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Everything you need to know about COVID-19 and how to stay safe
Having a deeper understanding of how COVID-19 acts is important in ensuring you and your loved ones stay safe during this epidemic. Knowing the reasons why certain actions are needed will help you follow these instructions which can massively help reduce the fatalities we see from the virus.
There are a number of precautions you can take to dramatically improve the situation for yourself and those around you. In this article we will set out to give you a wider understanding of COVID-19, how it spreads and how it acts in the body if you become infected.
What does COVID-19 do to your body?
As this is a new virus the exact way it affects the body are still being studied but the following information from Prof John Wilson, president-elect of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians and a respiratory physician, can be seen across many of the severe cases of the virus.
When people with Covid-19 develop a cough and fever, Wilson says this is a result of the infection reaching the respiratory tree – the air passages that conduct air between the lungs and the outside. The lining of the respiratory tree becomes injured, causing inflammation. The nerves that line the airway can become easily irritated by something such as a speck of dust, causing a cough.
But if the inflammation gets worse, it then goes past just the lining of the airway and goes to the gas exchange units, which are at the end of the air passages. If they then become infected, the body responds by creating an outpouring of inflammatory material [fluid and inflammatory cells] into the lungs and the patient develops pneumonia.
Pneumonia causes the lungs to become filled with inflammatory material are unable to get enough oxygen to the bloodstream, reducing the body’s ability to take on oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) says about 80% of people with Covid-19 recover without needing any specialist treatment. Only about one person in six becomes seriously ill “and develops difficulty breathing”.
Who is most at risk of COVID-19?
The highest risk group are those aged 60+ with Italy experiencing 83% of those who have died as a result of the illness being over the age of 60. More than two-thirds had diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer, or were former smokers. So, the most at-risk group are those with underlying health conditions above the age of 60. However, this does not mean that those under the age of 60 cannot be killed by the disease. Similarly, people under the age of 60 who have underlying health conditions such as a weakened respiratory system and weakened immune systems or who are pregnant are also at-risk. This all comes down to as you get older the immune systems weaken and finds it harder to fight off harmful viruses.
Surprisingly, young children do not appear to be at increased risk of serious COVID-19 complications. However, they can carry the virus which we will get onto in a moment.
How does COVID-19 spread?
The virus is understood to spread mainly from person-to-person. The R0 of COVID 19 is 2-2.5, what this means is that each person who contracts the virus will on average spread it to 2-2.5 other people. COVID-19 is highly contagious and can spread either through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person either coughs or sneezes or simply being within 6 feet of someone with the virus.
People are most contagious when they are most symptomatic however a major concern is that some spread of the illness can be possible prior to people showing symptoms, this is where children can carry the virus without showing symptoms. In some people, symptoms may appear mild if even present at all. However, this is not the main way the virus is spread and more typically it is spread by coming into direct contact with a person with symptoms of the virus.
As well a person can contract COVID-19 by coming into contact with surfaces that have the virus on it and then touching their mouth, nose or eyes.
How does seasonal Flu and COVID-19 compare?
With this being a new virus, it can be hard to understand how it differs to seasonal flu and often, out of misunderstanding, people can downplay COVID-19. The major differences are how contagious the illness is, how long someone carries the virus, the hospitalization rate and fatality rate.
COVID-19 spreads to on average twice the amount of people per person carrying the virus as flu. A person with COVID-19 carries the virus for 1-14 days compared to 1-4 days for seasonal flu. 19% of those with COVID-19 will be hospitalised as opposed to the 2% of flu sufferers, which causes major burdens on the NHS. Finally, flu has a fatality rate of 0.1%, COVID-19 has a fatality rate of 1-3.4%. VOX have provided an infographic collating data from WHO, CDC & NCBI to help understand how the virus’ compare.
With all of this considered COVID-19 poses a major risk to people and overburdens the emergency services that seek to treat those with the virus.
What is the UK’s response to COVID-19?
The UK has assumed the “delay phase” of managing the COVID-19 outbreak. This means the UK government recognises that the virus cannot be contained and has chosen to delay the worse of the spread until summer.
The theory behind delaying the spread until summer can be broken down to this. During winter times people spend more time indoors which as a result leads to more people spreading viruses. Therefore the NHS is already burdened with treating patients who are suffering from other virus’s more so than they do in summer, such as seasonal flu. By delaying the worst of the outbreak until summer this takes some of the burden off of the NHS so that when the peak of the outbreak hits the NHS has enough resources to manage it.
What can you do to stay safe from COVID-19?
By understanding the COVID-19 virus in full this goes a long way in helping you and your love ones stay safe during the outbreak. Knowing the reasons why certain actions are being asked of you will help everyone to follow these instructions more strictly. These actions are as follows:
• work from home, if you can
• avoid events with large groups of people
• avoid close contact with people who have symptoms of coronavirus
• only travel on public transport if you need to
• If you’re in the at-risk category contact 111 for further advise
• Go to the hospital if you’re suffering severe symptoms, particularly if you are at risk
• always wash your hands when you get home or into work
• use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available
• Sterilise surfaces you’ve sneezed or coughed on
We hope by reading this you now feel fully informed and can work to help minimise the spread of this illness as well stay safe if you’re suffering symptoms
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Car and truck industry is one of the fastest growing industries in a global level. It would not be wrong if we say that car and truck industry shares the maximum percentage of the automobile industry in terms of sales. This industry involves a wide range of the companies that deals with the automobiles. It includes those industries which are focused towards producing, designing, marketing and selling the cars and trucks throughout the world. According to a source (global car and truck forecast LMC [2014] (28)), the car and truck industry would reach to 83.4 million units till the year 2019 in terms of production and sales. This is growth rate which is the highest till date.
Car Industry
The car industry is for sure an industry with the most number of sales. A car could be said as a wheeled motor vehicle that is used for transportation of goods as well as humans. Generally it is used as a mode of transportation by human beings. It can vary from one seat to eight seat as the size of the car may be. The car industry has brought itself to a level from where people see it as one of the innovating and technological industry. This industry has grown ever since the cars came into an existence and is still growing. This industry got its pace since the beginning of 20th century.
The car industry has designed, developed and created and sold the world an uncountable number of cars. It has delivered the world almost 70 million car in the year 2008. Car industry is not an industry which has produced in terms of number only, but it has created a world for innovations and new ideas.
Truck Industry
Truck industry or trucking industry is one of the most beneficial industry that has given the world a great pace. We haven’t even realized that most of the transportation of goods or the freight is done through trucks only. This is unimaginable what would happen when the truck industry stops working even for one day as if this industry stops the world would stop. This industry produces truck for every other industry, be it agriculture, medicinal or food industry trucks are an inseparable part of the world.
The truck is also called as lorry and is designed in a way to carry and transport cargo and other materials in bulk from one place to another. They can vary in size, wheels, and power and storage capabilities. These trucks are mostly in use for commercial purposes.
Trucking industry is also an industry of innovations. No- a-days trucks are also used in the film industry especially for songs and action scenes.
Car and truck industry is for sure an industry which is needed by this generation. It is the backbone of the 21st century and which really needs energy and new ideas for its growth. This industry requires support and innovations from this generation to make this industry more significant and useful for the world. |
Low Back Pain
How can lower extremity biomechanics contribute and how can we reduce this very common problem?
A thorough biomechanical exam will often lead to the discovery that mechanical issues in the feet, ankles knees and hips are contributing to extra strain on the low back. Here are 2 very common biomechanical causes for low back pain.
1. Flat feet pull the knees and thighs into an internally rotated position. This position puts strain on the hips and leads to an increase in the curvature to the low back. Supporting the arches externally rotates the knees and reduces the curvature of the lumbar spine.
2. Most of us have a difference in the length of our legs. This creates an angle to the pelvis for which the low back is forced to compensate. Low back pain that gets worse with standing and walking should be evaluated with respect to a limb length discrepancy. Many times a simple lift can make a huge difference! |
Australia Found a Way to Save Water from Plastic Pollution and We Can Start Doing the Same
Plastic is everywhere around us polluting every corner of our planet affecting our life, health and well-being. Our oceans are packed with plastic endangering the existence of marine life.
The National Geographic states the following:
Furthermore, it reports the devastating state of the oceans including the environment. The coral reefs are smothered in bags, turtles gagging on straws, whales and seabirds starving their bodies as due to the bits of plastic there is not enough place for real food, and so on.
The plastic that is discarded mainly comes from single-item use and around 40% of it ends in the oceans. Many companies are recycling the plastic, but that is less than a fifth of all plastic, so there is the need for new innovative solutions to improve this condition.
It continues:
One of those new inventions is definitely the filtration system in the Henley Reserve that has been installed by the authorities from the Australian city of Kwinana. They have installed a net that is being placed on the outlet of a drainage pipe thereby catching large debris and preventing the contamination of the environment. These pipes drain water from the harmful litter and trash in the residential areas and releasing it clean in the natural areas. In this way the environment is being protected from all the harms that the modern life brings. Plus the drainage system is often being polluted by all the debris that is often washed away by heavy rains, and this new system prevents that pollution as well.
Since it was a fairly new project, the city authorities first installed two nets, but seeing its efficiency, catching over 800 pounds of garbage within several weeks, they decided to install more. Even though the installation and manufacture of these nets is pricey, (around $10,000 per net), the overall system is pretty profitable and offers substantial cost savings. These nets contributed to less pollution in the surrounding environment and thus protected the wildlife.
After the nets become full, they are being lifted up and the trash is thrown into special garbage collecting trucks that are later on brought to a trash-sorting center. When the trash is removed the nets are brought back to their locations. In this centre the waste is being separated into non-recyclable and recyclable material.
The implementation of this filtration system is maybe a small step but very important one in protecting our environment.
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Nicolas Tournier (1590-1639) | Baroque painter
Nicolas Tournier (baptised 12 July 1590 - d. before February 1639) was a French Baroque painter🎨.
Born in Montbéliard, he followed the profession of his father, André Tournier, "a Protestant painter from Besançon".
Little is known of his life before his arrival in Rome, where he worked between 1619-1626, and where he was influenced by the work of Caravaggio🎨. According to one early source, he was a pupil of Valentin de Boulogne🎨.
Tournier's Roman paintings are stylistically close to the works of Bartolomeo Manfredi.
He painted both secular and religious subjects; an example of the latter is The Crucifixion with St. Vincent de Paul (Paris, The Louvre).
After 1626 Tournier was active in southern France. He died in Toulouse.
His work The Carrying of the Cross, painted around 1632, originally hung in the Toulouse chapel of the Company of the Black Penitents.
During the French Revolution it was confiscated by the state and moved to a museum, from where it was stolen in 1818.
After being lost for nearly two centuries, it reappeared in 2009 during an art collector's estate sale in Florence; when the Weiss Gallery of London purchased it in a Paris auction in 2011, the French government classified it as stolen property and banned it from leaving the country. | © Wikipedia
Nicolas Tournier (Montbéliard, 1590 - Tolosa, 1638 circa) è stato un pittore Francese🎨, esponente del Barocco🎨.
Lavorò a Roma, fra il 1619-1626, e qui subì l'influenza dell'opera di Caravaggio🎨 e, forse, ne divenne seguace. Si dedicò alla pittura di soggetti religiosi.
Dopo il 1626 si recò nel sud della Francia. A Tolosa, oltre al Cristo deposto dalla croce nel Museo degli Agostiniani, si conserva un Angelo custode nella chiesa dei ss. Giusto e Narbone. Altre sue opere: Cena ad Emmaus e Vergine con Bambino.
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Hammerhead sharks
Hi there! We will scare you today a little! ;)
What do you know about sharks? And about hammerhead sharks?!
When you think of a hammerhead shark, you’re probably thinking about just one shark?
⭕But the truth is that there are at least nine different species of hammerhead sharks. And the great hammerhead shark is the largest of the hammerhead sharks!
⭕The unique shape of the hammerhead shark’s head allows it to see better than other sharks. Hammerhead sharks have a 360-degree range of vision. This means that they can see all around them at all times, whether in front of them, behind them, above them or below them, which helps during hunting and also helps them get away from predators.
⭕Most sharks are solitary, which means they live and hunt alone. Some hammerhead sharks, however, like the scalloped hammerhead sharks, live and hunt in groups called schools, some of which can be found just beneath the water’s surface. A school of scalloped hammerhead sharks can consist of hundreds of individuals. Can you imagine it?!?
⭕Hammerhead sharks love to eat stingrays. Aside from stingrays, hammerhead sharks will also eat fish, squid, octopuses and crustaceans. Sometimes they also eat other sharks.
⭕ Hammerhead sharks rarely attack humans. Of the hammerhead sharks, only three species have been to attack humans — the great hammerhead shark, the smooth hammerhead shark and the scalloped hammerhead shark — and only 17 times in the past 450 years. Also, none of those attacks were serious enough to be fatal.
⭕ Four species of hammerhead sharks are currently threatened by extinction. Hammerhead sharks are in even more danger from humans than we are from them. Of the nine species, two are classified as Endangered, which means their population has already declined by so much in just a short period of time, and two are classified as Vulnerable, which means their population is declining.Why? These hammerhead sharks, which are the larger species, are regularly caught in trawls and fixed bottom nets. Their fins are used to make shark fin soup, an expensive delicacy in Asia. Their skin is used for leather and their liver oil for vitamins.
So, we hope you don't eat the sharks? That's diving with them - much better! ;)
p.s. hammerhead season at Marsa Alam - in july.
Are you ready?
All the questions about diving with us and so on - send via messages! |
Hinting the interior of planetary satellites from energy dissipation
Hi there! Today I will present you a paper that has recently been accepted for publication in Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, entitled Constraints on dissipation in the deep interiors of Ganymede and Europa from tidal phase-lags. This study has been conducted in Germany, at the DLR, by Hauke Hussmann.
The idea is here to get some clues on the interior of the satellites of Jupiter Ganymede and Europa, from two different signatures of the tides raised by Jupiter.
The tidal Love numbers h2 and k2
I have recently presented the tidal Love number k2 in a post on Mercury. In a nutshell: it represents the amplitude of variation of the gravity field of the satellite, at the orbital frequency. Please note that contrary to Mercury, only the orbital frequency is to be considered in the periodic variations of the gravity field. The reason for that is in the rotational dynamics: the main satellites of Jupiter rotate synchronously, showing the same face to their planet like our Moon, while Mercury is in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance.
The tidal Love number h2 represents the amplitude of the tidal deformation of the topography of the satellite. Something remarkable on these 2 numbers is that h2 is mostly sensitive to the surface, while k2 is the response of the whole body. The idea of this study is to compare the two numbers, to get clues on the interior.
The satellites of Jupiter
At this time, 67 natural satellites are known for Jupiter. They can be classified into 3 groups:
• The inner satellites Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea and Thebe. These are small bodies, their mean radii being between 8 and 85 km. They orbit at less than 3 Jupiter radii.
• The Galilean satellites Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. These are pretty large bodies, which were discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galileo. They orbit between 6 and 25 Jupiter radii. They contain almost of the mass of the satellites of Jupiter, which make them particularly interesting. For instance, their large masses is responsible for an interesting 3-bodies mean-motion resonance involving Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Basically, Io makes 4 revolutions around Jupiter while Europa makes 2 and Ganymede exactly one. This configuration is known as Laplacian resonance. Moreover the sizes of the 4 Galilean satellites, combined with the tides raised by Jupiter, are also responsible for internal differentiation. In particular, these 4 bodies are all considered to harbor global internal fluid layers.
• The irregular satellites. These are small bodies orbiting far much further from Jupiter. They are probably former asteroids which were trapped by the gravity field of Jupiter. Contrary to the two other groups, which have pretty circular and coplanar orbits, the irregular satellites can have highly eccentric and inclined orbits. Some of them are even retrograde.
The next space missions JUICE and Europa Multiple Flyby
Ganymede and Europa are the main targets of the next two missions to the system of Jupiter. These two missions are the ESA mission JUICE, and the NASA Europa Mission.
JUICE, for JUpiter ICy moons Explorer, is planned to be launched in 2022 and to orbit Jupiter in 2030. Then, it will make flybys of Europa and Callisto, before becoming a satellite of Ganymede. Ganymede is thus the main target. Among the 11 instruments constituting JUICE, let us focus on two of them: GALA and 3GM.
GALA, for GAnymede Laser Altimeter, will measure the topography of the planet, while 3GM, for Gravity and Geophysics of jupiter and the Galilean Moons, is the radioscience experiment. It will in particular measure the gravity field of the body. The connection with the study I am presenting you is that h2 is expected from GALA, while k2 is expected from 3GM. Another connection is that Hauke Hussmann is both the first author of this study, and the principal investigator of GALA.
The NASA Europa Mission, also known as Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission, and previously Europa Clipper, will obviously target Europa. It should be launched in the 2020’s, and the nominal mission plans to perform 45 flybys of Europa.
One of the motivations to explore these bodies is the search for extraterrestrial life. Europa and Ganymede are known to harbor a subsurface ocean, and we wonder whether these oceans contain the ingredients for bacteriological life. These two missions will give us more information on the interior, from gravity data, analysis of the topography, imagery of the surface, measurements of the magnetic field… bringing new constraints on the oceans, like their depths, density, or viscosity…
This study
The idea of these studies is to compare the Love number h2, from the topography, and k2, from the gravity field, to constrain the interior. For that, the authors have considered several models of interior of Europa and Ganymede, and simulated the resulting Love numbers.
These interior models have to be realistic, which means being consistent with our current knowledge of these bodies, i.e. their total mass and their shapes, and being physically relevant. This implies that their densities increase radially, from the surface to the center. So, the surface is assumed to be made of ice coating a water ocean. Below the ocean is another ice layer, which itself surrounds a denser core. The ocean tends to decouple the icy shell from the action of the interior.
The authors particularly focus on the phase difference between h2 and k2. Basically, the Love numbers are complex numbers, the imaginary part representing the dissipation, while the real part is related to a purely elastic tide. From their simulations, they show that these phase differences should be of several degrees. Their possible measurements should constrain the viscosity of the ice shell coating the core of Ganymede, and the temperature of the mantle of Europa.
Some perspectives
Of course, the most interesting perspective is the future measurements of these phase differences by JUICE and NASA Europa Mission. The information they will provide will be supplemented by better constraints on the gravity field, on the magnetic field, on the rotation…
The authors assumed the rotations of these satellites to be synchronous, as suggested by the theory. But features at the surface of Europa suggest that the rotation of its surface could be actually slightly super-synchronous. This is something that the dynamical theories still need to understand, but this would probably affect the tidal action of Jupiter on Europa.
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IBPP introduces a C++ name space : 'IBPP'. Everything is defined inside that namespace. Depending on your application needs, on your mood or if name clashing happens, you could do a : <pre>using namespace IBPP;</pre> in your program files, or choose to use the (short) prefix IBPP:: at a lot of place. The choice is yours. In these notes however, we will assume the second option : prefixing everywhere needed with 'IBPP::'.
IBPP methods never return a status or error code. In each and every error situation, IBPP uses C++ exceptions to report unexpected things. Every IBPP interface can throw a class IBPP::Exception. That exception should always be caught by reference and you can use its methods to get more information on what triggered the exception :
try { ... }
catch (IBPP::Exception& e) { cout << e.ErrorMessage(); }
Here is an example of a typical output :
*** IBPP::Exception inside Statement::ExecuteImmediate ***
IBPP Message : isc_dsql_execute_immediate failed.
SQL Message : -104
Invalid token.
Engine Message :
Dynamic SQL Error
SQL error code = -104
Token unknown - line 1, char 7
• IBPP Message gives you an IBPP definition of the problem. When it is something specific to IBPP (as an assert failing), the message is most explicit. When it is a common dynamic SQL problem, this string indicates what Interbase C-API call failed.
• SQL Message gives you the SQL standardized code and error string. This shows a -999 error code when the exception is not related to an SQL problem.
• Engine Message is the more detailed error information retrieved from the Interbase engine itself.
Exception Hierarchy
IBPP::Exception is actually the base class of a (small) hierarchy of exception classes.
/ \
IBPP::LogicException IBPP::SQLException
There is no explicit IBPP library initialization. There is no dedicated call which you should do first in an application program to get IBPP initialized. There is an initialization step, though. It is automatically done when, and so defered until, you attempt something with its interfaces. On Win32 platform, this also means that the InterBase gds32.dll will be dynamically loaded at first use time. It may be usefull in some kind of tools where, if gds32.dll is not present on the system, the tool should be able to report the problem and not simply fail at startup with a cryptic windows error about dlls not found. The linux builds still use an early-bind to libgds. Late-binding will eventually be added later.
Though there is no requirement to call an initialization routine, there is a highly recommended check to do in your app before use the library interfaces. The check consists in verifying that the ibpp.h header file which you used while compiling your own application code is indeed the right one or a compatible one with the exact version of the library you linked with. IBPP provides a C API to do that check : <pre>bool CheckVersion(unsigned long); … if (! CheckVersion(IBPP::Version)) …</pre>
*If everything goes well, CheckVersion() will return true. *If the library's version is not compatible with the ibpp.h you used, it will return false. It is up to you to not try using the interfaces. *If something more serious happened, it will throw an IBPP::Exception.
There is no specific call to de-initialize (or free) the library after using it. When your program will exit, a global object internal to the ibpp library will have its destructor called (after your main() function returns) and that one will take care of whatever is needed.
Objects Instantiation and Disposal
IBPP objects are indeed kind of smart-pointers to object interfaces. Those interfaces are obtained through factory methods (which return a pointer to the requested interface) and you assign those pointers to the specific smart-pointers objects of IBPP. See the following example :
IBPP::Database db;
db = IBPP::DatabaseFactory("someserver", "somedatabase");
You can of course write it a little bit shorter and give yourself some freedom to assign such objects between them or re-assign a new (compatible) interface to one of the objects later :
IBPP::Database db = IBPP::DatabaseFactory("someserver", "somedatabase");
IBPP::Database db2 = db;
db = IBPP::DatabaseFactory("otherserver", "otherdb");
Those smart-pointers objects, if used as described, don't require any other cleanup mechanism than C++ provides you. They will get properly released and deleted when they will go out of scope, which, unless your compiler is buggy, guarantees they will also be reclaimed in case of exceptions.
IBPP Smart Pointers Reference
Class definition
This sample is taken from file ibpp.h as of version 2.5.0, please see the actual header file for up-to-date class definition.
template <class T>
class Ptr
T* mObject;
void clear() { if (mObject != 0) mObject->Release(mObject); }
T* intf() const { return mObject; }
T* operator->() const { return mObject; }
Ptr& operator=(T* p)
// AddRef _before_ Release gives correct behaviour on self-assigns
T* tmp = (p == 0 ? 0 : p->AddRef()); // Take care of 0
mObject = tmp; return *this;
Ptr& operator=(const Ptr& r)
// AddRef _before_ Release gives correct behaviour on self-assigns
T* tmp = (r.intf() == 0 ? 0 : r->AddRef());// Take care of 0
mObject = tmp; return *this;
Ptr(T* p) { mObject = (p == 0 ? 0 : p->AddRef()); }
Ptr(const Ptr& r) { mObject = (r.intf() == 0 ? 0 : r->AddRef()); }
Ptr() : mObject(0) { }
~Ptr() { clear(); }
Operator ->
Being smart-pointers, you use them as pointers.
That is you use the de-reference operator → to access their methods. Think that through these objects and the → operator, you actually call the methods of the attached interface and not of the smart-pointer itself. For people coming from IBPP 1.x this is also an easy migration path. You just have to modify your object declarations (removing the *) and suppress all your calls to the Release() methods which aren't required anymore in IBPP 2.x.
Method clear()
The IBPP objects also have a 'clear()' method, which allows you to free the smart-pointer from its attached interface (thereby releasing it) without waiting for the smart-pointer variable to go out of scope. This might be usefull in some specific case (for instance if you manage arrays or std::vectors of those objects). It is implied when you assign a new interface to an IBPP object : the previous interface gets released if required. Finally, IBPP implements a full reference-counting scheme so that if you can have for instance two IBPP::Database objects to the same interface instance. The interface instance will get released when the last smart-pointer referencing it will go out of scope, will get clear(), or will be assigned another interface. All in all, there is nothing which you should worry about these objects. Just use them.
Method intf()
Method intf() gives you access to the underlying interface pointer. It is mostly usefull in checks like the following to verify if this object is already bound or not to an interface. By definition, an unbound pointer returns 0 for its intf().
if (Db.intf() == 0) { ... }
Reference counting
Each interface class implements two methods used by the above smart pointer mechanism.
Increments the count of references to an interface instance. You should never have to use this method yourself.
reference/guidelines.txt · Last modified: 2006/03/30 18:09 (external edit) |
Oxford Bees
Storm Ciara blows in. How does it compare to recent storms?
Submitted by will on Sun, 09/02/2020 - 10:33
There's a lot of weather around. Last weekend brought Storm Ciara to the UK. Next weekend we'll get Storm Dennis.
There were fence panels down in our garden and a tree has blown down within sight of the house. The forecast was indicating gusts up to 66mph (57kn). It was noisy indoors.
Ciara seemed much stronger than usual, but how does it compare?
All central hives appear to be well
Submitted by will on Tue, 04/02/2020 - 05:38
I've been visiting the hives in central Oxford every couple of weeks. There is still evidence of activity on the base board in all 6 hives (chewed cappings; dead Varroa; etc). I believe that they're all still alive and ok.
There are causes for concern though. All the hives have visible numbers of dead bees at their entrances. I don't know whether these were healthy bees which were stranded during cold weather or whether they were virus infected bees which crawled out of the hive. I presume the latter. |
Windows Server
Still, as the authors above, the protocol does not decide names of neighbors for standard, you has to qualify the discovery of net in all the computers of the sub-net. One another one and last disadvantage is that the LLMNR cannot be used to decide names of computers beyond the local sub-net. Mickin and Northrup (2009). 6.CONSIDERAES FINAL Is verified that the process of resolution of names facilitates the way of as the users have access the resources in the net. >. Instead of using numbers, you write the name of the resource and for it brings of this process exists mechanism that convert the requested name into addresses IP? s.
In corporative nets the main protocol of resolution of names is the DNS (Serving of Names of Domain), however in companies that they do not blunt of devices for the implantation and sustentation of the DNS searched for standardized solutions and of easy implementation. In the environment case of nets Microsoft ones of the main protocols of resolution of names it is the Netbios. As visa previously, the protocol makes possible the computers customers in the same net if to communicate without the necessity of complex configurations. However, the Netbios protocol is known that for using the process of resolution of names for diffusion (request is sent to all the computers in the net) cause a traffic of considerable net being able causes errors in the accesses to the resources of the net. Still, we understand not the support of the Netbios protocol the version of the IPv6 protocol. In this direction, Microsoft if pledged in to project by means of RFC 4795 a protocol of resolution of names of easy implementation, insurance and that of this support to the IPv6. The LLMNR makes possible the computers Seen Windows, Windows Server the 2008 or superior possibility to create a group of computers for communication without the necessity to exist the DNS. |
Demystifying the Fourier magic
Over the years I have gotten used to seeing many theorems in theoretical computer science being proved using discrete Fourier analysis. The Walsh-Fourier (Hadamard) transform of Boolean functions proved to be extremely useful in virtually every subfield of theoretical computer science, including PCPs, property testing, pseudorandomness, and communication complexity. As it turns out, many seemingly hard problems can be solved by writing the Walsh-Fourier expansion and using basic theorems of harmonic analysis.
While I have gotten quite comfortable using Fourier analysis when trying to tackle a problem, and even though I developed a pretty good hunch for which cases Fourier analysis should yield nice results – I have to admit that it took me a long time to begin to unravel the Fourier magic; that is, to understand what is so special about the Walsh-Fourier basis that makes it so powerful.
For the rest of this post, I assume that the readers have some proficiency in Fourier analysis. However, in order to make this post (hopefully) a bit more accessible to readers who are new to harmonic analysis, I would like to dedicate the rest of this paragraph to stating out some basic definitions and facts regrading the Fourier transform. Say we have a real function on the hypercube $latex {f:\mathbb{Z}_2^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}&fg=000000$. The Walsh-Fourier expansion of $latex {f}&fg=000000$ is defined as follows:
$latex \displaystyle f(x) = \sum_{S \subseteq [n]}\hat{f}(S)\chi_S(x), \ \ \ \ \ (1)&fg=000000$
where the characters $latex {\chi_S: \mathbb{Z}_2^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}&fg=000000$ are defined by
$latex \displaystyle \chi_S(x_1, \ldots, x_n) = (-1)^{\sum_{i \in S} x_i} \ \ \ \ \ (2)&fg=000000$
(note that the summation in Eq. (2) is over $latex {\mathbb{Z}_2^n}&fg=000000$, and that the coefficient of each character $latex {\chi_S}&fg=000000$ is $latex {\hat{f}(S) = \langle f, \chi_S \rangle}&fg=000000$). The way I like to think of the Fourier transform is simply as a change of basis for $latex {f}&fg=000000$, wherein (hopefully) the representation of $latex {f}&fg=000000$ is simpler, and hence easier to analyse. It is also interesting to note that if $latex {f}&fg=000000$ is defined on $latex {\{-1,1\}^n}&fg=000000$ instead on $latex {\mathbb{Z}_2^n}&fg=000000$, then each character $latex {\chi_S: \{-1,1\}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}}&fg=000000$ is the monomial $latex {\chi_S(x) = \prod_{i \in S} x_i}&fg=000000$, thus the Fourier expansion is in fact the representation of $latex {f}&fg=000000$ as a multilinear polynomial over $latex {\mathbb{R}}&fg=000000$.
So sure, we have a relatively good understanding of how polynomials behave, and as the foregoing discussion shows, the Fourier transform is a natural way of looking at a function as a multilinear polynomial. But why specifically this base? What is so unique about the base of parities? Are there other bases which are just as effective? Here is my point of view, which I learned from Or Meir: Let $latex {\mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ be the linear space of functions $latex {f: \mathbb{Z}_2^n\rightarrow\mathbb{R}}&fg=000000$. For every $latex {w\in\mathbb{Z}_2^n}&fg=000000$, consider the linear operator $latex {\sigma_w}&fg=000000$ that maps a function $latex {f \in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ to the function $latex {f’ \in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ such that $latex {f'(x) = f(x+w)}&fg=000000$. Such operators are called shift operators. It turns out that in many natural problems that appear in theoretical computer science (but also in functional analysis, Hardy spaces, the theory of abelian varieties, and the theory of symbolic dynamics) there is a fundamental, underlying need to analyze the effects that such operators have on Boolean functions. Now, a cool property of the Fourier basis (namely, the shift theorem) is the fact that it simultaneously diagonalizes all of the shift operators. Details follow.
Since we are dealing with a finite discrete domain (the Boolean hypercube), we can view the functions in $latex {\mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ as vectors in a subspace (i.e, $latex {f\in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ can be viewed as a vector $latex {v_f \in \mathbb{R}^{2^n}}&fg=000000$, where the entries of $latex {v_f}&fg=000000$ are the values of the truth table of $latex {f}&fg=000000$). Then, the shift operators are linear operations on vectors, hence they can be viewed as matrices. As we mentioned before, we wish to simplify the representation of the functions and operators that we study, in order to make them easier to analyse. The best we can hope for is to diagonalize the matrix of the operator we inspect, and this is exactly what the Fourier basis does: In the Fourier basis, all of the shift operators are diagonal matrices.
More generally, the Fourier basis diagonalizes the convolution operator, which also underlies the structure of many natural problems in the analysis of Boolean functions. To see the power of the aforementioned diagonalization, let’s look at an important corollary of it: the convolution theorem. Given functions $latex {f,g \in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$, their convolution $latex {f * g}&fg=000000$ is also a function in $latex {\mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$, defined by
$latex \displaystyle [f*g](x) = \sum_{y \in \mathbb{Z}_2^n}f(y)g(x-y). \ \ \ \ \ (3)&fg=000000$
The convolution theorem for $latex {\mathbb{Z}_2^n}&fg=000000$ states that the Fourier transform of the pointwise multiplication of two functions is equal to the convolution of their Fourier transforms; that is,
$latex \displaystyle \widehat{f \cdot g} = \hat{f} * \hat{g}. \ \ \ \ \ (4)&fg=000000$
The convolution theorem, as well as the other aforementioned properties of the Fourier transform, makes it very robust for the analysis of Boolean functions. Let me provide an example from my own work (joint with Omer Tamuz). We want to test whether a function $latex {f \in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ is Boolean or not (i.e, whether its image is contained in a set of cardinality 2, say $latex {\{-1,1\}}&fg=000000$). A simple, though crucial, observation is that a function $latex {f \in \mathcal{F}}&fg=000000$ is Boolean if and only if the convolution of $latex {f}&fg=000000$ with itself (which sometimes referred to as the autocorrelation of $latex {f}&fg=000000$) is equal to the delta function (i.e., the function that gets 1 at 0, and gets 0 elsewhere). To see this, note that $latex {f}&fg=000000$ is Boolean if and only if $latex {f^2 = 1}&fg=000000$, apply the convolution theorem, and use the fact that the Fourier transform of the constant 1 function is the delta function. Hence, using the Fourier expansion we are able to give a characterization of Boolean functions that is efficiently testable. This is a general theme: whenever a function is “correlated with its shifted-self”, it begs for a Fourier based approach.
Last, I would like to give a brief taste of “heavier” tools in the same spirit: We can generalize the discussion on efficient representations even further. Fourier analysis is a special case of the representation theory of finite groups. This theory deals with the more general space of functions $latex {f:G\rightarrow \mathbb{C}}&fg=000000$ where $latex {G}&fg=000000$ is a finite group. It allows us to find a basis that makes the analysis of shift operators easier, even though for general groups the shift operators aren’t always diagonalizable. Another possible generalization can be done by analyzing tuples of shifts (e.g., $latex {f(x),f(x+w_1),f(x+w_2),f(x+w_1+w_2)}&fg=000000$). In many cases, such analysis cannot be done by standard Fourier analysis, and higher-order Fourier analysis is needed (for more details, see Terry Tao’s excellent survey on this topic).
Open Problems: Returning to the original question at the beginning of the post: are there other bases of functions that will work as well as the Fourier basis? Can we perhaps mimic the success of wavelets in classical harmonic analysis, and use such bases in theoretical computer science?
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Women, Language and Grammar in Italy, 1500-1900$
Helena Sanson
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780197264836
Published to British Academy Scholarship Online: January 2013
DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197264836.001.0001
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Women, the vernacular, and classical languages
Women, the vernacular, and classical languages
(p.20) (p.21) 1 Women, the vernacular, and classical languages
Women, Language and Grammar in Italy, 1500-1900
Helena Sanson
British Academy
This chapter examines women's linguistic education in Cinquecento Italy and the role played by the vernacular in making knowledge more accessible to the less educated, and particularly to women. Women's language, according to men of letters and theorists, was simple and devoid of refinement, but also pure and conservative. Women's role as linguistic educators of their offspring could only be a limited one, circumscribed to the first years of childhood: a girl's education usually remained confined within a domestic environment dominated by the vernacular, and removed from the universe of classical languages and more advanced studies that was a privilege of the lucky few. With the development and spread of the printing press, women came to be seen as a new, profitable sector of the publishing market. They became the target of a variety of works that brought the literary vernacular within their reach. A determining role in helping to spread the literary vernacular across different social classes was played by Petrarchism, and the prestige of the written vernacular allowed for the expression of the voices and talents of women writers. Discussions on language were not merely arid scholarly lucubrations. They had become a fashionable topic that pervaded courtly and upper-class society and concerned men and women alike, with women's presence also occasionally directly gracing the more traditional realms of male linguistic erudition.
Keywords: linguistic education, Cinquecento Italy, literary vernacular, women's language, printing press, Petrarchism, women writers
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The modern-day authorities information, launched ultimate week, show that from 2001-2016, the price of cardiac occasions (coronary heart attacks or unstable angina) fell via greater than 1/2 among Australian girls.
That’s large because of greater schooling approximately hazard factors for heart disease (smoking costs keep to fall) and clinical advances in prevention and remedy.
One thing that might lessen costs of coronary heart disease even also is to make sure ladies, especially, are asked about their current mental health. This can be a pointer to a hidden threat of developing coronary heart disorder in the future.
Mental contamination can directly affect coronary heart health by way of placing greater pressure at the cardiovascular system. Depression has been linked to irritation, which could clog someone’s arteries. Depression additionally increases the presence of pressure hormones in the body, which dull the reaction of the heart and arteries to needs for expanded blood float.
Less direct consequences on heart fitness encompass the effect of melancholy on someone’s health behaviors, including weight loss program and exercise, and their connections with other human beings.
We’ve shown Australian center-aged women with despair have double the danger of getting a coronary heart attack or stroke in the following 18 years as compared to girls without melancholy.
Preventing coronary heart sickness
Cardiovascular sicknesses such as stroke, coronary coronary heart disorder, and coronary heart failure remain the primary killer of Australian women. In 2016, three in ten deaths had been because of coronary heart sickness. Indigenous women are twice as likely as non-Indigenous women to die from this motive.
While we’re seeing great discounts within the range of human beings getting coronary heart disease overall, the modern-day file suggests the opposite is proper in young women. The price of cardiovascular activities like stroke is increasing in girls aged 35 to fifty-four.
Drinking alcohol, smoking, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, overweight/weight problems, and a family records of heart disease are a number of the important predictors of a person developing coronary heart disease over the next five years.
So if someone is considered to have high risk of a cardiovascular event, this risk may be controlled with the help of a clinical professional.
April 1 saw the creation of new Medicare item numbers permitting eligible sufferers (the ones aged forty-five and over, or 35 and over for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples) to be assessed for his or her risk of growing cardiovascular ailment. This is referred to as a coronary heart fitness test.
Using the Australian Risk Calculator, the physician collects information to evaluate an affected person’s hazard of experiencing a cardiovascular event in the subsequent 5 years.
If a person is recognized as being sufficiently at danger, they may be focused with preventative measures such as assistance with lifestyle changes, and interventions like blood stress or cholesterol medicines.
Women have some particular danger factors
While some of the commonplace risk elements for coronary heart sickness are shared between males and females, young and center aged ladies have some that men don’t.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and headaches in the course of and after being pregnant (including gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia) are all essential issues.
We’re best starting to apprehend how these elements affect a female’s danger. However, they may be likely to be as crucial as conventional danger elements within the context of heart fitness tests.
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What role do minority nationalist parties play
What function do minority patriot parties play in modern-day Spanish
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The events of March 11Thursday2004, where 191 people died in terrorist onslaughts in Madrid, were blamed by many, including the governing centre-right authorities of Jose Maria Aznar, on breakaway nationalist groupings. Although later exonerated from engagement, the reaction was testimony to the feeling of many Spaniards, irrespective of political association, who are in small uncertainty of the homicidal committedness of nationalist parties. In the election of March 14Thursday, three yearss after the events, the opinion Popular Party was ejected from office and replaced by Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero’s Socialist PSOE authorities, a consequence which many political observers attributed to the false accusals made by the PP after the onslaughts, and Mr Aznar was succeeded by Mariano Rajoy as leader of the PP. The PP was accused of pull stringsing public sentiment by traping the incrimination for the onslaughts on the Basque patriot group ETA. The true aggressors really talked of retaliation for Mr Aznar’s backup of Mr Bush in Iraq and the loss of the Moorish land of al-Andaluz.
The minority patriot parties come from the Basque part ( PNV ) , Catalonia ( CiU and ERC ) , Galicia ( BNG ) and the Canary Islands ( CC ) . Prior to 2002, there was besides the Herri Batasuna ( HB ) party, a separationist Basque alliance, outlawed because of its links to the paramilitary Euskadi Ti Askatasuna ( ETA ) . Along with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ( PSOE ) , the Popular Party, ( PP ) , the United Left ( IU ) , including the Communist Party ( PCE ) , these parties make up all the parties sitting in the national legislative assembly. Each of the patriot parties has a separationist docket, to changing grades, demanding liberty from Spanish regulation.
In footings of the constitutional of the bicameral Cortes, the parliament, the figure of seats these minority patriot parties occupy is little ; the PNV occupies 13 seats, the CiU 14, the ERC 20, and the CC 6. From a sum of 259 Senators and 350 Deputies, these parties have small political voice, nevertheless. On the other manus, there are 51 seats in the Senate reserved for regional representatives, who are non straight elected, but which are non affiliated with any political party. But none of this adds up to existent political influence and the Canary Islands parties have no function at all.
In April 2004, Mr Zapatero’s foremost act as President was to retreat Spanish military personnels from Iraq. Mr Zapatero, whose nickname “Bambi” reflects public perceptual experience of him as excessively weak a leader, has still to turn out that he is able to keep Spanish integrity in the face of demands from patriots for more liberty. It is arguable, nevertheless, that as a constitutional monarchy Spain is lawfully much more likely to stay incorporate, because of its legal system, with King Juan Carlos II at the its caput, which keeps the bulk parties at a constitutional advantage.
The nationalist parties at the European Parliament are grouped with the chief patriot parties, but are however of minor importance, because of their limited Numberss. The socialist authorities reoriented its European Union policy to Spain’s traditional support for Germany and France and was the first state to back up the European Union referendum. Therefore the nationalist parties are in the self-contradictory place of demanding liberty from Spain, yet regional acknowledgment within a federal Europe.
Mr Zapatero’s invitation to the Basque president and leader of the PNV, Mr Ibarretxe, to a argument in the Cortes earlier this twelvemonth was mostly a failure for the patriots, nevertheless it did non halt a referendum in the Basque state from taking topographic point this month, which led, nevertheless, to the loss of seats for the PNV and a addition for the opinion Socialists. This is an illustration of the disproportionately big sum of exposure nationalist political parties gain in the media when compared to their overall influence in the political sphere. If it were non for the exceptional insisting and mostly individual issue political relations of minority parties such as the PNV and the Catalonian CiU and ERC, these parties’ influence would presumptively be further scoured and any future regional ballot is improbable to foster the nationalists’ independency from Spain. Mr Ibarretxe has had his cameo visual aspect.
Spanish patriot parties are much more likely to derive power with the bigger parties, the PP or the PSOE Socialists, in a Madrid alliance. This happened in the old authorities between the Catalan patriots and the PP. Working outside the district which they claim for their ain, the patriots have become vicarious separationists, vital to the political life of Spain, but ironically back uping the major political parties who oppose patriotism.
The bulk of the Spanish population do non desire regional liberty for the Basque or Catalans, either. In a canvass earlier this twelvemonth a bulk of Spaniards supported military intercession in the Basque state to forestall liberty, prior to the Basque elections. Even the Basque people inside the Basque state are divided in their pick of how to splinter. Mr Ibarretxe failed to convert protagonists of Batasuna, the banned political wing of ETA, to his party and has been required to organize alliances with other groups, many of whom do non portion his secessionist docket, in order to derive any political influence at all.
In decision, the “Zapatero effect” , the President’s absurd willingness to negociate everything, still dominates Spanish political relations. The minority patriot parties’ function has hence become more peripheral, because their patriotism has had to be diluted in order to be accepted into the political mainstream. This must non be a hindrance to their cause, nevertheless, because they should go on to encompass the President’s desire for duologue and has already led to the first peaceable election for old ages. Mr Zapatero should take this a phase further and let dialogues for full independency, if the bulk of any region’s people of all time peacefully ballot for it. Unfortunately for the minority political parties, they are improbable to play much of a function in this political procedure ; it is up to the Spanish people.
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Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg
Haudenosaunee Territory.png
Former full territories within Haudenosaunee, shown here in 1700
Total population
125,000 (2010, est.)
Regions with significant populations
North America
United States80,000
The coat of arms of the Iroquois Confederacy[1]
The Iroquois (/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/) or Haudenosaunee (/ˈhdənˈʃni/;[2] "People of the Longhouse") are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy in North America. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, and later as the Iroquois Confederacy, and to the English as the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. After 1722, they accepted the Tuscarora people from the Southeast into their confederacy, as they were also Iroquoian-speaking, and became known as the Six Nations.
In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the United States.[citation needed]
The Five Nations historically referred to themselves by the autonym, Haudenosaunee, meaning "People of the Longhouse".[15] This name is occasionally preferred by scholars of Native American history, who consider the name "Iroquois" derogatory.[16] The name derives from two phonetically similar but etymologically distinct words in the Seneca language: Hodínöhšö:ni:h, meaning "those of the extended house," and Hodínöhsö:ni:h, meaning "house builders".[17][18][12] The name "Haudenosaunee" first appears in English in Lewis Henry Morgan (1851), where it is written as Ho-dé-no-sau-nee. The spelling "Hotinnonsionni" is also attested from later in the nineteenth century.[19][20] An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is occasionally encountered as well,[21] from the Mohawk kanǫhsyǫ́·ni ("the extended house"), or from a cognate expression in a related Iroquoian language; in earlier sources it is variously spelled "Kanosoni", "akwanoschioni", "Aquanuschioni", "Cannassoone", "Canossoone", "Ke-nunctioni", or "Konossioni".[20] More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also often referred to simply as the Six Nations (or, for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722, the Five Nations).[22] The word is Rotinonsionni in the Mohawk language.[23]
Iroquois Confederacy
Map of the Five Nations (from the Darlington Collection)
The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee is believed to have been founded by the Peacemaker at an unknown date, estimated to have been sometime between 1450 and 1660, bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into "The Great League of Peace".[24] Each nation within this Iroquoian confederacy had a distinct language, territory, and function in the League. Iroquois power at its peak extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes and down both sides of the Allegheny mountains into present-day Virginia and Kentucky and into the Ohio Valley.
Modern scholars of the Iroquois distinguish between the League and the Confederacy.[28][29][30] According to this interpretation, the Iroquois League refers to the ceremonial and cultural institution embodied in the Grand Council, which still exists. The Iroquois Confederacy was the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization, which was dissolved after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War.[28] Today's Iroquois/Six Nations people do not make any such distinction and use the terms interchangeably, preferring the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
The organization of the League has been compared to the modern-day systems of anarcho-communism[32] or libertarian socialism.[33]
Previous research containing the discovery of Iroquois tools and artifacts points to the fact that the origin of the Iroquois people was founded in Montreal, Canada, near the St. Lawrence River, where they were part of another group known as the Algonquin people. Their being driven out of Quebec and migration to New York was due to their unsuccessful war of independence from the Algonquin people. Knowledge of Iroquois history stems from Christian missionaries, Haudenosaunee oral tradition, archaeological evidence, accounts from Jesuit missionaries, and subsequent European historians. Historian Scott Stevens credits the early modern European value for the written word over oral cultural tradition as contributing to a racialized, prejudiced perspective in writings about the Iroquois through the 19th century.[34] The historiography of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate, especially regarding the American colonial period.[35][36]
Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages because of comparisons to French culture; the Jesuits perceived them to lack government, law, letters, and religion.[37]:p.153 But the Jesuits made considerable effort to study their languages and cultures, and some came to respect them. A major problem with contemporary European sources from the 17th and 18th centuries, both French and British, was that Europeans, coming from a patriarchal society, did not understand the matrilineal kinship system of Iroquois society and the related power of women.[38] The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod, writing about the relationship between the Canadian Iroquois and the French in the time of the Seven Years' War, said:
Eighteenth-century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois, supplemented by such images as John Verelst's Four Mohawk Kings, and publications such as the Anglo-Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by Benjamin Franklin.[37]:p.161 One historical narrative persistent in the 19th and 20th centuries casts the Iroquois as "an expansive military and political power ... [who] subjugated their enemies by violent force and for almost two centuries acted as the fulcrum in the balance of power in colonial North America".[37]:p.148 Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century, including Joseph Brant (Mohawk), and David Cusick (Tuscarora). John Arthur Gibson (Seneca, 1850–1912) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker.[39] Notable women historians among the Iroquois emerged in the following decades, including Laura "Minnie" Kellog (Oneida, 1880–1949) and Alice Lee Jemison (Seneca, 1901–1964).[37]:p.162
Formation of the League
Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs
The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact, with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes.[40][a] Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450,[41][42] though arguments have been made for an earlier date.[note1 1] One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31, 1142, an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League's origins.[43][44][45] Some sources link an early origin of the Iroquois confederacy to the adoption of corn as a staple crop.[46]
Anthropologist Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450. He has said that recent claims for a much earlier date "may be for contemporary political purposes".[47]:p.231 In contrast, other scholars note that at the time when anthropological studies were made, researchers consulted only male informants, although the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females. Thus half of the historical story, that told by women, was lost.[48] For this reason, origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha, while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women.[48]
Iroquoian-language peoples were involved in warfare and trading with nearby members of the Iroquois League.[40] The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquois in the early 1670s.[51] The Erie and peoples of the upper Allegheny valley declined earlier during the Beaver Wars. By 1676 the Susquehannock[c] were known to be broken as a power from the effects of three years of epidemic disease, war with the Iroquois, and frontier battles, as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe.[40]
Other Iroquoian-language peoples,[53] including the populous Wyandot (Huron), with related social organization and cultures, became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war.[d] They did not join the League when invited[e] and were much reduced after the Beaver Wars and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases. While the First Nations and Native Americans sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars, some also allied with one nation or another, through the French and Indian War. The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. In warfare the tribes were decentralized, and often bands acted independently.
At that time the Iroquois numbered about 10,000, insufficient to offset the European population of 75,000 by 1660, 150,000 by 1680 and 250,000 by 1700. They had become victims of their own success.[59]
Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:
Beaver Wars
Beginning in 1609, the League engaged in the decades-long Beaver Wars against the French, their Huron allies, and other neighboring tribes, including the Petun, Erie, and Susquehannock.[60] Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade, they invaded the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast (the Lenape or Delaware), the Anishinaabe of the boreal Canadian Shield region, and not infrequently the English colonies as well. During the Beaver Wars, they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron (1649), Petun (1650), the Neutral Nation (1651),[62][63] Erie Tribe (1657), and Susquehannock (1680).[64] The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur trade to purchase European goods on which they had become dependent.[65][page needed] [66][page needed]
Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view, arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the Iroquoian tradition of "Mourning Wars".[67] This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large-scale attacks against neighboring tribes to avenge or replace the many dead from battles and smallpox epidemics.
In 1628, the Mohawk defeated the Mahican to gain a monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange (present-day Albany), New Netherland. The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch.[60] By 1640, there were almost no beavers left on their lands, reducing the Iroquois to middlemen in the fur trade between Indian peoples to the west and north, and Europeans eager for the valuable thick beaver pelts.[60] In 1645, a tentative peace was forged between the Iroquois and the Huron, Algonquin, and French.
In 1649 during the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois used recently purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron, allies of the French. These attacks, primarily against the Huron towns of Taenhatentaron (St. Ignace[70]) and St. Louis[71] in what is now Simcoe County, Ontario were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy.[72] The Jesuit missions in Huronia on the shores of Georgian Bay were abandoned in the face of the Iroquois attacks, with the Jesuits leading the surviving Hurons east towards the French settlements on the St. Lawrence.[68] The Jesuit Relations expressed some amazement that the Five Nations had been able to dominate the area "for five hundred leagues around, although their numbers are very small".[68] From 1651 to 1652, the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock, to their south in present-day Pennsylvania, without sustained success.
In 1665, three of the Five Nations made peace with the French. The following year, the Governor-General of New France, the Marquis de Tracy, sent the Carignan regiment to confront the Mohawk and Oneida.[74] The Mohawk avoided battle, but the French burned their villages, which they referred to as "castles", and their crops.[74] In 1667, the remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow missionaries to visit their villages. The French Jesuit missionaries were known as the "black-robes" to the Iroquois, who began to urge that Catholic converts should relocate to the village of Caughnawga outside of Montreal.[74] This treaty lasted for 17 years.
Iroquois conquests 1638–1711
Some[which?] old histories state that the Iroquois defeated the Susquehannock but this is undocumented and doubtful.[75] In 1677, the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock into their nation.[76]
In 1687, the Marquis de Denonville set out for Fort Frontenac (modern Kingston, Ontario) with a well-organized force. In July 1687 Denonville took with him on his expedition a mixed force of troupes de la Marine, French-Canadian militiamen, and 353 Indian warriors from the Jesuit mission settlements, including 220 Haudenosaunee.[82] They met under a flag of truce with 50 hereditary sachems from the Onondaga council fire, on the north shore of Lake Ontario in what is now southern Ontario.[82] Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized, chained, and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles, France, to be used as galley slaves.[82] Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at this treachery to a diplomatic party, which led to least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca.[83] Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered, saying that as an "civilized European" he did not respect the customs of "savages" and would do as he liked with them. On August 13, 1687, an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man; however the Seneca fled when the main French force came up. The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused to pursue the retreating Seneca.[82]
French and Indian Wars
Iroquois engaging in trade with Europeans, 1722
In 1711, refugees from is now southern-western Germany known as the Palatines appealed to the Iroquois clan mothers for permission to settle on their land.[91] By spring of 1713, about 150 Palatine families had leased land from the Iroquois.[92] The Iroquois taught the Palatines how to grow "the Three Sisters" as they called their staple crops of beans, corn and squash and where to find edible nuts, roots and berries.[92] In return, the Palatines taught the Iroquois how to grow wheat and oats, and how to use iron ploughs and hoes to farm.[92] As a result of the money earned from land rented to the Palatines, the Iroquois elite gave up living in longhouses and started living in European style houses, having an income equal to a middle-class English family.[92] By the middle of the 18th century, a multi-cultural world had emerged with the Iroquois living alongside German and Scots-Irish settlers.[93] The settlements of the Palatines were intermixed with the Iroquois villages.[94] In 1738, an Irishman, William Johnson, who was successful as a fur trader, settled with the Iroquois.[95] Johnson who become very rich from the fur trade and land speculation, learned the languages of the Iroquois while bedding as many of their women as possible, and become the main intermediary between the British and the League.[95] In 1745, Johnson was appointed the Northern superintendent of Indian Affairs, formalizing his position.[96]
On July 9, 1755, a force of British Army regulars and the Virginia militia under General Edward Braddock advancing into the Ohio river valley was almost completely destroyed by the French and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Monongahela.[96] Johnson, who had the task of enlisting the League Iroquois on the British side, led a mixed Anglo-Iroquois force to victory at Lac du St Sacrement, known to the British as Lake George.[96] In the Battle of Lake George, a group of Catholic Mohawk (from Kahnawake) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk-led British column; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other. Johnson attempted to ambush a force of 1,000 French troops and 700 Canadian Iroquios under the command of Baron Dieskau, who beat off the attack and killed the old Mohawk war chief, Peter Hendricks.[96] On September 8, 1755, Diskau attacked Johnson's camp, but was repulsed with heavy losses.[96] Though the Battle of Lake George was a British victory, the heavy losses taken by the Mohawk and Oneida at the battle caused the League to declare neutrality in the war.[96] Despite Johnson's best efforts, the League Iroquois remained neutral for next several years, and a series of French victories at Oswego, Louisbourg, Fort William Henry and Fort Carillon ensured the League Iroquois would not fight on what appeared to be the losing side.[97]
On March 13, 1756, an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place, which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back, as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties, and many did in fact abandon the expedition.[101] On March 26, 1756, Léry's force of troupes de le Marine and French-Canadian militiamen, who had not eaten for two days, received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull.[102] As far as the Canadian Iroquois were concerned, the raid was a success as they captured 9 wagons full of supplies and took 10 prisoners without losing a man, and for them, engaging in a frontal attack against the two wooden forts as Léry wanted to do was irrational.[103] The Canadian Iroquois informed Léry "if I absolutely wanted to die, I was the master of the French, but they were not going to follow me".[104] In the end, about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Léry's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of March 27, 1756, when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort, finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon.[105] Of the 63 people in Fort Bull, half of whom were civilians, only 3 soldiers, one carpenter and one woman survived the Battle of Fort Bull as Léry reported "I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the Canadians. They killed everyone they encountered".[106] Afterwards, the French destroyed all of the British supplies and Fort Bull itself, which secured the western flank of New France. On the same day, the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull, and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull; for the Iroquois, prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe.[107]
The Iroquois only entered the war on the British side again in late 1758 after the British took Louisbourg and Fort Frontenac.[97] At the Treaty of Fort Easton in October 1758, the Iroquois forced the Lenape and Shawnee who had been fighting for the French to declare neutrality.[97] In July 1759, the Iroquois helped Johnson take Fort Niagara.[97] In the ensuing campaign, the League Iroquois assisted General Jeffrey Amherst as he took various French forts by the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence valley as he advanced towards Montreal, which he took in September 1760.[97] The British historian Michael Johnson wrote the Iroquois had "played a major supporting role" in the final British victory in the Seven Years' War.[97] In 1763, Johnson left his old home of Fort Johnson for the lavish estate, which he called Johnson Hall, which become a center of social life in the region.[97] Johnson was close to two white families, the Butlers and the Croghans, and three Mohawk families, the Brants, the Hills, and the Peters.[97]
American Revolution
Lithograph of the Mohawk war and political leader Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant
During the American Revolution, the Iroquois first tried to stay neutral. The Reverend Samuel Kirkland, a Congregational minister working as a missionary, pressured the Oneida and the Tuscarora for a pro-American neutrality while Guy Johnson and his cousin John Johnson pressured the Mohawk, the Cayuga and the Seneca to fight for the British.[110] Pressed to join one side or the other, the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain, with whom they had stronger relationships. Joseph Louis Cook offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a lieutenant colonel—the highest rank held by any Native American during the war.[111] The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant together with John Butler and John Johnson raised racially mixed forces of irregulars to fight for the Crown.[112] Molly Brant had been the common-law wife of Sir William Johnson, and it was through her patronage that her brother Joseph came to be a war chief.[113]
The Iroquois also had concerns about the colonists. The British asked for Iroquois support in the war. "In 1775, the Continental Congress sent a delegation to the Iroquois in Albany to ask for their neutrality in the war coming against the British".[115]:370 It had been clear in prior years that the colonists had not been respectful of the land agreements made in 1763 and 1768. The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war, for if a revolutionary victory were to occur, the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists, who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them.[118] Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois.[115]
After the Revolutionary War, the ancient central fireplace of the League was re-established at Buffalo Creek. The United States and the Iroquois signed the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784 under which the Iroquois ceded much of their historical homeland to the Americans, which was followed by another treaty in 1794 at Canandaigua which they ceded even more land to the Americans.[119] The governor of New York state, George Clinton, was constantly pressuring the Iroquois to sell their land to white settlers, and as alcoholism became a major problem in the Iroquois communities, many did sell their land in order to buy more alcohol, usually to unscrupulous agents of land companies.[120] At the same time, American settlers continued to push into the lands beyond the Ohio river, leading to a war between the Western Confederacy and the United States.[119] One of the Iroquois chiefs, Cornplanter, persuaded the remaining Iroquois in New York state to remain neutral and not to join the Western Confederacy.[119] At the same time, American policies to make the Iroquois more settled started to have some effect. Traditionally, for the Iroquois farming was woman's work and hunting was men's work; by the early 19th century, American policies to have the men farm the land and cease hunting were having effect.[121] During this time, the Iroquois living in New York state become demoralized as more of their land was sold to land speculators while alcoholism, violence, and broken families became major problems on their reservations.[121] The Oneida and the Cayuga sold almost all of their land and moved out of their traditional homelands.[121]
By 1811, Methodist and Episcopalian missionaries established missions to assist the Oneida and Onondaga in western New York. However, white settlers continued to move into the area. By 1821, a group of Oneida led by Eleazar Williams, son of a Mohawk woman, went to Wisconsin to buy land from the Menominee and Ho-Chunk and thus move their people further westward.[122] In 1838, the Holland Land Company used forged documents to cheat the Seneca of almost all of their land in western New York, but a Quaker missionary, Asher Wright, launched lawsuits that led to one of the Seneca reservations being returned in 1842 and another in 1857.[121] However, as late as the 1950s both the United States and New York governments confiscated land belonging to the Six Nations for roads, dams and reservoirs with the land being given to Cornplanter for keeping the Iroquois from joining the Western Confederacy in the 1790s being confiscated and flooded by the Kinzua Dam.[121]
In the West
Many Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) and Iroquois-descended Métis people living in Lower Canada (primarily at Kahnawake) took employment with the Montreal-based North West Company during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became voyageurs or free traders working in the North American fur trade as far west as the Rocky Mountains. They are known to have settled in the area around Jasper's House[123] and possibly as far west as the Finlay River[124] and north as far as the Pouce Coupe and Dunvegan areas,[125] where they founded new Aboriginal communities which have persisted to the present day claiming either First Nations or Métis identity and indigenous rights. The Michel Band, Mountain Métis,[126] and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada[127] in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry.
The Canadian Iroquois
During the 18th century, the Catholic Canadian Iroquois living outside of Montreal reestablished ties with the League Iroquois.[128] During the American Revolution, the Canadian Iroquois declared their neutrality and refused to fight for the Crown despite the offers of Sir Guy Carlton, the governor of Quebec.[128] Many Canadian Iroquois worked for the both Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Company as a voyageurs in the fur trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[128] In the War of 1812, the Canadian Iroquois again declared their neutrality.[128] The Canadian Iroquois communities at Oka and Kahnaweke were prosperous settlements in the 19th century, supporting themselves via farming and the sale of sleds, snowshoes, boats, and baskets.[128] In 1884, about 100 Canadian Iroquois were hired by the British government to serve as river pilots and boatmen for the relief expedition for the besieged General Charles Gordon in Khartoum in the Sudan, taking the force commanded by Field Marshal Wolsely up the Nile from Cairo to Khartoum.[128] On their way back to Canada, the Canadian Iroquois river pilots and boatmen stopped in London, where they were personally thanked by Queen Victoria for their services to Queen and Country.[128] In 1886, when a bridge was being built at the St. Lawrence, a number of Iroquois men from Kahnawke were hired to help built and the Iroquois workers proved so skilled as steelwork erectors that since that time, a number of bridges and skycrapers in Canada and the United States have been built by the Iroquois steelmen.[128]
20th century
World War I
During World War I, it was Canadian policy to encourage men from the First Nations to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), where their skills at hunting made them excellent as snipers and scouts.[129] As the Iroquois Six Nations were considered to be the most warlike of all Canada's First Nations, and in turn, the Mohawk were considered to the most warlike of all the Six Nations, the government especially encouraged the Iroquois and above all the Mohawks to join the CEF.[130] About half of the 4,000 or so First Nations men who served in the CEF were Iroquois.[131] Men from the Six Nations reservation at Brantford were encouraged to join the 114th Haldimand Battalion (also known as "Brock's Rangers) of the CEF, where two entire companies including the officers were all Iroquois. The 114th Battalion was formed in December 1915 and broken up in November 1916 to provide reinforcements for other battalions.[129] Iroquois captured by the Germans were often subjected to cruel treatment. A Mohawk from Brantford, William Forster Lickers, who enlisted in the CEF in September 1914 was captured at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915, where he was savagely beaten by his captors as one German officer wanted to see if "Indians could feel pain".[132] Lickers was beaten so badly that he was left paralyzed for the rest of his life, though the officer was well pleased to establish that Indians did indeed feel pain.[132]
League of Nations
The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court refused to take the case, declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens. In effect, as Canada was at the time a division of the British government, it was not an international state, as defined by international law. In contrast, the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain, not Canada.[134] As a result, a decision was made in 1921 to send a delegation to petition the King of England,[135] whereupon Canada's External Affairs division blocked issuing passports. In response, the Iroquois began issuing their own passports and sent Levi General,[134] the Cayuga Chief "Deskaheh,"[135] to England with their attorney. Winston Churchill dismissed their complaint claiming that it was within the realm of Canadian jurisdiction and referred them back to Canadian officials.
Oka Crisis
In 1990, a long-running dispute over ownership of land at Oka, Quebec caused a violent stand-off. The Mohawk reservation at Oka had become dominated by a group called the Mohawk Warrior Society that emerged in smuggling across the U.S-Canada border and were well armed with assault rifles. On July 11, 1990, the Mohawk Warrior Society tried to stop the building of a golf course on land claimed by the Mohawk people, which led to a shoot-out between the Warrior Society and the Sûreté du Québec left a policeman dead.[137] In the resulting Oka Crisis, the Warrior Society occupied both the land that they claimed belonged to the Mohawk people and the Mercier bridge linking Montreal to the mainland.[137] On August 17, 1990, Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked for the Canadian Army to intervene to maintain "public safety", leading to the deployment of the Royal 22e Régiment to Oka and Montreal.[137] The stand-off ended on September 26, 1990 with a melee between the soldiers and the warriors.[137] The dispute over ownership of the land at Oka continues.[when?]
US Indian termination policies
See: Indian Termination Policy
On July 2, 1948 Congress enacted [Public Law 881] 62 Stat. 1224, which transferred criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed by and against "Indians" to the State of New York. It covered all reservations lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been guaranteed to "any Indian tribe, band, or community, or members thereof." It further prohibited the state from requiring tribal members to obtain fish and game licenses.[141] Within 2 years, Congress passed [Public Law 785] 64 Stat. 845, on September 13, 1950[142] which extended New York's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State. It allowed the tribes to preserve customs, prohibited taxation on reservations,[143] and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights. It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law September 13, 1952.[142] During congressional hearings on the law, tribes strongly opposed its passage, fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations. The State of New York disavowed any intention to break up or deprive tribes of their reservations and asserted that they did not have the ability to do so.[144]
Beginning in 1953, a Federal task force began meeting with the tribes of the Six Nations. Despite tribal objections, legislation was introduced into Congress for termination.[147] The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate bills. One bill dealt with the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes, and the other dealt with the Seneca.[148] The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the United States recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations, not the United States, and that "termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed" by the federal government.[149] The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration.[147]
Accordingly, on September 5, 1967 a memo from the Department of the Interior announced proposed legislation was being submitted to end federal ties with the Seneca.[152][153] In 1968 a new liaison was appointed from the BIA for the tribe to assist the tribe in preparing for termination and rehabilitation.[154] The Seneca were able to hold off termination until President Nixon issued[155] his Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs in July 1970.[156] No New York tribes then living in the state were terminated during this period.
One tribe that had formerly lived in New York did lose its federal recognition. The Emigrant Indians of New York included the Oneida, Stockbridge-Munsee, and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin.[157] In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims in New York, the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s.[158] They won their claim on August 11, 1964.[157] Public Law 90-93 81 Stat. 229 Emigrant New York Indians of Wisconsin Judgment Act established federal trusteeship to pay the Oneida and Stockbridge-Munsee, effectively ending Congressional termination efforts for them. Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated, it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee, with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary. The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes.[159]
Beginning in 1978, the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition.[158] In 2012 the Department of the Interior, in the final determination on the Brothertown petition, found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore only Congress could restore their tribal status.[160] They are still[when?] seeking Congressional approval.[161]
Stone pipe (19th-century engraving)
For the Haudenosaunee, grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion. They believed that if it was not attended to, it would cause all sorts of problems for the grieving who, if left without consolation, would go mad.[162] Rituals to honor the dead were very important, and the most important of all was the condolence ceremony to provide consolation for those who lost a family member or friend.[163] Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members, it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who could be adopted, or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief.[164] Hence the "mourning wars".
One of the central features of traditional Iroquois life were the "mourning wars", when Haudenosaunee warriors would raid neighboring peoples in search of captives to replace those Haudenosaunee who had died.[165] War for the Haudenosaunee was primarily for captives. They were not concerned with such goals as expansion of territory or glory in battle, as were the Europeans.[166] But they did go to war to control hunting grounds, especially as the fur trade became more lucrative.
A war party was considered successful if it took many prisoners without suffering losses in return; killing enemies was considered acceptable if necessary, but disapproved of as it reduced the number of potential captives.[166] Captives were seen as far more important than scalps. Additionally, war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage. This was a prerequisite for a man to be made a chief, and it was also essential from men who wanted to marry and hence have sex. Haudenosaunee women admired warriors who were brave in war.[167] In the pre-contact era, war was relativity bloodless, as First Nations peoples did not have guns and fought one another in suits of wooden armor.[168] In 1609, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquin and the Iroquois which resulted in hardly any deaths. This seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars.[168] At a battle between the Algonquin and the Iroquois by the shores of Lake Champlain, the only people killed were two Iroquois warriors hit by bullets from Champlain's musket, in a demonstration to his Algonquin allies.
Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary, and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance.[172] For this reason, those who died in battle were never buried in community cemeteries, as it would bring the presence of unhappy ghosts into the community.[173]
The Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French, the British, and the Americans all considered to be cowardly, until the Americans adopted similar guerrilla tactics. The Haudenosaunee preferred ambushes and surprise attacks, would almost never attack a fortified place or attack frontally, or would retreat if outnumbered. If Kanienkeh was invaded, the Haudenosaunee would attempt to ambush the enemy, or alternatively they would retreat behind the wooden walls of their villages to endure a siege. If the enemy appeared too powerful, as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693, the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops, and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart.[173] The main weapons for the Iroquois were bows and arrows with flint tips and quivers made from corn husks.[174] Shields and war clubs were made from wood.[175] After contact was established with Europeans, they adopted such tools as metal knives and hatchets, and made their tomahawks with iron or steel blades.[175] It has been posited that the tomahawk was not used extensively in battle, but instead became associated with the Haudenosaunee through European depictions that sought to portray natives as savage and threatening.[176] Before taking to the field, war chiefs would lead ritual purification ceremonies in which the warriors would dance around a pole painted red.[175]
When European diseases such as smallpox devastated the Five Nations in the 17th century, causing thousands of deaths, as they had no acquired immunity to the new diseases. The League began a period of "mourning wars" without precedent; compounding the deaths from disease, they nearly annihilated the Huron, Petun and Neutral peoples.[177] By the 1640s, it is estimated that smallpox had reduced the population of the Haudenosaunee by least 50%. Massive "mourning wars" were undertaken to make up these losses.[178] The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic, small-scale raids launched in response to individual deaths, and became "the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis".[178] The introduction of guns, which could pierce the wooden armor, made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era. This ended the age when armed conflicts were more brawls than battles as Europeans would have understood the term.[168] At the same time, guns could be only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans, and once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640, they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north, which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of "beaver wars".[179] Richter wrote
Melting pot
By 1668, two-thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquian and Huron. At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations, and among the Seneca eleven.[185] They also adopted European captives, as did the Catholic Mohawk in settlements outside Montreal. This tradition of adoption and assimilation was common to native people of the Northeast.
Traditional Iroquois longhouse
At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory. Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time, and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted.[186] These settlements were surrounded by a palisade and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill, with access to water.[187] Because of their appearance with the palisade, Europeans termed them castles. Villages were usually built on level or raised ground, surrounded by log palisades and sometimes ditches.[188]
Within the villages the inhabitants lived in longhouses. Longhouses varied in size from 15 to 150 feet long and 15 to 25 feet in breadth.[188] Longhouses were usually built of layers of elm bark on a frame of rafters and standing logs raised upright.[188] In 1653, Dutch official and landowner Adriaen van der Donck described a Mohawk longhouse in his Description of New Netherland.
Usually, between 2 and 20 families lived in a single longhouse with sleeping platforms being 2 feet above the ground and food left to dry on the rafters.[188] A castle might contain twenty or thirty longhouses. In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups, for example for fishing or hunting.[187] Living in the smoke-filled longhouses often caused conjunctivitis.[174]
By the late 1700s The Iroquois were building smaller log cabins resembling those of the colonists, but retaining some native features, such as bark roofs with smoke holes and a central fireplace.[191] The main woods used by the Iroquois to make their utensils were oak, birch, hickory and elm.[188] Bones and antlers were used to make hunting and fishing equipment.[192]
Historically, the main crops cultivated by the Iroquois were corn, beans and squash, which were called the three sisters (De-oh-há-ko) and in Iroquois tradition were considered special gifts from the Creator.[174] These three crops could be ground up into hominy and soups in clay pots (later placed by metal pots after the contact was with Europeans).[174] Besides the "Three Sisters", the Iroquois diet also included artichokes, leeks, cucumbers, turnips, pumpkins, a number of different berries such blackberries, blueberries, gooseberries, etc. and wild nuts.[174] Allium tricoccum is also a part of traditional Iroquois cuisine, [193] as well as Ribes triste, [194], Apios americana,[195] and Cardamine diphylla.[196]
The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but also other game such as wild turkey and migratory birds. Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter. Archaeologists have the bones of bison, elk, deer, bear, raccoon, and porcupines at Iroquois villages.[174] Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes areas. The Iroquois used nets made from vegetable fiber with weights of pebbles for fishing.[174] They fished salmon, trout, bass, perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry. In the spring the Iroquois netted, and in the winter fishing holes were made in the ice.[198] Starting about 1620, the Iroquois started to raise pigs, geese and chickens, which they had acquired from the Dutch.[174]
Seneca man in traditional dress
In 1644 Johannes Megapolensis described Mohawk traditional wear.
Moccasins of a sort were also made of corn husks.
In 1653 Dutch official Adriaen van der Donck wrote:
During the 17th century, Iroquois clothing changed rapidly as a result of the introduction of scissors and needles obtained from the Europeans, and the British scholar Michael Johnson has cautioned that European accounts of Iroquois clothing from the latter 17th century may not have entirely reflected traditional pre-contact Iroquois clothing.[175] In the 17th century women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape-like upper garment with an opening for the head.[199] By the 18th century, cloth colored red and blue obtained from Europeans became the standard material for clothing with the men and women wearing blouses and shirts that usually decorated with beadwork and ribbons and were often worn alongside silver brooches.[200]
By the late 18th century, women were wearing muslin or calico long, loose-fitting overdresses.[200] The tendency of Iroquois women to abandon their traditional topless style of dressing in the warm months reflected European influence.[200] Married women wore their hair in a single braid held in place by a comb made of bone, antler or silver while unmarried wore their hair in several braids.[200] Warriors wore moccasins, leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs.[200] Initially, men's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill-work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans.[200] The bodies and faces of Iroquois men were heavily tattooed with geometric designs and their noses and ears were pieced with rings made up of wampun or silver.[200] On the warpath, the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red, half black.[200] The men usually shaved most of their hair with leaving only a tuft of hair in the center, giving the name Mohawk to their hair style.[200] A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the Gus-to-weh that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men.[200] Buckskin ammunition pouches with straps over the shoulder together with belts or slashes that carried powder horn and tomahawks were usually worn by warriors.[200] Quilled knife cases were worn around the neck.[201] Chiefs wore headdresses made of deer antler.[200] By the 18th century, Iroquois men normally wore shirts and leggings made of broadcloth and buckskin coats.[200] In the 17th and 18th centuries silver armbands and gorgets were popular accessories.[200]
gusto'weh headdress
Seneca woman in traditional dress
See Iroquois ethnobotany
Women in society
The Iroquois have traditionally followed a matrilineal system, with women holding property and hereditary leadership passing through their lines. Historically women have held the dwellings, horses and farmed land, and a woman's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband. Men and women have traditionally had separate roles but both hold real power in the Nations. The work of a woman's hands is hers to do with as she sees fit. Historically, at marriage, a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife's family. A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband is able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him.[204]
The children of a traditional marriage belong to their mother's clan and gain their social status through hers. Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children, especially introducing boys to men's roles and societies. The clans are matrilineal, that is, clan ties are traced through the mother's line. If a couple separates, the woman traditionally keeps the children.[205] The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan. The chief's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor.[205] The clan mothers, the elder women of each clan, are highly respected. It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one's matrilineal clan, but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan.[206]
Spiritual beliefs
Member of the False Face Society
Like many cultures, the Iroquois' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes. Generally, the Iroquois believed in numerous deities, including the Great Spirit, the Thunderer, and the Three Sisters (the spirits of beans, maize, and squash). The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants, animals, and humans to control "the forces of good in nature", and to guide ordinary people.[207] Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment.[208] The Iroquois believed in the orenda, the spiritual force that flowed all things, and believed if people were respectful of nature, then the orenda would harnessed to bring about positive results.[209] There were three types of spirits for the Iroquois: 1) Those living on the earth 2) Those living above the earth and 3) the highest level of spirits controlling the universe from high above with the most highest being known variously as the Great Spirit, the Great Creator or the Master of Life.[209]
Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs. Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth, called the Skywoman or Aientsik. Aientsik's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins, Tawiskaron, who created vicious animals and river rapids, while Okwiraseh created "all that is pure and beautiful".[210] After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron, Tawiskaron was confined to "the dark areas of the world", where he governed the night and destructive creatures.[210] Other scholars present the "twins" as the Creator and his brother, Flint.[211] The Creator was responsible for game animals, while Flint created predators and disease. Saraydar (1990) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex, noting "Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit."[212]
After the arrival of the Europeans, some Iroquois became Christians, among them the first Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonquin parents. The Seneca sachem Handsome Lake, also known as Ganeodiyo,[214] introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century,[215] which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture.[207] Handsome Lake's teachings include a focus on parenting, appreciation of life, and peace.[214] A key aspect of Handsome Lake's teachings is the principle of equilibrium, wherein each person's talents combined into a functional community. By the 1960s, at least 50% of Iroquois followed this religion.[207]
Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming, healing, and thanksgiving. Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar, and include Maple, Planting, Strawberry, Green Maize, Harvest, and Mid-Winter (or New Year's), which is held in early February.[207] The ceremonies were given by the Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil.[212] In the 17th century, Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals, but only 8 are observed today.[209] The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival, the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring, the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring, the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops, the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries, the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July, the Green Bean Festival in early August, the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October.[209] Of all the festivals, the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival.[209] During all of the festivals, men and women from the False Face Society, the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society would dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature.[209] The most important of the occasions for the masked dancers to appear were the New Year Festival, which was felt to be an auspicious occasion to chase the malevolent spirits that were believed to cause disease.[209]
During healing ceremonies, a carved "False Face Mask" is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco-burning and prayer ritual. False Face Masks are carved in living trees, then cut free to be painted and decorated.[207] False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois, and are thought to reconnect humans and nature and to frighten illness-causing spirits.[214] The False Face Society continues today among modern Iroquois. The Iroquois have three different medical societies. The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits; the Husk Face Society is made up of those who had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to cure the sick.[192] There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies.[192] The types of masks are: A) The Secret Society of Medicine Men and the Company of Mystic Animals: 1) Divided mask that painted half black and half red; 2) Masks with exaggerated long noses; 3) Horn masks; 4) Blind masks without eye sockets. B) Husk Face Society: 5) Masks made of braided corn. C) False Face Society: 6) Whistling masks; 7) Masks with smiling faces; 8) Masks with protruding tongues; 9) Masks with exaggerated hanging mouths; 10) Masks with exaggerated straight lops; 11) Masks with spoon-lips; 12) Masks with a disfigured twisted mouth. The "crooked face" masks with the twisted mouths, the masks with the spoon lips and the whistling masks are the Doctor masks.[192] The other masks are "Common Face" or "Beggar" masks that are worn by those who help the Doctors.[174] The Husk Face Society performs rituals to communicate with the spirits in nature to ensure a good crop, the False Face Society performs rituals to chase away evil spirits and the Secret Medicine Society performs rituals to cure diseases.[216] The grotesque masks represent the faces of the spirits that the dancers are attempting to please.[192] Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness.[192] The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs.[174]
The Iroquois traditionally celebrate six major festivals throughout the year.[118] These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony, a feast, a chance to celebrate together, sports, entertainment and dancing. These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates.
Iroquois art from the 16th and 17th centuries as found on bowls, pottery and clay pipes show a mixture of animal, geometrical and human imagery.[201] Moose hair was sometimes attached to tumplines or burden straps for decorative effect.[201] Porcupine quillwork was sewn onto bags, clothing and moccasins, usually in geometrical designs.[201] Other designs included the "great turtle" upon North America was said to rest; the circular "skydome" and wavy designs.[201] Beads and clothes often featured semi-circles and waves which meant to represent the "skydome" which consisted of the entire universe together with the supernatural world above it, parallel lines for the earth and curved lines for the "celestial tree".[201] Floral designs were first introduced in the 17th century, reflecting French influence, but did not become truly popular until the 19th century.[201] Starting about 1850 the Iroquois art began to frequently feature floral designs on moccasins, caps, pouches and pincushions, which were purchased by Euro-Americans.[217] The British historian Michael Johnson described the Iroquois artwork meant to be sold to whites in the 19th century as having a strong feel of "Victoriana" to them.[217] Silver was much valued by the Iroquois from the 17th century onward, and starting in the 18th century, the Iroquois became "excellent silversmiths", making silver earrings, gorgets and rings.[217]
Games and sports
Naming conventions
Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism, the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations, and to whether it was a notable cultural feature. Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites, for example, among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century.[220][221] However, other scholars, most notably anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book, The Man-Eating Myth, have challenged the evidence, suggesting the human bones found at sites point to funerary practices, asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois, it was not widespread.[222] Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois,[223] with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a "case for cannibalism in early historic times ... so strong that it cannot be doubted."[224] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois' rituals "cannot be separated from the severity of conditions ... where death from hunger, disease, and warfare became a way of life".[225]
The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis, François-Joseph Bressani, and the fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson present first-hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk. A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed.[187] "To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance."[226]
Haudenosaunee peoples participated in "mourning wars" to obtain captives. Leland Donald suggests in "Slavery in Indigenous North America" that captives and slaves were interchangeable roles.[227] There have been archaeological studies to support that Haudenosaunee peoples did in fact have a hierarchal system that included slaves.[228] Note that the term slave in Haudenosaunee culture is identified by spiritual and revengeful purposes, not to be mistaken for the term slave in the African Slave Trade.[229] However, once African slavery was introduced into North America by European settlers, some Iroquois, such as Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, did own African slaves.[230]
To obtain slaves, Haudenosaunee peoples battled in "mourning wars".[231][232][88] After the wars were over, Haudenosaunee warriors journeyed back to their villages with the new slaves they had captured. During these journeys, slaves were routinely tortured or even killed by their captors.[232][233]</ref> Leland Donald writes that captives "were killed if they could not keep up, tried to escape, or members of the attacking party could not restrain their emotions".[232] Daniel Richter suggests that keeping the pace may not have been an easy task, writing that "warriors might slowly lead prisoners by a rope between the lines of men, women and children [captives]".[234] If a prisoner survived all the obstacles on the march back to a Haudenosaunee village, the torture did not end. Slaves were mutilated and beaten for several days upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors.[235] After the initiation process, slaves were either killed, or welcomed into the nation where they would be replacing a deceased member of that community.[236]
Adoption policy
Slaves brought onto Haudenosaunee territory were mainly adopted into families or kin groups that had lost a person.[232] Although if that person had been vital for the community they “were usually replaced by other kin-group members” and “captives were…adopted to fill lesser places”.[237] During adoption rituals, slaves were to reject their former life and be renamed as part of their “genuine assimilation”.[238] The key goal of Haudenosaunee slavery practices was to have slaves assimilate to Haudenosaunee culture to rebuild population after one or many deaths.[237] Children[239]and Indigenous peoples of neighbouring villages[240] to the Haudenosaunee are said to have been good slaves because of their better ability to assimilate. That being said, the role of a slave was not a limited position and whenever slaves were available for capture they were taken, no matter their age, race, gender etc.[241]
Once adopted, slaves in Haudenosaunee communities had potential to move up in society.[242] Since slaves were replacing dead nation members, they took on the role of that former member if they could prove that they could live up to it.[242] Their rights within the aforementioned framework were still limited though, meaning slaves performed chores or labor for their adoptive families.[239] Also, there are a few cases where slaves were never adopted into families and their only role was to perform tasks in the village.[232] These types of slaves may have been used solely for exchange.[243] Slave trade was common in Haudenosaunee culture and it aimed to increase Haudenosaunee population.[244]
Slaves were often tortured once captured by the Haudenosaunee. Torture methods consisted of, most notably, finger mutilation, among other things.[245][246] Slaves endured torture not only on their journey back to Haudenosaunee nations, but also during initiation rituals and sometimes throughout their enslavement.[236] Finger mutilation was common as a sort of marking of a slave.[247] In "Northern Iroquoian Slavery", Starna and Watkins suggest that sometimes torture was so brutal that captives died before being adopted.[248] Initial torture upon entry into the Haudenosaunee culture also involved binding, bodily mutilation with weapons, and starvation, and for female slaves: sexual assault.[246][249][236][250] Starvation may have lasted longer depending on the circumstance. Louis Hennepin was captured by Haudenosaunee peoples in the 17th century and recalled being starved during his adoption as one of "Aquipaguetin"’s replacement sons.[251] Indigenous slaves were also starved by their captors, such as Hennepin was.[249] If torture lead to the slave’s death, often times Haudenosaunee peoples ate the victim.[245][252] The brutality of Haudenosaunee slavery was not without its purposes; torture was used to demonstrate a power dynamic between the slave and the "master" to constantly remind the slave that they were inferior.[253][254]
Language played another role in Haudenosaunee slavery practices. Slaves were often referred to as "domestic animals" or "dogs" which were equivalent to the word to "slave".[255] This use of language suggests that slaves were dehumanized, that slaves were "domesticated" and another that slaves were to be eaten as Haudenosaunee peoples ate dogs.[256][257] Jaques Bruyas wrote a dictionary of the Mohawk language where the word “Gatsennen” is defined as "Animal domestique, serviteur, esclave" the English translation being "domestic animal, butler, slave".[258] There are also more language accounts of slaves being compared to animals (mostly dogs) in Oneida and Onondaga language.[255] This language not only serves as a proof that slavery did exist, but also that slaves were at the bottom of the hierarchy.[259]
Changes after contact
Inevitably, Haudenosaunee slavery practices changed after European contact. With the arrival of European diseases came the increase in Haudenosaunee peoples obtaining captives as their population kept decreasing.[260][261] During the 17th century, Haudenosaunee peoples banded together to stand against settlers.[262] By the end of the century, Haudenosaunee populations were mostly made up of captives from other nations.[243] Among the Indigenous groups targeted by the Haudenosaunee were the Wyandot who were captured in such large numbers that they lost their independence for a large period of time.[243][263] “Mourning wars” became essential to rebuild numbers, but also Haudenosaunee warriors began targeting French and later English colonizers.[243][264] Similarly to Indigenous slaves, European slaves were tortured by the Haudenosaunee using finger mutilation and sometimes cannibalism.[245] European captives did not make for good slaves though because they resisted even more so than Indigenous captives and they did not understand rituals such as renaming and forgetting their past.[265] For this reason most European captives were either used as ransom or murdered upon arrival to Haudenosaunee territory.[243] A lot of Europeans were not captured though, and instead they became trading partners with the Haudenosaunee.[260] Indigenous slaves were now being traded amongst European settlers and some slaves even ended up in Quebec households.[260] In the end, European contact lead to adoptees outnumbering the Haudenosaunee in their own communities, these slaves were too hard to control in large numbers and so came the finality of Haudenosaunee slavery practices.[243]
English word Iroquoian words Meaning 17th/18th-century location
Mohawk Kanien'kehá:ka "People of the Great Flint" Mohawk River
Oneida Onyota'a:ka "People of the Standing Stone" Oneida Lake
Onondaga Onöñda'gega' "People of the Hills" Onondaga Lake
Cayuga Gayogo̱ho:nǫʔ "People of the Great Swamp" Cayuga Lake
Tuscarora1 Ska:rù:rę' "Hemp Gatherers"[266] From North Carolina2
1 Not one of the original Five Nations; joined 1722.
2 Settled between the Oneida and Onondaga.
Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650
Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650
Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720
Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720
Current clans
Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Tuscarora Oneida Mohawk
Heron (Hodidáë'ö:ga:' Heron Heron
Eel (Ohgönde:na') Eel (Akunęhukwatíha•ˀ)
Population history
According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George-Kanentiio, a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada. These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario.[268] More recently according to the Six Nations Elected Council, some 12,436 on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve, the largest First Nations reserve in Canada,[269] as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada.[270]
In 1995, tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States numbered about 30,000 in total, with the majority of 17,566 in New York. The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin, and about 2200 Seneca-Cayuga in Oklahoma.[268] As the nations individually determine their rules for membership or citizenship, they report the official numbers. (Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted.)[268] There is no federally recognized Iroquois nation or tribe, nor are any Native Americans enrolled as Iroquois.
In the 2000 United States census, 80,822 people identified as having Iroquois ethnicity (which is similar to identifying as European), with 45,217 claiming only Iroquois ancestry. There are the several reservations in New York: Cayuga Nation of New York(~450[citation needed],) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation (3248 in 2014),[271] Onondaga Reservation (473 in 2014),[271] Oneida Indian Nation (~ 1000[citation needed]), Seneca Nation of New York (~8000[citation needed]) and the Tuscarora Reservation (1100 in 2010[citation needed]). Some lived at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin on the reservation there counting some 21,000 according to the 2000 census. Seneca-Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma has more than 5,000 people in 2011.[272] In the 2010 Census, 81,002 persons identified as Iroquois, and 40,570 as Iroquois only across the United States.[273] Including the Iroquois in Canada, the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009.[267]
Seneca chief Cornplanter
Joseph Brant, painted by the American artist Gilbert Stuart
Prominent individuals
• 14 Onondaga
• 10 Cayuga
• 9 Oneida
• 9 Mohawk
• 8 Seneca
• 6 Tuscarora
Unanimity in public acts was essential to the Council. In 1855, Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75% of the male voters and 75% of the mothers of the nation.[274] In revising Council laws and customs, a consent of two-thirds of the mothers was required.[274] The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a de facto consensus government.[275]
Wampum belts
Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois, which Iroquois tradition claims was invented by Hiawatha to console chiefs and clan mothers who lost family members to war.[175] Wampum belts played a major role in the Condolence Ceremony and in the raising of new chiefs.[175] Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented. Treaty making often involved wampum belts to signify the importance of the treaty.[175] A famous example is "The Two Row Wampum" or "Guesuenta", meaning "it brightens our minds", which was originally presented to the Dutch settlers, and then French, representing a canoe and a sailboat moving side-by-side along the river of life, not interfering with the other's course. All non-Native settlers are, by associations, members of this treaty. Both chiefs and clan mothers wear wampum belts as symbol of their offices.[175]
Haudenosaunee flag.
Influence on the United States
Historians in the 20th century have suggested the Iroquois system of government influenced the development of the United States's government,[280][281] although the extent and nature of this influence has been disputed.[282] Contact between the leaders of the English colonists and the Iroquois started with efforts to form an alliance via the use of treaty councils. Prominent individuals such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were often in attendance.[citation needed] Bruce Johansen proposes that the Iroquois had a representative form of government.[283] The Six Nations' governing committee was elected by the men and women of the tribe, one member from each of the six nations. Giving each member the same amount of authority in the council ensured no man received too much power, providing some of the same effect as the United States's future system of checks and balances.[citation needed]
Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of United States' documents such as the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution.[284] The influence thesis has been discussed by historians such as Donald Grinde[285] and Bruce Johansen.[286] In 1988, the United States Congress passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and Bill of Rights.[287] In 1987, Cornell University held a conference on the link between the Iroquois' government and the U.S. Constitution.[288]
International relations
More recently, passports have been issued since 1997.[297] Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel, but with increased security concerns across the world since the September 11 attacks, this is no longer the case.[298] In 2010, the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in England only after the personal intervention of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. However, the British government refused to recognize the Iroquois passports and denied the team members entry into the United Kingdom.[299][300]
Modern communities
Iroquois in Buffalo, New York, 1914
United States
See also
1. ^ Morgan: "eighty rods"
2. ^ "three rods"
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22. ^ Goddard, 1978. This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website: [].
24. ^ Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois in the American Revolution (1972), pp. 14–15
25. ^ Bruce Elliott Johansen; Barbara Alice Mann (2000). Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-313-30880-2.
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Assignment # One
Assignment # One
Part 1
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Question 1
Magical realism in the narrative appeals to a critical reflection on the story as it encompasses daily interactions occurring within the human race with satiric tendencies that tend to lighten the mode in which the message is given, without diluting the content. It ensures that the readers are reprimanded in a manner that does not ignite resentment[1]. The egocentricism of the village dwellers and ungratefulness of Pelayo’s family is realistic as it amplifies a pragmatic occurrence but the ability of the human to have wings and a spider’s body fitted with a human head is magical.
Question 2
4 The human association depicted in the poem is that of an extensive friendship that has persisted in a finite time that feels like forever, yet marked with sessions of divergence that have had an inverse effect of making the allies stronger in their relationship[2]. The tragedy however lies in the fact that the mind game was initiated as a consensual accord at a point in their lives and instead of leading to the creation of a bond, a divisive association developed. The result only holds obliteration for either of the two, with no provision for unity.
Question 3
The socio-economic divide created in the tale is used to amplify the current crisis that is presently practiced in most geographical locations with regard to child labor[3]. The character of the children in brutal in nature, perhaps evidencing the unconstructive effect that is founded on the deprivation of childhood stage. The depiction is thereby necessary in evidencing the detrimental impact of child labor.
Question 5
The father in the narrative seemingly deserts his family and acquires a permanent residence in a close river where the family could see him rowing. The boat is fashioned for a sole occupant, affording no additional room for any other person[4]. The reasons given towards the departure are mainly accorded to the wife who tends to be very commandeering and never grateful for the monetary and non-monetary roles that the father offers to his family.
Question 6
The tree is representative if Brigida’s identity, and literally depicts her emotional being[5]. The tree initially has a thriving life before drying up, creating congruence with Brigida’s life and expectations in marriage that begin from the leafy and productive phase and gradually desiccates with the realization that her marriage prospects will never be rewarded.
Question 4
Silvina Ocampo’s The Inextinguishable Race is a classic depiction of structural collapse in the world with regard to societal roles that have persisted across generations as acceptable practices. The adult characters employed in the narrative have afforded themselves to leisure activities as evidenced by the gatherings whereas the children are accorded working roles for monetary gain[6]. The wages are used to support the various families. The breakdown is undoubtedly outlined in role swapping for both the young ones and the adult population. The effects of each are precisely outlined by the writer.
Assignment # Two
Part 1
2 The wife uses the cat to fulfillment purposes. This is to fill in the gap that the husband has left by her husband’s use of excessive control and carelessness.
Bassnett, Susan. Knives and angels: women writers in Latin America. London, UK: Zed Books, 1990.
Bombal, Maria L. New Islands: And Other Stories. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Monterey, CA: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Echevarria, Gonzalez R. The Oxford book of Latin American short stories. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Grossman, William L. Modern Brazilian short stories. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1974.
Henderson, Mason G. Literature and ourselves: a thematic introduction for readers and writers. New York, NY: Longman, 2001.
Klingenberg, Patricia N. Fantasies of the feminine: the short stories of Silvina Ocampo. Oxford, UK: Bucknell University Press, 1999.
Marquez, Garcia G. Leaf storm and other stories. New York, NY: Perennial Classics, 2005.
McNees, Pat. Contemporary Latin American short stories. New Orleans, LA: Fawcett Columbine, 1996.
Ortega, Julio, and Carlos Fuentes. The Vintage book of Latin American stories. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2000.
Pelayo, Ruben. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: a critical companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
Quiroga, Jose. Understanding Octavio Paz. Columbia, SC: Univ of South Carolina Press, 1999.
Rosenberg, Donna. World literature: an anthology of great short stories, drama, and poetry. Southfield, MI: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Wilson, Jason. A companion to Pablo Neruda: evaluating Neruda’s poetry. Rochester, NY: Tamesis Books, 2008.
Zapata, Celia C. Short stories by Latin American women: the magic and the real. Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1990.
[1] Garcia G. Marquez, Leaf storm and other stories (New York, NY: Perennial Classics, 2005). |
Acorn Electron logo
"Ask any child at scholl why it's worth £199."
The Electron, often called by the nickname "Elk", is a computer produced by British company Acorn in the early 1980s. It was designed as a low-cost home alternative to the BBC Micro, usually sold to schools. It was much less powerful, and although both ran the same dialect of BASIC, compatibility between them was only partial. As it faced strong competition from the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum, sales were lower than expected, even though it was still popular enough to ultimately outsell the more expensive BBC Micro and amass a larger game library of its own.
Second Generation |
Monday 3rd June 2019
Driverless cars could help reduce traffic problems, study finds
An experiment by university researchers has revealed how driverless cars could reduce traffic by communicating with one another.
ITV News reports:
A team of researchers at Cambridge University programmed 16 miniature robotic cars to drive around a two-lane track and observed how the traffic flow changed when one of the cars stopped.
When the cars were not driving co-operatively, any vehicles behind the stopped car had to stop or slow down and wait for a gap in the traffic, as would typically happen on a real road.
A queue quickly formed behind the stopped car and overall traffic flow was slowed.
When the cars were communicating with each other and driving co-operatively, as soon as one car stopped in the inner lane, it sent a signal to all the other vehicles.
Cars in the outer lane that were near to the stopped car slowed down slightly so that vehicles in the inner lane were able to quickly pass the stopped car without having to stop or slow down significantly.
When a human-controlled car was put on the track with the autonomous cars and moved around in an aggressive manner, the other cars were able to give way to avoid the aggressive driver, improving safety.
The results, to be presented at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) in Montreal, Canada, will help work to study how autonomous cars can communicate with each other, and with vehicles controlled by human drivers, on real roads in the future.
Each 1:24 scale model car used in the study is around 20cm by 8cm, making it possible to carry out testing indoors and at a low cost.
The study's co-author Michael He, an undergraduate student at Cambridge's St John's College, said: "Autonomous cars could fix a lot of different problems associated with driving in cities, but there needs to be a way for them to work together."
Many existing tests for multiple autonomous driverless cars are done digitally, or with scale models that are either too large or too expensive to carry out indoor experiments with fleets of cars.
Starting with scale models of commercially-available vehicles with realistic steering systems, the Cambridge researchers adapted the cars with motion capture sensors and a Raspberry Pi, a credit card-sized computer, so the cars could communicate via Wi-Fi.
They then adapted a lane-changing algorithm for autonomous cars to work with a fleet of cars.
They tested the fleet in "egocentric" and "co-operative" driving modes, using both normal and aggressive driving behaviours, and observed how the fleet reacted to a stopped car. In the normal mode, co-operative driving improved traffic flow by 35% over egocentric driving. The researchers plan to use the fleet to test multi-car systems in more complex scenarios including roads with more lanes, intersections and a wider range of vehicle types.
Co-author Nicholas Hyldmar, an undergraduate student at Downing College, said: "If different automotive manufacturers are all developing their own autonomous cars with their own software, those cars all need to communicate with each other effectively."
The use of miniature cars provides a more distinctive image of how the communication between driverless cars would help improve vehicle flow. There is however a large step from model cars to integrating real driverless vehicles across the country.
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Panic buying could invalidate your car insurance
Car Insurance
Friday 20th March 2020
Panic buying a large amount of groceries and household items could invalidate your car insurance if you fill your car with goods that obstruct your vision or weigh down your vehicle excessively.
Young drivers feel the pinch as getting on the road costs over £6,000
Car Insurance
Monday 16th March 2020
On top of the expense of driving lessons, provisional driver insurance and your practical and theory tests, being a young driver is a very costly affair. The combination of sourcing a car and paying for the insurance is very expensive for both the new driver and likely their families.
Car Insurance
Friday 29th November 2019 |
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Key gene behind hallmark of Lou Gehrig's disease identified
July 29, 2019
Inside the brains of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a debilitating neurodegenerative disease, is a telltale sign that marks almost every case: clumps of toxic proteins.
Now, researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine and their collaborators have pinpointed a key gene behind the formation of one type of these neuron-damaging aggregates. They've also shown how inhibiting the gene's function curbs production of the harmful protein.
"We know that these protein-rich aggregates are a clear hallmark of ALS," said Aaron Gitler, PhD, professor of genetics. "But this finding allows us a deeper look into how those aggregates are made, and potentially how we can hinder that process."
The gene, RPS25, codes for a piece of cellular machinery necessary for creating the protein-based gunk that amasses in some forms of ALS and damages healthy neurons. When the gene's activity was experimentally depleted -- in yeast, in neurons derived from patients with ALS and in fruit flies -- Gitler and his team saw levels of the lethal protein drop by about 50 percent across the board.
The team also tested the function of RPS25 in human cells modeling Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia, two other neurodegenerative illnesses that have protein-aggregate "hallmarks" similar to ALS, said Shizuka Yamada, a graduate student in Gitler's lab. There, too, inhibiting the gene helped tamp down the levels of bad protein.
It's still early days, Yamada said, but hampering the RPS25 gene seems like a promising target for reducing the destructive proteins seen in ALS and even extending life span, as was seen in the fruit fly model of ALS with low activity levels of the gene.
A paper detailing the results of the research will be published July 29 in Nature Neuroscience. Gitler, who holds the Stanford Medicine Basic Science Professorship, is the senior author. Yamada is the lead author.
An alternate route
Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a condition that kills off motor neurons, which are crucial to all physical tasks, from brushing one's hair to breathing. The root cause behind every case is not always the same; there's a slew of genetic factors that play into the onset of ALS. Yet one gene is often the culprit. In ALS, it harbors a string of DNA that erroneously repeats itself.
It's these DNA repeats that are transformed into the harmful proteins that build up in the brain. As the proteins amass, they interfere with healthy neurons, blocking the cells' ability to function normally.
Outside of their toxic properties, what's notable about the protein aggregates is that they aren't made like other proteins found in the body, Yamada said. "These repeats actually shouldn't be made into proteins at all," she said. "They come from DNA that isn't supposed to code for anything, and yet somehow the proteins come to be anyway."
During run-of-the-mill protein formation, the ribosome, a sort of molecular machine that resides in the cell, processes messenger RNA, which contains genetic code based on DNA, and turns it into the raw materials of a protein. That process is called translation, and it's initiated by a code in the mRNA that shows the ribosome where to start translating. The ALS-associated DNA repeats don't have that start code, unlike normal mRNA.
"So regular translation doesn't work with the repeats," Yamada said. But it turns out there's a molecular workaround: an unconventional translation process called repeat-associated non-AUG translation, or RAN translation, that turns the ALS repeats into destructive protein bodies.
Putting the brakes on RPS25
The exact mechanism of RAN translation and its role in human biology is not clear, but scientists do know that it still depends on the ribosome. To better understand the process, Gitler and Yamada turned to yeast, a simple organism that still has the major proteins and pathways of human cells. One at a time, the researchers decreased the function of individual yeast genes and monitored the fungus' RAN function. When subdued, several genes swayed RAN function, but one in particular, RPS25, stood out. With the gene hindered, production of the toxic protein fell by 50 percent.
The researchers also saw a 50 percent dip in the toxic protein when they tested how neurons derived from patients with ALS fared without RPS25.
"We were really excited to see the decrease in repeat proteins carry over into human cells," Yamada said. "It's always pretty cool when yeast biology can directly inform human biology." Because these cells came from patients who suffer from ALS, the research offered a reliable glimpse into how the neurons of individuals with ALS would respond to lower levels of RPS25, she said.
"Through genomic analyses, we could see that the ALS-associated repeats were still there; the sequences hadn't changed," Yamada said. "What was changing was the output of the ribosome; the repeats weren't being made into toxic proteins nearly as often."
Slashing a part of the cell's protein-making machine might sound risky, but it turns out a defunct RPS25 gene doesn't spoil normal protein production. Yet the researchers also showed that an inactive RPS25 gene affects more than just the ALS repeats; the dysfunctional gene similarly stunted erroneous protein production in cellular models of Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia, two neurodegenerative illnesses that have hallmark protein aggregates similar to ALS.
Moving toward more complexity
Finally, the researchers turned to fruit fly models of ALS to investigate how depleting RPS25 affected the insect overall. Not only did they see a similar decrease in toxic protein levels, they also saw an increased life span in the flies that lacked fully functional RPS25. Flies that harbored both the ALS mutation and a working RPS25 gene died by day 29, on average, while those that had the ALS mutation and lower amounts of RPS25 lived on average for 38 days. A healthy fruit fly lives about 50 days on average.
The findings are intriguing, Yamada said, but before the scientists can begin to pursue RPS25 as a drug target, the team has a couple boxes to tick off. The team now is investigating how a more complex animal model -- like a mouse -- would fair without RPS25.
"With the fruit flies, we tampered with the gene; we didn't remove it completely," Yamada said. "Whether an animal can survive without the gene entirely is a big part of our next step."
Furthermore, Yamada said, she and Gitler are still after a clearer picture of RAN translation in humans, overall. "Does it only occur under neurogenerative conditions? Or is there a broader role for it in healthy individuals?" she said. "We don't know the answer to those questions yet, and it will be crucial to figure out before pursuing RPS25 as a therapeutic target."
Other Stanford co-authors of the study are graduate students Naomi Genuth and Nicholas Kramer; postdoctoral scholar Rosslyn Grosely, PhD; research technician Lisa Nakayama; high school student Shirleen Fang; research assistant Tai Dinger; Maria Barna, PhD, assistant professor of genetics and of developmental biology; and Joseph Puglisi, PhD, professor of structural biology.
Researchers from the Mayo Clinic, the University College London and the University of Southern California also contributed to the research.
The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (grants R35NS097263, AI099506, AG064690, R35NS097273, P01NS099114, 2T32HG000044 and R01NS097850), the U.S. Department of Defense, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the European Research Council and Alzheimer's Research UK.
Stanford's departments of Genetics, of Biology, of Developmental Biology and of Structural Biology also supported the work.
Stanford Medicine
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Electric Short Circuit
Electricity is required for lighting up our homes and powering up the industries. It can be constructive or destructive depending on how carefully it is handled. One of the most dangerous situations is when there is a short circuit. You may have heard of fired accidents caused due to short circuits or even deaths due to electrocution. The major cause of the electric fire is heat produced due to the flow of high currents through the conductor during a short circuit.
Normal Circuit
Figure 1
A typical electric circuit consists of a power source and a load connected between the terminals of the source. The load offers an amount of resistance to the flow of current through it, hence limits the flow. According to Ohm’s law, the current flow in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the circuit to the current flow.
I α V/R
Where I is the current flow, V is the applied voltage and R is the resistance offered by the circuit to the current flow.
Now think about a situation at which there is no load connected to the source, instead, it’s terminals are directly connected using a copper wire. Now the load resistance is zero and according to Ohm’s law,
I = V/0 = ∞
Short circuit image
Figure 2
Hence, due to low resistance, an infinite amount of current flows through the wire and damages the wire and the source itself. Comparing figure 2 to figure 1, you can see that the electron flow is more intense and rapid in figure 2 than figure 1. This condition is known as a short circuit. Electric current always flows through a low resistance path. If you connect a wire parallel to the lamp, since the resistance of the load is more than the wire, an enormous amount of current flows through it and the wire acts as a short circuit.
A practical example of a short circuit.
Short circuit explained
Credit: Prairie Electric
Let us discuss a practical example for short circuit. As you know, each room in your house has a separate circuit and the power is distributed through the circuit breakers located inside the power distribution board. Consider a situation when there is an insulation failure in the live and neutral wires. Electricity always follows a low resistance path and here due to insulation failure, a low resistance path is formed between live and neutral wires, causing a short circuit. This results in high current flow between these wires. If a proper circuit breaker is used, it will sense the high current and isolate the circuit. Otherwise, it can cause sparks and even fire. Hope this example might have given you a clear picture of what is a short circuit.
Definition of short circuit
A short circuit can be defined as an undesirable condition at which an enormous amount of current flows between the terminals of a power source or between the power source and the ground, due to the formation of a new low resistance path in between the terminals of the source. During a short circuit, current flow through the point of short increases exponentially and the voltage drops to zero.
Short circuit fault
Types of short circuits
A short circuit can be categorized into how they occur. A situation at which the positive and negative terminals of a DC source or more than one phase of AC or line and neutral of AC comes into direct contact is known as a short circuit. Also, direct contact of any live conductor with the ground can cause abnormally high current flow. It is known as a ground fault. In a three-phase AC system, direct contact between two or more phases is known as a phase to phase fault.
Damages caused by a short circuit
The major outcome of an electric short circuit is fire. According to the data collected by the United States Fire Administration, 6.5% of total resident fire incidents reported in the country were caused by electrical malfunction, mostly short circuits. High current flow during short circuits heats up the conductor, damages the insulation and may result in electric fires, which can cause serious injuries and risk to life.
Causes of short circuits
The following are the major causes of short circuits.
1. Insulation failures
2. Improper wiring
3. Faulty equipment
4. Mishandling of electricity
5. Natural calamities
Out of all these, insulation failure is the major reason for short circuits. Damage of cable insulation can be the reason for a short circuit. Improper wiring allows direct contact of unlike phases. Even wet surfaces can conduct electricity and cause short circuits. Improper wiring allows direct contact between unlike terminals resulting in short circuits. Mishandling of electricity or direct contact with the live conductor can also be the cause of earth faults and short circuits.
Short circuit protection
Electric fuses and circuit breakers are used to limit the damages caused by a short circuit. Further Earth leakage relays and RCCBs are used for earth faults. Circuit breakers isolate the power whenever they sense any short circuits. Short circuit protection devices cannot completely prevent the short circuits but can limit the damages caused by it by isolating the power in the event of faults.
Applications of short circuits
One of the major applications of short circuits is arc welding. Electric arcs created during short circuits can generate heat if around 6500 deg. Celsius. This can be used for welding metals. Both AC and DC can be used to create an electric arc.
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The Evolution of Human Aggression
Credit: Dreamstime
(Image: © Dreamstime)
Everyone has experienced anger at one point in their lives and some of us — males mostly, going by statistics — have channeled that anger into violence, perhaps by throwing a punch during a hockey game or after too many beers at the bar.
Then there's aggression on a much more sinister scale, in the form of murder, wars and genocide. Trying to understand what fuels the different levels of human aggression, from fisticuffs to nation-on-nation battle, has long preoccupied human biologists.
Is there evolutionary reasoning that explains our aggressive tendencies?
This is the central question that anthropologists are now asking as they meet this week at the University of Utah to discuss violence and human evolution. Speakers at the conference, "The Evolution of Human Aggression: Lessons for Today's Conflicts," intend to explore how the long process of human evolution has shaped the various ways we display aggression in modern society.
Though it may seem easier to divide the debate into two camps — those who think evolution has made humans naturally peaceful and those who think we're more naturally prone to violence, the real answer probably lies somewhere in between, said conference organizer Elizabeth Cashdan, professor of anthropology at the University of Utah.
"There is plenty of evidence to support both claims: violence, reconciliation, and cooperation are all part of human nature," said Cashdan, who thinks these wide-ranging emotions all evolved because they benefitted humans in some way in the past.
Animal instincts Evolution can explain why humans exhibit aggression because it is a primal emotion like any other, experts say.
"Emotions (including revenge, spite, happiness, anger) must have evolved because most of the time they motivate fitness-enhancing behaviors, and that is surely true for humans as for other animals," said Cashdan.
Just as compassion for your offspring increases your genes' chance of survival, violent tendencies may have been similarly useful for some species, agreed biologist David Carrier, also of the University of Utah.
"Aggressive behavior has evolved in species in which it increases an individual's survival or reproduction and this depends on the specific environmental, social, reproductive, and historical circumstances of a species. Humans certainly rank among the most violent of species," Carrier said, adding that we also rank among the most altruistic and empathetic. In true nature-nurture fashion, though some kind of genetic preprogramming for violence may exist in humans as a result of our evolution, it is the specific environment that decides how, or whether, that biological determination is triggered, scientists say.
"Biologists speak of 'norms of reaction,' which are patterned responses to environmental circumstances. For example, some male insects are more likely to guard their mates when there are fewer females in the population, hence fewer other mating opportunities. Natural selection didn't just shape a fixed behavior, it shaped the norm of reaction — the nature of the response," said Cashdan.
In other words, though aggression for aggression's sake is rare, an intricate set of conditions could, conceivably, drive most people to violence.
Instead of competing for food, which has become relatively easy to attain in most parts of the world, today we compete for material resources, said Cashdan, and some individuals lack or lose that switch that tells us when enough is enough. Gang violence is a good example of competition for resources gone haywire, though while a gang member's desire for more things, money or partners causes problems now, it may have been the key to their survival 100,000 years ago.
"Humans are unique in the complexity of their social relationships and their highly developed social intelligence. Revenge and spite are quintessential social emotions and so are not likely to be found in many, if any, other species," she said. Aggression in few animals goes beyond protecting one's territory, mates, offspring and food — there is some evidence that domestic dogs and chimpanzees do hold grudges, said Carrier — but human violence has evolved to stem from less typical sources.
"For example revenge killings, and the cultural institutions that support and restrain it, shape human aggression in new ways," said Cashdan. The intelligent reasoning that lets most of us override any innate desire to be violent also makes some people, such as parents that kill their children, as well as institutions justify violence illogically, experts say.
Worry over the future An understanding of the evolutionary roots of human aggression could help institutions make better policy decisions, according to experts.
"My personal opinion is that Western society, as a whole, is in mass denial about the magnitude of the problem that violence represents for the future. We are peace-loving and want to believe that the violence and transgressions of the past will not return, but recent history and current events illustrate how easy it is for humans to respond with interpersonal and intergroup violence," he said.
This will be especially important in places where key natural resources are becoming scarce, said Carrier, who warned that "if basic resources such as food and clean water become more limiting, as many scientists believe is likely to happen as a result of climate change and energy shortages, then the environmental and social drivers of violence may become more difficult to control."
Heather Whipps is a freelance writer with an anthropology degree from McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Her history column appears regularly on LiveScience. [History Column archive] |
Online Safety at Mevagissey School
At Mevagissey School, we recognise that e-safety is a focus for the whole school community, and that staying safe and behaving appropriately online is an area that extends well beyond the school day. Digital technologies and the internet are an integral part of daily life, especially for younger people, but it is important they are used in a responsible and secure manner. It is therefore important that parents and carers have access to the information and a knowledge of the issues related to e-safety. This will help them make decisions around internet access and use that will ultimately help our children understand how to stay safe, whether surfing webpages, computer gaming, online shopping, online chatting or using any of the many digital technologies through which we access the internet.
At Mevagissey School the children have access to the internet through iPads and surface pro laptops. The school has a responsibility to ensure the way we access the internet at school is monitored and filtered, which we do through the South West Grid for Learning. We understand that e-safety is a school wide responsibility, but also take part in nation-wide e-safety initiatives such as the annual ‘Safer Internet Day’.
Combined with the school focus on e-safety through class lessons, school assemblies and competitions, a cohesive home/school approach will help embed e-safety awareness into future generations. As always, if you have any questions about e-safety in school or at home, please do not hesitate to get in touch. There are several websites available that offer advice for parents and carers looking to ensure their children’s safety online.
The links below provide more information on a range of topics.
• A great resource which provides, amongst other subjects, information about games, websites and apps.
• A useful website which aims to help parents deal with the many difficulties that are thrown up by the pace of technological change. |
Tags: electric | cars | sustainable
Are Electric Cars Sustainable?
Are Electric Cars Sustainable?
Monday, 03 February 2020 08:38 AM Current | Bio | Archive
Let’s agree that an electric car is a passenger automobile using at least one electric motor that runs on rechargeable batteries. Basically, they are golf carts on steroids with all the comfort accessories.
Electric cars have been around for a long time. I remember seeing an electric car in a museum when I was a kid.
There was a tax case I defended along with another colleague (a brilliant tax litigator with the lead role) back in the 1970s involving research and development deductions for an electric car.
The inventor-engineer built two prototype cars. He dreamed that his electric car would succeed. The problem with bringing his dream to reality was there was no market for cars that ran only on rechargeable batteries.
This memory led me to wonder, why now is there such global coercion by the U.S. and European governments to force electric cars on what is purported to be a free-market?
The answer is simple: Climate change as a political issue.
The United States and European governments appeased the powerful political interests of the environmental lobby, the financial industry, manufacturers, and the left-wing political movement.
These are people who saw global warming, and climate change as the gateway to virtue and public approval, or the road to great wealth, or the means to redistribute wealth from the rich to others around the world more deserving.
To do that, the political-scientific community was incentivized with massive amounts of funding to create computer models. The algorithms used showed that CO2 from fossil fuels leads to a climate disaster — variously in 100 years, or 20 years, or 12 years, or right this minute.
The anti-fossil-fuel computer models supported campaign contributions flowing in from lobbyists, with promises of substantial votes from environmental and left-wing interest groups. It took little else for U.S. and Western European politicians and bureaucrats dutifully responding.
Fossil-fuel cars had to go.
But how? There was no existing market demand for electric cars, except as a novelty accessory for some and a near religious experience for others.
Typical of government, they forced the creation of a market for electric cars whether the public wanted it or not.
Government did this by legislation and regulation. It included changing fuel standards, providing financial grants, subsidies, tax credits, abatements, deductions, exemptions, exclusions, and many other financial and regulatory goodies.
The left-wing media, think-tanks, and bureaucrats obediently created a gigantic propaganda campaign to convince the public that they or some future generation would die if they did not get an electric car.
China, like the U.S, and Western Europe, got into the game. China sees this as an opportunity for entirely different reasons than Western industrial-political interests.
As part of its economic modernization, China is building out a vast new transportation system and electric generation plants. Unlike Western industrial powers, the Chinese need not replace a huge infrastructure and entire industries — and related employment — based on fossil fuel driven transportation.
In China, the government, being communist, dictates the market.
Other than the United States, Western Europe, and China the demand for electric vehicles is barely discernible. It would not be unreasonable to say it is effectively non-existent.
In the United States, the infrastructure of support electric systems needed to create even a semi-realistic expectation of market-place acceptance of electric cars does not exist.
And into the foreseeable future, say to 2030 or 2040, neither the federal nor state governments can fund a massive electric vehicle support system.
Without that new system in place, people will not abandon cars already working, convenient, and cost effective.
Germany is much further along in imposing anti-fossil-fuel policies. The consequences are readily apparent. Germany is experiencing an unfolding dramatic economic and political energy crisis. France and the U.K are on their way down this road.
What about private industry?
Yes, the major automobile manufacturers are all planning on producing electric cars. Most have introduced electric cars with the pledge to introduce a lot more models. None of the manufacturers has yet figured out how to make a profit. Like Tesla, every electric car they sell is sold at a loss.
The automobile manufacturers sell their cars because there is discernible product differentiation to justify a buyer picking one car instead of another.
However, the likelihood is there will be even less than there is today to distinguish one electric car from another.
It’s possible that the United States and Western European industrial powers will find the means to fund both the economic dislocation costs in changing from a fossil-fuel-based economy and the massive outlays in building out the electric grid infrastructure necessary.
It may be possible someday for automobile manufacturers to figure out how to produce an electric car accepted in the marketplace and make a profit.
Automobile manufacturers might avoid consolidation as the production of an electric car becomes standardized.
As it stands now, the United States and the rest of the world depends on fossil-fuel-powered vehicles.
With the sustainability of electric cars in the free market in doubt, I would not be betting against the short sellers.
© 2020 Newsmax Finance. All rights reserved.
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Soccer Clock Rules
Just like many other sports, an official keeps the time of a soccer match. However, unlike many timed sports, soccer matches are longer and the game clock does not stop running. Let's learn what a running clock means and how this can affect the players and the game as a whole. In this tutorial, we'll briefly discuss the match format, game clock, added time and extra time.
The Game Clock
The rules of timing and the game structure of a soccer match can be a bit confusing to understand.
The single, running clock is one of the most important (and beloved) parts of soccer. While there are slight variations depending on the league and competition, soccer timekeeping is fairly straightforward and standardized. In Association Football, there are two halves of time. Each half is 45 minutes in length.
The running clock does not stop, (it is always running!) which means the players are playing on the pitch for a true 45 minutes each half.
Soccer Game Clock
Unlike other sports, there are no timeouts in soccer. Teams only regroup in between halves. In fact, the game clock will keep ticking even if the referee signals a stoppage of play for things like an injury, hazard on the pitch or a medical issue. So what happens then? Do players lose playing time if an injury or hazard occur? Time does not stop in soccer, so instead, time will be added to the end of each half called stoppage time.
Related Terminology and Lingo
There is a lot of terms related to the timing rules of soccer. Here is a list of related concepts in soccer:
Related Pages |
Unknown artist, Britain
The Cholmondeley Ladies
In Tate Britain
Unknown artist, Britain
Oil paint on wood
Support: 886 × 1723 mm
frame: 1074 × 1914 × 100 mm
Presented anonymously 1955
The painting depicts two young women sitting up in bed, fully dressed, each holding an infant. They are traditionally said to be sisters, although the different coloured eyes of the ladies and children show that they are not identical twins. The babies are swaddled in red christening robes.
The painting was known to be in the collection of Thomas Cholmondeley (pronounced 'Chumley'), the third son of Sir Hugh (died 1601) and Lady Mary Cholmondeley, who was an ancestor of the last Lord Delamere of Vale Royal, Cheshire. George Ormerod, in his description of the former monastery of Vale Royal (History of Cheshire, 1882, II, pp.154-5), noted 'In the passage leading to the sleeping rooms ... an antient painting of two ladies, said to be born and married on the same day, represented with children in their arms'. Although Ormerod gave detailed information about the Holford and Cholmondeley family pedigrees he made no attempt to identify the sitters in this portrait. The style of the painting would seem to date it to c.1600-10, and it might represent daughters or nieces of Sir Hugh and Lady Mary Cholmondeley; there is nothing in the genealogical tables published by Ormerod either to support or refute the assumption that the sitters were twins. They might only have married into the Cholmondeley family and the fact that they shared the same birthday could be explained as pure coincidence. Nevertheless, they share a strong resemblance.
Family group portraits of this type were popular in the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. Traditionally employing emblems or symbols to show identity and status, they rarely offered psychological insights into the sitters. The pose is not known to have been used in any other British painting, but was frequently seen in tomb sculpture. John Hopkins (1991) suggests that the portrait may show two sisters, Lettice Grosvenor (1585-1612) and Mary Calveley (died 1616), who were the daughters of Sir Hugh Cholmondeley (1552-1601) and Mary Holford (1563-1625). The evidence is not definitive, however, and the identities of the sitters, like that of the painter, remain a mystery.
Further reading:
John T. Hopkins, '"Such a Twin Likeness there was in the Pair": An Investigation into the Painting of the Cholmondeley Sisters', reprinted from Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire [for the Year 1991], vol.141, pp.1-37, reproduced opposite p.1
Terry Riggs
March 1998
Display caption
According to the inscription (bottom left), this painting shows ‘Two Ladies of the Cholmondeley Family, Who were born the same day, Married the same day, And brought to Bed [gave birth] the same day’. To mark this dynastic event, they are formally presented in bed, their babies wrapped in scarlet fabric. Identical at a superficial glance, the lace, jewellery and eye colours of the ladies and infants are in fact carefully differentiated. The format echoes tomb sculpture of the period. The women, whose precise identities are unclear, were probably painted by an artist based in Chester, near the Cholmondeley estates.
Gallery label, February 2016
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BCE Europe Battle of Pharsalus Caesar Pompey Osprey
Title: BCE Europe Battle of Pharsalus Caesar Pompey Osprey
Author: OSPREY publish
Language: EN
Theme: History
Number of villages: 97
The legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all-conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government. This partnership between the haves and have-nots of the republic enabled it to survive defeats that would have fatally crippled more hierarchical states and to ultimately emerge as master of the Mediterranean world. But its very success proved the undoing of this system.
Exploitation of the opportunities made available from conquest drove a wedge between the partners, one that widened until the conflict- resolution mechanisms of the political process broke down completely and force became the sole means of securing and retaining power.
It was for this reason that on the morning of the ninth day of the month Sextilis in the year 706 ab urbe condita, since the founding of the city of Rome, two armies, both Roman, faced off against each other on
the narrow plain north of the River Enipeus in Thessaly, Greece. The battle fought that day - more properly named Palaepharsalus, after the ancient city in the foothills on the northern edge of the plain, rather
than Pharsalus (modern Farsala) south of the river-was the culmination of a process of social disintegration that had been unfolding for nigh on 100 years. The two protagonists involved, Julius Caesar and Gnaeus
Pompey, the greatest warlords the city of Rome had ever produced, were bringing to a climax a social struggle that had been playing out for generations, and doing so on an unprecedented scale, pitting more of
their fellow citizens against each other on a single field than had ever been witnessed before. The significance of this battle may be appreciated from the fact that to this day the date we assign to it - 9 August, 48 BC - is based upon a calendar drawn up by the victor.
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May 24, 2011
Energy Return on Energy Invested (Heavy Oil)
This piece from the Wall Street Journal ("The End of Easy Oil") discusses the development by Chevron of the Wafra heavy oil field straddling the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The big oil companies, having lost their reserves to nationalization, are forced to engage in high risk projects in exchange for gaining access to oil. On the one hand, the piece suggests that a lot more oil is out there so long as the price is right--Chevron estimates it can make a profit at $60 to $70 a barrel. However, the "energy return on energy invested" for a project like this is low, as this depiction of the process suggests, and the implications for carbon emissions are especially grim.
Chevron is conducting what amounts to a four-year, $340 million test in a small corner of Wafra. Oil, like molasses, thins when heated. Large silver pipes carry 600-degree-Fahrenheit steam underground, flooding the oil-rich rock. Nearby, a grid of pumps pulls up the oil.
So far, the results have been encouraging. As of November, the wells were producing 1,500 barrels per day, seven times what they produced before steam injection began in 2009. . . .
Using steam to extract oil isn't a new idea. Chevron has been using the method to recover heavy oil at its Kern River field in Bakersfield, Calif., since the 1960s. That field yielded less than 10% of its oil using traditional methods. Using steam injection, Chevron is now on its way to pumping as much as 80% of the crude.
The Wafra project, however, is far more of a challenge than traditional steam projects. As in most of the Middle East, the oil at Wafra is trapped in a thick layer of limestone that also contains minerals that can build up inside pipes and corrode equipment.
An even bigger challenge is getting the two crucial elements for generating steam: water and a source of energy to boil it. Most successful steam projects are in places with easy access to relatively pure water and a cheap fuel source, usually natural gas. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have little of either.
With no fresh-water sources in the Arabian desert, Chevron has been forced to use salt water found in the same underground reservoirs as the oil. That water is full of contaminants that must be removed before it can be boiled and injected into the ground.
Finding the energy to boil the water will be even tougher. Chevron could use oil instead of natural gas—literally burning oil to produce oil—but that would burn profits, too. So the company likely will be forced to import natural gas from overseas, an expensive process that involves chilling it to turn it into a liquid, then shipping it thousands of miles.
Some experts are shaking their heads.
"They're in trouble," says Robert Toronyi, a retired Chevron engineer who now serves as chief operating officer for Quantum Reservoir Impact, a Houston-based consulting firm. He says the project is so challenging that it will be hard for Chevron to turn much of a profit.
Expectations that "peak oil" would be beneficial because the scarcity of energy would reduce carbon emissions seem clearly misguided from this example. The scarcer that ready-to-access oil becomes, the greater the incentive to expend energy to get energy. The consequence is a lower net return on energy invested and a greater impact on emissions for every barrel of oil consumed.
The essential points were made in a paper by Alex Farrell and A.R. Brandt in 2006 (cited the other day by Climate Progress). There were two basic propositions:
[T]he oil transition is not a shift from abundance to scarcity: fossil fuel resources abound. Rather, the oil transition is a shift from high quality resources to lower quality resources that have increased risks of environmental damage, as well as other risks.
[T]he oil transition brings more long-term environmental concerns than long-term economic or security threats because tradeoffs have strong potential to be resolved by accepting increased environmental damage in order to avoid economic or security risks. The global petroleum industry has begun to recognize this interaction, but strategies to deal with them have not yet emerged.
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Monday, April 29, 2013
"The Rules" - Understand Them Before You Break Them - EM Castellan
Hello everyone, and my thanks to Aimee for having me on her blog! Today we’re talking a little bit about the rules for writing, about why they exist and what we, writers, should do with them.
Rule # 1: Don’t start your novel with a prologue
Why the rule exists: Usually, prologues delay the start of the story by giving background information, introducing characters or points of view that will play little part in the novel itself or mentioning facts that could be mentioned later.
When should you ignore it? If you can promise your prologue is not info-dumping, backstory or you showing off your writing skills, you can keep it. If not, go with the rule and delete it. Once you’ve sold as many books as GRR Martin, you will be able to get away with a prologue too.
Rule #2: Never start your story with your character waking up and going about his business as usual.
Why the rule exists: Because it’s boring. You need to hook your reader from the first few pages (actually, from the first page). Delaying the inciting incident by describing mundane acts will put the reader off.
When should you ignore it? If it’s the day everything changes for the character. 'The Hunger Games' begins with Katniss waking up on the day of the Reaping. And we’re hooked from Line 2.
Rule # 3: Never start your novel with a dream sequence, or a fight scene, or a dialogue, or in the middle if the action.
Why the rule exists: The reader needs to care about the characters before seeing them thrown into the action. All of the above won’t allow for that: the reader has no idea what’s going on, therefore he can’t identify with the characters.
When should you ignore it? When the action or the dream gives an insight into the character’s personality. The movie 'Gladiator' is a good example of this: it starts with a battle, but is used to introduce the main character.
Rule #4: Never start your story with a character looking in the mirror.
Why the rule exists: Because it’s lazy. Writers use this as a device to describe their character, when really there’s no need for a full, detailed physical description. You should weave these details into the story, not bang the reader on the head with them.
When should you ignore it? If the character’s appearance has suddenly changed and you need to describe it before carrying on with the story. For example, in 'The Vampire Lestat', the main character looks at himself in a mirror after being turned into a vampire.
Rule #5: Don't Use Adjectives and/or Adverbs
Why the rule exists: Because adverbs and adjectives are signs you are TELLING instead of SHOWING. Don’t tell your reader your character is angry. Show the action that reveals this emotion.
When should you ignore it? When the adjective or adverb is NOT used to tell the reader something.
So now that you know the rules, and why they’re here, you can play with them. Don’t ignore them altogether, but treat them as they are: guidelines for fledgling writers. The more experienced you are, the easier it will be to avoid the aforementioned pitfalls and to find
your voice, and forget about the rules.
Happy writing!
Your Turn: What rules do you loathe? And which do you abide by?
EM Castellan is a writer of YA Fantasy novels. She lives in an English castle, travels extensively, reads voraciously, listens to music bands few people have heard of and watches too many movies to count. In case you are wondering, she also has a full-time job, so she mostly writes at odd hours and drinks a lot of tea. She is a member of the British Fantasy Society as well as SCBWI British Isles. She also writes at There And Draft Again – A Fellowship of Fantasy Writers.
You can find Eve at:,,, or tweet her @EMCastellan
1. I agree with three and four for sure and somewhat five, the rest are iffy to me.
2. Funny, we all have different experiences. Learn different things. Ive heard all of these before. But this industry is so subjective!
I hate the rule against info-dumps. I totally agree that it's boring for the reader. But sometimes it's just easier, dang it.
3. I hate rules! Defy them break them or follow them but not for their own sake. Write from the heart and you can never be wrong!
4. Great points--rules exist for a reason but don't always apply. I might even take these a little farther and say it's not enough to have a good reason to break some of these rules though--you have to NOT be able to tell your story properly without breaking that rule. I also consider my story's motif when deliberating on breaking a rule. For example, my fantasy manuscript opens with a fight scene--but violence is something my hero agonizes over and struggles with throughout the book, so it introduces a key theme.
5. Great thoughts on those pesky writing rules. Like your examples I've seen plenty of times writers have broken those rules and yet the book has been great, but the inverse also applies. Like you Aimee, being able to info dump - or for the matter, just tell instead of describing is easier, it rarely reads well.
Certainly while I'm learning the craft, I figure I should at least be aware of the rules (reading the agent blogs it seems like a good idea) before I break them!
Great post EM. It always helps to know the reasons behind the rule!
6. The rules can be useful for avoiding cliches, cop outs, and things that annoy the reader. Probably that third one is the most important.
For example, I HATE dream sequences. I never find them realistic. If I were trying to choose between the boy next door and the wild guy, I wouldn't dream of floating in a canoe down a river with one of them on each bank. I'd dream of a pig knocking on my door and handing me a bowl of goldfish, then turning around and sitting down in my high school Latin class with Morgan Freeman at the chalkboard. Dreams in books are just too convenient, an easy way to get across an idea.
That being said, some (few) authors have written beautiful dream sequences. If you're a talented author, you can turn something simple or over done into something fresh and wonderful. |
John Crowfoot: Who is Yury Dmitriev - and why does he face 15 years' imprisonment?
posted 19 Jun 2017, 07:09 by Rights in Russia [ updated 20 Jun 2017, 22:57 ]
19 June 2017
By John Crowfoot
Photo of Yury Dmitriev
The trial of historian YURY DMITRIEV began on 1 June. The hearings in Petrozavodsk, suggests journalist Maria Eismont, is "the most important thing happening in Russia today".
Because the charges are sensitive, and concern a minor, not everyone can attend. Journalists can gain access to the courtroom; and perhaps, behind the scenes, diplomats (and not just from Poland and Ukraine?) have been talking about the case to the Russian authorities. [Read more]
We are delighted you have been reading Rights in Russia. As a non-for-profit organization that does not carry advertising, we rely on our readers and well-wishers to support our work. If you share our belief in the importance of our mission, in the need to publicize the human rights situation in Russia, please consider making a donation to help keep Rights in Russia alive. To donate, see HERE |
More about Trofinetide (NNZ 2566)
Trofinetide (NNZ 2566) increases the amount of connections in your brain that control thought and movement, more connections are good.
Rett Biology
People born with Rett syndrome have fewer synaptic connections. They also have overactive microglia, which are responsible for the maintenance of these “connective structures”.
What we hope to change
Trofinetide does 2 things:
• Helps form new spines
• Quietens the gardener (microglia)
More spines mean more synaptic connections.
Quietening the gardner (microglia) means that fewer spines are pruned which means even more synaptic connections.
NNZ 2566
Who can take it?
Trofinetide is an oral drug, there is no specific age or sex requirement. We believe that it will be available for boys and girls, regardless of their age.
However, drugs require clinical trials before they are accepted for use, and there are so few boys that it’s incredibly difficult to run an effective trial. That doesn’t mean that boys won’t be able to access it, it just means that it will take a different pathway through the FDA. The pathway will be dictated by the success of the girls’ trial.
Thank you to DR. Steve Kaminsky for everything he does.
More about Trofinetide (NNZ 2566)
The chain of trust
It’s difficult in the modern world to give over the care of your most treasured possession, your child, but the reality is that this is very often a requirement of modern life. In the everyday chain, teachers, doctors, baby sitters, they’re all part of their lives and you have to trust in the system that they will take care of their responsibility.
Anyone who shares a responsibility for care of your child becomes a link in your chain of trust. For people without disabled children, this chain is far smaller than the one you develop as the parent of a child with a disability. The complexity of their disability will often mean that even more people are part of this chain.
It extends from members of family or friends right the way through the care pathway of teachers, therapists, drivers, nurses, doctors, specialists and various other people. Anyone who helps take care of their needs or touches their lives.
What happens when the pool of people you are required to trust is huge?
This is what it is like for a parent of a child a with Rett syndrome. The sheer number of people they are required to trust with the care of their child is big. It’s a necessity, special training is often needed for things as simple as babysitting. Which means they need to grow that bubble of trust to people who they’ve never met before.lovesomeone
This chain of trust is vital to any parent, but especially the parents of a child with a disability, and trust in the chain is essential. People in the chain don’t only have a responsibility to the child, they also have a responsibility to the chain.
What do I mean by that?
When something happens in the chain and no one takes responsibility for it, it tarnishes all the links that are joined to that area, because you don’t know where the mistake was made. So you start to mistrust a much bigger chunk of the chain.
For example
Recently a friend of mine had a terrible experience: she put her daughter in respite so she could attend a family funeral. She later got a call to tell her that her daughter was in massive pain and had been rushed to hospital. She found out that her daughter’s leg had been broken sometime after she had left her in the care of others.
In the chain of care, her daughter had gone to the respite hospice, then placed on the school bus, which took her to school where they noticed that she was clearly in a lot of pain.
Completely besides the point that moving anyone with a broken leg is incredibly dangerous, no one is taking ownership of where the accident happened. So instead of dealing with the actual cause, Mum is left to worry about where this accident took place. All 3 parts of the chain are tarnished by this experience, and at least two of them are not responsible.
Problems in the chain can ruin lives, not for days, but for a lifetime. As your trust in the chain deteriorates, so does your willingness to accept help from people within and outside of the chain. You draw further and further into a self care bubble and become more and more focussed on being the constant carer.
Being a constant carer is also unhealthy, not just for you, but for other family members too. In Rett syndrome the girls are very definitely social, they love friends, they love to play, they love to be part of a bigger life. So keeping them chained by the chain, is not only painful to you, but painful to her too. The only way there can be social release is to have trust in the chain.
Parents are pushed into a position where they have to reaffirm every little detail with the people in the chain. Constantly reminding them to make sure not to take their daughter out into the cold or the rain, and to keep her warm. To make sure she is fed, and has liquids, that she’s had her medication.
That something as simple as having her shoes on the correct feet is done. (I’m not kidding, some of the girls have been sent home with the wrong shoes on the wrong feet). How does a non verbal child (or adult), that has no control over their body, tell you when something is wrong and what it is?
Trust is like an eraser it get's smaller & smaller with every mistake.So what does this mean?
If you are part of the chain, a carer, a baby-sitter, a doctor, a teacher, a bus driver, a social worker, a therapist or anyone in the chain, please:
• be patient
• pay attention, listen and take notes if necessary
• take responsibility
• read her notes
• give feedback
• keep the parents informed
• be proactive
• communicate with the links in the chain your are connected to
Remember these parents are only interested in one patient, their child. They want you to treat her as an individual. Keep in mind, your actions will not only affect the child, but affect the chain of trust too.
Let’s try to fix what we can
There are so many things with Rett syndrome that we cannot fix right now, because they are (currently) beyond our ability. Which is why taking care of things we can fix should absolutely be our focus.
I understand accidents happen, but degradation in trust is not because of accidents, it’s because of repetition and responsibility.
Please, please take responsibility.
The chain of trust is precious, and you need everyone to help keep it strong and healthy.
The chain of trust |
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How to Teach Math Even If You HATE It (Like Me!)
So many adults dislike math, don’t understand it, and are uncomfortable with it. Learn why, and how YOU can teach math.
Despite the fact that I work for Demme Learning, math is one of my least favorite subjects. In fact, it was probably the greatest barrier for me beginning a homeschool experience, but also the reason I became a homeschool parent.
So many adults dislike math, don’t understand it, and are uncomfortable with it. Why? After almost six years of being a placement specialist with Math-U-See, I believe it is because we were not well-taught. Sometimes the most difficult conversation is to admit to yourself that math makes you uncomfortable.
How do we keep ourselves from visiting that discomfort on our children?
Math Fundamentals
For me, the more complex the math became, the harder it was for me to stay engaged with the process. It wasn’t until I was a Math-U-See parent, that I realized that the reason math was hard was because I didn’t have my fundamentals covered.
Here is where Math-U-See excels because we begin with teaching the fundamentals. Instead of teaching you a variety of different things all at once, we teach you one thing at a time until you know it well enough to be able to teach it back. That gives you a leg up and an advantage.
Math Manipulatives
There is a growing field of research that says using math manipulatives give children a paradigm to be able to frame their understanding and allow them to move forward mathematically. If we view math instruction as a continuum, beginning with manipulatives makes sense, and helps foster understanding. In the Math-U-See world, manipulatives don’t supplement – they are central to instruction.
Why would that be the case? Here are two reasons that make our manipulatives different:
1) Multiple Modalities
When you use math manipulatives, they give you as many modalities as possible to be able to understand something. Modalities, you say? What I mean by that is as many senses as possible. I am a very visual learner. That is my learning preference. We all have a preference, but that does not mean we cannot use ALL of our senses as we learn something new.
I have kids who are auditory; they learn differently than I do. Somebody who’s really visual says, “Oh, I see.” Someone who’s more auditory would say, “Oh, I hear you.”
Regardless of how you come to the table, the Math-U-See manipulatives level the playing field because they give you the opportunity to work until you understand. When I’m teaching a Math-U-See problem, I’m seeing it, I’m speaking about it, and I’m touching it. I’m using as many senses as possible to teach math.
Often math instruction is like this: “Here is the expectation; you should have it now, and we’re moving on.” That’s a challenge for those of us who did not fully understand what was instructed. When you revisit it later, in a more complex situation, you don’t have full recall, so it becomes much harder to learn.
Flash forward to adulthood where we develop a bunch of coping mechanisms. Or we say we just are not “mathematically minded”. What if we stopped blaming ourselves and placed the blame on the way we were taught? What if we could unlearn the anxiety we have developed towards math and really understand?
That’s what Math-U-See does.
Math-U-See gives your students the opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of mathematical concepts and then move forward. Your students don’t need to be stuck doing a hundred problems just because someone decided that a hundred problems was enough. If you can demonstrate understanding, then you can move on to learning something new.
2) Time Spent on Math
The second thing that makes Math-U-See separate from any other curricula is the amount of time you spend in a lesson in a day.
This so vitally important—we want to take our adult paradigm of how long something should take or how long you can stay engaged in a task and apply that to a student. I am the poster child for that. I’m an only child; I was born a tiny adult.
Our children have much shorter attention spans because developmentally, their prefrontal cortex is not complete. In fact, learning theorists say your child has an attention span of their age, plus 2-3 minutes.
If I’m asking my 10-year-old student to do an hour of math a day, he has been successfully engaged in the process, provided that there has been no anxiety, for 10-15 minutes. The other 45 minutes are just an exercise in perseverance.
If we tailor our expectations to meet students at their best, and move forward, then we find that they can be successful.
Math-U-See Sets You Up For Success
Steve Demme (author of Math-U-See) sets you up for success in his instruction. The DVDs are designed to be the how of instruction. How do you use the manipulatives to practice the concepts presented. The instruction manual is the why of what you are doing. You need both to be successful.
If you teach math concept by concept, laying a solid foundation, then you can be successful mathematically, and that makes all the difference in the world. You can even unlearn the mistaken belief that you are not “mathematically minded”, and that means both you AND your children will have mathematical success.
How Can I Help You?
Thank you so much for reading my blog post! I hope it was valuable to you.
If you would like personalized assistance, please feel free to schedule an appointment.
About Gretchen Roe
Gretchen Roe educated her children at home for 21 years. With a degree in child development, she laughingly says it was not necessarily helpful for raising her own six children. She owned her own business for 15 years, as well as being involved in several nonprofit boards. She has spent the last 10 years in positions of homeschool advocacy and comes to Demme Learning as a Placement Specialist. She loves the outdoors, all things furry, and is in the process of learning farming and beekeeping skills.
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Youth participation in elections has been regarded as low for decades.
In most of Europe and the US, the average of voters ages 18-24 is around 20-30%. According to OECD’s Participation rates of first-time voters (2016) “younger voters are less likely to cast their vote than the electorate in general: voter turnout among 18-to-24-year-olds is, on average, 17 percent lower than for adults aged 25 to 50 inclusive.”
In a democracy, all voices need to find a space. However, this is a substantial challenge when it comes to young voters. On average across OECD countries, one in four young people (15-to-29-year-olds) report that they are ‘not at all interested’ in politics, compared to one in five for the total population. There is an evident problem, and it goes beyond the polls, all the way to the disillusionment for the foundations of a democratic life (institutions, principles, expectations.)
The reason for the deficient participation in this age group ranges from apathy to lack of representation. Inadequate attention to youth issues, such as employment, housing, diversity, entrepreneurship support, and individual freedom, has met dissatisfaction and scepticism towards political parties, programs and the candidates themselves.
Fortunately, the last couple of years have revealed a subtle shift. For example, the youth turnout in elections in the US (2016) and the UK (2017) led to a favourable redistribution of political participation by age groups. It also brought hope for renewed youth engagement in politics and elections.
On the positive note, there has also been a surge in young leaders in power globally. Emmanuel Macron in France, Sebastian Kurz in Austria, Jacinda Ardern in New Zealand, Carlos Alvarado Quesada in Costa Rica, or Jüri Ratas in Estonia, are some examples of this kind of fresh leadership that can attract new voters to the polls. Young state leaders can be among the best promoters of youth engagement in politics.
Clamour for new technologies
Groups such as WebRoots Democracy in the UK argue that another problem young citizens face when deciding to participate in elections is that a traditional voting system feels alien to them.
Young people deal with most of their daily tasks using the Internet, tapping their phones or interacting with any other digital device. Hence bringing technology into the voting process could raise young voter’s participation in elections, experts argue.
Whether electronic voting is implemented directly in the polls or through online voting like in Estonia, this change of paradigm might be a brighter and more straightforward key to increasing participation.
In turn, this would translate into more democratic societies where every demographic is better represented. As previous generations get older, young voters have more responsibility in society, so it makes sense to seek ways to improve their participation and satisfaction.
With the increase of younger leaders in power and the modernisation of voting systems to attract the youth, we can expect to see changes in policies to address new voters demands. Democracies around the world continuously face new challenges such as cybersecurity threats, ideological disenchantment, and stagnation. Stronger youth participation in elections -and in politics in general- can help overcome this century’s tribulations and enhance our current and future liberties.
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Lights out (manufacturing)
Lights-out manufacturing, more often called dark factory[1] is a manufacturing methodology (or philosophy), rather than a specific process.
Factories that run lights out are fully automated and require no human presence on-site. These factories can be considered to run "with the lights off". Many factories are capable of lights-out production, but very few run exclusively lights-out. Typically, workers are necessary to set up tombstones that hold parts to be manufactured and remove completed parts. As the technology necessary for lights-out production becomes increasingly available, many factories are beginning to use lights-out production between shifts (or as a separate shift) to meet increasing demand or save money. An automatic factory is a place where raw materials enter and finished products leave with little or no human intervention.[2][3][4]
One of the earliest descriptions of the automatic factory in fiction was the 1955 short story "Autofac".
Real-world examplesEdit
"Lights out" CNC machiningEdit
CNC machine tools do not require continuous operator attention, and some models can run unattended.[5] A few machine shops run unattended on nights and weekends.
Existing "lights-out factories"Edit
FANUC, the Japanese robotics company, has been operating a "lights out" factory for robots since 2001.[6] Robots are building other robots at a rate of about 50 per 24-hour shift and can run unsupervised for as long as 30 days at a time. "Not only is it lights-out," says Fanuc vice president Gary Zywiol, "we turn off the air conditioning and heat too."
In the Netherlands, Philips uses lights-out manufacturing to produce electric razors, with 128 robots from Adept Technology. The only humans are nine quality assurance workers at the end of the manufacturing process.[7]
In the manufacturing of Integrated circuits using 300mm wafers, the entire manufacturing process is completely automated, with workers only making sure that the process runs without problems and repairing any faulty machinery.
Motivations for lights-out factoriesEdit
Companies that use a largely robotic manufacturing fleet would see more productivity at a lower upkeep cost. Companies incorporating the lights-out factory mindset into floor plans would only need to consider robotic workers. Human labourers would be dispatched to a separate location for tasks such as quality assurance. Using autonomous robotics or optimizing space for a fully industrial force would allow for this increase productivity. James Cook, an applications engineer at Stäubli and colleague of David Arceneaux, the Business Development and Marketing Manager at Stäubli Robotics says robots can help lower building costs by providing for smaller work cells. “Manufacturers can fit a larger number of compact cells in the same space to increase production without adding heating, lighting or cooling to the cost of the building“ says Cook. [8]. When considering that floor space is also important in energy considerations, this smaller space will reduce energy consumption by reducing heating costs. Without workers, climate control systems are also unnecessary and smaller layouts will mean less electricity consumption.
Opposite approachEdit
Since the mid-2010s, Toyota has been moving in the opposite direction, replacing robots by human workers, as the human is considered to be essential for flexibility and process improvement, Robots are then reintroduced step-by-step where appropriate.[9]
See alsoEdit
1. ^
2. ^ "Toward the automatic factory" in "Electronic Servicing & Technology" magazine 1982 August
3. ^ "Toward the Automatic Factory: A Case Study of Men and Machines" by Charles Rumford Walker 1977 ISBN 0-8371-9301-X
4. ^ "Automatic Factory" in Time magazine 1953 Sep. 28
5. ^ Takei Masami (Fuji Heavy Ind. Ltd.) (2003). "Realizing Unattended Hours of Continuous Operation of Machining Center with Addition of Intelligent Function". Subaru Technical Review (in Japanese). 30: 251–256. ISSN 0910-4852. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13.
6. ^ Null, Christopher; Caulfield, Brian (June 1, 2003). "Fade To Black The 1980s vision of "lights-out" manufacturing, where robots do all the work, is a dream no more". CNN Money.
7. ^ Markoff, John (13 November 2012). "Techonomy 2012: Where's My Robot?" (PDF). Techonomy. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
8. ^ Brumson, Bennett. "Robotic Industries Association". Robotics Online. Robotic Industries Association. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
9. ^ "Automotive manufacturing requires human innovation". 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2019-01-08. |
A throat infection caused by the group A streptococcus bacteria, strep throat is worrisome on two counts: it is highly contagious, and it can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including rheumatic fever and kidney inflammation. Although strep throat can occur in children and adults of any age, it is most common in those aged 5 to 15 years. Usually, the incidence of streptococcal infection increases during the late fall and early spring in places where people are in close contact with each other, such as schools, daycare centers, and offices. Sharing napkins, handkerchiefs, towels, and soft toys can contribute to the spread of the infection.
Strep throat can also be passed from one person to another by sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses with people who are showing symptoms of the disease, whether they have been diagnosed yet or not. Because strep throat is so contagious, early diagnosis and speedy treatment is crucial. If you are experiencing the following symptoms, you should get yourself tested for strep throat as soon as possible.
1. A Sore Throat
Throat ache is the most widely prevalent symptom associated with strep throat, and it is often the first symptom you'll notice. It causes a feeling of rawness or itchiness at the back of the throat. You may find it difficult to swallow or speak loudly on account of the pain. Although this is the most distinctive symptom of strep throat, it is hardly an uncommon condition and may be caused by several other diseases. Thus, in the early stages of the infection when a sore throat is among the only symptoms you are experiencing, your doctor may not be able to provide an accurate diagnosis during your first visit. As more symptoms begin to appear, detection becomes easier and more specific, making the infection easier to diagnose successfully.
strep throat
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Do you wear contacts? Doctors say you should switch to glasses to stop spreading the virus
Data pix.
CLEVELAND(CNN) -- Focus on this, contact lens wearers of the world: To reduce the spread of the pandemic virus that causes Covid-19, experts suggest it's time to put your contact lenses on the shelf and dazzle the world with your frames.
That's because wearing glasses can help you stop touching your face, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, a key way any virus is spread, including the novel coronavirus currently spreading across the world.
Why contact lens?
Contact lens users not only touch their eyes to put in and remove their lens twice or more a day, they also touch their eyes and face much more than people who don't wear contacts, said Dr. Thomas Steinemann, a clinical spokesperson for the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
"You touch your eye and then you touch another part of your body," said Steinemann, an ophthalmologist at MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
"You rub your eyes, then rub your face, scratch your face, put your fingers in your mouth, put your fingers in your nose," he added. "Some people are not very hygienic and may have forgotten to first wash their hands."
Glasses may also provide a tiny bit more protection from any coronavirus virus particles floating in the air, Steinemann said, although it's more likely that you'd be infected via your mouth and nose than your eye.
While critical for any health professional taking care of patients with Covid-19, for the rest of us "it's just another preventative, another way in which you can add a filter to help yourself stay away from a coronavirus," Steinemann said.
In case you're wondering, it's not likely you can get the novel coronavirus - or any virus -- from the eye itself.
"Can you end up with with Covid-19 from the virus entering through the eye? Theoretically, it's possible, but we have no proof of that," he added.
"It's possible, I guess, but I've always thought that that was a bit of a stretch," said infectious disease expert Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of preventative medicine and infectious disease at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville.
Pink eye connection
What's more likely is that this new coronavirus could cause conjunctivitis, a highly contagious condition also known as pink eye. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the thin, transparent layer of tissue, called conjunctiva, that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelid.
"Conjunctiva is modified mucus membrane, like the inside of your mouth or the inside of your nose or nasal cavity and pharynx," Steinemann said.
"It's moist and nice and hospitable for viruses, in fact there's lots of organisms that can stick very readily to your conjunctiva, or for that matter, stick on a contact lens that is also resting on your conjunctiva," he added.
Symptoms of conjunctivitis include tearing, itching or burning, blurred vision, red or "pink" in the whites of the eye, pus, mucus and a yellow discharge that can crusts over the eyelashes, often sticking the eyes together after sleep.
Reports from China and around the world are showing that about 1% to 3% of people with Covid-19, also had conjunctivitis.
This is concerning because the coronavirus can spread by touching fluid from an infected person's eyes, or from objects that person has touched which then carry the fluid.
The news caused more than a dozen national eye organizations to tell ophthalmologists to stop seeing patients for anything but urgent or emergency care, such as eye injuries. That includes both office and surgical care.
"Each of us has a societal responsibility to not function as a vector of a potentially fatal disease," the academy said in its announcement. "This is an existential crisis. We as physicians must respond to it and support our colleagues and our communities. Be safe."
newly released study by the American Academy of Ophthalmology found no evidence that people with Covid-19 were shedding the virus from their tears, but no one in the study had conjunctivitis. So it's still unknown if the novel coronavirus can be spread by tears.
Don't panic
That doesn't mean that any red or pinkish eye will be a sign of Covid-19, experts stress.
The novel coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2, is just one of many viruses that can cause conjunctivitis; in fact, it's so common that it came as no real surprise to scientists that this newly discovered Covid-19 virus would do the same.
"There's lots of organisms that can stick very readily to your conjunctiva, or for that matter, stick on a contact lens that is also resting on your conjunctiva," Steinemann said.
There are numerous viruses and bacteria responsible for the common cold that can cause pink eye, as can fungi, amoebas and parasites picked up from swimming in contaminated waters. Allergic reactions to smoke or dust, shampoos, pool chlorine, even eye drops can be to blame.
Plus there are many other, often benign causes of pink eye: seasonal allergies; a sty, which is a clogged eye duct or a sort of "eye pimple;" a chalazion, which is an inflammation of the gland along the eyelid; blepharitis, another inflammation or infection of the skin along the eyelid; or iritis, an inflammation of the colored part of your eye called the iris.
None of those conditions are contagious.
Still, a pink or red eye could be one more sign that you should call your doctor if you also have other tell-tale symptoms of Covid-19, such as fever, cough or shortness of breath.
Or it could just be allergies, especially if you've been sneezing and your eyes and nose are itchy.
Regardless, this is a time to be conscientious about social distancing at 6 feet and practicing good self-hygiene -- washing hands (the right way) at every opportunity and not touching your face. Which leads us back toputting up your contact lens for a while.
"This is not the time to cut corners," Steinemann said. "Always wash your hands, always use hand sanitizer. Don't touch your face. Don't rub your eye. Right? And disinfect your contact lenses."
If you keep wearing them at all.
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Haglund’s Deformity
Haglund’s deformity, or “pump bump,” is a hard, bony enlargement on the back of the heel. Also called retrocalcaneal bursitis, Haglund’s deformity causes pain when footwear rubs against the protruding bone growth, irritating and inflaming the surrounding soft tissue. Bursitis can develop as a result of Haglund’s deformity and irritation to the area. Rigid-backed footwear, including workboots, high-heeled shoes, dress shoes, and even ice skates can irritate the area, resulting in swelling, redness, and discomfort. Women are more prone to this deformity than men due to the stiff contour of pumps and dress shoes.
Treatment for Haglund’s deformity includes inserting heel pads or lifts into shoes to reduce rubbing and pressure to the area, wearing shoes with soft or no backs, icing the area to reduce swelling, and taking over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications on a temporary basis to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling (ask your doctor first). |
Management Consulting Prep
McKinsey Problem Solving Test Root-cause Reason Question
1. What is it?
This question gives you a particular set of facts/data and asks you to identify what could be the cause for them. See the picture for an illustration.
1.1 Question format
The following are few examples of typical root-cause reason question format:
• “Which of the following reasons, if TRUE, will help explain the Facts …”?
• “Which of the following does NOT explain the Facts …”?
• “Which of the following points is NOT a valid reason for the Facts …”?
1.2. Root-Cause Reason vs. Fact-Based Conclusion
These questions are often mistaken for Fact-based Conclusion ones, which could slow your study progress in preparation for the test. You can see the differences explained point by point in the table below.
1.3 Example
Facts provided: Visits to the website MConsultingPrep were relatively low last month.
Root-cause Reason Question: What reasons, if TRUE, would help explain the low traffic to MConsultingPrep last month?
The correct answers can be any of the following:
1. The quality of contents has been bad.
2. Because of technical issues, some visitors could not access the website.
3. Last month was December when the overall demand for job prep materials is lowest in the year.
4. Other new consulting prep blogs opened recently.
Fact-based Conclusion Question: What can be concluded from the data provided?
All of the statements above can be the reason for the stated fact, but NONE of them can be concluded from it.
An example of a statement that can be concluded: Because the conversion rate stayed constant over the years, revenue last month was relatively low.
2. Common pitfalls
What makes a statement NOT a potential reason for a particular fact?
There are two ways a statement cannot be the potential reason: (1) Wrong Subject and (2) Wrong Trend.
• A statement is (1) Wrong on Subject when the subject is irrelevant, which means the statement have zero effect on the phenomenon mentioned in the stated fact.
• A statement is (2) Wrong on Trend when the direction is reversed, which usually means the statement has a reversed effect on the phenomenon mentioned in the stated fact
Illustrative example
Let’s continue with the simple example above. The Stated Fact: Visits to the MConsultingPrep blog were relatively low last month.
(1) Example of a “Wrong Subject” statement: “Some new Investment Banking Prep blogs opened recently”
Here the subject “Investment Banking Prep blogs” is irrelevant to the stated fact. The statement (1) will have zero effect on the stated fact.
(2) Example of a “Wrong Trend” statement: “Some other existing Consulting Prep blogs closed recently”
Here, even though the subject “Consulting Prep blogs” is relevant, the trend is reversed. The exit of Consulting Blogs will increase visits to MConsultingPrep. Therefore, statement (2) will have an opposite effect on the stated fact.
3. Challenging Example
You may find the example above too simple to prompt such a complicated approach. We picked a simple example to better convey the concept to you first. However, the same problem on the real McKinsey Problem Solving Test can be much more confusing. Let’s try one right now!
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In our daily day life whatever we hear is sound. Some of them gives us pleasure some makes us irritate. So we can divide them into two part. The wanted sound and the unwanted sound. The unwanted sound is known as noise. But the definition of noise is difference from person to person. For example, the rock and dead metal sound can be enjoyable for some people so it’s not a noise for them. But a person who don’t like that sort of music can say that it’s a noise. So from this example we can say that a sound will consider as a noise or not is depended upon the listener’s persecution. But the fundamental is any unwanted unpleasant sound is consider as a noise.
How Sound Create
Sound is created by vibration. When we hit any object, its create some vibration and those vibration create sound and that sound come to our ear through making some wave in the air. But air is not the only media that can carry sound. Sound can also pass through water and some other object but sound can’t pass in airless area.
Effect of noise and noise pollution
Excessive noise is always harmful for us. There is some argument that what level of noise is consider as noise pollution but according to most of the specialist it is clear that sound level that cross 80 Decibel is consider as noise and noise pollution.
Noise prolusion have fetal effect in our life. If a person work in a noisy environment that can decrease his/her hearing level gradually. In the long run it can also cause permanent hear loss also. Excessive noise increase the blood pressure and also be a reason of heart attack. So we all should aware about this pollution.
Pretension of noise pollution
Try not to create sound that make noise pollution is the main option to prevent noise pollution. If it’s not possible at list try to minimize those pollution is the main prevention way. In the work place like heavy weight manufacturing industry where noise pollution is almost impossible to avoided then active and passive noise cancelling procedure is the only way to protect our ears and hearing from sound pollution.
Passive noise cancelling procedure: Cowin E7,
When we use any object the prevent the outside sound to come to our ear is known as passive noise canceling technique or procedure. There are different types of headphone are now available in the market that work as passive noise cancelling headphone. Beats mixr headphone is one of the most popular headphone in the market now a day that work for passive noise cancelation. Beats mixr headphone is design in such a way that its earcups can protect maximum amount of outside sound. Because of this useful feature beats mixr headphone is become more popular day by day among its user group.
Active Noise Canceling procedure:
Active noise canceling procedure is similar with passive noise cancellation. But the only difference is passive noise canceling device not only prevent the unwanted noise but also create an internal sound to prevent the outside noise. Cowin E7 is one of the most popular headphone for active voice cancel. Cowin E7 headphone is design in such a way that not only protect the outside noise but also mimic the outside sound by creating a mirror reflect base sound that deactivate each other’s harmful effect. Because of this special feature Cowin E7 is most popular among the young age group who love to hear music.
Sound is correlated with our existence we can’t deny that. When there is any existence of life there will be some sound for sure. But we must make sure that those sound not make noise. And if it’s not possible then active and passive noise cancelling technique is the only way to save our hearing from noise pollution
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Life & Philosophy Science
Hardware of the head
The phone is negentropic; it gets better through software. Similarly, the human head carries a brain that improves over time.
Scientists have shown again and again that the mind, like a piece of software, is elastic. We are the sum of a hundred billion neurons that strengthen through knowledge and experience. Our skull evolves within a gooey flesh.
But there has to be a cap on human acuity, surely. At some point, exponents can’t go any further. We can’t get any smarter, nor pinpoint the largest number which is infinity and beyond. Even “Moore’s Law peters out, “as microchip components reach the atomic scale and conventional lithography falters,” says computer scientist Scott Aaronson.
The chances of maxing out our neurons or counting to the last number are just as slim as downloading the entire internet; it’s an impossibility, no matter how much time, cloud space or algorithms try to lead us there.
So we remain, fulfilled but never finished, searching beyond the robot and frazzled by immensity.
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By Wells Baum
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Benzene activates malaria, triggers the HIV virus and causes immune deficiency in AIDS.
Benzene is our worse immune depressant. It goes to the bone marrow where B-cells are made and to the thymus where T-cells are programmed. An extremely toxic solvent, that dissolves grease very quickly. The living body is made of greases. Fats and oils are in the brain and spinal cord, in our nerves and the protective covering of every living cell. Benzene can dissolve them.
Our white blood cells are forced to stop eating our enemies after they get benzene onto their membranes. One of benzene's actions is to let viruses into our genome. A special enzyme called viral integrase allows this whenever benzene is present.
The main source of the benzene is the chlorox bleach in drinking water. HIV and AIDS patients all are drinking benzenated water produced by adding chlorox bleach to the water. Any test of chlorox bleach using a Syncrometer® reveals it.
Another source of benzene is a fungus, Potato Ring Rot. It produces a mycotoxin, zearalenone, which interferes with reproduction by causing feminization in animals. Zearalenone is detoxified by the body to benzene and finally to formic acid. Potato Ring Rot also grows in the dead remains of the parasite Macracanthorhyncus.
The huge increase in consumption of potatoes, mechanically prepared as for potato chips and French fries brings zearalenone as moldy areas would not be recognized by the machines. This would lead to benzene increase and immune lowering.
Benzene's accidental entry into the food chain has done great harm, but should have been expected with development of the gasoline engine. Carelessness with bleach quality, as it gets into the drinking water from use of filters and softeners attached by homeowners, besides the water departments' additions seem to be the actual causes.
Benzene appears to activate malaria and to trigger the HIV virus.
It would be quite unwise to start taking immune boosters when benzene is in your water supply from an attached filter or softener.
Our agencies, FDA and EPA, have been vigilant over benzene in air, household chemicals and even gasoline but were never in a position to test food or water correctly. Using antiquated tests that can only find benzene in parts per billion (ppb) would never protect American citizens. Although the legal limit set by our agencies was 5 ppb, I never detected such huge amounts. If I had, such families would be languishing in hospitals. Our immunodepression comes from much smaller amounts. We must be protected from parts per trillion (ppt) amounts, a thousand-fold smaller. This is what I routinely find in processed foods. The entry of benzene into the food chain was not noticed because of this technical problem. Now it is in and on our food in such large amounts, most private testing labs can detect it.
Benzene has become a huge food problem, due to contamination with food spray and chlorox bleach water. Benzene comes right from your favorite supermarket and organic food store. You must stop using or eating everything that has it. Your food must be tested for it to be safe.
The body does not have a "safe amount" of benzene. But, as more and more benzene gets discovered in food, the public agencies will give up and shift their focus to higher "undetectable harm" amounts to spare the food industry. Beware of such shifts in wording, as "significant risk level" or "no detectable harm level". This is a deception, not science-based. It is meant to lead us to complacency over our failure to keep benzene out of food. Our children's health will be sacrificed for this. It will raise our cancer, malaria, HIV and AIDS incidence even higher. The focus should stay on zero amounts as it presently is, and, science-based.
Benzene also enters our food with flavors, colors and fragrance. It enters with pills, whether they are over the counter drugs, food supplements, or prescriptions. Flavors and colors were extracted and manufactured with solvents that came from the petroleum industry, including benzene. It was falsely believed that you could easily evaporate it out of the product. And certainly, enough came off to allow the product to come under the "limit" of detection for the measuring device. But it only gave us false security.
There are more ways that petroleum products come in contact with food. For example, the grain* that will make your bread is doused with “mineral oil” to keep the dust down. It has traces of benzene. And wherever petroleum grease is used—like in baking pans under cookies and breads!—benzene rides along. It may be surprising to find benzene in so many places where the temperature was raised above its boiling point; that is no safeguard. It was evidently trapped or it recondensed.
The attitude of manufacturers and producers is: "You can expect benzene to be everywhere. It's even in the air and the blacktop in your driveway. It's negligible. As long as we meet FDA & EPA requirements, where's the problem?"
Benzene has been known to cause cancer for decades, especially the leukemias. That is why our agencies were given the important task of monitoring it. Yet they have failed to protect us, setting and raising legal levels instead. We have more leukemia than ever before. Why should benzene be legally permitted in beer when half the men are getting cancer? Regulations should not be based on tests done solely on the food later on, when the concentration will, of course, be less, making it all the more difficult to detect. It should be based on knowledge of "what goes in". It is evidence of a lack of concern for the public's well being. Communities should not depend on government agencies.
We should be testing our food and water with the best equipment, of research quality. But we can't expect industry to create high standards for itself. Society must create them independently. There are very many retired doctors, scientists and individuals with a proactive attitude to disease prevention and societal welfare. Besides, we should not trust corporate testing nor agency testing when their personnel frequently "trade jobs". We must solve the problem of conflicts of interest. We must put renewed energy into parents' and society's responsibility to provide safe food and water for our children—children are most affected by leukemia.
* Search "Grain Dust Explosions" on Internet.
(Extract taken from "The Cure and Prevention of all Cancer" by Dr. Hulda Clark)
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Google the name Edwin Powell Hubble, and you’ll get back over a hundred-thousand links. Hubble, of course, was the astronomer whose observations from Mount Wilson’s 100-inch Hooker telescope produced “Hubble’s Law” in 1929, providing a basis for the development of cosmology’s Big Bang theory. And as Hubble was scanning the sky from his mountain perch, Ernest Batchelder was busy on the edge of the Arroyo Seco below, creating clay tiles that spoke of our relationship to earth—rich gravely ceramics that helped define the growing Crown Valley as a gathering-place for artists and craftsmen.
Pasadena has always been a city of art and science, the two intertwined with its identity like those strands of elusive DNA sought by Linus Pauling at Caltech in the 1950s. Names and places from the region’s history spill into the present: Einstein’s visits in the early 30’s, the current Einstein Papers Project at Caltech, and Stephen Hawking’s recent lectures at Beckman Auditorium; Charles and Henry Greene’s incomparable bungalow architecture, and Craig Ellwood’s modernist icon for Art Center College of Design; Throop Polytechnic Institute where Batchelder taught, which later morphed into Caltech; the Pasadena Art Institute which became the Pasadena Art Museum, which became the Pasadena Museum of Modern Art, which spawned the Armory Center for the Arts and the Pasadena Art Alliance, before finally becoming the Norton Simon Museum; Theodore von Karman’s establishment of the principles of modern aviation and jet flight, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s mentorship today of stunning planetary explorations; the long-standing Pasadena Symphony, and Grammy-award winning Southwest Chamber Music; the venerable Pasadena Playhouse, and newcomers Boston Court Theater and Furious Theater.
Others abound: Carnegie Observatories, headquartered in Pasadena, and their network of Chilean telescopes; the Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena Conservatory of Music, and Pasadena Museum of California Art; Mount Wilson’s new Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, an interferometer array that can see a nickel from 10,000 miles; the treasures of art and science at The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens; The Planetary Society; Pasadena City College, Sidestreet Projects, and NewTown, and…. the list just goes on.
There are larger cities in the world, but few if any are better branded by the impact of art and science or able to replicate Pasadena’s extraordinary blend of institutions engaged in those two explorations.
Perhaps more than any of its other fine qualities, Pasadena’s longtime devotion to the arts and sciences is what makes it a quintessential city for the twenty-first century. Science seems to be confounding humanity’s perception of itself and the world at just about the same exponential rate as Moore’s law predicted for the power of computer processing, similarly driving forward the mechanisms of cultural and intellectual progress. Artists are always drawn to such a nexus of change—searching for its poetry, uncovering its new vocabularies of expression, and exposing its social discourse.
Expressive of our capacity to intuit broad concepts or analyze complex minutiae, and to be driven in our endeavors by deep emotion as well as soaring intellect, art and science together reflect an elemental dualism—a correspondence between creativity and reason, between a sense of wonder and a knowledge of facts, that has been able to produce within our species such individuals as the composer Gustav Holst to imagine the planets in music, and the persistent von Karman to take us there in rockets. From ancient times, the symbiosis of art and science has nourished and sustained our sensations of awe, curiosity, and comprehension. As long as 30,000 years ago, cave paintings by early humans integrated the proto-scientific study of animal anatomy with the art of representation. Much later the architects and sculptors who built such places as England’s Stonehenge were also among history’s first scientists, contributing to our early understanding of astronomy and structural engineering. And in the late fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci, self-declared artist and engineer in equal parts, became modern civilization’s quintessential Renaissance Man—a fully integrated individual.
By the mid twentieth century, however, the sciences and humanities appeared to have become distant, their differences sharpened by the Age of Specialization. This mutual alienation was lamented in C.P. Snow’s 1959 treatise The Two Cultures, as a “gulf of mutual incomprehension.” Throughout the last century potential consequences of technological expansion unbridled by humanitarian conscience were glimpsed in the negative products of global industrialization, increased pollution, brutal wars, and social and economic disparities. In Pasadena, the two cultures continued to develop side-by-side nonetheless, weaving a fabric of interconnectedness through the city’s educational, cultural, philanthropic, and business communities, and through such thoroughly-Pasadena characters as the artistically curious Richard Feynman and scientifically inquisitive Jirayr Zorthian.
Today, Pasadena finds itself uniquely poised to blend ideas emanating from the art/science border. Caltech began doing so in a specific way back in 1970, when it initiated its own version of Experiments in Art and Technology—E.A.T., for short. The birth of E.A.T. a decade earlier in New York City was an expression of Modernism’s long and fickle relationship with science and technology, from the early twentieth-century Cubist and Constructivist emulation of science’s search beneath the appearance of things, to the visions of a utopian future-through-technology imagined at the German Bauhaus. Initiated by the artist Robert Rauschenberg and Bell Laboratories engineer Billy Kluver, E.A.T. sought to overcome the Two Cultures syndrome and create an aesthetic emerging from the integration of artist and scientist, rather than from their individual preconceptions. In 1970, Caltech’s version of E.A.T. brought the two disciplines together in a vacated campus building formerly known as the Campbell Plant Laboratory. Directed by South African artist Lukas Van Vuuran, the program included such innovators as computer graphics pioneer John Whitney, and it ultimately spawned Caltech’s Baxter Gallery which lasted several years through funding from the Pasadena Art Alliance. Fast-forward thirty years, and recent collaborations between Caltech and Art Center’s Williamson Gallery have continued the E.A.T. trajectory.
From the Pasadena Art Museum’s 1953 acquisition of the Galka Scheyer “Blue Four” (Feininger, Jawlensky, Kandinsky, and Klee) collection, to The Huntington’s recent acquisition of the exhaustive Burndy Library history of science, Pasadena’s identity resonates around its unique past and its exceptional cultural resources. The future we all confront will require both sides of the brain to forge effective solutions to both local and global challenges engendered by new knowledge, technologies, and rapid change. A path to some of those answers will be found in the spark of creativity that results when the disciplines of art and science are each encouraged to ignite the other. |
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Myth Busters: Debunking 7 popular science trivia ‘facts’ that are actually false
In this digital age when access to the Internet is as easy as ever, there’s no excuse in believing or sharing “fake” tidbits of information. Now you can quickly verify the truth behind any trivia that you hear with just a simple click through a search engine.
However, a lot of these science myths have grown to be popular that many people just assume them to be true. Growing up, all of us heard these trivia bits from our friends, parents, grandparents, and maybe even our teachers. That’s why it’s so easy to accept them without checking for the facts.
But gone are those clueless days because we are here to debunk 7 of the most popular myths out there, and see for ourselves where they lie on the fact-to-folly scale.
Myth #1: Humans have five senses.
From elementary school, we learned about the body’s five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Little did we know that that was just the beginning. The small and arbitrary number of 5 really does not give the body enough credit of what it is capable to do. Don’t forget your sense of balance, temperature, pain, and so much more.
Neurologists argue about the exact number of senses a human has, but there is definitely more than just the basic five.
Reference: Johns Hopkins Univeristy
Myth #2: You have to wait 30 minutes after eating before going for a swim.
For all the vacationers out there, you probably have heard this myth from one of your concerned relatives after a hefty lunch. As the myth goes, the blood from your arms and legs are directed into your digestive tract, leaving your limbs unable to function and swim. Some even say that doing so can cause painful and deadly cramps.
While swimming on a full stomach is not the most comfortable thing, it does not increase your risk of drowning or cramps at all. There are no reports of drowning incidents in the last year caused by not waiting for 30 minutes.
Reference: The Conversation
Myth #3: Shaving makes your hair grow back thicker.
All that time with the razor or the wax strip may seem to be making your hair thicker or coarser, but looks can be deceiving. Your facial or body hair only appears to be thicker because of the blunt tip. Cutting away hair exposes the tip and the emerging short hairs stick straight up from their follicles. This makes the regrowing hair look and feel thicker and coarser.
But this thicker appearance is only temporary. As long as you removed your hair safely and properly, your hair’s state will return to its original form if you decide to grow it out. No need to fear the razor anymore.
Reference: Scientific American
Myth #4: Left-handed people are creative, while right-handed people are analytical.
This myth is probably derived from the true but overly simplistic idea that the right hemisphere of the brain (which controls the left-hand side of the body) deals with more conceptual and imaginative thinking, while the left hemisphere is more logical and analytic. However, there is no scientific evidence that directly links handedness to either of these types of thinking.
This is because no person is entirely left- or right-brained — it is more of a spectrum. The two hemispheres do not work in isolation, and instead they work together to perform the different functions that the brain is capable of.
Reference: Psychology Today
Myth #5: It is safe to eat food within five seconds after dropping it on the floor.
We’ve all had that moment when our favorite snack falls on the floor, and we are all just inclined to pick it up as if nothing happened. You probably cited the popular “5-Second Rule” to the ones that saw you to repress judgment. But how clean that dropped cookie is much more complicated than five seconds.
Firstly, there is no window of time that your snack remains clean because bacteria from the surface attach almost instantaneously. The amount of contaminants that attach depends on several factors, such as whether the food or the surface is wet. Furthermore, most contaminants are generally harmless and are safe to ingest in trace amounts.
Therefore, that fallen sandwich will not be bacteria-free after five seconds, but it’s entirely up to your judgment if you still want to take a bite. Maybe just don’t eat it if it fell on a dirty sidewalk, though.
Reference: The Washington Post
Myth #6: You need to drink eight cups of water every day.
Staying hydrated is definitely necessary if we want to stay healthy. But the arbitrary eight cups is not the be all end all amount of water that we need every day. It actually depends on the events of the day, such as if you’re exercising or if you’re outside on a hot day. We also get water from our food intake, especially from fruits and vegetables. Additionally, some people with certain health conditions, such as kidney disease, may need to take less water.
The best answer is that there is no one-size-fits-all number of cups needed per person, and this number needs to be personalized and tailored to one’s needs and lifestyle.
Reference: Harvard Medical School
Myth #7: Cracking your knuckles causes arthritis.
All that knuckle-cracking is the cause of the weird and concerned stares you get from those around you, but definitely not a cause of arthritis as others may say. Cracking your knuckles does not break your joints. Instead, the “pop” sound that you hear is from the bubbles bursting in your synovial fluid, or the fluid that lubricates your joints. The gases will return normally return after around 20 minutes.
Thus, cracking knuckles is neither dangerous nor beneficial, but it is perfectly safe to do. However, this doesn’t mean that you have to make a habit out of it, because some studies have shown that excessive knuckle-cracking may lead to loss in grip strength.
Reference: Harvard Health Publishing
What other popular science trivia ‘facts’ do you know that turned out to be complete myths? Share them with us below.
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What is the basic event of the reproduction
Asked by edayoor | 12th Mar, 2019, 07:40: PM
Expert Answer:
Reproduction at its most basic level involves making copies of the blueprints of body design. During reproduction, the information for inheritance of characteristics is passed on from the parents to the offsprings in the form of DNA. DNA in the cell nucleus is the information. Hence DNA copying is the basic event in reproduction.
Answered by Sivanand Patnaik | 13th Mar, 2019, 10:09: AM
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Heat Loss Vacuum Gauges
Gas pressure is determined by measuring the pressure dependent heat loss
Pirani vacuum gaugeThe particle-number density dependent thermal conduction is another characteristic of a gas. The energy is transferred by molecule collisions. The efficiency of the transfer depends on the mean free path length of the particles. In a certain pressure range the thermal conduction is proportional to the pressure. However, distracting effects such as gas convection, heat radiation, thermal losses at connector pins, etc. have to be considered.
The basic concept of a Pirani vacuum gauge relies on a thin wire heated to a constant temperature, which is significantly higher than the temperature of the surrounding gas in the vacuum. The wire (typical diameter: 5…25 µm; length between 50 and 100 mm) transfers the heat to the gas and is simultaneously part of an electrical circuit, for example of a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure dependent temperature can be derived from the monitored wire resistance. Due to the technical realization in the Pirani devices the electrical power is monitored, which is directly proportional to the wire resistance.
A Wheatstone bridge, which is used for the temperature stabilization, can measure the difference between the heater voltage and a defined reference voltage as well. The difference between the actual and the reference voltage is adjusted to zero at a pressure value, where heat conduction does not play a role anymore. This calibration mainly eliminates the unwanted effects of heat radiation and thermal conduction at the connector pins of the wire.
Advantages of the Pirani vacuum gauge are the wide measurement range from 10-4 mbar up to atmospheric pressure, as well as the accuracy of ±10 % that is sufficient for most applications.
The thermal conductivity of a gas is a function of the average velocity of the molecules as well and thus of the molecular mass of the gas particles. Due to this fact, heat loss vacuum gauges measure the pressure depending on the gas type. Generally the instruments are calibrated for nitrogen and air. Measurements with other gases (e.g. argon; helium) should be interpreted with caution. For example, chamber venting with argon can generate a slight overpressure in the chamber, which cannot be displayed by a Pirani gauge.
In pressure ranges above 10 mbar gas convection increases and the movement is influenced by gravitational forces. Therefore, it is important to consider the mounting position of the gauge and to follow the instructions of the manufacturer. Improvements in the accuracy in the range between 500 up to 1300 mbar are achieved in convection enhanced Pirani gauges, where the housing wall temperature is measured in a similar way as the Pirani-filament and considered in the signal processing step. This compensates not only the variations in the heat loss caused by varying conditions; it also improves the accuracy up to 2 % via the regulation of the convection and the defined mounting position.
Low-priced versions of heat-loss vacuum gauges are thermocouples. Those heat the wire with a constant power and determine its temperature. An clear advantage of this setup is the simple design. However, thermocouples are limited in their measuring measurement range and their accuracy.
Further Information
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Most of the two dozen women in Rumbek's prison are there for committing adultery, often not for love, but to provoke their husbands to divorce them. The region's customary laws make it virtually impossible for women to file for divorce, but that could change. Southern Sudan, at peace after 21 years of civil war with the north, is drafting a new constitution that challenges traditional rules about marriage and divorce.
Even from her prison room, which she shares with 12 other women, Deng Maker is defiant as she admits committing adultery. She wanted to shame her husband into repaying her dowry and granting her a divorce.
Mrs. Maker says that her husband, a regional chief who married her as his second wife, beats her and refuses to pay for food for her and her six children.
She says through an interpreter that she was not really in love with that man [nor] her husband. The problem is that the mistreatment which has been made by her husband is what annoyed her to go and commit adultery with the other man. She is actually refusing that man to remain with her as her husband. That is why she made that mistake to annoy him to leave her.
Commander Matthew Jiet Abol, the director of prisons for much of south Sudan, says many of the women in southern Sudan have been influenced by Western values.
The concept of prison is foreign to their Dinka culture, in which village elders often are called to settle disputes, he says.
Adultery also is foreign to Dinka culture of Sudan, he says, adding that never has Rumbek's prison been so full of women jailed for adultery, eloping or other marital offenses.
"It is something new in our custom," he said. "Before that, adultery was very difficult to find because these things were prohibited by customary law. But now since the customs have intermingled and some foreign customs have come in and circulated during wartime, this made many women to loiter about. Plus, [there are] economic difficulties. These are the things that have made many women behave in such a way."
But under southern Sudan's customary laws, it is virtually impossible for women to divorce their husbands, even when the husbands are promiscuous or physically abusive. Usually the dowry given to the bride's father, in Mrs. Maker's case about 90 head of cattle, is distributed among relatives as gifts, or payments for past debts. To successfully divorce a husband, the wife must plead with often reluctant relatives to return the dowry, all of it. In many cases, some of the cattle have either been sold off or slaughtered.
But this could change. Southern Sudan, at peace after two decades of civil war, is drafting a new constitution and modern penal code. The proposed laws, drafted with oversight of the international community, are expected to enshrine the rights of women and children, who are largely ignored by the region's patriarchal customary laws.
Akur Ajuoi, a lawyer with UNICEF, the U.N. agency for children, is helping to draft the new constitution.
She says women in southern Sudan often joined rebel militias, and fought alongside the men. Others learned to manage their farms and herds without their husbands. Now, in peace time, the experience appears to have empowered them to assert their rights, she says.
"Despite the fact that southern Sudan or Sudan as a whole has been at war for close to 30 years, southern Sudan has opened up," she explained. "Women have become more aware of their own rights. Some of them have become a bit more empowered by the fact that they are the ones who have taken up more responsibilities. And since they become more aware of their rights, some of the women, one of the ways they want to express dissatisfaction with a marriage or want to express they want out of a marriage is through adultery."
Ms. Ajuoi, a Dinka who fled to Kenya and South Africa during Sudan's war, says many of the region's customary laws conflict with Westernized values of gender equality.
"Most personal law aspects, be it marriage, divorce and such, are handled strictly by customary practices," she explained. "We do not have any formal statutory legislation or any laws that actually cater for such aspects. But we are beginning to see changes. We are beginning to see at least an interim national constitution that recognizes that women have the right to actually choose their own partners and [start] a family. So, with a lot of effort from higher political level, changes can be felt at ground level or at a community level."
At night, Mrs. Maker and the other women sleep on straw mats on the cold cement floor of the prison. They eat one meal a day, usually a stew of corn or sorghum.
But for Mrs. Maker it is preferable to spending another night with her husband. |
Henry IV and his Walk to Canossa
Canossa Gate
Henry IV and his entourage at Canossa Gate. 19th century depiction
On January 25, 1077, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV arrived at the gates of the fortress at Canossa in Emilia Romagna beyond the Alpes to declare atonement and to pledge for forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII, who had excommunicated Henry earlier from church. Henry’s act of penance became known as the “Walk to Canossa”. It took wisdom, patience, and self-restraint. It was also a brilliant strategy because he basically forced the Pope to forgive him.
Becoming of Age
Konrad was the long desired first son of the emperor Henry III and Agnes von Poitou, he was baptized a few months after his birth and from then on called Heinrich (Henry). His father experienced several problems with the empire’s leaders due to their fear to lose power and authority. The young successor to the throne became King in 1054 and was engaged to Bertha von Turin in the following year. When Henry III passed away in 1056, his son was to follow his footsteps, but due to him being a child of only six years, Agnes von Poitou took over all governing tasks with the help of Pope Viktor II. Her regency was fulfilled with distrust and various rumors concerning her relationship with the Bishop of Augsburg. In 1062, the young King was kidnapped followed by the change of power to Anno II of Cologne. Only four years later, Henry IV was finally declared of age. He married Bertha of Turin and in concerns of governmental issues, he attempted to make the national boundaries stronger while reducing the opposition. He struggled against the Lutici and Otto of Nordheim, the duke of Bavaria. Rumors spread that the duke plotted against Henry IV, wherefore he was deposed from Bavaria.
Duelling with the Pope
During the reign of Henry’s father, the church’s reformation was being planned and the Tuscan monk Hildebrand ascended papacy as Gregory VII in 1073. Gregory VII’s and Henry IV’s interests moved apart, resulting in growing tensions between the Church and the Empire. Henry continued to interfere in Italy and Germany while Gregory excommunicated several members of the Imperial Court threatening to do so with Henry as well. During Christmas 1075, Gregory was kidnapped and imprisoned, which he put on Henry’s account and in the following year, Gregory VII was deposed on the behalf of Henry followed by the excommunication of the king.
Heinrich asks Mathilde and his godfather Abbot Hugo von Cluny for mediation
Heinrich asks Matilda of Tuscany and his godfather Hugh of Cluny for mediation
Henry Gives In
Henry decided to move to Italy and crossed the Alps barefooted and only dressed with a hairshirt. After reaching Pavia, Gregory hid in the castle of Matilda of Tuscany in Canossa with Henry’s troops not far away. Henry was about to perform the penance to Gregory, assuring his continued rule, but when he reached Canossa they were refused entry. It was delivered that Henry stood outside the gates for three full days, fasting and freezing. On the third day, the gates of Canossa finally opened and Henry knelt before Pope Gregory, who invited him back into the church right after. The end of Henry’s excommunication was declared and he was able to return to the empire.
Going to Canossa
The saying ‘Going to Canossa’ from then on refers to the act of penance used numerous times in history. However, for Henry not everything turned out so well afterwards. Even though he was restored in Church, he did not receive the right to the throne and he was forced into civil war with Duke Rudolph of Swabia resulting in a further excommunication against Henry. Henry won the civil war and forced Gregory to flee. Henry IV passed away on August 7, 1106 and was succeeded by his son Henry V.
Contemporary Assessment
From a medieval point of view, the waiting of several days in a penitential shirt in front of the castle (January 25-28, 1077) to persuade the Pope to lift the ecclesiastical ban represents only a formal act of penance, which was customary and strictly formalized. The very drastic and pictorial representation in the only detailed source by Lampert von Hersfeld, however, is evaluated by recent research as tendentious and propagandistic, since Lampert was a partisan of the Pope and the opposition of the nobility. The second important source for the passage to Canossa comes from Pope Gregory VII himself. He spread his version of the events in a letter to all archbishops, bishops and other spiritual functionaries of the empire. According to Lampert’s account, the whole act had been negotiated in advance and its course had been determined, a practice of political communication in the Middle Ages that was quite common in the deditio. However, Henry IV regained a large part of his freedom of action through the abolition of the ban, and had thus finally achieved his goal.
At yovisto academic video search, you may enjoy the speech ‘Render unto Caesar: Church and state and the Walk to Canossa‘ by David Daintree sharing his thoughts on the relationship between the Church and the state in the modern world.
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Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria
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Coin of Ferdinand Charles, Struck 1649
Obverse: (Latin) FERDIN[AND] CAROL D[EUS] G[RATIA] ARCHIDA AV, in English: "Ferdinand Charles, By the Grace of God, Archduke of Austria." Reverse: (Latin) COM[ES] TYROLIS DVX BURGVND, in English: "Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and Count of Tyrol."
File:Frans Luycx 009.jpg
Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria
Ferdinand Charles (17 May 1628 – 30 December 1662) was the Archduke of Further Austria, including the Tyrol, from 1646 to 1662.
As the son of Archduke Leopold V and Claudia de' Medici, he succeeded his father upon the latter's death in 1632, under his mother's regency. He took over his mother's governatorial duties when he came of age in 1646. To finance his extravagant living style, he sold goods and entitlements. For example, he wasted the exorbitant sum which France had to pay to the Tyrolean Habsburgs for the cession of their fiefs west of the Rhine (Alsace, Sundgau and Breisach). He also fixed the border to Graubünden in 1652.
Ferdinand Charles was an absolutist ruler, did not call any diet after 1648 and had his chancellor Wilhelm Biener executed illegally in 1651 after a secret trial. On the other hand, he was a lover of music: Italian opera was performed in his court.
Marriage, children and death
Ferdinand Charles married Anna de' Medici. She was a daughter of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Magdalena of Austria († 1631). They had two children:
He died in Kaltern.
External links
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Leopold V
Archduke of Further Austria
Claudia de' Medici as Regent 1632-1646
Succeeded by
Sigismund Francis |
Explore BrainMass
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The First and Fourth Amendments since the US Patriot Act
Can you assist me in writing about the ethics of water-boarding and the effects of the Patriot Act since 9/11?
© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 4:55 am ad1c9bdddf
Solution Preview
Remember, I cannot do the assignment for you. I can only point you in the right direction.
Here's an interesting speech by Bob Barr:
The big complaints against the patriot act is that it gives the government sweeping powers to take action against anyone considered a terrorist.
The problem develops when the definition of "terrorist" is broadened to include all those who dislike the present government.
Barr's point of view is that the PA harms the fourth amendment (that is, against unreasonable search and seizure), since the PA lowers the evidence bar as to whom can be searched and for what reason.
Since it was passed in the emotional period after 9/11, much of the content of the act (and its later additions) would not have passed under less emotional ...
Solution Summary
The first and fourth amendment since the US Patriot Act are determined. The ethics of water boarding and the effects of the Patriot Act since 9/11 are determined. |
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar Fasciitis
What Is Plantar Fasciitis?
Plantar Fasciitis is a condition that occurs when there is chronic inflammation in a large band of tissue on the bottom of your foot called the plantar fascia. The Plantar Fascia is the ligament that connects the ball of your foot to your heel and can sometimes be overstretched which leads to severe pain in the heel. The cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it is more commonly found in females and overweight people. Frequently on x-rays, a heel spur is seen but is not commonly the source of the pain.
Risk Factors For Plantar Fasciitis
Factors that will put a strain on the plantar fascia are standing for long periods of time and being overweight with bad posture and or incorrect shoes. People with flat feet have or high arches are also at a greater risk of developing plantar fasciitis. Because these factors contribute to a weakening of the foot, strengthening, and attention to the foot mechanics is essential.
Great Strengthening and Recovery Tips for the Plantar Fascia:
• Massaging the plantar fascia by rolling your foot slowly back and forth over a rolling pin or drink can for a few minutes each day also can help to relieve and inflammation that is affecting the plantar fascia.
• Corrective techniques including Graston Therapy.
If you are suffering from Plantar Fasciitis avoid any exercises that require a repetitive motion and force with a hard surface on the foot, such as running or jogging until it has been corrected.
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Best CBD Oil For Pets With Sarcoma
Sarcoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS) is an exceptionally complex and complicated medical condition that sees a group of tumours form and then arise from under the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue. What makes STS complicated is due to the varying severity of the disease, the location and the treatment options for it. There are an array of different types of sarcoma, with only a fraction falling into the STS bracket. The reason that some tumours fall into the STS bracket is due to their similar behaviour and growth patterns.
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What is Soft Tissue Sarcoma and How Do You Diagnose It?
Soft Tissue Sarcoma is the umbrella name to a group of tumours that fall within three categories: fat (liposarcoma), fibrous connective tissue (fibrosarcoma), nerves (neurofibril sarcoma) and pericytes which are a group of blood vessels just below the skin (hemangiopericytoma). The reason that these STS are grouped together is that they are often less aggressive than other subtypes of sarcoma and follow the same pattern of behaviour. STS’s can appear on any part of your pet; they appear to be firm lumps of contained tumour in a specific area of the body. Your pet may be unaware of the lump or it may be causing mobility issues if it is located near their legs or feet, feeding problems if it is in their mouth or vomiting if it is located near their stomach. The lumps often present as just that, they are often covered in hair with no outward signs of infection. Unfortunately, the tumour isn’t always localised and can be far bigger than the outer lump is showing.
The method in which Sarcoma is diagnosed is by injecting the mass and employing a suction technique that will pull out some of the matter in the tumour. These cells are then analysed by a laboratory and the tumour given a histological grading in order to rate its aggressiveness. Most STS tumours are rated as low to intermediate (grade 1 and 2 respectively) and have a low likelihood of metastasis. Other subtypes of sarcoma have a much higher level of aggressiveness and likelihood of metastasising into other organs, histiocytic sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, don’t fall into the STS bracket and their treatment is often far more aggrieve when compared to an STS diagnosis.
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How Is STS Treated?
The treatment for STS is taken on a case by case basis, there are a lot of variables to consider when a diagnosis is made such as: medical history, age, tumour location, aggressiveness, probability of metastasis, tumour size, spread amongst others. The most common option for dogs and cats with STS is surgery. There are also different ways that surgery may be conducted once the aforementioned variable has been assessed. A common option is partial removal if the STS is a low histological rating as it will be slow to grow back, or total removal if it is possible.
What Is CBD Oil and Can It Help Manage Sarcoma?
CBD is one compound out of 421 that make up the building blocks to cannabis. It is quickly becoming one of the most researched compounds on earth with results showing multiple applications to increase health and well-being amongst patients who are suffering from an array of complex medical conditions. CBD has and is still being researched into how it interacts and works with cancerous tumours, with results showing that it may be able to help in a variety of ways. A study conducted in 2012 highlighted how CBD can be used to help manage tumour growth when used alongside more traditional treatments such as chemo and radio therapy. The research suggests that CBD uses a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the growth of particular tumours, including breast cancer, bladder cancer and leukaemia, it limits the invasion of other cancers and increases cell death in tumours. Currently, scientists are unsure of the mechanism behind the inhibition and limitation properties of CBD, but the results are showing that it does just that. As STS is a group of tumours, CBD can also be used in conjunction with other treatment to help manage the growth and invasiveness of them as well as increase the likelihood of cell death within the tumour itself.
Secondary Effects of CBD Oil
Secondary to the management of the tumour is the other properties that CBD has on mammalian bodies, if your pet is stressed and anxious due to the pain that they are in CBD can help regulate it. It does this by binding with receptors located around the brain and nervous system (CB1) and on the cells on the immune system (CB2). Research has shown that introducing CBD can help limit anxiety, increase appetite, reduce stress and increase comfort when CBD binds with CB1 receptors. When CBD binds with CB2 receptors, it modulates the immune system and reduces the hyperactivity that results in it attacking itself, helps to limit inflammation, reduces pain and can help stop nausea and vomiting. If your pet is having to have chemo and radiotherapy for their STS or other subtype of sarcoma, this may be a welcome relief for them. When you are looking to give your pet CBD, an oil is the best option. Not only is it easy to give to your pet, the effects are far more stable and longer lasting than treats or topical creams. You will need to dose them less with oil than you would with other products, but you will need to be consistent with your dosing to give your pet the best chance of getting all the benefits from CBD.
Final Thoughts
STS is an exceptionally complex medical condition that will require your vets’ level of expertise as soon as you feel a lump. There are a lot of variable that will dictate how your pet is treated for their STS, however, evidence is showing that CBD oil is effective when it is used alongside traditional methods of treating tumours. Before you begin giving your pet CBD, tell your vet so they can advise you potential interactions between treatments as well as on how and when to dose your pet.
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There are many real-life situations where organizations or individuals need to collaborate with data without sharing it.
To name a few: security systems, marketing, insurance, traffic control, personal AI etc.
For the purposes of this research project, we are targeting the applications of this technology in the medical sector.
Hospitals generate enourmous amounts of data on their patients, but due to sensitivity of this data, much of it does not leave the hospital walls and cannot be useful.
With AI-assisted data collaboration technology hospitals and other health providers could share the intermediate representation of patients medical data, shich can be easily exported without the risk of revealing individuals’ identity or traits
Such representation would nevertheless preserve the variation of the original data and can be used for a large scale data analysis.
For instance, research institutions could use this data to conduct Genome-Wide Association Studies or to for developing machine learning models for diagnostics or predicions of treatment outcomes.
Such technology could also be used by pharmaceuptical companies for testing and developing new drugs. |
Death and Afterlife
Free EssaysPhilosophyDeath and Afterlife
← Morality in Different Schools of Thinking
Fear of death can be a powerful impetus: it can cause people to perform great feats of valor or make them sink to the lowest depths of wickedness. In literature, death can symbolize inevitability, destruction, the end, but sometimes the new beginning and rise over the world. Regarding the development of such notions as life and death, one should pay attention to the famous Japanese and Indian tales. Whereas the Jataka Tales and The Tale of Genji were written by representatives of different countries and centuries, they emphasize the common Buddhism religious beliefs that predetermined the world’s perception of the Indians of the 5th century BC and Japanese of the 11th century. Moreover, both of these literary writings reveal death as equal to ending and rebirth.
Perception of death and life is closely connected with the religious beliefs of people. Therefore, the deeper understanding of such literary works as Jataka Tales and The Tale of Genji cannot be separated from Buddhism, which is the main religion of India and one of two central in Japan. In such a way, regarding the 5th century BC as the time when Buddhism in India has originated, one should mark out Jataka Tales as the earliest Indian Buddhism literature. The collection of these stories does not have one author or definite date of creation as they were taken from multiple sources. However, historians mark it out as collected in 300 BC- 400 AD. All the fables are focused on the soul incarnations in animals and humans. Finally, this soul is defined as Siddhartha Gautama, which is the future Buddha. As it is widely known, such events are the background for Hindus’ beliefs, and Buddha himself is the sage, the founder of Buddhism. Hence, the religious background of the stories is obvious. Not only the coincidence of the dates presented in the tales, but also of the sacred places like Benares (now Varanasi) that is considered as the oldest and the most sacred city of the Hindus makes Jataka Tales much more than an ancient literary work. The fables that seem to be quite simple, in reality, bring to the readers a serious religious content that can tell much about the morality, values and beliefs in India.
Numerous biographies of Buddha presented in Jataka Tales reveal the ideas on reincarnation of soul, victory of good over the evil. For instance, Great King Goodness teaches people of such essential virtue as non-violence and generosity. The story shows the complex connections between effects and causes. The violence can cause only violence while the goodness originates goodness, evil is always punished. Although the fairness can be accomplished not at once, finally, everyone gets what they deserve. The tale proves this life rule on the example of a noble king and vengeful minister who represent the balance between good and evil in human life. It is essential that even wild animals and goblins are presented as defenders of justice and non-violence traditions. At the same time, one of the central ideas is that in order to live and become free, the king had to die. Considering the jackal king’s power as the way to liberation, the tale shows that death in Buddhism is a rebirth that originates a stronger soul, wisdom and power. As a result, the emphasis on faith and non-materialistic values reveals the beliefs of Hindus in this story. The goodness and vocation are the main qualities that can let people to live a decent life while wickedness and ego lead people’s souls to destruction. The Golden Goose is another didactic Jataka tale that shows the importance of generosity and noble intents over selfishness. As long as the goose was treated with love, his feathers brought wealth to the family in return. At the same time, greed and cruelty made the woman lose everything she had. The motive of the father’s reincarnation into a golden goose is also essential as it shows that death of the breadwinner became for the family not sorrow, but obtainment of something new. In this case, it was the bird that literary took care about their lives. The Valiant Dwarf, The Foolhardy Jackal and The Hare's Self-Sacrifice do not differ about their main ideas, too. The tales are focused on the importance of knowledge and realistic views. However, the connection of the human world with nature is also pointed out as highly important. At the same time, the notions of fairness and justice are emphasized. The Valiant Dwarf story shows that earlier or later the truth is revealed and the real achievements are rewarded. The Foolhardy Jackal marks out the similarities between the animals’ world and the human one. In both cases, each creature plays some definite role and everything in the world appears interrelated. For this reason, Hindus regarded it important to estimate one’s strengths and weaknesses adequately and fairly. At the same, The Hare's Self-Sacrifice marks out not only the definite role of a rabbit in the natural circulation, but the conscious choice and death as a mean to contribute to life. Such Buddhism motives of the important moral values, balance between good and evil, strong connections between life and death, humans and animals became permanent in this religion.
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Shinto and Buddhism are the two main religions of the Japanese nowadays. Considering the Buddhism sect in Japan, it is important to mark out that the period of its strengthening in the Japanese minds dates back to the 6th century. Therefore, much time has passed since its appearance in India. However, the main ideas that it teaches can be traced in the life hood and literary works of the period and many centuries later. Among the great works that reflect the life, values and morality of the Japenese, one can find The Tale of Genji. In contrast to the above mentioned Jatake Tales, it was created by a single author Murasaki Shikibu in the 11th century. Therefore, it is not a collection of the views of people, but the reflection of the beliefs of a single person. However, the work is quite deep and brings much knowledge about the religious beliefs and life perception common for Japanese of the 11th century.
Considering the peculiarities of The Tale of Genji, it is important that it is claimed to be the first psychological novel in the world. Many scholars regard it as the great aesthetics and Buddhism doctrine of the time. Among the main lessons, it can teach the elegance that refers to the aristocracy’s privileging of the expression indirectness and aesthetic sensibility. Moreover, it represents the poignant nature of beauty and some other things, the transience and evanescence of the time and everything around including human life. Murasaki Shikibu also focused on desolate beauty and imperfection of things and feelings and emotions that are beyond the human words. The structure of The Tale of Genji has nothing special as it is the 54-chaptered narration of the events that were supposedly witnessed by the narrator. The tale depicts the political intrigues of Genji, a son of an emperor, and of his descendants. What is important, it reflects the events with a considerable degree of realism and shows the real life in Japan with the powerful elites and nobility. The novel touches the common topics of love, sexual politics, marriage, suffering, death and many others; and all of these experiences bring the irreplaceable lesson to the readers. The life in the story is depicted as real and supernatural simultaneously as well as the female role. It is especially important to emphasize the feelings of women as something much higher that the physical presence. The emotions and feelings are considered as something that belongs to the characteristics of the eternal soul, not the fleeting life. The Tale of Genji reveals the influence of Buddhism on the life and views of the Japanese. One of the most obvious themes that confirm it is the reincarnation that can be followed through the whole structure of the novel. The death of Genji is followed by the story of his son Kaoru, the death of the mother is depicted as if her soul, her voice or a part of her were still present somewhere nearby and the Emperor could feel it. He searched for these parts in other women; and this implies that the part of the dead person stays alive. The same can be followed in relations between the death of the Emperor and life of his son, the death of Genji and life of his son. The Buddhist motive of reincarnation is closely connected with the one of interdependence between every sphere of life. The Tale of Genji also represents such Buddhist symbols like water, flowers, and the moon that hint on the ideas about the final teachings of Buddha and his mystic transmissions. In addition, numerous love affairs of Genji obviously symbolize how fleeting the life and the whole world nature is. The plot of the story deals much with the supernatural boundaries. Therefore, the author points out that the death is the relative notion that cannot be regarded as the end. The ghost characters, life continuation through the natural expressions and heritors, Buddhist symbols are those that emphasize the religious motives of the novel.
The above mentioned beliefs and values of the Japanese and Hindus are obviously unified by the same religion, Buddhism. These beliefs predetermine the common views on death that is considered to be a part of the world circulation that unifies all live beings and all events. The death is not regarded as something final; it is only one of the natural stages that supports the life balance. However, Jataka Tales emphasize this stage as one that improves the soul on the next one while The Tale of Genji only shows its inseparability from life. In addition, both works present the humans’ closeness to nature and interdependence of all processes happening in the world of animals or plants with those of people. The fleeting and nonpermanent life on the earth is the background for the existence of the soul immortality that is manifested in Buddha’s reincarnations and connections of generations. The balance between evil and good, life and death are the main values of Buddhism that do not change through works of literature or times.
To sum it up, one can make a conclusion that neither the time, nor the country can influence the Buddhist views of people. Jataka Tales bring the message that a soul can come on the Earth in various forms and life after death exists. Moreover, each death shifts if on the higher level of development. The Tale of Genji supports the idea of the soul immortality in contrast to impermanent human life on the Earth together with the one of how people should live. The main belief of the Buddhist religion is the tight connection and balance between everything in the world. It can be followed in both of the above mentioned works. Regardless the fact that the structure, the period of the works writing is different, Jataka Tales and The Tale of Genji show the Buddhist ideas of how life on the Earth should be perceived, how good and evil are connected and that reincarnation is what happens after death.
Related essays
1. Morality in Different Schools of Thinking
2. Perception of Death
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Cross-country skiers suffer less depression and dementia
Cross country skiing is a sport with many health benefits, apparently, is: you cut in half the risk for Depression, a possible Parkinson’s disease occurs later and also the risk of dementia is reduced. This shows a long-term study of almost 200,000 people who had participated in 1989 and in 2010 the famous Swedish Vasaloppet, a cross country skiing race over 90 km.
Researchers from the universities in Lund and Uppsala have compared the cross-country skier with the General population and found that your risk for
• Depression two decades later, the half was reduced to: 1.030 athletes and 2.045 persons from the control group were ill.
21 years after the participation in the race was diagnosed in 119 people, Parkinson’s disease, in the control group, there were 164 people. The difference between physically active people and the General population seemed to decrease over time.
Vaskuläre dementia occurs less frequently
The probability of the athlete to get sick later due to blood circulation disorders in the brain vascular dementia, was also 50 percent lower. Surprisingly, it wasn’t reduced your risk of Contracting Alzheimer’s disease, which is contrary to studies of other work groups, who had come to the conclusion that physical activity has an impact on Alzheimer’s.
In a population study called "Malmö Diet and Cancer" the researchers came to similar results: The participants who were most physically active had a lower risk of vascular dementia, while no significant differences in the development of Alzheimer’s disease were observed between the groups with the highest and the lowest physical activity.
DOI 10.1186/s13195-019-0538-4 DOI 10.3233/JPD-191762
DOI 0.1016/j. psychres.2019.112546
An Overview of all the messages you get on current. |
Sacred Heart Cathedral
Moore, Aaron McDuffie
Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World was “the most powerful piece of [anti-slavery] propaganda written by a black.” It was published in three installments in 1829. In it, Wilmington native David Walker encouraged slaves to revolt against their masters. In 1830, North Carolina’s legislature banned the pamphlet from being distributed within the state.
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Evolution Debate in North Carolina in the 1920s
In North Carolina, the debate teaching evolution became a contentious issue between religious leaders and educators. William Louis Poteat, president of Wake Forest University drew criticism from conservative critics from North Carolina and around the United States when he openly accepted the theory of evolution.
Stamp Act
Enacted in 1765, the Stamp Act increased British control over the American colonial economy and further angered American colonists by confirming that salutary neglect had ended. |
Slow charge generation plays big role in model material for solar cells
Slow charge generation plays big role in model material for solar cells
Visible-pump / X-ray probe photoelectron spectroscopy monitors exciton migration and charge generation in a molecular heterojunction between a copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) donor and a fullerene-based (C60) acceptor. Singlet excitons in the interfacial region (blue) dominate charge generation on the shortest timescales. On longer timescales, however, triplet excitons from excitations within the bulk material (red) contribute the majority of generated charges, ultimately dominating the time-averaged charge generation yield. Credit: Friedrich Roth, Institute for Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Next-generation devices based on molecular materials have the potential to efficiently use sunlight to produce electricity or to drive chemical reactions. In contrast to commercial solar cells, where absorption of light directly generates charge that can be extracted as electricity, absorption of light by molecular materials creates uncharged energetic states called excitons. The trick to making an effective device is to efficiently convert the excitons into charge. This study uncovered a new mechanism to create charge from excitons. By following excitons in a model molecular material, a team found that lower energy excitons made deep in the bulk play a larger part in generating charge than previously thought.
The team's study shows that a previously neglected, slower pathway creates most of the charge at the interface. This insight shows a pathway that scientists should consider when designing molecular electronics. The study also provides absolute benchmark values for the design of specialized interfaces that efficiently convert light to charge.
To design molecular solar cells, sensors, etc., researchers need to know how light creates electricity on an atomic scale. This isn't easy because the processes can occur in a trillionth of a second (picosecond). Researchers found a way, using picosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a model material made of a copper-based and a carbon acceptor. Specifically, they looked at metal-organic heterojunctions in a copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) donor and fullerene-based (C60) acceptor. The method lets scientists study how excitons migrate through the material and dissociate into separated charges that are useful for electronic or chemical applications. Their results changed how scientists think about energy in this material. The previous view focused on the higher energy excitons, known as singlet excitons, that are directly generated by the light. Researchers thought the singlet excitons created where the donor and acceptor materials meet generated most of the electricity. Not so. Slower forming, lower-energy triplet excitons that form in the bulk of the copper-based material contribute the majority of charge on a time-averaged basis.
The study offers new insights into migration and charge generation in these . Also, it provides absolute benchmark values for the design of CuPc-C60 heterojunctions for efficient -to-charge conversion.
Explore further
Excitons pave the way to higher-performance electronics
More information: Friedrich Roth et al. Efficient charge generation from triplet excitons in metal-organic heterojunctions, Physical Review B (2019). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.020303
Journal information: Physical Review B
Citation: Slow charge generation plays big role in model material for solar cells (2019, April 22) retrieved 28 March 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2019-04-big-role-material-solar-cells.html
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Shakespeare: Original pronunciation (The Open University)
Shakespeare: Original pronunciation (The Open University)
The Globe Theatre which opened in 1994,
very near to its former site, specializes in original productions of Shakespeare.
But it wasn’t until 2004, that a play was performed in the original pronunciation,
known as OP. The play was Romeo and Juliet. Well the globe is known for its original practices, this is why it is here, to try and recreate the theatre as it was in 1600 and thereabouts. And when they started it off they decided to do original costume, original music with original instruments, original movement around the stage and so on. But they never did original pronunciation because they thought, quite wrongly, but
understandably, they thought nobody would understand it. It was a very very
successful occasion, the seats were packed for that weekend. Everybody loved
it and it was such a success that The Globe then decided to do a second
production the following year, production of Troilus and Cressida. It transports
you back through the centuries. It’s a very magical, almost hair-raising
experience, especially in this space to hear that accent of space that’s that’s
sort of as close as we can get to a 400 -year-old theatre. And then an accent that’s as close as we can get to a 400-year-old accent with a 400-year-old play. It if anything it rounds the experience of going to see a Shakespeare play out. Any period in the history of the English language can be studied from the point of view of how it was pronounced at the time, Old English, Chaucer and so on. In relation to Shakespeare, we’re talking about the sound system or phonology that was in use in a period called Early Modern English, and in the period specifically round about the year 1600. Now, it’s a period during which
pronunciation was changing very very rapidly, so there isn’t just one kind of
OP, there’s an OP that that evolves throughout the period. For example, early
on in the period, people were pronouncing the word musician, as musician, musician. Later in the period it had evolved into musician, and of course, later still, it became musician. David Crystal and his son Ben regularly
work together, to demonstrate how original pronunciation differs from
modern pronunciation. It’s an interesting accent to tune your ear into, so we’re
going to run through a few pieces of Shakespeare, first in a modern sort of
received pronunciation accent, the accent that you used to hear in Shakespearean.
And then we’ll switch into original pronunciation, and probably, Dad will do
some and I’ll do some as well so you get to hear it in a different voice. Their
first example comes from Henry V, then gives the modern pronunciation and
David the OP. “Oh. for a muse of fire that would ascend the brightest heaven of invention!” “Oh for a muse of fire that would ascend the brightest heaven of invention!” “A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, and monarchs to behold the swelling scene!” “A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, and monarchs to behold the swelling scene!” “Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars.” “Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars.” “… and at his heels, Leashed in like hounds, should famine, sword, and fire Crouch for employment.” “… and at his heels, Leashed in like hounds, should famine, sword, and fire Crouch for employment.” How do you know that that was original pronunciation? Well there are three kinds of evidence that you look for when you’re working out the pronunciation of a stage in the history of the language. The first and
the most important piece of evidence is the observations made by people who are writing on the language at the time. There were several people who actually commented on how words sounded, which words rhymed, and so on. For example, how do we know that the ‘r’ is pronounced at such a time? Well, Ben
Jonson, the dramatist, actually tells us at one point. He says we pronounce the ‘r’
after a vowel, he actually calls it a doggy sound, ‘Gurr’, or something like that. And so that kind of evidence, when you look at all the sounds, all the vowels, all the consonants, you put it together and that’s the first kind. the second kind of evidence is the spellings that people use at the time. The spellings were a much better guide to
pronunciation then than spelling is today. So at one point in Romeo and
Juliet the word ‘film’ is spelt ‘philome’ therefore ‘fil-um’ and that’s a very
important indication. With the third kind of evidence, which is absolutely critical
from a dramatic point of view, is that there are rhymes and puns, which don’t
work in Modern English that do work in OP. One I remember that we did at The Globe here was the pun that suddenly leaped out at us in the prologue to Romeo and
Juliet. You do that one? Right so, “Two households, both alike in dignity, In
foes a pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life; Whose misadventured piteous
overthrows do with their death bury their parents’ strife.” And it’s the “loins'”…”from forth the fatal loins”. Now the thing is “loins” was pronounced
“loins” and the word “lines” was pronounced “loins”, so there is a pun on “loins” and “lines”. Genealogical lines on the one hand and
physical loins on the other, which is completely missed if you do it in in
Modern English, it’s a good example. David and Ben have also discovered that nearly two thirds of Shakespeare’s sonnets have rhymes that don’t work in Modern English,
that do work in OP. Give us a good one go on, one one six? I think, you
know, one one six is interesting because lots of people have it at their
weddings and they think of it as being a very sort of you know highfalutin sonnet…
“Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments…” but it completely
changes in OP, particularly because of the rhymes. “Love’s not time’s
alters not with his brief hours and weeks, but bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me prov’d, I never writ, nor no man ever lov’d. Yeah,
“prov’d” and “lov’d”… I mean it’s a lovely ending isn’t it? “Prov’d” and “lov’d”
it doesn’t work. It completely falters it… “If this be error and upon me prov’d, I
never writ nor no man ever lov’d”. That’s right, doesn’t quite work. When Romeo and Juliet was performed at The Globe, David and Ben were advisers on the production. One of the most interesting things was the way in which the actors all said
that the OP altered their performance quite fundamentally. You have to remember the the play was being done in two versions that year. There was a modern
English version and an OP version as well. The actors had to learn the thing
twice, and it just changed the way they perceive their characters, didn’t it, Ben? It
did, well I mean it’s a lot faster the accent you know, with modern
Shakespeare it’s often very reverential in the way we pronounce it, you
know it’s, “assume the port of Mars”, it’s much faster in OP, it’s, “assume the port
of Mars.” The OP Romeo and Juliet was ten minutes faster, but it does something else to you as well, to me, it drops my voice,
I use my bottom register a lot more, you know, that “assume the port of Mars”, it
makes me sort of hunker down, doesn’t sort of seem so cut off from the neck,
you know, “Oh, for a muse of fire” and it connects with the body a bit more for
some reason. It’s an earthier accent. The experience of Romeo and Juliet also
demonstrated, that far from making Shakespeare more difficult to understand,
it can actually make the original meaning clearer, as can be seen in this extract from ‘As You Like It’. “And so from hour to hour we ripe and ripe. And then from hour to hour we rot and rot and thereby hangs a tale.” It’s really, really rude sex joke he’s talking about prostitutes and you know the King’s evil and all that kind of thing. It’s completely missed when you do it in a modern accent. The last time I saw ‘As You Like It’ the actor came to the front and said “And so from hour to hour we ripe and ripe, and from hour to hour we rot and rot and thereby hangs a tale, anyway…” You know, the gag is completely missed.
What we see is a joke working that doesn’t work in Modern English, and it’s all based on one very simple sound shift. The pronunciation of
“whore” as “ore” you’ll notice two things about it the ‘h’ drops at the beginning, ‘h’
often dropped in early Modern English in that way, and you get this
other change “our” in Modern English becoming “ore” in the earlier version, and
the combination of the two changes together produces a coming together of
the two words and therefore a perfect pun. There’s something about working our
way back to Shakespeare, rather than dragging them into the 21st century, when
you’re standing on The Globe stage, they always light the theatre as if it’s daylight
because Shakespeare’s plays would have been performed at about two o’clock in the afternoon and that means that you can make direct eye contact with every
single member of the audience and then suddenly going to see a Shakespeare play becomes a two-way dynamic, a complicity. It means that as an
actor, as Hamlet I can come out and ask you, what should I do? Should I kill
Claudius, you know, I don’t know what to do, everything’s really confusing, help me!
You know, that’s what Shakespeare’s monologues were about. So, if you can sort of imagine that there’s that extra dimension when you’re working in a space like this, you get a similar sort of extra dimension when you use
Shakespeare’s accent.
• Big Solid Boss says:
sounds like some strange accent in game of thrones
• publius ovidius says:
If they take the major step of using OP, why not go all the way and have boys play the female parts?
• Micah Philson says:
So… you're saying Hot Fuzz is actually a Shakespearean performance?!
Now I need to hear Frank Butterman reading a sonnet!
• shawn stipe says:
Is it me or are younger generations of Brits starting to sound like Americans? Ben Crystal sounds more American to my ears. I've noticed it with a lot of british young people.
• Sid Huhndorf says:
So this original pronunciation seems to have essentially made it easier to produce puns; thereby making it easier for Shakespeare to have risen as a famous play write. It seems this original pronunciation has pulled back the veil to reveal that Shakespeare's talent may not have been so extraordinary after all. Potentially no better than most modern play writers.
• Quikdeth says:
Rot and rot = rut and rut
• Brian Cherry says:
It sounds… Irish.
On another note – I find it strange that he would make written puns. Wouldnt the viewers just assume he meant Whores?
• Khardellen says:
I listed to Ben talk and now I’m pregnant 🙊
• clancydowrca says:
When David did the first OP it reminded me of Robin Hood Prince Of Thieves. They all sounded like that (excluding Kevin Costner!)
• drxym says:
Shakespeare as performed by wurzels.
• Jeffrey Robinson says:
To an American country boy living in the ozarks the accent and rhythm puts me in mind of a poor imitation of a Scottish accent
• Oulipo LeSceptique says:
I had no idea that David Crystal would be narrating this video with his son. Having read pretty much every book that the father has written about language, but never having heard him talk, I was immensely pleased to find this video, and to find that his son is as much given to the study of language as his father.
• Matthew Lebo says:
Sounds surprisingly Irish.
• Dealific says:
Didn't know Shakespeare was a comedy writer, he must roll in his grave everytime he hears a modern delivery 👍
• Daniel Liddicoat says:
I watched King Leer at The Globe. I enjoyed it, but I wish I had brought a cushion.
• Ratchet4647 says:
I don't get what was so raunchy about that phrase and how modern pronunciation changes that.
• ILike2PlayBass says:
Dr who fans =p
• iconoclast says:
Seems to me that anyone with more than 50 comment likes must be using a YouTube comments bot. Shameful how one's idea of one's personal worth is tied up with popularity of his (it's usually males) vapid one-sentence turds.
• Cis White Dad says:
I didn't know I needed to know about this until it popped up in my recommendations.
• Keith Cooper says:
What a great video!
• Heather Elroy says:
Ginger Man has a lovely deep voice, but for the life of me I can't understand what he's saying regardless of whether it's in modern pronunciation or OP. His voice is just so low all I hear is gravel.
• ajuk1 says:
Blackadder got this right with the old crown saying "that it be" in the West Country accent.
• Gingeries17 says:
Pirate theatre.
• Peter Stawicki says:
This is amazing!! Id love to hear so much more in OP!!
• J0hNF_UK says:
So, Shakespearean English was talking like The Wurzels with a bit of Jack Hawkins thrown in?
• I, Claudius says:
We need to move back to old english, if nothing else, just so the spelling can make sense again.
• I. M. Notamoose says:
Original practices? No it is not!!! There were few if any women in the English theater at that time, unlike in France.
• Jemiah DaPap says:
5:07 what? Lose that reverberating larynx. George Clooney does it all the time. Only George Clooney movie where he talks normally is the Descendants.
• Nothing Controversial says:
I'm down wid O P! 😎
• A.J. Kaufman says:
About 50 years ago, I heard that the closest then current dialect to Elizabethan English was that spoken on Tangier Island Virginia. I had occasion to visit Tangier Island in the 1990s and it did sound similar to this video.
• akr01364 says:
So, basically, guys from Warwickshire? lol
• Toby Wood says:
Just get some farmers to read it.
• Rainblaze says:
AAAARRRRRRR my eye be one, an one leg-ed i be. A pirate from the seas. arose to be here where is now. And now to part again i take my leave. set to sail to look on all my good eye seas
• dasgutz37 says:
The opening lines of 'Anarchy in the UK' are evidence in support of this argument also
• Timothy Sielbeck says:
I think I would prefer the OP versions much more than the modern ones.
• Jeremy Farley says:
Is it just me, or does the OP sound a lot like Scottish ?
• Young Byun says:
And this is how we realise all the essays we wrote about rhymes and their literary effects in Shakespeare's plays for GSCE English were bollocks – it sounded different
• Hannah Rosenberg says:
But they still used black actresses?
• Dana Meise says:
Eminem figured out how to do it…
• Thomas Dragt says:
I'm sure I'm not the first in the over 3,600 plus comments that if they were really doing Skakespeare in the original they would be no women on stage
• Rigsby 1 says:
This is great
• Max Cuthbert says:
Why would anyone ever downvote this ? Not enough car chases ?
• rshaddock says:
5:00 Juliet should be WHITE!
• Byron Welichko says:
• scratch says:
It would be better in the original klingon.
• Surya Khanna says:
OP sounds a lot more like modern Irish in some ways than RP
• J.A. Brown says:
This is the same accent that is used a lot in Game of Thrones, right?
• None Ya says:
I wonder if this is where the Newfoundland accent comes from
• Mick Kennedy says:
Imagine Shakespeare in Cockney………….gaAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa!!!
• Problembeing says:
That young man can growl in that accent in my ear until his heart be content 😜
• Mr Invader says:
I absolutely love this this is absolutely amazing the hair is standing on the back of my neck! Completely mind-blowing! Truly truly makes Shakespeare all of that much better, and Shakespeare was already awesome!
• Walrus Latte says:
It sounds Jamaican a little.
• iamthestig1 says:
Sounds kinda like a West Country farmer-y sorta accent…
• Sarah Nyb says:
Sounds great
• Jeroen Manders says:
At about 4:15 the pronounciation of the R is being spoken of. It's being described as the growl of a dog, but the speaker then demonstrates something that still sounds like a typical English 'non-R', a frictionless vowel-like sound, and not like the ruffling, scraping or ratteling sounds that, quite frankly, ALL other languages that write the character bring forth when they pronounce it, and that would sound much more 'like a doggy'. Would the historical R not sound much more like that of other languages, like even Scottish and Irish…?
• TheCrayonMaster says:
Ben's voice is lovely
• thegreatestsun says:
I'm actually from the South West, and normally I get told I sound like a pirate. I've never been told I sound like a Shakespearean actor lmao
• laughinggravy2 says:
I think it's all down to the actors dialect ,Shakespeare would have adapted his script to suit their accent, take for instance British films of the 30s 40s and 50s especially during the war all RAF pilots had a very posh oxford Cambridge dialect, is wasn't scripted that way ,it was just the accents the actor of that period/time
• Elfin Dreamer says:
It sounds as if the Irish actually held onto an accent most like the original pronunciation, outside of England. Also, Ben's voice is sexy as hell.
• blessedout says:
Wow, that was so informative! The original pronunciation is utterly enchanting ❤️
• orange42 says:
I thought only guys were actors back then?
• Howzer The man says:
I understood to OP quite easily.
• William Swan says:
I find David and Ben Crystal's pronunciation of "Juliet" interesting; they both pronounce it in their normal modern accents the same as "Juliette". All Americans do the same, and it drives my mother up the wall. She insists that "Juliet" is to be pronounced "Joolyit", while "Juliette" is to be pronounced "Joolly-ett". From what I have just heard of OP, they were probably both pronounced the same way in OP: the second way. Notch one up for the Americans!
• sherisha sewpersadh says:
Ben Crystal should just read any book as an audio book and I'd buy it
• Sample Dude says:
3:00 Poor Julian Assange, they're having him read Shakespeare in jail.
• Stormageddon101 says:
In RP, Shakespeare sounds like a pompous douche bag who drinks wine with his pinky sticking out. In OP, he seems like a bloke you’d want to have a beer chugging competition with…
• Jesse Edwards says:
Mind. BLOWN!!
• Ken Hymes says:
He says something critical in the video that people seem to be glossing over… pronunciation and usage are constantly changing. There's no "original," just a fair amount of information about a snapshot of a time and place. People don't pronounce things the same in England now, why would that be any different then? I think what the Globe did is great. And this guy is carefully avoiding saying there's ONE OP. Lots of reasons to think that within plays, actors would adopt patterns of speech and pronunciation based on class and origin, the text certainly suggests it. I see a fair amount of stuff on youtube that tries to boil stuff down too much… the thing about history is that there will ALWAYS be more complexity, not less, as one has more data.
• thriddoctor says:
Sounds like west country accent.
• The mighty Mr Ronson says:
What a suprise everyone talked like cornish pirates
• Scotty Oakes says:
I could watch an entire TV show on this subject.
• sailorbychoice1 says:
As an American listening with a Yankee's ear, the OP seems no odder than listening to a Scot or someone from the English North Country; think All Creatures Great and Small and the like.
• Adam Dean says:
The OP is easier to understand for me to than the RP.
• Neil Johnson says:
I love the pride in the fathers eyes while watching his son perform. As a dad, this made me smile.
• LostJedi26 says:
Ben's voice just … makes me swoon … or something.
This was fascinating. Up to now, Shakespeare hasn't really interested me all that much. I found some of the expressions and the writing to be difficult to understand, and it just seemed uninteresting. If I could hear an OP production of something of his, I would strongly consider going. If nothing else, it's a way to be enthralled by the language changes since his time.
• Storm Meridian Dee The Broccoli Fox says:
Fascinating and quite wonderful. Forgive my American ignorance, but I'm curious as to how OP sounds somewhat similar to an Irish accent and how the modern English/British accents developed over time from that.
• alligator lover says:
Does anyone else not get the jokes still
• Alex Alerasoul says:
So it sounds pretty much like a very, very thick west country accent. Basically Hagrid or Samwise Gamgee.
next step: ban women from the stage
• pullt says:
How original can it be if Juliet isnt a boy?
• Amanda Cuckhold says:
A black actress? Is that historically accurate?
• JudgeJulieLit says:
As in originating French, we post-Elizabethan English speakers still do not pronounce the "h" in "hour" (nor "honor"), yet as in parent Anglo Saxon we still pronounce it in all other English words starting "h-."
And the Elizabethan "ou" in "hour" retained the long-u pronunciation of the French-import dipthong "ou," as does modern Canadian but not US English, which latter rhymes it with the "ow" in "cow." Coupled with our pronunciation of the "or" in "whore" to rhyme with the "oo" in "door," we can miss Shakespeare's rhyme and pun of "hour" and "whore."
• Bobby Boucher says:
it's like classical latin vs. ecclesiastical latin
• deleuje says:
Here from Margaret Atwood's masterclass
• Todd Sundell says:
Once I heard a guy from Northumberland speak to me. It sounded kind of like this.
• kindness as great as the sea says:
We need OP productions please!
• Gender Woman says:
Hmm. I think more differences is between different American accents…
• Helen Borodina says:
for accuracy's sake, all of the actors need to be men. For accuracy's sake, I emphasize that (with the big deal our (women's) rights are today).
• C B says:
sounds like Hagrid
• Oh Yeah Yeah says:
if they try to do everything authentic why don’t they use guys dressed as girls
• dougthealligator says:
Sounds like a weird mix of a Scottish and an American accent
• Mango T says:
Now THATS acting.
• davidf2281 says:
Soooo, original pronunciation simply involves putting on a comedy Somerset accent. Fair enough.
• Angel Santos says:
I learned alot here and also this made me miss my Dad ❤️
• Bruce Roberts says:
The OP to me sounds almost similar to U.S. Southern English, that is with a bit of a drawl. Interessante.
• Alex S says:
To be truly authentic, you have to have boys playing the female roles. If I recall, women were never actors in Shakespeare's time.
• gareth dunn says:
so people in shakespeare's time spoke like a farmer from Somerset
• Dakota Miles says:
Ironic they took the time to use original and authentic period English pronunciation, yet used an actress of sub-Saharan African decent
• Roy Cousins says:
I'm not convinced. Putting on a slight "country" accent doesn't make it accurate. There's some evidence, but it's stretching a point to make these claims. If you listen to early recordings of spoken English from a century ago, they are very different to modern speech and "OP."
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5 Ways Urban Farming Helps Foster Local Communities
1. Urban Farms foster a sense of place and togetherness. The South Central Farm provided a place for the community to be together. It provided a place for families and friends to meet and share a common mission, that of tending to the land and growing their crops. Although the farmers were predominately from Latin America, everyone was welcome. I remember Daryl Hannah commenting that she felt more community and togetherness at the South Central Farm than anywhere else in Los Angeles. One farmer commented, “Here, everything works. This is paradise.”
2.Urban farms provide a place where parents and grandparents can teach their kids about growing food. Surprisingly (or not), most kids don’t know that food comes from plants, they think it comes from McDonalds or the grocery store. Reeducating this generation of children about where food comes from, and teaching them the basics of how to grow it, may be a key to their future survival. My favorite quote from Save The Farm is from Fred “Red Crow” Westerman, who states, “It is the end of living and the beginning of survival in a sense. Anything having to do with man’s connection to earth should not be broken.” Tending to the land, whether a garden or an urban farm, is a basic human right, a basic human need, because reconnecting with nature may be our best chance to provide for our families in the coming years.
3.Urban farms provide a way for people to localize their food source, which helps to increase food security. The farther food has to travel from it’s place of origin to your dinner table, the more risk there is in it not getting there. In our current environment, climate change, spikes in oil prices and acts of terrorism are just three of the many things that could disrupt our food source suddenly and without warning. Having a local sustainable supply of food is now more important than ever. Localizing the food source can also decrease the price of food for many people. At the South Central Farm, families cut 1/3 to 2/3’s of their food bill by growing their food at an urban farm.
4.The urban farm becomes an incubator for the localization movement. Community members realize that in localizing their food source, other needs can also be localized. Some of the adjunct activities might be bee keeping, composting and seed saving, all of which can be turned into local businesses in their own right. Once the idea of local economy spreads, those with sewing skills might find themselves in demand to make clothing, those with bio-diesel skills might find themselves in demand, and so forth.
5. Urban farms give us a reason to meet our neighbors. Getting reacquainted with one’s neighbors is the first step toward stronger communities. I grew up in suburban St. Louis, and interaction with the neighbors was a daily ritual. But when I moved to New York City, I found that I didn’t even know my neighbors, even if I lived in the same place for years. An urban farm gets us out of our living units and forces us to reconnect with the other humans around us, with out the help of electronic devices. Strong communities are what is needed to weather the storm of social upheaval and civil unrest that seems to be growing by the day.
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How Its Internal Clock Is Read, Knows Reindeer
Humans are pegged to a 24-hour cycle. We’re locked into it not just by day and night–there’s the master timepiece in the brain called the circadian clock. But it doesn’t make sense to live by a 24-hour clock in the Arctic, where it’s dark or light for months at time. The solution? Lose the daily clock. Which is exactly what reindeer seem to have done, according to a study in Current Biology . [See Weiqun Lu et al, ]
Reindeer don’t sleep eight hours like we do, and there’s no obvious 24-hour pattern to their lives. They just chomp on tundra, nap a few hours and feast again. But they still need to know when to mate, pack on fat or thicken their coats. So they probably rely on an annual clock instead, set by the hormone melatonin.
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AIVC - Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre
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Air toxics in a new Australian dwelling over an 8-month period.
Brown S K, 2001
air tightness | VOC | heat recovery | mechanical ventilation
Bibliographic info: Indoor Built Environ, No 10, 2001, pp 160-166, 6 tabs, 11 refs.
Languages: English
Outlines a 'healthy house' design for suburban Australia. The design incorporated a tight building envelope and a ducted mechanical ventilation (and heat recovery) system, providing a minimum ventilation rate of 0.35 air changes per hour. Partial filtration and dehumidification of the air was also included. Low-VOC building materials were chosen. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations were approximately 4,000 microgrammes per m3 just after construction, decreasing by a double-exponential model to 300 microgrammes per m3 by eight months, which is good. Formaldehyde also decreased considerably, and nitrogen dioxide, microbial pollutants and dust mite allergens were also monitored.
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The current development in building energy efficiency towards nZEB buildings represents
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Batten disease is a neurological disorder that affects individuals with genetic issues. This medical condition shows its early signs during childhood, and it slowly destroys the nervous system of the carrier. Unfortunately, the illness is fatal and modern medicine has not developed a reliable treatment yet.
First symptoms
The first signs of Batten disease appear within the first 10 years of life. During this period the child may develop various medical conditions that affect his vision, his natural movement or his speech. The main obstacle that many doctors encounter is that the symptoms are difficult to identify right away. More than often, the patient gets a definite diagnose once the illness has already settled in.
Other symptoms of Batten disease include mood changes, personality issues and learning deficiencies. Teeth grinding, clumsiness and decreased body fat are also common for children who suffer from this illness. These subtle signs show just how easy it is for parents and physicians to determine whether a kid is developing a fatal neurological disorder.
Life expectancy
Batten disease is cruel for its victims. Children that develop this condition between 6 months and 2 years old are likely to die before their sixth birthday. Kids between 2 and 4 years old do not survive past the age of 10. These cases are the hardest to identify and treat for doctors because the early signs do not point to neurological issues specifically.
Children that develop Batten disease between 4 and 10 years old may live until they reach their mid 20s. Nevertheless, their lifestyle is strongly affected by the continuous deterioration of their neurons. Rare cases of Batten disease have seen adults between 25 and 45 years old developing this illness as well. In these unusual situations, the patients may live a normal lifespan, but with serious and constant damaging of their neurological system.
Causes and origins
Batten disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is inherited through an autosomal recessive process. This means that even if the parents are not carriers of the destructive gene, they can still transfer it to one or more of their children. Usually, unaffected carrier parents have a 25% chance of transmitting the gene in its active form to each of their first three children. Their fourth born has a 100% chance of developing Batten disease anytime during his childhood.
This neurological disorder was first identified by the British pediatrician Frederick Batten in 1903, but it has not been recorded as an official disease until the end of the 20th century. Even today, there are medical schools that group it together with other conditions that affect children in their early infancy.
Research and treatment
The medical field puts a lot of effort in developing a permanent cure for Batten disease. Unfortunately, the scientific research has not produced any suitable treatments so far. The FDA has approved only a small number of remedies that patients can use to alleviate some of the issues that appear with the illness, and which make the neurological breakdown more bearable. |
What is an Escutcheon ?
Definition of Escutcheon in Construction
Any plate that covers an opening in a wall, door, window or other surface, that has another component penetrating the surface. The plate covers the opening between the penetration and the finish surface, and in most cases, in a decorative fashion. Escutcheon plates are normally split in two halves, to allow installation over the penetration after the installation of the piping, conduit, or other penetration has been completed. There are universal escutcheon plates that can be used to cover any diameter of penetration. In many instances this covering is a fire safety necessity to properly seal a wall or sealing penetration to prevent fire, heat and smoke from passing through the penetration. It is important to fasten the escutcheon plate with a bead of silicone to ensure that it remains in place due to its inherent nature to shift or slid down the penetration. The use of escutcheon plates eliminates the need to accurately anticipate the penetration and also allows the opening to be bigger than the actual pipe or item penetrating the surface. Escutcheon plates can be constructed of metal, vinyl, plastic or any other synthetic material that conforms to the requirements of sealing the space. Wall and ceiling penetrations can be made fire and smoke safe with the proper use and installation of special escutcheon plates around the wall and ceiling penetrations. |
Setting Priorities for HIV/AIDS Interventions
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Setting Priorities for HIV/AIDS Interventions
A Cost–Benefit Approach
Robert J. Brent
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Chapter 38: What is So “Social” About CBA? Fundamentals of CBA
Robert J. Brent
What makes CBA “social” is that it tries to specify when any intervention makes society better off. There are two main objectives that are to be used to make the determination as to whether something is a social improvement. The first is economic efficiency and the current chapter is devoted to this objective. The second is equity, and the next two chapters will examine this objective. In the process of outlining the principles behind economic efficiency, we will explain what the crucial value judgments are that need to be made to justify the methodology of CBA, that is, we will be identifying the fundamentals of CBA. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY Mainstream economics assumes that society is individualistic. For an intervention to make society better off, one first has to make individuals better off. How does one know whether individuals are better off? One looks at their net benefits. If the willingness to pay for all the outputs that individuals receive exceeds their willingness to accept compensation for all the inputs they supply, then net benefits are positive and they are better off. To find out whether society is better off one just sums the net benefits (both positive and negative) for all the individuals to obtain aggregate net benefits. If this is positive then the intervention is worthwhile. After all interventions that have positive net benefits are undertaken, then net benefits are highest and “economic efficiency” has been realized. In other words, the idea of economic efficiency is...
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It’s Not About The Number of Trees; It’s About Restoration
beautiful green forest
Let’s talk about monocultures
A tree planting activity can become contradictory to its initial purpose if the same species of trees are planted on a large-scale because this results in a monoculture. A tree monoculture is a “green desert,” according to Mongabay. These monocultures are often used for farms and the production of products such as rubber and palm oil.
Substantially, monocultures cannot sustain life because of the lack of biodiversity, driving away animals, insects, and other plants to grow. Often, the trees planted by these activities are not native and may sometime be invasive. Therefore, they grow hostile to the environment, kill other plants and nutrients in the soil, and all signs of life—even streams—fail to thrive.
Restoration of ecosystems
The substitute for planting more trees is the restoration of ecosystems, and this begets biodiversity. Biodiversity is crucial because, to save the environment, we should cultivate wildlife as much as possible. The rule of nature is that every organism needs other organisms to survive. Therefore, creating a forest with a variety of species of trees can invite different kinds of wildlife as well.
Restoration means taking into account the condition of the soil and how to maintain its nutrients. Plants should also be present, other than trees. Then again, this is more complicated than it sounds as there are various approaches to this, such as agroforestry and agricultural productivity.
person holding a small plant
The follow-through
What we do after the tree planting initiative matters, too. If you plant hundreds of trees and leave them uncared for, they will most likely die. When a plant dies, carbon is emitted into the atmosphere as microorganisms feast on them for decay.
The trees need to be kept healthy for the project to be successful. Therefore, you should call to experts, like an arborist in Salt Lake City, for help. Asking for necessary information, tips, or guides about trees could aid in planning the project.
Building a community is essential, as well. More people working on a project would increase the chances of success. This entails collaborating with locals. It’s beneficial to remember that the locals are the most affected by this project. Depending on the outcome, they are the ones who can reap the effects of forest restoration. Keeping in touch with them and working with them may be beneficial to the progression of the project.
It’s a long way to go to save the planet, but it’s entirely possible
Saving the environment is a collective effort. Most of all, having the right information is critical. Researchers are conducting more studies worldwide to prevent causing more harm to the environment. This kind of consciousness could mitigate the further effects of climate change. If we all work towards this goal, the environment would not have to suffer so much.
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pan (n.)
pan (v.2)
Greek god of shepherds and flocks, woods and fields, with upper body of a man and horns and lower part like a goat, late 14c., from Latin, from Greek Pan. Klein and others suggest the Greek word is cognate with Sanskrit pusan, a Vedic god, guardian and multiplier of cattle and other human possessions, literally "nourisher," from a PIE root *peh- "to protect," but others doubt this.
His worship originated in Arcadia and gradually spread throughout Greece. The similarity to pan "all" (see pan-) led to his being regarded as a general personification of nature. He was fond of music and dancing with the forest nymphs; the pan-pipe, which he invented and upon which he played, is attested by that name in English from 1820.
pan (v.1)
"to wash (gravel or sand) in a pan in search of gold," 1839, from pan (n.); thus to pan out "turn out, succeed" (1868) is a figurative use (the expression in the literal sense of "yield gold when washed out in a pan" is by 1849). The meaning "criticize severely" is from 1911, probably from the notion in contemporary slang expressions such as on the pan "under reprimand or criticism" (1923), probably from the notion of being roasted or fried. Related: Panned; panning.
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Grease Trap History
Image by/from SuSanA Secretariat
Grease traps have been used since Victorian days: Nathaniel Whiting obtained the first patent in the late 1800’s. The traps reduce the amount of fats, oils and greases (FOGs) that enter sewers. They comprise boxes within the drain run that flows between the sinks in a kitchen and the sewer system. They only have kitchen waste water flowing through them, and do not serve any other drainage system, such as toilets.
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Learnamic Blog
Risks of iPhone's AirDrop, Bill Gates' Parents' Strategies, Twitter Making Kids Dumber, And More : Learnamic Update
by Joel
Teaching Trends
Grading The 4-Day School Week - Texas Public Radio
Due to a lack of funding, a public school in Colorado is testing a 4-day school week. Check out a roundup of the advantages and disadvantages.
Twitter is making kids stupider - Ladders
Those of us who have watched the typical level of interactions on Twitter may not be surprised by this one, but now there's research to back it up.
Using Rubik’s Cubes to Teach Math - Edutopia
Cool way to introduce a variety of mathematical concepts including probability, fractions, ratios, and geometry.
Raising Kids
What's AirDrop and How Are Kids Using It? - CommonSense
AirDrop is a feature of iPhone and iPads, and it lets you easily transfer files to someone else. However with easy file-sharing comes risks that you and your kids should be aware of.
What Bill Gates' Parents Did Differently - CNBC
A quick but worthwhile read on how Bill Gates' parents dealt with his precociousness, curiosity, and drive for independence as he was growing up, and how they pushed him to not give up on things he wasn't good at.
Parents think they spend too much time on mobile devices; Their kids agree - 9to5Mac
Interestingly, both teens and parents think the other group are "addicted" to their mobile devices and should send less time on them. Perhaps parents need to be more aware of modeling healthy behavior to set a better example?
Teachers are SO Important
Teachers make a massive impact on who we are - Typing.com
Some fascinating stats about how much impact teachers have on students' lives. 88% of respondents attributed their career success to a teacher, and about half of those attributed it to a teacher in their high school years.
The Importance of Teacher-Child Relationships - Early Learning Network
Perhaps not a huge surprise, but the science is in: "Children are more likely to be engaged in the classroom and motivated to learn when they trust that their teacher will provide comfort, encouragement and emotional support."
This Week's Dose of Positivity
Teachers Share What Gives Them Hope About Kids Today - Buzzfeed
Parents complaining about "kids today" is a timeless tradition, but here are some real signs that those kids may actually be making meaningful, positive progress over previous generations! Among the trends teachers are observing are that today's kids think being a "nerd" is normal, reckless behavior is less accepted, they're neater, they're closer to their parents, and they're more accepting of each others' differences. That sounds pretty great to me, and I highly encourage you to read the whole list!
Kindergarten Teacher Lets Students Draw on Her Dress - Inside Edition
Super cute story (and pictures!) of a teacher who lets her kindergarten students draw on her dress at the end of the year. |
Different types of margins
Margins are often considered as being the most important KPI in stock control.
Like everything, once you get into it, it gets more complicated as different shops tend to have different needs and requirements. So we have a few different types of margins actually, and it is useful to run through them.
Gross profit margin
This is the difference between profit before expenses such as salaries, rent, advertising etc. you earned, and the cost of goods sold generally expressed as a percentage of revenue.
= 1 - (cost of the wholesale price) /(revenue)
for example, you buy the goods for $35, you sell them for $60, so it becomes
1- 35/60 = .42
Which as express as a percentage: 0.42 * 100 = 42%.
This is how you calculate gross profit margin
Your suppliers can give you this figure, and I strongly suggest that you ask for the gross profit margin, not the markup which some suppliers will provide you as it inflates their profit figure.
Actual margins
Is the actual margin with discounts included that you are getting? In the real world often what we sell at, is not what the supplier recommended prices are and as I discussed it already here, click here for more details.
Net profit margin
Is much harder to determine and involves you putting into the costs such items as salaries, rent, advertising etc. into the costs. The problem a point of sale software has is that much of this information is not available to it. Your accountant should be able to give you an approximate figure which will be in the form of
Your cost for the shop = factor x (cost of wholesale goods) + (fixed fee)
As the fixed fee is minimal on each item sold, what most people do is multiply the cost of wholesale goods by the factor. So say the accountant said the factor is 18%, the actual margin is for example 35% for the item above then your net profit margin for this item is 35%-18% = 17%
This is a very useful figure to keep in the back of your head, as if you know an item has a margin of 15%, then if your is 18% which is often what it is in retail, you are losing money on that item. Note of course if you have lotto, you may need a few factors.
There is, of course, no definite answer to what is a good margin. It depends on your business, so I suggest you check with your respective industry and the ATO benchmarking here for an idea of what margins you should be getting.
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Mentoring that creates exposure through the arts
Mentoring that creates exposure through the arts
As school districts struggle to avoid overspending, schools keep looking for ways to save money. Now, more and more schools have decided to cut out several fine arts programs, whether they be visual arts, drama or band.
This shift is primarily due to the expansion of standardized test-based accountability, which pressures schools to focus resources on tested subjects.
However, a Charlotte program is doing more than its part to keep the optics of art open to students who wish to explore their creative talents.
Creating Exposure Through The Arts is a nonprofit designed to educate and mentor youth by creating opportunities in the arts.
“Creating Exposure Through The Arts strives to empower, educate youth and create opportunities for artists to develop their talents,” said Mark Pendergrass, founder and executive director of Creating Exposure Through The Arts.
This unique mentoring program tries to expose mentees to new experiences and provide a vehicle of expression for a diverse group of individuals to showcase, preserve, cultivate and promote artistry.
For Pendergrass, his desire to share his craft and skills goes back to the days of growing up in Harlem, New York.
“Growing up in the projects of Harlem New York, my father was the first mentor who I encountered,” Pendergrass said. “He would share life experiences and life lessons to encourage me, my brothers, my friends and kids throughout the neighborhood to strive for personal goals.”
While in college and afterward, Pendergrass committed himself to sharing his knowledge and skills to help others.
He volunteered with nonprofit organizations and eventually decided to create an organization that would enable him and others to share their love for the arts with young people.
“This (organization) allows me to mentor kids using art to provide life skills, build self-esteem and expose them to experiences while teaching a skill that could become a major in college or career in life,” Pendergrass said.
Professional photographers, writers and graphic artists mentor students in various programs including photography training, developing entrepreneurial and writing skills. The Exposure program focuses on mentoring and internships.
The program works with youth to develop their talents in various genres of the arts and showcase these abilities locally and nationally as it provides a vehicle to expose them to new experiences.
"As a mentor, you want to continue to be a trusted individual who can help and provide advice."
“I am extremely proud and impacted by the fact that I have three former students who are currently on staff as instructors,” Pendergrass said.
Mentoring is linked to improved academic, social and economic prospects for youth. When you volunteer to become a mentor, you are not only positively impacting someone's life, you are ultimately helping to strengthen our local community and workforce.
“Our programs are primarily in underserved area because we like to give those who are often neglected an opportunity to participate in a unique arts program that focuses on giving real life experiences in those fields of study,” he said.
The program is currently preparing to shoot a documentary and images for its "Behind The Ink" project. “Ink” is often used as slang for a tattoo.
Behind The Ink is an interactive, multi-disciplinary visual arts exhibit, and will showcase impactful images and short film documentary of people from various races, cultures, ethnicities and age groups that will tell stories behind their tattoos.
Pendergrass and many mentors like him want to ensure the generation that follows is prepared for the journey.
To learn about mentoring or meet others interested in mentoring, people can attend a Mayor’s Mentoring Alliance Mentor Mingle and connect with individuals and organizations that can provide mentor and mentee opportunities. |
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Scientists have added two new letters to the genetic code
Material posted: Publication date: 02-12-2017
As is known to encode a huge amount of information in the genetic code, used only 4 nucleic acids: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. In the genetic code, they are indicated by the corresponding letters A, G, T and C. Thus, we can say that the "genetic alphabet" consists of 4 letters, and until recently it was believed that it cannot be changed, but a group of scientists from the SCRIPPS Institute for the first time managed to Supplement it with two new letters and leave it fully functioning.
In all living organisms the above-described nucleic acids are connected to each other, not anyhow, but according to the principle of complementarity. That is, they seem to "look" at each other, and opposite And must always be preceded by T, and opposite the l – TS, and nothing else. But that's half the battle. These letters need to "shape in words", which are called triplets – specific combinations, thanks to which happen all the highlights like the reading of the information encoding proteins and so on. Several years ago, the journal Science published an article which described the experience in which transfer RNA brought to DNA a new amino acid that has been recognized and embedded in the code. While this acid was the only one that had a pair and a new function not performed.
In the new finding, researchers from the company Synthorx used two new nitrogen bases (labeled X and Y). They are in a double-stranded DNA molecule, located opposite each other, as well as the standard 4 bases, but, unlike them, the "new letters" not connected by hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic. And built two new grounds in the DNA of the bacteria, the latter to be able to play them, but these bacteria initially shared a little slower than usual and sometimes replaced by new DNA "traditional". Now derived bacteria, which easily reproduce the new DNA. You only have to come up with these letters new triplets.
"If you count how many combinations of triplets can be obtained having the four letters, we get 64 combinations, and by adding just two letters, we are expanding the number of possible genetic words to 216, and the result will be the ability to encode 172 amino acids that just opens up endless scope for bioengineering".
Vladimir Kuznetsov
Tags: science , medicine
RELATED MATERIALS: Science and Society
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Continuous awareness of Earth ecosystems conditions is needed to take adequate decisions for managing the utilization of limited natural resources and protect our living environment. Such information is based on data collected by satellite sensors which scan continually our planet. Remote sensing observations can be used alone or in combination with measurement of in-situ instruments placed on the oceans, land or in the air.
Atmospheric Science
Understanding the complex interaction process between the solar radiation and the atmospheric components is the core expertise of HYGEOS. Thus, we develop innovative methods to retrieve ozone content (TORMS project), cloud properties (DCC project, 3MI Cloud, MetImCTP), aerosols characteristics (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, Copernicus Climate Change Service) and photosynthetically active radiation (3P project) available at the surface. This in-depth knowledge is also translated into two tools: a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, called SMART-G, and an atmospheric correction algorithm, called POLYMER, that both participate in the CEOS-WGCV Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison Exercise (ACIX II).
HYGEOS has acquired recognized expertise in monitoring the biological activity of the oceans, through the quantitative estimation of the optical and physical properties of the ocean surface layer. This expertise is mainly provided through the POLYMER atmospheric correction algorithm which can process satellite images affected by the specular reflection of the sun on the water surface, also known as sun glint. The bright pixels are the subject of the Ocean Colour Bright Pixel Correction study, funded by Eumetsat, which aims to develop a dedicated bright pixel correction for Sentinel-3/OLCI sensor by decoupling the atmospheric and oceanic components in red and near-infared bands of the signal. The Ocean Colour CCI project, through an independent intercomparison exercise, confirmed that POLYMER is the most efficient algorithm to retrieve accurate marine reflectances. Similarly, in the ESA C2X project, POLYMER demonstrated its performance over coastal and inland water, whose optical properties (extreme diffusion and absorption) are different from those of the open ocean. POLYMER is available for download.
Solar Energy
Since 2015, HYGEOS has undertaken R&D efforts on solar resource applications for photovoltaic and concentrating solar power plants. In collaboration with EDF, HYGEOS has studied the impact of aerosols on power generation by concentrated solar power plants (ASORA project). Aerosols generate production losses by diffusing and absorbing solar radiation, not only along the atmospheric column, but also in the slant path between the mirror and the tower receiver. This effect becomes significant, given that new-generation concentrating solar power plants produce more than 100 MW with mirror-receiver distances greater than 1 km. HYGEOS can provide solar energy parameters for evaluating solar plant performances.
Land Monitoring
Thanks to its expertise in radiative transfer, HYGEOS can define accurate methodologies to remove the effects of atmospheric components on the response of land surfaces to solar illumination. This is the first and essential step to the retrieval of the biophysical properties of vegetation and soils. HYGEOS is thereby contributing to the production of the basic land ecosystems characteristics disseminated by the Copernicus Global Land Service and the Copernicus Climate Change Service, through its direct involvement in the both services but also in some related R&D projects. Such generic products are subsequently exploited in specific models and tools to derive customized end-users products for applications in agriculture, forestry, urban planning, protected areas monitoring, insurance and so on.
Radiative Transfer and Inversion Techniques
HYGEOS has developed a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code on a graphics card (GPU) for the direct and exact simulation of the signal received and measured by a sensor placed, in particular, on board satellite platforms. This tool, called SMART-G, allows a precise simulation of the signal and is now considered as a reference. It is used to verify common assumptions in operational algorithms. HYGEOS is also strongly involved in the development of the radiative transfer package ARTDECO. HYGEOS performs preparatory studies for future space missions. This can emcompass the production of synthetic level 1 data (see 4MSDS) or the prototyping of level 2 retrieval (see 3MI Cloud and MetImCTP). In the H2020 PHIDIAS project, which exploits High Performance Computing and high-performance data management for developing smart screening techniques of large amount of satellite data, HYGEOS provides expertise in filtering methods to be applied on Sentinel-5P data for the detection and identification of anomalous atmospheric composition events. |
Definitions for "Physiotherapist"
The branch of treatment that employs physical methods to promote healing, including the use of light, infrared and ultraviolet rays, heat, electric current, massage, manipulation, and remedial exercise.
A healthcare professional trained to show how to move around and do therapeutic exercises.
therapist who treats injury or dysfunction with exercises and other physical treatments of the disorder
Keywords: graduate, recognized, school
a graduate of a recognized school of |
The decimal numerical system
Romans numbering system was the only system used for ages, in the western world. Calculations, in this Roman numbering system, lacked the compactness in writing, were time consuming and more importantly: "it was not possible to automate calculations". (Here an interesting link to the several calculation systems) It turns out that the Chinese were the first (2000BC - 300BC) who had a decimal systems, they used bamboo rot symbols and a horizontal rot as zero symbol.
The current decimal numbering system was coming into existence in India in the 5th - 8th century. In the 15th and 16th century the Arabs (Moors) took it to Spain, on their turn they spread it in Europe and in the rest of the world. That was the perfect condition for a world wide use of the decimal system. It became the foundation of our current method of calculating and obviously our calculating machines.
The essentials of the decimal numbering system are:
We hardly think about it nowadays, but it is very smart and the breakthrough of this calculating method, to have a symbol for zero.
State administrations, tax officials, bank directors, astronomy- and science professors had a strong need to automate calculations. The accuracy of the slide ruler, maximum 3 digits, was often not enough. Books with extensive tables were used to assist the user with multiplications, logarithms and sin and cos etc. Some universities in France and Germany, had one or two mechanical calculators, often these concepts were build under the direct responsibility of their professors, the pioneers.
The mechanical precision of the metal craft tools and the obvious correspondingly skills of labor, was suffering them at realizing their ideas. These university pioneers surged for mechanical tools and their experts and find them in aria's with a great clocks building tradition, like the "Ertzgebirge" and the "Black forest" in Germany.
The Pioneers
Mechanical Calculators
The Antikythera ship wreckage
More evidence is coming up that the ancient Greeks had already an calculation tool. A piece of wreckage is found near the Greek island Antikythera. Several universities analyzed the wreckage and it turned out to be an astronomical / planet positions tool.
The still interesting / remaining issues are:
- Did they already used calculating tools?
- Which tools did they use to build these?
- Are there more mechanisms from that period?
- Are there any documents?
These will be sure subject for further studies. Please see later on on this page for very interesting explaining video's. *1)
Leonardo da Vinci Italy (1452 – 1519)
The first known attempts, to describe a mechanical calculator, based on gears, are previously only attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
Twenty years later, in 1641, Blaise Pascal (Paris), yes the man of various physical propositions, developed and build the Pascaline / Pedometer. For his father, who was a tax man and obviously needed a calculating machine. (More details). He build more machines and got the credit to be the man who designed and build first commercial available calculator.
The calculation failures of the machine where a drawback and suffered him to continuous modifications.
The biggest difficulty was the carry (from 9 to 10) and even more the multiple carry (fi from 999 to 1000 etc.).
The Pascal design is in 1675 strongly improved by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz (born in Leipzig-1646). There are probably two copies build of this machine, which were based on the special wheel, which has become known as the Staffelwalze in Germany, as Stepped drum, Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz Wheel, in the English speaking countries.
It is a turn able cylinder with nine teeth of different lengths on it. The gearwheel above can horizontally moved to the left and the right. Moving this small gearwheel, leads to a turning of this gearwheel with a equivalent number of teeth. This is shown on the numbered wheel or the result register. Please play the animation on the left.
In early machines the gearwheels are moved by sliders The keyboard was introduced, as the method was developed to convert a key pressed, to the needed distance to move the small gearwheel.
The Gauss and Curta are using one central stepped drum for feeding all the circular surrounding small gear wheels / digits.
The Swede Mr. Odhner modified the "Pinwheel" construction, which was invented in 1709 in Padua, Italia by Giovanni Poleni. The first reliable Pinwheel calculator came on the market in 1875. This calculator had no keyboard, but number of shifters instead. The Pinwheel consists of separate disks. Each disk has a slider with which a number from 0 to 9 can be entered. Each digit has a slider which controls a mechanism of pins internally in the disk. On the adjacent side of the slider a number of pins, according the slider value, will stick out of the disk. These pins will turn the number-gear when turning the pin wheel. The result and the number of times the wheel is turned are displayed in two separate Windows. A second time the wheel is turning the same amount is adding to the number gears. A adding took place. You subtract the number by turning the wheel in the opposite direction.
The pinwheel and stepped drum machines (see later on) have implemented a genius idea to make the number gears / result unit, horizontally movable. This gave the machines the ability to easily multiply and divide by successive additions and subtractions.
Pin Wheel
In this context it is nice to mention that Von Leibniz also invented the binary calculation rules (1 and 0), the calculating rule for all our nowadays computers.
(More details on Von Leibniz) I like to recommend reading his Biography with his embittered and neglected last years.
Around 1825, the human and mechanical skills, the tools and machinery, was coming to a level that production of reliable calculators was becoming possible. Which was also evidenced by the "Stepped drum" technology. The first commercially successful Stepped drum calculator, see the picture left, was the Arithmometer or the Thomas machine. Mr. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785–1870 Paris) holds the credits for the design, patents and manufacturing.
An other calculator from that time is the Mathieus Hahn machine.
The carriage made multiplication possible though successive additions and shift digits of the multiplicand.
However it was until 1875 that mechanical calculators are more considered as curiosities, then as practical usable machines. This changed, from around 1875 on, the time frame when volume production was established. The four basic calculation technologies which made it:
( I temporary skip history information on the Direct add technology)
Around 1890, manufacturer Burroughs (USA) started to build calculators with this rocking segment technology. The first had only displays, but it turned out that this technology is efficient to add a printing function. On the other, above mentioned technologies, you will not / seldom find printing capabilities.
The machines had many keys, 1..9 for each digit. So the vertical key location represents the value (1-9) of the figure of that digit, the horizontal location represents the digits value, the right most are the units, then the tens, the hundreds and the thousands etc.
This machine has a weight of 33kg. You noticed the glass windows, to see the mechanics true it. Nice but this was not the main purpose. They did it primarily for noise isolation. Glass does this much better than a thin steel or aluminum plate.
Later, in 1922, full keyboards are more and more replaced by the 10key ones. Their pin block, the shift mechanism which stores the individual digit value, gave them a much smaller size and weight.
Stepped drum
Source: WikiPedia
The first mechanical calculators for practical usage
The German Mr. Burghard was rebuilding and improved the the Thomas machine (left picture). He gathered the best people for designs together and due to his outstanding business skills and the stride along production capabilities, their machines became more and more a commercial success. But more than that: It turnout to be the native company for the German calculating industry (Stepped drum technology) in Dresden, Glashütte (Ertzgebirge), Sömmerda (Erfurt) and Berlin, with brands like: Archimedes, Ludwig Spitz & Co (TIM), Peerles, Rheinmetall, Saxonia, Seidel & Naumann (XxX).
The most crucial milestones I have mentioned here and further on on this website, but many others provided great contributions to the further developments of parts used in mechanical calculation machines. You will find more details at the next link. (An exhaustive paper from the University of Ludwigsburg Germany).
An other extensive list, chronological: (
Antikythera wreck / mechanism
The significance and complexity of the peace of messing, found in the wreck of a berried Greek ship in 1900-1901, near the Greek island Antikythera, was long not understood. When it became known that the ship was of the first century BC, the remaining's are very likely the oldest known scientific calculator, an ancient mechanical computer, designed to calculate astronomical planet positions.
Investigations still going on more evidence, documents or others instruments.
Links to the subject. Please visit the website of and e-mail acquaintance of mine who build a replica. Here you will find more details of the used gears dimensions.
The video below tells us a the story of a comprehensive study / analysis. Starting with the process of getting the numbers of the gears known. It turns out to be an planet eclipse computer. Very useful for warfare to predicting darker nights . It tells us that probably Mr Archimedes was able to give it so much detail. For instance the ellipse shaped track of the moon is taken into account. That the knowledge was lost due to wars and the Arabs got the knowledge and the Moors brought it back to Europe centuries later. It is a long (~2h) but very much recommended to follow story.
A complete different functional concept, than what we've seen sofar in mechanical calculators, was designed in 1833 in London, England by Mr. Charles Babbage.
He had an clear application for his "Difference engine", he was developing. His machine should be able to calculate and produce "error free table books", sinus, cosines and logarithms etc.
He used the "difference method", from the numerical mathematics, which is very useful for this type of sequential calculations. Here the polygon is not calculated by its self, but by the differences between the two sequential ones. This eliminates the need for multiplication and division and the table can be build by only add and subtract type of calculations. Details on the difference method you can find here. The parameters used here can be set for various polygons.
His next project was the "Analytical Engine". He start working on this in 1834. It is considered as the first programming calculator where he was greatly influenced and assisted by misses Ada Lovelance, the first programmer.
The difference engine, the first "Programmable" calculator
Mr. C. Zuze his programmable calculator
Changing from science, to engineering, to mass production
After many professors had build concepts of calculators in an "university" environment, the "industry" and many engineers got many licences on their names. But "clever business men" at the end, making money in the calculator market.
The Gauss, deigned by Mr. C. Hamann. These pictures are made of the machine of the UT Delft, Prof. P. Breedveld. The cylindrical construction build in 1902. This was a predecessor *2) and an inspiration for Curt Herzstark to develop his famous Curta. But prior tho those two, Mr. Hahn's his calculator of 1774, was the first calculator with this cylindrical configuration, around one stepped drum.
Not so well known, as the other pioneers, is Mr. Christian Ludwich Gersten (born in Giessen Germany and studied also in London UK). He developed and build in 1709 and present it in London in 1722, the first "Rocking Segment" machine. Although it was not a segment of a gearwheel, but a toothed rack or Oscillating Rack. This rack moves back and forth by the shifters, engaging the counter register in one direction only, for adding. The shifters, are inputting the numbers by shifting the racks an equal number of teeth. The display reflecting the counter register, showing the results of the adding.
It is not known why this machine is not optimized for production in those years. Rebuilding it in later years showed no technical difficulties, considering the production skill in those years.
Designers of ASTRA / ASCOTA used that toothed- or oscillating rack implementation of the rocking segment technology, very successful in their machines, much later (1920....).
Rocking Segment
Predecessor of the Curta
Was it Christian Hamann, with his Gauss , the finding of Axel Jacob Petersson or the one of Paul Haacks, who is the predecessor or gave inspiration to Curt Herzstarks to develop his Curta, the first and very famous pocket calculator?
This PDF describes the patent search and many other original which might give you the answer.
In Germany Mr. Zuse worked on an "digital logic" approach, based on AND, OR and NOT mechanical building blocks he realized the first out of a range, the Z1 in 1937. It was not reliable at all, resulting in many fail calculation. In 1941 he build the next version with a number input of an 8 track cinema film and relay's. It had 64 registers of 22 bits.
In the UK in a covert operation (1943) a programmable calculator was build with radio valves. Mr Newmans, was in charge of the operation. It was 30 years after this secret operation, that the documents of that operation were disclosed.
Programming can be done with simple punched hole cards. This principle was already used at the textile industry.
This machine had:
- 1000 registers of 50 digits
- a decimal calculator (add) with carry
- control mechanisms for using results in next calculations
- printing unit
- a punched hole cart unit for in and output.
Although it was ample funded, his Difference engine No-1 was not completed during his lifetime. With the support of his son and misses Ada Lovelance, Analytical engine No 2 became more mature, but he self never saw the complete machine working.
Between 1990-2002 two machines are rebuild. One is at the Science museum in London and one at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California (USA). (please see my report of my visit.)
In the US and Sweden approaches were made successfully. In the US the machine is used for the people counting. They used for the first time punch cards as input from the Hollerith company, much later merged with others manufacturers to finally the IBM company.
A other nice video with explanation details. An other one. A nice on as well.
Preface: No machine, no matter how extraordinary, is as interesting as its maker.
Three exceptions
With the above given three technologies the mainstream of mechanical calculators is set. But there are a few others who played an important role in the history of mechanical computing:
The Direct Multiplication Machines
A direct multiply machine does a multiply in one or two machine cycles in stead of performing multiple repetitive additions. These machines use a multiplier body. Edmund Barber patented one in 1875, Ramón Vera in 1878, but both machines caused no break trough. The first mass production was produced by Leon Bollee (Le Mans, Fr.) The biggest success however had the Millionaire of Otto Steiger, build by H. Egli (Zurich, CH)
(please see the chapter "How do they calculate for more details on the working)
The Leon Bollee machine
Mr. Leon Bollee patented his machine in 1889. The unit, to the right of the machine, is the multiplier body. It is a block with an array of pins with specific length. This length determines the multiplying factor.
His passion was cars, so no follow up or updates were seen.
The Millionaire
This machine, called "the Millionaire", was designed in 1892 by Otto Steiger and produced by Hans Egli in Zurich Switzerland. This direct or instant multiplication machine is successfully used world wide. In 1935, 4655 millionaires were build.
This machine was very popular and is popular by collectors nowadays, due to its rapid multiplications and the very nice internal mechanisms.
Despite the Millionaires popularity, the Egli company stopped the production and continued with the MADAS machines, which were more suitable for automatic calculations, driven by electric motors.
The Moon Hopkins billing machine
The Moon Hopkins machine is a type writer / billing machine which has a calculator unit with a direct multiplier enclosed. This machine, as others, developed from the billing machine area. Burroughs has marketed this machine later.
An other encore of an mechanical calculator master piece
The scientist and Nobel price winner (in 1852), Mr. Albert Michelson, is known and has been awarded for his work on the speed of light measurements. It is not so well known that he had developed a mechanical harmonic analyzer. A machine who can perform Fourier Analysis and Synthesis. The video below shows that for instance a square wave can be seen as built up of several sine waves.
One machine is in "Das Deutches Museum" in Munich, the others showed at the Arithmeum in Bonn and the HNM in Paderborn (DL).
Wilhelm Schickard (1592–1635).
In Germany the first mechanical calculator was build in 1620 by Wilhelm Schickard. He was professor at the Tübingen university, somewhat north of the Black Forest. The documents were lost until the 19th century. It took until 1960 before replica's were build based on these drawings. |
Black Holes Might Have Cores of Pure Dark Energy That Keep The Universe Expanding
A half a century old theory predicting the existence of bodies labeled Generic Objects of Dark Energy (GEODEs) is getting a second look due to a proposed correction in the assumptions made to model the way our Universe expands. If this new form of a classic cosmological model is right, some black holes may perhaps hide cores of pure dark energy, pushing our Universe apart at the seams.
University of Hawai’i astrophysicist Kevin Croker and mathematician Joel Weiner joined hands to challenge the broadly accepted view that when it comes to the Universe’s growing circumference, its contents are largely irrelevant.
This alternative interpretation of fundamental physics could potentially change how we understand the Universe’s expansion, but we also might need to consider how such growth might affect compact objects such as the cores of collapsing stars. The fact that space has been steadily covering more area for the past 13.8 billion years is by now a widely accepted feature of our Universe.
The set of equations commonly used to describe this expansion was first proposed on paper almost a century ago by the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann. These offered a solution to Einstein’s theory of general relativity that now fortifies our big-picture model of cosmology.
Although Friedmann’s equations have proved to be very useful, they’re built on the assumption that any matter floating around inside this expanding space is more or less composed of the same kind of stuff that is spread out fairly evenly. This implies that we tend to ignore the swirls of stars and galaxies similar to how we might not include ducks in the hydrodynamics of a lake.
But Croker and Weiner wondered what might happen to space and its constituent objects if some reasonable changes were made to the assumptions that give rise to these equations. The consequences aren’t inconsequential. Their adjusted model shows that the averaged contributions of our metaphorical ducks might affect the lake’s water considerably.
Moreover, the lake’s expansion would also affect how the ducks swim, instigating them to lose or gain energy depending on their species. Hypothetically, this interpretation would infer that we need to take the Universe’s growth into account whenever we describe certain phenomena like the death of a star.
In 1966, a Russian physicist named Erast Gliner pondered how some densities of space close to the Big Bang might appear in terms of relativity just like a vacuum that could counter the effects of gravity.
His solution would be similar to a black hole from the outside. But inside, it would be like a bubble of energy shoving against the surrounding Universe. Half a century later, astrophysicists are on the lookout for a similar pushing power that might be responsible for the Universe’s expansion picking up speed over time. Now, we refer to this undescribed force as dark energy, but now the question arises that are Gliner’s pockets of relativistic nothingness the source of our Universe’s accelerating expansion?
According to Croker and Weiner’s work, if just a limited number of ancient stars collapsed into Gliner’s GEODEs instead of the more characteristic puckered space of a singularity, their average effect on expanding space would resemble dark energy. The pair pursued further, applying their corrected model to the first measured observation of gravitational waves from a black hole collision by LIGO.
To make the math appropriate, it’s supposed that the stars that shaped the merging black holes originated in a low-metallicity environment, making them somewhat rare. Technically, the energy of a GEODE should progress as the Universe grows, effectively compacting as a cosmological equivalent of a ‘blueshift’. According to the researchers, if the merging black holes were GEODEs, it will no longer be necessary to assume that black holes were born in an unusual patch of space.
The researchers whose work was published in The Astrophysical Journal, said, “What we have shown is that if GEODEs do exist, then they can easily give rise to observed phenomena that presently lack convincing explanations. We anticipate numerous other observational consequences of a GEODE scenario, including many ways to exclude it. We’ve barely begun to scratch the surface.”
Testing assumptions such as these are a vital part of physics. A lot more is needed to enroll GEODEs in any official astrophysical zoo of weird objects, but it’s now a possibility that these could be the dark hearts of the Universe we’ve been looking for.
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What is "picture flying" and does the FAA define it in any of their literature?
Here is an example situation. You are instructed to depart using a SID. The SID states that at 1.5NM from ABC VORTAC a left turn should be made to heading 360. Your FMS allows you to draw a 1.5NM ring around the fix on your moving map, so you draw the line. When the little airplane is at the line, you make the turn. Anecdotally, I have been told this constitutes "picture flying" and isn't a legal way to comply with instructions from a SID or other procedure. The legal method would be to tune the VORTAC and make the turn when the DME reads 1.5NM.
One could make the argument that the DME is as inaccurate as the visual estimate from the picture flying. Aircraft climb at different rates and the angular distance affects the straight-line distance across the ground, especially if the instructions are something like, cross 20NM from ABC VORTAC at 10,000 feet.
Any definition or clarification from FAA publications or letters would be appreciated.
• 1
$\begingroup$ What's the difference between what you described, and using GPS instead of DME? $\endgroup$ – Pondlife May 29 '18 at 22:23
• $\begingroup$ @Pondlife - "(...) you can't enter any fixes yourself based on lat/long or whatever": I think answers the question. $\endgroup$ – ymb1 May 30 '18 at 3:09
• $\begingroup$ There is potentially a difference between "the point which is actually 1.5nm from ABC" and "the point at which the DME reads 1.5nm". I treat it analogously to your indicated altitude relative to a local altimeter setting, versus your exact actual height above sea level. $\endgroup$ – IanF1 May 30 '18 at 6:02
• $\begingroup$ @ymb1 Yes, maybe. To me, ryan's describing an FMS that's capable of identifying a point 1.5 DME from a VORTAC, and I don't really see what the difference is between that and a GPS that does the same thing. Both instruments load the VORTAC's position from a database (I assume) and they both tell you when you're 1.5 DME away. So I don't really get what's different about his scenario, although perhaps that's exactly the question! $\endgroup$ – Pondlife May 30 '18 at 13:45
I can't prove a negative, but as CrossRoads pointed out, the phrase "picture flying" isn't used on faa.gov. At least, neither Google nor faa.gov's own search engine turn up any hits.
I searched a bit further and I did find one specific match in a Bendix advert in the Feb 2, 1953 edition of Life:
Picture flying is the name pilots give to flying with OMNI-MAG. Merely by watching the pointer the pilot always knows where he is, where he is going, and how to get there
There's no real technical detail in the advert (it's actually an advert for Bendix television sets!) apart from mentioning that the OMNI-MAG uses VHF radio, but based on the picture it looks like a VOR receiver.
So, given that the FAA seems not to use the phrase at all and the only exact hit I could find was from 1953, I suspect that "picture flying" is an obsolete phrase for following a visual course indication. Before VORs, pilots used audio signals from a four-course radio range and the advert even mentions that they won't have to listen constantly any more.
That makes me think that the phrase arose around the time that radio navigation moved from audio to visual signals, to indicate that the pilot could now look at a visual indicator rather than just listen. That transition happened in the 1950s, so it would fit with the advert's publication.
• $\begingroup$ +1 for revealing that Bendix made televisions $\endgroup$ – TomMcW May 30 '18 at 18:56
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Oilstones, like the Norton whetstone, can be made out of natural or synthetic material like Novaculite, Aluminium Oxide, or Silicon Carbide. As per the name, oilstones require the use of oil as you sharpen your knife's blade. This type of stone is slower at sharpening or honing a blade and it can be messy and you need to always have some oil on hand but it creates a nice sharp edge and a beautiful polish.
Siliciclastic stone is a clastic, noncarbonate, sedimentary stone that is almost exclusively silica-bearing and exists as either a form of quartz or, another silicate mineral. In addition, hardened clay is also a sedimentary stone but, it is formed from organic materials such as plant and animal matter and thus, it is much softer than Siliciclastic However, when silicon sediment is suspended in a clay matrix and then naturally hardened over thousands of years, it forms an excellent whetstone material; although, it is somewhat softer than Novaculite. Thus, because the geology of Japan once held large deposits of this type of stone it has been used for hundreds of years for sharpening tools, knives, and swords. However, unlike Novaculite, Belgian Blue, and Coticule, both natural and synthetic Japanese whetstones use water for lubrication and thus, they are commonly known as “Japanese Water Stones” because this type of stone is very porous. Thus, natural Japanese Water Stones must be soaked in water for up to twenty-four hours prior to use whereas, synthetic Japanese Water Stones can be soaked for only a few moments.
If you wish, further polish or even strop the edge to the desired sharpness. This makes the edge better suited for "push cutting" (cutting directly into materials, pushing straight down without sliding the blade across the object) but generally impairs slicing ability: without the "microscopic serrations" left by grinding with a stone, the blade tends to not bite into things like tomato skins.
All stones require either water or oil as a lubricant to sharpen the knife. We prefer water stones because they’re easier to use, less messy and don’t have the possibility to go rancid like oil does. If you choose a water stone, all you have to do is either add water to the stone before placing the knife on the surface, or soak the stone in water for 10 minutes before use. You’ll want to read the instruction for the stone you purchase to find out how to use it properly.
4. Start sharpening the first side of the blade. With your blade set at the prefect angle, you’re ready to start sharpening. Imagine you’re carving off a slim piece of the stone’s surface. Personally, I bring the blade into the stone. Other people stroke the blade away from the stone. Both ways work, so just use whatever technique you prefer. If the knife blade is curved or if it’s longer than the stone, you’ll need to sweep the blade sideways as you work, so the entire edge is sharpened evenly. Apply moderate pressure as you sharpen. No need to bear down hard on the blade. After you make one stroke, start back at the beginning and repeat. Do this about 6-12 times.
In terms of feedback, in the eyes, and in the hands of many sharpeners, the feedback on this particular brand of stones is not to their liking and often it is enough to stop them from using them. These are thinner than other stones as well so you may get the impression that you are not getting your moneys worth. They are very hard stones, there is no soft, creamy sensation as you sharpen, there is not much feedback at all in fact.
Sharpening is really two processes: Grinding and honing. Grinding is simply the removal of metal. Honing is a precision abrasion process in which a relatively small amount of material is removed from the surface by the means of abrasive stones. Once you have the right shape, usually using a more aggressive grit, you then switch to a finer grit to hone the edge.
So, as you can see, there are numerous different types and grades of whetstones on the market today and each has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the right practice to choose the right sharpening stone for you is to choose a whetstone material based upon how fast you need to remove metal and how fine an edge you need. For instance, although they are often the most expensive type of whetstone, diamond hones generally cut the fastest even in their finer grits followed by Crystolon Stones and then India Stones which are then generally followed by Japanese Water Stones and then by Novaculite, Belgian Blue, and Coticule whetstones in terms of how fast they remove metal. However, it should also be noted that the rougher an edge is, the less sharp it is while, the more polished an edge is, the sharper it is and thus, rough edges are fine for some tools while other tools require a much finer edge and, hunting knives require the finest edge of all. Therefore, the trick to choosing the proper whetstone for any given sharpening purpose is to purchase multiple stones with varying grits to accomplish each given task from cutting an initial bevel or defining a damaged edge to refining an existing edge to polishing it. We hope this article helped you. Feel free to leave a comment below if you have questions.
This three stone package is a good place to look if a larger surface area in oilstones is what you’re after. The 11 1/2" long by 2 1/2" wide Coarse Crystolon, Medium India and Soft Arkansas stones provide more work surface than the smaller oil stones giving flexibility to sharpen knives and many other tools as well. The plastic housing retains the oil, keeping the stones bathed and ready to go.
Water stones can also be made out of natural or synthetic materials and they are fast becoming the most popular type of whetstone as they only require the use of water to lubricate the stone. They are not as messy to work with as an oil stone and deliver fast sharpening results but for even better results, soak the stone in water for 5 or 10 minutes.
Keep your knife razor-sharp with a high-quality sharpening stone. We offer a wide variety of sharpening stones, such as Arkansas stone, Diamond stone, Bench stone, Water stone and more. Whether you own a pocket knife, a hunting knife or a kitchen knife, a sharpening stone is essential for preventing your blade from becoming dull. Most of our sharpening stones are lightweight and portable, so you can use them at home or take them with you wherever you go.
It is better to understand the difference in sharpening stone materials before you are going to make any decision. Among the available options in the market today, Waterstone, oilstone and diamond stone are the most common type of sharpening stone. Each of stones comes with advantages and disadvantages. Waterstone and oilstone are available in natural and synthetic models. Synthetic are the most common and easy to find as man makes them. As the use of natural stones (e.g. original Arkansas or Japanese natural whetstones) is has diminished in popularity, they are beginning to rare in the market. Artificial stones have a more consistent particle size and controlled with a tight mechanism in providing high-quality sharpening stone.
Put the pointed, narrow end of the sharpener up against the open end of the gut hook. The narrow, pointed end of the sharpener should face in toward the thickness of the blade, away from the edge of the gut hook. Match the angle of the sharpener to the original edge angle. This will maintain the correct sharpening angle and prevent you from getting cut by the blade tip. Hold the same angle when sharpening each side of the gut hook.
I give Sharp Pebble a top rating for two reasons. First, the company emailed a user guide for me to review and learn how to best use its product while it was being shipped to me. Wonderfully proactive. Second, the sharpening stone did a terrific job restoring the edge on my kitchen knives that had been woefully neglected. Ever rent a house and every knife in the kitchen has the edge of a butter knife? I was almost there. Now, the knives are cutting beautifully. I have only one suggestion for Sharp Pebble. While the stone includes a useful angle guide that can be attached to a blade and the guide gives clear steps on prepping the stone and how to hold the blade when sharpening, it does not illustrate the manner in which the blade needs to be moved across the stone. I had to go to Youtube to get some tips on the exact method. I have historically been very bad at putting an edge on a blade due to ignorance primarily. But with the help of the video and a good stone, I did an effective job. The base does a great job of holding the stone in place and is attractive in the kitchen.
Diamond sharpening stone delivers fast cutting and sharp edges. They are tougher in material and doesn’t flatten. Therefore, it is the best way on investment if you want such of the sharpener that easy to maintain and practical to use. Diamond sharpening stone doesn’t require water other than a spill. It is also applicable to use with lubrication if you wish to. |
OD0090E600-3 L6Cc DEM939 FT3D ACX-FCPM-RGVB x2 3840PV2 111217
3 important things when choosing a laser combiner for Flow Cytometry
As discussed in a previous blog post, flow cytometry is an extremely valuable methodology employed by scientists around the world for analyzing individual cells via fluorescence tagging. In that blog titled “Flow Cytometry Review,” we went to great lengths to explain basic principles of the technique, and we introduced the concept of utilizing multiple excitation lasers to increase the number of available fluorophores. By using several lasers throughout the visible spectrum, you can now excite a wide variety of fluorophores such as the ones shown in the figure below, increasing the number specific cell properties that you can probe.
fluorophores color
To make the process of integrating multiple lasers into one device, such as a flow cytometer, easier RPMC Lasers offers the LaserBoxx Combiner from Oxxius, which combines up to six different lasers with one colinear output beam dichroicly beam combined and coupled into a single-mode fiber optic cable. The block diagram below shows a schematic block diagram for a six-laser set-up which would be ideal for the group of fluorophores demonstrated in the previous figure.
Laserboxx diagram
In this particular blog, we are going to focus our attention, not on the application itself; instead, we are going to look at what are the key characteristics that you need to look for when choosing a laser combiner for you flow cytometer.
1. Wavelength Availability: As we explained above the most critical consideration when choosing a laser combiner for flow cytometry is to ensure that the laser wavelengths line up with the excitation spectra of your anticipated fluorophores. This is why the LaserBoxx can be configured with any combination of the 22 different wavelength laser options that Oxxius offers between 375 nm and 1064nm. It is important to note that many conventional fluorophores have excitation bands which overlap each other, so you must try and pick each wavelength to ensure that it can be used to excite the maximum number for fluorophores. Also, it is essential to keep in mind that for the dichroic mirrors used inside of a laser combiner each wavelength should be at least 10-nm apart. Since most fluorophores have excitation bands larger than 10-nm this is typically not an issue, but if you are working with narrower than usual absorption bands, the minimum separation must be taken into consideration.
2. Beam Quality: Flow cytometry measures the fluorescence emission of individual cells moving through a jet or microfluid cell, which are typically between 1-µm and 15-µm in diameter. Therefore, the laser combiner must emit a perfect TEM00 beam profile, so that laser can be focused to such a small spot size. As a result, it is always best practice to choose a laser combiner that has a single-mode fiber-optic output. Since the single-mode fiber acts as a spatial filter, it strips out any higher-order modes which may be present in the laser beam itself and ensure a perfect TEM00 beam, with an M2 < 1.05 for all wavelengths. Oxxius’ LaserBoxx is available with an individual or dual single-mode fiber-coupled outputs. The dual fiber option allows you to have one output use a solarization resistant fiber, which is optimal for shorter laser wavelengths, and the other to have low-OH fiber for longer wavelengths.
3. Modulation: The final primary consideration when choosing a laser combiner for flow cytometry are the modulation and triggering capabilities. Each laser must be individually addressable to trigger each of them independently or all at once, ensuring that the wavelengths of interest are incident on the cell stream at the appropriate time. Traditionally lasers for flow cytometry have been used in a CW or quasi-CW fashion, but recently there has been increased interest in measuring fluorescence lifetime to gain even more information. In these cases, a pulse width of a few nanoseconds is needed. The LaserBoxx is capable of providing both of these functionalities, by either direct modulation of the diode lasers, or by adding an Acousto-Optic Modulator (AOM) in between a DPSS laser and the dichroic
If you would like to get a more detailed understanding of the LaserBoxx, you can check out our white paper titled “Multi-Wavelength Laser Sources for Multi-Color Fluorescence Microscopy,” or click here to visit the product page for more detailed technical specifications. As always, you can also talk to one of our laser experts today by calling 1-636-272-7227.
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Book Club
Every year we list the books that influenced us the most, changed our mode of thinking or simply made our day
• Consciousness Explained, Daniel C. Dennett’s now-classic book blends philosophy, psychology and neuroscience – with the aid of numerous examples and thought-experiments – to explore how consciousness has evolved, and how a modern understanding of the human mind is radically different from conventional explanations of consciousness.
• The Book of Why : Correlation does not imply causation. This mantra was invoked by scientists for decades in order to avoid taking positions as to whether one thing caused another, such as smoking and cancer and carbon dioxide and global warming. But today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, sparked by world-renowned computer scientist Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and placed cause and effect on a firm scientific basis. Now, Pearl and science journalist Dana Mackenzie explain causal thinking to general readers for the first time, showing how it allows us to explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It is the essence of human and artificial intelligence. And just as Pearl’s discoveries have enabled machines to think better, The Book of Why explains how we can think better.
• World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History : World Order is the summation of Henry Kissinger’s thinking about history, strategy and statecraft. As if taking a perspective from far above the globe, it examines the great tectonic plates of history and the motivations of nations, explaining the attitudes that states and empires have taken to the rest of the world from the formation of Europe to our own times. |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Cava and Sarno
Cava and Sarno, Diocese of (Cavensis et Sarnensis). Cava dei Tirreni is a city picturesquely situated in the province of Salerno, in Southern Italy. It was built by the inhabitants of Marina, after the destruction of that city by the Vandals (c. 455). In 980 St. Alferio Pappacarbona, monk of Cluny, withdrew to a deep cleft in Monte Finestre which dominates the city, and became the founder of one of the most celebrated of Italian monasteries. Its abbots received many privileges from the popes, especially from Urban II, who visited the monastery, and from Boniface IX, who in 1394 attached the episcopal dignity to the abbot's office. The cathedral of Cava, famous for its organ, has been since 1513 the principal church of the city. The library of the monastery is very rich in ancient parchments, mostly private in character, written in Greek, Latin, Italian, and Arabic. It has also a beautiful gallery of paintings. Since 1860 the monastery has been one of the "national monuments"; some monks remain as its custodians. There are in Cava a college, gymnasium, and lyceum, in charge of Benedictines. In 1818 the Diocese of Sarno was united to that of Cava. Sarno is a city in the province of Salerno, situated on the river of the same name. It was made an episcopal see in 1066, the first bishop being Riso. Cardinal Sfondrato, Archbishop of Amalfi, was at one time Bishop of Sarno. The united dioceses are immediately subject to the Holy See. They contain a population of 58,200, with 27 parishes, 5 religious houses of men and 7 of women. |
Q: When was the command to pay Zakat revealed to the Prophet (peace be upon him?)
A: It is mentioned in Tafsir ibn Kathir that the command to pay Zakat was revealed in Makkah. In the 2nd year after the Hijrah (migration) to Madinah, Zakat was institutionalised and obliged with all its specifications.
In Makkah, the verses on Zakat generally pertained to individual charitable payments, and it was left to the individual’s faith and own conscience to decide how much to give and whom to give it to.
We know Zakat was revealed whilst the Prophet was in Makkah as Meccan verses make reference to Zakat payments. For example, in the Meccan chapter titled, ‘The Ascending Stairways’ (Sūrah al-Ma’ārij), Allah Almighty makes reference to Zakat with the following words:
"And in whose wealth there is a right acknowledged. For the beggar and the destitute." (Quran, 70:24-25)
Around eighteen months after the arrival of the Prophet (Allah’s blessings and salutations upon him) in Madinah, Zakat became institutionalised. Madinah verses gave clear directives ordering the payment of Zakat. In the Medinan period, the Prophet would send out Zakat collectors and distributors.
Great scholars such as Ibn Khuzaymah and Ibn Kathir were of the view that Zakat became obligatory in Makkah whilst other scholars are of the view that Zakat became obligatory after the Hijrah in al-Madinah .
And Allah knows best!
Mufti Faraz Adam |
An Operating System is the software that interacts with the hardware of a computer and serves as the intermediary between all the applications and the hardware, including peripherals such as a printer, a computer mouse or a keyboard. When you run an app, it transmits requests to the OS using an API (Application Program Interface) and the interaction is done through a command line or a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Similar to a personal computer, web servers also feature an Operating System that acts as a host for all the software installed on them, including script applications or server-side software such as a flash server, a VOIP server, etc. A virtual machine can be set up on a physical one, so you will be able to install a guest OS on it and have a different system environment in contrast with the physical server host OS. |
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UNR Prof: The Time For This Water-Saving Grain In Nevada Is Now
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Nevada’s agricultural producers often contend with drought, and there is an increasing demand for water for uses other than crops.
Researchers with the University of Nevada, Reno, have been working to evaluate and commercialize crops that use less water.
Professor John Cushman and his team think they’ve found an alternative. It's called teff.
The grain can be grown as hay for livestock and as a gluten-free grain. Cushman says Nevada's scarce water supplies mean now would be a good time for northern Nevada farmers to start using the grain for livestock and to grow sprouts for salad bars.
Support comes from
John Cushman, professor, University of Nevada, Reno
|
Are Biotechnology and sustainability complementary? The Economist wants your vote
The Economist is running an online debate and we need your vote.
Vote here.
My opening statement:
The number of people on Earth is expected to increase from the current 6.7 billion to 9 billion by 2050 with food demands expected to rise by 70%. How will we feed them? If we continue with current farming practices, vast amounts of wilderness will be lost, millions of birds and billions of insects will die, scarce water will be wasted, greenhouse gas emissions will increase and farm workers will be exposed to harmful chemicals. Clearly, the future of our planet requires that we improve the environmental, economic and social impacts of our global farming systems-- the three essential pillars of sustainable agriculture. Genetically engineered crops will continue to play an important role in this future.
After 10,000 years of crop domestication and innovation, virtually everything we eat has been genetically altered and every farm today grows such crops. Genetic engineering (GE) differs from conventional methods of crop modification in two basic ways: it introduces one or a few well-characterised genes; and genes from any species can be introduced into a plant. In contrast, most conventional methods of genetic alteration (artificial selection, forced inter-specific transfer, random mutagenesis and grafting of two species to create a new variety) introduce many uncharacterised genes from closely related species.
There is broad scientific consensus that GE crops currently on the market are safe to eat . The National Research Council, a non-profit institution that provides science, technology and health policy advice to the U.S. Congress, reports that the process of genetic engineering poses a similar risk of unintended consequences as conventional approaches of genetic alteration. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, GE crops have not caused a single instance of harm to human health or the environment. In contrast, every year there are thousands of reported pesticide poisonings (around 1,200 each year in California alone; 300,000 deaths globally). The NRC findings have been confirmed by leading scientific agencies around the world. For instance, the Joint Research Centre, the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission, recently concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of GE crops and that the crops currently on the market have not caused any known health effects.
Well-documented benefits of GE crops include massive reductions of insecticides in the environment, improved soil quality and reduced erosion, prevention of destruction of the Hawaiian papaya industry, proven health benefits to farmers and families growing GE crops as a result of reduced exposure to harsh chemicals, economic benefits to local communities, enhanced biodiversity of beneficial insects, reduction in the number of pest outbreaks on GE farms and neighbouring non-GE farms, and increased profits to farmers.
GE crops have also dramatically increased crop yields (more than 30%) in some farming communities.
Because substantial greenhouse gases are emitted from agricultural systems, and because the net effect of higher yields is a dramatic reduction in carbon emissions, development and deployment of such high-yielding varieties will be a critical component of a future sustainable agriculture.
In the near future, conservative models predict that planting of Golden Rice, a rice engineered to produce provitamin A, will reduce diseases caused by vitamin A deficiency, saving the lives of thousands of children. Golden rice is likely to be more cost-effective than alternative vitamin A interventions, such as food supplementation or fortification. In Africa, where three-quarters of the world's severe droughts have occurred over the past ten years, the introduction of genetically engineered drought tolerant corn, the most important African staple food crop, is predicted to dramatically increase yields for poor farmers.
A premise basic to almost every agricultural system (conventional, organic and everything in between) is that seed can only take us so far. The farming practices used to cultivate the seed are equally important. GE crops alone will not provide all the changes needed in agriculture. Ecologically based farming systems and other technological changes, as well as modified government policies, undoubtedly are also required. Yet it is hard to avoid the conclusion that ecological farming practices using genetically engineered seed will play an increasingly important role in a future sustainable agriculture. Each new variety will need to be tested on a case-by case basis in light of the criteria for a sustainable agricultural system.
There is now broad scientific consensus that GE crops and ecological farming practices can coexist--and if we are serious about building a future sustainable agriculture, they must.
View Charles Benbrook's opening remarks, here.
More like this
The online debate at The Economist Magazine continues. Dont forget to vote. My rebuttal is here: I agree with Charles Benbrook that "Bt crops have helped reduce insect feeding damage and lessened the need for toxic, broad-spectrum insecticides, and as a result, helped build populations of…
The journalist Marc Gunther recently posted a thoughtful article discussing public perceptions of the role of organic agriculture in a future sustainable food system. He found that many consumers believe that there are only two ways to produce food: "The first can be described, depending upon who…
The ‘Frankenfoods’ debate is coming to your dinner table. Just last month, a mini-war developed in Europe, when the European Union’s chief scientist, renowned biologist Anne Glover, said that foods made through genetic engineering, such as soy beans—about 80 percent of US grown soybeans have been…
The problem is that no respectable scientists are wiling to accept the fact that continued human population growth is patently unsustainable on a resource constrained planet.
All we see is a continued blind attempt at maintaining a failed paradigm. We should go all out in a global campaign to stop population growth. BTW, unfortunately more food just makes the problem worse not better. Quite the nasty little dilemma we naked apes seem to have gotten ourselves into.
The Most Important Data Set in the History of Our Species - (population, demographics, and environment)…
By Fred Magyar (not verified) on 02 Nov 2010 #permalink
As with any increase in efficiency the potential for benefit depends on how any gains are used. If the increase in food and nutrition are allocated to raising up the hungry and malnourished there is a benefit to humanity. If the increase is used to increase the numbers of people but not improve their lot then there is a much smaller, possibly no, benefit.
Many countries have adopted excessive family planning techniques to reduce population growth. The countries which don't have it should be encouraged to adopt them.
Fred, you make a good point about population. Population is increasing, but the rate of increase has been going down. And evidence points to reduced population growth in cultures that have their basic needs met. That is, the higher the quality of life, the lower the population growth - and what better way to increase the quality of life of people who are malnourished than to give them more access to better food.
In some cases, government's are doing everything they can to get their citizens to have more kids because they're looking at a population collapse around mid-century.
Well it appears from the opening statements that you're going to be arguing completely different things.
Charles is going to focus only on what has been done (and not even everything that has been done - apparently)
his point @ 27
Does it seek to make full use of local resources and farmer skills? No, HT crops reduce the need for labour and skill, and increase reliance on high-cost, often proprietary inputs from outside the region
Seems a little odd, I would have thought that reducing the need for labor & skill was actually in favor of sustainability - that which is harder to do is less sustainable - and he appears to be ignoring that HT crops replace systems which rely on inputs from outside so are likely neutral in that respect (although if replacing less sustainable options with more sustainable options clearly positive)
His point 30
Bt corn and cotton are largely neutral in terms of crop-livestock integration, and like HT crops do not promote diversity in food production or self-reliance.
Also isn't quite accurate imo - utilizign a Bt crop increases self reliance in that one no longer has to be reliant of insecticides.
I wonder how many of his arguements rely entirely on the fact that GMOs are still all under patent protection - once Bt traits start coming off patent reliance issues disappear - you're no longer beholden unto big-Ag for the trait - alas we're not there yet and so reliance issues can still rear their head.
His final comment also appears to be him conceding defeat already, so congratulations!
Biotechnology can help create new hammers and harden existing ones through marker-assisted breeding and the development of new diagnostic tools, vaccines, biopesticides and soil inoculantsâbut not the way it is being used today on the farm.
So the way it is being used today on the farm (MAS and diagnostics categorically are utilized, biotechnology wins without even having to discuss GM - even if GM wasn't compatible with sustainability GM!= biotechnology) is not the way it is being used today on the farm? Awesome.
Population from 6.7 to 9b, increasing 35%, why food demand increases 70%?
Projected increases in meat consumption in China and India probably drive the bulk of this. Keep in mind the figures are projections on how the world is expected to progress, not how we'd like it if only everyone would adopt the ideal solution.
Humans currently produce far more food than is needed to feed the world, yet millions of people are still starving. Clearly, starvation is not a problem of production. It's a problem of distribution. Therefore, I find this whole âwe need GMOs to increase production to feed the worldâ argument disingenuous.
If the point is to feed the entire world, then there is no point in investing in expensive technologies, which include GM crops, to increase production. The poorest of the poor will not be able to afford those technologies, so instead, big factory farms will continue to sprout up in the developing world, pushing the indigenous people off their land and exporting the food to rich countries. The poor do not need GMOs, they need food sovereignty. They need the right to grow the food they want to grow in a community of their own, and the right to SAVE THEIR SEEDS. You can't get those rights by pushing technologies that require you to buy seeds every year, buy expensive herbicides, or buy farm machinery.
From an environmental sustainability perspective, organic agriculture is way better than GMOs, simply because the paradigm in which GMOs are engineered still require intensive monocultures, and yes, pesticides and herbicides. All of these things are known to decrease biodiversity, de-stabilize natural food chains, and decrease the ability of organisms to migrate between habitat patches, increasing the probability of extinction.
In contrast, organic agriculture requires a certain amount of biodiversity (planned or otherwise) within the agricultural system in order to effectively control pests and maintain soil fertility. This not only maintains certain organisms, it also provides a traversable habitat for organisms to pass through when migrating between patches of forest/savannahs/etc. For example, it is known that bats and birds are more likely to hang out or migrate through a shade-grown coffee farm, but they cannot survive in a sun-grown intensive coffee system.
Badgley et. al.'s (2007)'s meta-analysis gave strong evidence that organic agriculture can provide sustenance for the world's poor. Cuba, despite its problems, was able to stave off famine when the USSR broke down by switching to an organic agricultural system. Moreover, ecology and evolutionary science has the potential to increase the efficiency of organic agriculture without increasing the capital inputs required by the farmer to grow nutritious food to feed their families.
If our goal is to actually feed the world, then we need to stop investing money into intensive agricultural systems, and that includes GMOs that require farmers to buy in to seeds that canât be saved, that are grown in a monoculture, and that still require pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers to grow.
is that fool PAUL ERHLICH posting on here under a nom de plume? haven't we heard this same crapola for decades yet has not come to fruition?
Some observations on Benbrooks response:-
1.Pest losses and food waste must be cut dramatically (eg, by one-half).
2.Dietary patterns must shift towards crops that provide more human food calories and diverse nutrients per acre/hectare (eg, potatoes, squash, beans, berries), with relatively less reliance on grain-fed livestock products.
3.Soil organic matter must be restored to allow sustainable yields to increase.
No. 1 = use more Bt (ie cut pest losses to Brinjal in India by over 50%...)
No.2 = diversify crops that GM is used in
No.3 = use GM to facilitate no-till
Will insights and innovation made possible by biotechnology help? Of course, by helping create new biopesticides, soil inoculants, vaccines, plant varieties resistant to new and old pests, and advanced diagnostic tools.
Second time Benbrook has conceded defeat given that the debate is titled this house believes that biotechnology and sustainable agriculture are complementary, not contradictory.
Will herbicide-tolerant corn and soyabeans, today's GE heavy hitters, make a significant contribution? Not likely.
Irrelevant - even if true (for non complementariness however surely they'd have to make a significant negative contribution - neutrality to me would indicate that they aren't contradictory.
Monsanto claimed that these new GE products would increase yields by over 10% and charged dramatically higher prices per bag of seed in 2010 compared with 2009âaround 42% higher in the case of RR2 soyabeans and 36% higher for SmartStax corn. The promised yield increases did not materialise in several parts of the country, triggering legal action by one state attorney general who wants to access and review the basis for Monsanto's pre-season yield claims.
the claim was 7-11% - numbers at present appear to be in the region of 3-4 Bu/Ac which on average soy yields of 44 Bu/Ac is right on the money - I don't recall seeing a yield increase claim with Smartstax (other than that yields would be better due to reduced refuge and whatnot - which they appear to be (in spite of early data release showing poor performance, now more data is in things are on track)
Today's GE crops were not intended to increase yield potential, but they can help reduce pest losses.
Ok take my count to 3, how many times can Benbrook concede defeat without the debate being declared for Pam?
Where farmers are not successfully managing pests, a GE crop can sometimes help, and has in some places. But benefits to farmers cover GE seed price premiums in some but not all cases. Furthermore, herbicide use and expenditures have risen dramatically in recent years on HT crop acres because of the spread of resistant weeds.
In most but not all cases would be a better description - if it was only some then nobody would buy GE seeds. Also herbicide use/expenditure needs to be compared against what it would be in the same system sans GM and not jsut compared to the early days of GM (as soon as the tipping point is reached any fiscally savvy farmer will just drop GM and do things the cheapest easiest way)
Alternative systems can often increase yields more than GE seeds can.
And a pay increase of $20 an hour is better than a pay increase of $5 an hour. I'd still rather have a pay increase of $25 an hour though - the systems aren't mutually exclusive.
System changes can produce broad-based, sustained benefits. A new trait added to a transgenic crop can improve performance under specific circumstances, but it can rarely match the cost-benefit ratio of successful system innovation
So innovate systems and incorporate GM traits and get the best of both worlds - you aren't making a case against GM by saying that something else works - you have to specify that the something else works and categorically wouldnt with the inclusion of any biotechnology - the moment any biotechnology could be applied to the system improvement and be additively beneficial the "no" debate falls apart.
But those who think the "science" is settled on questions of food safety for all GE foods, forever, are either blinded by an overdose of wishful thinking or unaware of a growing list of concerns raised by scientists from all over the world.
Holy straw man batman - so apparently people who don't exist are unaware of minor concerns - nobody pro-GM (at least nobody remotely sensible) claims that all GE goods forever are safe - the claim is that those commercialized are, and that any which pass regulatory approval in the future will be.
In an attempt to do so, I will describe some ways to determine which GE technology applications "go together" with sustainable agriculture and which do not.
As soon as your list has a single entry you have conceded defeat, it bears repeating that the title of the debate is
Vast swathes of biotechnology could be contradictory to sustainable agriculture - but so long as any biotech is complementary then biotech is complementary.
Lets wait and see how many times Benbrook can concede defeat in his closing statement
@#8 Jes S
And I find it a weak argument to act as that is exceptionally relevant when discussing the merits of GE crops. Yeah, it's a distribution problem (for now anyway), but what can be done about that? Anyone volunteering to take down every tinpot dictator and regime out there and establish stable market based democracies in their place? Good luck with that. Until that happens, no amount of technology, not even genetic engineering, can ensure that no one goes hungry. We live in a world where some consider food a weapon, and GMOs burn just as easy as non-GMO. No one is claiming that they're going to solve all the problems, but we know they work, we know you can do a lot of good things with them, we know that we've just scratched the surface of their potential, so why not use them when it is becoming increasingly apparent that they will be necessary, as a component, in helping? We can't do everything, but at least we can do something, and that's a lot better than nothing.
And second, I think you're comparing a plant with a system. That's like comparing Ford cars with the Autobahn. They're different things. GMOs don't have to be grown in any given system, just like how I can grow an heirloom carrot in cow poo with pyrethrum or fertilized with mineral salts with the latest pesticide, I can grow a GMO in whatever system works best, and I think it is important to use whatever methods have been shown to work best under the specific given conditions, not to simply use whatever adheres to the static rules of an ideology.
And along those lines, genetic engineering is just a means of improving a plant, just like breeding. You certainty wouldn't decry breeding because people focused on corn instead of quinoa, tomato instead of cocona, or apple instead of jujube. It is no more rational to use the same grounds to oppose GMOs. No one is saying that a lack of biodiversity is a good thing, but speaking of which, turns out there's a higher presence of non-target insect biodiversity in Bt GM crops.
Furthermore, seed of GMOs can be saved. Perhaps you are confusing the patent laws regarding the GMO IPs owned by companies with what can be physically done. There is no requirement that GMO seed be unsavable, in fact, I recall Cornell working on modifying Indian heirloom eggplants which they plan to release at cost and teach local farmers to save those GMO seed. I also remember reading that the University of Hawaii scientists who developed the GMO papaya encouraging farmers to save those GMO seed as well. Golden Rice is also savable.
It seems like you're not arguing against GMOs so much as you're arguing against things you associate with GMOs. I don't like the RIAA, but I'm not about to dislike music over it. The patent laws, growing systems, how they're being used with respect to biodiversity, those are separate issues, and fine to talk about individually, but don't assume they're irrevocably intertwined with the act of altering an organisms genes. And if you have arguments against any particular trait, that's fine, there are some proposed GMOs I don't jive with either, but you really can't act as if herbicide tolerant sugar beet is the same as iron enriched lettuce is the same as virus resistant squash is the same as insect resistant cotton. I can get why one might have reservations about a single various issues here and there, but GMOs, as a whole, I don't understand how there can be an argument against improving a plant with molecular means instead of classic.
By Party Cactus (not verified) on 05 Nov 2010 #permalink
I'm always really confused by the "unable to save the seed" "self-sufficient with saving the seed" when most farmers, including organic/sustainable, do not save their own seed, and still buy from seed houses.
Particularly when not saving the seed is entirely an IP issue which could be done away with for GM seeds generated by academics or that have gone off patent (say for instance a gene in rice that conferred resistance to submersion in water for prolonged periods... although that sounds like the stuff of science fiction) - the issues around corporate ownership of GM traits are only salient when discussing traits owned by corporations - there is no reason that all GM traits ever should be corporate owned, and there is massive reason to believe that there will come a time when a lot of traits aren't owned at all (as while patents may be an evil tool of monopoly during the time they exist they do come with the caveat that the knowledge contained therein is public after the patent expires - which is kinda the bloody point in the first place - thanks for making something cool, profit off it for a bit - then it belongs to us all thx!)
I agree that we should invest more resources into developing biotechnologies, but I feel that the major problem is distribution.Yes, many people are starving in the world, but the US has a surplusof food. Excess corn is used to make a variety of things like chemicals, adhesives, and ethanol fuel. I think that we should give some of our excess corn to countries with famines. Many of the products we put corn into could be made with other substances. Instead of processing corn into uneatable chemicals, we should distribute it to countries where there is a food crisis.
By Grandmaster K (not verified) on 09 Nov 2010 #permalink
GMK @ 15 - while it may be true that the US produces an excess of corn redistribution of corn from the US fails utterly to address the problem of food security in nations prone to famine etc - food aid should be an absolute last resort, with a far better option being to avoid famine in countries prone to famine in the first place - ideally no country should be beholden unto another for basic sustenance - which is, in my mind, the major failing of the 'just redistribute what is grown' mindset - we need solutions that work on the ground in areas (or as near as possible to areas) under the threat of famine, not solutions which only work when the political will is there (lets imagine we set up a system where the US crop surplus is used exclusively to feed the world and nothing is done to have the world feed itself - President Palin III then gets elected and decides that all this hopey feedy stuff is not what her version of Jesus (Ronald Reagan...) would want and decides to pull the rug out from under the third world - bereft of the means to feed themselves, well, let's just hope that someone cloned Bob Geldof)
Notwithstanding the economic barrier to providing surplus corn to provide food to the third world in times of need - corn is a commodity on which a massive amount of the manufacturing economy is based - it may be cheap, but it ain't free - farmers are going to want to be compensated for their efforts - I don't think that any aid organization (or government) is going to foot the bill - in an ideal world perhaps redistribution of food would be possible divorced from the economics of the situation, but sadly we live in a world which is far from ideal (hence the scary possibility of President Palin III)
They COULD be, they MIGHT be but the case is
"biotech & sustainable agriculture ARE complementary not contradictory"
the case is clear; so far they have NOT bee, which makes the case for the Negative.
We know who "biotech" means... - the big industrial-ag corporations, who have not helped, despite pathetic blather about Vit A in rice. Vitamin A comes from affordable vegetables, which come from Just distribution of Land. Monsanto/Cargils have done nothing in that line.
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Fone: (11) 2264-1319 / 9467-5878
The comments focus on two issues: Malthusian overpopulation and the legal/political framework in which GE crops are distributed. Many of the comments in both areas miss the point, which is that global food concerns is a political problem rather than a biological or even economic one.
First, Malthusian concerns. The world produces more than enough food for its current population, and could easily supply billions more. The Malthusians have a better point when they argue that the world can't support these billions at a U.S. or European standard of living (e.g., there isn't enough freshwater in the world to brew the amount of beer that Americans consume on a per capita basis for the entire planet). But there is no reason to think that population growth is inexorable. Indeed, in society after society, populations cease growing and even decline as women become more and more educated. There is no need for coercive or semi-coercive population control schemes; send little girls to school, and in a generation your "population bomb" defuses itself.
Second, a lot of the discussion has focused on IP rights and the economics of GE crops. As several others have rightfully pointed out, this has nothing to do with the scientific question of whether GE crops are biologically safe for humans and the biosphere. Indeed, if we're going to dwell on the potential negatives of the sociopolitical realm in which GE crops are disseminated, why not also consider positives? For example, if the U.S., Europe, and Japan were to end their immoral and economically ruinous agricultural subsidies, developing world farmers with GR crops could become net food exporters rather than net food importers. This would lead to more money going to the developing world, and in a way that would enrich landholders and farmers rather than petro-dictators.
GE crops themselves have great potential, but this potential will only be fully realized when 1) women in the developing world become better educated and 2) the developed world quits subsidizing a 19th Century dream of the yeoman farmer that in reality merely enriches large agribusinesses. |
There's a rare chance to see Mars, Venus and Jupiter all at the same time.
Over the past few weeks the planets have been clearly visible before sunrise and have appeared to move closer and closer together.
The three planets will form a close planetary trio before dawn until around October 29.
If you looked to the sky this morning, you may have caught a glimpse of Venus, the brightest of the three planets, and Jupiter appearing to merge.
This week sees the closest grouping of three planets since May 27, 2013 - and it will not happen again until January 10, 2021.
However, while the three planets may look like they are next to one another, they are in fact tens of millions of miles apart.
How can I see the planets?
While a telescope or binoculars will give you a better view of the planets, as well as a view of Jupiter’s moons, you do not need an optical aid to see them.
They are easily visible to the naked eye as they reflect sunlight and they tend to shine with a steadier light than the distant stars.
As a result they do not appear to twinkle or flicker like stars do.
Which planet is which?
Venus is brightest because it is close to both the sun and the Earth.
Jupiter, while much bigger, is further from the sun so looks dimmer. Mars looks even dimmer due to its small size.
Simply look up towards the east before sunrise and you will be able to clearly see the three planets. They will look much brighter than surrounding stars.
Where can I see Jupiter, Venus and Mars from?
You should be able to see the three planets from anywhere, as long as the sky is clear.
Places with low light pollution, so away from the city and street lights, will give you a better view. |
What Is The Difference Between A “Respirator” And A “Ventilator”?
by John Kelly, Senior Research Editor at Dictionary.com
During the coronavirus break, you may have heard that hospital and healthcare providers have faced a shortage of respirators and ventilators, two critical tools in fighting the infection.
Now, many of us know that both respirators and ventilators deal with breathing in some way, but may be confused about the difference between them. Are they both just face masks? Are respirators and ventilators synonyms? Can they be used interchangeably?
Medical terminology can be confusing and overwhelming, and using the terms properly is important in a time of crisis. So, let’s get to the bottom of these terms for two life-saving tools. And for more info on need-to-know coronavirus words, see our explainers on epidemic vs. pandemic, quarantine vs. isolation, and our glossary on all things COVID-19.
For health, safety, and medical emergencies or updates on the novel coronavirus pandemic, please visit the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and WHO (World Health Organization).
What is a respirator?
A respirator is a masklike device, usually of gauze, worn over the mouth, or nose and mouth, to prevent the inhalation of noxious substances or the like. Health professionals wear respirators to filter out virus particles as they breathe in so they don’t get infected with COVID-19 while helping people and patients.
The CDC specifically recommends health professionals using what are called N95 respirators. This type of respirator fits more tightly around the nose and mouth than regular medical or surgical masks. Another type of respirator is known as PAPR, short for powered air-purifying respirators, which covers the whole head and uses a blower to filter air.
Respirators are a form of PPE, which stands for personal protective equipment. Other types of PPE health professionals wear to protect them from such hazards as COVD-19 include goggles, gloves, and gowns.
Respiration is the inhalation and exhalation of air—that is, breathing. Respiratory means “pertaining to or serving for respiration,” as in a respiratory disease like COVID-19.
The word respirator, in its medical senses, dates back to around 1785–95. Respirator, respiratory, and respiration all derive from the Latin verb respīrāre, “to breathe, breathe out.” This verb is based on spīrāre, “to breathe,” also the source of such words as inspire, perspire, transpire, and spirit.
What is a ventilator?
In medical contexts, a ventilator is a machine that helps a patient breathe. This machine pumps oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide through a tube. The insertion of this tube into a person’s windpipe (trachea) is called intubation.
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, and it can cause lung inflammation (pneumonia), which makes breathing difficulty for patients. That’s why ventilators are needed to help treat some patients with the infection.
Ventilator is first recorded around 1735–45. The word, along with ventilate and ventilation, come from the Latin ventilāre, “to fan,” based on ventus, “wind.” The English word wind and the Latin ventus are, in fact, related. The word vent is also from Latin’s ventus.
How to use respirator and ventilator
Sometimes the ventilators are called respirators, because sometimes respirator refers to various machines that produce artificial respiration—like ventilators. That gets confusing, and it’s vital to be clear communicators and observe technical distinctions during emergencies.
To avoid confusion:
Use ventilator for machines that help patients breathe.
Use respirator for the protective masks health professionals wear.
The Dictionary Is More Than The Word Of The Day
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AW Year 0
-The monarchs of Mantle, Vacuo, and Mistral bow before the King of Vale, leading to an almost immediate cease in hostiles. Although the term After War would not come into official use until nearly two years later, historians widely consider this moment to be the beginning of the After War period.
-The ensuing peace talks in Vytal last for almost two months. During them, it is agreed that:
a) Mantle and Mistral take full responsibility for the Great War and agree to pay reparations.
b) For their contributions during the Great War, faunus are given the island of Menagerie to use as they see fit and granted full rights as citizens.
c) The four kingdoms agree to abolish slavery. A time frame of five years is set for the liberation of all slaves. It should be noted that slavery only persisted in the kingdoms of Vacuo and Mistral at that point in time.
d) The four monarchs agree to cede their power to national councils. The method of election and structure of these councils is left up to each kingdom. Ten years are given to finalize this transition.
f) The Huntsman system is proposed by the King of Vale. Despite strong opposition from Mantle, all four kingdoms ultimately agree to its implementation. Each kingdom commits itself to the creation of a Huntsman Academy.
AW Year 1
-The First Vytal Festival takes place. During the inauguration, the King of Vale gives a speech fostering unity and cooperation. This marks the first official record of the term 'After War' being used to refer to the new era. In a deeply ironic result, Mistral and Mantle take the first and second place respectively.
-The Queen of Vacuo becomes the first monarch to step down. Unfortunately, Vacuo's Council would prove to be highly ineffective. Its inability to gain the support of the people would lead to the fracturing and collapse of the kingdom in the years to come.
AW Year 2
-Alsius Academy opens its gates.
-The Color Movement begins in Vale. Parents start naming their children after colors. The King of Vale voices his support for the movement. In time, the movement spreads to Mistral, then to Vacuo, and finally to Mantle.
-The first AW calendar is printed.
-Shade Academy opens its gates.
-Slavery is officially abolished in Vacuo.
AW Year 3
-Nicholas Schnee is born.
-Beacon Academy opens its gates.
AW Year 5
-Haven Academy opens its gates.
-Slavery is officially abolished in Mistral.
-The Emperor of Mistral steps down. This marks the first successful transition of power in the After War era.
AW Year 6
-As tensions rise between Atlas and Mantle, The King of Mantle cedes power to the Council of Atlas to prevent hostilities. The Kingdom of Mantle becomes the Kingdom of Atlas.
-Alsius Academy formally changes its name to Atlas Academy.
Individual System
Gray Rook fought the urge to yawn as he saw yet another applicant battle against a combat droid.
Once upon a time, the Atlesian Knight 45 (AK-45 for short) had been top of the line equipment. However, times changed, and technology moved forward. Now, the AK-45 was relegated to testing the skills of kids in combat schools all over Atlas.
As one of Atlas' top 3 combat schools, Hyades Academy was no different. In fact, due to receiving quite a bit of funding from the military, Hyades Academy could afford to use AK-45s as part of their entrance exam. Applicants were made to fight against the combat droid on one-on-one matches while a panel of judges watched their performance in a separate room and graded them.
Naturally, those who defeated the droid received high grades, but victory was not necessary to pass. Judges looked not only for fighting skill, but also adaptability, a cool head under stressful situations, and resourcefulness.
The current applicant showed none of those things.
Rook sought refuge in his coffee to avoid having to watch the blond applicant try and fail to dodge the droid's strikes. Pitiful. The thing was even set on the lowest difficulty. If he were a judge, Rook would have already failed him. However, that wasn't his job.
Rook was a Specialist.
In Atlas, the military worked closely not only with its Huntsman Academy but also with the multiple combat schools all over the kingdom. Hyades was no exception. Rook's job was to keep an eye out for any promising talent and pass the information to his superiors so they may be taken into consideration. All thing considered, it was a rather simple job.
It was also a very tedious one.
Watching untrained and half-trained kids fighting was painful. Watching kids who thought they were hot shit just because they could beat a droid or two was even worse. Out of sheer boredom, Rook took a look at the current applicant's other test scores. What he found was average from start to finish. Knowledge Assessment. Average. Physical Assessment. Average. Combat Assessment. In-Progress. Aura Assessment. O-
Rook spat his coffee all over the desk, barely managing to get his scroll out of the way in time.
The act drew the attention of the judges. Rook hurriedly raised his hand to assure them he was fine while trying to get his coughing under control. His eyes quickly went back to his scroll. There was no way. It couldn't be possible. Jaune Arc was an untrained teen whose aura was obviously still locked. A scrawny little thing like that couldn't possibly have that type of results.
Yet that was what his screen displayed.
Rook frowned. The science of Aura was complicated and best left to those with bigger brains than him. However, even he understood the basics.
The technology to measure someone's Aura had been born in Atlas. It was a tremendous scientific breakthrough at the time and led to the creation of Aura meters which were immediately put to use in the Vytal Festival. In the old days, only special arenas could display Aura meters, but with time, the technology had grown smaller and easier to manufacture. Nowadays, it was as easy as having the right type of scroll.
However, that was only true for those whose Aura was already unlocked. Measuring the Aura of someone whose Aura was still locked was a completely different game.
In fact, until about a year ago, it had been impossible. The technology had been created by Atlas and was still in its testing stages. That meant only the military, Atlas Academy, and a few combat schools in the kingdom had access to it. Combat schools outside Atlas would have had no way of seeing Jaune Arc's latent aura.
Had they been able to, Jaune Arc would not be here today.
When it came to Aura, there were only three categories that mattered: capacity, control, and Semblance.
Of those three, only control could be reliably improved. Even in cases of extreme ineptitude, the basics of Aura manipulation could be taught in a few years. Meanwhile, increasing a person's Aura capacity was not something that could be reliably done. According to studies done by Atlas, a person's Aura would grow only by about 25% over the first decade of training and usually stop after that.
Semblances were in an even worse position. While there were many theories on the subject, most studies were inconclusive. In the end, it all came down to luck. Some people had Semblances that were naturally suited for combat. Some people had Semblances with limited combat applications. Some people, even among huntsmen, just never discovered their Semblances. It was rare, but it happened.
That meant sheer Aura capacity was the most attractive trait in a prospective Huntsman. The skill could be taught. The knowledge could be imparted. The Semblance was a roll of the dice. However, the Aura one started with and the Aura one ended with would remain largely the same.
As Rook looked over Jaune's application papers, he could see that Jaune had applied to combat schools in Vale the year before and had been rejected. Had they realized just how much aura he had, they would have accepted him right away.
It was a good thing for Atlas they did not have the technology to do so, Rook realized.
However, Hyades did have those resources.
The Specialist snuck a peek at the other judges. They looked as bored by the fight as he had been a few seconds ago. In time, they would check Jaune Arc's other scores, and they would realize the depths of his Aura. If that happened, Jaune Arc would be accepted into Hyades. He would train and grow like any other student and eventually go to Atlas Academy.
Rook couldn't let that happen.
No visible training and substantial Aura reserves. It was precisely what the guys in R&D were looking for. There was no doubt in his mind. Jaune Arc was the perfect candidate for the project.
Rook looked at his scroll. All he needed to do was push a button. Jaune Arc's profile would be sent to his superiors. His admission process would be halted. He would receive an invitation which, if his application history was any indication, he would accept out of desperation.
Rook once again looked at the small blonde kid getting his ass kicked by a droid. According to his papers, he was fifteen. He looked much younger than that. He probably wasn't even five feet tall.
Sorry, kid.
Rook pushed the button.
Jaune Arc trembled as he stared at his scroll.
One New Mail. That was what his notifications said.
It was pointless to be nervous, Jaune told himself. It was pointless because he already knew what it said. It was a rejection letter. It couldn't be anything other than the same thing he had received from every other combat school he had applied for.
Looking back on things, his initial optimism had been unbelievably naïve. Jaune could see that now. However, back then, he really did think he could get into a combat school. Who cared if he was 14, and thus two years older than what was normal for new applicants? It had taken Jaune a long time to convince his parents to let him apply, but now that he had, he wasn't about to waste the opportunity.
He could do it. He believed in himself!
Those had been his thoughts at the time.
Jaune had braved the motion sickness and traveled all the way to another kingdom to begin his education. He had picked Vale because he wanted some distance from his family. It wasn't that he didn't love them, because he did. He really did. However, going at least one day without being reminded of his shortcomings in comparison to every other Arc would be a welcome change of pace.
Besides, he would hardly be the first Arc sibling that moved to another kingdom. He could even think of it as an adventure.
Jaune winced as he remembered the foolish thoughts that had plagued his mind back then. He had filled out dozens of applications. He had taken all those stupidly long tests. Jaune could honestly say he had given it his all.
It made every rejection all the more painful.
Signal had rejected him, and the other combat schools in Vale had not been any different. Whatever it was combat schools looked for in their prospective students, it was clear Jaune Arc did not have it. He was too old, too untrained.
Too weak.
That year Jaune Arc did not go to combat school. He returned to Mantle in defeat and went to a regular school. His family hadn't even been surprised about it. If anything, his mother's voice over the scroll when he told her the sad news sounded like she had expected it. She had expected him to fail.
That hurt more than all the rejections combined.
Maybe that was what prevented him from giving up. As soon as the application period for the next academic year started, Jaune began filling out applications again. He bit the bullet and tried his luck with combat schools in Atlas this time. It wasn't as far away from home as he would like, but as long as he didn't end up near Mantle, things should be alright. Jaune had even gone all the way and applied to Hyades, one of the best combat schools in Atlas.
Hyades' exams had been far more intensive than those of any Valean combat school. They had taken X-rays, blood samples, and made him go through all sorts of machines. He had even fought a droid. Sure, he had lost miserably, but it had been kind of cool. At least, he could now say he had fought a robot. That was something.
Now, one month later, Jaune had their answer.
Jaune stared at the unopened message for minutes. The clock of the hotel room he was staying at ticked loudly in his ears. Finally, Jaune sighed and tapped his scroll. It was best to get this over with quickly. As the message opened on his screen, his eyes rapidly dashed past the names and addresses to get to the important part.
Dear Mr. Arc,
We regret to inform you-
Jaune's hands tightened around his scroll. If his Aura were unlocked, he'd have broken it. Really, why was he getting angry? He knew. He knew how this was going to turn out. What else could he have expected?
One chance. That was all he needed. Just one chance.
However, no one seemed to be willing to give him even that.
Jaune slammed his fist against the wall behind him, then promptly flinched as pain shot up his arm.
Damn it!
Jaune gritted his teeth and glared at his scroll. He looked ready to throw it against the wall. However, he managed to stop himself at the last second.
Maybe it was sheer masochism that guided his actions, but Jaune placed it over his lap and kept reading. Jaune's eyes moved over the by now familiar sentences. It was a bit more direct and harsher than the rejection letters he had received in Vale, but the message was the same. He didn't meet their standards. There were many good applicants this year. He was free to try again next year if he wanted.
Next year?
Jaune snorted.
Next year he'd be 16. That would give him only one year to get himself up to the standards of one of the four huntsmen academies. Every year that passed, his dream got further away from him. Jaune frowned and forced his eyes back to the letter, forced himself to keep reading it. It was the only way he could distract himself right now.
Jaune blinked as his eyes reached the next paragraph. Then he reread it just to be sure he wasn't imagining things.
…Hyades Academy is proud to work closely with Atlas Academy and the Atlas military to maximize the Kingdom's future defenders. As such, we are always on the lookout for promising talents. While you did not qualify for admission into Hyades Academy, your test results showed great promise in other areas.
We are pleased to inform you that you qualify for a position in Atlas Academy's R&D Department. As a member of the R&D Department, you would be rewarded handsomely and given the possibility of admission into Atlas Academy in the future.
A message from Atlas Academy will be reaching you shortly.
Jaune Arc was not a stranger to being dumbfounded. He had seven sisters. He was master at being dumbfounded. Still, this was a very unique occasion for he had never found himself quite this dumb before. He stared at his scroll for several minutes, trying to process its content.
Why was this happening? How was this happening? Jaune Arc did not know the answer to those questions. He didn't know anything, and he didn't understand anything. However, once his brain concluded that he was, in fact, not dreaming, there was one thing Jaune did understand.
This was an opportunity.
With every rejection letter, Jaune had told himself that if they had just given him a chance, he would have been able to prove himself. That was all he needed. Just one chance to prove he wasn't a failure. Jaune took a long trembling breath as a beep from his scroll reached his ears. He had mail. He didn't need to look at the sender or the subject to know who it was from.
This was it.
This was his chance. He just needed to be brave enough to take it.
Jaune Arc opened the message from Atlas Academy, and his future changed.
And so begins a new story. I will try to update this one once every two weeks. I wish I could update it weekly like I did with Lonely Nights, but that was super hard, and I have even less free time now. Sorry, everyone.
Now, onto other things. Technically, this fic is a Kamen Rider crossover. However, anyone who has read the original one-shot over at The Jaune-Shots knows the suit is really the only crossover element. Speaking of the people who read the original one-shot, you probably don't want to skip this chapter. In the original, I jumped straight to Jaune already being about to enter the Vytal Tournament. Here, we're going to take the long route with his development. There's a lot of stuff to cover, and I'm going to try to have fun with it. There's going to be action and terrorism and mad scientists (I'm totally using Merlot eventually) and stuff.
It's Atlas time!
Till next time! |
In Macdonnell v Waterloo (Regional Municipality), the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (“HRTO”) determined that the Responding employer did not discriminate against the Applicant employee when it prohibited the Applicant from wearing a kilt while on duty.
The Applicant, a Bus Operator, wore a kilt to work on a casual Friday. He did so knowing that his actions were contrary to a workplace policy forbidding the wearing of kilts while on duty. Upon attendance at work, the Applicant’s Supervisor requested that he go home to change. The Applicant did so, without losing pay and was not subject to further discipline. The Applicant subsequently filed an application with the HRTO claiming discrimination on the basis of Ancestry.
At the hearing, the Applicant testified that while he was a Canadian citizen, his ancestry was Scottish. To illustrate that he followed the practices of his heritage, the Applicant testified that “he often listens to Scottish music and he eats haggis. He was married wearing a kilt, which in his view illustrates how important the kilt is to him as part of his ancestry. The applicant testified that he also wore a Balmoral hat with a badge from his grand-father showing he served in the Argyle Highlanders when he got married.”
Nevertheless, the Applicant explained that he did not often wear a kilt, and maintained that wearing a kilt was not intimately connected to his Scottish Ancestry. In fact, the Applicant acknowledged that he did not own a kilt, but rented it for the casual Friday.
In dismissing the Application, the HRTO concluded that the Applicant failed to adduce evidence necessary to satisfy the Tribunal that wearing a kilt to work was an integral part of his heritage or ancestry. In particular, the Applicant acknowledged that wearing a kilt was not compulsory for someone of Scottish ancestry and further that a kilt was not intimately connected to his Scottish heritage.
Takeaways for Employers
This is a helpful case for employers in that it reaffirms a number of basic human rights principles:
• An Applicant has the onus of establishing a nexus between a ground cited and differential adverse treatment;
• The Tribunal does not have a general power to deal with allegations of unfairness;
• Unfair treatment is not discriminatory under the Human RightsCode unless there is evidence that one or more of the protected grounds were a factor in the conduct complained of; and,
• Not all personal characteristics qualify as a right protected under the Human RightsCode.
Employers must remember to consider these basic principles when responding to any claim alleging discrimination on the basis of the Code. |
Essay on Matts Powerpoint
Submitted By mkidney
Words: 507
Pages: 3
Location Aware Computing
• Location Aware Computing: System allows us to find the specific geographic location of a device or user.
• Examples of Location Aware Computing include;
Global Positioning Systems
Checking in on social media sites
Tracking the logistics of devices/ products
Smart phones
Mobile devices- iPad, tablets, laptops.
Context Aware Computing
• Context Aware Computing; the idea of using videos or cameras to gain information based on previous behaviors.
• Examples of Context Aware Computing include;
• Cars being able to adjust to your personal preference without pushing a button. • Cell phones can tell you whether or not the person you are trying to contact are able to communicate with you at that time.
How does Location Aware
Computing Work?
• The overall concept on how this system works is by satellites and signals from the device and another source of a signal.
• The main methods of Location Aware Computing are done by;
Mobile-Phone Triangulation
Wi-Fi Triangulation
Radio Frequency Identification
Mobile-Phone Triangulation
• This method estimates the distance between multiple cell towers and by the strength of the signal of your device. The signal bounces off between the signals until the exact location of the user or device can be found.
Wi-Fi Triangulation
• This method uses the same concept of the mobile-phone triangulation but instead of cell towers, the system uses Wi-Fi access points. This is used to bounce off the signal from the router and the device we are tracking to find a direct geographic location.
Global Positioning System
• GPS Determines the location of the device and/or user by satellites.
The signal bounces off the satellite and goes to the GPS device to give the specific location.
Radio Frequency Identification
• RFID uses the signals that come off of one or more radio signals to find the location of your device.
More Examples of Location Aware
• Facebook Check-in
• Location Tagging on photos
• Find iPhone Application
• Traffic Notifications
• Nearby Attractions
• Finding Friends
How does Context… |
World Medical Journal
The Growing Threat of Nuclear War and the Role of the Health Community
Ira Helfand, MD; Andy Haines, MD; Tilman Ruff, FRACP; Hans Kristensen; Patricia Lewis, PhD Zia Mian, PhD
January 03, 2017
In This Article
Editor's Note:
The following is an abridged version of an article previously published in World Health Journal in October 2016. This article was abridged by the original authors and is published here with permission.
The Growing Danger of Nuclear War
After the end of the Cold War, the intense military rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was replaced by a much more cooperative relationship, and fears of war between the nuclear superpowers faded. Unfortunately, relations between Russia and the United States/NATO have deteriorated dramatically since then. In the Syrian and Ukrainian wars, the two have supported opposing sides, raising the possibility of open military conflict and fears that such conflict could escalate to nuclear war.
Speaking in January, when the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists announced that its Doomsday Clock would remain at 3 minutes to midnight, former US Secretary of Defense William Perry stated, "The danger of a nuclear catastrophe today, in my judgment, is greater that it was during the Cold War...and yet our policies simply do not reflect those dangers."[1] His assessment was echoed 2 months later by Igor Ivanov, Russian Foreign Minister from 1998 to 2004. Speaking in Brussels on March 18, Ivanov warned that "The risk of confrontation with the use of nuclear weapons in Europe is higher than in the 1980s."[2]
The increased tensions between the United States and Russia have been matched by a similar escalation in the danger of nuclear war in South Asia. Since the nuclear weapon tests of May 1998 by India and then Pakistan, the two states have expanded many-fold their respective nuclear weapon and fissile material stockpiles. They have put in place command and control systems and doctrines that involve, in the case of Pakistan, first use of nuclear weapons in a conflict and, in the case of India, massive retaliatory strikes against population centers.[3,4,5]
North Korea has a track record of repeatedly threatening the use of nuclear weapons; for example, in March 2016, it warned it would make a "preemptive and offensive nuclear strike" in response to joint United States/South Korean military exercises.[6] It is capable of enriching uranium and producing weapons-grade plutonium and has deployed short- and medium-range ballistic missiles, as well as tested long-range missiles.[7]
While these growing tensions among nuclear-armed states could lead to the deliberate use of nuclear weapons, there is also the continuing danger that they could trigger the unintended or accidental use of these weapons. There have been at least five occasions since 1979 when either Washington or Moscow prepared to launch nuclear weapons in the mistaken belief that the other side had already launched a nuclear attack or was preparing to do so.[8]
In a June 2015 speech, retired Marine General James Cartwright, former head of the US Strategic Command, warned that it might be possible for terrorists to hack into Russian or American command and control systems and launch one or more nuclear missiles, a launch which would have a high probability of triggering a wider nuclear conflict. This danger is intensified by the continued US and Russian policy of maintaining their missiles on hair-trigger alert, fully prepared for use and simply awaiting an order to launch.[9]
The nuclear danger is amplified further by the extensive plans of all nine nuclear armed states to enhance their nuclear arsenals. There remain roughly 15,375 warheads today, of which 4200 are deployed with operational forces. Nearly 1800 warheads are on alert and ready for use on short notice.[10] Instead of moving decisively toward deep cuts of their nuclear arsenals and making plans for the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons, the nuclear-armed states are reaffirming the importance of nuclear weapons and are carrying out extensive and costly modernizations of their nuclear arsenals.
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Smoking Weed Is NOT Like Smoking Cigarettes
Nicholas Demski
smoking weed does not cause lung cancer
We have so much science that now debunks the anti-drug ads we were raised up on.
Let’s dispose of the idea that there is any equivalency between smoking weed and cigarettes. These are not the same.
First of all, cigarettes stink. Even if you smoke cigarettes, you know they smell bad. And, sadly, your clothes and skin probably do as well. Cannabis, on the other hand, smells delicious. Not only that, it has a unique bouquet of aromatic delights depending on the cultivar and its terpene profile.
Smell is only one way that cigarettes and cannabis part ways. Here are six more important ways in which they differ.
There are no Dangerous Chemicals in Cannabis
When someone is smoking cannabis, ideally they’re smoking nothing but cannabis. This means without pesticides, herbicides, or any other potentially dangerous compounds; just a clean stash of cannabis flower. By contrast, the best case scenario for a cigarette smoker is a product filled with cancer-causing chemicals like butane, cadmium, ammonia, tar, acetone, hydrogen cyanide, and you get the idea. That’s why cigarette packages have warnings for the development of serious, life-limiting disease.
cigarettes, packaging, chemicals, cannabis, medical cannabis, health risks, health benefits, toxins, tobacco
Cigarettes are a Known Carcinogen
The link between cigarettes and cancer is undeniably powerful. According to research from 2013, “smoking [cigarettes] has a multidimensional impact on lung cancer.”
A 2017 study that appeared in Scientific Reports was more specific in its analysis. According to researchers the epidemiological evidence is already overwhelming so their study focused on pinning down how cigarette smoke causes cancer.
They demonstrated that cigarette smoking “causes prominent alterations in DNA enriched in numerous genes and biologically meaningful pathways implicated in cancer pathology”. In other words, cigarette smoking is extremely carcinogenic because it leads to mutations in your DNA.
Cannabis, on the other hand, is less defined. While there is a possibility that certain forms of consumption (ie. smoking joints and blunts) have carcinogenic properties, there’s also increasing scientific proof that cannabis and its cannabinoids may shrink tumors. The hard truth is that there is no safe level of longterm exposure to the products of combustion but maybe cannabinoids mitigate that risk.
Long-term Studies on Pulmonary Changes
It’s important to compare smoking weed to cigarette smoking in terms of their long-term effects. According to research that appeared in JAMA in 2012, “occasional and low cumulative marijuana use was not associated with adverse effects on pulmonary function,” but they could not yet conclude the same for people who smoked weed heavily.
They collected data over 20 years of research along with hard evidence that cigarette smoke causes significant damage to smokers’ lungs and pulmonary functions. This is hardly a surprise – there’s a reason that “smoker’s cough” is a common term. On the other end of the spectrum, THC is a powerful bronchodilator and has even been known to improve lung function.
cigarettes, packaging, chemicals, cannabis, medical cannabis, health risks, health benefits, toxins, tobacco, bongs, filters, cancer
You Still Need a Filter No Matter What You Smoke
Filtration matters. Cigarettes have their filters, but these can hardly block out all the toxic chemicals from entering a smoker’s lungs. Of course, the existence of a filter is better than none. These days, when smoking cannabis, there are so many more options.
The good news for smoking cannabis is that we are no longer in the days where you have to smoke a joint through a cardboard roach.
For example, the most well-designed bongs will run cannabis smoke through a series of filters that each have their own purpose. The first filtration could be a percolated down stem. The multiple exits for the cannabis smoke break it apart and open the space between the molecules. As it exits the down stem, the smoke creates smaller bubbles. The reservoir of water filters and cools these bubbles. Next, the smoke moves up into multiple tubes that again cool the smoke before they pass through an ice trap that drops its temperature even further.
All combusted biomaterials are carcinogenic. Still, a filter minimizes the risk. The wide range of cannabis vaporizers, nebulizers, and bongs that are now available provide options to lessen exposure to any carcinogenic compounds.
a cigarette, filter first
Smoking Cigarettes is More Frequent Exposure to Hot Smoke
Perhaps just as pertinent as the filtration system is the habit. Compare people smoking weed to people smoking cigarettes. How many puffs do cannabis smokers take? How about cigarette smokers? It’s obvious that cigarette smokers take more puffs per day. A pack of 20 cigarettes with a dozen puffs a piece versus a few small bowls, likely less than 6 puffs each of cannabis. This creates a large difference in a 24-hour time period.
Next, extrapolate those numbers to the timescale of years or decades. Now it becomes clear why the cigarette habit is much harsher on the lungs and airways than smoking weed.
Nicotine Addiction
Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, is that cigarettes are extremely addictive. The nicotine in cigarettes makes them one of the hardest products on the market to quit once addiction sets in. There are stats to indicate that 9% of cannabis smokers become psychologically addicted, but it’s still being investigated. There are no physical withdrawals from quitting cannabis.
So, the next time someone tells you that smoking cannabis is just as bad as smoking cigarettes, you’ve got six reasons to call them out on that lie.
Nicholas Demski
I like to smash stigmas of all types. I'm a full-time single father, world-traveler, and an advocate for medicinal plants being treated for what they are: plants. You can follow my life's journey on the following platforms: Instagram @TheSingleDadNomad YouTube and Facebook: The Single Dad Nomad Blog: Also, feel free to have a look at my portfolio of work:
• Avatar
Marty Carlson
This article is not fact based but written by someone with an agenda.
Cannabus does smell bad in heavy users when on the clothes, as any burnt substances do.
The author says cannabus is safe but why the need for filters at all then?
An yes nicotine is very addictive but Cannabus users have the same addiction to its use.
And now vaping, which was touted as the ultra safe way to use, is now cancer causing.
And now more accidents are occurring while driving under the influence especially in the younger generation.
For some reason people demonize drunk drivers on alcohol but think it is ok to drive while under the influence of cannabus.
October 13, 2019 at 12:10 pm Reply
• Jennifer Grant
I would be shocked if anyone approved of driving under any conditions except stone-cold sober. The issue with field sobriety test is that the current technology can only check for presence of THC (which can be measured up to 28 days after consumption and therefor is not measure of sobriety). The rest…there are many studies out there to prove the exact opposite of everything you’ve listed here, Marty. The filter is to prevent bits of weed from getting in your mouth. It’s not able to filter any smoke. Vaping is not cancer-causing but there DOES appear to be some sort of life-threatening issue with fake cartridges. Addiction? Cannabis has a lifetime risk if 9% to 12% when consumed chronically (indicated as daily use) and for nicotine – 49% have addiction issues by the time they are smoking one day per week. States that have legalized actually have lowered cannabis usage for youth and LESS traffic fatalities. So, I’m super glad you found this article to help you on your way to understanding the truth about cannabis.
October 14, 2019 at 11:28 am Reply
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About The Author
Paul Hanaoka is a Design Manager at Liferay, based in the suburbs of Los Angeles, and serving the North American teams. His passion is at the intersection of … More about Paul
How Should Designers Learn To Code? Git, HTML/CSS, Engineering Principles (Part 2)
In Part 1, Paul explained the basics of the terminal, shared a few productivity hacks to get you started, and how to choose a code editor. In this part, he’ll continue with the topics of version control (Git), HTML and CSS, semantic code, and a brief introduction to some key engineering principles.
Literally, tomes have been written on version control. Nevertheless, I will start by sharing a brief explanation and other introductory content to whet your appetite for further study.
Version control (not to be confused with version history) is basically a way for people to collaborate in their own environments on a single project, with a single main source of truth (often called the “master” branch).
I’ll go over today is the bare minimum you’ll need to know in order to download a project, make a change, and then send it to master.
There are many types of version control software and many tools for managing and hosting your source code (you may have heard of GitLab or Bitbucket). Git and GitHub are one of the more common pairs, my examples will reference GitHub but the principles will apply to most other source code managers.
Collecting Data, The Powerful Way
Did you know that CSS can be used for collecting statistics? Indeed, there's even a CSS-only approach for tracking UI interactions using Google Analytics. Read a related article →
Your First Contribution
Before doing these steps, you’ll need a few things set up:
1. A GitHub account,
2. Node and NPM installed on your computer,
3. A high tolerance for pain or a low threshold for asking others for help.
Step 1: Fork (Get A Copy Of The Code On Your GitHub Account)
On GitHub, you will fork (fork = create a copy of the code in your account; in the following illustration, the blue, orange, red, and green lines show forks) the repository (repo) in question.
By creating branches off of the master, it’s possible for multiple people to contribute to different areas of a project and then merge their work together. (Large preview)
You do this by navigating to the repo in GitHub and clicking the “Fork” button, currently at the top right-hand corner of a repo. This will be the “origin” — your fork on your GitHub account.
As an example, navigating to https://github.com/yourGitHubUsername/liferay.design should show your fork of the Liferay.Design repo.
This is victorvalle’s GitHub fork. (Large preview)
Step 2: Clone (Download The Code To Your Computer)
In your terminal, navigate to where you’d like to store the code. Personally, I have a /github folder in my /user folder — it makes it easier for me to organize it this way. If you’d like to do that, here are the steps — after typing these commands into your terminal window, press the key to execute:
cd ~/ ## you'll usually start in your root directory, but just in case you don't this will take you there
mkdir github ## this creates a "github" folder — on OSX it will now be located at users/your-username/github
cd github ## this command navigates you inside the github folder
Now that you’re in the /github folder, you will clone (download a copy of the code onto your computer) the repo.
clone https://github.com/yourGitHubUsername/liferay.design
Once you enter this command, you’ll see a bunch of activity in the terminal — something like this:
Cloning into 'liferay.design'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 380, done.
remote: Total 380 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 380
Receiving objects: 100% (380/380), 789.24 KiB | 2.78 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (189/189), done.
Step 3: Install (Get It Running On Your Machine)
Navigate into the /project folder. In this case, we’ll enter cd liferay.design. Most projects will include a README.md file in the /root folder, this is typically the starting place for installing and running the project. For our purposes, to install, enter npm install. Once it’s installed, enter npm run dev.
Congratulations! You now have the site available on your local computer — typically projects will tell you where it’s running. In this case, open up a browser and go to localhost:7777.
Step 4: Commit (Make Some Changes And Save Them)
A commit is a collection of changes that you make; I’ve heard it described as saving your progress in a game. There are many opinions on how commits should be structured: mine is that you should create a commit when you’ve achieved one thing, and if you were to remove the commit, it wouldn’t completely break the project (within reason).
If you aren’t coming to a repo with a change in mind, a good place to go is the ‘Issues’ tab. This is where you can see what needs to be done in the project.
If you do have an idea for some change, go ahead and make it. Once you’ve saved the file(s), here are the steps required to create a commit:
git status ## this will print out a list of files that you've made changes in
git add path/to/folder/or/file.ext ## this will add the file or folder to the commit
git commit -m 'Summarize the changes you've made' ## this command creates a commit and a commit message
Tip: The best recommendation I’ve ever seen for commit messages is from Chris Breams’s “How To Write A Git Commit Message”. A properly formed Git commit subject line should always be able to complete the following sentence: “If applied, this commit will [your subject line here].” For more info on commits, check “Why I Create Atomic Commits In Git” by Clarice Bouwer.
Step 5: Push (Send Your Changes To Your Origin)
Once you’ve made some changes on your computer, before they can be merged into the master branch (added to the project), they need to be moved from your local to your remote repo. To do this, enter git push origin in the command line.
Step 6: Pull Request (Ask For Your Changes To Be Merged Into Upstream)
Now that your changes have gone from your fingers to your computer, to your remote repository — it’s now time to ask for them to be merged into the project via a pull request (PR).
The easiest way to do this is by going to your repo’s page in GitHub. There will be a small message right above the file window that says “This branch is X commits ahead repo-name:branch” and then options to “Pull request” or “Compare”.
Clicking the “Pull request” option here will take you to a page where you can compare the changes and a button that says “Create pull request” will then take you to the “Open a pull request” page where you’ll add a title and include a comment. Being brief, but detailed enough in the comment, will help project maintainers understand your proposed changes.
There are CLI tools like Node GH (GitHub also recently released a beta of their CLI tool) that allow you to initiate and manage pull requests in the terminal. At this point you may prefer to use the web interface, and that’s great! So do I.
The ‘Pull request’ and ‘Compare’ options will appear once your fork has diverged from the upstream repo. (Large preview)
At this point, we have three repository references:
1. upstream: the main repo that you’re tracking, often it’s the repo that you forked;
2. origin: the default name of the remote that you clone;
3. local: the code that is currently on your computer.
So far, you have #2 and #3 — but #1 is important because it’s the primary source. Keeping these three things in-line with each other is going to help the commit history stay clean. This helps project maintainers as it eliminates (or at least minimizes) merge conflicts when you send pull requests (PR’s) and it helps you get the latest code and keep your local and origin repositories up-to-date.
Set An Upstream Remote
To track the upstream remote, in your terminal enter the following:
git remote add upstream https://github.com/liferay-design/liferay.design
Now, check to see what remotes you have available — enter git remote -v into your terminal, you should see something like:
origin and upstream are the most common labels for remotes — ‘origin’ is your fork, ‘upstream’ is the source. (Large preview)
origin https://github.com/yourGitHubUsername/liferay.design (fetch)
origin https://github.com/yourGitHubUsername/liferay.design (push)
upstream https://github.com/liferay-design/liferay.design (fetch)
upstream https://github.com/liferay-design/liferay.design (push)
This will allow you to quickly get the latest version of what is upstream — if you haven’t worked in a repo in a long time and don’t have any local changes that you want to keep, this is a handy command that I use:
git pull upstream master && git reset --hard upstream/master
GitHub Help is a great resource for this and many other questions you might have.
HTML And CSS: Starting With Semantics
On the web, there is an endless supply of resources for learning HTML and CSS. For the purposes of this article, I’m sharing what I would recommend based on the mistakes I made how I first learned to write HTML and CSS.
What Are HTML And CSS?
Before we get any further, let’s define HTML and CSS.
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
“Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access.”
— “Hypertext” on Wikipedia
Markup Language:
“…a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.”
— “Markup Language” on Wikipedia
In case you also don’t know what a lot of those words mean — briefly put, HTML is the combination of references (links) between documents on the web, and tags that you use to give structure to those documents.
There’s an HTML5 tag for pretty much any basic element — otherwise you can always use a div! (Large preview)
For a thorough introduction to HTML and CSS, I highly recommend the Introduction to HTML and CSS first steps, both on the Mozilla Developer Network (MDN) web docs. That, along with the excellent articles that websites such as CSS Tricks, 24 Ways and countless of others provide, contain basically everything you’ll ever need to reference with regards to HTML/CSS.
There are two main parts of an HTML document: the <head> and the <body>. - The <head> contains things that aren’t displayed by the browser — metadata and links to imported stylesheets and scripts. - The <body> contains the actual content that will be rendered by the browser. To render the content, the browser reads the HTML, provides a base layer of styles depending on the types of tags used, adds additional layers of styles provided by the website itself (the styles are included in/referenced from the <head>, or are inline), and that is what we see in the end. (Note: There is often also the additional layer of JavaScript but it’s outside of the scope of this article.)
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets — it is used to extend the HTML by making it easier to give documents a custom look and feel. A style sheet is a document that tells the HTML what elements should look like (and how they should be positioned) by setting rules based on tags, classes, IDs, and other selectors. Cascading refers to the method for determining which rules in a sheet take priority in the inevitable event of a rule conflict.
“‘Cascading’ means that styles can fall (or cascade) from one style sheet to another, enabling multiple style sheets to be used on one HTML document.”
Cascade — Max Design
CSS often gets a bad reputation — in sites with lots of style sheets it can quickly become unwieldy, especially if there aren’t documented, consistent methods used (more on that later) — but if you use it in an organized fashion and following all the best practices, CSS can be your best friend. Especially with the layout capabilities that are now available in most modern browsers, CSS is not nearly as necessary to hack and fight as it once was.
Rachel Andrew wrote a great guide, How To Learn CSS — and one of the best things to know before you start is that:
“You don’t need to commit to memorizing every CSS Property and Value.”
— Rachel Andrew
Instead, it’s far more vital to learn the fundamentalsselectors, inheritance, the box model, and most importantly, how to debug your CSS code (hint: you will need the browser developer tools).
Don’t worry about memorizing the syntax for the background property, and don’t worry if you forget about how exactly to align stuff in Flexbox (the CSS Tricks Guide to Flexbox is possibly one of my top-10 most visited pages, ever!); Google and Stack Overflow are your friends when it comes to CSS properties and values.
Some code editors even have built-in autocomplete so you don’t even need to search on the web in order to be able to figure out all the possible properties of a border, for example.
One of my favorite new features in Firefox 70 is the inactive CSS rules indicator. It will save you hours of time trying to figure out why a style isn’t being applied.
Kids these days have it so easy! (Large preview)
Let’s start with semantic code. Semantics refers to the meanings of words, semantic code refers to the idea that there is meaning to the markup in any given language.
There are many reasons why semantics are important. If I could summarize this, I would say that if you learn and use semantic code, it will make your life a lot easier because you will get a lot of things for free — and who doesn’t like free stuff?
For a more complete introduction to semantic code, see Paul Boag’s brief blog post on the topic.
Semantics gives you many benefits:
1. Default styles
For example, using a headline tag <h1> for the title of your document will make it stand out from the rest of the document’s contents, much like a headline would.
2. Accessible content
Your code will be accessible by default, meaning it will work with screen readers and will be easier to navigate with a keyboard.
3. SEO benefits
Semantic markup is easier for a machine to read, which makes it more accessible to search engines.
4. Performance benefits
Clean HTML is the foundation for a high-performing site. And clean HTML will also likely lead to cleaner CSS which means less code overall, making your site or app faster.
Note: For a more in-depth look into semantics and HTML, Heydon Pickering wrote “Structural Semantics: The Importance Of HTML5 Sectioning Elements” which I highly recommend reading.
Engineering Principles And Paradigms: The Basics
There are tons of applications, tangents, and levels we could explore over the concept of abstraction — too many for this article which is intended to give you a brief introduction into concepts so that you are aware of them as you continue to learn.
Abstraction is a foundational engineering paradigm with a wide variety of applications — for the purposes of this article, abstraction is separating form from function. We’ll apply this in three areas: tokens, components, and the Don’t Repeat Yourself principle.
If you’ve used a modern design tool for any length of time, you’ve probably encountered the idea of a token. Even Photoshop and Illustrator now have this idea of shared styles in a centralized library — instead of hard-coding values into a design, you use a token. If you’re familiar with the concept of CSS or SASS variables, you’re already familiar with tokens.
One layer of abstraction with tokens is to assign a name to a color — for example, $blue-00 can be mapped to a hex value (or an HSL value, or whatever you want) — let’s say #0B5FFF. Now, instead of using the hex value in your stylesheets, you use the token value — that way if you decide that blue-00 is actually #0B36CE, then you only have to change it in a single place. This is a nice concept.
Tokens for colors in the Lexicon Alerts component helps keep things DRY. (Large preview)
If you take this same paradigm of abstraction and go a layer further, you can token-ception — and assign a variable to a functional value. This is particularly useful if you have a robust system and want to have different themes within the system. A functional example of this would be assigning a variable like $primary-color and map that to $blue-00 — so now you can create markup and instead of referencing blue, you’re referencing a functional variable. If you ever want to use the same markup, but with a different style (theme), then you only need to map $primary-color to a new color, and your markup doesn’t need to change at all! Magic!
In the past 3-4 years, the idea of components and componentization has become more relevant and accessible to designers. The concept of symbols (pioneered by Macromedia/Adobe Fireworks, later expanded by Sketch, and then taken to the next level by Figma and Framer), is now more widely available in most design tools (Adobe XD, InVision Studio, Webflow, and many others). Componentization, even more than tokens, can separate the form of something from the function of it — which helps to improve both the form and the function.
One of the more notable early examples is Nicole Sullivan’s media object component. At first glance you might not realize that a whole page is essentially composed of a single component, rendered in different ways. In this way, we can re-use the same markup (form), modifying it slightly by passing in options or parameters, and styles — and have it provide a variety of value (function).
Don’t Repeat Yourself
DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) is one of my favorite principles — creating things that can be reused over and over is one of the small victories you can have when coding.
While you often can’t (and arguably shouldn’t) strive to apply the DRY principle 100% of the time, every time — it’s at least beneficial to be aware of this so that as you’re working, you can consider how you can make whatever you’re working on more reusable.
A note on the Rule of Three: A corollary to the DRY principle is the rule of three — essentially, once you re-use (copy/paste) something three times, you should rewrite it into a reusable component. Like the Pirate’s Code, it’s more of a guideline than a hard and fast rule, and can vary from component to component and from project to project.
CSS And Styling Methodologies: Atomic vs. BEM
There are a lot of different ways to organize and write CSS code — Atomic and BEM are only two of the many that you’re likely to come across. You don’t have to “pick” a single one, nor do you have to follow them exactly. Most of the teams I’ve worked with usually have their own unique blend, based on the project or technology. It is helpful to be familiar with them so that over time, you can learn which approach to take depending on the situation.
All of these approaches go beyond “just” CSS and styling, and can often influence the tooling you use, the way you organize your files, and potentially the markup.
Atomic CSS
Not to be confused with Atomic Web Design — atomic (perhaps more aptly referred to as “functional”) CSS, is a methodology that essentially favors using small, single-purpose classes to define visual functions. A few notable libraries:
1. Atomic CSS by Steve Carlson;
2. Tachyons by Adam Morse;
3. Tailwind CSS by Adam Wathan.
What I like about this method is that it allows you to quickly style and theme things — one of the biggest drawbacks is that your markup can get pretty cluttered, pretty fast.
Check John Polacek’s article on CSS-tricks for a full introduction to Atomic CSS.
The BEM philosophy is a great precursor to a lot of the modern JavaScript frameworks like Angular, React, and Vue.
“BEM (Block, Element, Modifier) is a component-based approach to web development.”
BEM: Quick Start
Basically, everything that can be reused is a block. Blocks are comprised of elements, something that can’t be used outside of a block, and potentially other blocks. Modifiers are things that describe the status of something or the way it looks or behaves.
Personally, I like the theory and philosophy of BEM. What I do not like is the way that things are named. Way too many underscores, hyphens, and it can feel unnecessarily repetitive (.menu, .menu__item, etc).
Recommended reading: BEM For Beginners written by Inna Belaya
Thank U, Next(.js)
After you have sufficiently mastered these topics, don’t worry, there is still plenty to learn. Some suggestions:
1. Functional and object-oriented programming
We touched on it lightly, but there’s plenty more to learn beyond CSS.
2. Higher-level languages and frameworks
Typescript, Ruby, React, Vue are the next things you’ll tackle once you have a strong grasp of HTML and CSS.
3. Querying languages and using data
Learning about GraphQL, MySQL, REST APIs will take your coding ability to the next level.
Conclusion: Designers Who Code != Software Engineers
Hopefully, this article has shown you that learning to code isn’t as difficult as you may have previously thought. It can take a lot of time, but the amount of resources available on the internet is astounding, and they’re not decreasing — quite the opposite!
One significant point that I want to emphasize is that “coding” is not the same as “software engineering” — being able to fork a repo and copy/paste in code from Stack Overflow can get you a long way, and while most, if not all, software engineers that I know have done that — you must use your new-found skills with wisdom and humility. For everything you can now access with some engineering prowess, there is that much more that you don’t know. While you may think that a feature or style is easy to accomplish because — “Hey, I got it working in devtools!” or “I made it work in Codepen.” — there are many engineering processes, dependencies, and methods that you probably don’t know that you don’t know.
All of that is to say — don’t forget that we are still designers. Our primary function is to add business value through the lens of understanding customer or user problems and synthesizing them with our knowledge of design patterns, methods, and processes. Yes, being a “designer who writes code” can be very useful and will expand your ability to add this value — but we still need to let engineers make the engineering decisions.
Anything Amiss?
There’s a good chance that something in this post was obscure, obtuse, and/or obsolete and I’d love the opportunity to make it better! Please leave a comment below, DM me, or @mention me on Twitter so I can improve.
Further Reading
1. Coding Bootcamps vs. Computer Science Degrees: What Employers Want and Other Perspectives (Kyle Thayer)
2. How To Start Using Sketch And Framer X (by Martina Pérez, Smashing Magazine)
3. Introduction To Linux Commands (by Paul Tero, Smashing Magazine)
4. Become A Command-Line Power User With Oh My ZSH And Z (by Wes Bos, Smashing Magazine)
5. A list of the common cmd.exe and Unix commands that you can use in PowerShell (Microsoft Docs)
6. regular-expressions.info (by Jan Goyvaerts)
7. regexone.com (learn regular expressions with simple interactive exercises)
8. Batch Resizing Using Command Line and ImageMagick (by Vlad Gerasimov, Smashing Magazine)
9. Shortcuts And Tips For Improving Your Productivity With Sublime Text (by Jai Pandya, Smashing Magazine)
10. Visual Studio Code Can Do That? (by Burke Holland, Smashing Magazine)
11. Why version history is not version control (by Josh Brewer)
12. Modern Version Control With Git (by Tobias Günther, Smashing Magazine)
13. Hello World” (a GitHub step-by-step guide)
14. How to Install Node.js and NPM on a Mac (by Dave McFarland)
15. How to Install Node.js and NPM on Windows (by Dejan Tucakov)
16. Why I Create Atomic Commits In Git (by Clarice Bouwer)
17. How to Write a Git Commit Message (by Chris Breams)
18. Semantic code: What? Why? How? (by Paul Boag)
19. Structural Semantics: The Importance Of HTML5 Sectioning Elements (by Heydon Pickering, Smashing Magazine)
20. Designing for Performance: Chapter 4. Optimizing Markup and Styles (by Lara C. Hogan, O’Reilly Media)
21. The media object saves hundreds of lines of code (by Nicole Sullivan)
22. Let’s Define Exactly What Atomic CSS is (by John Polacek, CSS Tricks)
23. BEM For Beginners: Why You Need BEM (by Inna Belaya, Smashing Magazine)
24. Javascript for Cats: An Introduction for New Programmers
25. Roadmap.sh: Frontend Developer
26. Functional Programming vs OOPS : Explain Like I’m Five
27. Why, How, and When to Use Semantic HTML and ARIA (by Adam Silver, CSS Tricks)
28. HTML Semantics (an eBook by Smashing Magazine)
29. The Fundamentals - HTML + CSS (on Syntax.fm)
30. Cascade and inheritance (westciv.com)
31. CSS Tricks (by Chris Coyier)
32. Getting Started With CSS Layout (by Rachel Andrew, Smashing Magazine)
33. Introduction to HTML (MDN web docs)
34. CSS first steps (MDN web docs)
35. JavaScript First Steps (MDN web docs)
36. 24 Ways (by Drew McLellan)
Smashing Editorial (mb, yk, il) |
Geothermal increasingly used for space heating in Xiongan, northern China
Xiongan new industrial zone, China (source: flickr/ GIZ-SGUP,
Carlo Cariaga 11 Mar 2019
Eleven villages in Xiongan, northern China are now using geothermal energy for space heating as a cleaner, cheaper, and more efficient alternative to burning coal.
Geothermal energy is cooling down energy costs in northern China – even as it heats residents’ homes. An increasing number of people there now use geothermal energy, replacing coal for heating in winter.
In Zhongying Village, China’s Hebei Province, government-backed projects have connected every home to a pipe that supplies hot water for heating. The old chimneys that once pushed out smoke from coal have gone cold. However, the temperatures inside the homes are even higher than before.
“We used to use coal, and it often smoked the wall,” said Guo Chunxi, a villager, “Now the room temperature can reach 25 degrees Celsius, and has been at least 18 degrees Celsius throughout this winter.”
A geothermal company has signed contracts with residents. The company started to provide heating service ten years ago; it is only recently that the pipelines extended to the rural area.
Li Kunkun is in charge of the heating projects, and he found that the room temperatures of many local villagers used to be substandard. “Houses in the rural area are large and often poorly insulated. Burning coal could only get the room temperature to 13 degrees Celsius on average. But we can get the temperature to 20 degrees Celsius on average,” said Li.
Eleven villages in Xiongan now use geothermal energy for heating, cutting 150,000 tons of coal consumption. There are still over 500 million people living in China’s rural areas.
Research supported by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment shows that efforts to replace scattered coal consumption with clean energy such as gas and electricity have been useful in reducing air pollutants.
The energy use of one household may not seem that important. However, taken as a whole, it can play a big part in reforming China’s energy structure.
Geothermal energy is relatively new to Chinese consumers. However, it poses unique features and is an ideal solution for heating in winter.
“Once built, the geothermal wells and heat exchange stations cost less in maintenance. That will reduce the burden on residents, and we send every drop of underground water back, to minimize interference with underground geological conditions, and to reach sustainable exploration,” said Liu Junxia, deputy chief geologist of Sinopec Star, a company that has built geothermal wells in 13 provinces in China. These geothermal wells could help to cut one and a half million tons of coal consumption a year.
Geothermal energy resources are found in many places in China. In the Xiongan New Area, the storage is abundant and more villages will enjoy such clean energy in the future.
Source: China Global Television Network |
What is the Official Language of Burundi?
What is the Official Language of Burundi?
Official Language Burundi
Often times we forget that life isn’t the same for everyone around the globe. Despite seeing the news regularly, none of us can imagine the horrors of life some people have to face every day. It is true that every country has problems and people are suffering in every part of the world. But there is a huge difference between first world problems and third world problems. There are places where basic necessities aren’t available easily, children can’t go to school without putting their lives at risk, and healthcare facilities are non-existent. In such places, generations upon generations of people have suffered at the hands of poverty and survived in high crime rate areas. The resilience of the people of those states is an inspiring story in itself. But that doesn’t mean that they should be expected to endure all the hardships that come their way, the world should treat them better.
Many places require frequent charity work. But more often than not, we don’t learn about them and they end up getting ignored. From remote Asian countries to unsafe African states, the world is full of stories of struggles. There are states that haven’t known peace for decades. From international wars to internal unrest, things never became easy for the citizens of such states. A few examples of such states can be found in the Middle East. In the fight between rebels and the state, it is the innocent civilians that have had to face the consequences. The economy gets destroyed and people have no option left than to flee their country.
African countries have lived through decades of horrors too. Although there are plenty of states that have gotten better in the last few years and improved their economic status, many are still struggling on different fronts. Burundi is one of such states that has suffered for a long time.
Officially known as the Republic of Burundi, the country has known more conflict than peace in all its years. Civil wars, political unrest, and poverty are the factors that have kept Burundi from progressing for a century. The country stayed under German rule for a long time until the First World War when Belgium took control of the territory. During the Second World War, the country became a United Nations Trust Territory but remained under the Belgian administrative authority. Even after gaining independence from Belgium, the country never found peace. First, it was political unrest and coups. And then came the Burundian genocides. Unfortunately, there were two of them due to the clashes between ethnic groups Hutu and Tutsi. The genocides and the civil war of 1992 took the lives of 250,000 people.
After 1992, the situation didn’t take a better turn and things only resulted in more genocide taking the lives of 300,000 people. Many peace attempts have been made since then. Different countries of the continent the United Nations have attempted to bring peace in the country. But after a few years, things turned bad again in 2015 and haven’t gotten better since then. The country is still in a state of unrest and its citizens have suffered due to all the fighting and economic turmoil.
The people of Burundi have faced hardships on all fronts. From child labor and sex trafficking to diseases and poverty, there are way too many challenges for them to face and not enough support from the government to fight these monstrous problems. Wildlife, lakes, and rainforests are the biggest attractions of the country but sadly tourism has not developed due to the unsafe conditions. Many states prohibit their citizens from traveling to Burundi.
What is the Official Language of Burundi?
Burundi is not as old as many countries of the world but it still had a lot of influence on its culture during its short history. The Germans, British, and Belgian people, all affected the culture and tradition of this land. As far as the languages of the land are concerned, they have also undergone some changes during the history of the country. Today, Burundi has three official languages: French, English, and Kirundi. Kiswahili is also recognized in the constitution. French is spoken by the small number of foreign residents who live in the land. Other people don’t know the language fluently. The French spoken in Burundi has taken loanwords from native languages like Kirundi. Almost 98% of the population is fluent in Kirundi. It is also recognized as the national language of the country in the constitution.
Kirundi is also a Bantu language and is written in Latin script. It is also known as Rundi and shares some similarities with other languages of the continent. It has speakers in other African countries too including Tanzania and Uganda. Since it is spoken by all the ethnic groups of Burundi, the government is promoting its use in the hopes that it will improve unity among the people of the country. Afterall, cultures and languages have powers. When these powers are used for good, they can bring people together and help them bond for life.
With a poverty rate of 74%, Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world. It has known nothing but war and misery. But after years of suffering, it is about time that things got better for the country. Everyone in the world should play their part to make things better for all the countries that have struggled for centuries.
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What is ADHD is all about? It is generally defined as an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which related to a neuro-developmental condition that affects both children and adults. ADHD develops when the brain at central nervous system suffers impairments related to growth and development. A person with ADHD will show various degrees of the three behaviors which are; inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivities.
Who is the real culprit of ADHD?
There is no exact findings claimed that the real cause of ADHD. However, there might be some factors that may increase the chances of developing the condition. While researcher haven’t identified a specific ADHD gene. Many studies show a genetic link closely related to ADHD. In fact, it is quite common for a person diagnosed with ADHD to have at least one close relative with the condition. Other than that, environmental factors may also play a role. These environmental factor can include exposure to chemicals, pesticides and heavy metal such as lead as it can cause a brain injury being born prematurely or with a low birth weight. The brain is essentially a huge electrical system that has multiple sub-systems that need to communicate with one another constantly to get anything done.
A child or adult with ADHD will show varying degrees of these three behaviors, inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. The symptoms are shown as below:
Symptom of Inattention
• Frequent difficulty focusing on talks, including homework or meeting work deadlines
• Often struggles to follow through on projects, assignments and chores
• Has difficulty staying organized and miss the deadline
• Often easily distracted
• Often fails to respond when being spoken to
• Has difficulty keeping track of important item such as keys, homework, assignment pad, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, and cell phones
Symptom of Impulsivity and Hyperactivity
• Fidget and squirm in their seats
• Unable to play or engage in hobbies quietly
• Talk nonstop
• Have trouble waiting his or her turn
Happy Parenting everyone!
Asybal Playschool provides opportunities for your child to develop emotionally, physically, socially and intellectually. Our Tagline is “Bright From the Start”.
Asybal Playschool always provides the best services and early education through the playschool & transit primary school package. This playschool provides a play-based program for 1 to 3 Years Old Child that experience a lot of creativity, discovery & learning through play.
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Why Are Black Bears so Timid?
The Pleistocene Ice Age was a dangerous time for black bears across North America.
For hundreds of thousands of years—until about 10,000 years ago—North America was home to saber-toothed cats, American lions, dire wolves, and giant short-faced bears.
Black bears didn’t stand a chance against any of these predators in a fight, but the black bear was the only one of them able to climb trees. Black bears stayed near trees and lived by the rule “Run first, ask questions later.” They develop a mind more like that of a prey animal than a predator.
Today, the black bear’s timid attitude aids survival in the face of grizzly bears, timber wolves, and people.
Extinct Short-Faced Bear (article list) |
image description
Bachelor of Economics
Economics is often considered a social science. Therefore, sometimes it is not offered in a business school. It depends on the program and how business-oriented it is structured. Degree programs in economics include a higher percentage of classes in mathematics and statistics. Students should have strong math skills and be able to work with data.
Common Economics Classes
Understanding entire markets as a whole, such as growth rates, effects of regulation, national production and income levels, and monetary inflation.
Analyzing individual sectors or portions of whole markets, such as competitive forces, equilibrium, cost of production, efficiency, and more.
Studying the statistical and mathematical calculations that enable economists to make predictions and decisions.
Economic Systems
Exploring economic systems, such as governments (e.g., capitalistic versus socialistic), entities, and the relationships that drive market and societal communities.
Examining the models and equations that enable the analysis of markets and societies. |
Information Center
Do my cell phone and computer have copper in them?
Yes, integrated circuits, as well as printed circuit boards increasingly utilize copper as a replacement for aluminum because of its superior electrical conductivity. Copper is used as a material in the manufacture of computer heat sinks, due to its superior heat dissipation capacity compared to aluminum. |
Concrete is exceptionally strong and can be readily molded into various shapes and forms, but it also absorbs water (which can lead to decay), is a very poor thermal insulator and is exceedingly heavy – all critical properties that can be improved by the addition of CityMix.
Efforts have been made since the Roman discovery of concrete to reduce product weight through the addition of naturally occurring lighter weight aggregates. Originally, air-infused volcanic products such as pumice and scoria were used, but since then other minerals like perlite (volcanic glass) and expanded clay, shale and slate have been employed to similar benefit. Industrial by-products such as recycled glass, slag, cinders, and flyash are now also commercially utilized. Many lightweight concrete additives, including CityMix, improve insulation, enhance fire resistance, and help cut transportation and handling costs. Reduced weight also helps reduce structural concrete and steel requirements, and the material and installation costs related to stabilizing seismic mass.
But today’s popular commercial lightweight concrete additives share many drawbacks, including the following limitations:
• Most materials are mined or manufactured in limited geographical regions, which can significantly impact shipping costs
• Extraction and production requires intensive processing and handling
• Mined and porous materials often require climate controlled stockpiling in order to provide customers with stable delivery weights and moisture content
• Naturally porous products pose pumping concerns because mixture water may be driven into material pores, which can lead to clogging and loss of hose pressure
• Natural materials often have inconsistent air content, which can produce imbalanced mixes, air pocket-related finish disturbances, and other problems
• Many popular mines are running out of consistent quality material, which is a major concern for many concrete product industries
• Many mined and manufactured products are burdened by increasing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures.
The CityMix EPS-based ultra-lightweight concrete additive can help the concrete industry avoid all of the above problems.
• LEED – LEED certification assistance information |
hashtag is a word or a phrase prefixed with the symbol #. It is a form of metadata tag.
Short messages on microblogging and social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram may be tagged by putting “#” before important words, either as they appear in a sentence, (e.g. “New artists announced for #SXSW 2012 Music Festival!”) or appended to it.
Hashtags provide a means of grouping such messages, since one can search for the hashtag and get the set of messages that contain it.
Hashtags first appeared and were used within IRC networks to label groups and topics. They are also used to mark individual messages as relevant to a particular group, and to mark individual messages as belonging to a particular topic or “channel”. Generally, channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol #. Hashtags’ popularity grew concurrently with the rise and popularity of Twitter.
Hashtags are mostly used as unmoderated ad hoc discussion forums; any combination of characters led by a hash symbol is a hashtag, and any hashtag, if promoted by enough individuals, can “trend” and attract more individual users to discussion using the hashtag. On Twitter, when a hashtag becomes extremely popular, it will appear in the “Trending Topics” area of a user’s homepage. The trending topics can be organized by geographic area or by all of Twitter. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users, and neither can they be “retired” from public usage, meaning that hashtags can be used in theoretical perpetuity depending upon the longevity of the word or set of characters in a written language. They also do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag can be used for any number of purposes as espoused by those who make use of them.
Source: wikipedia.org |
What Is Bursitis In Your Foot?
In your heel, there is a sac filled with fluid known as a bursa. It is located under your Achilles tendon at the back of your heel bone. Many of your large joints have a bursa around them. They provide cushioning and lubrication for the tendons, muscles and bone. Bursitis of the heel occurs when the bursa in your ankle becomes swollen.
There are several factors which can lead to a person developing retrocalcaneal bursitis. In athletes, especially runners, overtraining, sudden excessive increase in running mileage may lead to retrocalcaneal bursitis. Tight or ill-fitting shoes can be another causative factor as they can produce excessive pressure at the back of the heel due to restrictive heel counter. A person with an excessively prominent posterosuperior aspect of the heel bone (Haglund deformity) may also have a higher predisposition to retrocalcaneal bursitis. In such individuals, pain would be reproduced when the ankle goes into dorsiflexion.
Nagging ache and swelling in or around a joint. Painful and restricted movement in the affected joint. Pain radiating into the neck or arms when bursitis strikes the shoulder (the most common site). Fever, when associated with an infection.
During the physical examination of a patient with calcaneal bursitis, the physician should keep the following considerations in mind. Swelling and redness of the posterior heel (the pump bump) may be clearly apparent. The inflamed area, which may be slightly warm to the touch, is generally tender to palpation. Careful examination can help the clinician to distinguish whether the inflammation is posterior to the Achilles tendon (within the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa) or anterior to the tendon (within the subtendinous calcaneal bursa). Differentiating Achilles tendinitis/tendinosis from bursitis may be impossible. At times, the 2 conditions co-exist. Isolated subtendinous calcaneal bursitis is characterized by tenderness that is best isolated by palpating just anterior to the medial and lateral edges of the distal Achilles tendon. Conversely, insertional Achilles tendinitis is notable for tenderness that is located slightly more distally, where the Achilles tendon inserts on the posterior calcaneus. A patient with plantar fasciitis has tenderness along the posterior aspect of the sole, but he/she should not have tenderness with palpation of the posterior heel or ankle. A patient with a complete avulsion or rupture of the Achilles tendon demonstrates a palpable defect in the tendon, weakness in plantarflexion, and a positive Thompson test on physical examination. During the Thompson test, the examiner squeezes the calf. The test is negative if this maneuver results in passive plantarflexion of the ankle, which would indicate that the Achilles tendon is at least partially intact.
Non Surgical Treatment
The patient with retrocalcaneal bursitis should be instructed to apply ice to the posterior heel and ankle in the acute period of the bursitis. Icing can be performed several times a day, for 15-20 minutes each. Some clinicians also advocate the use of contrast baths. Gradual progressive stretching of the Achilles tendon may help relieve impingement on the subtendinous bursa and can be performed in the following manner. Stand in front of a wall, with the affected foot flat on the floor. Lean forward toward the wall until a gentle stretching is felt within the ipsilateral Achilles tendon. Maintain the stretch for 20-60 seconds and then relax. Perform the stretches with the knee extended and then again with the knee flexed. To maximize the benefit of the stretching program, repeat the above steps for several stretches per set, several times daily. Avoid ballistic (ie, abrupt, jerking) stretches. Other treatment options are microcurrent therapy and corticosteriod injection into the retrocalcaneal bursa. If conservation treatment fails then surgery is indicated.
Surgical Treatment
Bursectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove an inflamed or infected bursa, which is a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues of the body. Because retrocalcaneal bursitis can cause chronic inflammation, pain and discomfort, bursectomy may be used as a treatment for the condition when it is persistent and cannot be relived with other treatments. During this procedure, a surgeon makes small incisions so that a camera may be inserted into the joint. This camera is called an arthroscope. Another small incision is made so that surgical instruments can be inserted to remove the inflamed bursa. |
Air-powered generator creates electricity 'out of thin air'
Rodiano Bonacci
Febbraio 19, 2020
Scientists hope this cutting-edge tech could revolutionise renewable energy, with significant implications for climate change. It is made using ultrasmall electrically conductive protein wires produced by the microbe Geobacter which was discovered in the mud of the Potomac River in the United States more than 30 years ago.
The wires are related to electrodes and perform electricity employing naturally present h2o vapour in the air.
The claim may sound like an overstatement, but a new study by Yao and his team describes how the air-powered generator can indeed create electricity with nothing but the presence of air around it. 'The Air Gen generates clean energy 24/7'.
"It's the most fantastic and exciting application of protein nanowires yet", said Lovley.
Working in the device's favour is that it is non-polluting, renewable, low-priced and flexible.
The team explained that the Air-gen device needs just a thin film of protein nanowires with a thickness of less than 10 μm.
The bottom of the film sets on an electrode, while a smaller wire that covers a part of the nanowire film sits on prime. "I found that exposure to atmospheric humidity was essential and that protein nanowires adsorbed water, producing a voltage gradient across the device", he said.
However, Yao said that they would soon produce more Air-Gen devices in order to allow the public to use their invention anywhere they go.
Correct now, the Air-gen is only impressive ample for smaller digital gadgets, but its builders want to scale up.
Though the device requires moisture, it doesn't need to be all that humid for the technology to work. They can be applied to smartphones to do away with periodic charging.
Yao says that their ultimate goal is to build large-scale systems.
The next step will be to develop small marketable patches that use the Air Gen technology and could be incorporated into other devices.
The scientists recently engineered a new microbial strain to more rapidly and inexpensively mass produce the protein wires.
How to use air-gen?
In addition, Lovley's lab has managed to develop a filter that can produce protein nanowires on a large scale and fairly quickly. "With this new scalable process, protein nanowire supply will no longer be a bottleneck to developing these applications". Lovley discovered the Geobacter microbe in the mud of the Potomac River more than 30 years ago.
Produced by a type of bacteria known as Geobacter, the nanowires themselves are made of an electrically-conductive protein.
He recalled, "I saw that when the nanowires were contacted with electrodes in a specific way the devices generated a current".
In addition to the Air-gen, Yao's laboratory has developed several other applications with the protein nanowires.
"This is just the beginning of a new era of protein-based electronic devices", Yao said. Now, the researchers are seeking to bring their innovation to commercial scale.
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