flees. Many of the young filmmakers told of friends, and even brothers, joining enemy armies and coming to battle against each other, so the second plot line of the movie tells the story of best friends who become enemies when they join rival gangs. The climactic scene follows these two characters, each leading a gang that wants to take power in a certain neighborhood. The camera traces Andrés as he walks up the hill with a girl he has always tried to protect, lamenting the turn his life has taken, and telling her, "I know we will be able to solve this problem by talking." His words are eloquent and he offers a sharp criticism of the life he has come to lead, but when he sees his enemy on the top of the hill, his first reaction is to threaten him, and his second is to pull his gun. As the two rivals draw their pistols, the girl throws herself between them. The frame freezes as the gun approaches her head, and then fades into the image of waving grass. When they thought about moments of ethical recognition, teenagers who have experienced how war normalizes evil saw such opportunities only in the most extreme circumstances. While Levinas might use Abraham or Elijah as the metaphor for the capacity to say hineni, these kids did not find it so easy to hear the call of conscience, let alone respond to it. Their story is closer to that of Jonah, who could only respond to God after he had been thrown from the boat and swallowed by the whale. Both stories in Life's Roulette end happily; after all, the movie is a sort of collective autobiography, and the filmmakers wanted to show how their lives are changing for the better. In the first plot line, the girl and her brother leave the brothel and run into a pair of documentary filmmakers who offer them work; in the second, the two friends stop before they shoot. At the most extreme point, the characters—and the teenagers who created them—were able to pull themselves back from the ethical abyss. Most of us may not find a model for our own ethical transformation in the lives of these child soldiers' stories. Even so, we live in a world that has normalized evil. Whether it is the way we invest our money, the petroleum we use to get to work, or simply the way we treat our parents, we fail to pay attention to the bad things we do every day. They become a kind of white noise; if asked about it, we probably know that what we do is wrong, but we just don't think about it. We don't have the sort of cinematic moments represented in the film. Our ethical call has to come from somewhere else. Two years ago, I worked with a group of young rappers from the most violent favelas of the Brazilian city of Recife, where 70 murders in one weekend barely raises eyebrows.6 In the midst of that kind of violence, most people would bolt their doors and huddle behind concrete walls, but these poor mothers and fathers don't have that option; if they don't go to work, they and their children will starve. In order to give themselves the courage to go out the front door, they invent stories to convince themselves that they will be safe in spite of the battle raging around them. In the favelas of Recife, we heard the same phrase time after time: "He deserved to die because he was in debt to the crack house, and you know what they say, 'if you can't pay with money, you pay with your blood.' " This was a simple, comforting syllogism. People die because they are guilty. I am not guilty. Therefore, I am safe. In the rap album the kids recorded to condemn the violence in their communities,7 they examined exactly this logic. The message the kids wanted to convey through their music is a relatively simple one. The profundity of the art comes not from its content, but from its speaker; in christological terms, not from the message, but from the messenger. We all know that child soldiers and young gang members are human beings with the possibility for good, but some of us still cross the street when we see a black kid walking down the sidewalk toward us. Their message does not aim to teach us anything new, but to demand that we bring our actions into agreement with our beliefs. These kids call us to enter a relationship with them, to see them as real human beings. To do so places our own hypocrisy into stark relief, showing us not only that we are doing wrong, but that those actions have consequences. The denouement of Life's Roulette points us to a similar process. In the movie, drugs and crime serve as a metaphor for life in the war, but the kids also wanted the camera to represent where they saw themselves in the future. In the final scenes, several characters come together to use the ill-gotten gains from drug-trafficking to make a documentary showing the virtues of their neighborhood. By drawing attention to the fact that they themselves made the film, this conclusion makes it clear that these children have a lesson to teach with their movie. In the brief documentary where the actors describe how they made the film, one of the young men insists: "Kids like us, kids who fought in the war, we have a lot to teach. . . . We are normal people, just like anyone else. We have a heart. And we have put all of that heart and effort and enthusiasm into this movie. . . . So that when people see where we come from, they'll see we are people of peace. Not like the majority of people think, that we're always violent."8 One of his friends adds: "Now that we have this project done, fabricated, and ready, as we show it, I think that the way people think will change. They'll look at us in a different way. They'll see that we have these difficulties, but also these qualities that matter more than what's bad. What's good about every human being is that we have bad qualities, but we also have good qualities that overcome the bad." Conversion—or to use more secular language, the break from the normalization of evil—demands prophesy. Young men and women who were soldiers have found a new purpose: not only to integrate themselves into society and teach others about the war,9 but to create a world "where no kid has to go to war," as the protagonist of the film told us. For them, as for Elijah or Jonah or Paul, when one hears the call of God, hineni does not merely mean "I will repent," but "I will work to make the world more just." When I read Levinas, I feel he expects all of us to be prophets, individually hearing the call to responsibility when we see the suffering of the widow, orphan, or stranger. That makes sense for a man like Levinas, who suffered through the concentration camps. What about those of us who haven't spent much time in the Wadi Cherith with Elijah, or in the belly of the whale with Jonah, or in the war with the children who made Life's Roulette? When we have a certain degree of privilege, we are insulated from such direct experiences. The evil in our daily lives has become so normal and boring that it doesn't even open the possibility of a plot twist. With our cars and office cubicles and quiet vacations, we have isolated ourselves from the face of the other that might call us to responsibility, from the need to say hineni. Then again, most people in ancient Israel were not prophets. Most of them lived their lives from day to day, working to feed their families and care for their parents, and often forgetting their duty to care for the widow and the orphan and to do justice for the poor. However, from time to time God would call someone to speak for him, and sometimes people would have the courage to listen to a prophet. Prophecy was a social practice, a relationship between people, not merely between the believer and God or the ethical subject and the face of the other. Levinas doesn't stress this detail, but the kids in Colombia and Brazil do. Who, then, are our prophets? To whom do we have the responsibility to listen? My vote is for children and teenagers from the margins of society: child soldiers and street kids and gangsters and Indian kids selling arts and crafts to support their families. Kids from the periphery can still say hineni. They still see the evils and violence and oppression we have assimilated into our ethical blind spot, in part because they are the victims of that hypocrisy, and in part because they take seriously the ethical lessons that their mothers and fathers teach them. We generally portray prophets as men with long beards, but the truth is that most adults have developed great skills at not hearing the call of God, of accepting the normality of evil. It isn't the noise of war that makes us deaf, but the repetition of our normal lives. This isn't conscious; it is simply the ability to overlook things that might make life difficult for us. Children and teenagers haven't learned those lessons yet. As hard as we may try to teach them, they haven't learned that murder victims in the favela are guilty, or that killing someone else in a war is justified. Even with a gun in their hands, they can't quite believe it. For most of us, the call to ethical responsibility doesn't come from the death of a friend in a gang war or from running into our brothers in a brothel. So we have a responsibility to listen: to teenagers who have escaped the war, to the kids from the favela, or to our own children when they point out our elegantly constructed hypocrisies. Though they may be small, they are the prophets of our age, challenging us to break with the quotidian evil we have come to see as normal or necessary. 1. The stereotype of the child soldier, based largely on stories of the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda, makes us think that children only join armed groups when they are forced or kidnapped. In fact, most of the teenagers with whom we worked insisted that they had chosen to join the guerrillas or the paramilitaries, some for the ethical reasons listed here, others because they wanted to get away from an abusive father or stepfather, others because they wanted adventure in their lives or because they had been recruited by an attractive soldier of the opposite gender. 2. According to Slavoj Žižek, what joins a community together is not the public law that everyone affirms, but the way that everyone is obligated to break the law together. By participating in this "counter-law," everyone joins in a kind of "solidarity-in-guilt." See Slavoj Žižek, The Metasteses of Enjoyment (Verso, 1994), 54-57; and my Agony Street (Shine a Light, 2007). 3. See Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Duquesne University Press, 1969). 4. See especially Genesis Rabbah, Vayera LV. 6. Cited in Jill Robbins, Prodigal Son/Elder Brother: Interpretation and Alterity in Augustine, Petrarch, Kafka, Levinas (University of Chicago Press, 1991). 5. These notes integrate the stories of many of the participants. 6. In Rio de Janeiro, wars between gangs in the 1990s had a higher mortality rate than almost any civil war during the same period (Luke Dowdney, Crianças do Tráfico [ISER, 2002]), and during the last several years, Recife has become more violent than Rio. I particularly remember a conversation with the proprietor of an internet café, who, after a particularly violent weekend, told me, "I don't know why people are making such a big deal out of 70 murders last weekend. Fifty is average, after all, and it was a long weekend with a vacation day on Monday." 7. City of Rhyme/Ato Periférico, produced by Shine a Light and DJ Big. The rappers who recorded the album won the 2008 Freedom to Create Prize as the best young artists in the world working for human rights. Available for download at www.shinealight.org. 8. "We Are People of Peace: How We Made the Movie Life's Roulette" (Shine a Light and Taller de Vida, 2009). 9. While almost half of the thousands of children who attempt to leave the war end up returning to the guerrillas or paramilitaries ("Gobierno perdió la pista de 212 niños desmovilizados de las autodefensas," El Tiempo, October 6, 2007), not one of the 15 teenagers who made Life's Roulette has gone back to battle. Kurt Shaw, MTS '97, is the founder and executive director of Shine a Light, a 300-member network of organizations serving street and working children in Latin America.
View all videos How do scientists investigate the impact of plastics? The science team explain how laboratory work can complement field sampling. Learn how these experiments allow for controlling variables (i.e. experimental constants) and how the scientists design their experiments using the idea of a fair test. Brought to you by In partnership with Plankton Plastics Poo Science 14 16 Thumb Science | Ages 14-16 Plankton, Plastics and Poo Plankton, Plastics and Poo Science ages 14-16 is a KS4 teacher resources. Students are introduced to the pioneering research on the impact of microplastics on the marine ecosystem. This resource brings cutting edge science to the classroom.
Definition for word seeks. Seek Seek, v. i. To make search or inquiry: to endeavor to make discovery. Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read. --Isa. xxxiv. 16. To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unpreparated. ``Unpracticed, unpreparated, and still to seek.' --Milton. [Obs] To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. To seek for, to endeavor to find. To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] ``All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom.' --1. Kings x. 24. To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.] To seek Upon a man and do his soul unrest. --Chaucer., Seek Seek, a. Sick. [Obs.] --Chaucer. Explination we found from Wikipedia for seeks. - seek may refer to: disk seek , in which the read head of a magnetic disk repositions itself. zero seek rent seeking job seeking - a rotating drive's average seek time is the average of all possible seek times which technically is the time to do all possible seeks - the middle of a file, the programmer must create a stream, seek to the middle of the file, and then read bytes in sequence from the stream. - 'seek' is the 18th episode of the tenth season of the american police procedural drama ncis , and the 228th episode overall. - committee joe biden for president 2008 , logo file:joe biden presidential campaign logo 08. svg , 200px campaign u.s. presidential election - 'seek & destroy' is a song by the american heavy metal band metallica , ninth track from the debut studio album, kill 'em all . - 'if u seek amy' (edited for radio as 'if u see amy') is a song recorded by american singer britney spears for her sixth studio album, - hide and seek (disambiguation) italic title no , subject_name hide and seek! , image_link. image:meyerheim versteckspiel. jpg , 250px - 'seek bromance' is the debut single by swedish producer and dj avicii , made while he was under the name tim berg (stylized as tim/berg) We found definition for seeks you search from dictionaries , wikipedia mentions for seeks. Similar meaning for word seeks.
Aboriginal trackers left behind at the end of the Boer War This historical image of Aboriginal Black trackers believed to be associated with Queensland in the same period. There are no known photographs of the Blacktrackers who were commissioned to the Boer War. Between 1899 and 1902, fifty Aboriginal black trackers were summoned by the British forces in South Africa to join the Boer war effort. [node:read-more:link] Subscribe to RSS - Denial
January’s Birthstone is Garnet The Garnet was considered to be a gem of faith & truth. Garnets were used medicinally as a remedy for hemorrhage and inflammatory diseases. Asiatic warriors believed that glowing garnets, used as bullets, inflicted more severe wounds. In 1892, during hostilities on the Kashmir frontier, the Hanza tribesmen fired on British soldiers with garnet bullets, believing them to be more effective than lead bullets. February’s Birthstone is AmethystFebruary’s birthstone is the amethyst. It is the stone of Saint Valentine, who wore an amethyst engraved with the figure of his assistant, Cupid. Saint Valentine’s Day is still observed in February. The word amethyst comes from the Greek word “amethystos” meaning “not drunk”, and was believed to prevent its wearers from intoxication. The following is a story from Greco-Roman mythology as quoted from “Birthstones” by Willard Heaps: March’s Birthstone is Aquamarine The name aquamarine was derived by the Romans, “aqua” meaning water and “mare” meaning sea, because it looked like sea water. They were considered sacred to Neptune, god of the sea. This association with and safe voyages as well as protection against perils and monsters of the sea. Its first documented use was by the Greeks between 480-300 BC. They wore aquamarine amulets engraved with the god Poseidon on a chariot. Beginning in the Roman period. April’s Birthstone is Diamond May’s Birthstone is Emerald May’s birthstone is the emerald. Several famous historical artifacts were made of emeralds. Among them was the Crown of Andes, said to be worn by the last Inca king of Peru who was taken prisoner by Conquistador Pizzaro in 1532. The crown was said to be set with 453 emeralds, collectively weighing 10 ounces (1523 carats). In the 1940s, the crown was sold to, then broken up by, an American syndicate. Many of its stones are probably in the jewelry collections of wealthy Americans today Emeralds vary in color from light to deep green. The emerald belongs to the beryl family of minerals that include aquamarine (the March birthstone), heliodor and morganite. June’s Birthstone is Pearls,Alexandrite and Moonstone. Pearls, according to Indian mythology, were dewdrops from heaven that fell into the sea. They were caught by shellfish under the first rays of the rising sun, during a period of full moon. In India, warriors encrusted their swords with pearls to symbolize the tears and sorrow that a sword brings. July’s Birthstone is Ruby Rubies are the most highly prized of gemstones. Large rubies are harder to find than large diamonds, emeralds and sapphires. As a result, rubies’ value increases with size more than any other gemstone. In the Orient, rubies were once believed to contain the spark of life — “a deep drop of the heart’s blood of Mother Earth”, according to ancient Eastern legends. Ancient Orientals believed that the ruby was self-luminous. They called it “glowing stone” or “lamp stone.” It’s said that an Emperor of China once used a large ruby to light his chamber, where it glowed as bright as day. Brahmans — Hindu priests of the highest caste — believed that the homes of the gods were lit by enormous emeralds and rubies. Later, Greek legends told the story of a female stork, who repaid the kindness of Heraclea by bringing her a brilliant ruby — a ruby so bright that it illuminated Heraclea’s room at night. August’s Birthstone is Peridot & Sardonyx August has two birthstones, PERIDOT and SARDONYX. The Peridot was regarded since ancient times as the symbol of the sun. The Greeks believed that it brought royal dignity upon its wearer. During the Middle Ages, Peridot was pierced, then strung on the hair of an donkey and attached to the left arm to ward off evil spirits. The Crusaders thought that Peridot were emeralds, and brought them back to Europe where they were featured as ornaments in churches. Peridot is a gem-quality transparent variety of olivine, a mineral composed of magnesium-iron silicates. The color of olivine ranges from olive to lime green, sometimes with a brownish tinge. The green color is due to the presence of iron, while the brownish tinge indicates a higher iron content. September’s Birthstone is Sapphire The sapphire, birthstone for September, is a relative of July’s birthstone, ruby. Like ruby, it is a form of the mineral corundum, a normally drab gray mineral. Red corundum is called the ruby, while all other gem quality forms of corundum are called sapphires. Typically, sapphires appear as blue stones, ranging from very pale blue to deep indigo, due to the presence of small amounts of titanium and iron within the crystal structure. The most valued shade of blue is the medium-deep cornflower blue. Sapphires also occur in other natural colors and tints — colorless, gray, yellow, pale pink, orange, green, violet and brown — called fancy sapphires. These different colors are caused by different kinds of impurities within the crystal. For example, yellow sapphires get their color from ferric iron, and colorless gems have no contaminants. October’s Birthstone is Opal and Pink Tourmaline October has two birthstones — OPAL and Pink TOURMALINE. The name opal is derived from the Sanskrit word “upala,” as well as the Latin “opalus,” meaning “precious stone.” Opal is a gemstone of much variety. November’s Birthstone is Topaz & Citrine Yellow Topaz is the birthstone for the month of November, comes from a Sanskrit word meaning “fire.” And in ancient lore, it could be used to control heat. It was said to have the power to cool boiling water, as well as excessive anger. As medication, topaz was used to cure fever. During the Middle Ages, the topaz was used mostly by royalty and clergy. A 13th century belief held that a topaz engraved with a falcon helped its wearer cultivate the goodwill of kings, princes and magnates. December has two birthstones, ZIRCON and TURQUOISE . Zircon was regarded as the amulet for travelers in the Eleventh century, protecting them from disease, injury, and insomnia, as well as assuring a cordial welcome wherever their travels would take them. The gem was also believed to hold magic powers to fight evil spirits. During the Fourteenth century, zircon was popular as a safeguard against the Black Death, the great plague that wiped out one quarter of the population of Europe. The stone was believed to possess healing powers. It was prescribed to insomniacs to induce sleep, used as an antidote against poison, and as an aid to digestion. All information on the birthstones came from Jewelry For Mother 5 thoughts on “Whats Your Birthstone Leave a Reply to njdiamonds Cancel reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
What Does NxGen MDx Screen For? What Does NxGen MDx Screen For? Tay-Sachs Disease What Your Test Results Mean: Carriers typically show no symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease; however, carriers are at an increased risk of having a child with Tay-Sachs disease. Risk for current or future pregnancies is dependent on your partner’s carrier status. Disease Explained: Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited metabolic disorder in which harmful amounts of a glycosphingolipid called GM2 ganglioside accumulate within lysosomes, or recycling compartments, of cells. Individuals with Tay-Sachs disease do not produce enough of one of the enzymes, β-hexosaminidase A, needed to break down GM2 ganglioside. Over time, this excessive storage in the lysosomes can cause permanent cellular and tissue damage, particularly in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and rarely, the brain. While juvenile, chronic, and adult-onset forms of hexosaminidase A deficiency have been described, Tay-Sachs disease is the most severe form of hexosaminidase A deficiency. Individuals with Tay-Sachs typically have normal development in the first few months of life followed by regression of developmental milestones within the first year. With time, decreasing visual attentiveness, unusual eye movements, seizures, and progressive enlargement of the head become apparent. Life expectancy is typically between two and four years. Treatment is mostly supportive and directed to providing adequate nutrition and hydration, managing infectious disease, protecting the airway, and controlling seizures. How the Genetics Works: The clinical features of Tay-Sachs disease can be explained by pathogenic variants in the HEXA gene. In general, individuals have two copies of the HEXA gene. Carriers of Tay-Sachs disease have a single variant in one copy of the HEXA gene while individuals with Tay-Sachs disease have variants in both copies of their genes, one inherited from each parent. Which Screens Are Right for You? Planning to Have a Baby Already Expecting Which Screens Are Right for You? Talk to a Genetic Counselor Discuss Your Screening Results
Loch Hourn is a 21 km-long fjord on the west coast of Scotland. A multibeam survey of the outer Loch Hourn basin extending into the adjacent Sound of Sleat reveals a series of moraines beyond the fjord mouth relating to the Scottish ice cap during the Lateglacial period (c. 15–11 cal ka BP). The outermost moraine is located in the Sound of Sleat, 3.5 km beyond the currently accepted limit of Younger Dryas Stadial glaciation in the loch. Sediment cores from the main outer basin of the fjord sample four lithological units: a coarse-grained basal sand, interpreted as an ice-proximal deposit; finely laminated silts containing occasional clasts, interpreted as a distal glaciomarine unit deposited through pelagic settling from glacial meltwater and turbidity current activity; a poorly sorted mixture of muddy sands containing convolute bedding and flame structures, interpreted as slumped glacigenic material; and poorly sorted, bioturbated marine muds with mollusc shells (Arctica islandica) which yielded a basal radiocarbon date of 11.2 cal ka BP, indicating that open-marine conditions typical of the Holocene were established in the fjord by this time. You do not currently have access to this article.
Maya is a group of Indian peoples who created a civilization in Central America with a fairly developed art, architecture, writing (Maya books were mostly destroyed by the Spanish conquerors, but some of them, in particular the Dresden Codex and Chilam Balam, of our days). Maya created an original system of farming, and quite successfully developed some sciences (for example, astronomy). The beginning of the formation of civilization is the period from 2000 to BC. e. before 250 AD. it reached its peak in 250-900 years. n. e. (it was then that most of the cities were erected and populated). But, since the IX century, the Mayan civilization began to decline – the population was declining, people were leaving cities, water supply and communication systems were becoming unusable, etc. Today, the Mayan heritage attracts the attention of many scholars, and UNESCO has declared their World Heritage sites (Tikal, Kirigua, Copan, Palenque, Chichen Itzu, Uxmal and Hoya de Seren) their cities. Maya is an exclusively landed people, living in seclusion and traveling a little. Wrong opinion. Firstly, the Maya Indians were good seafarers (unlike the Incas, Aztecs and other peoples of America, which were practically not engaged in navigation). Most often their canoes (which could sometimes accommodate up to 40 passengers) cruised off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico or in the waters of the Caribbean Sea, which is very dangerous for seafarers. Such canoes (2,5 m wide, containing a considerable amount of goods (copper, cocoa, swords with silicon and obsidian blades, fabrics) that could be exchanged for the crystal and the feathers of green parrots in addition to 25 oarsmen) Christopher Columbus met on July 30, 1502 to Guanaj (one of the eastern islands of Islas de la Bahia), located 35 kilometers from the mainland. Secondly, they traveled a lot and overland. The system of sacbebo (ceremonial roads) was recognized as the best in America at that time. In addition, according to custom, the traveler was under the protection of the gods, and could travel freely even through the territory of hostile tribes, because for damaging a merchant or a pilgrim, an immediate death was expected. Maya often brought bloody human sacrifices. Some researchers claim that to indoctrinate the gods, the Maya Indians actually used sacrifices. And people at the same time experienced incredible torments – for example, when a living person was torn out of the heart, skin was ripped off from him, thrown into a sacred karst well (cenote), left to freeze in ice caves or was eaten alive. Others believe that the victim did not experience any torment, as she was under the influence of narcotic substances. In addition, there is an opinion that the Mayans seldom brought bloody human sacrifices, unlike the Aztecs, the Olmecs, and so on. Maya wrote books. There is no consensus among researchers on this score. Some believe that the Mayas were only the keepers of books, unknown to anyone created, but neither to reproduce nor to read hundreds of volumes neatly stacked in the book depositories that existed in all the cities of Yucatan, at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards were already incapable. Others believe that the Maya not only could read ancient manuscripts containing information from various branches of science and narrating about historical events, cataclysms (hurricanes, floods, earthquakes), life of leaders and commoners for at least 800 years, but also continued to make new ones folios. Maya books, whose height was 20-23 cm, width – about 10 cm, and the total length of the pages – 320 m, represented a number of white glossy paper sheets made from bast fibers of ficus tree. These sheets were folded “accordion” and covered with hieroglyphics columns. Wrote brushes, and used not only black, but also blue, green, yellow, brown and different shades of red.Then the sheets were placed between two beautifully painted boards, and carefully fastened. There are references to the fact that in Peten (Tayasal) as early as 1679 they made such books. And, finally, there is a third version – the first books appeared in the Maya Indians around 889 AD. The books were only in Maya, the rest of the American Indians did not make records of this kind. Books and scattered records of various content were from the Aztecs, Totonaks, Mixtecs, and so on. However, the Maya seems to have started the chronicles first and issued it in the form of books, and continued to produce literary monuments for 800 years. Maya paper was used only for making books. This is not true. Paper from the bark, called huun, was so strong and elastic that it was used not only for creating books, drawing building plans and drawing drawings that would later be engraved on the stelae, but also for the manufacture of certain types of clothing in those times when Indian weaving was still unknown. And even after the Maya learned to weave more durable and comfortable materials from cotton and flax, the vestments of the priests were often made of paper. Maya had its own calendar – Tsolkin. Actually, the Maya had 3 calendars. The first is the Haab, a “civil” solar calendar that divided the year by 18 months into 20 days (they were numbered from 0 to 19). At the end of each year there was a period of 5 “unlucky” or “empty” days (wyeb). The second is the sacred calendar of the Maya Tsolkin or Tsolkin, according to which the year was divided into 260 days. And the same calendar used Toltecs and Aztecs. And the third calendar, called the “long account”, counted time (from days (kins), years (tuna – 360 days) to the so-called Alautuns (64,000,000 tones or 63,123,287 years 245 days)) from “the beginning of time “(the date corresponding to 31 111 BC). The Mayan pyramids were built by another, more highly developed civilization. There are very heated debates on this issue in the scientific community. Some believe that the pyramids and all the things found on the territory of the temple complexes were made by skilled Maya craftsmen (although this took a long time, perhaps several centuries). Others argue that some finds (for example, an obsidian disk of ideally round shape, jade tubes whose walls were not more than 1 mm thick, spirally wound cylinders of stone, etc.) could not be produced without special tools and technologies that Maya Indians judging by other archaeological finds) were not known. Another proof of the existence of a technically advanced civilization, researchers consider small gold figures-amulets, which were part of the vestments of priests and strikingly reminiscent of modern aircraft. Maya left their cities because of war or epidemic. Scientists have not reached a consensus on this issue. Some believe that the Maya cities were abandoned due to climate change. In favor of this theory are the results of recent studies of the so-called. “bajo” or lakes located in limestone rocks (it is near such lakes that most of the abandoned Mayan cities are located) and filled with water only for 4 months a year (note that there are no other sources of water in the district). It turned out that in ancient times bajos were small lakes with clear water. But climate change in the period from 400 BC. up to 250 AD. (caused, in particular, deforestation around cities) led to the fact that the lake began to dry out periodically. Other researchers explain the departure of Maya from the occupied places by unknown diseases. However, many scientists refute this theory, pointing to the lack of a large number of human remains, indicating the extinction of a whole people, as well as any written or oral references to the epidemic.Instead, experts suggest other hypotheses: the disappearance of civilization as a result of military action or destructive cataclysms (for example, a tsunami of unprecedented force that swept through the territory inhabited by the Maya Indians). To confirm their theory, they refer to books mentioning the “worldwide flood” and the results of the study of some cities (for example, Teotihuacan), which were literally buried under a layer of clay. Their opponents argue that the war (which is quite common in Maya due to constant internecine strife and clashes with neighboring tribes) could hardly have caused the disappearance of a whole nation, and the withdrawal consisted simply in the relocation of people from the northern regions to the southern ones. This view is contrasted with the theory that there was no resettlement, since both northern and southern cities existed simultaneously. And the Indians left them because of the decline in culture, typical for many countries in the world. After all, only certain segments of the population lived in cities, the bulk of the people lived in huts built next to cultivated fields, in forests, etc. According to the researchers, when the population of cities (who lived and was enriched due to taxes, which were taxed by farmers) for economic reasons was left without means of subsistence, it simply left the “megacities” and returned to simple rural life. The Maya people completely disappeared. This is not true. The Mayan civilization, which has experienced periods of prosperity and deep decline, has really sunk into oblivion, but the people (at least 6 million) in Central America live in our days. In Guatemala, for example, Maya is about half the country’s population, in Belize – 10%, but most of all they live in the south of Mexico. Maya can also be found in El Salvador and Honduras. Maya Indians were tall. “High People” spoke of the Mayans of Maya the second Bishop of Yucatán, the Spaniard Diego de Landa Calderón. However, it should be noted that at that time the average European growth was about 152 cm (although there were people whose growth was 180 cm and above). And the average height of the Mayan is about 156 cm, which in combination with a strong body created the impression of a tall and powerful opponent. Beautiful Mayans considered cross-eyed people with a flat head. This is indeed so. The first sign of beauty was strabismus (many deities, for example, Itzamna, the God of heaven, were depicted with oblique eyes). Careful mothers, wishing to impart “beauty and divinity” to children’s eyes, tied a ball of clay or resin to their hair in such a way that it was placed in front of the child’s eyes. The shape of the head also had to correspond to certain canons. According to legends, the first owners of land (which became the property of Maya from 2000 BC) were tribes of people with “long heads”. Maya were brachycephalos (or brachycephalos, in translation from Greek – “short-headed”). However, neither of these forms of the head was considered an ideal. According to the views of the Maya, in order to look beautiful and noble, a person should have a flat head. In order to give the skull exactly this form, immediately after the birth of the child was placed in a specially equipped cradle, where the head was fixed in a special way. Particularly zealous in the family of the head of state maya halač никаinika (“real man”, “legal man”), whose position was inherited. And if in common people the shape of the head was dictated not only by aesthetic but also by purely practical considerations (it is convenient to carry weights on the head of this form, which is very actual in conditions of the absence of pack animals), then the form of the skull of the hulach winnik was only an attempt to bring it as close to the appearance of the deities . After all, it was the gods, according to the legends, who had flat heads, and taught Maya the method of flattening skulls. The size and shape of the nose also mattered – the long hooked nose was considered ideal.During the ceremonies, the Maya leaders not only decorated themselves with tattoos, ornaments and lush clothes, but also paid much attention to changing the shape of their nose, using the putty. For love, Maya was rarely married. The fact is that even knowing the power of romantic love, Maya still preferred to create families traditionally, i.e. through the matchmaker (ah atanzahob). The Indians were very superstitious with regard to marriage, fearing the desecration of the union (involving innumerable disasters not only for a couple, but for the whole family of the husband and wife) more than life with an unloved spouse. Therefore, according to tradition, a man considered it beneath his dignity to independently look for his wife, charging this difficult case to the matchmaker (who, as an intermediary, could protect the marriage from desecration). Sometimes parents (fathers) agreed that their newly-born children at the age of marriage (for men – 18 years, for women – 14 years) will create a family. This decision determined their further relationship – before the marriage, by agreement, the families communicated with each other as relatives. Before marriage, the Maya Indians did not enter sexual intercourse. Wrong opinion. Both men and women were not required to keep their virginity before the wedding. For example, young men, according to custom, painted their bodies with black paint before marriage, gathered in a special house open on all sides, where they entertained, played various games, and also could satisfy their fleshly passion by using the services of guatepol (women who provide sexual services for a fee). There is almost no sexuality in Mayan art. This point of view was expressed by Aldous Huxley, and considered it the reason for this low level of nervous excitability and the lack of sexual fantasy in Indians. But to be convinced of the inconsistency of this hypothesis, it is enough to visit Uxmal (a city in one of the Yucatan regions called Pouk), where the facades of the buildings are decorated with sculptural images of naked men, executed in a very realistic manner, and in the region many phallic characters. Maya had several names. This is indeed so. Maya had 4 names: Naal Kaba (the name given after the marriage and consisting of the surnames of the father and mother’s maiden name), patronymic, koko kaba (nickname) and paal kaba (personal name given at birth). It was the personal name that was most significant, only close people knew it, and rarely used it, since it was thought that the name would wear out from frequent use, and it would lose its force. And the power of the name played a very important role, for example, in the healing of certain diseases, giving strength to the patient and the effectiveness – manipulation of the healer. The choice of the name was not accidental. First, the mother of the child was always checked against the horoscope (taking into account not the time of birth, but the time of conception), choosing the best day for the naming ceremony. Secondly, the names were created according to a certain scheme. The paal kaba of men had a prefix Ah- (Ah-Kukum – “Perot”, Ah-Balam – “Jaguar”), female – Ish-, and the nal kaba had the prefix of Nah-. Pottery from the Maya is an exclusively male occupation. In many countries of the world (in Ancient Greece, Egypt, America), pottery became a man’s occupation only after the potter’s wheel was invented. Before that, only women were engaged in making and painting ceramic ware. And not only in Maya. For a long time, pottery was an exclusively female occupation in Africa, Melanesia, Peru, etc. During the game of the ball, the losing team was sacrificed. Some researchers fully agree with this point of view, others believe that since death was for the Maya Indians the quickest way to see the deceased ancestors and see the living gods, the winning team was killed. In addition to this “award” there were other prizes for winning.For example, a person who hit the ball in a ring could pick up the clothes and decorations of all the spectators who were present at the playground. It should be noted that getting into the ring was not so easy. Firstly, the ring itself, which had the form of a millstone, decorated with various images and placed vertically (and not horizontally, as in basketball) was suspended at a height of 11 m. Secondly, in order to guide the ball, the player could only use the hips, shoulders or elbows (but not the hands). Maya prisoners became captives captured during the hostilities. Yes, it is. In addition, slavery was a punishment for theft (unless the thief’s relatives had agreed to pay the cost of the stolen goods), the first to be committed (for theft again, the punishment was death). Also, in some cases, tribes that were subordinate to Maya could send not only goods but also slaves in the form of tribute. That’s how it got to Maya Malinche (Malineli Tenepatl, whom the Spaniards called Donja Marina), who later became interpreter and concubine of Cortez. She was sold into slavery by a mother who married again and felt that her daughter did not have to live next to her and her young husband. The Maya Indians treated the slaves well. Despite the fact that slaves were often prisoners of war or criminals, they treated them calmly and amicably, in some cases equating them even to family members. However, it should be remembered that, firstly, the slaves performed the heaviest and dirty work, secondly – when it was time to make sacrifices to the gods, it was the slaves that were killed first. Add a Comment
Now all roads lead to France and heavy is the tread Of the living; but the dead returning lightly dance. Edward Thomas, Roads Wednesday, September 17, 2014 What Happened to HMS Audacious? HMS Audacious, commissioned in October 1913, was a Royal Navy battleship of the type known as a super(second generation)-dreadnought.   Crew of HMS Audacious Being Evacuated Returning to a temporary base in Northern Ireland from a training cruise, Audacious hit a mine at 08:45 off of the northwestern coast of Ireland, near Tory Island on 27 October 1914. It was a serious loss to the fleet at the time and kept largely secret since its sinking diminished the advantage marginally held over the High Seas Fleet. All the crew was evacuated successfully. Audacious was the only super-dreadnought to be lost during the war. Some interesting aspects of the sinking include: 1.  The mine was laid by the German liner Berlin. 2.  The German naval command did not know about the base in Northern Ireland. 3.  The White Star liner Olympic helped evacuate the crew. 4.  For most of the day, the ship's listing was managed, but it steadily sank by the stern due to flooding. Eventually, though, Audacious began listing at a dramatic rate, capsizing and sinking at about 2100 hrs. 5.  After capsizing, one large and two secondary explosions were heard before the ship finally disappeared beneath the waves. 1. An interesting episode of the naval war. 2. The Admiralty did not announce the loss of HMS Audacious until after the end of the war.
Now all roads lead to France and heavy is the tread Of the living; but the dead returning lightly dance. Edward Thomas, Roads Wednesday, October 8, 2014 The Paris Gun The Paris Gun of World War I (called by the Germans the Kaiser Wilhelm Gun and — as shown above — often incorrectly termed Lange Max or Big Bertha, two completely different guns) was  34 meters long and weighed 125 tons. Its 180kg powder charge could hurl a 120kg shell with 7kg of explosive to a range of 131km (81 miles). During the 170-second trajectory the shell reached a maximum altitude at the edge of space — 40 km. This was the highest altitude attained by a man-made object until the first successful V-2 flight test on 3 October 1942.   Remains of Paris Gun Mount (Location Shown Below) Seven 21cm guns were made, using bored-out 38cm naval guns fitted with special 40m-long inserted barrels. After 65 shots the barrels were removed and re-bored to 24cm caliber. At the end of the war one spare mounting was captured by American troops near Chateau-Thierry, but no gun was ever found. Distribution of "Hits" on Paris From March through August of 1918, three of the guns shot 351 shells at Paris from the woods of Crepy, killing 256 and wounding 620. As a military weapon the gun was a failure — the payload was miniscule, the barrel needed replacement after 65 shots, and the accuracy was only good enough for city-sized targets. But as a psychological tool it was remembered when the V-weapons were being developed two decades later. Photos from Steve Miller Text from Encyclopedia Astronautica 1. The late Gerald Bull, the long range artillery expert behind Saddam Hussein's SuperGun, wrote a book on the Paris Gun, "Paris Kanonen-The Paris Guns". 2. Thank you for this article. I note the size of the concrete gun mount to be smaller than I would have thought for a gun of this size. When hurling an object whether it is a fired projectile, a sling shot, or a baseball, the angle to achieve maximum range is 45 degrees or 0800 mils. The size of the mount suggests that to fire at 0800 mils would have produced a violent rearward force that would have knocked the gun right off the mount plowing the ground behind it, burying the tails if it had any. Hence the piece had to use a higher barrel elevation to direct the re-coil force downward rather than rearward. To achieve the desired range, more propellant would need to be used, resulting in a trajectory maximum ordinate (max ord) of 25 miles and a 3 minute time of flight. Notice that its propellant charge was 1.5 times the weight of the projectile which explains why the barrels were burning out after 60 or so firings. All this to hurl a projectile with only 15 pounds of explosive; not militarily effective, though striking fear in the civilian population.
The Death Rattle Is the Creepy Sound Just Before You Die The death rattle is the creepy sound just before you die. It occurs when you have lost your cough reflex and the ability to swallow. death rattle, death rattle sound, death rattle sound before you die, death rattle sounds of death The death rattle is the sound you make just before dying. Picture via Medical News Today What is the death rattle? The Death Rattle is the creepy sound just before you die. The ominous sound is produced when air passes through secretions and generally describes a patient with lungs that are filling up with fluid. Death rattle occurs in 23 to 92% of people who are dying. The cause of death rattle remains unproven but is presumed to be due to an accumulation of secretions in the airways. Here an audio of the death rattle as recorded by a patient at an university hospital: OMG, that sound of death is really creepy! Follow us: Facebook and Twitter Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Murray Bowen and Andrea Schara, 1986 Bowen saw how the emotional systems which govern human relationships had evolved over millions of years. He postulated that differentiation (level of emotional maturity) among family members produced variation, as individuals became more of less mature from one generation to the next. In cases where multi-generational transmission, differentiation among family members becomes progressively lower, this can also generate clinical symptoms.   The goal of “Extended Family Systems Therapy” is to increase individual family members level of differentiation by the motivation of those who are capable of being in better emotional contact with those in the nuclear and extended family. This effort  requires knowledge of the emotional system and how to manage and define self in relationships.  Emotional, biological and environmental influences are considered as the individual adapts within the family unit over the generations.  Bowen's 8 Concepts 1. Levels of differentiation of self  Families and social groups affect how people think, feel, and act, but individuals vary in their susceptibility to “group think”. Also, groups vary in the amount of pressure they exert for conformity. The less developed a person’s “self,” the more impact others have on his functioning and the more he tries to control the functioning of others. Bowen developed a scale to measure differentiation of self. 2. The nuclear family  This concept describes 4 relationship patterns that manage anxiety, marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment of one or more children, emotional distance) that govern where problems develop in a family.  3. Family projection process  This concept describes the way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child. Some parents have great trouble separating from the child. They imagine how the child is, rather than having a realistic appraisal of the child.  Relationship problems that most negatively affect a child’s life are a heightened need for attention and approval, difficulty dealing with expectations, the tendency to blame oneself or others, feeling responsible for other’s happiness, and acting impulsively to relieve the anxiety of the moment, rather than tolerating anxiety and acting thoughtfully. 4. Multigenerational transmission process  This concept describes how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among the members of a multigenerational family. The way people relate to one another creates differences, which are transmitted across generations. People are sensitive and react to the absence or presence of relationships, to information about this moment, the future and or the past, and this, along with our basic genetic inheritance, interacts to shape an individual’s “self.” 5. Sibling position  Bowen theory incorporates psychologist Walter Toman’s work relating to sibling position. People who grow up in the same sibling position have important common characteristics. For example, oldest children tend to gravitate to leadership positions and youngest children often prefer to be followers, unless the parents disappointed them.  Toman’s research showed that spouses’ sibling positions when mismatched often affect the chance of divorcing. 6. Triangles  A triangle is a three-person relationship system. It is considered the triangle as the “molecule” of larger emotional systems, as it is the smallest stable relationship system. A triangle can manage more tension than a 2-person relationship as tension shifts among the three. Triangles can exert social control by putting one on the outside or bring in an outsider when tension escalates between two. Increasing the number of triangles can also stabilize spreading tension. Marital therapy uses the triangle to provide a neutral third party capable of relating well to both sides of a conflict.  7. Emotional cut off  People sometimes manage their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them. This resolves nothing and risks making new relationships too important. 8. Societal emotional process  This concept describes how the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, similar to that within a family, which promotes both progressive and regressive periods in a society.  More on these concepts: ©  Andrea Schara | Observing Systems | 2019 "You have inherited a lifetime of tribulation. Everyone has. When you think you know the right way, make the most of it." - Murray Bowen • Twitter - Black Circle
Electrical Appliances Electrical appliances are everywhere, they have actually become so typical in our lives and our houses that it’s almost unimaginable to think they scarcely existed 100 years ago. We make use of electrical energy from the moment we wake up in the morning to the moment we close our eyes in the evening as well as in a lot of cases even while we sleep. It is electrical power that gives us light, powers our alarms as well as our handheld devices. That unseen source of power that travels through wires into our houses allows us to boil the kettle or turn on the coffee maker in the morning, it keeps our living spaces at a suitable temperature. We make use of it to wash our clothes and also our dishes, heat our food and we can even travel using electrical cars or trains. For a lot of appliances in the home, electric is the only readily available choice, for the rest manually operated or gas-powered choices exist, but despite the alternatives it’s very hard to think of life without electrical energy. When it comes to electric devices, not all home appliances are created the same. Some types of electrical appliances will require more repair. Whatever device you are thinking about there will be hundreds of possibilities offered with a variety of costs, colors, dimensions and levels of effectiveness. What are Electrical Appliances? Simply put electrical energy is the movement of negative electrons . Electricity is all over. In towns, we are constantly aware of it, from the devices in our homes to the streetlights all around us. But, even in the most remote places we still see it as lightning or static and the electric waves that move through our bodies instructing our lungs to breath and our hearts to beat. Ever since we have been able to harness the power of electricity people are frequently looking for new ways to produce it as well as to use it. Electrical home appliances are any home appliances in your life where the primary power source is electricity. Other devices, such as gas devices can still need to be connected and also contain electrical components but the main fuel isn’t electrical power. For example, a gas oven might need an electric lighter or a gas dryer still needs electrical energy to rotate the drum. Types of Electrical Appliances? We use major electric appliances in our residences for all kinds of common tasks including heating as well as cooling our houses, refrigeration, food preparation, laundry, and heating water. Commonly used electrical home appliances include: • Fridges • Freezers • Ovens • Ranges • Dishwashing Machines • Air Conditioning Units • Hot Water Heaters • Washing machines • Tumble Dryers Naturally there are a large number of other small home appliances that make our lives simpler or better in some way such as water filters, toasters, food processors, grinders, straightening irons, hoovers, dehumidifiers as well as coffee machines. Benefits/Pros of Electrical Home Appliances Electrical power as well as electric home appliances have dramatically changed our lives in the last century. In 1925 a mere 50% of people had electricity yet currently we cannot picture day to day existence without it and so find it tough to know what to to during a blackout. • Electricity is really simple to move around. It can be a big investment to have gas installed but the reduction in the price point of photo-voltaic panels in recent years means you can have electricity regardless of your distance from civilisation. • While gas is harder to replace, electrical energy has a number of viable ecologically sound alternatives not to mention the fact that many utilities provide consumers the ability to buy renewable energy which serves to raise demand and therefore increase supply. • Electrical appliances save vast quantities of time, whether it’s cooking your food, drying your clothes or heating water for a shower, life is much easier with electrical power. • Electric appliances are getting more and more reliable all the time and it is now simpler than ever to opt for energy saving devices as they actually have labels and the ENERGY STAR mark. Disadvantages of Electrical Home Appliances It goes without saying while electrical home appliances have become an integral part of modern living, no one would wish live without refrigeration or start having to light a fire every time they needed hot water, all this simplicity does come at a price and improvements in our technical abilities could mean alternatives ended up being more viable. • Most electrical energy is still created from oil and coal and even green power sources still actually have an environmental cost. • Lots of potential energy is wasted when converting the energy stored in non-renewable energy sources to electrical power we can utilize in our houses. • Electric home appliances are often more complex and more difficult to repair than gas devices. • Unless you have a backup battery or generator, even the highest spec electric appliances doesn’t work if the power goes out. Is an Electric Device Right for You? Global warming and the use of non-renewable energy sources has ended up being a hot topic currently resulting in numerous reasons to want to lessen your reliance on oil and coal by choosing less energy intensive appliances or finding ways to reduce energy such as better insulation, taking shorter showers and drying your clothes in the sun. While there are currently large natural gas reserves in many parts of the country this will not last forever and although bio-methane is a possible alternative it still releases greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Electrical energy isn’t disappearing any time soon. While modern technologies are continuously getting better when it comes to where we get our electrical energy from electrical energy itself isn’t going to ended up being obsolete just yet. You may end up harnessing your electricity from the sun, the wind, the waves or dams however, you’ll still be able to connect your devices . If you are getting new appliances try to choose the most energy efficient make you can afford as this will make you money over time and look into smart home appliances that you can regulate from your phone and permit you to accurately monitor power consumption. If the desire to conserve energy encompasses the environmental effects discover whether your utility company provides a green alternative, and if they don’t consider changing provider. Additional Types of Appliances
The Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay 1680 Words7 Pages December 7, 1941, was on of the worst attacks ever on the United States. Out of that day, 2,403 soldiers were killed in action, 1,178 were wounded in action. Through the misjudgments of numerous U.S. armed forces personnel, the Japanese were able to carry out this terrible attack, which crippled the United States’ Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense…With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounded determination of our people, we will gain the…show more content… Not only did the United States freeze all Japanese assets under U.S. control but it also halted all sales of oil to Japan as well. The United States tried to come to a resolve with Japan over their differences. Because of neither nation’s willingness to compromise, war was now inevitable (Borg). Why didn’t the U.S. suspect Pearl Harbor of being the place of attack? Since the United States halted all exports to Japan, Japan declared war on the United States. Due to the lack of information, lack of technology, and talks of peace by Japan, the United States had no idea where Japan was going to hit. As early as January 1941, reports suggested that Japan might attack Pearl Harbor; but civilian and military officials in Washington and Hawaii ignored these reports, considering an assault on the Philippines or European territories more likely, and underestimating Japan's ability to conceal preparations for such an operation. By the summer of 1941 American leaders knew, due to the success of the magic cryptanalysis operation in breaking Japanese military operational codes that Japan was likely to take military action of some kind (Irive). Japan had only about a 12-month supply of petroleum to fuel its economy and war machine, so the Americans anticipated the Japanese would act quickly. The only questions they could not answer were when and where (Woods). Pearl Harbor had been a major naval More about The Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay Open Document
Brief episodes of stress can raise our energy levels and improve performance. But high levels of stress on a regular basis can damage our physical and mental health and lead to life-threatening diseases. Source: Adapted from Family Medical Adviser, Reader’s Digest What is stress? Stress is something we all encounter at some time in our lives, no matter what our circumstances. It is an unavoidable part of being alive. When we are faced with change, or threatened or challenged in any way, we come under stress. How we respond varies from person to person. A situation that one person finds intolerable may be stimulating and exciting to another. Too little stimulation, resulting in boredom, can also cause problems, which is why some people may feel more stressed after they have retired from work than when they were doing a highly demanding job. Stress affects us not only mentally but can bring about physical changes too. In fact, our bodies’ response to stress clearly illustrates the way in which our mental health can be directly linked to physical problems. Animals respond to danger by turning to face the fight or fleeing. This is called the ‘fight or flight’ response. Human beings share this automatic bodily reaction, and we respond to emotional stress as if it were a physical threat. You may only be having an argument with a colleague at work, but you are physically ready for a life-or-death struggle with a lion. Your muscles grow tense, ready for action, your heart beats faster, your blood pressure goes up, you breathe faster and sweat more, and your mouth becomes dry. These physical reactions are caused by the release of adrenaline and other hormones into the bloodstream. The reason why different people react differently to stress is because the intensity of the hormone response varies from person to person, according to lifestyle and genetic make-up. Your personality affects how stressful you judge a situation to be and how you deal with it. A troubled childhood may make you more vulnerable to stress, while being in a supportive relationship or family situation is thought to give some protection from stress. Experiencing a certain amount of stress can result in a surge of energy that will help you to achieve your goals in life. Without it, you may not be alert enough to perform well or to make appropriate changes should any difficulties or obstacles arise. However, problems tend to occur when you are constantly reacting to stressful situations without taking, or feeling you are able to take, any action to counter their effects. When someone is under too much stress for too long, it can threaten their health and well-being. The resulting continual rise in levels of adrenaline can lead to the development of certain illnesses. These may be relatively minor such as insomnia, backache or headaches, but stress has also been identified as a contributory factor in several potentially life-threatening conditions, including high blood pressure and heart disease. Some people have a good awareness of their stress levels – even if they succumb to stress easily, they know how to recognize its symptoms and to deal with them effectively – while others fail to recognize their condition or try to cope by ignoring it. It is common for people affected by stress to turn to alcohol, cigarettes, tranquillizers or other drugs as a way of dealing with the problem. But such responses can eventually cause physical, emotional and behavioural problems, which can also affect their health and peace of mind. These problems can have an impact on relationships at home and in the workplace. Who is at risk for stress? In modern life, stress is most likely to be caused by worries concerning your job, finances, health, personal life or surroundings that make you feel under constant pressure. Generally speaking, stress arises from events that create a sense of anxiety, uncertainty or loss. In addition, a feeling of being out of control frequently accompanies such events. If you feel in control of your life, you will often still function well despite being subjected to a constant flow of highly demanding situations. Symptoms of stress Stress shows itself in various ways. If you are under stress, you may notice a number of the following physical, emotional or behavioural signs. Physical signs • Breathlessness or palpitations. • Muscle cramps, aches or spasms. • Constipation or diarrhea. • Headaches, migraines or backache. • Skin problems such as eczema or acne. • Tiredness or insomnia. • Panic attacks. • Asthma. • Frequent colds. Emotional signs • Irritability or impatience. • Depression. • Anxiety and fear. • Tearfulness. • Anger or aggression. • Mood swings. • Inability to express or feel emotion. Behavioural signs • Difficulty concentrating. • Problems making decisions. • Eating, smoking or drinking more. • Emotional outbursts. • Never finishing anything. • Losing sense of humour. • Withdrawing from social activities. Treatment for stress The key to managing stress is to know your personal tolerance for stressful situations and to try to live within these limits. You can keep stress under control if you learn to recognize the signs of it in yourself and take action to counteract it. There is plenty you can do to deal with stress or reduce the stress in your life. But you should always remember that lasting change will not come overnight. It will take persistence. It may even be necessary to make big changes in your lifestyle in order to reduce your stress levels. The best stress treatments are those that help you to manage stress yourself, which involve specific relaxation exercises that you can use when you are alone. You will need to seek professional help for other treatments, such as medication, talking therapy or complementary therapies. Your first point of contact should be your doctor, who may treat you personally or refer you to a counsellor or other practitioner. Medications for stress Some doctors prescribe tranquillizers, such as Valium, for stress and anxiety. These drugs will not help you to deal with the cause of your stress, but they can help you to get through a crisis. Since tranquillizers are addictive, you should be given a low dose for a few days only. Lifestyle Changes Active relaxation therapy. One type of relaxation therapy involves a combination of controlled deep breathing and muscle relaxation, often using progressive muscle relaxation – in which you tense and release muscles. Meditation. Most relaxation involves some form of meditation – where the mind and body are still and you take ‘time out’ from your surroundings. It involves sitting in a comfortable position, with closed eyes, and steering your attention away from your racing thoughts. Staring at a candle flame, visualizing a peaceful place, concentrating on a symbol or repeating a particular sound (mantra) may help to focus your attention. The aim is to reach a state of ‘being’ with no movement or sensation. Meditation can change the heart rate and breathing, helping to reduce stress. As thoughts slow down, tension in the body drops and feelings of calm, peace and detachment can fill the mind and the body. It is possible to learn meditation from a book or tape, or from a teacher. But, if full meditation is not for you, then 10–20 minutes each day of quiet reflection may help to alleviate your stress levels. You could use the time to listen to music and try to think of pleasant things – or of nothing at all. Exercise. Exercise helps to release physical tension and the mental effects of stress. It uses up the adrenaline and other hormones that the body produces under stress, and relaxes the muscles. It improves strength, stamina and resilience, and heart and blood circulation also benefit. For some people, an exercise session is an ideal way to throw themselves into an activity and forget about whatever is troubling them. For other people, a run or swim might provide an opportunity to focus on and resolve a problem. Physical activity also makes you feel better. This is because it releases mood-improving chemicals, known as endorphins, into your bloodstream. These can raise your level of self-esteem, reduce any feelings of anxiety or depression, and help you to sleep better. An aerobic exercise, such as walking, cycling or swimming, performed for 20–30 minutes three times a week, is a good antidote to stress. Yoga is another exercise option, and one that many people turn to for stress relief. It is a workout for the body and mind that can be used safely by most people. But any activity is helpful. You do not have to take up a competitive sport; simply become more active as part of your daily routine. Try walking to the store rather than driving there; use the stairs rather than the elevator; take a walk during your lunch break; get off the bus a few stops before home and walk the rest of the way. But always remember to build up your activity gradually: too much too quickly could make you feel even more stressed. Talking things over. Talking about your feelings to your friends and family is important when you are under stress. But if you want to get to the bottom of recurring problems, such as failed relationships, or if you simply want to understand your situation better, it may be helpful to see a qualified counsellor, psychotherapist or psychologist. Alternative Therapies for Stress Massage can help to relax your body and give you a feeling of emotional well-being. It offers relief from stress, anxiety and headaches, with special benefits for alleviating tension in the neck, back and shoulders. You can visit a massage therapist for a full massage. Alternatively, you can perform a home massage: lie down, close your eyes gently and massage your face and head for about 15 minutes. This will help to relieve a headache or just make you feel better after a stressful day. Aromatherapy massage (with essential oils) or reflexology (foot massage) can also help you to relax. Aromatherapy is also ideal for self-help treatment – add a few drops of a relaxing oil such as lavender to a warm bath or use it in a burner to scent a room. The herbal remedies valerian and passiflora are included in many over-the-counter stress treatments because they have sedative properties. The Alexander technique is helpful too, especially for stress-related conditions such as anxiety, breathing disorders and back, neck and joint pain. Popular Videos
Skip to main content U.S. flag An official website of the United States government Dot gov The .gov means it’s official. The site is secure. Updated Investor Bulletin: The ABCs of Credit Ratings The SEC’s Office of Investor Education and Advocacy and Office of Credit Ratings are issuing this Investor Bulletin to educate investors about credit ratings. If you invest in bonds, you have probably come across credit ratings.  Credit ratings usually appear in the form of alphabetical letter grades (for example, ‘AAA’ and ‘BBB’) and are an estimate of the relative level of credit risk of a bond or a company or government.  Credit ratings are issued by third parties and are not an assessment by the issuer or the SEC. Credit ratings can be useful when evaluating an investment.  But when considering credit ratings, you should understand their limitations.  You should not base your investment decision solely on a credit rating or treat a credit rating as if it were investment advice. What is a credit rating? A credit rating is an assessment of an entity’s ability to pay its financial obligations.  The ability to pay financial obligations is referred to as creditworthiness.  Credit ratings apply to debt securities like bonds, notes, and other debt instruments (for example, some asset-backed securities).  Credit ratings also are assigned to companies and governments.  They do not apply to equity securities like common stock.  A credit rating agency assesses the creditworthiness of an entity that is usually called an obligor or issuer.  Obligors include entities such as corporations, financial institutions, insurance companies, or municipalities. Credit ratings generally reflect a relative ranking of credit risk.  For example, an obligor or debt security with a high credit rating is assessed by the credit rating agency to have a lower likelihood of default (that is, not paying back its debt) than an issuer or debt security with a lower credit rating. Credit rating agencies use rating scales, symbols, and definitions to express credit risk.  Most use a scale of letters and/or numbers, and these symbols are defined by the particular credit rating agency issuing those ratings.  A typical credit rating scale, as shown in the table below, has a top rating of ‘AAA’ and may have a lowest rating of ‘D’ (indicating default).  Some credit rating agencies’ scales distinguish between investment grade and non-investment grade (i.e., “speculative” or “high yield”) ratings and they draw this distinction between the ‘BBB’ and ‘BB’ rating categories (in other words, a rating that is ‘BBB-’ or higher is investment grade and a rating that is lower than ‘BBB-’ is non-investment grade). What a credit rating is not A credit rating does not reflect other types of risk, such as market or liquidity risks, which may also affect the value of a security.  Nor does a credit rating consider the price at which the security is offered or sold.  You should not interpret a credit rating as investment advice and should not view it as a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities. A credit rating is not a guarantee that a financial obligation will be repaid.  For example, an ‘AAA’ credit rating on a debt instrument does not mean the investor will always be paid—instruments rated at this level sometimes default.  Important considerations A credit rating is an assessment of the creditworthiness of a debt instrument or obligor, based on a credit rating agency’s analytical models, assumptions, and expectations.  A credit rating may reflect a credit rating agency’s subjective judgment of an issuer’s business and management.  While historical financial and operating experience and collateral performance may factor into the analysis, credit ratings are simply a prediction of the likelihood that an obligor will repay the obligation in the future.  The predictions are based on the views of the credit rating agency, which may differ from your view and those of other industry participants. Credit rating changes can happen at any time, without warning, and at any rating level.  Some credit rating agencies provide rating “outlooks” and rating “watches” to formally alert investors about potential revisions to those ratings.  Even still, these alerts may not precede every rating action. You should understand the information that credit ratings are intended to convey and any limitations to the ratings.  You should also evaluate the bond’s prospectus or other documents that provide financial information, industry news and reports, and non-credit-related factors to determine whether an investment is suitable for you.  Consider seeking professional advice, particularly if you have questions about analyzing the information. About Credit Rating Agencies Some credit rating agencies are registered with the SEC.  Credit rating agencies registered with the SEC are referred to as nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (“NRSROs”).  Generally speaking, the larger credit rating agencies issue credit ratings across industry sectors and around the world, while some smaller credit rating agencies focus on specific types of ratings.  You can find out whether a credit rating agency is registered with the SEC by visiting the SEC’s website at  Importantly, SEC registration is not an endorsement of a credit rating agency nor any credit rating issued. The SEC oversees and examines NRSROs.  By law, however, the SEC is not permitted to regulate the substance of credit ratings or the procedures and methodologies the NRSROs use to determine credit ratings.  Methodologies include, among other things, the quantitative and qualitative models used to determine credit ratings. Each NRSRO is registered with the SEC in up to five possible credit rating classes.  These credit rating classes are:  (1) financial institutions; (2) insurance companies; (3) corporate issuers; (4) asset-backed securities; and (5) government securities.  Potential conflicts of interest in credit ratings Many credit rating agencies—including the largest agencies—are paid by the obligors they rate or by the issuers of the securities they rate.  This creates a potential conflict of interest in that the credit rating agency may be influenced to determine more favorable (i.e., higher) ratings than warranted to retain the obligors or issuers as clients and to obtain new obligor or issuer clients.  Alternatively, some credit rating agencies are paid by subscribers to their ratings services, which are usually investors.  Investors’ desire for low or high credit ratings, depending on their holdings and trading positions, may also present a conflict of interest.  NRSROs are required by law to disclose these potential conflicts of interest.  NRSROs are also required to establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures to address and manage these potential conflicts of interest. Where can you find credit ratings and related information? Many credit rating agencies make their ratings available to the public on their websites and with market data providers.  Others require subscriptions to access their credit ratings.  Your financial adviser may also have access to this information.  All NRSROs are required to provide on their public websites a description of their credit rating scales and definitions and the methodologies they use to determine their ratings.  Credit rating agencies may require subscriptions or fees to obtain narrative reports containing credit analysis, although some credit rating agencies make these reports available for free. Why do investors use credit ratings? When making investment decisions, credit ratings and any related rating and industry trend reports can be helpful tools, provided you use them appropriately.  Credit ratings may offer an alternative point of view to your own financial analysis or that of your financial adviser. Credit ratings may enable you to compare risks among investments in your portfolio.  Considering the credit ratings of multiple credit rating agencies may be useful because they may offer diverse views on the creditworthiness of an investment. In general, if you use credit ratings, they should be in addition to, and not a replacement for, your own research, analysis, and judgment to determine whether an investment best satisfies your needs.  Remember that credit ratings address credit risk only.  They do not address other risks such as liquidity risk, interest rate or market risk, or prepayment risk.  The bottom line is that you should know what you are buying and only invest in what you understand. Credit ratings are subjective There are no standard or agreed-upon methods to measure the accuracy of credit ratings.  This is partly because of the subjective nature of credit ratings.  Also, the performance of credit ratings may not be comparable across different industry sectors, meaning that defaults and rating changes (or “transitions” of an issuer’s or debt instrument’s rating from one rating to another) may not be consistent for each rating category across the sectors.  For example, default rates for corporate bonds historically have been greater than default rates for municipal bonds with the same credit ratings. Even within an industry sector, transition and default rates may differ over time and in different geographic regions.  Inconsistencies in performance can be attributable to changes in business cycles and economic environments that do not impact all obligors equally and at the same time. In terms of comparing credit ratings performance across credit rating agencies, you should know that definitions for what their credit ratings mean differ among credit rating agencies.  Credit rating agencies also use different analytical approaches and levels of subjectivity when determining credit ratings. Credit rating agencies may differ in the time horizon that their ratings address.  For example, some credit rating agencies aim for stability in ratings so they assume a longer term horizon in their analysis.  Other credit rating agencies prefer to address short-term risks and events, which can lead to more variability in their ratings.  Additionally, some credit rating agencies’ ratings only reflect the likelihood that an obligor will default, while others’ ratings also consider the expected loss that may result from a default. Credit rating agencies registered with the SEC are required each year to post on their websites performance statistics and the history of their credit ratings for their registered rating classes.  The performance statistics show transition and default rates for the classes of ratings.  Investors can also use these statistics to assess the stability, or volatility, of credit ratings within and among fixed income sectors. Additional Information SEC Office of Credit Ratings SEC Investor Bulletin:  Municipal Bonds:  Understanding Credit Risk SEC Investor Bulletin:  What Are Corporate Bonds? SEC Investor Bulletin:  What Are High-yield Corporate Bonds? SEC Investor Bulletin:  Focus on Municipal Bonds The Office of Investor Education and Advocacy and the Office of Credit Ratings have provided this information as a service to investors. It is neither a legal interpretation nor a statement of SEC policy. If you have questions concerning the meaning or application of a particular law or rule, please consult with an attorney who specializes in securities law. Return to Top
Role Of Religion In The Iron Age 976 Words4 Pages Religion anchors believers to the Iron Age. The Iron Age was a time of rampant superstition, ignorance, inequality, racism, misogyny, hate, violence and slavery. Women were treated not only badly but considered inferior to men who are in possession of women. Warlords were constantly engaged in warfare. People sacrificed living animals, agricultural products and enemy soldiers as burnt offerings intended to appease gods. Holy books like Bible, Torah, Koran and others preserve and protect the Iron Age cultures and practices by the name of god or goddesses. Religious believers find excuses for demonstrating the sense of superiority, bigotry, wars and many other destructive pursuits that all these are written text revealed by God. While moral consciousness by virtue of humanity is emerging that is the Golden Rule, religious believers are reluctant to move away from orthodox believe rather they are anchored to the Iron Age . Religion makes a virtue out of faith. This is the final word. When science and technology is taking over the territory once held by religion, ancient traditional orthodox religious beliefs require strong defense against open and modern information, which is a threat to the belief. To stay the course, religion provides commendable teaching and vigorous training to the believers to practice self-deception, not to accept contradictory information, and just trust religious authorities, and more importantly, not to think but only to believe . Religion teaches Open Document
13 Proven Ways To Develop A Laser-Like Focus Who does not wish to have a laser-like focus like Sherlock Holmes? The ability to see things differently and more accurately sounds like a dream which can become something of a superpower if worked upon. With these scientifically proven ways, you can have enhanced cognitive skills like sharp memory, focus, and increased productivity. 1. Look At The Color Red Proven Ways To Develop A Laser-Like Focus© Thinkstock/Getty Images Looking at different colors can have a certain psychological effects on our brain.  According to a 2009 study published in Science it was found that when people saw the color red while they were focusing on certain tasks, not only did their performance but their memory and attention to detail saw an improvement. 2. Listen To Classical Music You might be thinking why classical alone and not a rock or rap album instead? Well, researchers at Stanford University have found out that classical music in particular triggers the part of the brain that is responsible for paying attention and focus. According to to the research, our mind often tends to wander while listening to music but because classical music has more “transitional points” where there is silence, it helps us keep aware and attentive. Easy right? 3. Get Dressed Up The saying 'dress to impress' is not just a saying anymore, according to a research, students who wore white lab coats while conducting their experiments made half the amount of errors as compared to the students who were dressed regularly. Dress up in order to prepare yourself for a particular project or task, and you will see your ability to focus and energy go straight up. Suit up. 4. Turn Up The Heat This one is pretty straight, simple and scientific. According to a study, a warmer workplace helps focus better and be more productive. The study showed that a group of workers in a room set to 68 degrees made nearly 44 percent more errors and were half as productive as compared to workers in a 77-degree room. Keep yourself warm to have a laser-like focus. 5. Meditate There are so many advantages to meditation ranging from reducing stress to increase your intuitive powers, now a research has found out that after three months at a meditation retreat, people came out with an incredible ability to focus and see an overall improvement in their cognitive functions. Few minutes of conscious breathing can change your life. 6. Sleep You need to restart your system once in awhile and give it some rest so it can start afresh again to give it's hundred percent and so is the case with our brain and body.  According to the National Sleep Foundation, quality sleep is one when you sleep for seven to nine hours, and it helps us think clearly, and make better decisions. If you are keeping short on your sleep this usually results in an inability to pay attention and focus, slower reaction times, lower productivity, and forgetfulness. 7. Go Green We all have heard of growing plants around our surrounding as they have innumerable benefits to our brain and keeps our lives light and cheerful, well now there is one more reason to go green. For this, you even don't need plants but it is only the color that will do the work for you. In a study, it was found that by taking a 40-second break and simply looking at a computerized image of a green roof, employees' focus on a particular task improved a lot. 8. Stop Multitasking You may love multitasking but it actually is not helping if you observe your results. According to the American Psychological Association, multitasking actually takes away your focus because in that time, you do not allow yourself enough time to adjust to one thing. 9. Take A Break Taking breaks once in a while or maybe after 45 minutes can help your brain feel refreshed and process information better, than it would do if you keep grinding it for long hours. According to Psychology Today, “Research suggests that, when faced with long tasks (such as studying before a final exam or doing your taxes), it is best to impose brief breaks on yourself. Brief mental breaks will actually help you stay focused on your task.” 10. Drink Some Coffee Let's get it straight. Excessive consumption of coffee is definitely not a good idea(overdoing it can result in dehydration, anxiety, and headaches.) but here is how much you should consume that would help you stay focused when you need to. According to a study, a moderate amount of caffeine, around one to two cups a day is beneficial to a person's focus, mood, alertness, and performance. 11. Do Some Cardio According to Harvard Health, study it was found that an aerobic(with oxygen) exercises increases the size of the hippocampus in the brain, which in turn results in better memory and thinking skills. Remember not to confuse it with weightlifting which has no such cognitive benefits. 12. Work Under A Natural Light Source Working where there is an availability of sunlight is best as compared to when you are working under artificial lights. Natural sunlight does not mess with your natural circadian rhythm and has many other helpful benefits as well. A study suggests that people who work in offices filled with natural light experience lesser eye strain, blurred visions, and headaches, all of which disturbs your focus. 13. Take A Cold Shower Do you know cold water immersion facilitates physical and mental wellness and when practiced regularly, it provides long-lasting changes to your body's immune, lymphatic, circulatory and digestive systems? A 2007 study found that routinely taking cold showers can help treat depression. It also increases your attentiveness and gets you ready to kickstart your day. Shop The Story Photo: © YouTube (Main Image) MensXP Videos You May Also Like MensXP Shop Arriving Soon
Pedia News Cubital Fossa Anatomy Cubital Fossa Anatomy The cubital fossa is a triangular space in front of the elbow joint, bounded laterally by brachioradialis and medially by pronator teres (Fig. 3.28). By convention, the fossa is limited proximally by an imaginary line drawn between the two humeral epicondyles. The roof is formed by deep fascia, reinforced by the aponeurosis of biceps (Fig. 3.26). The subcutaneous tissue overlying the roof contains branches of the lateral and medial cutaneous nerves of forearm and superficial veins such as the median cubital vein, which links the cephalic and basilic veins (Fig. 3.25). The arrangement of these superficial veins, which are often punctured to obtain samples of blood for laboratory analysis, may vary considerably between individuals. The fossa is traversed by nerves and vessels passing between the arm and the forearm. Its contents (Figs 3.27 & 3.29), embedded in fatty connective tissue, are, from medial to lateral, the median nerve, the brachial artery and its venae comitantes, the tendon of biceps and the radial nerve. Distally, the terminal branches of the radial nerve, the superficial and deep radial (posterior interosseous) nerves, and the terminal branches of the brachial artery (namely the radial and ulnar arteries) also lie within the fossa. The floor of the cubital fossa (Fig. 3.29) is formed by supinator and brachialis overlying the capsule of the elbow joint. No comments
• Nichole Dandrea-Russert 10 Resolutions to Make for Earth Day Every year, on April 22, we receive a gentle reminder that the planet needs us to be conscious of our everyday habits. It's a chance to celebrate the planet while taking a moment to reflect on what we're doing to help sustain its beauty and all that it offers us. Personally, I try, but I know I can always do better. This year, my overall goal is reduction—reducing the purchase of packaged goods (bonus: bulk section is also more cost effective!), asking myself if I really need something before purchasing and donating unused items in our home. Below are ten ways to help the planet, adapted from Defenders of Wildlife Magazine. Also, in case you missed it, here are 10 Ways to Celebrate Earth Day, 53 Things We Can Live Without for the Planet, 7 Reasons Plant-Based Eating Helps the Planet and 10 Tips and Tricks to Cut Down on Food Waste. 1. Avoid palm oil. Up to 300 football fields are cleared every hour to make room for palm plantations. Orangutan populations have decreased by 50% in the last ten year from losing their habitat to palm plantations according to Defenders of Wildlife. Palm oil is found in processed foods, skincare, household cleaners and vitamins. Check your labels to avoid any variation of palm oil (palmitate, palmitic acid, etc). Learn more here. 2. Shred netted bags before tossing them. You know those netted bags that hold produce? They often end up in the ocean causing sea life to get tangled in them. Before you throw them away, cut them into small pieces. Or, better yet, purchase in bulk and use your own produce bags like these 3. Keep storm drains in your neighborhood free of garbage. if you’re like me when trash is out of sight, it’s out of mind. But where does that trash end up? Much of the plastic and trash in storm drains end up in our waterways and oceans.  4. Stop using balloons. About 70% of balloons end up in the oceans. Marine animals mistake them as food, which ends up killing them. Balloons that stay on land end up in bird’s bellies. Find alternative eco-friendly favors for parties and celebrations.  5. Avoid fireworks. During Fourth of July celebrations is when animal shelters see their highest intake of cats and dogs because the loud fireworks are terrifying to them, causing them to take flight. Fireworks also scare wildlife into busy streets. Finally the residue from fireworks is made with toxic chemicals that contaminate the environment. Stick with the old fashioned banging pots and cans for some noisy fun.  6. Avoid flushing contact lenses down the toilet. They’re made of plastic and when they’re flushed down the toilet they pollute waterways.  7. Say no to drain clog removers (guilty). They’re made of toxic chemicals that get into wildlife water sources as well as ours! Instead, try removing debris with a wire hanger or use a natural combination of baking soda and vinegar to unclog the sink.  8. Use non chemical deicers. Chemicals and salt-based deicers can harm both wildlife and pets. not to mention contaminate lakes and rivers. Use chemical free or “pet-safe” deicers instead.  9. Eat more plants. Even if it’s just for one meal or one day, it makes a huge impact on the environment! Don’t think of it as all or nothing. Every time you substitute a plant-based meal for a meat-based meal you’re making a big difference for the planet (not to mention for your health!).  10. Reduce and reuse. Less than 15% of plastic that is placed in recycling bins actually gets recycled. Reduce plastic consumption by purchasing food in bulk, using your own refillable water bottle, avoiding single use plastics and finding uses for items that you might throw away. Personally, I love reusing jars from foods purchased at the grocery store, washing them and reusing them for storing nuts, seeds and juice. (Bonus, you save money by not having to purchase jars AND they look so much prettier and feel so much more well-organized in your cabinets!) What are you doing to celebrate Earth Day this year? p: (609) 792-5231 e: nichole@purelyplanted.com • White Facebook Icon • White Twitter Icon • White Pinterest Icon • Purely Planted © 2018 by purelyplanted. Proudly created with Wix.com
Spider Trap Definition - What does Spider Trap mean? A spider trap is an online feature that traps a web crawler or bot in an infinite loop or other recursive situation that takes up its resources and essentially ties up that crawler for a specific set of iterations. A spider trap is also known as a crawler trap. Techopedia explains Spider Trap Some spider traps are made to intentionally divert the attention of web crawlers. For example, someone may program a deep directory structure so that the web crawler goes crawling down into that structure instead of moving to other areas of a site or online space. Programmers can also overload the crawler’s lexical analyzer, or load up a session with cookies in order to drain the resources of spambots or other crawlers. Other spider traps are made unintentionally through programming errors. Some types of calendar references can cause seemingly infinite loops and crash poorly made crawlers. The use of spider traps and other designs to foil robotic web crawlers is going to change with the emergence of new machine learning and artificial intelligence principles. Since designers have proven that they can now make web crawlers that can respond to on-page commands in the same way that humans do, resources like CAPTCHA are no longer going to be effective against robotic users. Spider traps and crawler traps probably will not, either, because the parties using the crawlers or bots will invest them with the ability to recognize these traps and avoid them. Share this:
Can't connect right now! retry add The News to homescreen Got it! add The News to homescreen Got it! March 21, 2018 From empires to nation-states March 21, 2018 Many of us tend to believe that the democratically strong and economically advanced countries of today – Canada, France, Germany, the UK and the US – and the organisations that they have built – such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – are destined to decline as history has taught us. But this is an incorrect lesson. This belief emanates from our reading of a popular theory, which states that empires emerge, rise and finally fall. This theory involves deep philosophical debates within the West and the East. Philosophers, political scientists and historians involved in this debate drew their conclusions based on their understanding of the birth of empires, their internal workings and their downfall. These scholars were of the opinion that an empire was built by an ambitious leader. The leader first consolidated his power in a small place and over a small number of people who were under his control. He worked hard and raised armies to consolidate his hold on power. Once he was strong enough, he embarked upon expanding his empire through conquests on foreign lands and peoples. As his empire grew and it became difficult for him to maintain his hold on all the people and land under his control – especially with challenges from other contending empire-builders – the empire veered towards a natural course of decline. This process either took a few decades or a few hundred years. But let’s not forget a simple fact: the abovementioned theory applied to empires, not nation-states. Those of us who talk about the leading nation-states of the present-day and their regional organisations moving towards their decline seem to be guided in our belief in this popular theory. But we must remember that we may be wrong in our interpretation of this theory. To begin with, present-day nation-states cannot be compared with the empires of yesteryears. The birth, purpose and working of modern nation-states are diametrically opposite to the birth, purpose and working of an empire. Empires usually came into being as a result of one man’s ambitions to seek power at the cost of the freedom and aspirations of others. Empires subjugated their own people and those of foreign land for the sake of one man and his dynasty. Modern nation-states are built to safeguard the life, property and freedoms of their citizens. Their people are not an emperor’s subjects but are citizens in their own right. Nation-states do not seek territorial expansion and subjugation. Therefore, modern geographical nation-states and the organisations that they build have it in their genesis to exist infinitely. The theory of the decline of empires does not apply to nation-states. Francis Fukuyama’s book on the subject, titled ‘The End of History and the Last Man’, provides useful insights into the subject. All those who are interested in this subject must read Fukuyama’s book to put to rest our futile hope of the West’s perceived decline. The West will not decline as long as it continues to stick to its values of free commerce; democratic governance; freedom of expression and religion; human rights; and rule of law. Some of us talk about the ‘relative decline’ of the US and the West by citing the spectacular economic growth rates in China as compared to the relatively stagnant economies of the West. Let’s leave aside the entire West and only compare the US with China. The size of China’s economy has surpassed that of the US in absolute terms. But that is not the whole truth. China’s total GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms ($23.12 trillion) is larger than that of the US ($19.36 trillion). But we need to be reminded that China has to feed a much larger population (1.37 billion people) than the US (326 million). Due to this factor, the per capita income in PPP terms in China is only $16,600 despite the fact that China’s total GDP is larger than that of the US. This can be compared with the whopping US per capita income of $59,500. Since America has to feed fewer people as compared with China, it can spend $582.7 billion annually on defence. Meanwhile, China spends $151 billion every year on defence. Therefore, Western Europe and the US are likely to remain in a leadership position in the foreseeable future. It is important for leaders in developing countries to understand this essential truth and orient their foreign policies to ensure that they remain on friendly terms with the Western world and incur maximum benefits from these relations. These benefits should not mean short-term economic gains alone and ought to include learning some lessons in democracy and rule of law. However, this does not mean that developing countries should not maintain good relations with non-Western powers like Russia and China. These countries, by virtue of their size and population – and economic vibrancy in the case of China – cannot be ignored. What is important to understand is that aligning with these countries and confronting the West in the false hope that the era of Western leadership is over will only lead to friction and self-harm because this proposition is simply not true. The West, as defined above, continues to lead in terms of innovation; modern technology; a sophisticated political system based on human rights, democracy and liberty; a state-of-the-art defence industry; innovations in science; technology and medicine; a modern financial system; infrastructural wonders; and a dynamic and powerful civil society. It is in Pakistan’s best national interest to be on friendly terms with all countries, including China and Russia. If Pakistan picks sides, it will harm no one but itself. Unlike Iran and North Korea, Pakistan is in a position to maintain friendly relations with all countries at the same time. It doesn’t carry any historical baggage that renders it unfit for maintaining good relations with all countries and power blocs. It has all the elements to be in a position to reap the benefits of friendly relations with the West, China, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan at the same time without picking sides. Those who are inclined to pin their hopes on the mythical decline of the West and the rise of the East, and Pakistan siding with China and Russia to the detriment of the Western world, are advised to engage in a careful reading of history to understand the difference between yesterday’s empires and today’s nation-states. Why can’t we hope that both the East and the West shine at the same time rather than separately at the cost of the other? We can also shine with them if we introduce the right domestic and foreign policies. The writer is a research analyst at the Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad. Email: [email protected]
Oraya nasıl gidebilirim Düğün Âdetleri Old Maltese WeddingModern marriages in Malta are quite similar to those in other European countries, but this was not the case in the past. The daughter was not always consulted in the choice of her future husband. When the girl's parents realised that it was time for their daughter to get married, they would display a pot of sweets on a stone bracket on the outer wall of their house. Once a young man would notice the pot, he would then go to find an older man who could act as a marriage broker (huttab) so that his message could reach the girl's parents. If they agreed, a contract would be settled upon and the girl's dowry stipulated. the young man would send his beloved a fish with a gold ring in its mouth. The betrothal feast would then be celebrated. This was referred to as "Ir-Rabta". During this feast the bride used to be introduced to her future husband in the presence of both sets of parents. She would be presented with an engagement ring in the form of two engraved hands joined together, as a symbol of fidelity. She would reciprocate by presenting her future husband with a handkerchief edged with lace. On the wedding day, a group of musicians and singers would accompany the couple to church singing verses of praise to the new couple. Grain, nuts and wheat were showered on them on their return from the church. The guests would stay on for the wedding banquet to which they often contributed by offering wine as well as food. The bride would dine in a separate room but at the end of the meal she would join her husband by sitting near him and even drink from his glass. Sometimes there would be dancing with castanets, a custom which may have originated during Aragonese rule in the 15th century. During the meal the guests placed gifts on the bride's lap while she sat at the top end of the room. Eight days after the wedding day the bride would leave her father's house. This is referred to as "Il-Harga". She used to be received with pomp by her husband in their new home. During the first year of marriage, the husband accepted to take his wife to two major fesats - namely the feast of St. Gregory, which is celebrated on the first Wednesday after Easter at Zejtun and Marsaxlokk, and to the "L-Imnarja" at the end of June. This feast commemorates the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul. On the eve of this feast day, many people gather at Buskett, a small forested area outside Rabat, to eat rabbit stew and drink wine as well as to listen to folk singing, known as "l-ghana". The bride used to wear a different headdress for her wedding. If she wore the "ghonnella", also known as "faldetta', this meant that the bride had already been married. During those times, many women became widows as men usually were employed as soldiers or seamen and many lost their lives when still young. If the bride was a maiden, she would wear either a hat (kappell) or a veil (mant). The hat was usually fawn while she wore a silver-grey dress. The veil and the dress were usually white.
Cultures in Concert: Four Latin American Composers Who Fused Folk and Classical Music By Angel Saldivar | Share this Post As a Mexican music enthusiast, I am avidly fascinated by norteño and ranchera music. The former is a traditional style of music from the northern region of Mexico, and the latter is comes from Mexico's rural regions. Both of these genres are synonymous with folk music traditions that praise patriotism and love. For me, though, hearing them delights me because both genres remind me of spending time with my family. So when I began my internship at WFMT, I was curious if these folk music forms had any classical counterparts. My first exposure to classical music, like many others from my generation, was through cartoons. It was only later that I discovered the names of pieces I'd heard many times before: Strauss’s Blue Danube, Wagner’s "Ride of the Valkyries," and Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain. Though European composers are the most prominent in the classical canon, I became curious about the contributions of Latin American composers. So I sought out Latin Americans who embraced their culture and made names for themselves in classical music. My exploration began with Elbio Barilari, an Uruguayan composer and professor of Latin American Music at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Through Barilari, who also hosts WFMT’s Fiesta, I learned about these 20th-century Latin American composers. Manuel Ponce Ponce was a Mexican composer whose focus was solely on classical music. Though, as Barilari indicates, "Ponce was not [directly] associated with folk music," he was instrumental in the popularization of folk music in the concert hall. For example, Ponce gave folk music classical arrangements such as in the prelude to "Cielito lindo." Here's a traditional folk interpretation... ... and here is Manuel Ponce's version. Heitor Villa-Lobos Villa-Lobos was a Brazilian composer who had huge influence on his country’s music. Villa-Lobos made a variation on the popular Brazilian dance form ciranda, which emulates the steady rhythm a type of social tango music called milonga. Here's a traditional interpretation... ... and here is Villa-Lobos's take. Astor Piazzolla Piazzolla was an Argentinian composer of tango music, who was among the first composers to usher tango, a musical style that originates from South America’s Rio de la Plata region, into the concert hall. Though the music of Argentina was an inspiration to Piazzolla, he was also influenced by the events of his time. One of his most popular pieces, Libertango, was composed during an era of dictatorship in Latin America. Compare a folk setting of a tango... ... with Piazzolla's Libertango. Elbio Barilari (1953-   ) Incidentally, Barilari was once an assistant to Astor Piazzolla. Barilari recalls some sage advice from his mentor: "Don’t listen to anybody, only your own taste." One of Barilari’s own pieces, Canyengue, takes inspiration from Piazzolla as well as regional folk forms. In some dialects, the term "canyengue" means "strong rhythm" or "melting with the music." The piece follows a type of candombe drumming music mixed with milonga. A traditional take... ... and Barilari's interpretation. By following their own paths, these Latin American composers contributed significantly to classical music while embracing their Latin American identities. Angel Saldivar is a student at ITW David Speer Academy who regularly tunes in to 98.7 WFMT. As an intern for the radio station, Angel assisted in live broadcasts, created social media web posts, and worked on audio post-production. After graduation, he will be studying journalism at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Male, Mālē: 1 definition Images (photo gallery) India history and geogprahy Male (“garland”) is one of the many exogamous septs (division) among the Holeyas (field labourers). There are customs remaining which seem to indicate that the Holeya people were once masters of the land. India history book cover context information Discover the meaning of male in the context of India history from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
The Famine of Samaria: A Sermon 1. A SERM0N. II. KINGS, 7. Chap. 1. 2. Verses. Then Elisha said, Hear ye the word of the LORD; thus saith the LORD, Tomorrow about this time shall a measure of fine flour be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gate of Samaria. Then a lord on whose hand the king leaned, answered the man of God, and said, Behold, if the LORD would make windows in heaven, might this thing be? and he said, Behold, thou shall see it with thine eyes, but shalt not eat thereof. ALL sacred scripture is given by God for our instruction and improvement; but there are some parts of the Bible peculiarly interesting to the feelings. There is a conciseness, a simplicity, a clearness, an energy in the language, which none but the sacred writers themselves could ever attain. The story of which the text is a part, is told in so simple and interesting a manner, that while it arrests the attention of a child, it conveys a variety of useful instructions to the philosopher and the Christian. It is the history of a siege and a famine: a history from which at all times we might derive improvement; but more especially at a time when we ourselves are at war, and all Europe in a state, something approaching to a famine.—Let us take a view of the whole story. Benhadad, king of Syria gathered all bis host, and went up, and besieged Samaria. —We are not informed as to the causes of the war. Jehoram the king of Israel was a bad man, and probably had given some offence; but Benhadad the king of Syria seems to have been a proud ambitious monarch, who, regardless of right or wrong, sought his own aggrandisement. We find him on a former occasion, in the days of Ahab, with thirty and two kings under his command, besieging Samaria, and insulting the God of Israel; and, notwithstanding all [Page 4] his insolent boasting, and vast army, which filled the whole country, twice beaten, by so small a number of men, that they appeared like two flocks of kids. In those unhappy times, men seemed created only to slaughter one another for the amusement of their despotic masters. And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men rise and play before us; and Joab said, let them them arise; and there arose twelve men belonging to each, and they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow's side; so they fell down together.—This dreadful play was acted for the amusement of two captains. The plays of their Masters were in proportion bloody.—The kings of Israel and Syria were long brothers in iniquity and rivals in war. The nations were no doubt taught to consider each other as natural enemies. But the Almighty Ruler of the universe made use of the pride and ambition of Benhadad to chastise the wickedness of the Israelites. We find it declared in the 26. Chap. of Levit. that if they would not hearken unto God, nor do his commandments, he would set his face against them, he would break the pride of their power, and the staff of their bread; and that they should eat the flesh of their sons, and the flesh of their daughters. In the 28. Chap. of Deuteronomy, we find it also denounced, that, if they would not hearken unto the voice of the Lord their God to observe and do all his commandments; that, among other punishments, which he would inflict upon them, he would bring a nation against them of fierce countenance, who should besiege them in all their gates, until they should eat the fruit of their own body, the flesh of their sons, and of their daughters. These denunciations were dreadfully accomplished upon the Israelites on the present occasion. The famine within the walls of Samaria was more dreadful than the war without; for, behold, they besieged it, until an ass's head was sold for fourscore pieces of silver, and the fourth part of a cab of doves dung for five pieces of silver. And as the king of Israel was passing by upon the wall, there cried a woman unto him, saying, help, my lord, O King. And he said, if the LORD do not help thee, whence shall I help thee? out of the barn floor, or out of the wine press? And the king said unto her, What aileth thee? And she answered, this woman said unto me, Give thy son, that we may eat him to day, and we will eat my son to morrow. So we boiled my son and did eat him: and I said unto her on the next day, Give thy son, that we may eat him: and she hath hid her son. Dreadful situation! Who can [Page 5] read the history of it without horror, tho'it happened near three thousand years ago! What then must we think of the Syrians who produced all this misery; who sat without the gates, listening to every tale which was brought them of the distress of the Samaritans, with a kind of infernal rapture. They were heathens, it is true, but they were men: and to what a state of perversity and depravity must men be reduced, before they can find pleasure in the torture and misery of their fellow creatures! Jehoram the king was greatly moved at this extreme misery of his people; And it came to pass, when tbe king heard the words of the woman, that he rent his clothes; and he passed by upon the wall, and the people looked, and, behold, he had sackcloth within upon his flesh. He felt for the calamity, and he mourned for it; but it does not appear that he mourned for the causes of it, or repented of the sins, which had provoked heaven to bring it down. "The worst man may grieve for his smart, only the good can grieve for his offence." lnstead of being penitent, instead of repenting of his own idolatry; instead of lamenting the crimes of Ahab his father, and Jezebel his mother, and the wickedness of his people in general; all which were the true causes of such dreadful visitations; he is quite furious, and turns all his rage on innocence, nay on virtue; on the man whose counsel when followed never failed to deliver his country: God do so to me and more also, says he, if the head of Elisha, the son of Shaphat shall stand on him this day.—Alas! what had Elisha done? what ground was there for the king's displeasure? Had he reproved the nation of their wickedness? Had he forewarned them of the alarming evils that would overtake them for it? or did the king think, the prophet could have averted the siege and famine by his prayers, and would not? Ignorant and foolish man! To suppose the prophet fo eminently wife and good above his fellows, that he could command omnipotence, and scatter armies by the shaking of a leaf; and yet ordain his death!—All Israel did not afford a head so guiltless, so wise, so intent upon the public welfare, as this that was now destined to the stroke of the executioner. In the midst of this scene of dire calamity, in Samaria, and the storm and tumult of Jehoram's mind, Elisha sat serenely in his house, and the elders sat with him; lamenting no doubt, the sins and misery of his people, and conferring [Page 6] about the issue of their present calamity. God revealed to him the bloody design of Jehoram. See ye, said he, addressing himself to the elders who sat with him, in the bold language of the servant of the king of kings,—see ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away mine head!—this son of Ahab, the murderer of Naboth and the Lord's prophets —his son not only by birth, but disposition and bloody mindedness —look when the messenger cometh, shut the door, and hold him fast at the door —Is not the sound of his master's feet behind him? And while he yet talked with them, behold the messenger came down unto him: and said, in the name of his master, Behold this evil is of the Lord, what should I wait for the Lord any longer. From this it would appear that Elisha had, during the distress of the city, preached up patience to the king, and persuaded him to trust in God for deliverance; but he, impatiently, and impiously, charges God foolishly as the author of all their misery; and would wreak his vengeance against the Almighty upon his innocent servant. O blind infidel!—O presumptuous madman!— The king himself, the sound of whose feet was immediately behind the messenger, was now arrived in the presence of the prophet. But Elisha feared not the face of man. His soul was serene and undaunted. He was inspired by the spirit of prophecy. He saw the speedy relief of the city, the sudden turn their affairs would take, the plenty that next day awaited them. And notwithstanding the ill usage he had received, and the bloody intention of Jehoram towards him, he announces to them the joyful tidings. "Then Elisha said, Hear ye the word of the LORD ; thus saith the LORD, Tomorrow about this time shall a measure of fine flour be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gate of Samaria. Then a lord on whose hand the king leaned, answered the man of God, and said, Behold, if the LORD would make windows in heaven, might this thing be? and he said, Behold, thou shalt see it with thine eyes, but shalt not eat thereof." Prophecies before they are fulfilled are enigmas, no spirit can understand their meaning but that by which they are delivered. There seemed so little probability of any immediate abundance, that one can hardly wonder that the [Page 7] king and his attendants, who were more inclined to idolatry than the worship of the one true God, should have given but little credit to Elisha. This unbelief was however a great crime. The Israelites had seen a perpetual series of wonders wrought for their deliverance, This very Jehoram himself, had been constrained by distress, and the advice of the good Jehoshaphat, to have recourse to Elisha, about three years before this, and been an eye witness of a miracle: he had led his army into a wilderness where there was no water: On his application, Elisha at first treated him with great boldness; desired him to go to the prophets of his father and the prophets of his mother; yet on account of his respect for Jehoshaphat, and compassion for the armies of Israel and Judah; he commanded them to fill the valley full of ditches, when lo, on the morrow, as he had prophesied, there came water, without wind or rain, and filled the country. This eminent service of Elisha seems to have so far made an impression on the mind of Jehoram, that when the prophet foretold the relief of Samaria, the king was disarmed of his rage, and at least expressed no doubt, whatever he thought in his own mind, of his veracity.—But an infidel Courtier on whose hand the king leaned, said, Behold, if the LORD would make windows in heaven, might this thing be?—He even doubts, if windows were made in heaven and food rained down as manna was of old, whether their distresses could be relieved.—He either disbelieved the power of God, or the veracity of the prophet. Yet Elisha had performed many wonderful things in the eyes of all lsrael, and, one would think, must have fully established his authority as a prophet; and if this lord had believed in God at all, he must have known, that the arm of omnipotence can easily effect those things which appear altogether impossible to man. Could not he have increased the corn and meal of Samaria as he had done the widows oil? —But this proud infidel was to suffer for his unbelief —Behold said the prophet, thou shalt see it with thine eyes, but shalt not eat thereof.— His fate which the prophet foretold ought to afford us a usefu1 lesson. It should teach us never to distrust, nor to despair of the goodness of Providence, [Page 8] whose arm is never shortned that it cannot save. Even in the deepest distress, when there is no appearance of deliverance, the Almighty can rescue us:—he can blow with his wind, and scatter our enemies;—he can make plenty smile in a barren land, and water springs of a dry ground.— Never surely was there a more calamitous situation than that of Samaria at this moment. Reduced to feed on things the most unwholsome, the least nutritious, and the most unclean; nay their tender and delicate women, rendered so brutally ravenous, as to devour their own tender offspring. Nature shudders at the thought! But from this state how unexpected, how sudden was their deliverance!— Four lepers, men excluded on account of their loathsome disease, from all intercourse with society, sat at the entering in of the gate.—They saw nothing but death before them : famine within the walls; and the enemy without.—They had no choice but to die of hunger or fall to the enemy.—Dreadful alternative! Perhaps the enemy might have some pity,—hunger had none.—They resolved upon the lesser evil.—If the enemy killed them, they could but die. To the camp of the Syrians they came.—They approached it in the twilight; but there was no man.—Silence and solitude reigned, where they expected to have found a multitude of armed men.—They looked and listened with anxious dread :—the sound of their own steps alarmed them. But an alarm far more dreadful had seized on the hearts of the Syrians: —For the Lord had made the host of the Syrians to hear a noise of chariots, and a noise of horses, even the noise of a great host. Wherefore they rose and fled in the twilight, and left their tents, and their horses, and their asses, even the camp as it was, and fled for their life. The wicked fleeth, when no man pursueth. The Syrians after having brought much distress upon the Samaritans, without gaining either honour or advantage to themselves, were at last subdued, without an enemy, by a shadowy army —their own unsubstantial fears:—an empty sound scattered them:—panic struck they fled, half dead with terror:—amazed, and breathless they returned home, leaving their horses, their asses, their silver and gold, their provisions, and all their [Page 9] substance behind them. Only air-built chariots and horses pursued them. Disaster and disgrace accompanied their flight: their very clothes were cast away to accelerate their steps. Thus ended the proud armament of Benhadad. Thus, for the most part, have, in all ages, the boasted armadas of profligate ambition, been in the end covered with shame; and annihilated by the breath of the Almighty's displeasure. —But no example of past times was ever yet a warning to heedless power and irritated passion. The Samaritans, being informed of the Right of the Syrians by the lepers, and having fully ascertained the fact, went out and spoiled the tents of the Syrians. So a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD. And the king appointed the lord on whose hand he leaned to have the charge of the gate: and the people trode upon him in the gate, and he died, as the man of God had said, who spake when the king came down to him. Thus was speedily fulfilled the prophecy of Elisha: thus was the siege unexpectedly raised, and abundance supplied to the famished Samaritans; and the unbelieving lord made an eye witness of Elisha's veracity, without being a sharer of the plenty which he had foretold: for necessity, like death, levels all distinctions; hunger has no respect to greatness; and he was innocently trodden down by the people in their eagerness to supply their wants.—His fate is an awful lesson on faith and humility.—No power of words can add to its effect.— Let us learn from the whole of this interesting, and instructive story, never to be weary of waiting for the Lord, however heavily present evils may press upon us; never to be fretful and discontented with providence, however gloomy the situation of public affairs may appear. Whatever be the evils of which we may at any time complain, war, famine, violated rights, or the attempts of violent men to overturn our constitution: whatever be the danger we dread, or the good we wish —the evils may soon be [Page 10] removed —the object we wish attained—but like the favourite of Jehoram, we may be trodden in the dust, and never taste the benefit of it.—What is the form of a Government—what is the name of a king—to the millions who fall in the contest about the one or the other? They hear not the voice of the oppressor— they taste not the plenty produced by just laws, and mild government. I would not however damp the spirit of patriotism, or advise any man to be unconcerned for the public interest:—far, very far from it:—the man who feels not for the welfare of his country, and the happiness of posterity, and would not risque his life to preserve them, deserves not the protection of society. Let us feel an honest enthusiasm for what we deem right: But let us take care to inform our reason and not become the dupes of blind prejudice, or of designing men : let us take care to moderate the violence of our passions, and not imbitter life by angry disputes, or sour discontents. The event of all things is under the direction of God. Let us rely on his Providence. And let us never rashly throw the blame of public misfortunes entirely on any individual, lest we condemn the innocent, as Jehoram did Elisha. But let us honestly inspect our own hearts, and see how far our own sins and follies have contributed to produce the calamities which we deplore. The state of the world at this moment presents to our view the most awful and alarming scenes.—Though happily removed by our situation from the more immediate evils of war and famine, yet we must in some degree be affected by them.—Last year many of the finest fields in Europe, instead of waving with yellow harvests, gleamed with deadly arms. The devastations occasioned by camps, by battles, routs and pillage, combined with an unfavourable season,—which God, no doubt, in mercy sent, to bring infuriate mortals to their senses, has produced, in every kingdom on the continent, an extreme scarcity.—Even in various parts of this kingdom an alarm of scarcity has gone forth, which has produced destructive tumults. But let us, my Brethren, sit still in our houses, like Elisha, with serenity of soul; converse with the elders, the wise, the moderate and good; and wait the salvation of God.—If war has produced famine, famine will put an end to the [Page 10] war. Already even amidst the storm, peace seems hovering on the wing, about to make her nest in those fields from which she had been scared. When she does alight —O! let us not disturb her again, by petty broils among ourselves about the causes of her flight.—Alas! my Brethren, we are all guilty.—Did not the nation at large, through all its ranks, as it were, shout for the battle? The still small voice of reason was drowned in the storm.—The interested were numerous no doubt;—but the great multitude were actuated, even while they called for war, by principles of humanity.—A murdered king —a degraded nobility —a pillaged priesthood, implored their compassion. I honour their feelings, while I lament their mistake, the fatal effects of which cannot yet be told. Reason begins to resume her throne, with Pity by her side, shedding tears over the ruins which blind fury has created. Our Commanders, equally distinguished for their courage and humanity, even in the moment of victory, when crowned with conquest, lament over the enemies' slain.*1 This is Christian like, and augurs well.—The world I trust will adopt this spirit —feel that they are brethren —the offspring of God —the heirs of the same promises —the expectants of the same reward.— May the Great Father of all, look down from heaven upon his children!—forgive their errors,—pardon their sins,—bind up their wounds, and heal their divisions:—May He relieve their wants,—drop plenty from the clouds, —cause the earth to bring forth, and the fields to flourish:—May He establish peace in our borders,—and grant us his bleffing! F I N I S. This is the full version of the original text calamity, crisis, eating, famine, plenty, rain, sin, war, water Source text Title: The Famine of Samaria: A Sermon Author: Rev. John Black Publisher: R. Loder Publication date: 1795 Place of publication: Suffolk Provenance/location: This text was transcribed from images available at Gale Primary Sources: http:// Gale Document Number: GALE|CW0120678502 Digital edition Original author(s): Rev. John Black Language: English Selection used: • 1 ) whole Encoding checking by: Hannah Petrie, Gary Stringer, Charlotte Tupman Genre: Britain > non-fiction prose > religion: sermons
TIP! Buy a mattress that has the proper firmness to prevent back pain. A firm mattress will provide greater support for your back and help relieve some of your back pain. Across the globe, back discomfort afflicts millions every day. Back discomfort is not always the easiest ailment to treat, and it can complicate your day-to-day life quite a lot. Luckily, there are a number of ways to manage back pain. This article offers tips about what you can do to ease back pain. TIP! Several fitness exercises are very helpful for back injuries. For example, participating in yoga can improve your flexibility and prevent some muscle strains. Don’t ever ignore any back pain. Many people ignore the signals that their body is sending them. They expect painful back spasms to simply go away while they continue to behave normally. Trying to move too much while in pain can just worsen it. Try not to do too much until the pain decreases. TIP! You should rest after you experience pain to avoid further injuring yourself. If the pain goes away in those couple days, then you can assume the injury was minor. When your back is hurting, lay down with knees and hips at a 90 degree angle. Massaging the area will stimulate blood flow and help end the back spasm. Comfort is the most important thing to consider, though — just keep your spine straight. TIP! Practice relaxation by laying down and allowing your body to go limp. Then, pick a body part and flex only the muscles in that region of your body, making sure to do this slowly and deliberately. If you are predisposed to back injuries – either genetically or through your lifestyle choices – then protect yourself by getting in the habit of regular chiropractor visits before you feel pain. Consulting a chiropractor on a regular basis could help you in fixing the small problems before they become serious injuries. TIP! Surprising as it may be, coffee consumption can reduce chronic back pain. Recent medical studies have shown that the caffeine in coffee helps to block a chemical called adenosine. Start eating in a healthy way and drink a lot of water, about eight to ten cups a day. Eating a healthy diet has a variety of benefits, including reduced risk of back pain. This helps you get a leaner body and can prevent pressure on the back, and there are necessary nutrients that can eliminate your back discomfort. TIP! Have good posture. Bad posture is detrimental to your spine, causing back strain unnecessarily. The main form of back discomfort is lower back discomfort, and it’s the second most common reason people see a physician. You can modify the type of activity that you do everyday to control your back discomfort, but you must take proper precautions. Do whatever it takes to prevent back pain. TIP! Try to be careful with how you sleep in the night. It might not always be the most comfortable, but sleeping on your back is usually an ideal way to keep back pain at bay, especially because it allows you to put a heating pad beneath you. Start with the very basics when it comes to back discomfort. Simply taking a break and resting for a couple of days can be very helpful. While you are waiting for your back to calm down, try taking some anti-inflammatory pain medicine, such as ibuprofen, naproxen or acetaminophen, to get some pain relief. You could also use the old remedy of using heat or cold, or switching between them, to soothe your back. TIP! You can cut back on the amount of pain you experience in your back by cutting caffeine out of your diet. Caffeine has triggered spasms and can inflame muscles, particularly if you have muscle damage. Calcium and vitamin D are essential to healthy bones. It is vital that you discuss any course of action with your doctor. Sometimes non-prescription medicine works fine, and sometimes prescribed medication is absolutely necessary. TIP! People whose range of motion is restricted by back pain can help to counteract this effect by carefully stretching their hamstrings, back muscles, and the muscles around their back. The muscles that support the back are large, and when they are affected it can cause pain throughout the body. It is unfortunately sometimes recommended to undergo back surgery to ease back pain and suffering. Surgery should be the last option considered. Surgery could be the only option for certain conditions and injuries that may cause back discomfort. TIP! The right shoes can minimize your back pain. Ill-fitting shoes can change the way you walk and cause the bad posture which can result in pain. It’s possible that surgery can correct conditions that cause paralysis, it will depend on the specific case. There are some rare back conditions which require back surgery as the only option too. Often, surgery is used when dealing with degenerative diseases, which are difficult to understand and explain. TIP! Have more Vitamin B-12 in your diet. Some people get back pain because they have insufficient vitamin B12 in their diets. Avoid back pain while breastfeeding by feeding your child in a chair instead of a couch. If you are sitting in an improper manner when breastfeeding, this could lead to back pain. Give your back the support it needs with a comfortable pillow or pad. TIP! Many back problems result from a poorly designed computer setup which strains the back. If you work on a computer often and find you have regular back pain, get your computer postioned immediately in front on your desk, and make sure that you set your monitor at eye level. Sitting up straight is a good idea. Having a bad posture puts a lot of pressure on your back. If you are sitting for a long period of time, be sure that you are doing so in a supportive and comfortable chair. Alternatively, sit on an exercise ball to help your posture and reinforce your back. TIP! Get a massage. Touch therapy provides relief to many people who have back pain. Distance yourself from activities or situations that are known to create spasms in your back. The usual activators are dehydration, low sodium, lack of sleep, anxiety, caffeine and stress. If a back spasm is triggered, apply a heat pack as soon as possible to relax and rest all of your back muscles and prevent any pain from getting worse. TIP! Make sure your back is always supported. An articulating arm can help you with your back pain. Always keep good posture. Your back should always be straight, and both feet should be resting on the floor with one a bit ahead. When typing, keep elbows resting comfortably at your sides. Your computer screen should be at eye level so you do not have to twist your neck. TIP! Anytime you are driving around or sitting for a long time, you are putting your back at risk. Try buying back cushions specifically designed for those with back problems.
Donate | The Blk Projek The first 15 years of the twenty-first century have been a difficult time in the United States and worldwide. Whereas the 1990s decade was a period of economic growth and prosperity, the early part of the twenty-first century has been characterized by economic and financial markets volatility, along with many individuals just “treading water” in trying to maintain the standards of living they had previously achieved. A “price bubble” for technology stocks, including so-called “” start-ups, burst in the United States in 2000. An economic downturn followed and was exacerbated by the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Economic recovery occurred over several years until the housing price bubble burst in 2006 and housing values declined sharply. Securities tied to housing prices also declined sharply, causing concerns that “over-borrowed” financial institutions might fail because they held insufficient equity capital resources to cover the decline in values of the home mortgages and housing-related debt securities they held. This led to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. A major economic recession (sometimes called the Great Recession) began in early 2008 and continued through mid-2009 and turned out to be the deepest and longest recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While unemployment rates in the United States exceeded 10 percent in 2009 and remained above the 7 percent level as of the end of 2012, they were reduced to about 5 percent by late 2015. To Top
How to Care for Mature Trees Many things can be a threat to the growth and stability of your tree. For starters, hot weather conditions can be harsh for your trees. Hot weather can cause drought, which creates a lot of stress for your tree. High temperatures can cause a lot of damage to your tree and plant’s health. You have to be very aware of how warm temperature can affect how your plant grows. High temperatures can reduce the rate a tree performs photosynthesis. It also reduces a plant’s respiration rate. If that happens, then there will be an imbalance in the carbohydrates that the plant produces. That’s how the hot weather can affect the lifespan of your tree. Making your Plant Survive the Hot Weather While it’s also true that trees won’t die throughout summer, they may get badly damaged by it. The help of the experts is necessary to make sure that you get the best possible care for your tree. They know what to do, and one way for them to do so is to initiate the formation of heat-shock proteins or HSPs for trees. HSPs are also found in animals and humans and its purpose is to maintain the function and integrity of the protein using high heat. HSPs are formed when the temperature rises and it works by stabilizing the proteins to maintain the seamless functions of the cells. HSPs also help in moderating the metabolic reactions of the tree to speed up the imbalance of acidification and metabolites in the tree’s cellular tissues. HSPs also initiate the production of calcium which can greatly help in the physical adaptation during heat stress. An arborist can help you greatly with this. Mature Trees and Tree Pruning Tree pruning is the act of removing the dead and dying branches of trees. This process promotes the health and safety of your plants. Pruning is also referred to as trimming and it is the process of cleaning up the tree. Young trees and mature trees need to be pruned periodically to improve the shape and form of the plants and trees in your backyard. It also addresses all the structural weaknesses of the tree and makes it more stable even during storms. Tree pruning removes the density of live branches so that the tree becomes more resistant to wind and other elements. The lower branches have to be pruned as well so that the amount of sunlight obtained by the plants underneath the tree is improved. The proper way to pruning trees has to be performed to enjoy all of these effects. Hire Tree Care Experts When you hire tree care professionals, you have to make sure that you’re working with a legit company. You don’t want to deal with people who are not the experts that they say they are. Do a background check of the company that offers tree service Memphis so you’re sure that you’re getting the service that you need. You also want to hire a company that provides quality services at the most reasonable rates.
Violent Entertainment And Community Effects Adolescents playing violent video games on laptops Do Violent Video Games Make People More Likely To Be Violent In Real Life? Violent entertainment will never go away just as porn never has and never will; the amount of dopamine released in the brain’s reward center is keeping these industries alive. The demand is too great and the profits too enormous for the entertainment industry to drop violence altogether. But this is exactly what needs to be considered if we want to help decrease gun violence in the United States and around the world. The reality is that violent video games, movies and songs contribute to mass shootings. A child’s brain is like a sponge, soaking up every piece of information that comes along its way; especially entertainment. When you introduce a child to a violent video game, he or she unconsciously registers the sequence of events that occur in that video game; memories become consolidated faster than any exam that child will ever study for. Even if a child who plays violent video games has no intention of ever picking up a gun, things happen in life which stir up a child or adolescent’s feelings, emotions and thought processes. Adolescence is the period of a person’s life where they identify more with their peers and less with their parents. During adolescence, image and popularity are very important objectives. Some adolescents struggle with being accepted by their peers and start to experience anger, frustration, hateful thoughts, depression and even mental breakdowns. And guess what comes back lurking into their lives when they start feeling anger towards their peers? Their unconscious mind suddenly floods their conscious mind with acts of violence it had previously registered from video games, movies and violent hip hop lyrics. An adolescent may actually retreat back to these forms of entertainment to get their dose or “fix” of bullets and armor. What was once intended as being entertainment can sometimes turn into a reality. With so much anger and hatred boiling in vulnerable and fragile adolescents, they no longer are able to think clearly because their emotions are flooding their mind. In addition, their undeveloped and immature frontal lobes lack the judgement and reasoning required to prevent them from doing something catastrophic. To believe that the only main solution is tighter gun regulations or the banning of guns is naive and a disservice to the people of the United States. So many factors play a role in gun violence in the United States: • Under-treated mental illness and mental health stigma • A culture fueled by the love for guns • Violent entertainment • An international black market which will never go away • Hatred for other races, ethnicities and cultures To remove violent entertainment from our society would almost be a shock for a large portion of the population who has engaged with these forms of entertainment for a long time. But in the long run, it would help developing minds focus on positive things such as education, sports and socializing rather than wasting countless hours glued to violent screens. Are you Ready? (This is Defeating Stigma Mindfully) El Paso Shooting Mentally ill person wearing armor suit and carrying shotgun Turning A Blind Eye To Mental Illness A manifesto. Accumulation of hate. Thoughts of killing. Destruction. Elimination. All fueled by deep hatred stemming from malfunctioning brain circuits; neurons releasing too little or too much neurotransmitters in different regions of the brain. Meanwhile, the clues pile up on social media and nobody does anything about it. This is the problem with gun violence in the United States: mental illness is still not receiving the full attention and focus that it needs to prevent such catastrophes from taking place. People witness disturbing social media posts or odd behavior by a certain individual and do nothing about it. Whenever you see something, say something! Mental illness can no longer be ignored. For how much longer will America turn a blind eye to mental health? Guns do not kill people; people kill people! A deep hatred towards another race, gender, ethnicity or creed stems from mental illness. All emotions originate from the brain. Anger, jealously, hatred or fear; they all originate from the brain. There is no hatred without something malfunctioning in the human mind. When you have a person take twenty innocent lives and injury twenty-six people in a shopping mall on a Saturday afternoon, you know that mental illness played a role. You would have to be naive and ignorant to believe otherwise. Some would argue that America is overmedicated and that we need to rely less on prescription drugs. How can this argument stand when every other month there is a shooting spree in a different state? We can ban all the guns in the world but people with mental illness would still obtain them very easily via the black market. Banning guns is like starting a modern day “war on drugs” by attempting to make everything illegal. We are finally admitting that the “war on drugs” has failure, as evidenced by the modern opioid and methamphetamine epidemics, soon to be followed by a stimulant epidemic. Banning guns is not the solution; it never will be. The solution is ending the mental health stigma and coming forward to share our problems rather than spraying them on innocent lives. We need to be honest with ourselves and step out of the darkness where mental illness sometimes takes us. It is time for America to come out of the closet regarding our mental health crisis. We can no longer treat this subject lightly or else innocent lives will continue to be robbed. Violence, murders, suicides and drug abuse all stem from an under-treated society. We are being prescribed medications but we are not fully forthcoming with all of our problems. The psychiatric medications are acting as temporary bandages rather than long-term solutions. Some people do not even know the significance of the medication which they are taking. This is because we are superficially addressing the mental health crisis. We can no longer be ashamed of sharing our problems with each other. And this applies to the rest of the world as well. By coming together and sharing our mental health concerns, we will make this world a better place and decrease violence and hatred exponentially! Are you Ready? (This is Defeating Stigma Mindfully)
The failure of the Babylonian gods (Isa 46:1-46:2) “Bel bows down. Nebo stoops. Their idols are on beasts. Their idols are on cattle. These things you carry Are loaded Like burdens on weary animals. They stoop. They bow down together. They cannot save the burden. But they themselves Go into captivity.” Second Isaiah talks about the failure of the Babylonian gods. Bel or Bel-Marduk was the chief god of the Babylonians. He was like the lord god. Nebo or Nabu was the son of Marduk, a Babylonian god that was a scribe or wise person. Both of them failed. They had to bow down and stoop before others. These gods had to be carried away on the backs of beasts and animals, since they were incapable of helping themselves as they went into captivity.
Nocturnal Seizures Nocturnal seizures are usually tonic-clonic. They might occur just after a person has fallen asleep, just before waking, during daytime sleep, or while in a state of drowsiness. People who experience nocturnal seizures may find it difficult to wake up or to stay awake. Although unaware of having had a seizure while asleep, they may arise with a headache. They may have temper tantrums or other destructive behaviour throughout the day. Nocturnal seizures are very uncommon and their mechanisms poorly understood. The majority of people with nocturnal seizures have idiopathic epilepsy. There is evidence that sleep enhances epileptic discharges in the EEG, though their daytime recordings may appear to be normal. If a pattern of limiting seizures to the hours of slumber is maintained, the chance of them occurring during the daytime is greatly reduced. Phenytoin may be used to control, or perhaps prevent, nocturnal seizures.
Tutorials  /  , How to Make a Bump Chart in R, with ggplot Visualize rankings over time instead of absolute values to focus on order instead of the magnitude of change. The bump chart is a line chart variant that focuses specifically on ranks over time instead of absolute values. The advantage of the bump chart is that it’s unaffected by large differences in magnitudes, whereas a standard line chart might find itself with a bunch of lines clustered at the bottom because of a high-value category. The bump chart instead spaces ranks evenly. With this in mind, the process of making a bump chart is similar to making a line chart in ggplot. The difference is that you need to calculate ranks first (if they’re not available already), and because you’re looking at ranks, it is a good idea to adjust the vertical scale accordingly. See samples of everything you gain access to: About the Author Maarten is a data journalist and data visualization consultant from Belgium. He likes maps, ggplot and a good story.
Yesterday we looked at some of the challenges that faced one of the most significant aviation triumphs of the late ’60s; the astonishing Concorde. Today we’ll continue with the story. Concorde came on the market at a difficult time. The development costs were more than six times the original estimates, resulting in a unit cost of £144 million at 2019 prices. The 1973 oil crisis, the ’73-’74 stock market crash and Concorde’s sonic boom (preventing supersonic travel overland due to complaints from the public) made the aircraft unattractive. Indeed the aircraft was so expensive, the British and French governments agreed to absorb the development costs. At the time, the emphasis was moving towards mass transport and cheaper travel, rather than a vehicle for the elite. © Flickr commons While at one time 74 aircraft (for 16 airlines) were ordered, the only eventual permanent operators were Air France and BOAC, the forerunner of British Airways. Scheduled flights began on 21st January 1976 on the London-Bahrain route and Paris-Rio de Janeiro. Bans by the US on flights to American destinations—apparently due to protests about the noise–were eventually lifted and both BA and Air France began New York and Washington DC services in late 1977 and May 1976 respectively. The aircraft also flew to Singapore, Mexico City, Miami, Barbados and Caracas. The American operator Braniff used 11 leased aircraft at subsonic speeds between Dallas and Washington-Dulles, with BA or Air France crews carrying on to London and Paris, but this service was short-lived. Speed comes at a price. In the case of Concorde, the costs were too high; both to operate and to buy a ticket. A return ticket from London to New York in 1983 was £2 399 compared to £1 986 for a first-class subsonic trip. A block hour cost for Concorde in 1972 was $3 800 while for a 707 was $1 835. While at one time BA did make a profit, the economics just didn’t make sense. The Paris Crash On the afternoon of 25th July 2000 on a charter flight from Paris to New York, Air France flight 4590 (Concorde F-BTSC) ran over debris on take-off. This ruptured a tyre, the debris from which caused a fuel tank rupture, and the fuel ignited as a result of sparks from The Concorde fire at Paris © Flickr Commons broken wiring. The fire and loss of thrust caused loss of control and the aircraft crashed into a hotel two minutes later, killing all 109 onboard and four in the hotel. Other SST Projects Both America and the USSR had SST projects in the ’60s. The USSR’s Tupolev Tu-144 was the first to enter service, two months before Concorde. (It was also the first to leave) During a spectacular demonstration flight at the Paris airshow in 1973, the ‘Concordski’ broke up in midair, killing six on board and eight on the ground. The Tu-144 flew only 55 flights before it was grounded permanently. The TU-144 ©Flickr Commons The American project never resulted in an aircraft. Government funding was cut by the US Senate in March 1971 and after eight years of development, Boeing cancelled the project. In April 2003, both BA and Air France announced the Concorde would be retired later that year. The reasons given were the reduction in passenger numbers as a result of the Paris crash, the September 11th attacks in New York and rising maintenance costs—Airbus (the successor to Aerospatiale) saying that they would no longer supply spares. It was clear that by 2003, the aircraft was outdated. The cockpit was still analogue, there was no reason to upgrade the cabin, and Concorde still required a flight engineer-the third member of the flight deck. It was also clear that the airlines could make more money flying first-class passengers subsonically. Concorde last flew on October 24th 2003. From an engineering viewpoint, Concorde was a triumph; designed, constructed and operated without many of the technological advances available today. It was probably the most beautiful aircraft to have flown commercially and perhaps, of all time. From a passengers point of view, it had the charisma and elegance of the early days of commercial aviation. But passengers paid super-first-class prices for what was essentially an economy class seat. David Hall of The Guardian said, ‘Concorde was an outdated notion of prestige that left sheer speed the only luxury of supersonic travel.’ While projects continue around the world, it seems unlikely that we’ll ever see another supersonic commercial aircraft. Most development today lies in the area of environmentally-sensitive and particularly electric-powered flight. But, one equally revolutionary aircraft that had its first commercial flight in 1969 continues to fly today–the amazing Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet! We’ll look in detail at the 747 in an upcoming article. %d bloggers like this:
Plants may let out ultrasonic squeals when stressed Scientists from Tel Aviv University did a study with tomato and tobacco plants where they placed microphones close to the plants.  When they subjected the plants to stress, such as water deprivation or stem cutting, the microphones picked up high-pitched sounds, not audible to a human ear. The plants even had distinct cries depending on if they were dry or cut. The houseplant industry is thriving, thanks to millennials and their ‘plant babies’ What does plant-based mean, anyway? More than half of us aren’t so sure, suggests beef association study This Week's Flyers
New algorithm rapidly finds anomalies in gene expression data Credit: CC0 Public Domain Computational biologists at Carnegie Mellon University have devised an algorithm to rapidly sort through mountains of gene expression data to find unexpected phenomena that might merit further study. What's more, the algorithm then re-examines its own output, looking for mistakes it has made and then correcting them. This work by Carl Kingsford, a professor in CMU's Computational Biology Department, and Cong Ma, a Ph.D. student in , is the first attempt at automating the search for these anomalies in inferred by RNA sequencing, or RNA-seq, the leading method for inferring the activity level of . As they report today in the journal Cell Systems, the researchers already have detected 88 anomalies—unexpectedly high or low levels of expression of regions within genes—in two widely used RNA-seq libraries that are both common and not previously known. "We don't yet know why we're seeing those 88 weird patterns," Kingsford said, noting that they could be a subject of further investigation. Though an organism's is static, the activity level, or expression, of genes varies greatly over time. Gene expression analysis has thus become a major tool for , as well as for diagnosing and monitoring cancers. Anomalies can be important clues for researchers, but until now finding them has been a painstaking, manual process, sometimes called "sequence gazing." Finding one might require examining 200,000 transcript sequences—sequences of RNA that encode information from the gene's DNA, Kingsford said. Most researchers therefore zero in on regions of genes that they think are important, largely ignoring the vast majority of potential anomalies. The algorithm developed by Ma and Kingsford automates the search for anomalies, enabling researchers to consider all of the transcript sequences, not just those regions where they expect to see anomalies. This technology could uncover many new phenomena, such as the 88 previously unknown common anomalies found in the multi-tissue RNA-seq libraries. But Ma noted that identifying anomalies is often not clear cut. Some RNA-seq "reads," for instance, are common to multiple genes and transcripts and sometimes get mapped to the wrong one. If that occurs, a genetic region might appear more or less active than expected. So the algorithm re-examines any anomalies it detects and sees if they disappear when the RNA-seq reads are redistributed between the genes. "By correcting anomalies when possible, we reduce the number of falsely predicted instances of differential expression," Ma said. Explore further Computational method makes gene expression analyses more accurate More information: Cell Systems (2019). www.cell.com/cell-systems/full … 2405-4712(19)30381-3 Journal information: Cell Systems Citation: New algorithm rapidly finds anomalies in gene expression data (2019, November 27) retrieved 5 June 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2019-11-algorithm-rapidly-anomalies-gene.html Feedback to editors User comments
Skip to navigationSkip to content The device in action, with animated wifi. MIT scientists built a device that uses radio waves to detect your true emotions—even when you’re not showing any Katherine Ellen Foley By Katherine Ellen Foley Health and science reporter From our Obsession Machines with Brains AI is upending companies, industries, and humanity. “What if your wireless router could detect emotions?” No one’s really asking that question. Except for, apparently, some researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, who decided to build a wireless signaling device capable of reading vital signs to discern feelings, much like a lie-detection test. Their work (pdf), though not published in a peer reviewed journal just yet, will be presented at the Association of Computing Machinery’s International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking in New York next month. The device, which the team is calling EQ-Radio, emits a harmless radio frequency signal. If the waves hit a person in the room, they bounce off, changed very slightly by that person’s breathing and heartbeats. EQ-Radio notes these minute changes in the reflected waves, and uses them to record those vital signs. It does this over and over again, tracking variation in breathing and heart rate. Changes in vital signs like these are often related to how we feel. Quicker breathing and rapid heart rates can show psychological distress or arousal—even if you aren’t actually feeling or otherwise expressing those emotions. That (plus sweat rates) is the basis for polygraph tests (though they can be wrong). In a small trial of 30 people, EQ-Radio could predict four emotions—happiness, excitement, anger, and sadness—in 87% of cases after it took a baseline heart and breathing rate. Without an initial vital sign reading, it was correct 70% of the time. A random guess would have been right only in 25% of the time because they were only testing those four emotions. The team, led by Dina Katabi, a computer scientist and electrical engineer at MIT, wants to develop this technology for use in health monitoring. Collecting data on breathing patterns and heart rate could be a non-invasive way for health care providers to regularly track emotional well-being and flag symptoms of depression for their patients. There’s another application that the MIT team is excited about: the entertainment industry. They believe their EQ-Radio could also provide feedback to TV and movie producers about how audiences respond to shows and films. In the video below, researchers even postulate that it could even be incorporated into smart home technology to automatically set a romantic ambiance, should the occasion arise. The MIT team compared their results to one of Microsoft’s Emotion application programming interfaces, which were released in 2015. In this comparison, EQ-Radio out-performed Microsoft’s software, which accurately picked up on joy, anger, and sadness less than half of the time, compared with EQ-Radio’s 82%, 83%, and 75% accuracy when participants self-reported, respectively. Microsoft doesn’t have peer-reviewed published data on their software’s accuracy yet (although you can view a preprint here), and perhaps more importantly, the two programs work differently: The Microsoft program in this case analyzes facial expression, and EQ-Radio uses wavelength vibration data. The comparison is more of a benchmark for the latter. Hopefully, though, this tech won’t lead to wifi routers that reveal our emotions to our guests, should we wish to keep those feelings to ourselves.
In the past year, we’ve seen a surge in the popularity of carbon neutrality announcements. Companies and governments have been lining up to declare carbon neutrality, and there is increased focus on decarbonization of the economy. However, because there is no common definition of “carbon neutrality” and companies have a variety of different perceptions about it, the approaches for how to reach the goal of carbon neutrality vary greatly. Companies differ a lot in their ambitions, too, even though at first it might seem that their claims are straightforward or similar. The reality is that businesses interpret the scope of their emissions differently. Whereas some companies follow a holistic approach, considering the entire value chain, others only look at emissions that are under their direct control and potentially neglect a substantial portion of their carbon footprint. A holistic assessment of the entire value chain contributes to a company’s credibility when it comes to announcing carbon neutrality. Setting a Science Based Target (SBT) gives businesses guidance on their path to carbon neutrality and helps define a comprehensive strategy for carbon neutrality. It is clear that CO2 will become an important purchasing criterion in the near future, so there is a rising demand for accountability in the supply chain. Where Companies Get Carbon Neutrality Wrong  The recent World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, is just another example of the intense pressure for companies to aim for carbon neutrality by 2050. Investors are increasingly demanding that corporations take action on the climate. Large companies across sectors have started announcing that they will reach their carbon neutrality targets by a certain date. However, because we don’t have a common or standardized definition of what carbon neutrality means, we see a great variety in the quality and accuracy of these announcements. First, organizations tend to fail in their approach because of a lack of guidance. That can lead to criticism from the public, environmental groups and other nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) for making unreliable or untrustworthy commitments. These companies often make announcements about emissions reductions that only include activities under their direct control (scope 1 & 2) while neglecting huge impacts in their value chains, such as the emissions from their suppliers or from the use and disposal of their products (scope 3). Often, companies make last-minute announcements and simply try to offset a lot of their scope 1 and scope 2 emissions without further reduction targets, and in doing so, cross the line between serious commitments to something akin to greenwashing. Science Based Targets as the Cornerstone of a Holistic Decarbonization Strategy A serious and holistic decarbonization strategy must include all emission sources that are associated with the scope of a business’s activities, the product or the service they provide. First, it must include the emission sources of the entire value chain (scope 1, 2 and 3). Second, it must include realistic timelines and reduction targets. The best place to begin is to set a Science Based Target. The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a partnership between the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), United Nations Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and gives guidance on how an emissions-reduction target can be set so that it is in line with the 1.5°C (2.7°F) target as defined in the Paris Agreement (1.5°C above preindustrial levels). Setting a robust SBT will help align an organization’s reduction and emission avoidance efforts with climate science (prior to offsetting) to achieve carbon neutrality. It therefore gives companies a framework in which to operate and sets the major milestone on the path to carbon neutrality. Decarbonizing the Supply Chain Including the entire value chain in a decarbonization strategy should then be a top priority. In most sectors, the emissions coming from the value chain (scope 3) make up the biggest chunk of a corporation’s carbon footprint. Around 40% of greenhouse gas emissions normally come from the purchases a company makes and during the use of the products it sells, according to the 2017/18 CDP Supply Chain Report. So, excluding value chain emissions from a business’s efforts means that it is neglecting a huge portion of its footprint, barring the company from making serious decarbonization claims. Setting a decarbonization target for scope 1 and 2 emissions is comparably easy because those emissions are usually under the business’s direct control and tend to be relatively easy to calculate. The real challenge comes when accounting for scope 3 emissions. Screening scope 3 emissions can help determine which category makes up the majority of the scope 3 emissions. Usually this is the case for category 3.1 (purchased goods and services), hence the supply chain. This is where it gets tricky: Properly assessing supply chain emissions proves challenging. A recent WWF paper explains that there are many challenges when it comes to accounting and reducing these emissions. Here are a few: • Accounting challenge: How to calculate scope 3.1 emissions and create the transparency required for scope 3 management. • Impact measurement challenge: How to calculate the benefits of supply chain action, especially if scope 3 emissions are only roughly approximated with secondary data. • Action challenge: How to find the most effective approach to reduce emissions in the supply chain. These challenges are accompanied by a lack of transparency of supplier activity and emission data, a lack of resources and know-how (both for the supplier and the OEM) to manage those emissions, a lack of benefits for suppliers to communicate the results and a lack of ability to influence third parties along the value chain. We could also include here a certain lack of trust between supplier and customer. There is a fear of revealing process-specific and business-relevant information, of sharing know-how with a customer and potentially becoming vulnerable in future negotiations. The reservations are further driven by the fact that suppliers do not know their emissions situation when they are benchmarked against their competitors. But this does not always have to be the case. Companies can build trust with their suppliers through collaborative action toward achieving the common goal of decarbonization. One example of an effective approach in reducing supply chain emissions is the effort taken by Audi and its wheel rim manufacturer Cromodora to establish a long-term collaboration. By working together, a company shares risk, and the supplier is able to set up a profitable, sustainable production line, reducing both its own emissions and ultimately the emissions in its supply chain. The first step therefore always should be to integrate suppliers in the process, jointly developing focus areas and CO2 reduction mechanisms. This is especially crucial as the direct control and the expertise of the supply chain lies in a supplier’s hands and not in the OEM’s. Giving CO2 a Price Tag: The Demand for Emissions Accountability in the Supply Chain As the WWF stated, there still is a lack of knowledge and transparency on how to account for the emissions in the supply chain. Currently, the most commonly used framework to assess emissions from a value chain is the GHG protocol (in particular the Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions, 2013). Looking at category 3.1 (purchased goods and services), there are different approaches that range from using a spend-based method that provides generic results to the methods that use supplier-specific information (known as the supplier-specific or hybrid method). Using this framework is typically a good way to start. The right method for a company depends on multiple factors—such as a business’s level of know-how, its supplier’s know-how and its product portfolio—and requires specific evaluation. As we see an increase in the awareness for sustainable practices in industry, sustainability requests from investors (e.g., BlackRock) and the suggestion from, for example, Volkswagen’s chairman, Herbert Diess, who said that “100 €/ton CO2 is not outrageous,” we can expect that regulators will, at some point in the near future, give CO2 a price tag. It will clearly become a purchasing criterion. Along with this inevitable change will come the need for transparency in terms of the emissions inventory and the need for reliable emission data. It therefore seems only logical that there will be a higher focus on supplier-specific, primary emission data. Life Cycle Assessment as a Method to Get Supplier-specific Emission Data Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that has the potential to address the accounting challenge and can help companies better analyze the impacts the supply chain is having on their entire carbon footprint. LCA provides the possibility of delivering different levels of granularity, depending on a company’s focus. It can include data from the production of raw materials all the way up until the purchased product is delivered, thereby reflecting the entire supply chain (known as “cradle-to-gate,” a supplier-specific method that adheres to the GHG protocol). If a company’s focus is a reduced approach that looks only at direct suppliers, primary “gate-to-gate” LCA data can be collected and complemented by data from life-cycle assessment databases. Sphera’s GaBi database, for example, offers a huge portfolio of secondary data that can help companies get their supply chain data right. Using LCA in the right way will get the customers the supplier-specific emission data and transparency they need without disclosing the supplier’s entire process know-how. By including a third party to conduct the data collection and calculation of the “cradle-to-gate” or “gate-to-gate” emission inventory, LCA can also help reduce existing reservations. So, it can be a solid tool for addressing the accounting challenge described before and can help identify the impact the supply chain has on a company’s overall carbon footprint. Partnering on Decarbonization Sphera helps companies to develop a serious decarbonization strategy, set a Science Based Target and choose reliable offsetting approaches (see “7 Keys to Offsetting Your Carbon Emissions”) to achieve long-term carbon neutrality. With our SoFi Software, we deliver a tool to collect emissions data and track it over time, allowing transparency about where companies are along their sustainability journey. When it comes to sustainability in the supply chain, our consultants help companies screen their scope 3 emissions and identify hotspots for taking immediate action. We help develop approaches for engaging with suppliers. As a third party, we can help both customers and suppliers to extract reliable emissions data from the supply chain while, at the same time, allowing suppliers to protect their individual know-how. Our GaBi Software enables companies to carry out Life Cycle Assessments for purchased goods and enables them to feed their decarbonization strategy with reliable, high-quality supply chain data. Carbon Neutrality Announcements and Implications for the Supply Chain Learn more at our webinar: “Carbon Neutrality and Implications for the Supply Chain,”. Stefan Kupferschmid & Stefan Premer Stefan Kupferschmid and Stefan Premer are consultants at Sphera.
Facts about Photography Cameras have been with us for a very long time. And when there were no cameras people used to paint the things to capture them. Just like that the very first picture that was captured was by Joseph Niepce in 1826, the image was of his backyard from the window. This was the first image in the history and it was called ‘view from the window’. The exposure of the image lasted for 8 hours. If you are a person who was born in the 90’s then you know that the photos that we clicked were not developed and we used to get them in a negative roll. That negative roll had to be protected from the sunlight and we had to put it in a sealed box to make sure that no light hits it. Even now in schools, colleges and universities, students have photography major, have their own dark room to develop these photos. But did you know who invented the first negative rolls? It was Fox Talbot, he invented this in 1839 and in that same year Hippolyte Bayard invented the first positive rolls. And are being used till date.  The photos that we now see in the hard copy were not like this from the beginning. First these were made up of asphalt. It was also called the photographic paper; this asphalt varnish was applied on copper or the glass plate. Camera obscura, was the first prototype of the modern camera. But this is also used in the modern cameras for the production of integrated circuits which is also used in super film camera. Black and white photos have a different kind of charm but the color photos bring out the life in the photos, and the first colored photo was clicked by James Maxwell in 1861, he was a British physicist.  But colors of photos were very limited and a company named Lumiere came up with the idea of first plate of color which had 24 colors and this was invented in 1858. Aerial photographs are becoming a trend now, people have drones and all kinds of gadgets but the first aerial photo was clicked by a French inventor named Turnache in 1858, he clicked the photo while taking a ride in the hot air balloon. But now you can make photo books online and learn how to make online photo collage.
 ChinaSource | We Live in Different Worlds Blog Entries We Live in Different Worlds From the series Effective Language and Culture Acquisition (A)n individual's thoughts and actions are determined by the language or languages that individual speaks. (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)[1] When I was seven years old, our family moved to India, where my parents would work for the next six years. I was sent to a well-known boarding school in the Himalaya Mountains. It was a positive experience in a spectacularly beautiful environment. At school, Sunday noon meal was always Indian-style curry and rice, but without any spicy condiments, to suit the taste of Anglo-American boys. But there was always a dish with small green fresh vegetables on the table. At first, I had no idea what that was, but I noticed that our Indian classmates would take some, crush them, and sprinkle them over their curry. My curiosity was aroused. “What’s that?” I asked. A couple of the boys said, “Oh! Those are chili peppers. They’re cool. You know, ‘chilly.’ You ought to try them.” Others said, “No! Don’t eat them! They’re hot!” Hot? Why, they’re not even cooked. Now I was confused. This went on for a couple of weeks. Finally, my curiosity got the best of me and I decided to try it out. As I reached out and picked up a chili pepper, the table went silent, all eyes on me. I gingerly nibbled off the outer skin at the tip of the pepper. Nothing! So I took a big bite of most of the pepper. Immediate explosion in my mouth! Sharp pain and agony like I had never had before! I drank a big gulp of water, but that just spread it around. I swallowed and could almost feel it as the pepper traveled to my stomach, and seemed to go down my legs, all the way to my toes! I thought I would die. It took about two hours for the anguish to subside. On that day my semantic field for “hot” was enlarged. Over the next few years I learned to tolerate spicy hot food, and today I love to eat curry and rice. In China, the famously spicy-hot food of Sichuan is my favorite regional food. To a native English speaker, “spicy-hot” is just one facet of “hot,” but to a Hindi or Mandarin speaker, there are different words for “hot.” Indian or Chinese speakers thus have different conceptual worlds where English speakers just have one world of “hot,” modified by various adjectival descriptors. Mandarin “hot”[2] 热         Re        hot, burning, eager, ardent, popular 烫         Tang    hot, scalding, boiling hot 辣        La        hot, pungent, peppery, ruthless Lexical-semantic categories are not the only areas that define different worlds for different sociolinguistic groups. Grammatical categories also present the world differently to speakers of different languages. Take tense, for instance. English has an elaborate array of tense categories: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous. (I had to look these up to make sure I got them all and got them right!)[3] Tense categories have the effect of putting every utterance on a time line where every event has a temporal relationship to every other event in the context. Chinese is simpler. No tense! (No wonder Chinese learners of English have grammatical difficulties!) Aspect is the closest thing to tense in Chinese. Aspect may be defined as “the nature of an action as being completed or single …, or as being uncompleted, repeated, or habitual.[4] Thus a simple sentence like “ta [he/she] lai [come] le [aspect marker]” can be translated as “he came,” “he has arrived,” “he is here,” “he is about to arrive,” “he has started on his way here,” etc., depending on the context. What effect does tense vs. aspect have on the shape of Western and Eastern cultures? I would suggest that tense may be one reason why Westerners’ lives are dominated by deadlines, schedules, on-time performance, and efficiency (amount of product in an interval of time). With almost everything a native English speaker does or says, there is some element of time awareness. Even an informal good-bye may be something like “see ya later!” In contrast, while China has adapted to the global social economy (e.g. on-time performance of bullet trains), social and business interactions are dominated more by appropriateness of the time than a deadline. Schedule is important, but something as critical as business can only be done in social relationship and trust, harmoniously developed over time. What implications does this have for cross-cultural application? How does a student of language enter a target culture? In my view, since language and culture are inextricably linked, it follows that classroom experience alone is insufficient. Ideally, to truly learn the language, one should make friends and communicate with native speakers of the target language, preferably in their cultural environment, in settings where English is not spoken. The reader may say, “Is that it? I’ve heard that before. Isn’t there some faster, more efficient way to learn a language and enter their world?” Not really, despite promises that online language programs may offer. In the end, we learn language through conversation, with all its nuances and cultural content. One summer in the 1980s I directed a language program in Xining, the capital of Qinghai province. One day I took the afternoon off to visit Taersi, the largest Lama Buddhist monastery outside of Tibet. Taersi was in Huangzhong, about 16 miles from Xining. To get there, I took an intercity bus, an antique diesel with wooden bench seats. I was the only foreigner, but the wizened country folk didn’t pay me any attention. About half-way to Huangzhong, the driver stopped the bus, shut off the engine, grabbed an empty jar, walked across the road, and squatted by one of the many beekeepers. The two had a smoke and a nice chat while the beekeeper filled the jar with fresh honey. I wondered when we would get to Huangzhong, but no one else showed any impatience at all! I was thinking of timeline and schedule, but to everyone else it was just a nice day in Qinghai! We were together on the bus, but we were in two different worlds! Fortunately, I had spent years in China and knew what was going on, so I consciously relaxed and pushed deadlines into the background. It really was a nice day, a good time to be in Qinghai! Image credit: yuxiu0702 from Pixabay  Mark Newland Mark Newland (pseudonym) lived in Taiwan for a decade and since then has lived and worked for extended periods in the People's Republic of China. His PhD is in General Linguistics, reflecting his deep interest in language and culture. He has been involved in a wide variety of pursuits in …View Full Bio
How to Cook Chicken Gizzards, the Surprisingly Nutritious Part of a Chicken You're Probably Not Eating Livestrong may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. The average grocery shopper may have never even heard of chicken gizzards — despite how nutritious and affordable they are. After overlooking them in the meat department for too long, it's time to finally learn how to cook chicken gizzards so you can add them to your weekly rotation. Chicken gizzards are a nutritious, affordable part of a chicken you're probably overlooking. Image Credit: peredniankina/iStock/Getty Images Read more: Is Baked Chicken Breast Healthy? What Are Chicken Gizzards? A chicken gizzard is a small but strong organ found in the digestive tract of a chicken. The organ is responsible for grinding up ingested food before it makes its way to the bird's intestines. The chewy and tough gizzards have a more peculiar flavor than breast meat but taste similar to dark meat. Are Chicken Gizzards Healthy? Chicken gizzards are one of the most nutritious parts of the chicken. A 3.5-ounce serving contains 154 calories, 2.7 grams of fat, 0.7 grams of saturated fat and an impressive 30 grams of protein, according to the USDA. "Protein is essential in repairing tissue, carrying oxygen in the blood and helps with immunity," Cynthia Lanzillotto, RD at Bloomberg LP in New York City, tells And if you're someone looking to manage your weight, protein is vital because it helps keep you satiated and build and repair muscles, according to an August 2012 study in the British Journal of Nutrition. Read more: How Much Protein Is Right For You? Gizzards also contain a variety of vitamins and minerals including B12, iron, phosphorus, zinc, selenium and niacin. "Vitamin B12 plays a role in the healthy function of the brain and nervous system," Lanzillotto explains, adding that iron is vital in making sure that our red blood cells can transport oxygen throughout the body. Phosphorus helps remove waste from our kidneys and is involved in bone formation, Lanzillotto notes, and zinc, mostly known for its immune-boosting benefits, also helps cell growth and wound healing. Niacin plays a part in converting macronutrients into energy utilized by the body, she adds. Another benefit of chicken gizzards? They contain selenium, a mineral that is typically difficult to obtain from food. "Selenium plays a role in the production of thyroid hormones," Lanzillotto says. Read more: How to Properly Take Vitamins How Do Chicken Gizzards Compare to Other Parts of the Bird? When comparing chicken gizzards to other chicken byproducts such as the heart and liver, the gizzards have the least amount of saturated fat and nearly as much protein as the liver, according to an April 2015 study published in the Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources. "We need fat in the diet to properly absorb different vitamins; however, too much saturated fat is associated with cardiovascular disease," Lanzillotto says. The April 2015 study also found that the liver contained the highest levels of essential amino acids, which are amino acids the body can't produce on its own. Runners up were the gizzards and the heart. Chicken gizzards and other internal organs also contain more B vitamins compared to muscle tissue (such as chicken thighs). Plus, gizzards boast more energy-boosting heme iron than chicken breast does. How to Cook Chicken Gizzards Chicken gizzards are tough, fibrous and not very flavorful on their own. But a few simple cooking methods can help you transform them into tender and delicious edibles, equally enjoyable on their own or added to other dishes. Claudia Sidoti, head chef and recipe developer at HelloFresh, breaks down the five best cooking methods below. How to Bake Chicken Gizzards 1. Cut the gizzards in half. 2. Season lightly with salt, pepper, herbs and preferred spices. 3. Drizzle with olive oil. 4. Bake at 500 degrees for just under 30 minutes or until the gizzards are browned. How to Barbecue Chicken Gizzards 1. Marinate the chicken gizzards with a marinade of your choice. Sidoti recommends a sweet and sour sauce or a gingery spiced sauce. 2. Slide the gizzards onto soaked skewers, alternating with red or green peppers. 3. Heat the grill to high. 4. Place the kebabs on the grill and brush with your marinade. 5. Grill for 12 to 15 minutes and flip frequently. Gizzards should look slightly crisp around the edges and the peppers slightly charred. 6. Insert a thermometer into the gizzards to ensure they reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees. How to Cook Chicken Gizzards in a Slow Cooker 1. Rinse the gizzards. 2. Place chopped carrots, onions and peppers (or other veggies of your choice) into the bottom of your slow cooker. 3. Place the gizzards on top. 4. Add salt and pepper to taste. 5. Pour beef or chicken broth in the slow cooker, coating everything throughout. 6. Cover and cook on low for four hours. How to Braise Chicken Gizzards 1. Season the gizzards with salt and pepper. 2. Grab a large pot and drizzle with olive oil. 3. Sear the gizzards until brown. 4. Remove the gizzards and add in onion and garlic. 5. Add more oil if needed and cook until the veggies are golden. 6. Add the gizzards back to the pot and add white wine. 7. Add the chicken stock and bring to a boil. 8. Turn heat to low and simmer, then cover and cook for four to five hours. Gizzards should be tender when inserting a fork. How to Fry Chicken Gizzards 1. Place gizzards, onion, celery and celery salt in a saucepan and add enough water to cover the gizzards by about an inch. 2. Bring to a boil, reduce heat to low, cover and simmer until the gizzards are tender, about three hours. 3. Remove the gizzards and discard the celery and onion. Make sure to reserve the broth. 4. Season the gizzards with celery salt, salt, pepper, garlic powder, hot sauce and cumin. 5. Pour saved broth over the gizzards and refrigerate for a minimum of 30 minutes. Stir often. 6. Heat frying oil in a large pan until oil starts crackling. 7. Place flour in a plastic bag and put the gizzards inside. Shake the bag to coat the gizzards with flour. 8. Gently add about half of the gizzards to the hot pan and fry until golden brown, about five minutes. 9. Drain on paper towels and serve hot. Load Comments
Scientist who found Ebola virus is sleeping just two hours a night trying to invent a vaccine that will stop coronavirus deaths • Kate Broderick, 42, has been fighting infectious diseases for more than 20 years • She said how she averages at two hours sleep a night while developing vaccine • Dr Broderick developing vaccine at pharmaceutical company Inovio, San Diego A British scientist is sleeping for just two hours as a night as she races against the clock to develop a coronavirus vaccine.  Kate Broderick, 42, from Scotland, has been fighting infectious diseases for more than 20 years including successful vaccines for ebola, zika and Mers (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome).  Dr Broderick has told how she feels a ‘personality responsibility’ to do everything in her power to develop a vaccine and averages just a couple of hours sleep while testing on mice and guinea pigs during the day. ‘I’ve spent my entire life working towards making a difference in an outbreak setting like this and I will do whatever it takes,’ she told The Times The vaccine expert moved to the States following her PhD from Glasgow where she took up a job with the University of California to work on a therapeutic solution to sepsis.   Alongside her team of researchers at pharmaceutical company Inovio, based in San Diego, Dr Broderick is working around the clock to create a vaccine that has claimed 249 lives with 11,946 cases worldwide.    ‘I personally am averaging about two hours’ sleep a night at the moment,’ Dr Broderick said.    The virus continues to spread around the world with Spain confirming its first case today after a German tourist was taken ill with the infection while on holiday in the Canary Islands. It comes as two people tested positive to coronavirus in Britain yesterday with one of the victims confirmed to be a student at the University of York.  The vaccine expert described how it was hard not to ‘internalise’ the suffering of people around the world who have been affected by the virus.  The mother-of-two told how she was on holiday on New Year’s Eve when she first heard about reports of the illness in Wuhan.  Just days after Chinese authorities released the genetic code of the virus online, Dr Broderick and her colleagues designed a vaccine within three hours against the virus.  She said the design went straight into manufacturing the following day after gene-based medicines can be created in much larger quantities within months.  To provide vaccine doses for the 1.4billion population of China, Dr Broderick said a 220-gallon fermenter would be needed to tackle the virus.  In order to distribute the vaccine, her team has been given a £7.5million grant from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, an initiative backed by Bill Gates.  Alongside her team of researchers at pharmaceutical company Inovio (pictured), based in San Diego, Dr Broderick is working around the clock to create a vaccine (courtesy photo) Dr Broderick said healthcare workers who are in contact with coronavirus patients would be vaccinated first and then people with underlying medical conditions.  If the vaccine is still not contained, the entire population would require vaccination.   The most worrying element of the virus for Dr Broderick is the 14-day incubation period with some people experiencing only mild symptoms. She described how people could be going for dinner and meeting friends without even knowing they are spreading the virus.     ‘Ticking time bomb is very strong imagery but it is extremely concerning,’ she added.   Mild symptoms of the virus are a dry cough coupled with feeling lethargic which may mean people are not going to get themselves checked, Dr Broderick said. She added how ‘viruses don’t respect borders’ and the length of the incubation period has led to the speed at which coronavirus has accelerated around the world.  It comes as 83 British passengers from Wuhan are being quarantined in NHS housing at Arrowe Park Hospital on the Wirral for 14 days – after which they will be allowed to leave provided they are clear of the virus. Dr Broderick said holding people in isolation for the incubation period is ‘the smartest thing’ as she described her doubts over protective face masks.  She told how similar to glasses, the masks ‘never fit perfectly’ to keep viruses out.  The Scot told how she hopes clinical trials can start in ‘early summer’ with her team in talks with the US Food and Drug Administration to secure ’emergency-use authorisation’ to distribute the vaccine internationally.  She added how a combination of factors including global travel, population growth, people living closer to wildlife and climate change allow viruses to spread easier.   Speaking about climate change she said: ‘Viruses are spread from animals and as a result of climate change, animals move habitat.’
Merseburg Cathedral Discover Merseburg Cathedral at the top of the hill, an important symbol of the history and the cultural heritage of the city. Since its existence, it has gone through major changes and reconstructions, presenting an early Romanesque style that switched to a Gothic one. Nevertheless, it is one of the best models of preserved Romanesque architecture out there. If you are an architecture follower, you don't want to miss out. A testament to the history Located in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, the Merseburg Cathedral was built in 981 in the hill of the Castle of Merseburg overlooking the river Saale. It was sanctified by King Henry. But the Romanesque construction didn't start till 1015 when it was commanded by Bishop Thietmar. In the 1500s, under Bishop Thilo von Trotha command, the nave was rebuilt using a Gothic style, which is also reflected in one of the eastern towers. From all the 43 Bishops that reigned the diocese of Merseburg, Thilo Von Trotha is well-known for the legend of the Raven. You can read about it in the description of the Castle of Merseburg. What you'll see Today, the church is owned by the Roman Catholic congregation and it features altars from the 16th century and a bronze grave memorial of Rudolf of Rheinfelden – the oldest European pictorial grave slab of the Duke of Sabia. A Romanesque crucifix and a 12th-century baptismal font can also be found in the interior. The hall crypt of the church was built between 1015 and 1042. It is one of the oldest ones as well as highly preserved still available in the world – a striking looking piece. The paintings you will observe inside are from new ones made in the 20th century by Charles Crodel who created them with similar medieval tones. The famous Organ The church is most famous for the renowned Ladegast Organ – completed in 1855 by organ builder Friedrich Ladegast. With a Baroque façade, it contains 5687 pipes. This instrument plays an important role in the history of German Romantic music. The builder used Barker machines in his organs, a technique he learned when he was in Paris. He also included more flues compared to other builders of the century. When you hear the melody that comes out, it is a full, round sound that is typical of Romantic instruments. It will be your lucky day if you attend a mass service when it's playing, otherwise, make sure you travel in September for the Merseburg Organ festival, when the city is taken back to the medieval ages. Radisson Blu Hotel, Halle-Merseburg - Exterior 0.14 mi / 0.23 km from Merseburg Cathedral 275 reviews
Awareness Ribbons Purple Ribbon Ribbon Why Wear Purple Ribbon on International Women’s Day? Why Wear Purple Ribbon on International Women's Day Written by Dawn Herrera International women’s day is held every 8th day of March to celebrate the political, economic, cultural, and social achievements of women. The theme used this year by the whole world is “EachforEqual”. Its main purpose is to realize women’s rights. March 8 date of international womens day This campaign will run all year to encourage women’s actions. It mainly focuses on the truth that, individually everyone can challenge the broad perceptions, fight bias, improve situation, stereotypes, and celebrate women enterprise. Together, we can make the gender equality world. The theme “EachforEqual” impulse everybody to be together. Purple, the solemn color of International Women’s Day (IWD), founded a century ago. Nearly, fifteenth thousand women stride in New York to request a better working system and give them voting rights. The present iterations of the day are expected to celebrate Women’s economic, political, social achievements, and call for sex equality. Why Wear a Purple Ribbon? Many people arise a question that why color purple is important on international women’s day? The international women’s day (IWD) suggested this color because it is a sign of loyalty, unswerving constancy, and persistence to a purpose. It also represents self-respect, denotes bipartisanship, and dignity. Some people consider this color as a sign of royalty, so you can wear it on the other day also due to all its positive effects. The American associations of University Women (AAUW) always try to advance the rights of women and girls and celebrate the achievements of girls and women. The AAUW always appreciates those persons who are interested in Women’s rights and invites those potential persons to wear purple ribbons. Historically, purple is associated with the efforts of women to achieve gender equality. For suffragettes battling to cast a vote, Purple represents the royal blood that runs in the veins of each suffragette. In the 1960s and 70s, feminists revived the colors to show the Women’s freedom movements as the honor to the suffragettes. Escalate Women Empowerment Women Empowerment If we look at the past, the knitted pink pussy caps that protest against inequality dominates the evidence around the globe. When men and women stand in opposition to long-stewing working environment injustices, Sexual based working environment harassment became the overwhelming focus. The hashtag used in social media platforms draws attention to women’s issues online. Without any doubt, the fallout from claims recorded to carry working environment harassers to equity and further disclosures about prejudicial practices will keep on unfurling for a considerable time to come. Women not just wear purple but also black, read, white, green, and pink to celebrate International Women’s Day. Read more Purple Inspires Vision and Hope Pantone, a color specialist says that Purple is chosen for its thoughtful, and proactive hue, which incline to the secret of the cosmos. Contemplative and complex, ultra-lights reveal the cosmos mysteries, the planning of what remains ahead, and the past discoveries where we are present. The immense and boundless night sky is representative of what is feasible and keeps on motivating the desires to seek a world past our own. Purple is also linked with artistic brilliance, unconventionality, and counterculture including song “purple rain” and “purple haze”. The color purple book by Alice walker (an American author), this book signifies the importance of the color to the Women’s practices. This book mapped out the inequitable practices in the southern US against African American females. Walker, the first Women awarded by Pulitzer Prize of color when her book “The color purple” won the prize in 1983. The TV talk shows invited the Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey worked in a film cast in 1985. This film is especially based on the book and was directed by an American filmmaker Steven Spielberg. Throughout history, the purple color prominent the artistic presentation of Women, It also includes an eighteen-century portrait by Fyodor Rokotov. Purple color is a symbol of achievements attain and achievements remain. Let’s Build a World of Equality Equality is not a female issue, it is a business problem. Gender non-discrimination is important for communities and economies to thrive. A gender non-discriminative world is harmonious, healthier, and wealthier, so, what is the problem in this? Individually, our conversations, mindsets, and behaviors will affect the whole society. Together, we can change the world. The race for gender equality boardroom, gender equality in wealth and health, and gender-equal governance is on. So, let’s make this dream real EachforEqual”. About the author Dawn Herrera Dawn is an extremely passionate ribbon designer and blogger. She's written hoards of articles on the importance of using ribbons to raise the awareness of deadly diseases all around us.
Question Title * 1. Background When the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station was approved many decades ago, promises were made that the highly radioactive nuclear waste would be removed when the plant closed. The plant began operation in 1968 and was closed in 2012 due to unexpected radiation leaks. The waste generated since 1968 was supposed to go into deep underground permanent storage at Yucca Mountain, NV, but this plan was abandoned. The Nuclear Waste Act of 1982 specified that residents of any state assigned to store nuclear waste could veto storage in their state. Accordingly, the residents of Nevada voted against the repository. They considered it too dangerous even though it would have been 2200 feet underground in a remote and seismically stable area. In addition, scientists concluded that there is no known technology to prevent underground water penetration for 10,000 years. Any water penetration could release deadly radiation. The nation’s only deep underground repository in Carlsbad, NM, failed in Feb. of 2014 after fires, explosions, and radiation leaks. It is now closed. Currently there are no plans to build another repository, an expensive undertaking that would take decades. Many experts doubt that there ever will be a permanent repository. In the mean time, the nuclear industry continues to generate thousands of metric tons of nuclear waste each year. With no place to store this highly-radioactive waste, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was put under court order not to license any new nuclear power plants or to relicense old ones until it came up with a new plan for storing nuclear waste. On Aug. 26, 2014, the NRC announced its new plan. The Commission voted to store nuclear waste on site where it was generated for the indefinite future. Instead of the old promise to remove the waste, the new plan is to keep it in where it is indefinitely. This means that San Onofre will now become a Nuclear Waste Dump for the foreseeable future. San Onofre now has about 2000 tons of uranium and plutonium stored either in fuel pools or enclosed in temporary stainless steel casks licensed for 20 years. This waste will be stored above ground about 300 ft. from Old Pacific Highway in the middle of two major metropolitan areas. It is highly vulnerable to terrorist attacks and rests on earthquake faults in a tsunami zone. Southern California Edison will soon begin a $400 million project to move the waste from fuel pools into storage casks where it will remain indefinitely. 2. The Poll The new Nuclear Waste Dump needs a name. We invite you to cast your ballot on how the new Nuclear Waste Dump should be named. Please indicate your choice:
Facts Nature OMG 20 Weird Facts You Definitely Didn’t Know About The South Pole The South Pole is one of the coldest places on earth. It is so cold that there are spots where the ice never even melts at all. There is very little vegetation there, and not a lot of wildlife either. It’s actually quite dangerous there. A hole in the ozone layer means that going there without eye protection can cause you to develop eye cancer. If your eyewear has any steel, it will burn your skin if it touches. Doesn’t sound like a fun place to me! Contrary to popular belief, the actual South Pole is different from the magnetic South Pole. It is in the center of the southern hemisphere while magnetic South Pole changes constantly. There is a South Pole that is ceremonial that bears the flags of different countries that have signed the Antarctic Treaty. One unique feature of the South Pole is the complete darkness from May until August. There are many other facts about the South Pole that you probably haven’t heard about. Here are 13 if the most crazy ones. 1.Discovered In 1820 Antarctica was discovered in 1820 by Russians, although they didn’t stop there. Captain John Davis, an American , was the first person to ever actually step foot on the icy continent. It wasn’t until 1911 that anyone reached the pole. Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian, and his men were the first ones. 1956 was the next time anyone attempted to go to the South Pole. A station was set up between then and the next year, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It is still very active today. They conduct all kinds of research in the region. 2. Meteorites are easily found The South Pole is one of the best places around to find meteorites. The black space rocks are easy to spot among the white snow and ice. That doesn’t always mean they’re easy to get to, though. Most of the time, they get buried in the ice and become part of the glaciers themselves. They are nearly impossible to get out from the glaciers because the surface of it is so hard that if you do crack it, you chance falling in the ridge. That’s not something you can come back from. 3. Bloody Waterfall There is a waterfall in Antarctica that looks like blood spilling down the snow. It isn’t, but it sure does make my stomach queasy just looking at it. The water is tinted read because it is very iron rich, and it flows from Taylor glacier and into Lake Bonney. If you’re wondering how it can be that there is a waterfall on the coldest place on earth, it’s because it is very salty, three times saltier than seawater. Salt lowers the freezing point quite a bit. What is really neat, is that the water is not ready underground. There’s a chemical reaction when the water hits the open air that turns ferrous into ferrous oxide. Ferrous oxide is the scientific name for rust. 4. Penguins are the only wildlife In Antarctica, you won’t see many animals. You’ll only see penguins. Not all penguins live there, though. Most penguin species live in more temperate climates, such as South Africa. You won’t find any penguins at the north pole, and that’s because predators such as polar bears and arctic foxes would wipe them out. The large emperor penguins are native to the South Pole. These days, they are much smaller than they used to be. In prehistoric times, they were the size of fully grown humans. 5. Everlasting ice The ice in Antarctica never melts. It’s always well below zero there. In the winter, it’s normal temp is -45C after dark. Even with the ozone layer problems, the fact that it is always so cold ensures that the ice just grows and grows. Scientists from the University of Washington, and MIT said that waters in The Southern Hemisphere Bring water from below to the top, ensuring that the cold temperatures form more ice, and doesn’t melt any. 6. Ice fish There is an extremely unique fish in the waters of the Antarctic. It is called an ice fish, and it is a strange creature, indeed. These fish have no red blood cells, therefore, their blood is colorless. Overtime, these fish have learned to survive as their red blood cells diminished completely. Their gills are white and soft, unlike the red or brown gills of other fish. The gills are full of blood, you just can’t see the blood of these fish. It is believed that the highly oxygenated water in the waters of the Antarctic made the skin and gills of these fish so thin. 7. Opposite seasons When the northern hemisphere is experiencing summer, the south pole is dead in the middle of winter. The seasons are opposite. The South pole is not the only place that experiences this. Australia and New Zealand are also opposite from the northern hemisphere because they lie so far south. Because of the South Pole at the extreme south of the earth, it actually only gets two seasons. Summer and winter. 8. Nobody’s Home Antarctica isn’t any country’s property, so it can’t be colonized. I’m not sure anyone would want to live there permanently, but there isn’t anyone who does because of that reason. The only inhabitants of the continent are scientists who live there temporarily to study the area and conduct research. One to five thousand a year. In the summer, there are visitors, to the tune of 36,000 yearly. There are a few who brave it in the winter, but not many. Obviously there are no hotels or anything there so you couldn’t go and stay even if you wanted to. 9. Belongs to nobody As mentioned above, nobody owns Antarctica. Several countries have claimed sovereignty, though none own it. New Zealand, France, Norway, Great Britain, Chile, Argentina, and Australia have all laid claim to it, but they haven’t been approved by the rest of the world, so it’s not legal. 53 countries are in the Antarctic treaty, an agreement to study and measure the continent. All rich countries. South Africa being the only one from The African continent. This is unfair to thaw poorer countries who might benefit from owning the frozen land down south. 10. It is a desert Even though you probably only think of a desert being sandy and blazing hot, that’s not true. Antarctica is a desert as well. To tell the truth, 80% of the deserts on earth are icy , while only 20% are sandy. To be considered a desert, the criteria is little to no rainfall. Actually, Antarctica is a polar desert, specifically, because there is less than 25cm of rain a year there and the temperature is never above -10 degrees Celsius. 11. No new plants, please It is prohibited to bring any non native plants to Antarctica. Not only could they not survive the frigid weather, but the scientists don’t want germs or parasites from soil to be introduced there and mess up the ecosystem that exists there. It has happened that small insects or animals have been brought in unintentionally, such as bees and ants, but none have survived to actually set up a home there. They especially take care to ensure rats stay away. 12. Biggest iceberg ever The largest iceberg in history broke off of Antarctica in 2017. It was the size of Qatar. That’s 7 times larger than New York City or 4 times as big as London. It measured at 6,300 km. This makes it one of the biggest ever. Scientists named it Larson C, and they knew it was going to happen due to the rapid climate change happening since 2014. They had been studying the crack and knew it was coming eventually. It weighed 4 trillion tons. It likely fragmented into smaller prices after it broke off, so it shouldn’t be any danger to ships that come across it. 13. Lowest temp ever recorded in on earth Antarctica holds the prize for the lowest recorded temperatures on earth. And in 2010, it actually beat its own record, held since 1983. Then the record was -89.2C. In August of 2010, NASA satellites recorded a new low of -94.7. I cannot imagine ever having to feel either of these temps. Brr! This is why hardly any vegetation exists and only penguins live there permanently. They have adapted to the sort of cold that would kill most other living beings. Leave a Comment
< Online Learning Courses Physics-Based Shotviz In this course, you’ll learn about shotviz. Save time and money while filming on location when you scout and pre-plan setups using physically accurate lighting and cameras on a virtual location. To save time and money while on set, filmmakers often visualize their script before filming. Using physically accurate cameras and lights in Unreal Engine combined with CG versions of practical environments and actors, filmmakers can work out the combination of staging, camera and lens, and light required to achieve their vision before they get to location. Deepak Chetty breaks down the process as he creates physically accurate shotviz renders and overview diagrams for use on set. Course length  1 hour, 45 min Deepak Chetty Explore more courses
Why joint-vulcanised seals? Seals manufactured at Karl Druschke Dichtungfertigung e.K. (seal production) are exclusively made using the joint vulcanisation process. This process vulcanises endless material into a sealing ring at the joint through the influence of time, pressure, temperature and liquid raw material. These processes produce a molecular chain at the point of vulcanisation (=joint) of the seals. A special process is used at the point of vulcanisation to produce greater resistance to atmospheric and mechanical impacts than with bonded seals, for example. In contrast to joint-vulcanised seals, bonded seals have no molecular chain. The point of adhesion is therefore the weak point of the seal. Frequently, air humidity alone is sufficient to dissolve bonded seals without any other mechanical influences at the point of adhesion. • Druschke Group Headquarter • Fon + 49 (0) 6051 916 678 0 • Fax + 49 (0) 6051 916 678 17 • E-Mail: info@druschke.eu © Druschke Group 2020 facebook-icon twitter_icon
Montana has a very interesting story... Montana has a rich history. In fact, Butte used to be one of the richest cities in the world providing 26% of the world's copper supply. Many towns across the state of Montana have a lot of history. Our friends over at OnlyInYourState found some of the most historic towns in Montana, and here they are 5 Historic Montana Towns 1. Lewistown - Lewistown’s architecture looks straight out of the Old West. The town is steeped in history, and the locals preserve it with the Pioneer Power Days festival in June. 2. Scobey -  Home to fur traders, Native Americans and outlaws seeking refuge in the 1800s. In 1901, settlers began occupying the area, and a post office and other buildings were constructed around 1920. What makes Scobey so special today is the Daniels County Museum & Pioneer Town, which is 20 acres of museum and restored historic buildings. 3. Virginia City - This little city remains frozen in time. It’s a must-see for any tourist or native Montanan. 4. Hamilton - Way back when the Bitterroot Valley remained mostly untouched by settlers, Hamilton was built by people working in the lumber, agriculture and railroad industries. Calamity Jane once lived here, and many of the historic buildings have been preserved. 5. Fort Benton - Often called “The birthplace of Montana,” Fort Benton is one of the oldest settlements of the American West, and a portion of the town was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 1961.
Geothermal and the world today “Geothermal energy has great growth potential as it is limitless and available in almost every corner of the globe”…….said a geothermal scientist working with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. According to the country’s 13th five year plan target annual geothermal utilization should reach 50 million tons of standard coal equivalent by the end of 2020. The country is focusing on reducing use of coal by geothermal source for space heating and cooling. The country has already demonstrated its capability in the 2008 Olympic games where its foot ball ground, swimming and residential complex for the athletes utilized geothermal energy. Sothern region of China, along the Himalayas, is a huge geothermal hub. Its pilot plant in Yangbajing is working since several decades. Very soon, with EGS technology maturing, the entire Tibet will be powered by geothermal. Knowing its future, a large number of Chinese companies are establishing geothermal market in China. All these things are happening with the government support. Compared to other countries like Japan, India, Mangolia, Indonesia, the geothermal resources in China are limited confined mostly in sedimentary formations at depths varying from 1 to 2 km with average geothermal gradient. . Earlier USA on 9th July passed the Geothermal Production Expansion Act of 2013 unanimously. This facilitates non-competitive leasing on land next to the existing geothermal sites. “Geothermal energy is a reliable and renewable source of energy that has the potential to help move us to a cleaner energy future,” Senator Merkley said. added. “We should be doing everything we can to boost production of innovative, affordable, and renewable domestic energy sources” said Merkley. While requesting the House to pass the bill Senator Ron Wyden said “I encourage my colleagues on the House side to pass this bill………….geothermal developers can get development rights at fair market value without having to wait for lease nominations or speculators driving up the price of leases” In Kenya’s power sector a new era has emerged. The World Bank is stepping in to bring financial aid from financial sector to develop geothermal. US$ 166 million Partial Risk Guarantees is in place to develop geothermal. The International Finance Corporation is lending long term debt for geothermal. With this future expansion plan, Kenya will have surplus electricity and will be in a position to support other neighbouring states like Uganda and Tanzania…..or perhaps the entire East African countries. This will, to a large extent, change the socio-economic status of all the East African countries. Countries like Uganda and Tanzania have considerable EGS to support their future energy demand. Once this source is exploited, the East African countries will become energy independent and have tremendous opportunity to enhance their GDP. Although India has greater geothermal resources compared to China, and that too at shallower levels, the country is slow in exploiting this energy source. Constant efforts and meetings with public and private sector entities by M/s GeoSyndicate, the country is now slowly realizing the advantages of geothermal source in reducing CO2 emissions by using GHPs for space heating and cooling. These are small pilot setups. What the country needs is electricity to meet its ever growing demand from industries and commercial establishments. Many of the geothermal sites in India is in rural areas and these sites provide excellent opportunity to uplift the rural population economic status. What the country needs is energy source mix to mitigate problems related to environment and power shortage. Often our scientists at large take myopic view (either because of ignorance or unawareness) in addressing the issues related to rural development and focus on only biomass and other sources even though geothermal is easily accessible and cost effective and saves the rural population’s health in several rural regions. These scientists are capacity builders in well reputed institutes. The pressing problem in rural India is generation of BC (Black Carbon) that affects the health of women and children and also the environment. Coal, fuel wood, dung cake and agricultural waste are consumed maximum in that order in rural India. According to 1996-2011 data, 286 Mt (million) of coal, 302 Mt of fuel wood, 121 Mt of dung cake and 116 Mt of agricultural waste were consumed in India.  The consumption of these fuels has increased by several folds due to increase in population and demand. BC emission factor of these fuels in that order is ~ 0.8, 1.1, 4.4 and 1.3 g/kg. BC  absorbs sunlight turning it into heat. Thus, a layer of BC in the atmosphere, while emitting a third of this absorbed heat back in to space, keeps the earth’s surface warm. More BC in the atmosphere means more heat over the surface of earth. As the BC increases the earth’s surface gets hotter and hotter!! Simple logic.  Thus BC causes change in the heat input at the top of the atmosphere. This is known as “Radiative Forcing (RF)”.  According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report,  RF of BC is of the order of + 0.34 W/m2 while forcing of CO2 is of the order of + 1.66 W/m2. Let us take the example of Leh, a village in Ladakh that experiences extreme temperature variations. Population of Leh is ~ 68,000 and with the reported per capita BC emission of 600 g. Leh alone is contributing minimum of about 0.04 Gg of BC annually. Similarly, Kargil with a population of 119,307 is contributing about 0.07Gg of BC to the atmosphere around the glaciers. A similar emission figures can be assumed from other towns located at that altitude all along the higher Himalayas, extending from NW to E of India. The BC emission from the foot hill Himalayas also reach higher altitude. During winter ( where BC emission is maximum) snow brings down all the BC floating in the atmosphere. This is the reason why many Himalayan glaciers appear black. It is easy to estimate the BC content in ice. Since it is possible to date ice, BC content in the atmosphere in the past can be estimated. The Gangotri glacier is retreating at a rate of 18 m/yr. This is really alarming and this observation is not disputed. The real “component” that is responsible for this retreat is BC. Simulation studies conducted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory showed that major contributor (~90%) for fast melting of glaciers is BC. China has realized these issues and embarked on a massive programme to reduce the use of conventional energy sources for many of its rural and urban community system by amending its energy policies like the European countries. China, by 2020 will be able to achieve the targets of CO2 emissions set by IPCCC.
22.5 su: Run a command with substitute user and group id su [option]... [user [arg]...] If no user is given, the default is root, the super-user. The shell to use is taken from user's passwd entry, or `/bin/sh' if none is specified there. If user has a password, su prompts for the password unless run by a user with effective user id of zero (the super-user). By default, su does not change the current directory. It sets the environment variables HOME and SHELL from the password entry for user, and if user is not the super-user, sets USER and LOGNAME to user. By default, the shell is not a login shell. Any additional args are passed as additional arguments to the shell. GNU su does not treat `/bin/sh' or any other shells specially (e.g., by setting argv[0] to `-su', passing -c only to certain shells, etc.). The program accepts the following options. Also see 2. Common options. `-c command' Pass command, a single command line to run, to the shell with a -c option instead of starting an interactive shell. Pass the -f option to the shell. This probably only makes sense if the shell run is csh or tcsh, for which the -f option prevents reading the startup file (`.cshrc'). With Bourne-like shells, the -f option disables file name pattern expansion (globbing), which is not likely to be useful. Make the shell a login shell. This means the following. Unset all environment variables except TERM, HOME, and SHELL (which are set as described above), and USER and LOGNAME (which are set, even for the super-user, as described above), and set PATH to a compiled-in default value. Change to user's home directory. Prepend `-' to the shell's name, intended to make it read its login startup file(s). Do not change the environment variables HOME, USER, LOGNAME, or SHELL. Run the shell given in the environment variable SHELL instead of the shell from user's passwd entry, unless the user running su is not the superuser and user's shell is restricted. A restricted shell is one that is not listed in the file `/etc/shells', or in a compiled-in list if that file does not exist. Parts of what this option does can be overridden by --login and --shell. `-s shell' Run shell instead of the shell from user's passwd entry, unless the user running su is not the superuser and user's shell is restricted (see `-m' just above). Why GNU su does not support the `wheel' group (This section is by Richard Stallman.) This document was generated by Jeff Bailey on December, 28 2002 using texi2html
Thursday, 23 June 2016 Did We Land On The Moon? This is likely one of the greatest and most argued conspiracies of all time.  The problem now is that there is so much information readily available from both sides of the debate and it's difficult to distinguish the truth from the fiction.  Both sides present such compelling 'evidence' to support their arguments that you may possibly find it tiresome and end up just picking a side and going with it - and I fear that this has happened in many cases. In this article, I will look into the observable evidence available to us.  Before I start, we need to be clear on what observable evidence is.  A common misinterpretation of observable evidence is the need to see an event take place.  For example, evolution deniers will say we have no observable evidence in support of the theory of evolution because we weren't there millions of years ago to see it take place.  This is a false equivication.  Evidence for a past event is not the event itself but the clues left behind.  We do have an overwhelming amount of observable evidence for the theory of evolution, such as the fossil record, geological record, molecular biology, etc.  If my house was burgled last night while I was out, the observable evidence available would be fingerprints, DNA, security footage and any other telling signs that may be found, like a dropped driver's license (wouldn't that be hilarious!). The Footage When the first Apollo mission lauched in 1969, there were plenty of spectators there witnessing the event, but eyewitness accounts are the most unreliable sources of evidence.  Nevermind, because we have visual footage of this happening.  There is no doubt that a rocket was launched, but what if it was just for show and never actually landed on the moon?  Good question.  We have footage of the lunar modual descending onto the lunar surface.  But what if it was fake footage made in a studio in the Nevada desert?  Good question.  They did not have the technology to create a continuous film at that length.  For a video offering a more in depth explanation of the technology that would be required to pull off such a hoax, click here. One of the purposes of landing on the moon was to set up a retroreflector.  This is a reflector that will reflect light back to its source from a wide range of angles with minimum scattering of light.  In other words, you can point a laser at it and the laser will reflect right back to you.  There are a number of retroreflectors on the lunar surface now and scientists use them to experiment with light, such as accurately measuring its speed. Samples of Moon Rock While the astronaughts were moonwalking, they spent a great deal of their time collecting samples of lunar soil and rock and lots of it.  But how do we know they came from the moon and not some desert here on earth? Good question.  The composition of space rock is quite different to rock you find here on Earth.  How do we know they aren't meteorites?  Good question.  These rocks show no signs of reaching extreme temperatures caused by air friction when entering the Earth's atmosphere. Items Left Behind Yep.  If you can't accept the observable evidence available to you, then go back to the scene of the crime.  There are many items left on the moon after the lunar missions, such as the lunar rover, flags, trash, retroreflectors as we mentioned earlier, golf club, golf ball, hammer, feather and many other items that the Apollo crews needed to discard to keep the lunar module as light as possible. Here is a video comparing original landing footage with recent flyby footage of the landing site. On a humourous note, take a look at this brilliant performance by Mitchell and Webb on faking a moon landing. Tuesday, 21 June 2016 Abolishing Religious Instruction From New Zealand Secular Schools The battle to have RI removed from New Zealand secular schools has been going on for a little while now. As a huge knee-jerk reaction I promptly volunteered to give my perspective on RI in schools as I had spent most of my life in children's ministry. I spent a few days writing a review on the curriculum used to teach RI and also a background on my own experience in children's ministry including my time as an RI teacher. In my background story and review I made sure I got straight to the point with brutal honesty. It wasn't the time to be politically correct or refrain from possible offences. The truth needed to get out and we be done with RI in our secular schools once and for all! After some months of discussions, learning, reflecting and most importantly, thinking, I came to realize two things. Firstly, I had no support in light of the fact that I would be upsetting most of my friends and family which would inevitably cause a great tension between us and most likely end our relationships. The ‘support group’ for the campaign weren't particularly friendly and accepting of things that went against what they wanted to believe goes on in children's ministry. As someone who knows child and youth evangelism inside out, they should really take my thoughts and advice into consideration. At the end of the day, most of these people are on a warpath to eradicate something they don't really understand and once they've won the battle, they'll have no idea what their achievement actually means. I decided to pull out of the campaign and wash my hands of it. Many people were angry with me, but these people I've never met so no loss to me. The second thing that I realized after much thought is that removing RI was going to cause an even greater problem. I should have seen this while I was writing my background story because I even mentioned it in there without recognising what I was getting at.  CEC puts their time and resources into RI which in my experience is the least effective form of children's evangelism. When we take this privilege away from them, they will then turn to more effective programs making an already problematic children's ministry more effective and quite frankly, dangerous.  The church sees legal battles that threaten their privilege to evangelize children as spiritual battles and in their eyes, spiritual trumps legal.  They will fight and they will fight dirty.  The law becomes irrelevant when souls are at risk. Now don't get me wrong. When I say fight dirty, I don't mean there will be kidnappings and muggings. I mean the church will up their game and their tactics will move to the next level of cunning. The CEO of Churches Education Commission said himself, “This campaign against us has allowed us as an organisation to really get into an innovation space.” This isn't a benign comment. What I believe we should be doing is educating, not having legal battles. The legal route is “we want this, we don't want that.” Educating is a much more approachable and effective way of making changes. As Dr Kerry Sparkman wrote in his book The Ant And The Ferrari, adding legislation and introducing tougher penalties is like putting more ambulances at the bottom of the cliff rather than addressing the reason that people are jumping off in the first place. Rather than say no to RI which will cause greater problems in the future, we should be working with those who provide it and also with the schools and address the problem that caused this issue in the first place - the choice to opt out rather than to opt in. I admit that the schools weren't taking the issue seriously enough, but take the school to court for not respecting parents’ wishes rather than taking the state to court and having RI abolished. Do I support RI? No. Do I think it should be removed from secular schools? Yes, but only by going about it in in the right manner. Even the most friendly dog will bite if you poke it with sticks and the church is quite a large dog and not to be messed with recklessly. Right now, the best solution would be to have schools change RI from opt out to an extracurricular activity that parents can choose to opt in. Monday, 20 June 2016 What is Genetic Information? I have recently encountered a gentleman on YouTube who insisted that genetic information is lost during speciation. I asked him to demonstrate his reasoning and his evidence for this is "because it's obvious."  He is under the impression that because a chihuahua is smaller than its wolf ancestor and doesn't look like a wolf, then the genetic information needed to make a wolf has obviously been lost.  This reasoning comes as a result of a common misunderstanding among evolution deniers.  The fact is, a chihuahua still has the genes of its wolf ancestor but they reside in the genome as obsolete data. I frequently hear this in combination with the fallacious second law of thermodynamics argument where it is argued that everything degenerates, therefore genetic information can only be lost, not gained.  Of course this is entirely untrue, but let's look at the crux of these arguments; the failure to understand what genetic information actually is.  The following is an excerpt from my book Answers In Evolution - Can Genetic Mutations Add Information to the Genome? Read the following two sentences. 1. The large Boeing 747 passenger jet plane landed on the long flat runway airstrip before coming to a stop. 2. The Boeing 747 landed.             What is the difference between these two sentences?  Does either one convey more or less information than the other or do they both tell the same story?  At first glance, one may be forgiven for claiming that there is more information in the first sentence than the second sentence.  But look again.  When you read, ‘The Boeing 747 landed’, does that give you a different picture than the first sentence?  We already know that a Boeing 747 is a large passenger jet plane, we already know that planes land on long flat runway airstrips, and we already know that the plane will inevitably come to a stop.             The information in the first sentence is uneconomically portrayed, wasting time, data and money if this was a message sent via a paid means of communication such as text messaging, emails and the old-fashioned telegrams.             Now let’s say we have a person who has never seen a Boeing 747 or an airstrip before.  This scenario changes our perception of information.  Whilst the second sentence contains enough information for a person who knows about aviation, it’s meaningless to one who does not.  In this case, the first sentence contains more information than the second sentence.             So we see, information is only as valuable as its ‘surprise factor’.  If you didn’t know that the Boeing landed, then giving you the new information results in the surprise.  All of the superfluous information in the second sentence is of no surprise to you at all. Therefore, nothing is gained.  From this, we can draw two conclusions.  The first conclusion is that information can be useful in some applications and obsolete in others.  Information has no effect unless it causes a change.  The second conclusion is that there is a lot of obsolete information which is nothing more than random noise in the grand scheme of things.  This information causes no change under the relevant circumstances. If you'd like to learn more on genetic information, you can purchase my book here. Friday, 17 June 2016 Which Heater is More Efficient? It's getting colder and time to get out the heaters!  But if you are buying a heater, here's a few tips when listening to the salesman. All heaters (except for heat pumps which don't actually convert electricity to heat) are 100% efficient.  If a salesman tells you one 2000W heater is cheaper to run than another 2000W heater, they are either lying or don't know what they're talking about.  It's like saying one 2L bottle of milk has more milk than the other 2L bottle of milk.  The thing you need to base your decision on is what style of heating you want.  Fan heaters heat the air in the room more quickly, but the air is then cooled by the floor, walls and ceiling.  Convection heaters take more time to heat the air, but at the same time the heated air slowly heats the walls, ceiling.  Radiators, like panel heaters and oil heaters take even longer, but they are a more consistent heat since they heat the walls, ceiling etc which in turn evenly distributes the heat throughout the room.  Once the room is heated, the ambient temp is easily maintained. So if you're icy cold and want instant heat, sit in front of a bar heater or fan heater.  If you want the room to be comfortable, switch on a convection or panel heater about 20 minutes before you want to use the room (depending on how cold the room is, you may need to give it longer). The more you spend on a heater with a thermostat, the more consistent the ambient temperature. If you have a heat pump, turning up the temperature doesn't heat the room more quickly.  Just set it to the temperature you find comfortable and wait for it to bring the room to that temp.  Setting it at a much higher temperature takes the same amount of time to heat the room, but then it keeps on raising the temp until it reaches the dialled temp.  Keep curtains closed and keep doors closed that will allow heat to escape, like bathroom, hallway, toilet, laundry doors etc. Don't heat parts of the house that you seldom use, such as toilet, spare bedroom, etc.  Keep those doors closed.  Try to localise the heat to where it's needed most.  Unless you plan to spend the evening sitting in your hallway, keep the doors closed and retain the heat in your living area. The most efficient form of heating is the heat pump.  Spending a couple of thousand dollars on a heat pump will pay for itself within a few years and you also gain the added benefit of cooling in the hot summer.  If you don't want to have a fixed heat pump installed, you can always purchase a portable heat pump (portable air conditioner) for a fraction of the cost.  Generally you'll find these portable heat pumps are rated at around 1kw power consumption and they will produce around 3kw of heat.  That's like having three 1kw heaters for the price of one! So at the end of the day, when the salesperson says to you, "This heater is more efficient to run that that heater,"  what he's actually saying is either a.  "I don't know what I'm talking about" or b. "This heater is a lower wattage and will produce less heat than that heater." Can Personal Experience Be 100% Accurate? When I was a child at the age of around 6, I fell over at school and something stung me on the palm of my hand.  I shook my hand before I got a look at what stung me and then when I looked, I saw a yellow blob with a stinger injecting venom into me.  When I arrived home after school, my mother asked me what stung me and I said I don't know.  She asked me to describe it and I said it was yellow but it wasn't a wasp.  So my mother looked through an encyclopedia of insects and found a yellow ichneumon wasp.  She showed me the picture and told me that's what stung me.  Even though I knew it didn't look like what I saw, I spent the rest of my life believing that I was in fact stung by an ichneumon wasp and I was mistaken in what I actually saw. Looking back, I based my belief on authority.  My mother based her belief entirely on the fact that it was yellow and not a common wasp.  As a result, I believed something that wasn't true because what I saw was in fact the venom sack of a bee.  This is a fine example of how unreliable personal experience is in finding truth. The Amway Religion Back in 2002, I almost got caught up in Amway.  I met with these people who promised me some amazing things.  I went around to their house to hear of this wonderful job opportunity.  They sat me down and my first question was, "What's the job?"  They said they'd explain all that to me, but first they just want to talk about some things, and went on to say stuff like, "Wouldn't it be wonderful to wake up in the morning and stroll out to the golf course without worrying about money?  Wouldn't it be wonderful to receive an unexpected bill in the mail and happily write a check to pay it?"  This sounded pretty good to me, so I asked once again, what is the actual job?  And again they said it would all be explained at the seminar the following week.  They gave me a motivational book and some cassette tapes to listen to. The following week, I went to the seminar.  I learnt nothing about Amway, but I heard how amazing it was to not have to worry about money, not have to go to work and to have your dream car, dream home etc.  I also heard a few success stories of other people who were part of Amway.  After the seminar, I asked again what the actual job was, and they changed the subject back to the seminar. A week later, I went to the second seminar, hearing all the same motivational jargon.  After the seminar, I told the guy trying to get me into Amway that I don't think Amway is for me and I'll just leave it thanks.  He replied with something I'll never forget.  He said, "I think you're losing the faith in Amway and you just need to listen to the tapes, read the book and come to more meetings." Have a think about this.  Listen to the tapes, read the book and come to more meetings, then you'll regain faith.  Sounds a little like how religion works, does it not? Continual Compensation When a product grows too fast for its platform, we encounter bottlenecking issues.  People don't upgrade their computers every year - hell, my computer is 7 years old - but user software is continually developing.  Facebook got to a point where videos and photos were chewing through people's data and making their internet devices slow right down, so they had to change the way visual media is executed.  Facebook has become so resource hungry as of late that they've had to change the way we view our feeds.  No, Facebook doesn't change every so often just to annoy you, it's actually to benefit you with a better, more streamlined and suitable interface for your internet device. Now for the point that you inevitably anticipated... everything else is the same - including religion.  Cars become faster, so more safety features need to be added to compensate for an increase in risk.  Faster cars use more fuel, so the focus shifts to designing more economical engines. In very ancient times, things like lightening, sickness and ultimate purpose were not understood, so humans compensated by filling in the gaps with the concept of the supernatural.  Epilepsy was explained as being caused by demons, sickness was explained as being the result of a curse, lightening was explained as being a manifested wrath of the gods and ultimate purpose was rationalised as a result of being created.  This worked fine for a time, but eventually we discovered new things, new and more rational explanations.  After a few millennia, lightening was discovered to be an electrical discharge, sickness was discovered to be caused by microorganisms and biological defects, epilepsy was discovered to be a result of a neurological malfunction and as for ultimate purpose, opinions are still divided due to the tough grasp of ontological security. 50 years ago, it was wrong for an unmarried Christian couple to hold hands.  Today, it’s wrong in some Islamic states for an unmarried couple to hold hands.  50 years ago, it was wrong for a Christian woman to show too much skin.  Today, it’s wrong in some Islamic states for a woman to show any skin at all.  50 years ago it was wrong for a married Christian couple to divorce.  Over the years, divorce became more common so a compensation had to eventually be made and is now accepted by most Christian denominations that divorce isn’t that bad.  All kinds of cherry picking of the Bible sees to it that it is justified.  Unmarried couples holding hands is ok because compensation was made by broadening the boundaries.  In free speech society, it has become easier to walk away from ridicule so many popular denominations compensated by not ridiculing couples for living together while unmarried, finally accepting gay people without prejudice and seeing prosperity as being a gift from God rather than an obstacle in the way of eternal life. When we compensate, we find balance.  This is true in any situation, whether it be religion, mechanical engineering, computing, politics, society, medical science, the process of evolution and everything else.  The path of least resistance always wins out, but some situations take far longer.  In cosmological terms, modern society has only been around for a few minutes, so we still have a long way to go before we finally iron out the rough spots like war, poverty, etc.  But we will get there.  Eventually. Is God the Objective Source of Morality? We hear time and time again from the religious community that without God, we would not have an objective source of morality.  Let’s break this down and address it systematically. “Without God.”  What does this mean?  Does it mean a literally absent God, a purposely withdrawn God or an intentional ignorance of God?  For all intents and purposes, the first two options are empirically the same.  The third option is interesting because in that case, we need to determine who is in control. Imagine finding yourself face to face with an angry dog.  For simplicity, you have three options.  You could try your best to defend yourself when the dog attacks, you could try your best to run faster than the dog or you could ignore the dog, pretending it isn’t there.  The pretend option leads us to an interesting scenario.  While touching a hot stove, pretending it isn’t hot isn’t going to stop you from being burned.  But pretending that an angry dog isn’t there might just save you.  If the dog sees no threat, it most likely won’t attack. How is God analogous to a dog?  Well if God is real, then ignoring God isn’t going to stop Him from going about His business because being omnipotent, we have no control.  But if you swap the agenticity of God over to the imagination of a person, then ignoring God would cause Him to dissipate and become harmless. What do we observe in the real world?  We observe randomness.  We observe a universe that is mathematically without influence.  Some cancer patients have successful cancer treatments, some sadly don’t.  The same goes for religious cancer patients who have people praying prayers of faith.  With a universe that operates as though there is no influential agent, we can make the assumption that there is no God influencing it since a God is not needed. So without God means a literal absence of a God.  The next part of the statement is, “we would not have”.  This is a definite logical condition.  It claims “If X then Y,” not, “If X then probably Y.” The last part of the statement is, “an objective source of morality.”  We need to define what an objective source of morality is.  Is it a set of rules?  Is it conditional on geographic location?  Morality in the US is considerably different than morality in Syria.  In New Zealand it is moral for a 16 year old to have sex but that would be immoral in the United States.  The Holy Bible lists a set of rules commonly known as the Ten Commandments and Christians claim that this is the basis of morality, but the Holy Qur’an has a completely different set of rules upon which Islam bases its morality. Many religions all claim absolute morality even though they all differ, so as the human race, we need to collectively agree on a universal set of morals.  If you take what is universally agreed upon by the majority of a diverse humanity and we remove the philosophical constructs of love, peace, etc, leaving us with one objective rule that protects ourselves and everyone around us, we are left with the platinum rule: “Treat others the way they want to be treated.”  Now of course this only works when everyone harmoniously follows the rule so we won’t get into silly debates on self harming or what not. So let’s reconstruct the original statement in our defined form.  “If God does not exist, then we would not treat others the way they want to be treated.”  Think about that for a moment.  Religion claims that if God does not exist, then we would not treat others the way they want to be treated.  Look around and see what’s going on in this world.  How many people are being treated the way they want to be treated?
7NEWS Sydney Team7NEWS Delicate laundry cycle releases microfibre Tom Wilkinson Scientists say the delicate wash cycle for normal loads is releasing more microfibres into the sea. Scientists say the delicate wash cycle for normal loads is releasing more microfibres into the sea. Credit: AP Wrongly using a delicate cycle for everyday laundry is causing hundreds of thousands of extra microfibres to be released into our water systems and end up in the sea, scientists have found. Although regular washing cycles cause clothes to be bashed together and create more friction between garments, they use less water than gentler programmes which agitate the garments less, they said. Researchers at Newcastle University found that it is the volume of water used, rather than the spinning action in the drum, which is the key factor in plucking the tiny plastic particles from man-made material. Because these fibres are so small, they drain out of the back of the washing machine and can ultimately enter the marine environment, where they can be ingested by tiny animals and end up in our food chain. Two years ago, Newcastle University scientists showed for the first time these fibres have now reached the deepest parts of our ocean. PhD student Max Kelly, working with Procter & Gamble's Newcastle lab, measured the release of microfibres from polyester clothes from a range of different cycles, temperatures and water volumes. Counting the fibres released, they found the higher the volume of water the more fibres released, regardless of the speed and abrasive forces of the washing machine. Using a hi-tech camera, they counted 1.4 million fibres from a delicate wash of a polyester garment, 800,000 when a normal cotton wash was used and 600,000 from a cold express programme. "Counter-intuitively, we discovered that 'delicate' cycles release more plastic microfibres into the water, and then the environment, than standard cycles," Kelly said. "But we have shown here that even at reduced levels of agitation, microfibre release is still greatest with higher water volume-to-fabric ratios", caused when a delicate cycle 'plucks' away more fibres from the material. Consumers should make sure they are using the correct cycle for their laundry and avoid washing half loads so there is not a high volume of water to garments, researchers found. Washing machine manufacturers have developed microfibre filters to catch the mini-pollutants before they are released into the water system while the textile industry has worked on reducing fibre shedding. The findings have been published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology on Thursday.
David Mitchell and telomeres – an endless love story sultry david He could. He did. Telomere is the posh word for the bits of DNA at the end of each of your chromosomes. It comes from the Greek words telos, meaning to end or complete, and meros, implying a part or segment. So telomeres are simply the ‘end segments’ of the chromosomes. If you cast your mind back to GSCE biology, you might remember that DNA is made up of long strings of four different molecules called ‘bases’, which biologists have given letters – A, C, G and T. The order in which the bases are lined up in each chromosome – the genetic code – determines what genes are present and when these genes are turned off and on. As such, the genetic code determines almost every aspect of how each cell in the body behaves. Telomeres are different from the rest of the genetic code because in these end segments small subunits of bases are repeated over and over again. In human telomeres, the repeating unit is TTAGGG. The repeating units of the telomere are pretty irrelevant for much of a cell’s life, but become very important indeed when that cell is dividing. Telomere (Photo credit: Wikipedia) When a cell divides into two daughter cells, all the DNA in the cell must be copied exactly, to prevent mutations that could cause cancer or stop important genes working, and to make sure that each and every gene is present in both daughter cells. But the cellular machinery responsible for this DNA replication is big and clunky, and so when it attaches to the end of the chromosome, it can’t copy from the very first base. This would be a BIG problem if the first base indicated the start of a gene, but luckily, this is where telomeres come in. Each time the DNA is copied, one TTAGGG unit is lost from the telomere. The rest of the DNA can then be copied unhindered. To exercise an over-used, David Mitchell-bashed metaphor, the telomeres act like the plastic bits on the end of you shoelaces – protecting the rest of the DNA from gradually unravelling and being lost over time. Sorry, David, but it really is an excellent metaphor. The older a person gets, the more cell divisions they have undergone, and so the shorter the telomeres in their cells are. Older cells have shorter caps, which makes the genes of the chromosome shoelace more vulnerable during replication. In cells with shorter telomeres, mistakes during DNA replication are more common, increasing the chance that cancer-causing mutations will arise, or that the cells will die. So the length of your telomeres is intimately linked to the aging process. But wait! I hear super-attentive readers cry. You’ve told us before that there are 100,000,000,000,000 cells in the human body, which all came from one fertilised egg. Are there enough repeating units of telomeres for all those cell divisions?* Well, no. Although human cells generally have between 3000 and 8000 TTAGGG repeats (more than enough to make 100,000,000,000,000 cells all being equal) some cells are responsible for making huge numbers of daughters – for them, 8000 repeats wouldn’t cut it. So how do cells do it? This question bugged scientists for ages. The answer won Liz Blackburn and Carol Greider a Nobel prize (although, according to my research, they made the all-important discovery on December 25th. This led me to imagine how peed off I’d be if I’d gone into work on Christmas morning and NOT ended up with a Nobel prize. Is the temptation worth the risk??). As is often is the case in nature, it turns out that the solution is beautifully simple. In growing embryos, an enzyme called telomerase is produced. The job of telomerase is to stick telomere repeats back on the DNA ends at the same time as replication is occurring.  It does this using a template from a DNA-like molecule called RNA, which tells the telomerase which bases to reattach. This keeps the plastic bits of the DNA shoelaces at a reasonable length, preventing cells from dying before their time. If developing cells can’t make telomerase, the result is diseases of premature aging such as dyskeratosis congenita, which can cause early death. Generally speaking, once the initial period of growth is over, telomerase production ceases. Without telomerase, telomeres gradually become shorter and so the cells age over time. Seems simple enough, right? So what exactly did Mitchell get his knickers in a twist about?  Of course, as with all science, it’s not as straightforward as it seems. For example, you might reason that, if shorter telomeres causes cells to age, then lengthening telomeres in cells could reverse the aging process. In fact, some adult cells do retain active telomerase. These include stem cells, which need to be able to replicate indefinitely. However, scientists have found that it’s not necessarily a good idea for normal adult cells to produce telomerase. Cancer cells, like stem cells, are defined by their ability to keep dividing infinitely. In many instances, the cancer cells do this by turning telomerase back on to keep telomeres long enough to prevent the cell from dying. So, it seems that a balance must be maintained – too short and your telomeres can’t protect the DNA properly, leading to cancer; too long and cells will divide over and over, causing cancer via a different route. Actually, what’s complicated here is not telomeres, but the many different ways in which cells can become cancerous. But I’ll leave that for another time. If you’ve understood this blog then you DO understand the basics of telomere biology. Pretty cool for less than half an hour’s work. Sure, there will always be more to learn about telomeres, but this applies both for those who’ve never come across the term before and for Nobel prize-winning experts in the field. David Mitchell may think that this means there’s no point in trying, but I think the eternal quest for knowledge is exactly what makes science so fascinating. The day that we understand all the mysteries of life will be a sad day indeed. *If anyone wants to work out how many rounds of cell division is takes to get to 100,000,000,000,000, cells from one, I’d be very impressed. First in wins ‘Geek of the week’. 13 thoughts on “David Mitchell and telomeres – an endless love story 1. I wish to know how long does cell division takes on average? Also the average size of a cell. Then I can create a machine that can tell you how long it will take for a single cell to take over the world. • Excellent question, Edd! Unfortunately it’s not easy to answer. There are many different cell types in the human body and they are many different sizes and shapes, and they also divide at different rates, both from each other and in different environments. For example, an intestinal stem cell in a healthy gut barely divides at all, but if the gut is damaged, it leaps into action! People have been trying to use programming to mathematically model the growth of an embryo for years, but it’s notoriously difficult to make accurate models. Let’s have a go anyway! Let’s start with size. Although cells are many different sizes we can take a (very very) crude average from the smallest (a sperm, at around 5 micrometers) and the largest (an egg, about 100 micrometers, or 0.1mm), to give an average diameter of 52.5micrometers for a human cell. Give me a mo do to a bit of research and I’ll get back to you on average division… • Ok, totally unverified sources repeatedly tell me that when a human cell is going for it, it will divide once every 24 hours on average. This is because it’s good for the cell cycle to keep in sync with the other processes that are using up energy in the body. Makes your calculations easier too! Cant wait to hear the answer. 2. Clearly I’m working hard. Noone can prove otherwise… Let’s do maths! SA of the Earth = 510,072,000 KM^2 or x(1000^”) 510072000000000 M^2 or x(1000000^2) 510072000000000000000000000 µm^2 SA of a cell assuming it is a perfect circle which it isn’t = pi x (52.5/2)^2 = 2165 µm^2 So to cover the Earth you need 235599076212471131639723 cells. That doesn’t seem that many. To create 235599076212471131639722.86374134 cells from a single human cell that divides every day you need log 2 235599076212471131639722.86374134 divisions = 77.6 divisions So in 78 days a single human cell can create enough cells to cover the entire earth assuming none die… That seems wrong. But where? 3. Assuming each cell division works perfectly (so no cells are lost), then it would need 47 divisions to create 100,000,000,000,000 cells from the original single cell (using the same log method as Edd above). When are you going to send the blog to Mr Mitchell for his education and edification?? 4. I read him and thought he was a bit out of touch – but the shoe lace metaphor is overused! Maybe it’s a bit like knitting, where you cast on and cast off, although no one comesalong and adds more stitches when you need them! (apart from the fairies – maybe telomerases are like the fairies?) 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Tag Archives: Project Mercury this day in the yesteryear: First Space Rendezvous (1965) this day in the yesteryear First Space Rendezvous (1965) Three years after the first manned space flight, NASA launched the Gemini program, a series of two-man space missions aimed, among other things, at developing astronauts‘ ability to maneuver spacecraft. One goal was to achieve orbital rendezvous, and after a failed attempt in June 1965, Gemini had success. Astronaut Wally Schirra maneuvered the Gemini 6 spacecraft to within feet of Gemini 7, close enough to have docked had they been so equipped. When was the first docking achieved? More… Discuss NASA Launches Gemini 3 (1965) Gemini 3 was the first manned launch of the Gemini program, whose objective was to develop techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking—procedures later used in the Apollo moon-landing missions. Gemini 3’s primary goal was to test the new, maneuverable Gemini spacecraft. In space, the crew fired thrusters to change the shape of their orbit, shift their orbital plane slightly, and drop to a lower altitude. What dangerous contraband did one astronaut sneak on board the spacecraft? More… Discuss Enhanced by Zemanta
Menu Home Space cemetery Where do old spacecraft go to die? Into a graveyard orbit, or into the middle of the Pacific Ocean. NASA [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Satellites that aren’t in use are a danger – both to other satellites and to anyone caught underneath them when they fall out of the sky. To deal with this danger, old and defunct satellites are boosted to an orbit outside the range of other spacecraft, the “graveyard orbit,” or dropped to an orbit that will eventually cause them to crash down to Earth, the “disposal orbit.” Sending spacecraft crashing down into a populated area is considered rude. So large de-orbiting targets the part of the planet most distant from most humans: the middle of the southern Pacific Ocean, roughly midway between New Zealand and South America. It’s called the spacecraft cemetery, and it’s where Russia’s Mir space station and hundreds of smaller satellites ultimately came down. That area is going to be a goldmine for future marine archaeologists. Speaking of graveyard orbits, did you know that the first nuclear reactor we shot into space is still there? The reactor shut down, so they moved it into an out-of-the-way orbit and just left it up there. Something to look forward to in 4,000 years, which is when it finally comes back down to Earth. Categories: Earth & sky Places Sciences Technology The poles & oceans The Generalist 1 reply Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out /  Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
IELTS Writing Task 2 with model answer To what extent do you agree or disagree? Write at least 250 words. Model Answer: It is sometimes argued that rise in demand of much sought after consumer goods is more due to advertising techniques  than  any pressing needs to own them. I strongly agree with this argument and will provide reasons for such agreement. Over the years, brand promotion has become more innovative and prevalent. First of all, brand endorsement in various public and private events has skyrocketed to all time high. For example, in sporting events like Indian Premier League, players endorse various consumer products ranging from shoe polish to fairness cream.Another example is, in movies and online videos, commercial products are strategically placed to draw public attention. Consequently, public persona gets influenced subtly and contributes to the rise in sales of such items. Another reason for rise in sales is increased desirability of popular products. Through digital platforms and media events, companies hype every new feature introduced as latest and greatest.As a result, society craves for such products and rush to either buy or upgrade existing products. For instance, every year mobile companies introduce updated version of gadgets with the latest technologies and charge a bomb. Companies highlight these features as must have and influence society to buy them. Till a few years ago, people would continue with the same mobile phone for years.But in recent times, the trend is to upgrade mobile phones frequently, thanks to innovative marketing strategies. Having considered  a range of arguments,  I have drawn the conclusion that advertising strongly influences society to buy consumer goods, resulting in higher sales. From celebrity endorsements to hyped technologies, advertising significantly influences consumer’s spending behavior. Total Words: 264 Task Achievement: 9 Coherence & Cohesion: 9 Lexical resources: 8 Grammar: 8 Overall Score: Band 8.5 IELTS Score Calculators and Estimators: Useful FREE resources for IELTS preparation: Tutorials on Essay Writing Say "Hi" on our social media channels... Leave a reply Your email address will not be published. Log in with your credentials Forgot your details?
Request Your FREE Estimate or call us now: (804) 593-4269 Types of Ants in Virginia Ants are a type of social insect and are commonly found living in and around Virginia homes. Ants live together in large colonies and sometimes have multiple nesting sites; making them a very difficult pest to eliminate. Along with being a nuisance, many species of ants can be destructive and dangerous. Protecting your Virginia home from common invading ants is important for the health and safety of your family, and in some cases for the structure of your home. Common species of ants found living in our area include the carpenter ant, pavement ant, pharaoh ant, odorous house ant, acrobat ant, little black ant, and Argentine ant.  carpenter ant Carpenter Ants The carpenter ant is known for being a wood-destroying insect and for being one of the largest species of ant to live in the United States. These ants are typically black in color, but depending on the exact species they may also be yellowish, red, or a combination of the three colors. Carpenter ants cause damage to the structures that they are invading, not because they are eating the wood, but rather because they are creating tunnels and nesting galleries inside of it. These tunnels and galleries can eventually affect the wood’s structural integrity. pavement ants Pavement Ants The pavement ant is a super common home invader and looks like your run of the mill small black ant. However, if you look closely at this ant, you can see some distinguishing features including that their head, body, and thorax are covered in grooved parallel lines and their thorax has a small pair of spines extending from the back of it. Pavement ants are also typically identified by their nesting sites; as their name suggests these ants generally choose to nest in and under the cracks and crevices that are found in pavement and cement. Pharaoh Ants The pharaoh ant is small species of ant that once was believed to be part of the plagues of ancient Egypt (they weren’t). Pharaoh ants have pale yellow to red colored bodies and abdomens that are almost black in color. These ants commonly invade homes and hospitals. house ant Odorous House Ants As you can imagine the odorous house ant is associated with a very unpleasant smell. When the odorous house ant is crushed they emit a foul odor that is likened to the smell of a rotting coconut. These very small, yet very smelly ants range in color from dark brown to black. acrobat ant Acrobat Ants The acrobat ant is average in size and most easily identified by its distinct ability to hold their entire abdomen up over the rest of their body; typically doing so when they are being disturbed. In addition to showing off their physical strength, when acrobat ants are disturbed they emit a very unpleasant smelling odor. Adult acrobat ants range in color from light yellowish-brown to black and some are multi-colored; they also have a unique “heart-shaped” abdomen. black ant Little Black Ants The little black ant is very small in size and is dark brown to jet black in color. They have a two-segmented waist and when looking at this ant from the side you can see that they appear unevenly rounded. Argentine ant Argentine Ants Argentine ants are many times identified not by their appearance, but by the extremely large size of their colonies. A single colony can have several thousand workers and hundreds of queens living and working together. Argentine Ants are a small ants that are usually either shiny dark brown or shiny black in color. Are ants dangerous? Ants while typically thought of as nuisance pests they have the potential to cause many more serious consequences than just being an annoyance. When ants are living and traveling throughout a home they have the potential to spread bacteria and contaminate food sources with diseases that can make people ill. Remember the Pharaoh ant from above? Pharaoh ants are a common household invader, they have the potential to transmit salmonella and streptococcus, and have been found inside of hospitals where they can even invade and contaminate patient IV’s and wounds. In addition to causing health concerns for people and contaminating food sources, there are ants that can cause structural damages to homes. The carpenter ant is a wood-destroying insect that invades a home’s structural wood in order to create tunnels and nesting galleries. If left to their own devices and not completely eliminated, the damage that carpenter ants can cause to a home can become quite extensive and costly to repair. Why do I have an ant problem? Like most other types of insects and pests, ants are attracted to properties that offer them the things that they need to survive- food, water, and shelter. Things that initially attract ants to a property often include open trash cans, garden areas, compost piles, pet food, and areas of excess moisture. Once on your property, the foraging ants will eventually make their way into your home through cracks and crevices found in the foundation and exterior walls, through spaces found around windows and doors, and by traveling along pipes and wires that are entering into your home. Once inside they will happily feed on any spills, crumbs and other morsels of food that they come across, sip water from leaky faucets and pipes, and even create satellite nests behind your home’s walls or underneath of its floors. How do I get rid of ants? While ants tend to look pretty similar, each species has their own unique wants, needs, and likes; knowing the exact species that has entered into your home can help to ensure the infestation is completely eliminated. At RichPro Pest Management, Inc. our professionals can provide you with the accurate identification and treatment services needed to completely eliminate an ant infestation from your home and property. Our professionals understand ants and how to get rid of them, protecting your family and property from their potential dangers. To learn more about controlling and eliminating ants through our Home Defender™ Pest Control services, contact us today at RichPro Pest Management. How do I prevent ants? The pros at RichPro Pest Management suggest the following interior and exterior prevention tips to help keep ants off of your property, out of your home, and away from your family. Outside of your home, it is very helpful to make sure that trash cans are being stored up off of the ground, away from the exterior of your home, and that they are equipped with locking lids. To give ants fewer places to hide around your property it is a good idea to remove piles of organic debris that have built up, to trim back overgrown bushes and trees away from the exterior of your home, and place woodpiles up off of the ground and away from your home. Garden areas and compost piles should also be placed a good distance away from the outside of your home. Inspect the exterior of your home and its foundation, sealing any cracks and crevices that are found, making sure that weather stripping is placed around all windows and doors, sealing gaps around utilities that are entering into your home, and inspecting screens found in windows and doors to make sure that they are intact. Things that you can do inside of your home to prevent problems with ants include storing all food either inside of the refrigerator or in glass or plastic air-tight containers. Store pet food in air-tight containers, routinely vacuum your home’s floors, wash dishes daily, remove trash from your home daily, and quickly clean up crumbs and spills. To deter moisture seeking ants like carpenter ants it is a good idea to install de-humidifiers to reduce moisture levels in your home and to remove any wood from your home that has been damaged by water. Helpful Ant Articles Year-Round Ant Prevention Tips For Virginia Homeowners Schedule Your Free Estimate Complete the form below to schedule your no obligation inspection RichPro Pest Management Blog Keep Summer Ants Out of Your Virginia Yard Wednesday, May 15, 2019 Read More Problems Termites In Virginia Cause Tuesday, April 30, 2019 Read More Why Homeowners In Richmond Need Professional Pest Control Friday, April 19, 2019 Read More Customer Testimonials Customer Testimonials
B1 中級 美國腔 551536 分類 收藏 Hi. Where are you? I can't see anything. Help. Oh, that's better. Hello. Today, I'm going to teach you about glasses. These are sunglasses. But what I'm going to teach you about today are more important than sunglasses. They are glasses for bad eyesight. So if you have bad eyesight, maybe you do this when you try to read something. Or you look far away and you -- this, what I'm doing with my eyes, it's a verb, and it's called "squint" or "squinting". So I -- or maybe you -- squint because you can't see something properly. If this has happened to you, you might be a victim of bad eyesight. So you need to go to an eye doctor. Now, a lot of doctors like to use bigger words to make it more difficult for you to actually contact someone. So in doctor words, an eye doctor's proper name is an "optometrist". If you speak a Latin-based language, maybe you use the same word. "Opto" means "eye", and "tometrist" means -- I don't know, "doctor"? I don't know. But I do know that "opto" means "eye". So an "eye doctor", in the proper form, is "optometrist". If you have a problem with your eyes, you have to go to an eye doctor. And they will get lots of money from you, do lots of tests, and then you get to wear glasses. Cool. So the very, very first thing is we have two adjectives to describe why you may have bad eyesight. These are the most common phrases that people use. Now, because these two words end in -ed, they are adjectives. Because these are adjectives, like every adjective in English, you have to use the verb "to be". So you cannot say, "I nearsighted" or "I farsighted." You have to say, "I am nearsighted" or "I am farsighted." So "nearsighted" means you cannot see things that are far away. So when you wake up in the morning, depending on how bad your eyesight is, you can't read the alarm clock, or you can't read the clock. If you're in a classroom and you sit at the back of the class -- I always did that, and I was always like this, "I can't see what the teacher's written. I need glasses. I'm not getting glasses." So if you can't see things far away, you're called "nearsighted". Guess what? "Farsighted" is the opposite of that. So if you can't see things really close up, you are what we call "farsighted". These are the layman's terms, the regular terms that we would use for this kind of bad eyesight. The doctor's terms for, first of all, "nearsighted", is "myopia". "Myopia" means exactly the same as being "nearsighted". But "myopia" and "hyperopia" are nouns. So because these guys are nouns, we have to use "have". So you could say, "I have myopia" or "I am nearsighted." They're the same. Or you could say, "I have hyperopia" or "I am farsighted." Okay? Most commonly, we would use this, "nearsighted", "farsighted". Depending on what language you speak, maybe you use these in your language. And that's easier for you? Perfect. Do whatever's easiest. The next thing that we have is another noun. We say, "I have an astigmatism." Repeat after me. "I have an astigmatism." Your turn. Do it again. Okay. So "I have an astigmatism." This means that your eyes do not focus well, and everything is blurry. It doesn't matter if it's far away or close up, it's blurry. Things are, like, doubled. It's like you drank a hundred beers, and you're constantly having double vision. So if you have something wrong with your eyes, you're going to have to wear -- as a verb -- glasses. Now, please be very, very careful. You don't wear "glass". I'm sure that would hurt. You're going to have to wear "glasses". It's very important that you pronounce the end of the word, so it sounds like "glasses". Maybe you are sick of glasses, and you got contacts. The long form of "contacts" is, actually, "contact lenses". But we never say "contact lenses". It takes too long. We just say "contacts". Now, some people -- those crazy people out there -- can get colored contacts. So you can actually make your eyes a different color. I've seen this. Some people even have contacts that have swirls, so their eyes look swirly and crazy. And some people get very unnatural colored contacts, like purple. So be careful. That blue-eyed girl that you're looking at might really have brown eyes. Okay. The other kind of thing that you have to be concerned about when you get older, maybe, are a kind of glasses called "bifocals". "Bi" means "two". So "bifocals" actually have two different lenses in the glasses. A lot of older people find that their eyesight is deteriorating -- getting worse and worse. So instead of having to switch glasses from nearsighted, farsighted, you actually get one pair of glasses that have two lenses. It takes a lot of getting used to if you have bifocals because, I'm sure if you look, you get confused, and -- it's like you're drunk again. Bifocals are only in glasses. Now, maybe you are sick to death of glasses, and you've tried contacts. You just can't take it anymore. Every day you clean the contacts; you put them in your eyes; they rip. I am speaking from experience. I used to have glasses. I never wore them. Then I had contacts. So when I was younger, people said, "Ronnie, you need glasses." But I didn't wear my glasses. I did, in fact, get contacts, and I could see again. And I realized that people were looking at me because I'm a little strange. But what I did is I had laser surgery. "Hallelujah! I can see!" Laser surgery is, actually, a laser or beam -- let's go. They take your eyeball. They cut open -- "What? They cut open your eyeball?" Oh, yeah. There's a skin that covers your -- a layer of skin that covers your eyeball. They cut it open with a laser. They lift it up, and they shoot a laser, and -- magic! It fixes your eye. Clearly, I am not an optometrist, and I don't really know how to do laser surgery. But if you would like to send me a check for 2000 dollars, I'll do your laser surgery. Just subscribe to my YouTube channel, EnglishLessons4U. I'll get you a sweet deal on laser surgery. I cannot guarantee the results. Laser surgery makes one happy lady or gentleman because you do not have to wear glasses anymore. If you have problems with your eyes -- what's your problem? What's your eye problem? Are you nearsighted? Are you farsighted? Do you have an astigmatism? I -- I was blessed with two. I had an astigmatism, and I was nearsighted. I couldn't see anything. I got the laser surgery. Bam! I can see all of you right now. See you later. 近視相關的生字 (English Vocabulary - Bad Eyesight: Glasses, Contacts, Optometrist, Eye Doctor...) 551536 分類 收藏 Gnow Sillihp 發佈於 2014 年 2 月 14 日    Wendy 翻譯    廖詩愉 審核 1. 1. 單字查詢 2. 2. 單句重複播放 3. 3. 使用快速鍵 4. 4. 關閉語言字幕 5. 5. 內嵌播放器 6. 6. 展開播放器 1. 英文聽力測驗
When the United States invaded England • John Paul Jones is revered in the US as the father of the US Navy and he was born in Whitehaven, Cumbria, England. He later emigrated to the US and joined the navy. In 1778 he sailed to his home town and set fire to a British ship and parts of the town, later sailing up to Scotland to capture the Earl of Selkirk, who wasn't home, so he stole his silverware instead. This video is well presented, except for the fact that the presenter claims the town of Whitehaven is in north east England, whereas it's in the north west, thus making the journey to Scotland and the crossing of the Irish Sea, that much easier.
Gestational Diabetes – Causes, Symptoms, Checkup and Treatment Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes as the name suggests is the type of diabetes which is seen only during pregnancy. It develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after the birth. Like other forms of diabetes, it also affects the way the body cells use glucose. It is one of the major cause of concern during pregnancy as gestational diabetes is capable of causing several complications during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes causes high blood sugar which can affect the pregnancy and health of both the mother and the baby. It is especially common in the last three months or last trimester of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes or also known as gestational diabetes mellitus is a serious pregnancy complication in which pregnant women with no history of diabetes develop hyperglycemia during gestation. In most cases, the hyperglycemia or gestational diabetes is caused due to impaired glucose tolerance due to pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. The exact pathophysiology is unknown. One main aspect of the underlying pathology is insulin resistance, where the cells do not respond to insulin in the normal way. Several pregnancy hormones may disrupt the usual action of insulin as it binds to its receptor, by interfering with cell signalling pathways. Causes of Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes is caused due to the hormonal and various other changes that the body goes through the pregnancy. In several cases the changes causes gestational diabetes. During pregnancy the body produces high levels of a number of the following hormones: 1. Human placental lactogen 2. Human placental growth hormone 3. Oestrogen 4. Progesterone The large amount of these hormones in the body reduces the effectiveness of insulin. As the foetus grows a higher level of these hormones are needed. The risk of developing insulin resistance increases in the pregnant mothers during the later course of pregnancy. Several conditions during pregnancy certain conditions raise alarm and are considered as major causes of gestational diabetes like: 1. Patients with previous history of gestational diabetes in prior pregnancies 2. Basal metabolic index higher than 3 3. Family history of type2 diabetes or gestational diabetes 4. Previous history of miscarriage or stillbirth 5. Having had a large baby[more than 9 pounds or 4.5 kgs] 6. Overweight individuals 7. Older age[more than 35] 8. History of polycystic ovarian syndrome 9. Some ethnic groups have a predisposition for gestational diabetes 10. High blood pressureGestational Diabetes symptoms The Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes Most women with gestational diabetes experience no symptoms but few may experience non-specific symptoms like: • Unusual thirst • Fatigue • Frequent urination in large amounts Gestational diabetes produces symptoms and is diagnosed by laboratory tests. Test for gestational diabetes is a part of prenatal care. The doctor evaluates the risk factors for gestational diabetes early in the pregnancy. In high risk pregnancies, a test may be performed at the first prenatal visit. In average risk patients, the test is performed during the second trimester-between 24 and 28 weeks. The tests are: Glucose Challenge Test This is the screening test in which the blood is drawn an hour after drinking the sweet liquid containing glucose. If the blood sugar level is higher than 140, then oral glucose tolerance test is done. Glucose Challenge Test[OGTT] It measures blood glucose after a fast of atleast eight hours. Blood is drawn out first and then the liquid containing glucose is given. Then the blood is drawn at regular intervals. High blood sugar at two or more blood test times -fasting, 1 hour, 2hours, 3hours -suggests gestational diabetes. Gestational Diabetes poses several risk for both the child and the mother. The important risk factors are listed below: Risk for The Baby The risks associated with gestational diabetes are due to very high level of blood sugar. By keeping the blood sugar level ideal, these risks can be reduced. Managing the blood sugar level brings these risks down and most women with gestational diabetes have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. They are: 1. Macrosomia –It is the risk of having a large baby. If the mother’s blood glucose levels are high it can cause high blood glucose levels in the baby as well. It increases the production of insulin in the baby which can make the baby grow larger than normal size. If the weight of the baby at the time of the birth is more than 4kgs it i known as macrosomia. This condition poses several risk to the health of the baby and the mother and can also lead to several complications during pregnancy. It also increases the risk of birth trauma. Either mother or the baby can be affected and there is difficulty in birth like bone fractures and nerve damage to the baby and tearing and severe bleeding in the mother. It also causes psychological distress. It can cause shoulder dystocia wherein the shoulder of the baby gets stuck in the pelvis during birth. It requires immediate medical assistance. 2. Risk of a premature birth- gestational diabetes is linked to preterm birth. It may be due to the damage to the placenta caused to gestational diabetes. 3. Risk of stillbirth at the end of the pregnancy 4. Risk of low blood sugar in the baby after birth. Risks for the Mother 1. A higher chance of C-section 2. Miscarriage 3. High blood pressure or preeclampsia 4. Preterm birthGestational Diabetes treatment Treatment and Management for Gestational Diabetes The treatment strategy should includes daily blood sugar monitoring, a healthy diet, exercise and monitoring of the baby. Some important management tips are listed below: 1. Testing kits are used for daily monitoring of the blood sugar level. It is important to test for sugar levels daily for proper management of the condition 2. Making changes in the diet which includes eating more fruits and vegetables and avoiding sugars and fats 3. Daily exercise is recommended. It is important to discuss your exercise regime with your doctor as strenuous physical activity can cause harm during pregnancy 4. Medication available in the form of tablets or injections’ helps in keeping the blood sugar level under check especially in the later part of the pregnancy 5. Overall monitoring