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The Cost of Water
Potable water is a luxury AND a basic need.
The cost of water is something that most of us do not really think about. It is delivered right into our glass when we turn on the faucet. We can walk into a store and buy a bottle. In the remote areas where Cafe de la Esperanza is grown, water is ubiquitous in the form of rivers and streams flowing from the mountains. Unfortunately, it also carries natural diseases and must be boiled for 3 minutes to disinfect disease-bearing micro-organisms before it is safe to drink.
The houses in these mountainous regions burn a lot of wood for cooking and disinfecting water. A typical wood burning stove can fill up the house with smoke even with a chimney for a vent. The stoves would be on for most of the day and sometimes part of the night to keep the house warm. The constant smoke can lead to health problems.
Houses with stoves
Each village is composed of many houses with wood burning stoves, so the smoke problem is multiplied by the number of houses that are in a community and the related health problems are multiplied by the number of members in each household.
How do we reduce the amount of smoke in a community and still provide safe water for drinking?
One of our coffee partners, Ken Rembert of The Bagel Bakery in Gainesville, Florida, spearheaded a project to subsidize the purchase of mini-water filters from Sawyer for families. The water filters addressed many issues involved with the cost of potable water:
-provided safe drinking water
-reduced the amount of smoke in the home and in the community
-reduced the cost of buying firewood
-reduced the task of gathering firewood by children
The job of gathering firewood was a daily task for children, big and small, climbing up and down the mountain slopes carrying bundles of twigs and branches on their backs and machetes for cutting the wood down to size. Reducing the imminent task of gathering firewood gave some children more time to engage in other tasks around the home or the opportunity for more education.
Click here for more information on the water filter project and other projects by The Bagel Bakery in Gainesville, Florida.
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2.) Cats establish their own territories in a given area.
3.) Cats do not have a good way to visually indicate submission to a “dominant” cat. If a new cat wanders into another cat’s territory, the new cat will either run away or fight.
4.) A new cat can integrate into a group, but it takes time and lots of positive interactions.
This means that the resident cat (the one already living in the house) will view any new cat as a threat to their territory; and the new cat will suddenly be in an unfamiliar (and possibly hostile) territory. Stress all around! But, there are steps we can take to make the situation less stressful and encourage the cats to “share” the territory of your home. There is no set timeline for introducing new cats, but it is important to always go slowly and not try to rush things. You will have to go at the pace of the most stressed cat, whether that is the new cat or one of your resident cats. It only takes one bad interaction (likely a fight) to potentially ruin the whole process.
If you are thinking of adopting a new cat, keep in mind how your resident cat behaves. Highly active cats may be overwhelming to less active cats. Sexually intact cats will, in general, be more aggressive in defending their territory. Also, older cats with arthritis or cats with medical problems that are painful may never accept another cat in the household. Always make sure pain is well-controlled and chronic conditions are stable before trying to bring a new cat into the house. In general, most shelters and rescue organizations will do a basic behavior screening on animals in their care and should be able to give you some baseline behavior information on your new cat. Additionally, if you are adopting a barn cat/kitten, remember that there are some cats that will never tolerate human contact; feral cats/kittens should remain feral.
Before you bring your new feline family member home, it is best to already have a small, safe territory set up where he/she can immediately go. At the same time, make sure you have the time to help your new kitty acclimate to the new surroundings. The room should have a door that can close off from the rest of the house. In the safe room, there should be a litterbox, food and water, toys, a scratching post or kitty condo, a window, and lots of hiding areas such as closed cardboard boxes with holes cut in the side. If there are high shelving, bookcases or furniture in the room, make sure all breakables are removed, as many cats like to climb as high as possible (as this lets them survey the area while feeling protected.)
Once you are home, let the kitty come out of the travel carrier at his/her own pace. Let them explore the room on their own, but stay with them to give encouragement through treats and toys. Toys should be kept away from hands; use longer stick toys with feathers or jangles at the end so no accidental scratches occur. Do not pet the cat unless it comes over to you and asks for petting, as the cat will be stressed and possibly over-stimulated. Unwanted attention could lead to scratching or biting. There is nothing special to do with the resident cat(s) at this time. They will be able to smell the newcomer through the door.
So, after the cat is set up in it’s own territory, when do we begin introductions? Well, introductions have already begun! Remember, they can smell (and probably hear) each other through the door. The next step is to make sure any interactions between the cats are positive – food and toys will be your best allies!
First, we will look at the food aspect. All cats should be fed at the same time on either side of the door. Always start food bowls at a distance from the door that all cats feel comfortable. For example, if there is a cat that won’t come within six feet of the door, then don’t place the food bowl closer than that distance. Start where all cats are comfortable and gradually reduce the distance to the door. It is best to give small, frequent meals rather than larger meals, and all cats should have their own bowls. Someone should be on each side of the door to monitor the cats during feeding time. A few minutes of play before feeding can also relieve stress and encourage cats to eat – cats naturally have activity (hunting) before mealtime.
Once all cats have slowly progressed and are comfortable eating within a foot of the door, it is time to move onto the next step: opening the door at mealtime. The door should only be opened 1 or 2 inches–just enough to get a foot through. If one of the cats is being pushy and trying to get through, a door latch may need to be installed to keep the door from opening any further.
Again, play before feeding will help with appetite and stress. You may need to start the food bowls farther away from the open door and work on moving them closer over time once more. After everyone is comfortable eating near the door again, a baby gate can be placed in the doorway at feeding time. As mentioned earlier, bowls may need to be placed farther apart and then slowly moved closer together.
Once this feeding setup is going well, then the new cat can be allowed out of the room for supervised sessions with the resident cat(s). It is best to start this after play and food are given, since all the cats should be more relaxed and “low energy” at that time. If one of the cats seems anxious or worked up, encourage play with that cat to blow off some energy and distract from the other cat in the room. Always have a heavy towel or blanket ready “just in case.” Never try to break up a cat fight with your bare hands! Throw the towel over the cats and scoop one up in the towel and remove it from the room.
During this time, the cats will also be able to explore each other’s territories and exchange scents. For about an hour each day, the cats should be allowed to swap territories. This will allow exploration of smells without any actual interaction. The resident cats should be placed in a room with a closed door, and the new cat allowed out at his/her own pace – just leave the door open. Treats and toys can be used to encourage play and exploration of the new areas. While the new cat is exploring, the resident cats can be placed into the new cat’s room to explore. Again, treats and toys can help encourage exploration.
“Happy scents” can also be used – cats release a natural “happy” pheromone from their cheeks and head. Cats rubbing their head on people or furniture are marking the area as “good”. FeliWay is a synthetic form of this pheromone and comes as sprays or diffusers that can be used in the area to encourage a positive environment. These same happy pheromones can be transferred from cat to cat. A pair of clean socks are the easiest way to do this. One sock should be used for each cat. Just place the sock over your hand and pet one of the cats around the head and cheeks, then place the sock where the other cat has easy access to it and can inspect it at his/her own pace. Treat rewards should be given for any type of non-aggressive reaction – even ignoring the sock is good!
Just remember, time and patience are key! Some cats will integrate in a few days, while others will take several weeks. It is always best to go slower than try to rush the process. Hasty introductions can possibly delay or ruin the process altogether; no one likes taking a cat back to a shelter because “it didn’t work out.” All cats are different, and that is part of the joy of having more than one cat. If you are ever having difficulty or are unsure about introducing a new cat, please contact us by phone at 406-728-0022 or by e-mail at catsonbroadway@blackfoot.net.
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History of Opium
"There is evidence for the existence of opium poppy in Europe as long ago as 4,200 B.C. and even earlier.a There are also references towards opium use in ancient Greece, starting around 1,500 B.C. during the Minoan culture, with various references in the 7th century B.C. (Iliad and Odyssey) and during the reign of Alexander the Great (4th century B.C.) whose troops and medical doctors apparently introduced opium to Central Asia and India.b In Asia, opium was already produced and used by the Sumerians earlier than 3000 B.C, in Mesopotania (today’s Iraq)c from where the know-how was passed on to the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians (1,300 B.C.) and other peoples in the region.6 China got acquainted to opium via Arab merchants, with dates given in the literature ranging from around 4th7 to the 8th century A.D.8"
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. A Century of International Drug Control. UNODC: Vienna, Austria, 2009.
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Second International
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Second International
France 1889
On 14 July 1889 over 1,000 representatives of the socialist movement met in Paris to establish the Second International. It had been 17 years since the First International had dissolved at the Hague Congress in 1872. In that time, scattered groups of socialists had developed into organized parties in many countries. In Germany, despite persecution by the government, socialism had evolved into a mass working-class political movement. The time was right to demonstrate again international solidarity against the capitalist system that exploited workers everywhere. At the very moment of its foundation, however, the fractured nature of the socialist movement, which had caused the demise of the First International, returned to cause confusion and acrimony in the Second. In particular, the divisions between reformist and revolutionary socialism and between anarchists and Marxists created complications. The founding congress also demonstrated the organization and strength of the German socialists and indicated the extent to which they would dominate the Second International for the next 25 years.
• 1869: Black Friday panic ensues when James Fisk and Jay Gould attempt to control the gold market.
• 1874: Norwegian physician Arrnauer Gerhard Henrik Hansen discovers the bacillus that causes leprosy. This marks the major turning point in the history of an ailment (now known properly as Hansen's disease) that afflicted humans for thousands of years and was often regarded as evidence of divine judgment.
• 1882: Agitation against English rule spreads throughout Ireland, culminating with the assassination of chief secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and permanent undersecretary Thomas Burke in Dublin's Phoenix Park. The leader of the nationalist movement is Charles Stewart Parnell, but the use of assassination and terrorism—which Parnell himself has disavowed—makes clear the fact that he does not control all nationalist groups.
• 1885: Belgium's King Leopold II becomes sovereign of the so-called Congo Free State, which he will rule for a quarter-century virtually as his own private property. The region in Africa, given the name of Zaire in the 1970s (and Congo in 1997), becomes the site of staggering atrocities, including forced labor and genocide, at the hands of Leopold's minions.
• 1887: John Emerich Edward Dalbert-Acton, a leader of the opposition to the papal dogma of infallibility, observes, in a letter to Cambridge University professor Mandell Creighton, that "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."
• 1889: Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement.
• 1889: Flooding in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, kills thousands.
• 1889: The 986-foot (300.5-m) Eiffel Tower, part of the Paris exposition, becomes the tallest structure in the world. It will remain so until the Chrysler Building surpasses it in 1930.
• 1889: Discontented southern farmers merge their farm organizations to form the Southern Alliance.
• 1891: Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins. Meanwhile, crop failures across Russia lead to widespread starvation.
• 1895: Guglielmo Marconi pioneers wireless telegraphy, which in the next three decades will make possible the use of radio waves for commercial broadcasts and other applications.
• 1899: Polish-born German socialist Rosa Luxemburg rejects the argument that working conditions in Europe have improved and that change must come by reforming the existing system. Rather, she calls for an overthrow of the existing power structure by means of violent international revolution.
Event and Its Context
Between the First and Second International
Socialism had been transformed in the years since the end of the First International. The early 1870s were a time of severe reaction against socialism in the wake of the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1870. French socialism, which had been the mainstay of the International, was in disarray, with most of its leaders killed or in exile. The hopes for a socialist revolution, which had seemed imminent at the end of the 1860s, were receding. In response, the socialist movement entered a new stage of development. The experience of the Paris Commune had convinced many socialists of the need for the creation of organized and disciplined mass proletarian parties, if the capitalist system was to be overthrown. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels also felt that the time was not right to maintain an international organization, partly because they feared that the anarchists would dominate it. Instead, they believed that development and consolidation of socialist organizations in each country would prove the key to the progress of their cause.
Therefore, the 1870s and 1880s was a period of refocus for the workers' movement, especially in the face of an international economic depression. Unemployment, wages, and working conditions became major concerns as employers tried to squeeze more productivity out of workers. In response, trade unions organized to protect their workers and attempt to improve wages and working conditions. Despite the depression, industrialization continued at a ferocious pace and the numbers of the urban proletariat increased as a result. This growing population provided fertile soil for the growth of socialist ideals. By the end of the 1880s, socialism was no longer a theory restricted to a few isolated adherents but the basis of a mass political movement in some countries.
The German Example
The rise of socialism was most apparent in Germany, which provided the blueprint for the organization of socialist political parties worldwide. In 1875 the Gotha agreement unified the two main groups of German socialism and created the Socialist Workers Party, which later became the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel headed the SPD. They had been involved in the First International, had strong ties to Marx and Engels, and were widely respected in the socialist movement. Under their leadership, an organized and disciplined working-class political movement developed in Germany. In 1890 the Social Democrats won 19.7 percent of the vote in the German general elections, an unprecedented achievement in attracting mass working-class support. What makes this even more remarkable is that it occurred after a decade of persecution by the German government. In 1878 the German parliament passed the repressive Anti-Socialist Laws, which made almost any kind of socialist activity illegal. Rather than stamping out socialism, however, the Anti-Socialist Laws contributed to its strength by creating among the German workers a sense of alienation and hostility toward the state. As a result of the persecution, which led to thousands of arrests, the German SPD was characterized by a sense of discipline and unity that was contrasted sharply with the fragmentary nature of the movement in other countries. This cohesion gave the SPD enormous influence in the Second International.
Moves Toward International Socialism
The focus of socialist action in the 1870s and 1880s was firmly on the national level. Yet the dream of international socialism did not fade completely in these years. Remnants of the First International continued to hold congresses until 1881. These, however, were not genuinely representative of international socialism. In 1877 the organization held a congress in Ghent, Belgium, to attempt to reignite the international socialist movement. This included representatives from most countries, but it was scuttled by conflicts between the anarchists and other socialists. In 1881 another Socialist Congress held in Chur, Switzerland, failed to attract enough support. Those who desired an international socialist movement were forced to admit that the time was not right.
However, the desire for an international organization to represent the concerns of the worker also came from other directions. The labor union movement was interested in developing contact between unions in different countries. Coordinated international action on issues of protective labor legislation was of particular concern. The unions wanted to put pressure on governments to pass laws to regulate hours and conditions. The French and British labor movements held meetings during the 1880s to discuss the establishment of an international organization. It was eventually agreed that there would be a congress in Paris on 14 July 1889, timed to coincide with the centenary of the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution. The initial impetus for the meeting, therefore, came from the leaders of the union movement, rather than from the socialist political parties. The nature of the French socialist movement, however, meant that the circumstances of the proposed congress were to change.
French Socialism
The situation in French socialism contrasted sharply with the unity of the Germans. After the Paris Commune, socialism in France was shattered. It revived, however, starting in the late 1870s. In 1879 the Marxist Parti Ouvrier Française, led by Jules Guesde, formed in an attempt to create an organization based on the German model. Conditions, however, were very different in France. The majority of urban workers were employed in small workshops rather than in large-scale industrial factories. Therefore, Marxism, with its emphasis on a mass urban proletariat of factory workers, did not have the same appeal to French workers. France had its own tradition of socialist theorists whose followers competed with the Marxists for the support of the French worker. There was also more opportunity in the French Republic for coordination with bourgeois radical parties to gain reforms that would benefit workers. This was at odds with the Marxist principles of Guesde, who rejected any compromise with the bourgeoisie, the class enemy of the workers.
Because of these differences, a group led by Paul Brousse split from the French Marxists and founded a new party, which came to be known as the Possibilists. They stressed the possibility of immediate reforms through alliances with other parties and resented the attempt to impose German socialist theory upon the French situation. The Possibilist links to the French labor movement made them the logical choice to lead the organization of the 1889 congress. Although the Possibilists invited all the socialist parties of Europe, the French Marxists boycotted the event and organized their own congress to coincide with that of the Possibilists. Attempts to reach a compromise failed, and both conferences proceeded in an atmosphere of great confusion. Numerically, the Possibilist conference was stronger, with about 600 delegates to the Marxist 400. The Marxists triumphed, however, because the delegates at their conference included the most prestigious names in world socialism. More important, they had the support of the Marxist German SPD, which represented the strongest working class movement in the world. In the power struggle over the leadership of the international workers' movement, it became apparent that momentum lay with the leaders of the Marxist socialist parties. The Second International was established.
The Founding Congress
Despite the confusion, the spirit at the Marxist Congress was one of optimism. William Liebknecht and the Frenchman Edouard Vaillant, a veteran of the Paris Commune, were elected joint presidents of the Congress, a move that represented the solidarity between German and French socialism. Delegates gave reports on the history and present state of the socialist movement in their respective countries. It was apparent that enormous progress had been made since the collapse of the First International. Socialist workers' parties were developing in almost every country in Europe, despite opposition and persecution. The education and organization of the workers was taking place all over the world, and the delegates looked forward with confidence to the eventual downfall of capitalism. There was little discussion in 1889, however, of the nature and form of organization of the Second International. This was in sharp contrast to the First International, which had laid out rules and set up the general council as the executive body of the International at its outset. Instead, for its first 11 years, the Second International had no executive council to represent it between congresses. Unlike the tightly centralized First International, this structure emphasized the autonomy of the national parties.
The Anarchist Problem
During the course of the founding congress, conflict with the anarchists again became a concern. Although the term anarchist covered a wide variety of positions and beliefs, adherents were generally revolutionaries who pressed for social transformation through direct violent action against the state. The Marxist parties were also based in revolutionary ideology, but they focused upon organized political action to achieve power for the working class and eliminate the capitalist system. Therefore, one of the resolutions of the 1889 congress committed socialist parties to work toward achieving manhood suffrage. In those countries in which the working man had the vote, socialists were to continue participating in elections with the aim of acquiring political power. The anarchists ridiculed this approach and rejected the leadership of the socialist political parties as sham revolutionaries, an accusation that was not entirely without substance. The anarchists therefore disrupted proceedings at both the Marxist and Possibilist congresses in 1889 by shouting over the other delegates with revolutionary slogans and insults until the anarchists eventually had to be ejected. This was only a temporary measure, and anarchist antics again disturbed the proceedings at the next congress in 1891. Participants at the 1893 Zurich congress eventually voted that membership should be limited to those parties that acknowledged the necessity of political action. This motion effectively excluded anarchists from the Second International.
May Day
Another key concern at the founding congress was the question of international action on labor legislation. Most of the delegates were particularly interested in this issue because it directly affected the lives of the workers whom they claimed to represent. As a result, the Congress passed a resolution in favor of campaigning in support of the eight-hour workday and improved working conditions. This led to the most significant decision reached by the Congress, in terms of the impact it had on workers worldwide. In 1888 the American Federation of Labor decided to nominate 1 May as an annual day of mass demonstrations and strikes in support of the eight-hour day. The resolution passed by the Second International to support worldwide participation in the May Day protests took the American campaign and transformed it into an international phenomenon. This call for internationally coordinated action was significant because for the first time it made international socialism a reality in the minds of workers.
The impact of the first international May Day protests in 1890 was muted, however, because the instructions from the Second International had not been explicit about how the day should be marked. The resolution stated that the actions taken by the workers in support of the eight-hour day should be "by means and along the lines appropriate to their respective countries." This meant that it was up to the socialist parties in each country to decide what to do, an indication that the influence of the Second International was subordinate to national leadership. The resolution had been drafted with the concerns of the Germans in mind, as they were wary of any actions that might adversely affect their chances for the repeal of the Anti-Socialist Laws. Therefore, despite the commitment to international solidarity on this issue, May Day was marked in different ways in each country. Nationwide strikes and violent protests occurred in France on 1 May, whereas in most of Germany, action was restricted to meetings held on the first Sunday in May. Some socialists in other countries were disappointed at the German attitude, because they felt that an important opportunity to demonstrate international solidarity and strike a blow at the capitalist system had been lost. May Day remained a topic for debate in the Second International throughout the 1890s.
The other major resolution passed by the Second International at the founding congress concerned war between the imperial powers. In 1889 this was not of immediate concern, but it was to become the most pressing issue over the next 25 years, and it eventually brought about the disintegration of the Second International. The congress passed a resolution condemning the national armies and calling for them to be replaced with peoples' militias. The socialists believed that the aggressive war mongering of the imperial governments was against the interests of the working class all over the world. The party stance was that it was necessary to disband the national armies to ensure that the working class would not be used as cannon fodder for imperial expansion. Leaving national defense up to workers' militias would ensure that wars would be fought in self-defense rather than for capitalist imperial gain. The basic assumption of the socialists was that as socialism was an international movement, the spread of socialist thought would prevent the outbreak of war between nations. However, the optimistic belief that international workers' solidarity was stronger than nationalist militarism was to be dashed in the events surrounding the beginning of World War I.
The most immediate achievement of the founding of the Second International was that it broke the isolation of the national socialist parties. The meeting provided support and encouragement for the smaller socialist parties, who could look to the strength and success of larger national parties, such as the SPD, for inspiration. The discussions at the Congress had revealed common problems and concerns across the socialist movement, and it had provided a forum for the international resolution of those issues. With the agreement on May Day, the Second International laid the basis for international socialist action, encouraging workers to see beyond their narrow local or national concerns and to engage directly with workers worldwide, which fostered an increased sense of class consciousness. However, the Second International also indicated that internationalism did have limits, and that in many cases, national concerns were to take precedence. In the long term, the founding of the Second International was significant because it heralded the domination of the socialist movement by Marxist ideology, as opposed to the reformist position of the Possibilists or the anarchist approach. In particular, the ideology and methods of the SPD dominated the first congress and most of those that followed.
Key Players
Bebel, August (1840-1913): Leader of the German Social Democratic Party, with Wilhelm Liebknecht. Bebel was well respected in international socialism and was enormously popular among the German workers. His support for the Second International helped to ensure its success, and he became one of its most dominant figures.
Brousse, Paul (1854-1912): French socialist and leader of the Possibilists, who split from the French Marxists. The Possibilists were open to achieving reform by working with bourgeois radicals. Their links with the union movement meant they were originally in charge of organising an international workers congress in Paris in 1889. This was eventually overshadowed by the congress that was organized by the French Marxists.
Guesde, Jules (1845-1922): Leader of the French Marxist Party. Guesde was a doctrinaire Marxist with close ties to the German leaders. His opposition to reform through cooperation with other political parties caused a split in the French socialist movement. Under his leadership, the Marxists boycotted the Possibilist Congress in 1889 and organized their own.
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900): Leader of German Social Democratic Party, with August Bebel. Liebknecht had been involved in attempts to reestablish international socialism in the early1880s and was committed to the success of the Second International. He was elected the joint president of the first congress in Paris in 1889.
See also: American Federation of Labor; Eight-hour Day Movement; First International; Paris Commune; Red International of Labor Unions.
Braunthal, Julian. History of the International, 1864-1914.London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1966.
Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought. Vol. III, Part1, The Second International, 1889-1914. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1953-1960.
Foster, William Z. History of the Three Internationals.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1968.
Joll, James. The Second International, 1889-1914. London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1955.
Lindemann, Albert S. A History of European Socialism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983.
Additional Resources
Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought. Vol. II,Marxism and Anarchism, 1850-1890. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1953-1960.
Miller, Susanne and Heinrich Potthoff. A History of German Social Democracy: From 1848 to the Present.Leamington Spa, UK; Hamburg, Germany; and New York: Berg Publishers, 1986.
—Katrina Ford
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How a Village in Maharashtra is Showing the Way to Fight Illegal Sand Mining
Residents of Panegoan village in the Nevasa taluka of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra have been taking on the government and illegal sand miners without a formal organisation or leadership.
Panegoan is located on the right bank of the river Mula while Manjari village in Rahuri taluka is situated on the left bank. Panegoan must be perhaps among the very few villages on the banks of a river, in Maharashtra or in India, that has preserved its sand so abundantly (see photograph). This means that a sand track of between 20km and 21 km in length, 100 metres in width and about 80 feet to 100 feet depth, has been preserved in the village.
The villagers are fighting to preserve the ecosystem by not only preventing governmental agencies from auctioning off the sand but also deterring illegal sand miners from pillaging the riverbed.
Agriculture is a vital source of income for the Panegoan villagers. The village is a part of the sugar cane belt of Ahmednagar district and sugar cane is the major crop that is cultivated. Apart from agriculture, other sources of livelihood have not emerged due to its locational disadvantage since it is far away from the district headquarters, the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) and is also not located on any of the national or state highways. This non-availability of other avenues of employment has made the land owners as well as landless highly dependent on the agrarian economy, and the river Mula plays an important role in this scheme of things. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the economy of the village is linked with the fate of the river.
Sand plays a vital role in retaining the water-holding capacity of river and sand mining thus is a threat to the ecosystem as it not only disturbs the river flow but also affects the groundwater level. The role of the river Mula and its sand as aquifer is vital for agriculture-dependent villages like Panegoan, and has united the people of Panegoan and led them towards collective action, through which they have succeeded in protecting the riverbed from sand looters. As a result, the whole ecosystem of the village is being preserved as of now.
In 1997, the then circle officer announced an auction of the sand in Panegoan which was awarded to a contractor for Rs 10 lakh. However, realising and witnessing the perils faced by the neighbouring villages, which had allowed sand mining, the villagers of Panegoan decided not to allow extraction of sand from the riverbed. They immediately passed a resolution in the village gramsabha, banning any kind of sand extraction from the river. They also moved the Aurangabad bench of the Mumbai High Court. They are also seeking a permanent ban on sand auctioning in the village (Gudadhe; Personal Interview: 10 October 2016).
Since the waters of the Mula and the Mula dam have made it possible to cultivate water-consuming crops like sugar cane in the region, it has flourished due to the co-operative sugar factories located therein. The boom in construction in Ahmednagar and surrounding areas gave an impetus for legal and illegal sand mining in the bed of the Mula. The lifeline of the region was thus myopically exploited for sand and that from the riverbed in Valan, Pimpri, Khedale was extracted in large quantities. This led to the groundwater level getting depleted very quickly; the water-holding capacity of the river diminished. Groundwater level depleted to 300 feet in Valan.
In the month of October or November, the water in wells and tube wells is exhausted. Sand mining not only affected agriculture but it also disturbed the social peace and harmony in these villages. Easy money from sand mining has attracted the youth towards illegal activities that precipitated crimes in these villages, and on the other hand the permanent and assured source of agrarian income was jeopardised due to scarcity of water. The crime rate and severity of crimes have increased in the village since the extraction of sand (Adhav; Personal Interview: 20 October 2016). Criminalisation and sand mining are very much interlinked!
However, due to their collective struggle, a sand track spread over 20km to 21 km with 100 meter width and about 80 feet to 100 feet depth has been preserved in the village. In Panegoan tube wells get water at mere 50 feet to 60 feet underground whereas in the places where sand was excessively extracted water level has gone below 300 feet and there is no assurance of finding water too. Even though there was drought for four consecutive years—between 2012 and 2016—the village did not ask for water tankers for drinking water (Jangale; Personal Interview: 18 November 2016).
A rotation of water from Mula dam also enhances water-holding capacity of the village; water in the wells lasts for more than three to four months. Several check dams have been built on the river Mula. Sand plays a vital role in percolation of water, as percolation rate of water in the Panegoan area is extremely high, whereas villages which have extracted sand experience no percolation as rocks in the riverbed are exposed. No sand, no percolation!
Lack of sand and direct exposure to rocks makes it difficult for water to percolate and the water-holding capacity of riverbeds diminish due to deficiency of sand. Water flows rapidly in the riverbed devoid of sand, and the speed of water also precipitates soil erosion and siltation of riverbed. A riverbed full of sand avoids all these havocs and helps in preserving water.
A picture of the riverbed in Valan where sand was extracted excessively
The Panegoan villagers even blocked the tractors that were being used to transport sand (Jangale; Personal Interview: 19 November 2016) as also some tempos and dumper trucks. Word spread in the region that Panegoan does not allow sand mining and this began to deter the sand mafia members from dredging sand from the riverbed there. Only Panegoan residents are allowed to lift sand from the riverbed but with the condition that it must be done only in bullock carts and it should not be hoarded. Tractors and dumper trucks are not permitted to carry sand from the riverbed.
The uniqueness of the Panegoan’s movement is that it was spontaneous but has sustained itself for the last 19 years, without any external aid or support. People are contributing money for the pursuit of legal matter according to their financial capacity.
The Panegoan movement has also shown the way for other villages located on the banks of a river. Many villages have also passed resolutions at gramsabhas, preventing sand mining in any part of the river going through their villages. This ripple effect of the Panegoan movement is being felt in adjoining villages on the riverbanks of Mula and Pravara in the Ahmednagar district (Dainik Loksatta; Ahmednagar: 22 November 2016). More than 12 villages have moved to court seeking ban on legal sand extraction and through vigilance they are preventing illegal sand looting.
Villagers are using democratic and legal tools to protect rivers and riverbed from environmental poachers. A deep sense is prevalent among villagers that health of river is interlinked with the health of their agrarian economy. Despite knowing the hazards of sand mining, government is doing auction of sand for meagre revenue whereas the environment cost of sand extraction is exorbitant (Dainik Pudhari; Ahmednagar: 24 Nov. 2016). However, people are thwarting all efforts of the government agencies and sand mafias. Thus, it is a unique movement in a sense which is trying to prevent growing environmental degradation at the ground level.
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Probiotics could help improve alzheimer's
Friday, 11 November 2016 | Editor
Probiotics, thinking and memory
In a clinical trial involving 52 people, those who drank a daily dose of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium bacteria for 12 weeks showed improvements on tests to measure cognitive impairment.
In contrast, those who were not given the probiotic supplements declined over the same period.
Researchers at from Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, and Islamic Azad University, in Tehran, Iran, say that it suggests altering gut bacteria could help people suffering from neurodegenerative conditions.
"In a previous study, we showed that probiotic treatment improves the impaired spatial learning and memory in diabetic rats, but this is the first time that probiotic supplementation has been shown to benefit cognition in cognitively impaired humans," says Professor Mahmoud Salami from Kashan University, the senior author of the study.
Probiotics provide the "friendly" gut bacteria that are known to give partial protection against certain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, eczema, allergies, colds, tooth decay, and periodontal disease. But scientists have long hypothesized that probiotics might also boost cognition, as there is continuous two-way communication between the intestinal bacteria and the brain along the so-called "microbiota-gut-brain axis" which links the nervous system, the immune system, and hormones.
It is the first time that altering gut bacteria has been found to boost cognition
In mice, probiotics have been shown to improve learning and memory, and reduce anxiety and depression. But until not there has been no evidence of cognitive benefits in humans.
The researchers conducted a trial in which women and men with Alzheimer’s disease, aged between 60 and 95. Half of the patients daily received 200 ml milk enriched with four probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum - approximately 400 billion bacteria per species -while the other half received untreated milk.
Many probiotic yoghurts and drinks, such as Yakult, contain some bacteria although in small doses but probiotic supplements are much more powerful. Yakult, for example contains around 6.5 billion L. casei, while most supplements contain around 30 billion.
At the beginning and the end of the 12-week experimental period, the scientists tested the cognitive function of the subjects with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale, a standard measure of cognitive impairment, which includes tasks like giving the current date, counting backwards from 100 by sevens, naming objects, repeating a phrase, and copying a picture.
This test is obviously on a relatively small scale but the benefits of probiotics generally has been known for many years.
See all our high quality probiotics here.
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Cancer that affects the anus and surrounding regions is called anal cancer. The anus is the region that connects the rectum to the outside of the body. The function of the anus is to allow stool to pass out from the body. In anal cancer, a tumor develops in the anal region through the unlimited growth of abnormal cells in this area. Cancer cells can form from the cells that line the anal canal, called squamous cell carcinoma, or they can form from the skin cells in the anal region.
Both of these types of anal cancer are usually treated differently. Standard traditional treatment methods for cancer use surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Typically, a combination of these three approaches is used for anal cancer treatment. The specific combination is recommended based on the stage of the cancer and location of the tumor cells.
Are there any signs of anal cancer?
Now that you know what is anal cancer, you’re probably wondering how to detect it. The typical signs and symptoms of anal cancer include bleeding in the anus or rectum, pain in the anus, anal itching, lymph nodes swelling in the anus, changes in bowel movements, discharge from the anus, and a growth or lump in the anus.
How common is anal cancer?
Anal cancer is uncommon compared to other types of cancer. About one in 500 people will develop anal cancer during their lifetime. In comparison, about one in eight women will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. Moreover, anal cancer is often confused with colorectal cancer, but these are two separate conditions. An estimated one in 20 people will develop colorectal cancer, showing how this type of cancer is much more prevalent than anal cancer.
According to the global statistics collected by the World Cancer Research Fund by the American Institute of Cancer, anal cancer ranked as the 29th most common cancer in 2018 with a total of 48,541 new cases diagnosed that year. The amount of new cases accounted for only 0.3% of all newly diagnosed cases of cancer.
If broken down by gender, anal cancer had the lowest incidence in men globally in 2018 with 20,196 new cancer cases that year. In women, anal cancer was also more rare and ranked as 24th most common out of 31 types of cancer in 2018. About 28,345 women were diagnosed with anal cancer that year.
Who can get anal cancer?
Anyone can get anal cancer, but the presence of certain risk factors that are known to be what causes anal cancer increase the likelihood of developing the disease. People who are infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) are at much higher risk of developing anal cancer. It is estimated that up to 90% of all cases of anal cancer are associated with HPV infection.
People who smoke, have a weakened immune system, have multiple sex partners, or engage in receptive anal intercourse, are also at increased risk for anal cancer. Anal cancer is more common in women than in men.
What is the anal cancer survival rate?
If you are diagnosed with anal cancer, one of the biggest questions that may arise is, “what the is anal cancer survival rate?” The survival rate is an estimate of what percentage of patients with the disease are still alive five years after diagnosis.
This estimate is based on patients that have the same type of cancer and are at the same stage of the disease. Every type of cancer has a different survival rate. Even subtypes within the same category of cancer that affect the same body part have a different survival rate.
Importantly, the survival rate cannot be used to predict how long a cancer patient will live, as everyone responds differently to treatment, and tumors behave differently within the body depending on the patient’s medical history. However, the survival rate can give you an idea of whether standard treatment is likely to be successful, as it is reflective of how many anal cancer patients respond to treatment.
According to the American Cancer Society that obtains its statistics from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Database of the National Cancer Institute, survival rates for anal cancer are divided into three sections depending on whether the disease is localized, regional, or distant.
• Localized anal cancer is confined to the anal area, and the primary tumor has not spread to surrounding tissues or to distant regions. Only about 48% of all anal cancer cases are diagnosed this early, but the anal cancer prognosis at this stage is good with a survival rate of 82%.
• Regional anal cancer refers to cancer in the anal region that has spread to nearby tissues and/or nearby lymph nodes (Stage III). At this stage, the disease has a five-year survival rate of 65%.
• Distant anal cancer is when the cancer has spread to distant organs such as the lungs or brain (Stage IV), which is also called distant metastases. The anal cancer prognosis is worst in Stage IV with a five-year survival rate of 32%.
• Overall, if all three groups are combined the average survival rate for anal cancer is 68%.
These five-year survival rates are also collected every five years, so they do not take into account any advances in anal cancer treatment or diagnosis that can happen within the span of five years.
So, these numbers are just an estimate, and a cancer patient may not necessarily fit in with these statistics if they respond better or worse to treatment based on their individual constitution. These numbers also only apply to cancers that occur the first time and not for recurrent anal cancer in which treatment was not completely successful the first time.
Factors that affect the survival rate of anal cancer
Many prognostic factors affect the overall survival of anal cancer patients.
1. Type and Stage of Cancer
Based on the survival rates listed above, it’s clear that the current cancer stage is an important prognostic factor in how long a patient is likely to survive with treatment. Earlier stage cancers in which the primary tumor is still localized have a much better prognosis than later stage III or IV anal cancer.
Once the cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and metastatic cancer occurs, the overall survival rate worsens. Additionally, a squamous cell carcinoma, the most common type of anal cancer, tends to respond to treatment differently than the skin cancers in the anal region, such as melanomas.
2. Time of diagnosis
An early diagnosis makes a large difference in the survival rate of cancer. If a cancer is diagnosed at an earlier stage, treatment can often successfully cure it, even without recurrence happening. This is why it is important to have regular checkups with your doctor, especially if you notice symptoms such as anal bleeding or itching. Many people tend to assume that these symptoms are due to less serious problems like hemorrhoids and avoid being examined.
3. Preventing risk factors
Whether you will get cancer is hard to predict, but you can do certain things to reduce the risk of developing anal cancer.
• HPV vaccination can protect against HPV infection, which increases your likelihood of both anal cancer and other types of cancer such as cervical cancer. The vaccination has an age limitation though, so check with your doctor whether you are eligible for it.
• Quit smoking. The incidence of anal cancer is higher in smokers.
• Practice safe habits during sexual activity. This can protect you from HPV infection, and in turn, from developing anal cancer.
You can find more about anal cancer here and reach out to us for a free consultation at the Immunity Therapy Center to find out how we can help in the treatment of anal cancer.
November 4, 2021
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Compare And Contrast Epic Hero In Beowulf
Better Essays
Everybody likes rooting for a hero. And throughout the evolution of storytelling, from stories written in stone to those in tablets, heroes have always played a huge role in the stories we tell. As literature evolved, and more legends and tales began to appear in different cultures, the idea of a traditional epic hero was established. Stories like "The Epic of Gilgamesh," and "The Odyssey," set the mold for this type of heroes, an influence that can clearly be seen when analyzing literature. In fact, most of these characters, regardless of the time and place they were created in, shared similar characteristics to the two kings. A huge number possessed skills that mere mortals didn 't have, which helped them defeat their "infamous" enemies. These…show more content…
As has been noted, many of Beowulf 's characteristics are also shared by traditional epic heroes. He 's brave and never "cowers", defeats previously unbeatable monsters, comes from nobility, and has incredible superhuman strength. Beowulf can be compared to any other epic hero, and the similarities found between them will be never ending. However, there are other characteristics that the king of the Geats possesses which make him be very different from most epic heroes. First, there is the issue with Beowulf 's lack of a moral compass. Even when he saves countless lives, the hero never intends his quests to benefit anyone else than himself. This is constant throughout the book, and not even at his deathbed does Beowulf acknowledge something that is not about him or gold. He is often preoccupied by money and fame, but the wellbeing of other people is not in his vocabulary. For example, when a dragon begins to terrorize his kingdom, Beowulf 's first thought is not to protect his people. Instead, he says, "I 've never known fear, as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me." (52) To Beowulf, even as an older and supposedly wiser man, his main reason for fighting monsters continues to be to gain more fame. Other heroes, like Gilgamesh and Odysseus, usually do heroic deeds to help their kingdoms and men. For example, Gilgamesh kills the heavenly bull to avoid a famine from wrecking his kingdom, while Odysseus works to save his men throughout the story multiple times. Loyalty towards himself before anyone or anything else, is one of the qualities that separates Beowulf from other traditional heroes. Ironically in his efforts to gain fame and riches, Beowulf 's traits overlap with those of an epic hero. More important than Beowulf 's lack of morality though, is the warrior 's lack of growth throughout the story. Usually, in epic poems, the protagonists change
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NewsNational NewsRussia-Ukraine-Conflict
Ukraine's civilians use drones to help in fight against Russia's troops
Ukraine civilians fight troops with drones
Posted at 7:51 PM, May 03, 2022
and last updated 2022-05-03 20:51:43-04
In a field on the outskirts of Kyiv, a band of volunteers tests a fleet of drones, conducting final checks before deploying these eyes in the sky to the front line.
Oleksiy Savchenko just got back from fighting and he's headed there again. He leads the drone squad.
OLEKSIY SAVCHENKO: This is our, uh, like, uh, magic elves. They know everything. Mostly all of them are civilians and volunteers.
NEWSY'S JASON BELLINI: You're not in the military itself?
SAVCHENKO: No, we are civilians, officially.
Savchenko's drones act as spotters for Ukrainian artillery, pinpointing Russian positions to deadly effect.
"Drones help to coordinate the hitting point. You know, the bull's-eye," he said. "Along with the military forces, you decide which target we will attack. And after that, drone goes to the spot and starts to coordinate the fire. ... I have seen Russian military forces burning with the help of our drones. Our artillery software is being used by 90%, 95% of our artillery guys, armed forces. I mean, so you can imagine how much damage that has caused. ... I believe the drones are playing a huge role, like extremely huge."
There's video of a typical strike during a battle in the east where you can notice the flat terrain: Using human spotters there would be suicide. The drones hover above to identify the target and confirm the kill.
"Mostly we are taking out the gathering of the armored vehicles, enemy artillery positions, warehouses with ammunition or fuel," Savchenko said.
The drone team then communicates back to the artillery fighters to help them recalibrate before firing more rounds.
"It's a big difference when you are firing your artillery gun and don't know anything where you hit and when you fire in it and... you see an online picture or somebody from your guys sees online picture and tells you exactly where you've hit," Savchenko continued.
Wherever they set up their base of operations, they try to be stealthy, hiding their drones and themselves from the Russians.
BELLINI: Have any of them been injured or killed?
SAVCHENKO: Injured, yes. But killed? Thank God, no one. No one, which I [have been] told to be careful as much as possible. ... It takes about 15 minutes to set up everything. Fifteen to 20 minutes. ... We have drones that have been shot four, six or seven times and then they are still flying.
BELLINI: Still flying?
SAVCHENKO: I'm sure they are flying right now while we are talking with you.
BELLINI: How is that possible?
SAVCHENKO: They're made of foam wings. And what happens when a bullet goes through the foam? It goes like through butter.
If necessity is the mother of invention, this is where the invention gets done.
There's a secret Kyiv workshop where the drones are built and repaired from parts that cost around $5,000. That's a fraction of the cost of armed military drones like the now famous Turkish Bayraktar, or the high-tech suicide Switchblades from the U.S.
Unlike those drones, these don't have the capacity to kill, at least not directly.
But as the war becomes increasingly defined by artillery-on-artillery battles, the combined effect of spotter drones and the big guns is just as deadly.
BELLINI: Do things change at all for you now that Ukraine is getting some of the long-range artillery from the U.S.?
SAVCHENKO: Yeah, I think it will make a huge change.
BELLINI: What changes?
SAVCHENKO: We will gain a much higher fire rate from our side. ... When you shoot, you are targets already.
BELLINI: You've got to move.
SAVCHENKO: Yeah, you've got to move to a different location. So all the artillery Russians, our artillery Ukrainians, they are constantly shifting and that's how it goes right now.
BELLINI: So it's a game.
SAVCHENKO: It's a game. Yeah, it's a tactical game right now. It's like real war.
The Russians also deploy surveillance drones, but Savchenko says his are better — like the difference between a Tesla and a diesel truck.
SAVCHENKO: Our drones are electrical and they have engine drones. They are very loud and they're bigger. They can fly longer, and they have to operate much higher. ... When they do it, they are getting shot by Stingers, for example; our drones can't be hit with a rocket launcher because it doesn't produce this much heat.
But the Russians are good, Savchenko says, at jamming the GPS signals his drones need in order to navigate.
That, and human error, has doomed more than a few drones.
BELLINI: So what's a bad experience that you've had?
SAVCHENKO: Yeah, my bad experience was 10 days ago, I crashed a drone because I didn't react the way I should have. ... But at the end of the day, looking back to these two months, we have done a lot. We have done a lot.
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10 Jan 2018
Phillips AE, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Aurelio HO, Dhanani N, Ferro J, Nala R, Deol A, Fenwick A.
BACKGROUND: The results presented here are part of a five-year cluster-randomised intervention trial that was implemented to understand how best to gain and sustain control of schistosomiasis through different preventive chemotherapy strategies. This paper presents baseline data that were collected in ten districts of Cabo Delgado province, northern Mozambique, before treatment.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 19,039 individuals was sampled from 144 villages from May to September 2011. In each village prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium were investigated in 100 children first-year students (aged 5-8 years), 100 school children aged 9-12 years (from classes 2 to 7) and 50 adults (20-55 years). Prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection were evaluated microscopically by two filtrations, each of 10 ml, from a single urine specimen. Given that individual and community perceptions of schistosomiasis influence control efforts, community knowledge and environmental risk factors were collected using a face-to-face interview. Data were entered onto mobile phones using EpiCollect. Data summary was made using descriptive statistics. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 60.4% with an arithmetic mean intensity of infection of 55.8 eggs/10 ml of urine. Heavy infections were detected in 17.7%, of which 235 individuals (6.97%) had an egg count of 1000 eggs/10 ml or more. There was a significantly higher likelihood of males being infected than females across all ages (62% vs 58%; P < 0.0005). Adolescents aged 9-12 years had a higher prevalence (66.6%) and mean infection intensity (71.9 eggs/10 ml) than first-year students (63.1%; 58.2 eggs/10 ml). This is the first study in Mozambique looking at infection rates among adults. Although children had higher levels of infection, it was found here that adults had a high average prevalence and intensity of infection (44.5%; 23.9 eggs/10 ml). Awareness of schistosomiasis was relatively high (68.6%); however, correct knowledge of how schistosomiasis is acquired was low (23.2%) among those who had heard of the disease. Schistosomiasis risk behaviour such as washing (91.3%) and bathing (86.7%) in open water sources likely to be infested with host snails was high.
CONCLUSIONS: Urogenital schistosomiasis is widespread in Cabo Delgado. In addition, poor community knowledge about the causes of schistosomiasis and how to prevent it increases the significant public health challenge for the national control program. This was the first study in Mozambique that examined infection levels among adults, where results showed that S. haematobium infection was also extremely high. Given that this controlled trial aims to understand the impact of different combinations of schistosomiasis control through treatment of communities, schools, and treatment holidays over a five-year period, these findings highlight the importance of examining the impact of different treatment approaches also in adults.
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Entity Framework Core: An Introduction
Entity Framework (EF 5.0) Core is a modern object-relational mapper (ORM) or data layer class for .NET. It supports Language Integrated Query (LINQ), change tracking, updates, schema migrations, etc. It’s an open source, lightweight, extensible, cross-platform version of the Entity Framework which is used only on Windows. With the release of EF Core, one can create a database mapper class that runs on any operating system (Windows, Linux and Mac).
Before we take a look at Entity Framework (EF) Core, one should be aware of the unification of the .NET Framework to .NET Core and then to .NET 5. Yes, you heard it right. From now on, .NET Core will get more updates because of cross-platform support. The .NET Framework, which is compatible with Windows only, will continue to exist but it is recommended to convert it to .NET 5 (.NET Core version). For more details, do read my article explaining the benefits of cross-platform applications using .NET Core, carried in the January 2019 issue of OSFY (https://bit.ly/3oA6hlO).
If you have any classic .NET Framework applications, it’s time to consider migrating to .NET 5, which offers cross-platform support and performance improvements. It’s a great time to consider .NET 5 and EF 5 Core for developing new apps as they support cloud native features out-of-the-box. This includes support for gRPC, Project Tye (which is a .NET microservices and orchestration tool), and REST APIs, as well as faster cross-platform development with Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) and Linux.
Top features of .NET 5
Figure 1: Top features of .NET 5
Why should I care about Entity Framework Core?
As discussed, EF Core can serve as an object-relational mapper (ORM), which helps .NET developers to work with a database using .NET objects. It also eliminates the need for most of the data-access code that typically needs to be coded.
1. EF Core works with many databases, including SQL (on-premises and Azure), SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL and Azure Cosmos DB. In simple terms, it’s a data access API that supports non-relational databases like Azure Cosmos DB too.
2. It supports 23+ databases, including prominent ones like Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, FireBird, DB2, Informix, Progress Open Edge, etc. You can check http://aka.ms/efcoreproviders for more information on the databases it supports.
3. We can use EF Core to build various types of .NET projects, say, Blazor app, WPF, Winforms, ASP.NET Core and Xamarin, across the spectrum.
4. Another benefit is that one can use strongly typed integrated language, aka Language Integrated Query (LINQ), to fire the DB queries.
5. It also implements ‘unit of work’ out-of-the-box to help track changes and concurrency.
6. Finally, it’s data-binding friendly; this means that if you are using WPF or Winforms data binding frameworks, it is friendly with these.
NET 5 release timeline
Figure 2: .NET 5 release timeline
Versions supported by .NET 5
Figure 3: Versions supported by .NET 5
Steps to create ‘Hello World’ using EF 5.0 Core
1. EF Core is a .NET Standard 2.0 library. So, it requires a .NET implementation that supports .NET Standard 2.0 to run. For example, you can use EF Core to develop apps that target .NET Core. Building .NET Core apps requires the .NET Core SDK.
2. IDE: You can use any development environment like Visual Studio, Visual Studio for Mac, or Visual Studio Code. You can use EF Core to develop applications on Windows using Visual Studio. The latest version of Visual Studio is recommended.
3. EF Core can run on other .NET implementations like Xamarin and .NET Native, too. But in practice, those implementations have runtime limitations that may affect how well EF Core works on your app.
Table 1 shows various .NET implementations supported by EF Core.
EF Core 2.1 and 3.1 5
.NET Standard 2 2.1
.NET Core 2 3
.NET Framework(1) 4.7.2 (not supported)
Mono 5.4 6.4
Xamarin.iOS(2) 10.14 12.16
Xamarin.Mac(2) 3.8 5.16
Xamarin.Android(2) 8 10
UWP(3) 10.0.16299 TBD
Unity(4) 2018.1 TBD
Table 1: The .NET implementations supported by EF Core
How to get EF Core runtime
To add EF Core to an application, we need to install the required NuGet package of the database provider to start using it. Let’s say, if we are building an ASP.NET Core application that has SQL Server as a database, then the EF Core runtime of SQL Server is what is required, which can be installed via NuGet.
Figure 4: VS Code Editor Dotnet CLI
We can use the .NET Core command line interface (CLI) or the Visual Studio Package Manager Dialog, or the Visual Studio Package Manager Console to get the required packages.
Assuming you have installed .NET Core runtime, go ahead and type the command given below in your .NET Core CLI command window:
D:\EFY\myfirstefcore> dotnet add package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer
Get the .NET Core CLI tools
dotnet ef must be installed as a global or local tool. Most developers prefer installing dotnet ef as a global tool using the following command:
D:\EFY\myfirstefcore> dotnet tool install --global dotnet-ef
Let’s create a .NET Core console app that performs data access against a SQL Server database using EF Core. We can try the same using Visual Studio on Windows, or by using the .NET Core CLI on Windows, macOS, or Linux with VSCode as a free editor. I have copied the complete sample at https://github.com/Maheshk-MSFT/efcorecodefirstapproach as a reference.
In this sample, C# models created in our local project can be used as a schema to generate database tables. Assuming you have .NET Core installed along with entity framework runtime, execute the steps to get the models translated into databases.
Figure 5: A closer look at Data Context
Here’s a quick test to confirm if we have .NET Core and EF Core installed.
In this first sample, we have created four model classes – Customer, Order, Product and ProductOrder – along with their relationships.
After setting the required SQL Database Connection string, we need to start initialising the local model classes to actual database tables. Execute the commands given below in a sequential order:
a) dotnet ef migrations add InitialCreate
The above command initialises the local model classes prepared for migration.
b) dotnet ef database update
This command helps us to generate equivalent tables in the database.
c) dotnet ef migrations add AddBlogCreatedTimestamp
The sub-command Add helps to amend incremental changes synced with actual DB tables.
d) dotnet ef database update
This command helps to update the local changes.
Now, let’s see what the Data Context class is and its role. We need to configure the provider in our DbContext, either using the OnConfiguring method or the AddDbContext method, if we are using a dependency injection container. For example, the following line configures the SQL Server provider with the passed connection string:
optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer( “Server=(localdb)\mssqllocaldb;Database=MyDatabase;Trusted_Connection=True;”);
Failing to set the right connectionstring will throw an error asking to fix the connection first. Figure 5 explains the Data Context class and its various functionalities.
We can initialise the Data Context class in program.cs for making the database call. In Figure 6, you can see that we are reusing the same datacontext ‘context’ for creating, updating or deletion of the records. The Data Context class facilitates the connection between our local .NET Class and its memory state to database records.
Figure 6: VS 2019 Editor
On executing the final project using dotnet run program.cs, one can see the record creation, updation and deletion at a glance. I suggest you check out the complete code for this topic and try it.
Figure 7: Program output
How to work with raw SQL queries
EF Core allows us to embed and execute raw SQL queries when working with a relational database. This is quite useful where you can’t express queries using LINQ, say, nested reporting queries. We can use the FromSqlRaw extension method to begin a LINQ query based on a raw SQL query. FromSqlRaw can only be used on query roots, that is, directly on the DbSet<>.
#region FromSqlRaw
using (var context = new DBContext())
var blogs = context.Blogs
.FromSqlRaw(“SELECT * FROM dbo.Blogs”)
foreach (Blog o in blogs)
Console.WriteLine(“Url: “ + o.Url + “, Blog Rating: “ + o.Rating);
FromSqlInterpolated is similar to FromSqlRaw but allows us to use string interpolation syntax to avoid injection. As with the previous example, the value is converted to a DbParameter and isn’t vulnerable to SQL injection. Just like FromSqlRaw, FromSqlInterpolated can only be used on query roots.
#region FromSql InterpolatedComposed
using (var context = new DBContext())
var Name = “https://maheshk.net”;
var blogs = context.Blogs
.FromSql Interpolated($”SELECT * From Blogs Where url = {Name}”)
//.OrderBy(b => b.Rating)
foreach (Blog o in blogs)
Console.WriteLine(“RESULT: Url: “ + o.Url + “, Blog Rating: “ + o.Rating);
The output is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Program output
Passing parameters
Yes, it’s recommended to use parameterization for raw SQL queries. When introducing any user-provided values into a raw SQL query, care must be taken to avoid SQL injection attacks. Make sure it does not contain invalid characters. Never pass a concatenated or interpolated string ($””) with non-validated user-provided values into FromSqlRaw or ExecuteSqlRaw.
• The FromSqlInterpolated and ExecuteSqlInterpolated methods allow using string interpolation syntax in a way that protects against SQL injection attacks.
• The SQL query must return data for all properties of the entity type.
The column names in the result set must match the column names that properties are mapped to.
• The SQL query can’t contain related data. If required, we can compose on top of the query using the Include operator to return related data.
• You can begin your journey with EF Core by logging on to https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/.
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Surprising Foods That Can Lead to Eating Disorders
There are several types of eating disorders, some that involve eating too much, and those that involve eating way too little. Generally, the sufferer has an inaccurate perception of their own body and feelings of shame related to their eating habits.
There are many and varied risk factors for the development of an eating disorder, and food itself is rarely at the root. Food is just the substance that becomes abused, not the driver of the disorder.
That said, our modern Western diets are full of foods designed to make us want more, eat more, and consume more often. There are some surprising foods – and food additives – that are ready-made for abuse. We’ll let you in on those meals and ingredients that can spell trouble for your dietary health.
Sweet Stuff
Sugar is one of the most addictive foods on the planet because our brains are hard-wired to crave it. Sugar provides the body with ready fuel for energy. But while nature has provided a huge range of naturally sweet foods, industry has discovered how to pump way more sugar than necessary into a range of products.
When we eat (or drink) sugary foods, our brains release a flood of feel-good chemicals and start clamoring for more. Overeating sugar can lead to a range of health complications, including obesity and diabetes.
Handle with care: Cookies, cakes, candy, soda, “kids” breakfast cereal
Eat instead: Fruit, yogurt, sugar-free gum, whole-food fruit & nut bars
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How Many Batteries Do You Need For a 300W Solar Panel?
300W solar panels can run TVs, laptops and various appliances, so no wonder it is in demand in homes and RVs. Of course a solar panel doesn’t work alone, and you need a battery to reserve energy. But how many batteries will you need?
A 300W solar panel needs at least a 100ah battery to draw 1000W. A smaller battery is enough if you are drawing the power for a short period, but a bigger battery is needed for a longer current draw. The battery size depends on how long you have to provide power to the inverter.
How to Calculate a 300W Solar Panel Battery Requirement
To figure out the battery requirement, you need to know the following:
• How many watts the solar panel can produce
• The amount of power you will provide to the inverter
• How long you need to draw power from the inverter
• The inverter efficiency
• The battery depth of discharge
In our example we will use a 300W solar panel with four hours of sunlight available. if you are looking for one, we suggest the DOKIO 300W Solar Panel Kit as it comes with everything you need. The goal is to supply 1000W to the battery. The question is how many batteries will you need? More accurately, what battery capacity is required and what type?
In a perfect world a 300W 12V solar panel will generate 1200W (300W x 4 hours of sunlight = 1200). But during those four hours, the sun’s angle will change, the intensity will vary, clouds may pass by etc. If you factor these in, the average output is going to be 270W-280W, or 1100W with four hours of sun.
280W x 4 = 1120W
To convert watts into amp hours:
1120W / 12V = 93ah, rounded off to 100ah
Theoretically, 100ah will be enough for a 300W solar panel. But the question now is, how long do you need to supply 1120W to the power load? Divide the total watt output by the number of watts the inverter needs.
1120W / 1000W = 1.12 (approx. 1 hour)
Ideally, the power supply can last for 1.12 hours. But that does not account for inverter energy loss, which is about 80%. So multiply 1 hour by .8:
60 x .8 = .48
That is 48 minutes.
A 100ah battery can supply 1000W of solar panel power to an inverter for 48 minutes. However this will completely drain the battery down to 0%. A lead acid battery has a 50% DOD so you have to double the capacity to 200ah. If you want to draw 1000W for longer than 48 minutes, get a larger battery or reduce the load.
Buy a lithium battery if you want to use all – or most – of the capacity. It’s more expensive than lead acid or AGM, but you don’t have to recharge it at 50%. If you don’t mind the limited DOD you can go with a lead acid battery as it is still effective. We like the Weize 100ah 12V AGM battery as it is dependable and long lasting.
Inverter Load For 300W Solar Panels
The inverter load and duration play a huge role in determining battery capacity. The inverter load determines the battery discharge rate. The larger the inverter load, the faster the battery will discharge. If you are running a lot of devices simultaneously it will drain that battery fast.
Note that the calculations we are working with here is only 1000W. You can use the same steps as above for higher loads. A larger load requirement, such a refrigerator, will demand more from the battery. You also have to make sure the 300W solar panel is enough for whatever it is you want to load on the inverter.
Here’s an example. Let’s assume the weather is ideal and the solar panel produces 1200W (300W x 4 hours of sunlight). On paper that is enough to run a typical fridge for 1 hour. In truth however it is insufficient.
A refrigerator has two power requirements, running watts and starting watts. The running watts is what the fridge uses while it runs throughout the day. The starting watts is the power required to start the refrigerator.
Energy efficient refrigerators use 120-150W, but their starting watt requirement is 1200W-1500W. A 300W solar panel isn’t enough. The same rule applies to any appliance or device that has has a starting watt. This is the rule for any type of solar power, including solar generators. Always add a cushion -20% at least- as it’s better to have more power capacity than less.
Battery Discharge Rate For 300W Solar Panels
The amount of time you need to draw the current determines the battery discharge rate. Let’s say you get 1500W of sunlight from your 300W solar panel (ideal weather). A 125ah battery will draw 1500W for an hour. A 6.5ah battery is enough for 1500W for 30 minutes (125 / 2 = 6.5).
You can slow the discharge rate by reducing the inverter load or drawing power for brief periods only. As was pointed out earlier it’s also more efficient to use lithium ion batteries because of their superior discharge rate. The higher the load requirement the more efficient your solar panel will be. Even then you have to account for energy loss from the PV modules and the inverter.
At the most optimistic scenario, a 12V 300W solar panel produces 2400W (300wh x 8 hours of sun = 2400), but inverter and charge controller inefficiencies will result varying results. An 1800 inverter load with an 8 hour run time could produce 8-10A minimum up to 80A an hour max depending on the weather and solar panel efficiency.
These numerous factors are the reason why we suggest at least a 100ah battery for 1000W and 150ah-200ah minimum for 1800W draws. By overestimating your power requirements you don’t have to worry if the capacity will be enough. Spending a bit more on that extra battery capacity will just make things easier for you. For optimum performance, you must also use the right wire size for 300W solar panels.
Is a 300W Solar Panel Enough for an 1800W Inverter?
Technically a 300W solar panel is enough, but for optimum results you need way more. Six 300W solar panels is sufficient to run all your loads for 4-5 hours. These six panels can produce up to 1800W an hour so it should be enough for even larger power draws.
Half a dozen solar panels will take a lot of room, but if you need plenty of power this is a good option. With a solar array this size you might generate up to 7200W a day. Of course if you plan to store this energy you will need a huge battery bank. You might also want to get an MPPT charge controller to get the best possible performance.
Another thing to keep in mind is the inverter size. The general rule is the inverter watt capacity must be bigger than the total load watts. The extra inverter watts must be at least 20% or even double that of the total load wattage. There is no consensus here, but for high powered appliances it’s better to go with a bigger inverter. For appliances and devices with starting watt requirements, a powerful inverter is mandatory.
Can a 300W Solar Panel Overcharge the Battery?
It is possible to overcharge solar batteries, but it is unlikely. The only way this can occur is if you connect the solar panel directly to the battery. That exposes the battery to possible overheating, overloading and other potential problems. But if you have a charge controller this is very remote.
Whether you opt for a PWM or MPPT controller, there will be overload protection. You can let the solar panel charge the battery for as long as needed, and the controller ensures only the right amount of power goes in. You don’t have to do anything to the panels, inverter or battery as the controller oversees the process.
If the battery isn’t charging, it is probably due to lack of sunlight. Try changing the solar panel angle or wait for a sunnier day to charge. You should also check the wires and cables to make sure nothing is lose. A loose cable might cause solar fire and lead to more trouble.
All the calculating you have to do isn’t as complicated as it seems. Your solar panel likely has information which should tell you what battery it needs. Even if that information is provided, knowing how to crunch the numbers is essential when you have to install new PV modules or add another battery.
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In New York state, voters are given a state-issued voter identification number when they register. These are known as State Board of Election IDentification numbers (SBOEID). Some counties assign a county-level ID number in addition to the SBOEID. The purpose of the SBOEID is to identify each unique voter in the state of New York. Unfortunately, some voters are less unique than others; 299,920 to be exact.
AuditNY is a citizen-led group organized for the purpose of uncovering the truth behind certified election results for the 2020 General Election in New York. They have been studying the election since late summer, 2021. They have made many Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) requests of counties and the state to gain access to various election-related records. Many counties have not complied with FOIL law by ignoring or refusing AuditNY’s requests. One record they did receive is a database of the voter rolls for the entire state from the New York State Board of Elections. The database contains about 20 million records.
A voter approached AuditNY and asked them to look into her own registration status in the state database. She had been registered to vote in a certain county, then moved out of state. When she returned several years later, she moved to an address in a different county. At about that time, she discovered she was still registered to vote at her old address. A search of the state-provided voter rolls confirmed that she was simultaneously registered in two counties. Both registrations were listed as “active”, meaning a vote could be legally cast in either record.
There are a few details worth understanding in the context of later developments. This voter’s first and second registrations were exact matches for first name, last name, birth date, and address (one former, one current). However, the middle initial had been changed in the earlier registration from the correct letter to a different one. The second registration had the correct initial. The voter history for the first registration was wrong. It reflected participation in fewer elections than the voter had actually voted in. However, unless another person with the same unusual first name, last name, and birth date lived in the same apartment at the same time as the voter who brought this to AuditNY’s attention, both registrations were based on the same individual’s personal information. Each of the two registrations had different SBOEIDs. The combination of unique SBOEIDs and “active” status for both registrations allows both registrations to be used to cast votes.
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AuditNY then expanded their search. They looked for matching first and last names and birth dates. They found 299,920 unique name/birth date combinations that were assigned two or more unique SBOEIDs. The total number of registration records involved is 608,760, of which a minimum of 308,840 cannot be legitimate. That figure represents the total number of registrations minus the total number of unique persons identified. This is the best case scenario. It assumes that one registration per named voter is legitimate. It is possible that in some cases, all of the multiple registrations are fictitious.
Incidentally, AuditNY found many examples of records where voter names were subtly altered. For instance, by adding “jr.”, or “IV” as a suffix, or by spelling out a middle name in one entry, using an initial in another, and leaving it blank in a third. One example caught by chance spelled a first name two different ways, “Yvette” and “Evette”. Each had a unique SBOEID but everything else matched.
In many cases, all of the SBOEIDs assigned to a name were registered on the same day and to the same address. There is one example from Brooklyn that concerns 11 unique SBOEIDs assigned to the same man at the same address within a 2-day period (2/19/2020-2/20/2020). The man had an unusual name that occurs once nationwide in the multiple searches conducted to discover whether the name was real or fictitious. In those searches, the only person in the country with that name lived in Brooklyn. Or rather, had lived in Brooklyn at one time. Some of the information found on this individual indicated the possibility that he had moved to Israel prior to the flurry of registrations in his name. If those registrations were for that individual, all 11 are likely fake. If they are someone else with the same name in the same city, then 10 of the registrations are false.
Several aspects of this discovery indicate the likelihood that someone or some group of people with official access to the voter rolls inserted these duplicate records, and assigned unique SBOEIDs to each one. First, it would be difficult for an individual to walk into a county elections board and register 11 times on the same day, or in the same 24 hours, with the same name, birth date, and address, without being noticed. This is particularly true when it involves almost 300,000 voters. Second, SBOEIDs aren’t selected or assigned by the voter. They are assigned by the state as part of the registration process. To be given different SBOEIDs based on the same underlying information should have raised flags within the Board of Elections (BOE) to prevent the registration from going through. The simplest explanation for this data is that someone with official access added these records illegally.
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There were 212,125 votes associated with these records. That is within the maximum number of potentially legal registrations but AuditNY discovered that thousands of votes cannot be legitimate. For instance, One man with 7 unique SBOEIDs has 4 votes listed in his record. Only one of those can be legitimate, meaning a minimum of 3 are fraudulent.
The effect of these excess SBOEIDs is that the voter rolls have been falsified, possibly intentionally, by someone who likely had official access to the rolls. That could constitute destruction of election data that the state is bound to preserve under penalty of law. One could argue that adding false registrations does not “destroy” because it is an addition, not a subtraction. That would be like saying that adding paint to a famous painting in a museum doesn’t “destroy” it because the original painting still exists under the newly applied paint. In the case of voter rolls, just as with a painting, alteration is destruction.
AuditNY believes that this information, and other data like it, warrants an investigation, an audit, and possible decertification. What do you think?
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Which Countries Celebrate New Year’s Eve First and Last?
PeskyMonkey/E+/Getty Images
The countries that celebrate New Year’s Eve first are Samoa and Christmas Island, which is also called Kiribati. Baker Island, Howard Island and other outlying U.S. islands celebrate the new year last.
The order in which countries celebrate the new year is determined by the International Date Line. The International Date Line is located at 180 degrees longitude and is situated on the exact opposite side of the earth as the Prime Meridian. The International Date Line divides the current day from the previous day. Countries located to the west of the International Date Line are a day behind countries situated to the east of the International Date Line.
New Year Start Dates Around the World
Across the world, there are 39 different time zones in use. From the first country to the last, it takes a total of 26 hours for all nations to ring in the new year. Based on their proximity to the International Date Line, the islands of Samoa and Kiribati are the first places in the world to welcome the new year. Within these islands, the cities of Kiritimati, Salelologa and Apia are the first cities in the world to celebrate New Year’s. Next to welcome the new year are the Chatham Islands and New Zealand. Parts of Russia celebrate the holiday next, followed by Australia in several stages, with the exception of Western Australia, which follows Japan, South Korea and four other countries. North Korea is the next location to welcome the new year, followed by many countries in Southeast Asia. Nepal, India and Pakistan follow in the chain of countries celebrating the start of the new year. Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran and eight other countries follow.
Russia and 22 other countries start the new year 11 hours after Samoa and Kiribati. Greece and 31 other countries start the new year 12 hours after Samoa. The other countries that celebrate New Year’s within the first 24-hour time period are Argentina, parts of Brazil, Newfoundland, parts of Canada and 29 other countries, including countries in South America. Between midnight and 4:00 a.m. the next day, many parts of the United States celebrate the new year. French Polynesia, American Samoa and a number of outlying U.S. islands are the last places in the world to start the new year.
New Year’s Traditions and Customs
The new year is observed by countries around the world. While it is universally important to those countries, New Year’s is celebrated in many different ways. In China, for instance, the new year holiday is based on the Chinese lunar calendar. Each year is represented by an animal, which is ascribed to that year based on the lunar calendar. The year 2016, for instance, was the Year of the Monkey. Chinese citizens begin preparing for the start of the new year seven days in advance by ridding their homes of evil spirits.
In Ecuador, people create cartoons called viejos to get rid of bad luck and grievances. Fireworks are then wrapped inside the cartoons, and the entire piece is lit on fire. Men dressed as widows of the viejos dance in the streets.
In Germany, much like the United States, New Year’s Eve is filled with fireworks, champagne and large, loud social gatherings. Food and family are a large part of the new year celebrations in both countries.
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Health is not just an absence of illness. At the very least health includes a well-functioning immune system, our bodies’ first defense against pathogens that cause disease. This includes COVID-19, the coronavirus.
We are all constantly exposed to bacteria, viruses, and parasites even if we wash our hands twenty times a day. If our immune system is working well, it creates a barrier that stops the antigens from entering the body altogether. This is the first line of defense. If this fails, the second line is for the immune system to produce white blood cells, chemicals and proteins that find, attack and destroy the antigens before they can reproduce. If that fails, the immune system destroys the antigens as they multiply. If the antigens are able to multiply a lot you will feel lousy as your body fights the disease in earnest. You will have unpleasant symptoms. A large part of your energy will go towards your immune system’s battle. You will be sick.
I don’t know about you, but I want to stay at defense levels one and two. And this is more than possible, even with the coronavirus. Don’t get me wrong—handwashing and not touching your face does reduce the amount of pathogens that make it to your immunity barrier, but it doesn’t eliminate them entirely unless you live in a special isolation bubble. To be healthy, you also need your immune system functioning robustly. The following suggestions (to do before you become sick) may strike you as common sense, but, to paraphrase Voltaire, in the middle of a pandemic common sense is sometimes not so common.
1. WalkWalking is a miracle remedy that, among its many wonders, boosts the immune system in a dramatic way. Other physical activities are also good, but if you’re reluctant to go the gym or yoga class due to exposure concerns, a brisk 30-minute walk won’t require you to get close to others or touch anything. To keep the immune system on high function you need 30 minutes of moderate exercise every day. Not three hours on a weekend. 30 minutes every day.
2. Cut out sugar. Yes, this includes donuts. Sugar is addictive and hidden in every nook and cranny of the standard American diet. High blood sugar suppresses your immune system. Even food items that say “healthy” often have added sugars. Read labels and don’t buy anything with more than 2 grams of added sugars per serving. Don’t drink anything with added sugar or high fructose corn syrup. If this seems like agony, give yourself permission to have one tiny sweet thing a day. But really, once you cut added sugars out of your diet, your taste buds will recalibrate and you’ll find many things in a healthy diet are naturally sweet and satisfying.
3. Don’t binge drink alcohol. Remember that alcohol is addictive and toxic to the human body. I’m not saying don’t drink at all—I like my wine, too—but treat it with the caution it deserves. Three drinks in an evening impact the immune system. Five drinks in an evening really mess up the immune system.
4. Cut out junk/fast food. An unhealthy diet generates a cascade of negative biological effects that extend over a surprising period of time. One of those effects is a messed up immune system. If you want to be healthy, you have to eat for nutrition, not for convenience, not for emotional comfort, and not to satisfy cravings for salt/fat/sugar. But this doesn’t have to be a sacrifice. Healthy foods cooked with healthy fats can be delicious, truly.
5. Stop smoking. Smoking damages immune response and especially increases susceptibility to pneumonia. This is one of the reasons that COVID-19 is killing so many more men than women in China—men are fifty times heavier smokers there.
6. Sleep enough, at least 7 hours a night. Any less and your T-cells are affected. T-cells are especially important for your immune system to effectively fight viruses. Ways to get more sleep—go to bed 30 minutes earlier, cut out caffeine and alcohol, exercise during the day, sleep in a cool, dark room without electronics, don’t have cats that wake you up in the middle of the night like I do.
7. Sweat/steam—Isak Dinesen said the cure for anything is salt water—sweat, tears or the sea. Fifteen minutes in a sauna will increase white blood cell count and stimulate your immune system. If you feel chilled or a little off, it really can head a virus off at the pass.
8. Avoid wood fires except in high efficiency wood stoves or fireplace inserts. Breathing wood smoke is surprisingly bad for you, and wood-burning fireplaces tend to create a lot of smoke, both indoors and out. Among other things, the chemicals in wood smoke impede pulmonary immune response and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. Also a good idea to avoid car and diesel exhaust.
9. Don’t get chilled. Don’t go outside with wet hair. Don’t allow your feet to remain wet. This is different than don’t go out in the cold or don’t walk in the rain. Proper clothing will keep you warm and dry. But if your body temperature drops, key immune system proteins are impaired, making it more likely for viruses to replicate. Dry your hair! Change out of wet shoes/wet socks as soon as you can! (Yes, I know I sound like your mom. I still say these things to my adult children.)
10. Listen to your body. Sometimes, if you feel a bit off–on the verge of coming down with something—if you give your immune system a boost right then you can kick whatever’s looming. A nice walk might work, or a hot bath, or an early bed. Or some form of tonic or pick-me-up might appeal. Some things I’ve found that work for me (your mileage may vary): chickenbone broth with lemon and cayenne, cherry bark syrup, fire cider vinegar, three roots tea (licorice/ginger/turmeric). What works for you? Put it in the comments!
11. Healthy food. Brightly-colored veggies, berries, mushrooms, and garlic all have immune boosting properties.
12. Reduce stress.Chronic stress hammers the immune system. Reduce the impact through meditation, exercise, counseling and/or social support. Just to note: chronic fear creates chronic stress. Wigging out about the corona virus is not what you want to spend your day doing.
13. Increase happiness/kindness. Depression and loneliness suppress the immune system, happiness and kindness boost it. For ways to decrease your unhappiness and increase your happiness read this.
14. Get out in sunlight/nature. Huddling inside obsessing on the internet is not good for your health. Being outside in nature and sunlight is.
Your health is not random, nor is it predetermined. You have immense influence over it. Don’t just stock up on toilet paper and hand sanitizer—take active steps to bolster your body’s built-in, sophisticated disease-conquering mechanism. Most healthy people under 70 who are exposed to the coronavirus either don’t get sick or are ill just a few days. If the horse is already out of the barn in your area (i.e. the virus has already been circulating for weeks,) for your family’s sake and for your community’s sake, you want the virus to bounce right off you if you’re exposed to it. In this way you won’t fill a hospital bed or need a ventilator or require drugs that might be in short supply. In this way, you can take care of family members who fall ill. In this way, you can go shopping or prepare meals or mow the lawn for a neighbor in need. Plus, being healthy, you’ll feel great! Taking time for your health is not selfish, it’s how you can actively contribute to the greater good. If schools end up closed in your region, feed your kids healthy food and let them be active. If playgrounds seem a risk, take them on bike rides and hikes in nature. It will be good for you all!
Note: This is not medical advice. If you are ill, consult your health care provider.
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Week 11
Monday 22nd June - SPAG Questions and Exclamations Watch BBC clips which show examples of questions and exclamations and then complete the worksheet below.
Types of sentence powerpoint.. Watch this powerpoint to check you understand the different types of sentence
Tuesday 23rd June - The Day the Crayons Quit - The crayons have gone on holiday! Write a letter or postcard home to Duncan describing where they are and what they have been doing. Use the examples below to help you.
Wednesday 24th June - The Day the Crayons Quit - Create a picture where each crayon has a speech bubble. Can someone guess the colour of your crayon by reading their speech bubble? Use the example below to help you.
Thursday 24th June -The Day the Crayons Quit - Write an apology letter (to say he is sorry) from Duncan to the crayons If you finish, you might like to do the crossword or word search below.
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OMG! Texting doesn't actually hurt kids' grammar or spelling skills
Niall Ferguson put it most bluntly: "Texting Makes U Stupid."
Texting has become the dominant form of communication among teens, with the average American teen sending and receiving thousands of texts each month. This has led to widespread concerns that the informal spelling and grammar used in texts (termed "textisms" by researchers) would erode these kids' ability to use proper language.
Except, as it turns out, the data indicates that spending hours each day writing words and creatively manipulating language — as texting kids tend to do — doesn't actually reduce kids' formal spelling or grammar skills.
"There is, by now, a clear body of evidence," says Nenagh Kemp, a language psychologist at the University of Tasmania who's spent the past few years studying the topic, and recently published a new study on it with Clare Wood, of Coventry University in the UK. "Parents and educators need not panic that exposure to abbreviated and unconventional spelling and writing styles in digital communication will lead to the ruin of young people's conventional literacy skills.".
Kemp and Wood's new study is one of several showing that, for children and teens, there aren't any correlations between using more textisms and decreased performance on formal grammar and spelling tests over time. Indeed, there's even a slight correlation between textism use and increases in test scores — suggesting that, counterintuitively, this sort of behavior might improve kids' mastery of written language.
The research shows texting doesn't erode literacy skills
Paul Jacobson
Over the past few years, a few different studies have looked at kids' use of textisms and their grammar skills in more formal settings.
The first study, published in 2008, showed that 11 and 12-year-olds in Britain who used more textisms — whether misspelled words ("ppl," instead of "people"), grammatically incorrect substitutions ("2" for "to" or "too"), wrong verb forms ("he do" instead of "he does"), or missing punctuation — compared to properly written words tended to have slightly better scores on standardized grammar and writing tests and had better spelling, after controlling for test scores in other subjects and other factors. A 2009 study, conducted by some of the same researchers on 88 kids between 10 and 12 years old, found similar associations between high textism use and slightly better reading ability.
In 2010, Kemp published a study of 68 Australian college students showing that those who could more easily translate normal language into textisms — and convert textisms into proper language — also performed slightly better on literacy performance tests.
This new study is the first with any sort of long-term, real-world component. In it, Kemp, Wood, and colleagues had 83 primary school students, 78 secondary school (roughly the equivalent of middle and high school) students, and 49 college students copy down all the texts they'd sent in the previous two days. Then, they analyzed them for the density of various sorts of textisms (compared to properly written words).
Both at the time they collected the texts and a year later, the researchers had all the students take a few different grammar, writing, and reading tests. And just like all the previous studies, they found modest correlations between higher use of textisms and better test scores, as well as increased growth in test scores over the course of the year. The only correlation between textism use and lower scores was among college students, and it was relatively weak.
Now, these studies all had relatively small sample sizes, and are conducted with British or Australian kids, not Americans. But the fact that they don't even turn up correlations between grammar mistakes in texting and decreased grammar skills is a sign that concerns about this are overblown.
So could texting actually be making kids better writers?
Emily Hildebrand
That is Kemp's provocative suggestion. It's unproven, and based on weak correlations — rather than any sort of controlled experiments — but it's interesting nonetheless.
"Rather than texting detracting from the literacy abilities of young people, it seems to represent the addition of an extra literacy skill — the ability to represent, in writing, what they would have said if they were speaking," Kemp says.
She notes other research showing that as children learn, they go through a period during which they play around with language, figuring out alternate, creative ways of saying things. Researchers have noted kids doing this for years, in notes and letters — way before texting even existed.
Importantly, it seems that kids are capable of distinguishing between this sort of experimentation and the formal, proper language that's expected on tests. But it also seems that the experimentation increases general fluency, improving kids' reading and writing skills.
This creative phase generally ends by the time someone reaches adulthood — perhaps explaining why the same positive correlations aren't seen among college students. When young adults use textisms, Kemp suspects, it's less of a experimental behavior, and more intended to fit in with existing social norms. We write "gonna" in texts because everyone else writes "gonna," not because we're interested in trying something new.
Again, all this isn't proven. It's based on correlations, which could theoretically be the result of kids who are more comfortable with language in the first place using more textisms — not the textisms actually making them better writers.
But it still raises the interesting possibility that the many hours kids spend looking down at their phones might be helping them become better writers and readers. At the very least, it's not making them any worse off.
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Quotes from"Unmasking Catholicism"by Mary Ann Collins
“Honorius was condemned as a heretic by the Sixth Ecumenical Council. He was condemned as a heretic by Pope Leo II, and by every other pope until the 11th century.
Stephen IV came to power with the help of an army that conquered the previous Pope. Stephen gave orders for his papal rival to be flogged, have his eyes cut out, have his kneecaps broken, and be imprisoned until he died. Then Pope Stephen sentenced a second man to die a slow, agonizing death, by having pieces of his body cut off every day until he finally died.
Cardinal Christopher put Leo V in prison and became Pope. Then Christopher was put in prison by Cardinal Sergius. Sergius killed Leo and Christopher while they were in prison. He also killed every cardinal who had opposed him.
John XII was a violent man. He was so lustful that people of his day said he turned the Lateran Palace into a house of prostitution. He drank toasts to the devil. When gambling, he invoked pagan gods and goddesses. He was killed by a jealous husband while in the act of committing adultery with the man's wife.
Silvester II was murdered by his successor, John XVII. Seven months later, John was poisoned.
Benedict VIII bought the papacy with bribery. He was known for torture, maiming, and murder. When Benedict VIII died, his brother seized power and became John XIX. He had himself ordained a priest, consecrated as a bishop, and crowned as pope, all in the same day.
Urban II called for a Crusade to take Jerusalem back from the Muslims. This was a"holy war.”The Pope said that Crusaders would have full remission of their sins, and if they died in battle they would be martyrs. As the Crusaders went through Europe on their way to Jerusalem, they slaughtered European Jews. When they reached Jerusalem, many Muslims were beheaded, but some were tortured and then burned to death. This began a conflict between Islam and the West that is still going on today.
Benedict IX became Pope through bribery. He squandered the wealth of the Papacy on prostitutes and lavish banquets, and he had people murdered. The citizens of Rome hated Benedict so much that, on two occasions, he had to flee from Rome. Benedict sold the papacy to Gregory VI. As part of the deal, he continued to live in the Lateran Palace, with a generous income. Benedict filled the Lateran Palace with prostitutes.
Boniface VIII ordered that every man, woman, child, and animal in the Italian town of Palestrina be slaughtered. He was known for torture, massacre, and ferocity.
Clement VI ordered the slaughter of an entire Italian town. He lived a life of luxury and extravagance. He openly admitted that he sold church offices and he used threats and bribery to gain power. Clement purchased a French palace, which became famous for its prostitutes.
Julius II became Pope through bribery. He was ruthless and violent. He had a reputation for lust, drunkenness, rages, deception, and nepotism.
Leo X mixed paganism with Christianity. He had performances of Christ's crucifixion and ancient mythology. He filled Rome with splendid Church processions and statues of Greek gods and goddesses. He put a statue of himself in Rome's Capitol, to be saluted by the public.
Gregory VII required kings and emperors to kiss his foot. Gregory and his successors used forged documents in order to expand the power of the papacy. Some Roman Catholics tried to expose these forgeries, but they were excommunicated for it. However, the Orthodox Church kept records and wrote detailed information about the forgeries. Gregory said that he knew of more than 40 men who became Pope by means of bribery.
Innocent III said that the Pope is the ruler of the world and the father of princes and kings. He claimed that every priest and bishop must obey the Pope, even if the Pope commands something evil. He forced the King of France to kill hundreds of thousands of French citizens. He commanded that every person in the region, including the Catholics, be killed. He gave the Albigensian Crusaders the guarantee that, if they died in battle, their sins would be remitted.
None of these men met the biblical requirements for being an ordinary bishop, let alone Pope. Therefore, they were not valid popes. There are so many breaks in the chain of apostolic succession that it is not a chain at all.”
From: "Unmasking Catholicism"by Mary Ann Collins, a former Catholic nun.
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Witnessing Holy Spirit's Miracles
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Milk Miracle of September 21st 1995
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(Source: Wall Paper Flare)
Fear is one of the strongest emotions a human can experience. Fear is as primordial as life on Earth and ingrained in our biology. An element of fear underpins much of what we do and motivates us into action that ensures survival and well-being. Without Fear you would not be motivated to care for your health, seek out food and shelter or defend yourself against attack. You could not survive without the “Fight and Flight” response which fear elicits when it ignites the adrenal gland and fills the body and brain with adrenaline. Fear can be beneficial, but it can also be devastating.
Fear can make us do things that we would not normally do. Fears, imagined and real will convince us to accept treatments we would otherwise never consent to. It compels us to acquiesce to rules, mandates and restrictions no matter how severe or oppressive, without question. Fear is the the leverage others will use to deny us of our freedoms and liberties and do so with our full willingness. Until you have lived in Fear every day of your life you cannot begin to understand how powerful it is in shaping who you are. You cannot understand the power Fear has over your life.
“If you make decisions out of fear you are more likely to be wrong.” – Ahsoka Tano
Imagine being at the mercy of another human being. You live under constant fear of being punished and abused physically and mentally any time. Your loved ones are held in ransom and routinely abused in a similar way. You have no idea of what will happen and have no control over your life. Imagine being a slave living in Fear. It would be terrifying and soul destroying.
The child Anakin was a slave and grew up in an environment that was brutal and cruel. Anakin was not allowed to have a childhood and had to work to earn his keep and avoid punishment. Fortunately for the young Human he was intelligent beyond his years and already a skilled pilot before he was ten. Anakin’s owner, Watto, was able to profit from the boy which bought Anakin a measure of freedom that other slaves did not enjoy.
When Yoda met Anakin, he sensed the Fear and an emerging darkness in the boy. The Force was strong in Anakin but so was the fear he had grown up with. Fear can reside deep within for decades. With time it grows and shapes like a cancer. Life becomes haunted by fears both real and imagined. Fear manifests itself in poor choices, anger, resentments, aggression, ignorance, and hate. It did so with Anakin, as Yoda feared it would and Fear consumed him utterly.
Confronting fear is the destiny of a Jedi.” – Yoda
Myths and legends remind humanity of the consequences of giving in to Fear. Most of the fears that are experienced are imagined. You fear an idea, an illusion, a nightmare, or a thing not yet realized rather than reality. People are terrified to leave their homes convinced that they may fall victim to crime or terrorism. The constant bombardment of the exaggerated dangers of a virus in the news and social media has led to a mass formation of social psychosis that has created a traumatised generation. People no longer consider the actual risks in their lives, they are willing to accept anything that may take the perceived danger away. They suffer in their minds more than in reality, in anticipation of something that will likely only ever occur in their imagination.
The Hero overcomes her fear by confronting it. She will throw open the door on which fear beats and find nothing there. The Hero will stop running from fear and turn to face it. What was tangible, insurmountable and undefeatable turns out to be a harmless illusion that quickly fades away. The Hero realizes at the end that the greatest challenge is overcoming one’s own fears. True courage is not the absence of fear but the ability to continue on despite it. The Hero’s Journey is all about overcoming your fears.
Being alcoholic and a survivor of an abusive childhood I know what it is to live in Fear. I also know that Fear kept me back from doing so much in life. Every day lived in Fear is a day wasted. Living in Faith of a Higher Power has dulled that Fear by turning it over. I no longer have to be afraid of things that I do not control. My own Fear is a choice that I can control. I can take action and make decisions based on reason, not on Fear.
I used to be afraid, all the time. Then I realized that a decision based on fear is usually the wrong one.Ahsoka Tano
Fear is a natural response to a threat. Sometimes that threat is real and sometimes it is exaggerated or imagined. Fear is sometimes the correct and appropriate response. More often it is an unnecessary mental burden which creates unnecessary barriers to progress. Fear will prevent you from taking risks worth taking, from making the changes needed to live a better life. Fear more than any other emotion will stop you being the person you were meant to be. The only choice you have is to “Do. Or do not”.
There is no shame in being afraid. Cowards are those who are unwilling or unable to face up to their fears. They choose to give in to fear and allow it to control them without concern for others. Anakin gave in to his fears by betraying everything dear to him for the illusion of security and control. To be Jedi is to acknowledge the presence of fear but train the mind to let go of everything you fear to lose. Never be a slave to fear. Be brave.
Train yourself to let go of everything you fear to lose.”Yoda
Taken from Week 48 of the Daily Jedi Journal
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What in the world is going on with rates?
arrowsThis is a good—and frequently asked—question.
To understand what’s going on now, you have to know at least the fundamentals of how the mortgage industry operates.
When a lender underwrites, approves and funds a loan application, they do so with the intent of selling that loan on the secondary mortgage market. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are two of the best-known participants, although there are many more.
The lender sells the newly-funded loan at a profit—over the face amount of the loan. This is where they make their money, not with any interest they collect from the borrower.
Fannie and Freddie and other secondary market players pool their loans into a type of bond called a mortgage-backed security (MBS). These bonds, which investors perceive as having extremely low risk, move up and down in price in response to the way investors buy and sell them.
When the bonds are in high demand, their price goes up. Rates always move in the opposite direction: higher bond prices mean lower mortgage rates, and lower prices mean higher rates.
The MBS market normally fluctuates about 10–15 points per day, although 25-point intraday moves are not unusual. Here is a daily chart of recent MBS activity (December 20-Jan. 19). The longest bars represent a range of about 25 points.
In “normal” times, a change in MBS prices results in a proportionate change in the cost of mortgages to consumers. These changes appear more-or-less immediately. Some lenders issue mid-day price changes in the case of larger moves in MBS prices. Others may wait until the next day to publish the changes.
If MBS prices go up 25 points in one day, the consumer’s cost of a $400,000 mortgage will go down by $1,000, assuming they have not previously locked. The converse is also true: if MBS prices go down 25 basis points, the consumer’s cost of a $400,000 loan will go up by $1,000 if they have not locked.
That’s what happens in “normal” times. Here is what has happened recently.
On February 24, 2020, investors began selling stocks in response to fears of the economic effects of the COVID-19 virus. The Dow lost 3,000 points in one week. The money flowed into bonds—including MBS, increasing their price. This movement in bonds is called “flight to quality,” as investors seek to minimize their risk in turbulent times. As MBS prices increased, mortgage rates dropped. Lenders experienced a sudden influx of business and were overwhelmed. More about this momentarily.
On March 3, Fed Chair Jerome Powell announced an “emergency” cut in the Federal Funds rate of .50%. This announcement came as a surprise, as the market had widely expected the Fed to lower the rate at the March 18 meeting. Although Powell intended the sudden large rate cut to stimulate the economy, investors were surprised and taken aback, and the Dow plunged 526 points on the news.
There have been ongoing concerns about the U.S. response to the crisis as the virus was declared a pandemic, and stocks continued to fall while exhibiting spectacular volatility. There were several times where automatic “circuit breakers” halted trading during the day. At this writing (3/13/2020), the Dow has lost more than 5,200 points, often fluctuating 2,000 points in either direction.
Here is a chart of the Dow, from February 24 to March 13:
The volatility in stocks has appeared in the MBS market as well—and this has been a rare occasion where sell-offs in equities has not consistently resulted in purchases of bonds. Here is the MBS chart for the same period as the Dow, above:
Thank you, patient reader, for sticking with this lengthy explanation. The real answer is near. For anyone who might have dozed off or forgotten the original question, it was why rates have not dropped after the Federal Funds cut.
The first part of the answer is that the Federal Funds rate has nothing to do with mortgages. It is the rate banks charge each other to loan other banks money overnight. Mortgage rates are a function of mortgage-backed securities.
Except when they’re not.
When rates drop suddenly, many people submit refinance applications to lower their rates and save money. Lenders have a finite capacity for the number of loans they can handle, and they quickly get overwhelmed. The volume of new loans is about 2.5 times what it normally would be at this time of year.
Lenders manage their workload by “throttling.” This means that they purposely increase their rates to discourage borrowers (and brokers) from submitting new loans. While purposely turning away business may seem like a poor business strategy, it makes sense; lenders would prefer to keep their service levels high to avoid losing relationships with the borrowers, brokers and correspondents who are the source of their business.
The perceptive reader may notice that there have been four days of red bars on the MBS chart (lower prices, higher rates) at the end of the week even as stock prices have also been under pressure. The simplest explanation for this unusual phenomenon is that with the extreme volatility in both stocks and bonds, together with continuing uncertainty surrounding the effects of the novel coronavirus (and the U.S. response to it) that they have elected to “sit out” this period and wait to see a predictable direction in the market. Rather than parking their money in bonds, investors’ flight to quality over this past tumultuous week has been to move into cash—the ultimate safe-haven investment.
Mortgage rates, which bottomed out around 3.25% for a 30-year fixed-rate conventional loan, have gone back to 4% this week. Will they rebound? Probably—but it remains to be seen whether we will see them drop as far as they did earlier in the month.
The best advice I can offer today—and what I tell my clients who were hoping to see lower rates—is this: If you are buying a home, lock your rate as early as possible. Playing “bond market roulette” is always a risky (and often expensive) proposition. You can always refinance later if rates drop again.
To people who had been on the fence about refinancing but took too long to decide: don’t ask lenders to call you if and when rates drop. We won’t. When rates drop as they did earlier in the month, we are too busy answering our phones and originating loans to call people who couldn’t decide earlier. Start an application now, with a clear goal of what your target rate is. When you are a client, with an application already in the lender’s system, you’ll get a call if and when rates improve. If you are a prospective borrower who is only mildly interested, loan officers will be too busy to reach out to you. This may seem callous, but it is the way things are.
I hope this somewhat lengthy explanation is helpful.
If you’d like to start an application, go to our secure online application. You can also call or text us directly at 925-383-2846
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Why pre-school learning is important for your kid?
Posted by Nobitha | Posted in Featured | Posted on 03-09-2012
Preschool is a place where you send your toddlers or 3-4 year olds to help them attain primary learning. They learn the first lessons of life from here. Preschools do not necessarily put pressure on education. It takes premiere care in shaping the kids into good human beings. The way in which chanting prayers, having food while sharing with your friends, sanitary steps, basic manners etc are imparted to the children, moulds the child into an effective individual for the society. It’s the basic building block, I would say in a human’s life.
Now, coming onto why it is important in your child’s life, the best answer would be they would know for the first time how the outside world is for them. They would know how to exist or survive among other kids. As far as the preschool is concerned, all kids will be of more or less the same age. Their needs would be the same. Now here is where, they learn to share things be it naturally, after pampering or after a scolding; they would come to know that things should be shared. This will prove helpful to the parents if they are planning for another kid in a year or two. Moreover, if your kid finds no problem in going to his/her preschool, then that would be a hectic job over for the parents who send them to kindergarten the next year. You see the child becomes accustomed to going to school on time, having lunch, coming back etc.
What the children learn?
Nowadays, kids learn a lot after going to preschool. They learn to count numbers, recognize letters, shapes and recite simple rhymes. They learn sharing. They tend to have a sense of responsibility which is very useful in any human being. They learn how to respect others and their feelings, compromise and solve small problems. You will be quite surprised to see your prince/ princess handling things all by him/her. They become capable of doing things themselves such as drinking their milk, having their food, going to toilet, cleaning their shoes etc. Children in this age have a lot of doubts to be asked. They start their day with a doubt in their mouth and may be go to bed with another question in their lips. It’s because they are trying to explore the world all by themselves. But, while teaching them all of these, one should keep in mind that they hate to just sit down and study. That’s not their age to sit and do nothing. They are at their best when we leave them like butterflies.
What is the age to be left at preschool?
Generally, the appropriate age to leave your kid at preschool is 3 years or above. But nowadays, working moms tend to leave their kids by almost 2 ½ years for their convenience. But, that is so small an age to be left there. They may have a sense of insecurity in such cases. Anyhow, if your kid is short tempered, this may prove helpful for you because they will learn to control their anger when they are in a group.
Anyways, as a conclusion, I would add up that Home is the best school for every child. However, in this fast world, where both parents would be working, it is very brilliant if you leave your kid at preschool.
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Save bees from deadly pesticides
Bees are essential for our survival. They pollinate much of what we eat and play a critical role in sustaining ecosystems around the world. But the last decade has been devastating for insect populations, and bees have been hit hard - with populations shrinking by a third in the UK.
Bee-killing neonicotinoids have been banned across Europe since 2013, but the UK government has just approved these deadly chemicals for emergency use - posing a lethal threat to bee populations.
To: Secretary of State for Environment, George Eustice
“Enforce a total ban on bee-killing pesticides.”
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Mixed English Questions Set 32 (New Pattern)
This set contains important New Pattern English questions for SBI PO, IBPS PO, Clerk , NIACL Assistant and other upcoming exams. New Pattern Odd Sentence and Fill in the blanks.
Direction (1-5) : The following questions contain five sentences as options. Find one sentence which does not relate to the central theme of the passage made by remaining four sentences.
1. A) DOZENS of protesters, including a member of parliament, were arrested on August 19th during demonstrations around Britain against hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.
B) The electric power generation mix determines the EV CO2 emissions, and hybrid vehicle CO2 emission abatement is similar or higher than in EVs.
C) Green campaigners targeted the offices and drilling sites of Cuadrilla, an oil and energy company, which had to suspend its operations.
D) Fracking has attracted protests everywhere from North and South America to Australia.
E) Several European countries have banned the practice altogether
View Answer
Option B
: Fracking is a process used for oil extraction. All sentence except B is related to fracking. Option C also talks about oil company which had to suspend its operation. Which caused the protest. Option E says that several companies have banned the process. Eventhough in Option E the term fracking has not been mentioned but after seeing Option B we can safely assume that Option B is out of context because it talks about electric power generation.
2. A) The Hyperloop is designed to overcome the biggest single obstacle to high-speed travel: air.
B) At walking speed, air is ephemeral stuff.
C) But the grunt needed to counteract air resistance rises with the cube of speed.
D) A London-based designer has developed pollution-busting face masks to protect children from the English capital city’s toxic air.
E) That is why the all-time human speed record is held by astronauts: in space, there is no air to slow you down.
View Answer
Option D
: The passage is about how air obstructs the speed.
3. A) Watching two television channels at once is hardly new — picture-in-picture has been an option on some televisions for years.
B) Online video services have long been touted as destroyers of pay-television.
C) Fewer people become willing to pay for cable, the thinking goes, when they can stream their favourite shows through Netflix and other online-video services, including Amazon and Hulu.
D) Netflix and its peers are convenient: subscribers can watch programmes when they want, and can do so outside of the home on their mobile devices and tablets, freeing them from their television set.
E) These services are also cheaper: American cable subscribers pay around $80 for a subscription a month ; Online Video Service costs around $10.
View Answer
Option A
: The passage is about how online video service has edge over pay-television. Option A talks about watching two channels simultaneously in a single Television Set.
4. A) ONE of the lesser-known milestones being celebrated this year is the 30th anniversary of the internet’s domain-name system (DNS).
B) Its primary function is to convert “human readable” domain names, such as Economist.com, into the corresponding machine-readable internet protocol (IP) address (in this case,
C) A number of web hosting providers come with the ability to host your email address.
D) An IP addresses identifies a device, whether a smartphone, laptop or server, uniquely on the global network at a moment in time, but the use of DNS means that humans can use names instead of numbers.
E) DNS has been patched and extended many times since Paul Mockapetris developed the first version for the internet’s predecessor, ARPANET.
View Answer
: Option C is not about DNS.
5. A) Proponents of mandatory voting argue that democracy is too important to be optional.
B) Northern Ireland’s two largest parties held on to their positions in the U.K. region’s legislative elections, but may struggle to form a government, potentially creating another headache for British and Irish leaders already grappling with Brexit.
C) Others say that compulsory self-determination is something of a contradiction in terms.
D) There are economic arguments on both sides: compulsory voting saves money in campaigns, because parties otherwise splurge vast amounts on “getting out the vote”.
E) The electoral consequences of mandatory voting are disputed.
View Answer
Option B
: The passage is about compulsory voting.
Directions (6-10) : In each of the questions below four sentences are given with a blank in each. Each question has 5 options. You have to find the word which can fill all the blanks or maximum blank and mark it as your answer.
1. (i) The ______ got heavily damaged in the accident
(ii) He used his song as a ______ to spread love.
(iii) casein was used as a ______for pigments by the medieval painters
(iv) He used his _____ for a good cause of taking needy people to the dispensary.
A) car
B) person
C) vehicle
D) character
E) purpose
View Answer
Option C
: (i) and (iv) vehicle – a thing used for transporting people or goods
(ii) vehicle – a thing used to express, embody, or fulfil something.
(iii) vehicle – a substance that facilitates the use of a drug, pigment, or other material mixed with it.
2. (i) The shopkeeper used a defective ____ and cheated his customers.
(ii) He lost his mental ____ when he came to know that his girlfriend has cheated on him.
(iii) You have to correctly _____ the sounds if you want to make a good musical composition.
(iv) The company has given a new deadline to its customer to pay the _____ amount.
A) machine
B) cool
C) remaining
D) excess
E) balance
View Answer
Option E
: (i) balance – weight machine
(ii) balance – mental or emotional stability.
(iii) balance – the relative volume of various sources of sound.
(iv) balance – the difference between an amount due and an amount paid
3. (i) It doesn’t _____ what the politicians promise because they will do nothing in the future.
(ii) The President is on a 2 day visit to neighbouring country to discuss an important _____ with his counterpart.
(iii) She was trying to get known by the people who ______.
(iv) The ____ of that book is so inspiring that I have read it thrice.
A) issue
B) matter
C) content
D) powers
E) influence
View Answer
Option B
: (i) matter – be important or significant.
(ii) matter – a subject or situation under consideration.
(iii) matter – (of a person) be important or influential
(iv) matter – content
4. (i) The teacher said to his student that if he could ______ his mischief he would be spared.
(ii) The situation was grave enough to _______ further investigation.
(iii) To ______ the text, computer adds space between the words.
(iv) Please don’t try to _____ your wrongdoings.
A) explain
B) balance
C) proceed
D) justify
E) expect
View Answer
Option D
5. (i) My earlier job ____ a lot of travelling
(ii) My heart broke when my Ex told me that she was ____ with someone else.
(iii) Don’t get ____ in work so much that you don’t get time for your loved once.
(iv) As the man was _____ in the murder, he has been sentenced life imprisonment.
A) included
B) lost
C) involved
D) enjoyed
E) frustrated
View Answer
Option C
: (i) and (iii) involved – be or become occupied or engrossed in something.
(ii) involved – be engaged in an emotional or personal relationship.
(iv) involve – cause to participate in an activity or situation.
Related posts
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The Supercapacitor Advantages
The Supercapacitor Advantages
Every day brings a new technical innovations, and the demand for smaller, more portable and more functional electronics. This places pressure on power provides to be light and small, run for lengthy periods of time (i.e., have plenty of energy), and meet the demands of multiple high current loads (i.e., have a high power capability). Merely put, these demands can’t be met by anyone portable power supply.
For decades, batteries have been the preferred storage gadget for portable electronics, primarily because of their ability to store energy (high energy density). But batteries take a very long time to discharge and recharge, which limits their ability to deliver power. Overcoming this power deficit is tough, if not inconceivable, and even newer battery applied sciences corresponding to lithium ion are still a poor answer for high energy applications. In applications demanding high energy, over-engineering the battery will rarely be the appropriate answer, and will typically lead to elevated measurement, weight, and cost, and/or reduced cycle life and energy. In different words, a magic bullet is hard to find.
What Makes Supercapacitors Super?
Supercapacitors combine the energy storage properties of batteries with the ability discharge characteristics of capacitors.
To achieve their energy density, they include electrodes composed of very high surface space activated carbon, with a molecule-thin layer of electrolyte. Since the quantity of energy able to be stored in a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the electrode, and inversely proportional to the hole between the electrode and the electrolyte, supercapacitors have a particularly high energy density. They are due to this fact able to hold a really high electrical charge.
The high power density derives from the fact that the energy is stored as a static charge. Unlike a battery, there isn’t any chemical reaction required to charge or discharge a supercapacitor, so it might be charged and discharged very quickly (milliseconds to seconds). Equally, and again unlike a battery, because there are not any chemical reactions going on, the cost-discharge cycle lifetime of a supercapacitor is sort of unlimited.
Supercapacitor Characteristics
Charge/Discharge Time: Milliseconds to seconds
Operating Temperature: -40°C to +85C°
Operating Voltage: Aqueous electrolytes ~1V; Organic electrolytes 2 – 3V
Capacitance: 1mF to >10,000F
Working Life: 5,000 to 50,000 hrs (a perform of temperature and voltage)
Power Density: 0.01 to 10 kW/kg
Energy Density: 0.05 to 10 Wh/kg
Pulse Load: 0.1 to 100A
Air pollution Potential: No heavy metals
Supercapacitor Advantages
Provide peak power and backup energy
Lengthen battery run time and battery life
Reduce battery dimension, weight and cost
Enable low/high temperature operation
Improve load balancing when utilized in parallel with a battery
Provide energy storage and supply balancing when used with energy harvesters
Cut pulse current noise
Reduce RF noise by eliminating DC/DC
Minimise house requirements
Meet environmental standards
If you have any type of questions concerning where and how you can make use of Supercap, you could call us at our website.
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Nuclear power
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In 2008, the Climate Change Act was established in the UK, committing to achieve 80% GHG emission reduction by 2050 compared to 1990. The UK electricity supply will need to be largely decarbonised by around 2030. The UK Government has supported both the development of renewable energy and nuclear power, but more the focus on the latter. There has been wide-ranging interest in the possibility of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), but also risk and uncertainties.
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How Can a Dietitian Help in Drug Recovery?
According to the book Practical Skills and Management of Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, chronic abuse of drugs or alcohol can affect the body directly by altering brain pathways or producing direct tissue damage, such as cirrhosis of the liver, and by the person engaging in negative lifestyle practices, such as having a poor diet.
Nutritional Issues as a Result of Chronic Substance Abuse
There are specific issues associated with certain types of drug use that are related to nutritional issues.
dietitian consultation with practitioner and patient discussing diet plan
• Chronic use of alcohol can result in a person developing a number of vitamin deficiencies. Most often, vitamin deficiencies occur as a result of chronic alcohol abusers neglecting their diet. The most common vitamin deficiencies in individuals who have moderate to severe alcohol use disorders are deficiencies of B vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B1. A common syndrome associated with poor diet in chronic alcoholics is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is a result of a lack of vitamin B1. The poor dietary practices often found in chronic alcoholics results in issues with memory, nystagmus, and walking. If the syndrome is recognized early enough, vitamin supplementation and a balanced diet can reverse its effects; if not, the effects may be permanent.
• Chronic alcohol use can often affect other organs in the body: the liver and the pancreas. Damage to these organs can result in a number of issues that include cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes, shortened life expectancy, and severe malnutrition.
• Chronic opiate abuse (heroin, morphine, OxyContin, Vicodin, etc.) results in severe constipation. During withdrawal from opiates, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common. Both syndromes may lead to an individual not getting proper nutrition and to electrolyte imbalance. Individuals may suffer chronic dehydration or malnutrition as a result of withdrawal or lack of appetite due to chronic opiate abuse.
• Abuse of stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, can lead to severe reductions in appetite, weight loss, and malnutrition. Chronic users of stimulants may not sleep for days and may become dehydrated or develop severe electrolyte imbalances during bingeing episodes. Chronic use of stimulants like methamphetamine has also been associated with cognitive problems, such as memory loss.
• Chronic users of cannabis products often suffer the opposite effects that occur with chronic stimulant abuse. These individuals may develop extreme hunger and binge on foods that have poor nutritional content, leading to a number of potential issues with malnutrition or obesity.
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What Is Nutritional Therapy?
Nutritional therapy for substance use disorders is a complex and somewhat controversial approach to treatment. Certainly, the importance of good nutrition cannot be understated, and this is also true for individuals who have substance use disorders. While engaging in certain types of diets and nutritional strategies is not designed to be a mainstream or standalone approach to substance use disorder treatment, nutritional therapy can help individuals with recovery and produce positive effects.
A dietitian’s role in treating individuals with substance use disorders is as an adjunct to formal therapy that attempts to restore an individual’s physical health, reverse damage to the system produced by malnutrition, and help the individual to feel healthy and energetic in order to face the challenges of recovery. Medical Nutrition Therapy for substance use disorders (MNT for substance use disorders) is a form of nutrition-based therapy provided by a dietitian that:
• Focuses on stabilizing the client’s mood and reducing stress through sound nutritional practices
• Is designed to nourish and heal bodily systems that have been damaged by the abuse of alcohol or drugs
• Attempts to assist in the reduction of cravings for alcohol and/or drugs
• Addresses medical conditions that have may resulted from substance abuse, such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
• Encourages the development of positive self-care routines and a healthy lifestyle that can foster recovery from a substance use disorder
The dietitian’s role is to educate the person in recovery regarding how to eat a balanced diet and what types of vitamin supplements to take, and then supply them with appropriate balanced meals. During the initial stages of withdrawal management, this may be difficult due to individuals having poor appetites or not wanting to eat at all; however, as the individual begins to recover, the role of diet becomes increasingly more important.
Medical Nutrition Therapy to Assist in Withdrawal Management
Physician-assisted withdrawal management, or medical detox, is a program designed to assist individuals in negotiating the withdrawal process from drugs or alcohol. Physicians may administer some form of medication, such as an opioid replacement medication (e.g., methadone or Suboxone) or a benzodiazepine (e.g., Valium or Librium), to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal and to reduce any potentially dangerous complications that can occur during the withdrawal process from alcohol or certain drugs. Some of these medications may produce side effects, such as constipation, appetite abnormalities, or weight gain. Some may directly influence digestion and appetite. The side effects associated with these medications may produce other complications and may even trigger a desire to relapse.
Dietitians can be utilized during withdrawal management to ensure that clients remain hydrated, receive proper nutrition, and deal effectively with changes in appetite or with constipation.
How a Dietician Can Reduce the Potential for Relapse
A Dietician helps to prepare balanced meals and encourage them to eat at regular intervals can foster the development of positive physical and mental wellbeing. This can reduce the effects of emotional states that can act as triggers. When used in conjunction with formal therapy, pharmacotherapy (the use of medicines), and social support, nutritional therapy can be a useful addition to a recovery program.
Using Diet to Normalize Mood
There is a strong relationship between being diagnosed with a substance use disorder of any type and having some other mental health disorder. There is an increased probability that an individual with a substance use disorder will be diagnosed with any other type of mental health disorder; however, two of the most common disorders associated with individuals with substance use disorders are clinical depression and anxiety-related disorders.
Before an individual begins the recovery process, a number of neurotransmitters in the brain may be at low levels due to the effects of substance abuse and poor nutrition. These nutritional deficiencies can exacerbate issues with depression, agitation, anxiety, and other psychological symptoms. Nutritional therapy can be used, along with other forms of therapy and exercise, to help restore the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. Dietitians can ensure that an individual in the early stages of recovery is receiving proper nutrition, vitamin supplementation, hydration, etc., which can facilitate restoration of the balance of neurotransmitters and hormones in the individual’s system.
Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a collection of different conditions that increase the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Chronic substance abuse, especially chronic alcohol abuse, is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Substance abuse contributes to developing metabolic syndrome due to increased damage to the cells in organs, such as the liver and kidneys; a reduced antioxidant potential throughout the system; reduced energy; an increase in excitotoxicity (a pathological process in the brain where neurons are destroyed as a result of overactivation of the excitatory neurotransmitters [glutamate]). A number of studies have reported a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with substance use disorders.
Nutritional therapy can institute dietary changes to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol, encourage the individual to get involved in exercise, and foster weight loss to reduce the potential to develop serious conditions, such as cardiovascular issues and diabetes. One of the best ways to avoid the development of metabolic syndrome is to ensure that the individual’s diet is properly balanced and the person is getting proper nutrition.
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Nutritional therapy, provided by a dietician, is a useful adjunctive therapy that can improve the recovery process for individuals with substance use disorders. While individuals who suffer from substance use disorders should participate in empirically validated substance use disorder therapies, nutritional therapy offers significant potential to increase the effectiveness of these traditional approaches.
Dieticians can be useful for clients in recovery. They can help clients avoid relapse and gain a full and holistic approach to recovery.
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Connect 4 circles with straight line
Hi, Is there with grasshopper a solution to connect 4 circles with 1 straight line. I can give a point on a circle. I want to draw a hyperboloïd surface, so I have the center point, the axis in the middle, 4 circles on the surface, but I don’t have the axis to revolve. I think there are normally only 2 curves that could connect those 4circles with a straight line, a curve and her symmetry curve. When I see posts about connecting circles, they all seem to divide the circle in points, and then connect those points. But I need to find the 3 other points on the circles/ straight line that connect them so I can construct the hyperboloid, like I would do in Rhino with a ‘surface of rail revolve’. Thanks
hyperboloide cirkels.3dm (2.7 MB)
First, i moved your geometry to the origin for my own sanity. I also assumed the two middle circles are symmetric with respect to the center of the hyperboloid, If you project one of those circles to the xy plane and draw a tangent to it from a point on the large circular base, it will intersect the large circle in a second point, which corresponds to a point on the large circle on top for your line. Now, project that point back up. Connect the points on the top and bottom circles to get your hyperboloid generator.
Hyperboloid from circles…gh (13.6 KB)
1 Like
Waw, thanks for the fast answer, that looks great. The understanding of the gh is quiet difficult for me, but I am pleased with your explanation! :slight_smile:
@akilli I looked at the steps in the gh file. One thing I don’t see, how the hyperboloid knows the need to go through the 2 circles in the middle, so if they would be farther away of the center (vertically), he would still go through them.
Argh @akilli Ethan was faster with a better solution.
I used a different approach using, less elegant and less precise. So for the record. (18.8 KB)
I made differents lines connecting the big circles and calculate the distance to one of the little circle then use Rhino to find points were distance between line and little circle is 0. So I get 2 points.
And just to say no need of rotation axis as you can get the center of the circle by connecting a circle to a point.
1 Like
@laurent_delrieu Thanks for making this! I just not understand:
Take a look at the hyperboloid from the Top viewport. You’'ll see that the line is tangent to the middle circles no matter where they are along the axis because the tangent was drawn in the xy plane. As long as they are symmetric with respect to the center plane of the hyperboloid this should work. Hope this helps. You can experiment yourself and see but just make sure that if you do so, the order of the List Items that define each circle remain unchanged. This is important.
I was mistaken here in my rush to be brilliant. See below for a decent solution.
I just redrawed, with de 2 circles in the middle farther away from each other, and then you see that the circles are not on the hyperboloïd. Maybe I explained wrong, the 2 small circles does not represent the circle of the center of the hyperboloïd, they are just symmetrical circles that are on the surface, just like the 2 big ones.
You’re right. Your initial example seems to work because it must have been taken from a pre-exisitng hyperboioid or I was just “lucky”. I’m working on better solution but Laurent’s will take into account your changes.
Yes, when you intersect the circles from the first model with the straight line, there is no intersection point. damn :stuck_out_tongue:
OK. Here’s a new approach and probably a little more involved than either of us was hoping. Play around with it and let me know. Assuming that everything lies on an hyperboloid, I used some analytic geometry to solve for the circle that intersects the xy plane, using the radii and heights of the two circles. Thereafter, it’s similar to my first post… If you want four circles, just mirror the first two, but its purely cosmetic.Sorry for the unwarranted confidence in my previous reply.
hyperboloid from circles (13.2 KB)
Nice, thanks!! I try this out and let you know :slight_smile:
@akilli This is really awesome what you did! I wonder if, could we change the equation, to add 3 more circles on the hyperboloïd? I don’t know which rule you applied, so I could change it for more circles… Maybe I am asking the impossible? :smiley:
… As 5 points define a hyperbola, it’s maybe easier, to draw a hyperbola defined by 4 points, and then I can move it with the 5 th point. And rotate the hyperbola around the center line. I am trying to make a hyperboloïd the same in some points as an onther one, and I was using the circles to obtain it.
Connect just two circles, not four…
hyperboloï (9.4 KB)
Intersect plane(s) (white group) to get circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola curves (yellow).
hyperboloï (18.3 KB)
1 Like
@Joseph_Oster hi, it is important all the circles are on the hyperbola, that’s why the 4… I have drawn a hyperboloïd, and I am drawing a second one, with some parts the same of the first one.
As alternative, we can use Kangaroo as an approximation tool.
Line from 4 circles with (12.9 KB)
@Dani_Abalde Hi, thanks for the drawing! Could I use this method using 5 circles above the middle? Actually, being occupied with my drawing, I am now in the point, that it would be nice, if i have the hyperbola curve going true 5 points (in 1 plane - as if I would make a verticale cut true the hyperboloïd), so that I can move one point, and the 4 others stay fix. A hyperbola is defined by 5 points mathematically, so technical it can work. I just don’t find a function to draw a hyperbola in grasshopper using points on the curve.
The general equation of an hyperboloid requires three parameters, but since you are requiring that the cross sections be circles, that leaves two degrees of freedom. That’s why it is possible to use just two circles to define it here. The five points you mention for an hyperbola refer to an arbitrary hyperbola in the plane that can be oriented in any way. Lets say your five circles intersect the xz plane in five points. Then you could solve five equations in five unknowns and come up with the equation for an hyperbola but it would probably have its major axis not pointing in the the x direction and if you rotated it about the z axis, what resulted would not be an “hyperboloid” according to the definition. If you want something that “looks” like an hyperboloid but is not mathematically exact, then that is a different matter.In that case, you could just do it by eyeballing it.
@akilli Thanks very much for this explanation! I just have some questions.
Are the cross sections not always circles on an hyperboloïd? I was thinking the way it is formed, turned around an axis that it always result into a circle as cross section.
Do you mean that if rotating the hyperbola about the z axis, it would not be an hyperboloïd if the axis of the hyperbola is not perpendicular to the z axis? (my englisch is not that well, thats why I ask to be shure I understand) So if my hyperbola’s axis is perpendicular to the z, there would be no issue. My four points I pick, are lying on a hyperboloid drawed with rotating of a straight line. I am trying to draw a second hyperboloid that has some points the same as my original hyperboloid. Taking 4 points the same, would let me try to see the difference how far I need to change the 5th point to see a real difference between the two surfaces. (I am drawing a double structure, and on the circles points need to connect to each other…) I would think because of taking 4 points from a real hyperboloid, it will still be one after changing the 5th point, but I am not a mathematician to be sure of this, only quiet good and passionate about it… Is it possible to make the equation of the hyperboloid with grasshopper, so I can try it to see if it is an hyperboloïd? (my 4 points are fix, available, so 1 point should be able to change) I would love I can make a hyperboloïd of it :blush:
what can I understand by ‘eyeballing’?
It’s clear you have something in mind that requires five points but, sorry, its not clear to me. Now you’re talking about two surfaces. I think it would be extremely helpful if you drew a picture of what it is you’re trying to do.
To answer your first question, you are looking for an “hyperboloid of revolution”, which has circular cross sections but a general hyperboloid can have elliptical cross sections.
@akilli sorri for making it unclear. I was trying to explain more but didn’t work. :smiley: I made 2 pictures. All what I was trying know with the circles for the hyperboloid, was for the surface on the inside you see on the picture. So, I am drawing a double structure, were both surfaces are lying on a ‘circular’ hyperboloïd. I draw a technique out to divide them into triangles. The inside surface on this image is just a 1D scaling of the hyperboloid to show how I want a surface inside another. Because of the scaling it is not a circular hyperboloïd anymore, so I cannot use my technique for division, which is necessary. I would like in my triangulation method, that the eindpoints at the border are on both hyperboloids, so I can connect my triangles of the two layers at the end of the border. (don’t know if this is clear). So to draw the inside hyperboloid, I first wanted to secure the two outside circles, so they would have the same ‘range’. That was my question I started with here. Looking further how it could be better, I start thinking making circles true each endpoint on the border, and look at the intersection point on the curve on the bottom (=were the plane is drawn). Then I wanted to use this points, to define a new hyperbola with one other point, so my curves would be different, but still coming together nice at the end. (as if you would not see 2 layers when you look at it, but 1 line going open in 2 layers) Using more points, give me more points at the end of my curve that will be the same… The points are marked in yellow on the picture. On the picture the lines come together in the bottem, I want to try make them together at the border. Is this explanation more clear? If not just say and I try to make it more clear on another drawing… Thanks for the effort!
• Yes, i had totally the hyperboloid of revolution in mind -
Two questions: Why do the surfaces have to be hyperboloids and if they are, do they both need to have circular cross sections?
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Braai this weekend? How to reduce cancer-causing HCAs when you braai meat...
by , 30 April 2021
You've probably read and heard on the news that cooking food - especially meat - at hight temperatures - as is the case with braais - can be bad for you...
The reason for this is the high heat produces chemicals known as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) - which scientists have linked to cancer.
But there are ways to still keep enjoying your braais and reduce the HCAs - keep reading to find out how...
Four safer ways to keep enjoying your braais...
#1: Use lean meats
When fat from the meats drip down into the coals or fire, they generate another cancer-causing chemical called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which get absorbed into food. This is minimised when you use leaner cuts of meat.
#2: Don’t overcook your meat
The more well done the meat is, the higher the risk of carcinogenic HCAs. Therefore, rare, medium-rare or medium are healthier choices than well done. If you’re not too fond of rare, use a meat thermometer and stop cooking when it shows the right temperature.
#3: Precook your meat
This tip is especially useful for meats that have bones, such as chicken drumsticks. Half cooking the meat on the stovetop or oven, then popping the cuts onto the braai will greatly minimise the formation of HCAs since less cooking time is required. This will also ensure delicious, evenly cooked meats.
Keep reading...
Scientists have discovered a Natural Compound that’s been shown to DESTROY these cancer stem cells…
In a major study, published in the journal Anticancer Research, scientists identified EIGHT different ways in which this natural compound destroys cancer, including:
• Inhibiting COX-2, an enzyme that causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to cancer.
• Impeding the formation of new blood vessels near cancer cells – which causes the cancer cells to starve to death.
• Inducing a tumour suppressing gene that deactivates cancer stem cells.
• Improving communication between healthy cells, allowing them to recognise cancer cells as threats.
• Disrupting the communication between cancer stem cells and other cancer cells.
• Stopping cancer from spreading in the body.
• And, preventing the regrowth of cancer stem cells.
There are hundreds more studies like this one that show just how powerful this Natural Compound really is against cancer stem cells.
In fact, there are over 1,500 citations in the US National Library of Medicine's bibliographic database, that prove its significant anti-cancer activity.
Find out more here...
#4: Always clean your grill
Clean your grill in between every use. Removing the old fat will reduce smoking, quicken cooking time and reduce HCA formation, not to mention make your food taste better.
BONUS TIP: Don't wrap your food in foil on the braai
Some aluminum gets into food when cooked in foil - and this has been found to increase the risk of Alzheimer's - so don't wrap your food in foil thinking it offers you protection.
Use these tips to keep enjoying your braais while reducing carcinogenic HCAs in your food.
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The principles of permaculture design
The principles of permaculture design
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In our introduction to permaculture we made an overview of this design method: we looked for a definition and talked about ethical which are the basis of the approach. Now let's go to deepen the guiding principles identified by Mollison and Holmgren, founders of permaculture, which we had only mentioned in the previous post.
We will discover five of the principles that Bill Mollison included in his fundamental Permaculture, Design Manual, and the 12 principles identified by David Holmgren in the book Permaculture. Principles and paths beyond sustainabilityto.
After this theoretical discourse it will be interesting to see how these points can be achieved decline in concrete practice, will be the subject of the next article. In any case, each of the principles that you will find in this article contains important ideas for anyone, in particular for those who approach nature in everyday life through the management of a cultivated space.
Bill Mollison's Permaculture Principles
Photo by Nicolás Boullosa - CC BY 2.0
Bruce Charles “Bill” Mollison (1928 - 2016) was an Australian researcher, author, scientist, teacher and biologist. It has been definito founder and "father" of permaculture, which as we have seen is not a simple agricultural practice but an integrated system of ecological and environmental design conceived as a form of perennial and sustainable agriculture.
Reading Permaculture. A Designers' Manual, we can realize the overview by Mollison, which defines the principles of permacultural design passing through passages between science and philosophy and a list of laws of natural systems. In particular, it starts from the concept of entropy (in thermodynamics it is a state function that can be used as a measure of the degree of disorder of a system) and from its opposite state: syntropy. It also uses the structure of the myth to describe how unnecessary acts and unconscious distractions cause catastrophes and suffering.
That said it may seem complex, but by listing some fundamental points of Mollison we can better understand the logic that guide these principles, it will be even clearer when we move on to practical applications in the next post. For those who want to learn more by going to the root of Mollison's reflections, we recommend reading his manual, at the end of the article you will find the references.
1. Work with nature rather than against. Observe the natural elements, the forces that insist on the territory, the processes and evolutions. Support what happens rather than hinder the developments. In a natural environment, the grass slowly gives way to shrubs that finally give way to trees. We can actively support this natural succession not by cutting wild and pioneering herbs, but by using them to provide microclimates, nutrients and protection. Following conventional agriculture, we often work against nature, an obvious example is pesticides, with which we destroy insects that we consider harmful, but also their predators. Over time there will be insects more and more resistant to the pesticides themselves and the amount of poison to be used will always be greater or more aggressive. All of this will enter our body, through food.
2. The problem is the solution; both ways work. He is alone how we see the things that make them advantageous or not. Everything can be a positive resource, it only depends on us to understand how to use it as such. A specific feature of a site can be defined by the designer as a problem, but also as an aspect that leads to several viable solutions. Generally, a feature becomes a problem when we decide to impose a model that overwhelms or interferes with the existing one.
3. Make the slightest change for the greatest possible effect.
4. The harvest of an ecosystem is theoretically unlimited. The only limit to the number of possible uses of a resource, within a system, is within the limit of information and ofimagination of the designer.
5. Everything "gardens" or has an effect on its environment.
The 12 principles of Holmgren
David Holmgren (1955) is an Australian environmental designer, ecological educator and writer, a pupil of Bill Mollison. Permaculture One, published together with Mollison in 1978, is the evolution of the manuscript prepared for his degree thesis. In 2002 he published his main work, Permaculture: Principles and Pathways beyond Sustainability, where he operated a deeper and more accessible systematization of design principles, perfected in over twenty-five years of practice. Principles and Pathways offers twelve key design principles and is considered an important landmark in the permaculture literature.
1- Observe and interact
To observe the landscape and the natural processes that transform it it is essential to optimize the efficiency of a human intervention and minimize the use of non-renewable resources and technology. Observation must be accompanied by personal interaction.
By observing we above all have the opportunity to ask questions and thus seek answers in the environment in which we are. Where we are? What are the forces that insist on the site to pay attention to while we design? Water, wind, fire, sun, soil, climate, vegetation, wildlife, topography, people… These are some of the elements that are part of our observations. About people and interaction: "What is our neighbor's name?", "How old is he?", "What experience and knowledge do you have?"
2 - Captures and stores energy
Energy is not just electricity. For example, the stored water represents potential energy for the irrigation of future crops. The biomass of a forest is a living repository of building materials, fuel, nutrients and water. Alternative energy systems can transform wind, sun and flowing water into electricity or heat. So this principle gives us the direction to capture and grow surpluses in our system. Bill Mollison said: "If you can only do one thing, store the rain.”.
3 - Get a crop
This principle promotes self-sufficiency and tells us that we must design and build to harvest from our permaculture system. Indeed you cannot work on an empty stomach. This affects both horticultural crops and trees. What is the best location for planting? Which will give us more "yield"? Can we plant something that bears fruit instead of just an ornamental plant?
But, surrender is not just food: it can be building material, fuel, wood, nectar for bees that will give honey. In any case, having a lot of food growing around us is a real safety!
4 - Apply self-regulation and accept feedback
This principle urges us to live in a simple and conscious way, to limit our consumption and our emissions. It is our responsibility, when we observe the ethics of Permaculture and take care of the Earth and people. Accepting feedback is a fundamental aspect of recursive design: it means learning from our successes and mistakes to redesign and re-make better choices, while learning what works and what doesn't.
5 - Use and enhance renewable resources
Renewable resources are those that regenerate with a modest effort. It could mean planting an orchard downstream of a wood, to take advantage of the drift of nutrients and water that is constantly moving down the hill. It could be the wind that helps us to raise water from a well. The use of renewable resources is the key to creating stability: in an attempt to learn from the natural world and replicate it, we should consider that rarely a natural ecosystem uses all its resources to the point of leaving an impoverished and unusable landscape.
6 - Do not produce waste
What is a refusal? Anything we define as such! Applying this design principle, every waste of one process is energy for another.
If we integrate the cultivation of vegetables and animals, the manure of the latter is nourishment for the soil. The stems of the vegetables that we do not consume are compostable. We can clean and recycle the water we use in the kitchen and also in the bathroom, if we have the foresight - for example - to use surfactant-free soaps, foaming agents, dyes, synthetic fragrances. How? Just learn how to make soap, one of the simplest things there is! We must and can fight against planned obsolescence, repairing broken equipment and reusing objects with different purposes. How many useful and beautiful things can be made with pallets?
The 5 Rs of Waste - Reduction, reuse, recycling, collection and recovery - become the 5 Rs of Rebirth.
7 - Design from models to details
This is a very important principle. It means that before we have to study the climate, topography, catchment areas, ecology and get an overview of how we can interact with the earth in a regenerative way. Our design decisions will be based on this. For example: if we understand how water moves in the soil we cultivate, we can channel it and induce it to benefit cultivation (this may make us think: is it always the most advantageous choice to have perfectly level ground?). In hilly terrain, contour lines (isoipse) are used to dig level ditches (swales) that slow down the water and allow it to permeate the ground and recharge the water table. The detail of the positioning of a swale is based on the general model of the flow of water in the landscape.
8 - Integrate rather than segregate
This principle states that the stronger the relationships between the parts of the system, the more productive and more resilient the system becomes. If we have a vegetable garden, a grazing space for a few hens and a rainwater collection system close together, the elements all interact with each other: the garden gives feed for the hens, the hens live in a small chicken coop with the pitched roof, from this roof we collect water, the hens drink and then produce droppings. Which returns to the garden. All of this is also true in relations within a community: cooperation can give more than the efforts of several individuals. More hands make the work lighter.
9 - Use small and slow solutions
Small and slow systems are easier to maintain compared to large ones, they make better use of local resources and produce more sustainable results. The snail is small and slow moving, carries its home on its back and can retreat to defend itself when threatened. The tortoise in Aesop's fable teaches us that "starting on time", slow and steady, wins the race over the fast and presumptuous hare. The proverb "the bigger they are, the harder they fall"Reminds us of the disadvantages of excessive size and growth.
To have fertile soil, is it better to buy a large sack of fertilizer, to spread immediately or to rely on small clover seeds and give it time to grow?
To produce income, is it better to do monoculture that erodes the soil year after year or to plant fruit trees?
Can the old woodpile become fertile soil if we inoculate edible mushrooms?
These are just examples of the long-term game, using the small and slow design principle.
10 - Use and value diversity
This is one of my favorite design principles. Diversity is one of the key aspects of permaculture. We want to conserve different native habitats and make our human habitats rich with an abundance of many productive elements. David Holmgren says: "Diversity reduces vulnerability to a series of threats and takes advantage of the natural uniqueness of the environment in which it resides.”.
Essentially this means abandoning the idea of classic row gardens, each with a single vegetable. And for example, cultivate on pallets and flower beds where various vegetables live nearby.
If there is biodiversity, the risk of parasitic and fungal attacks decreases capable of destroying a crop. Bedbugs come in droves when they have plenty of nearby tomatoes to attack. Cabbage cannot stand the smell of tomatoes and this is why the two vegetables can be grown together. Root exudates and essential oils from aromatic plants and flowers repel harmful insects. They attract pollinators that make our vegetables proliferate.
This year, the cold of May, in almost all of Italy, caused a decrease in pollinating insects. I read on social media about vegetables that did not bear fruit from flowers. Well, it was really cold here (for May), but the presence of flowers and herbs attracted bees in abundance and the problem did not affect us in the least. It only took a little longer.
If you have the opportunity, the vegetable garden should not be a space in its own right, but integrated into a system with fruit trees, hedges, borders, ponds ...
Diversity is also to be cultivated in the means we use: compared to water we use bins, a rainwater collection tank and now we have "found" a well on the property.
Even more, diversity is to be used and valued in the relationship with people: our two neighbors are very different from us and they are teaching us a lot.
Diversity is therefore in all respects resilience: if one part of our system fails, there are others that will thrive.
11 - Use the borders and enhance the margin
Hedges have many functions: they can slow down winds, create shade, attract pollinating insects. They can give us food if they are edible fruit. They create micro habitats that teem with life and consequently support our crops. A properly contained bamboo hedge can donate building material. If it is close to a water source it will give more biomass than you can imagine.
THE margins they deserve a separate discussion. When two environments meet, they create an area that has characteristics of both origins. A wetter area and a drier area, close in space, which merge into each other, can create a mixed habitat that allows us to harvest fruits with two different characteristics. Fertility lies in the margin.
This is also true in relationships, we think of two different people who meet, each with their own wealth of experience, knowledge and culture. If they share with each other, all this becomes a common heritage and the formed couple is richer than the two individuals.
12 - Use creativity and respond to change
To have a vision is to see things not as they are, but as they will be. To understand change we need to go beyond a linear view and adopt a circular thinking. After all, isn't the garden entirely based on cyclicality?
The life cycle of a crop, from seed to seed. The alternation of crops in the soil. The constitution of the soil itself that is generated by the decomposition of dead organic, vegetable and animal materials.
Creativity is something we can train ourselves for, a precious ally that offers us solutions out of stale schemes, a behavior that may appear risky to most and that leads to looking out on different paths, sometimes less traveled.
Conclusions and Restarts
But, if you have read this far, it means that you are on road of change. Permaculture is said to be the possible way to save a suffering planet.
This is what it is: a journey, to go through together, to learn how to have a positive impact on the inevitable change, observing carefully and intervening at the right time.
So we just have to make the principles of Permaculture into action. In the next article we will see practical applications of permaculture principles: with the help of photographs I will show you how the Urban Permaculture Center of Rivalta Torinese is being structured and growing, as part of the Permaculture Training project.
Essential bibliography
We have dealt with a complex theme such as design and this inevitably leads us to synthesize and select. We have presented you with the tip of the iceberg. If you liked this article, the invitation is to go to the source and rediscover the thinking of Mollison and Holmgren. Here are the texts to start from and with which to deepen the theme.
• Bill Mollison, Reny M. Slay, Introduction to Permaculture, Terra Nuova Editions, 2007
• Bill Mollison, David Holmgren, Permaculture One: A Perennial Agricultural System for Human Settlements, Tagari Publication, 1978; in Italian Permaculture. A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements, Florentine Publishing Bookshop, Quaderni d’Ontignano Series, 1992
In this article I always refer to:
• Bill Mollison, Permaculture. A Designers' Manual, Tagari Publication, 1988. In Italy MEDIPERlab - Mediterranean Permaculture Laboratory took care of the translation of the original text in Italian. Permaculture. Design Manual is available by contacting the Mediterranean Permaculture Laboratory APS on [email protected]
To deepen the 12 principles of Holmgren instead:
• David Holmgren, Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability, 2nd ed., Permanent Publications, 2010; in Italian Permaculture. How to design and implement sustainable ways of living integrated with nature, 2nd ed., Arianna Editrice, 2014.
Video: An Introduction to Permaculture Design Principles and Zones of Design - By Jack Spirko
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How Great Leaders Manage Perceptions
Think of your last verbal workplace exchange. You probably thought you explained yourself well and that your listeners understood you. Here’s the unvarnished truth: You and they likely didn’t. How, then, can we ensure that people hear what we say?
The Perception Process
More often than not, Phase 2 is never activated. People form opinions of you and your message with Phase 1 assumptions and then they move on.
Most leaders are unaware of these basic brain behaviors, so they never take the time needed to push their listeners past quick, stereotypical judgments.
Two Flawed Assumptions
Without even realizing it, we’re likely operating under two flawed assumptions:
1. Other people see you objectively as you are.
2. Other people see you as you see yourself.
For example, your emotions are much less obvious than you realize. Strong emotions are easy to read: fear, rage, surprise, disgust. But the more subtle emotions we experience daily frustration, annoyance, disappointment, impatience and respect may not actually register on our faces. When they do, they’re usually indistinguishable from other emotions.
Psychologists call this the transparency illusion. Great communicators will go the extra mile, clearly articulating what they’re feeling instead of expecting others to deduce it.
How ‘Judgeable’ Are You?
Introverted leaders who reveal little about themselves will have a hard time with judgeability. Similarly, if you aren’t shy about sharing your accomplishments, you’ll also meet listeners resistance (unless you clarify your intentions). For example, telling people you graduated at the top of your class or turned around a failing company isn’t as effective as articulating the strengths that helped facilitate these results.
Perception Biases
Perceivers rely on rules of thumb so their brains don’t have to work too hard:
3. Stereotypes. Most people are biased, yet they deny being so. We are unconsciously influenced by stereotypical beliefs about gender, race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, professions, socioeconomic classes and education. We categorize people on various dimensions, including facial features. It’s human nature. Our brains are wired to quickly sort friend from foe. We cannot turn off this feature, but we can become conscious of it and make necessary modifications.
Managing Others’ Biases
While humans are wired to make assumptions based on first impressions, we’re also capable of correcting those impressions as long as we see value in doing so.
3 Perceptual Filters
We view others through three lenses or filters:
• Trust
• Power
• Ego
When you speak or act, perceivers ask themselves:
• How much trust should I grant?
• What is the power differential here?
• How much of an ego threat or self-esteem boost will I experience?
1. Do you have good intentions toward me (friend or foe)?
2. Do you have what it takes to act on these intentions?
The Trust Filter
Leaders can build trust in many ways:
• Trust Them First. We are naturally inclined to reciprocate favors and extend trust to someone who has trusted us first.
• Pay Attention. Leaders who make eye contact, smile, nod, recognize individuals by name and really listen are the ones who excel at communicating. While this may seem obvious, too many executives appear hurried and oblivious to others.
The Power Filter
The Ego Filter
Successful Communication
Halvorson suggests the following strategies:
1. Take your time. Always remember that your first impression may be dead wrong. There are always other possible interpretations of someone’s behavior.
3. Beware of the confirmation bias. Once you form an impression, you’ll seek evidence to confirm it. you’ll ignore other behaviors, even (and perhaps especially) if they contradict your impressions.Have the courage to confront your biases and accept reality.
If there’s a huge gap between your intended message and how others hear it, you’ll need to closely examine your communication style and substance. Consider working with a trusted mentor or professional coach to analyze how you come across to others.
Digital Distractions: The War for Your Attention
Are you letting digital devices overwhelm you and eat away at your ability to focus and concentrate? Is technology really saving you time and energy – like it’s supposed to do – or is it running rampant, creating unnecessary work?
Digital Addiction or Anxiety
• FOMO: the fear of missing out
• FOBO: the fear of being offline
• Nomophobia: the fear of being out of phone contact
Human Brains and Multitasking
• Listen to a podcast while driving, but not with good retention or learning.
• Answer email while on a conference call, but not without lowering quality.
• Look at your Facebook feed while eating lunch, most likely without problems.
• Do your expense report while watching YouTube, but expect errors.
There are two approaches recommended to get back in the driver’s seat to win the attention wars:
1. Systematically limit or reduce access to information streams.
2. Make use of technological tools to strategically manage information.
Smart Use of Tech Tools
Some recommend that knowledge workers restrict time and access to digital content; however, when it comes to responding to emails and social media updates that concern customers and business reputations, we don’t always have a choice.
We can recognize that not all messages need immediate responses, and learn to prioritize tasks. For example, email filters can be set up so that certain subjects may be handled first.
You can also use news feeds such as RSS or newsreader apps such as Feedly, Reeder, or Flipboard to group articles and blog posts by topics. You can’t read everything in your field, nor do you need to, but you can stay current by regularly reviewing what others are writing.
Managing Social Media
The War for Attention
Midcareer Crisis …or Opportunity?
Have you ever had a midcareer fantasy where you quit your job and go do something new?
Many executives secretly admit to their coaches that they’re contemplating midcareer shifts. They may not actively seek change, but they certainly start imagining it.
Of LinkedIn’s 313 million members, 25% are active job seekers; 60% are passive job seekers (not proactively searching for new jobs, but seriously willing to consider viable opportunities). There’s also been a steady increase in self-employed and temporary workers over the last two decades. Entrepreneurship may sound lucrative every time a startup goes public.
Regardless of your age, background or professional accomplishments, you’ve probably dreamed about a new career at some point. Midlife is often a time when we reevaluate our goals, aspirations and what truly matters to us in life.
In “5 Signs It’s Time for a New Job” (Harvard Business Review, April 2015), Columbia University Professor Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic examines what happens to many people at midcareer. Few of us actually shift to something different. As he explains, complacency often trumps transformation:
Humans are naturally prewired to fear and avoid change, even when we are decidedly unhappy with our current situation. Indeed, meta-analyses show that people often stay on the job despite having negative job attitudes, low engagement and failing to identify with the organization’s culture. So, at the end of the day, there is something comforting about the predictability of life: it makes us feel safe.
Chamorro-Premuzic cites five signs that indicate it’s time to seriously consider a career switch:
1. You feel undervalued.
2. You’re not learning.
3. You’re underperforming.
4. You’re just doing it for the money.
5. You hate your boss.
Yet, who hasn’t experienced these feelings periodically? Do they mean you’re headed for a full-fledged midlife or midcareer crisis?
The Stereotypical Story
Hearing the phrase “midlife crisis” evokes the cliche of a successful man, between 40 and 55, who wakes up one day and decides he’s been chasing all the wrong things: his career, family, wife, car and possessions. Nothing provides him with the satisfaction he craves. He demands more.
Suddenly, he divorces, changes career or organization, dresses differently, gets a young girlfriend and buys a red sports car. Years later, he finds himself with the same unfulfilled yearnings, having metaphorically changed seats on the Titanic.
While this scenario has become today’s hackneyed midlife-crisis narrative, the concept of middle age as a distinct life stage dates back to the 19th century, according to Patricia Cohen, author of In Our Prime: The Invention of Middle Age (Scribner, 2012). The term “midlife crisis” was first coined in 1965 by psychologist Elliott Jaques. In 1974, journalist Gail Sheehy famously depicted the midlife crisis as a life stage in her bestselling book Passages: Predictable Crises of Adult Life.
Roughly a quarter of Americans reports experiencing a midlife crisis, according to research published in 2000 by Cornell University sociologist Elaine Wethington. Many who disclaim the notion regard midlife crises as a lame excuse for behaving immaturely.
The term crisis also contributes to stigmatization, as it suggests a shock, disruption or loss of control. But the actual data on midlife experience and the relationship between work and happiness points to something different: an extended and unpleasant – but manageable – downturn.
The Happiness U-Curve
The average employee’s job satisfaction deteriorates dramatically in midlife, according to a British survey conducted by Professor Andrew Oswald of The University of Warwick.
Midcareer crises are, in fact, a widespread regularity, rather than a few individuals’ misfortune.
But here’s the good news: In the second half of people’s working lives, job satisfaction increases again. In many cases, it reaches higher levels than experienced early in one’s career, essentially forming a U-shaped curve depicted in the following graph:
(Source: Crisis, The Atlantic, December 2014)
Subsequent research revealed this age-related curve in job satisfaction is part of a much broader phenomenon. A similar midlife nadir is detectable in measures of people’s overall life satisfaction and has been found in more than 50 countries.
The U-curve tells a more accurate tale of what happens midlife and midcareer. It’s not a story of chaos or disruption, but of a difficult – yet natural – transition to a new equilibrium.
Just knowing the phenomenon is common can be therapeutic. Princeton University health economist Hannes Schwandt cites a feedback effect: “Part of your disappointment is driven by the disappointment itself.”
Understanding the U-shaped curve allows us to recognize midlife as challenging, yet ultimately gratifying. We should resist judging ourselves harshly for feeling disappointed. We can avoid making bad decisions that potentially lead to midlife divorces and career catastrophes.
The Other Side of Midlife
Fortunately, most people avoid upending their lives at the first signs of midlife dissatisfaction. As noted earlier, only 25% of us even admit to experiencing a crisis. So, what happens to the75% who may feel dissatisfied at midlife, but who don’t do anything about it? Are they in denial or simply more mature?
Freud described two requisites for sanity: work and love. What happens when work and love lose their sparkle, as often occurs in midlife?
Work carries a large, invisible burden: the presumption that it will provide our lives with meaning and energize our spirits. Sometimes it does. By midlife, however, we may find that work drains us.
The ego tends to prefer security over development. Heeding it too closely means you may wind up with neither.
At midlife, most of us feel the need to rethink our priorities. Unfortunately, we avoid this task. It’s much easier to succumb to fear. We view change as threatening, and we don’t want to risk losing our hard-earned stability.
In Search of Meaning and Wisdom
Psychologists have not yet determined why people in 50+ industrialized nations experience midlife crises. It’s certainly a major reason why executives hire executive coaches. “What’s next?” is one of life’s most worrisome questions. A coach can help you reevaluate your cherished convictions, morals and guiding principles.
Experiencing disappointment doesn’t necessarily mean something is wrong. It signals that something is missing.
There’s a mental shift at midlife from “time since birth” to “time left until death.” We begin to feel time is running out and, more crucially, question whether what drove us in the first half of life is worthy enough for a fulfilling second half.
Being aware of the pitfalls associated with the midlife experience can prevent you from committing irreparable errors. If you know you’re vulnerable to doubts, anxieties and mood swings, you can stop yourself from storming out of a meeting or acting out of desperation. If you feel trapped, midlife can become a truly dangerous life passage. Perhaps Carl Jung said it best:
We cannot live the afternoon of life according to the program of life’s morning – for what was great in the morning will be little at evening, and what in morning was true will at evening have become a lie.
Midcareer Coaching
Consider retaining a professional coach to guide you through self-examination and reflection on what truly matters most to you. The process often entails reconnecting you to what you love about your life and career.
Clinging to the status quo may, on the surface, appear to be a safer, more mature choice. Nothing could be further from the truth. Redoubling your efforts to achieve happiness based on what drove you in the first half of life is foolish.
In the second half of life, facing our failures and losses facilitates course corrections. We are rewarded with deeper, more fulfilling life and career experiences. Avoiding life’s natural progressions prevents you from broadening consciousness and becoming your authentic self.
Midcareer is a time to examine regrets and accept mistakes. A coach can help you turn failures into meaningful learning opportunities. You won’t need to bury bad memories. Greater self-acceptance opens new avenues.
Unfortunately, most of us work so hard to obtain an identity that it becomes very hard to let it go. What worked earlier in your career is nearly always inadequate to meet the challenges of your mature years, as Marshall Goldsmith proved in What Got You Here Won’t Get You There (Hachette Books, 2007).
Acknowledging midcareer dissatisfaction opens a window to exploring your options. Ask yourself:
• What steps must I take to transition to the next stage of my journey?
• Can I give myself permission to explore new paths?
• How does fear keep me in a reactive stance, constrained by outmoded routines?
• Am I content to live partially, or am I ready and willing to explore new ways of thinking and feeling?
• Can I gather the energy needed to realize my unlived potential?
• How can I take one small step?
The age-old Serenity Prayer comes to mind:
“Grant me the courage to change the things I can, to accept the things I can’t, and the wisdom to know the difference.”
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Authored by Andre van Heerden
Imagine that you are creating a fabric of human destiny with the object of making men happy in the end, giving them peace and rest at last. Imagine that you are doing this but that it is essential and inevitable to torture to death only one tiny creature…in order to found that edifice on its unavenged tears. Would you consent to be the architect on those conditions?
~Ivan to Alyosha in Dostoyevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov
Dostoevsky’s great novels cultivate the seeds of leadership by exploring the complexities of the human condition. Justice and the nature of community are central themes, demanding much ManageMagazine Long Readdeeper reflection than they are given in the postmodern West. Hence our leadership deficit.
The prime purpose of leadership is justice. The prime purpose of justice is the Common Good. The prime purpose of the Common Good is human flourishing in community. And the prime instrument for the achievement of all these benefits is law, properly understood. So law, even in the form of rules or convention, is a measure of leadership. And law is measured by justice.
How are we to live together? The question has engaged the greatest minds in history, from the dawn of civilization, and it remains controversial to this day in homes, workplaces, communities, and nations. Interestingly, the Golden Rule – treat others as you want them to treat you – is known in all cultures, and provides what would be the perfect answer, were it not for human perversity. It is an ideal that is impossible to enforce as a law.
Humanity has tried, from the beginning, to invest society with the qualities we all know to be good. Ancient civilizations in India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Greece, and Rome all tried to promote good faith and truth-telling. Mercy, compassion, justice, duties to parents, the aged, and posterity, and care for widows and orphans, all feature in the ancient ethical and legal codes. The Ten Commandments remain the most succinct statement of the Natural Law that informs all the ancient codes, acknowledging the reality of a law that transcends the laws of humankind.
READ ALSO: What Price Integrity?
Of course, the ancients often betrayed the ideals through practices like the subjugation of women, slavery, infanticide, torture, and death for even menial crimes. The laws of rulers like Urukagina, Ur-Nammu, and Hammurabi in Mesopotamia show a mix of conscience and cruelty, and we get our word “draconian” from the Athenian lawmaker, Draho, who believed he could scare people into being good neighbors by means of a somewhat intemperate use of the death penalty.
How are we to live together?
The key to answering the question, “How are we to live together?”, lies in the interpretation given to the word “we”. Who are “we”? We are human beings of both sexes, all races, all creeds, all nations, and all socio-economic classes. What unites us is our human nature, from which flows all the community and chaos, creativity and corruption, compassion and cruelty, concord and conflict, courage and cowardice that we know as the human condition.
More importantly, we are both one and many. Every one of us, for better or worse, is born into a community, and individual flourishing is only ever achieved in the context of community; and we should note that those who achieve material success through injustice to others, do not flourish as human beings but by being somewhat less than human.
Community is destroyed by injustice.
Examples are inexhaustible. The injustice suffered by a small retailer whose shop is looted and burned calls into question the rule of law and the leadership of the community. The same is true when a person loses his or her livelihood because of a politically incorrect opinion, when workers in one of the world’s richest corporations are so poorly paid that they have to seek welfare, when the wealthy and powerful get away with crimes that carry heavy penalties for everyone else, and when people who speak out against the injustices are demonized and marginalized. And so on.
So how can laws fix this? A law is a rule, meant to be obeyed, but able to be broken. Of course, the laws of science cannot be broken (though we may temporarily thwart them as when we defy gravity by flying) and nor can the metaphysical law of non-contradiction – a thing either is or it is not. The laws of grammar and logic can only be violated at the cost of accuracy of communication, and therefore community. All these laws are realities that are discovered, not made, by humanity.
Things become more complicated when it comes to social conduct, especially in a climate of moral and cultural relativism and the autonomous will of the individual. Hence the interminable wrangling about capitalism, socialism, immigration, education, climate change, vaccinations, abortion, euthanasia, the nature of marriage, gender fluidity, drugs, and alcohol, etc.
READ ALSO: Integrity and Leadership
Making laws to govern human conduct in these and other contentious areas inevitably becomes the source of outrage for some and smug satisfaction for others. And who is to say who is in the right? We are beings with free will, but our intellects are limited and prone to error, and our choices often hurt others and also ourselves. What is a leader to do?
Law must obviously be informed by moral standards, but if morality is a purely personal matter, how is it even possible for us to promulgate laws that satisfy all the competing moral commitments?
The ancients understood the challenge better than most people today. According to the still-influential legal codes of the Roman emperor Justinian, the basic principles of the law are: “to live honorably, not to harm others, and to render to each his due”.
Sadly, the postmodern West tries to order society with reference to the second principle alone, and it doesn’t work. The first principle is about personal virtue, which is totally at odds with the greed, deceit, and promiscuity encouraged today, and the third is about justice, which is parodied by the wealthy monopolizing wealth, the powerful abusing power, and celebrities getting away with murder.
Consider the pharmaceutical companies that settled for $26 billion after their opioids killed hundreds of thousands of people. It sounds generous, but the four companies make $26 billion every fortnight. No one went to jail, and the penalty was, in effect, just another cost of doing business. Injustice arises from bad laws that arise from misleadership.
There are many distinctions regarding law, but the primary one that requires clarity before we can fully understand the others is that between the laws of nature and the laws of civil society. Natural Law is not man-made; it is discovered by examining human nature, that is, what it means to be human. Natural Law recognizes three broad categories of goods all people need by nature:
• The preservation of our existence by means of security, food, drink, and shelter
• Animal instincts like sexual reproduction, child-rearing, and concomitant activities
• Goods specific to rational beings, like seeking truth, expanding knowledge, and sharing in society, through family, friends, work, community, and politics.
Of course, fulfilling the animal side of human nature enables us to fulfill the defining aspect of our nature as rational beings with free will. The implications for leadership are far-reaching.
Civil law, or positive law, on the other hand, is made by humans, posited (or officially promulgated) by a proper authority. The relationship between Natural Law and positive law was analyzed by many modern thinkers, including Hobbes, Locke, Spinoza, Montesquieu, and Hegel, and despite their differences, and the Modernist rejection of human nature as a reality, they all acknowledged that Natural Law applied to all human beings as rational creatures able to discern its injunctions.
In that, they echoed the key principle of classical legal theory articulated by Aquinas:
Every human law has just so much of the nature of law as it is derived from the law of nature. But if in any point it departs from the law of nature, it is no longer a law.
According to this common-sense understanding of the law, any command that is grounded merely in the will of the government might have the coercive force of law, but not the moral authority of law. In fact, the broad consensus in western civilization prior to the Enlightenment understood law to be a rule made for the Common Good of a community, grounded in reason, instituted by the will of a legitimately constituted authority, and having both moral and coercive power.
READ ALSO: Robin Sharma: Authentic Leadership
Classical Natural Law gives rise to natural rights, grounded in human nature rather than human convention. The use of the word ‘classical’ is important because its understanding of nature differs from the modern understanding. The classical understanding of nature sees it as a thing’s essence, that which makes it what it is, as something with definite meaning and purpose, naturally oriented towards the achievement of certain ends.
The modern understanding of nature, on the other hand, is malleable. The mechanistic worldview of Modernity rejected the idea of innate meaning and purpose in things in favor of a materialist vision of the world as mere matter to be refashioned by human beings in their quest for Utopia. Hence Nazism, Marxism, and libertarian technocratic meritocracy.
Like all natural phenomena, the practical reason of human beings is directed towards specific ends, namely, whatever the intellect perceives to be good. Obviously, a properly informed, rational person will perceive the fulfillment of natural human potential as the good to be pursued. When we misconstrue what is good for us, it is the result of ignorance, irrationality, or perversity.
So good conduct is simply that which is aligned with right reason. To be properly rational is to do what is good to achieve the goals set for us by our human nature. And it is not difficult to list things that are good for us, and by contrast, things that are bad for us. Truth, justice, freedom, community, peace, meaningful work, and challenge are good for people, while lies, injustice, slavery, social isolation, violence, unemployment, and inertia are bad for us.
As rational animals, human beings are naturally social and political, living in communities and depending on others in various ways for our mutual well-being. At the heart of human societies are family relationships with their natural rights and obligations, and groups of families form wider relationships in which we become friends, neighbors, employers or employees, citizens, and so on. Obviously, the flourishing of these relationships is a natural good for human beings.
The agrarian activist and writer, Wendell Berry, gives us a lot to think about in this regard when he talks about the injustices visited upon people in rural America: “bankruptcy, foreclosure, depression, suicide, the departure of the young, the loneliness of the old, soil loss, soil degradation, chemical pollution, the loss of genetic and specific diversity, the extinction or threatened extinction of species, the depletion of aquifers, stream degradation, the loss of wilderness, strip mining, clear-cutting, population loss, the loss of supporting communities, and the death of towns.” If this, together with the degradation of humanity in the inner cities, is what liberal democracy has to offer, we can say with certainty that it is not justice.
READ ALSO: The Measure of a Leader
One might also reflect on the injustices of the Crash of 2008 brought about by the corruption of bankers and politicians. In the preceding decade, politicians from both parties in the US manipulated the mortgage system to enable people with no money to get mortgages for homes costing more than half a million dollars. This shakedown of the taxpayer allowed politicians to brag about the great surge in homeownership their supposed vision had created.
Bankers bundled the worthless mortgages into investment packages, in which complex financial engineering allowed few people to understand the menacing risks. Of course, the bankers and politicians never faced any penalties when the house of cards came down. For example, one of the too-big-to-fail banks was awarded $45 billion in bailouts and $300 billion in taxpayer guarantees. Many politicians have thrived, continuing to defraud the taxpayer ever since.
As Frederic Bastiat, the French economist said, “…legal plunder can be committed in an infinite number of ways. Thus we have an infinite number of plans to organize it: tariffs, protection, benefits, subsidies, progressive taxation, public schools, guaranteed jobs, guaranteed profits, minimum wages, a right to relief, a right to the tools of labor, free credit, and so on.”
Liberals, libertarians, progressives, socialists, and extremists of both left and right, all claim to hold the keys to utopia, but their visions never materialize. They offer only ideological agendas that, as soon as they are exposed in rational dialogue, are seen to promote the narrow interests of a few to the detriment of the many. Ideology, by definition, can never be the source of just laws. And ideologues are inevitably misleaders.
Classical Natural Law theory recognizes private property rights that are robust but not absolute e.g. property owners are never justified in undermining the Common Good. Accordingly, it rules out socialism at one extreme and laissez-faire liberalism at the other. There is plenty of room between those extremes for reasonable debate on how best to apply the principles of Natural Law, and solutions would depend on insights drawn from economics, sociology, and political theory.
According to Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Constitutional Law at Harvard, the Common Good may be understood as: “The structural, political, economic, and social conditions that allow communities and individuals to live in accordance with the precepts of justice: ‘to live honorably, to injure no one, to give everyone his due.
Plato provided a sound idea of the Common Good: “Our aim in founding the State was not the disproportionate happiness of any one class, but the greatest happiness of the whole; we thought that in a State which is ordered with a view to the good of the whole we should be most likely to find justice.” The same principle applies to any community, business, or family.
So the Law of Leadership is simply this: The purpose of a leader is the Common Good, the flourishing of all. It requires laws that promote justice, that is, true community, in which people are virtuous, avoid harm to others, and give each and every person what is due to them.
And if there is no justice for all, then there is no justice at all.
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How Non-Fixed Expenses Work
By: Sarah Siddons
Many of us don't realize how much of our budget is used on the daily a.m. latte.
Chris Hondros/Getty Images
Although you may see it as a necessary evil, budgeting is an important part of managing finances. If your budget doesn't balance, you can end up sinking into debt, or worse, losing your house or vehicle -- and your credit. Keeping tabs on your budget can prevent these disasters. It can even help you save more money for the things you want.
The first step in developing a budget is to determine your income. You can use any of the many budget worksheets on the web. There are many resources available, but they all work around the same basic principles: List your income and expenses, and determine whether your income is greater than your expenses.
Once you've listed your income, you need to determine your expenses. There are two types of expenses: fixed expenses and non-fixed expenses. Fixed expenses are those that you can be sure of every month, such as your mortgage or car payment. You can read more about fixed expenses in How Fixed Expenses Work.
Non-fixed expenses are variable expenses that can fluctuate from month-to-month. In this article, we will explore the various types of non-fixed expenses, and how to keep variable spending from breaking your budget. These expenses can be hard to manage because they include both your needs and your wants. Lattes, fast food and new CDs all fall into this category. It can be very frustrating to work hard all week and then feel guilty for stopping to pick up burgers on the way home. But budgeting doesn't mean always denying yourself.
Read on to find out ways to control your non-fixed expenses without giving up all the fun things in your life.
Identifying Non-Fixed Expenses
Fluctuating gas prices have hurt most Americans' budgets. Gas is a non-fixed expense that most working people can't do without.
Tim Boyle/Getty Images
Once you've started listing your non-fixed expenses, you may be surprised at all the places you've been spending money. We often don't realize exactly how much goes through our hands until we start to carefully monitor our spending. Here are some of the most common non-fixed expenses:
• Groceries/food
• Gas
• Car/home repairs
• Gifts
• Educational expenses (field trips, etc.)
• Medical bills
• Trips
• Hobby/entertainment expenses
The inability to determine when any of these expenses may pop up, and how much they'll cost you each time, makes it easy to understand why non-fixed expenses are also called variable expenses. For example, a Friday night trip to the movies for a family of four can cost upward of $50, but it may cost hundreds to fix the car bumper from the fender-bender in the theater parking lot. Both are non-fixed expenses, and neither is an amount that you can predict for every month. You just have to know that there'll be expenses each month, and work with your budget so that you are prepared for them.
The best way to determine how much money you usually spend on non-fixed expenses is to keep a diary of your spending for a month. See where you put your money, and decide what you could do without. Some expenses are one-time events: A friend gets married and wants your daughter to be the flower girl, so you're out $85 for a dress she'll wear once. But there are also expenses that you'll regularly see in the diary, such as the scratch-off lottery tickets or the daily smoothies. Monitoring your spending this way helps alert you to the expenses that add up quickly and really don't significantly improve your life.
Our needs and our wants often get mixed up, and it seems nearly impossible to think of getting by without many of the things we take for granted. But it's possible to live without some of the extras. And it can make a huge difference in your budget.
Not every non-fixed expense is frivolous. You can't just cut out all the bills that show up throughout the month. But if you seriously want to balance or improve your budget, you can analyze your spending and find ways to cut back.
On the next page, we'll learn how to manage these non-fixed expenses and work toward a balanced budget.
Analyzing Non-Fixed Expenses
A family trip to the movies can quickly become expensive. Consider watching a movie at home. Compromises can keep the family willing to accept the new budget.
Chris Hondros/Getty Images
To make a difference in your budget, you must analyze the expenses you've listed. This can be a daunting task, and it can take a while to accomplish. But properly analyzing and managing your budget will help you sleep better and feel more confident about getting ahead in the future. So, let's walk through analyzing a budget:
Necessary versus Unnecessary: The first step is to determine which expenses are necessary and which are unnecessary. Do you really need it? Think of whether your life change would change without it. If you aren't sure about an expense, just circle it and move on. As you work through your budget, it will become easier to decide what you can live without. Make a plan for cutting out as many of the non-necessary expenses as possible for at least one month, and see how you feel afterward. If you're still okay with it, cut that expense altogether.
Some non-fixed expenses are small, but can add up. Others are larger and unexpected, like the hospital bill after an accident that calls for an overnight stay. To keep from being swamped by these expenses, try to allow at least 10 percent of your budget for savings. Make it a goal to get at least six months’ worth of income into that account, in case of emergencies.
Recurring versus One-Time Expense: Another factor to consider is how frequently an expense shows up in your budget. For example, replacing the blown-out tire on your car, hopefully, is a one-time expense. So is the new shirt you bought after changing the tire, since you were headed to a job interview. You can't very well cut those kinds of expenses from your budget. But buying a new pair of shoes every week is a recurring expense, and one that you could probably pass on without any real soul-searching. Of course, buying new shoes sometimes isn't a problem. It only becomes trouble when it turns into a habit.
Make Decisions: Once you've analyzed your budget, it's time to make decisions. Involve your spouse and everyone in your home in this part of the process. Show them where you've identified unnecessary expenses, and discuss which ones most affect the family budget. If trips to the arcade are becoming expensive, work out a plan for limiting the trips to twice a month. Or, if someone loves golf, determine whether you could save money by joining a golf club rather than paying the fees at the public course every time. Remember that everyone is partial to his or her own indulgences, and try to find a way to keep from cutting out the pleasures of life altogether for any member of the family.
Using these tips, you'll see your budget improve. Although it may be frustrating to see your mistakes on paper, keeping up with your expenses can help you correct those mistakes rather than repeat them. By analyzing your spending habits, you'll learn more about what's really important to you and your family.
Lots More Information
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
More Great Links
• "Budget Guide - Variable Expenses." (5/7/08)
• "How to Bring Balance to Your Budget." . 7/21/07 (5/07/08)
• Privratsky, Shaunna. "Balance Your Budget." 1/19/06 (5/07/08)
• "The Spending Plan." (5/07/08) 9/7/07 (5/5/08)
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What is bone implantation – augmentation and when is it used?
Bone augmentation (upgrading, enlargement) is the series of procedures that are undertaken to increase bone volume to allow the placement of a dental implant. All procedures generally involve the addition of bone material. It can be an autologous bone (a bone graft taken from another place in the patient’s mouth) or an artificial bone.
Augmentation of bone and soft tissue of the oral cavity is an important procedure in implantology and one should not run away from it. It is necessary that there is a sufficient amount of bone around the implant, because it will enable the longevity of the implant itself. Insufficient bone leads to problems and inflammation around the implant, called periimplantitis and later to implant rejection. By pulling the thin bone, the gums are also pulled, and the result is an infection and a very bad aesthetic effect.
If there is a lack of hard or soft tissue, the patient will not be satisfied with the final results of the implant placement.
Soft tissue augmentation is done when there is a lack of soft tissue around the dental implant. It can be done by various methods, during the augmentation of bone tissue or as a special procedure after implantation or during the opening of the implant.
Today’s technology is so advanced that even if you do not have a satisfactory structure or bone density in which the implant should be placed – there are methods that solve this problem. The path to a beautiful smile has never been easier, because surgical techniques enable bone upgrades in order to obtain natural newly created bone – the basis for dental implants.
When is it time to augment or upgrade a bone?
It is always time to upgrade the bone when it is missing. The sooner we “catch” the process of bone loss (due to infections, periodontitis, tooth extraction), the greater the success of the upgrade.
Bone augmentation can be performed by adding bone in height (vertical augmentation), in width (horizontal) or as a combined augmentation.
Once a natural tooth is lost, the jawbone atrophies (thins) in that part. It is a completely natural process, similar to muscle atrophy if you do not engage in physical activities. If before the loss of the tooth, its root was affected by the inflammatory process, then the resorption of the bone will be faster and to a greater extent, because in that case, the bacterial infection additionally destroys the bone. In order for a dental implant to fulfill its function, it must be completely in the bone. If the bone volume is not satisfactory, bone augmentation must be performed before the implant is placed.
Bone augmentation is often necessary when implant placement in the anterior, aesthetic regions of the jaw. Since the gum or soft tissue follows the contours of the bone below, any bone defect leads to a lack of gums, or to a poor aesthetic result.
If the patient has to remove a tooth and install a dental implant in its place, the best solution is, if possible, to remove the tooth and implant at the same time, and to augment the bone. In that way, we place the implant on the place where the tooth was just extracted, and the best natural bone is installed in the remaining cavities. This stops or slows down the processes of bone resorption, and shortens the recovery time. All inflammatory processes must be repaired before implant procedures.
What if there are not enough bones to implant?
If the patient has lost a tooth a long time ago, and there is not enough bone for implant placement, in that case the lost bone should be replaced first in order to create a quality base for implant placement. The implantation of artificial or natural bone follows and after that procedure it is necessary to wait from 4 to 5 months if natural bone was used and from 6 to 9 months if artificial bone was used, before implant placement.
If a dental implant is placed in the upper jaw (maxilla), the bottom of the maxillary sinus is often set low. In this case, the bottom of the sinus is lifted, which is also called a sinus lift.
Loss of the posterior upper teeth leads to atrophy of the jawbone and lowering of the bottom of the maxillary sinus. In order to place the implant in that area, it is necessary to raise the bottom of the maxillary sinus and make a place for the implant. This is where our top dentists who deal with the implantation of artificial bone (augmentation) enter the scene.
Fortunately, today we have short and narrow implants from the world’s leading companies, and bone augmentation is often unnecessary due to the use of these implants.
What is an artificial bone and how does the patient’s body accept it?
The artificial bone is made up of tiny granules that are placed in the bone under the membrane. They serve as a substrate in which the bone cells created by the human body are deposited. In about 12 months, the artificial bone cells disappear and are replaced by natural bone cells.
In addition to enabling the installation of a dental implant, bone augmentation stops the retraction of the gums and further decay of the jawbone, and thus the collapse of the adjacent teeth. The success of artificial bone implantation is great if it is performed correctly.
As a rule, the body always accepts the granules and the body itself begins bone regeneration.
Is it better to use natural bone?
It is definitely always better to use the patient’s natural bone for each bone augmentation, but this often requires two operative fields – the place where the bone is placed and the donor site. The use of the patient’s natural bone has been shown to significantly increase the success of bone augmentation and should be used in all situations where possible.
Is bone augmentation a painful procedure?
This surgery is performed under local anesthesia, so it is absolutely painless during the intervention. Postoperatively, there may be certain pains that stop with the use of analgesics. There is always a smaller or larger swelling with or without bruising. The postoperative period lasts about 10 days, after which the sutures are removed.
After the surgery, it takes some time for the used natural or artificial bone to form a sufficiently strong bone that can hold the dental implant.
In order to speed up the whole process and avoid two surgeries, the lifting of the sinus floor, implantation of artificial bone (augmentation) and placement of a dental implant are usually performed in one procedure.
How long does it take to recover from an artificial bone implant?
Every surgical or operative procedure requires special care that must follow after the operation. After bone implantation, there is always a smaller or larger swelling with or without accompanying bruises. It is desirable to put cold compresses on the procedure to reduce swelling.
In case of pain, it is necessary to take analgesics recommended by our specialist doctor. The sutures are usually removed 7 to 10 days after the procedure. The mouth should not be rinsed immediately after the surgery, and after 48 hours it should be rinsed with the prescribed antiseptic, provided that there is no bleeding. Rinsing with antiseptic is repeated 2 to 3 weeks after the procedure.
For some time, the patient must be patient with solid foods (or those with a grainy consistency) because food particles can be drawn into the wound. Only soft or liquid foods are recommended after surgery, while hot foods should be avoided.
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The Ultimate Guide to
SSL Certificates
Aug. 26, 21
Wiredelta presents
What is an SSL certificate?
SSLs are data files that ensure the link between a web server and browser is encrypted and keeps all the data of your users private.
Why buy an SSL certificate?
SSLs add credibility to your brand. A website equipped with an SSL certificate looks more trustworthy, which appeals to customers.
How do SSLs work?
When users access a website, both the browser and the web server have to agree the connection is secure before they exchange data. SSLs provide that secure layer.
And if there is no SSL...
It will cause a chain reaction - the server alerts the browser, that alerts the user to stay away from you site, which will impact your traffic.
How SSLs influence SEO?
SSLs are one of the mandatory requirements Google implemented in website ranking - the SEO ranking algorithm favors websites with an SSL certificate
SSL classification
SSLs are divided by level of encryption or by the number of domains they cover..
SSLs by level of encryption
• Domain Validation SSLs Extended Validation SSLs Organization Validation SSLs
Domain Validation SSL certificates
Has the lowest level of strictness and a low level of encryption, making it most affordable option.
Extended Validation SSL certificates
The most expensive type of SSL certificate. The best option for businesses, bigger institutions, and eCommerce stores.
Organization Validation SSLs
OV certificates are in between DV and EV certificates - with both level of encryption and price
2. SSLs based on the domains they protect
• Wildcard SSL certificate Multi-domain SSL certificate • Single-domain SSL certificate
Wildcard SSL certificates
Protects a single domain with an unlimited number of subdomains. A wildcard certificate can be issued along with DV and OV SSL certificates.
Multi-domain SSL certificates
You can register and protect up to 100 domains within one multi-domain SSL certificate. This is a money-saving option
Single-domain SSL certificates
This certificate only applies to one domain - subdomains will not be protected.
Reliable SSL certificate providers
Comodo SSL GeoTrust DigiCert
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What Is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?
Jon Kabat-Zinn was hard at work finishing up his Ph.D. in molecular biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the early 1970s. At that time, he studied meditation with a number of prominent teachers. Little did he know that a vision in 1979 would change the face of mindfulness across the world. During a two-week meditation retreat, Kabat-Zinn received a vision of his karmic assignment. Subsequently, he embarked on a journey to craft what eventually became mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR).
In its most basic form, MBSR meshes meditation and yoga to help reduce stress and mitigate a variety of medical conditions. Goals of MBSR include increased self-awareness, a greater sense of compassion, and a resiliency to what life brings. In this way, it silences negative emotions and thoughts.
Kabat-Zinn explained in an interview how the growth of MBSR came out of efforts to bring his meditation experience into a clinical hospital setting.
Some medical professionals were interested in his various meditative practices. H explained that they wanted to learn how they could help patients grow, learn, and heal on their own. Kabat-Zinn noted a prominent change in patients who practiced MBSR. This was the ability to maintain moment-to-moment awareness—without any sort of self-judgment.
The basis of Kabat-Zinn’s MBSR program is Vipassana meditation. This type of meditation was purportedly used by the Buddha to achieve nirvana—often translated into English as “insight” or “clear awareness.”
MBSR has rapidly grown in popularity since its development by Kabat-Zinn. The Center for Mindfulness at the University of Massachusetts estimates more than 24,000 people have taken advantage of their MBSR program since 1979.
The Building Blocks Of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
MBSR programs focus on bringing a person’s bodily processes into a sense of restored harmony and balance. These processes include blood pressure and heart rate. The combination of meditation and yoga is designed to help reduce pain. It does this by reconnecting the body and mind. This is because the mind plays a large role in a number of stress-related disorders.
Woman meditating as a mindfulness-based stress reduction activity
Meditation Plays An Important Role in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (Image Source: Pexels)
A number of scientific studies have pointed to the usefulness of MBSR. Research conducted in 2010 found that patients who underwent an MBSR program experienced reduced anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. The research also suggested MBSR could help regulate emotions in people who suffer from social anxiety disorder.
A review carried out the following year, across 18 studies focused on patients suffering from chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and hypertension, found similar results. MBSR therapy improved “the condition of patients suffering from chronic illnesses and [helped] them cope with a wide variety of clinical problems.”
The actual steps of an MBSR course or routine are a bit different for each person. But the actual building blocks are always based on the same foundational principles:
Challenges vs. Chores
Do you understand the difference between eustress and distress? A key aspect of MBSR is to transform a person to see mindfulness as an adventure to be explored. This is starkly different from seeing it as a “chore” or routine to maintain in order to stay healthy. This mindset shift helps people more readily engage in meditation and self-reflection.
Effective MBSR programs, especially those run by clinics, often require a formal time commitment of at least several hours per week. Programs often emphasize individual discipline. The idea is to spur people to complete various meditative practices, no matter how little they “feel” like doing the exercises.
Self-care is a vitally important part of any MBSR program. Start with this if you’re interested in tools and tips for self-care that are effective and useful, especially as you embark on the path of mindfulness.
Man with open arms looking at the sunset.
Discipline Is An Essential Component of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (Image Source: Pexels)
Mindfulness At Work: How To Practice MBSR
You might think the “mindfulness” is simply a specific, homogenous state of mind. In fact, there are a few different ways to emphasize and practice mindfulness, and these will vary from person to person.
Mindfulness techniques that emphasize focus require you to “look inside” to try and figure out what’s going through your mind. Many people choose to adopt a mantra or stimulus (like breathing in and out). This helps them to stay focused in the present moment, amid work or stress.
Body Scans
The body scan is a tried-and-true mindfulness technique that utilizes the breath. Simply lie down and close your eyes to start. Focus on different areas of the body until you feel relaxed, and make sure to scan every part of your body for the best results.
Body Scan Exercise, Jon Kabat-Zinn – Be You Fully
Object Meditation
During an object meditation, find a particular item that seems special and interesting. Make a careful note about how your senses respond to it. This can be a great tool in the arsenal of mindfulness exercises for groups. As you can imagine, different people can give unique feedback on the size, shape, color, and texture of a particular object while they meditate.
Man and woman doing yoga.
Object Meditation As Part of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (Image Source: Pexels)
Walking Meditation
Walking is a great form of exercise to reduce anxiety and stress, and is an effective tool as part of an MBSR program. Start by taking a leisurely walk outside, and start to notice how your body is feeling. Try and match the sensations in your feet with your mind as you step, or keep your breaths in coordination with your footsteps.
MBSR: Mindfulness In Plain English
Yoga and its physical movements are an integral part of MBSR, especially since yoga’s proven to enhance comfort and calmness while reducing stress.
Yoga can pull you out of inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle—which is often the root of pain and discomfort.
Overall, MBSR is regarded as a relatively simple and clear pathway towards enhancing mindfulness.
When added to existing treatment, MBSR has been shown to enhance the results of medical or physiological remedies for a variety of ailments. These include fatigue, depression, asthma, PTSD, and issues with sleep.
Many who practice MBSR report increased self-esteem, greater levels of energy, a reduction in pain or stress, and a greater sense of joy from the simple pleasures of life.
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Can Shrimp Get Ich? Prevent This From Entering The Tank
Just like people, the creatures in your aquarium cannot avoid getting sick. Ich which is one of the extremely common diseases that fish in your tank are very susceptible to. And more than that, it can spread to other creatures in the tank.
If you are keeping freshwater shrimp and don’t know if they can shrimp get ich? This article will answer your question.
See also:
1. Blood Shrimp Care: 6 Essential Things You Need To Get.
2. How Long Do Cleaner Shrimp Live?
3. Raising Mysis Shrimp: Effective Ways to Make It a Success.
What Is “Ich”?
ich, or Ichthyophthirus multifiliis, is a very small, white parasite that attaches to fish in freshwaters. This disease is quite common, and fish in aquariums are particularly vulnerable to it since if one fish gets ich, this disease will quickly spread to all the other fish. The good news is that ich is a treatable parasite, but if it is not caught in time, or if it is not treated correctly, it can cause your fish to get ill quickly, and it can even be fatal if not treated correctly. Ick has caused the death of whole tanks of fish because people did not know how to treat it or identify it.
Can Shrimp Get Ich?
Freshwater shrimp will not be harmed by ich in the water. Despite not being able to acquire “ich”, shrimp can ‘carry’ the ich tomonts. In other words, if they were moved to an unaffected tank they could cause damage to it. To ensure that your shrimp don’t carry ich on their outsides, you should examine them carefully.
How Can You Tell If Your Shrimp Are Carrying Ich?
Since shrimp are not affected by ich, they cannot get sick from it, nor will they die from it, so you do not need to worry much if you have a tank that only consists of freshwater shrimp. Shrimp and fish are often kept together in the same tanks, so it’s hard to ignore whether shrimp carry ich or not. A ich egg, also known as an ich tomont, may attach to any surface. It can attach to glass, aquarium pebbles, decorations, and more, as well as to freshwater shrimp that you bring in. Thus, you should check anything that you bring into your tank from another aquarium or from a different place for ich.
Shrimp can 'carry' the Ich eggs
Shrimp can ‘carry’ the Ich eggs
How do you check your shrimp for ich? Due to the fact that shrimp cannot sustain ich, there is only one thing to look for: the eggs. In the early stages there may only be a few ich eggs, so be sure to look closely. Ich eggs are small, white dots or bumps that can appear all over whatever surfaces they are attached to. Additionally, you should ask the source of the shrimp whether they have ever experienced any ich problems in the past, as this will provide an indication of their risk level for infection. Some breeders may not be as transparent about this as they should be.
What Should You Do To Prevent Ich From Entering The Tank?
Even if you do not see any eggs on your freshwater shrimp or if you see evidence of ich on them, you should treat them before putting your shrimps in the tank as it can rapidly infect the tank and make all the fish sick.
Many of the chemicals that are used to treat ich in fish tanks are also harmful to invertebrates such as shrimp. Therefore, it is best to quarantine your shrimp after purchase. Sometimeses, the Ich will die without a host within seven days, but it can be up to seventy-two days. Therefore, instead of using chemicals, to ensure the safety of other creatures, you should quarantine the shrimp in a separate tank for at least sixty days before introducing them to the tank you intend to keep them.
Some Other Related Questions
Is ich treatment safe for shrimp?
Many commercial Ich treatments utilize copper to kill the Ich parasite. In fish-only aquariums, this is fine, but it is toxic to aquatic invertebrates, such as snails, crabs, shrimp and crayfish.
Will cleaner shrimp eat ich?
Although it may not be one of its preferred foods, saltwater cleaner shrimp will consume ich and other parasites from the scales and gills of saltwater fish. In summary, yes, cleaner shrimp will/may eat parasites like ich, but this is not an effective way of eradicating it.
What to do if your shrimp gives your fish ich?
There is an ich treatment you can buy in the store if you find ich in your aquarium is Ich-X. This ich treatment is safe for both fish and shrimp, as well as for other things like snails and plants in your aquarium. How much to put in the tank to treat the ich depends on the instructions on the bottle.
So your shrimp are completely safe from the harmful effects of Ich disease but they are likely to carry Ich into your tank. However, if you follow the instructions above, the organisms in your tank should be perfectly fine as this disease is not difficult to treat if caught early. Also, always test and treat or isolate the shrimp before adding to the aquarium.
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Car Industry
How might Mexico City fight coronavirus? Bike paths
Rather than pack people in public transportation, bike paths enhance social distancing.
More bikes mean fewer people taking public transportation to stop the virus's spread.
Reinhard Krull/EyeEm/Getty Images
Every level of government in nations around the world are working nonstop to try and halt the spread of COVID-19, the disease the new coronavirus causes, but Mexico City may take a page from another Latin American country.
To enhance social distancing in a city with many people, the government may set up new bike paths to keep people off public transportation. The news comes from a document published to Twitter on Wednesday by Queen Anne Greenways, a Seattle bike-riding advocacy group. The document shows that plans for new bike paths are in the works.
The image shows the proposed new bike paths for Mexico City with the green lines. The purple lines denote existing bike lanes. This school of thought comes from Bogota, Columbia, which enacted temporary bike paths to help social distancing. It could even be a popular solution for some major cities in the US to keep people moving amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
That's a lot of new bike paths.
The virus spreads most easily when people are close together, which led countries to adopt stringent social distancing recommendations. Some aren't recommendations but forced lockdowns, in countries such as Italy and France, to prevent people from gathering.
First published March 19.
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Physical Structure «Prev Next»
Sites Domains Site Link
The correct matches are as follows:
1. Site: A subnet or subnets connected by a high-speed link
2. Site link: A mapping in Active Directory of the connection between sites
3. Subnet: A physical segment of the network that uses IP addresses derived from a single network ID
4. Domain: The basic security boundary in a Windows network, which has its own security policies
5. Forest: A group of domain trees that share a noncontinguous namespace
Site Links
Active Directory Field Guide
Defining a site subnet
Once you create a site object, you need to define one or more subnets for the site. The Active Directory uses this information for replication and traffic flow processes, so you are essentially telling the Active Directory which IP subnets belong to which site.
To define a subnet(s) for a site, follow these steps:
1. In Active Directory Sites and Services, expand the Sites container and select the Subnets container.
2. Click Action ->New Subnet. The New Object-Subnet window appears, as shown in Figure 3-3. Enter the subnet and the mask for the subnet. The console automatically translates this information in a subnet name in the form of network/bits-masked. Select the site to which this subnet physically belongs, and then click the OK button.
Figure 3-3: New Object: Subnet window
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What Do Cows Drink? (How Much and Why Drink So Much Water)
What Do Cows Drink
Young cows drink milk, but adult cows drink water. Young unweaned cows source their nutrition from their mother’s milk. But by the ninth week, they are weaned off such milk. Consequent to their development by that interval, the heifer commonly loses its capacity to digest milk. By then, water becomes a dominant part of their diet, driving the growth and performance of the cow.
The discussion about what cows drink is quite an amusing one. If you were not thinking cows majorly drink milk, you must have asked what quantity of water they consume daily. Some have even gone as far as wondering if cows can drink beer or alcohol generally. The good news is we are answering all these exciting questions in this guide.
What Do Cows Actually Drink?
When asked the above question, the first answer that commonly comes to mind is that cows drink milk. This is not correct. Yes, baby cows drink milk, but adult cows derive no nutritional value from milk. Instead, adult cows mainly drink water.
The first milk their mother produces within 24 hours of delivery – called colostrum – is critically nourishing for baby cows. This colostrum is loaded with minerals, antibodies, and beef up the newborn calf’s immunity for years to come.
Within 9-12 weeks after birth, the calf is progressively weaned off the milk. With time, the heifer sources its liquefied nourishment from water instead of milk, with milk replacers used in some cases to smoothen the transition to forage.
How Much Water Do Cows Drink a Day?
Cows are large water consumers. Averagely, a cow can drink up a full bathtub filled with water. This is, however, generic as the water quantity a cow drinks varies with parameters like the weather and the cow type – regarding what product it is bred for: dairy products or beef.
Compared to a cow bred for beef, cows bred for dairy products have higher water requirements. Let us dive deeper, shall we?
Water is a critical stakeholder in regulating the metabolic functions of dairy cows, like their milk generation capacity and body temperature.
A cow that is not lactating would drink only half of the water capacity a lactating colleague would. More specifically, for each 1000g of milk a lactating cow secretes, it can gulp as much as 4.5 liters of water.
It is way less for beef-producing cows. This cow’s water intake majorly compensates for the liquid content of its waste. Depending on the weather, a beef-producing cow could drink anywhere from 3-30 water gallons daily.
The weather parameter needs no much explaining. Just like humans, cows drink more water when their environment is hotter. This is considering the increased hydration requirement that accompanies elevated temperatures.
While a cow would drink a water gallon for every 100lbs it weighs on a typical winter day, that same cow could end up drinking as much as two water gallons for that same weight metric on a sunny summer day.
Aside from the product it is reared for and the weather, a cow’s water intake is also influenced by its age and feed quality.
When you feed your cow with forage of high water content (as derivable from fresh green grass), your cow may not drink as much water as it would when loaded with dried hay.
Also, feeding your cow meals containing notable amounts of salts and proteins would increase its water requirement.
How Often Do Cows Drink Water?
The frequency of water consumption is dependent on the conditions mentioned above. Nevertheless, a healthy cow can drink water up to 15 times in 24 hours.
Each water drinking session barely spans longer than 30 seconds. Within this interval, a cow can drink up to 10 liters. On sunny days, milk-producing cows can drink up to 200 liters in one day!
Why Do Cows Drink So Much Water?
For cows, water is just more than a favored delicacy; it is a critically needed nourishment. In a cow, water plays vital functions like driving growth, digestion, reproduction, and regulating the cow’s metabolism.
Water also controls other important proceedings in a cow, like excretion, lactation, nutrient hydrolysis, even as far as lubricating the cow’s joint.
Given how vital water is, your cow must be supplied with high-quality water. Strive to avoid feeding your cow water with substantial bacteria content or biofilm.
Water with significant mineral composition should be avoided. Generally, anything water whose pH level falls out of the recommended 6-8.5 range should not be fed to your cow.
Can Cows Drink Milk?
As explained baby cows can drink milk, but not adult cows. A young cow’s digestive system is optimized to extract vital minerals, proteins, and antibodies from milk.
But once weaned of milk, as in adult cows, the cow can no longer digest milk. Therefore, milk has almost zero nutritional value for cows older than 9 weeks (typical weaning age).
Can Cows Drink Beer?
While not conventional, interesting investigations have been carried out on the dietary suitability of beer for cows. Yes, some “crazy” experimenters have fed consistently fed their cows beer.
A disruptive farmer, Darren Pluess, in Fentonadle in Cornwall, England, has challenged the convention that cows can’t drink beer.
Feeding his cows with an estimated daily beer ration of 40 pints, Darren says his cows’ health has not been negatively affected in any way. In fact, he says his cows “are completely happy and like drinking beer.”
Can Cows Drink Saltwater?
You must monitor the salinity of water you feed your cows. High-saline water can trigger salt poisoning in your cows. In other cases, high-saline water can affect the cow’s production capacity.
Can Cows Drink Alcohol?
If you have been struggling to get over the Fentonadle farmer breeding his cattle with beer, here is another one for you. Two French folks – a strange combo of a winemaker and a livestock farmer – have been consistently feeding their cows wine.
The target? To produce cows whose steaks taste better. This team has fed cows daily with 2-3 glasses of wine daily. These cows survived on this alcoholic diet, and when eventually served to reputed Michelin-starred chef Laurent Pourcel, the steak got a high rating.
According to Pourcel, the steak “has a very special texture — beautiful, marbled, and tender, and which caramelizes during cooking.”
Nonetheless, we would advise you to seek your veterinarian’s approval before introducing beer and alcohol into your cow’s diet.
Can Cows Drink Rainwater?
Yes, but this must be modest, given the slightly acidic nature of rainwater.
Why Do Cows Drink Their Own Urine?
Urophagia is a medical condition where a cow drinks its urine. This condition can be traced to metabolic disorders like metabolic acidosis and acetonemia.
The former is a condition where the cow shows a strange propensity towards consuming alkaline materials. The elevated alkaline content of cow urine consequently makes such urine savored by this ill cow.
Urophagia is prevalent in milk-producing cows whose fed poorly. Such a cow may find its urine edible given the significant amount of minerals (which is not adequately replaced due to poor roughage) it is losing in such large volumes of secreted milk. Lack of exercise and hormonal imbalances can also cause a cow to drink its urine.
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Understanding AI
Understanding AI
Learn what AI is, its strengths and weaknesses, and how to prepare oneself for an age of AI that is around the corner. Relevant even for those who "are not interested in technology", as those who understand it, will be better prepared.
5 July 2021
1600 - 1730h IST
On Days
Fee (₹, incl taxes)
Use code "AI EB" for 10% coupon upto 1 week prior to Course Start Date
Grades 8, 9, 10
Register & Pay
About the Course
A course for children entering Grades 8, 9, 10 in 2021-22
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the world. AI will start taking more and more tasks away from humans. A whole bunch of skills will become irrelevant, and a brand new set of skills will be in demand. People who can learn the new skills quickly will thrive, while the others will be in trouble.
Even otherwise, more and more of our day-to-day activities will be controlled by or influenced by algorithms. All aspects of our life are being digitized and data is being captured, and much of these data are available to anybody who wants to do something with it. Which means that the most exciting technologies today (and the ones that are also the most successful) are the ones that can make sense of this data in a way humans can. Every company, from Google to Facebook to Netflix to Amazon to Flipkart are turning to AI for best results.
It is important for everyone to have an idea of what exactly AI is, the strengths and weaknesses of AI, and how to prepare for an age of AI. In this course, the facilitator will give a high level introduction to AI, and will address the following questions:
• What are Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
• How is it different from normal software and computers
• An overview of the most important different approaches to AI
• How they work (brief intuitive/conceptual overviews only)
• What types of problems they're best suited for, and
• What are some current applications that they're being used for
• The weaknesses of AI
• The problems caused by inappropriate use of AI
In the future, the people who understand AI and use it effectively will have a significant advantage over those who don’t. Even those who don’t see themselves as ‘interested in technology’ need to appreciate what AI is at a high level. This course is intended to get you started on the path.
Register & Pay
About our Facilitator:
Navin Kabra
Navin Kabra
Navin Kabra is CTO and Co-Founder at ReliScore, a company that provides skill and capability assessment solutions to the software industry. He also consults and advises multiple GoI initiatives, as well as fintech companies in the private sector (Innoviti - payments processing, and FinIQ - derivatives and other financial products).
Navin has several peer-reviewed articles in international conferences / journals and is also an inventor on 18 US Patents, 2 European Patents, and 1 Japanese Patent, filed as part of his work for 3 different companies (Symantec, Veritas, TeraData).
Navin has an undergrad degree (IIT Bombay) and a Ph.D (Univ of Wisconsin, Madison), both in Computer Science.
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This Bikini Of The Future Cleans The Ocean As You Swim
The creators hope to make an itsy-bitsy dent in the massive problem of ocean pollution.
Seventy-two hours after it rains, a "toxic cocktail" of pollutants from the land, including pesticides, herbicides and fecal-contaminated sewage runoff, makes its way into the ocean, according to the Surfrider Foundation.
Exposure to those contaminants, along with the thousands of oil and chemical spills that take place in the U.S. each year, can make humans sick and cause serious harm to marine life.
What if you could clean some of that mess up just by going for a swim?
A team of engineers at the University of California, Riverside is partnering with the Eray/Carbajo design firm to make an itsy-bitsy dent in ocean pollution with a new invention: the SpongeSuit.
Eray Carbajo
The SpongeSuit, which recently won first place at RESHAPE's 2015 Wearable Technology Competition, is made of a carbon-based material known simply as "the Sponge. The material repels water while absorbing harmful contaminants, according to a UC Riverside press release.
The Sponge is derived from heated sucrose, a form of sugar. According to the product's contest entry, it has a highly porous structure that can absorb "everything but water" and hold up to 25 times its own weight.
Mihri and Cengiz Ozkan, who are married engineering professors at UC Riverside, worked on the Sponge with two other researchers. The team originally conceived of the absorbent material as a means of desalinizing water or cleaning up oil and chemical spills.
They were working on several architectural products that would make use of the Sponge when they heard about the Wearable Technology Competition, which made them decide to start small.
"Why not create an environmentally proactive swimwear and clean as you swim?" Inanc Eray, founding architect at Eray/Carbajo, told The Huffington Post.
To make the swimsuit, Eray and his partners at Eray/Carbajo took the Sponge material and fitted it into a 3D-printed elastic cage in the shape of a swimsuit.
The finished product is 2 millimeters thick, has an estimated surface area of 250 square centimeters and weighs just 54 grams.
Mihri Ozkan says the SpongeSuit can be reused an average of 20 times before losing its absorbent qualities. Once it is saturated, the material will simply stop absorbing contaminants.
In order to empty the material of the absorbed contaminants, however, the Sponge must be heated to a temperature of more than 1,000 degrees Celsius, or more than 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit.
Since that kind of heat isn't exactly accessible to the average bikini buyer, the swimsuit's elastic cages are designed for easy removal of the used Sponge material. Once the pad has absorbed all it can, the wearer can replace it with a new Sponge filter and recycle the old one, according to UCR's press release.
Eray Carbajo
The university, which has filed patents for the invention, also claims that any contaminants absorbed by the SpongeSuit will not touch the wearer's skin, since they will be trapped within the inner pores of the material, preventing the wearer from being harmed by the concentrated levels of contaminants.
While the product's creators plan to mass-produce the SpongeSuit, along with a variety of similar swimwear, and sell it to the public at a low cost, they have not released an official price point.
"The Sponge material itself is very low-cost, as its main precursor is sugar," Cengiz Ozkan explained in an email. "The replacement pads will be highly affordable, especially when we are talking about manufacturing in larger scale."
Ozkan also insisted that "there is no feeling of unusual discomfort" that results from wearing a bikini that gets heavier with each swim.
So far, the team has only used the Sponge for the swimsuit, but Eray/Carbajo is looking for more ways to create ocean-cleaning products with it.
"On an individual level, surfboards and other swimming gears are next steps to explore," Eray said. "On the large scale, incorporating this technology into naval architecture will create an opportunity to create more impact."
But even if the inventors have good intentions for the SpongeSuit, at least one expert is skeptical about its effectiveness in cleaning the ocean and about how the used pads will be discarded.
Chelsea Rochman, a marine ecologist and expert in ecotoxicology at UC Davis, says the SpongeSuit's success will depend on how well it soaks up pollutants relative to other items already used in the ocean, such as foam surfboards and boogie boards.
"I also wonder how many bathing suits would have to be out there to make a difference," she added.
Still, she acknowledged that given the sheer magnitude of the problem, any little bit can help. The oceans, Rochman says, are like giant toilet bowls collecting waste -- "almost any contaminant of concern can be found in the ocean, including remote areas," she says.
"It's worth a try," she continued, "if it's actually safe and there are healthy ways to dispose of it that makes sense for waste management."
Also on HuffPost:
Myleene Klass
Celebrity Bikini Bodies
Popular in the Community
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Northern Ireland, 2014-2020
Although the conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestants in Northern Ireland officially ended in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement, with fundamental conditions of no border between Ulster and Ireland, after 23 years of peace process – echoes back recurrently and significantly to this day. Even if the conflict’s amplitude has significantly weakened, it does continue to take a hard toll on the residents of the region. Deep hate divides most parts of the province. According to the Independent Reporting Commission there are 12.500 existing British, illegal paramilitary groups members formed during the conflict with the express intention of executing known IRA men. Those groups are still active and control most of the areas, even at the small villages. Third generation from working class districts, still have big problem with unemployment and what is more important, since The Troubles the number of people who commit suicide in last two decades, is larger than people who been killed during the conflict. It clearly shows us that the United Kingdom doesn't know how to fix it. From 2007 to 2013, the EU spent 2.4 billion euros on peace projects in the region and set community-building initiatives for 2014-20 (up to 229 million euros) on projects aimed at integrating Protestants and Catholics.
After Brexit day, 31st January 2020 the United Kingdom is no longer a member of European Union with an economic border located at the Irish sea from 1st January 2021, which indicates that Northern Ireland in the future will be part of Ireland.
The majority of Ulster loyalists are against Irish unity. This is a reassertion of a loyalists position as many of those campaigning for Brexit. British illegal paramilitaries groups called Boris Johnson’s deal with the EU a "Betrayal act".
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3D Cone Beam Imaging
More recently however, dentists have begun to rely on 3D imaging techniques and cone beam scans to provide them with a detailed view of the mouth and skull. The advantage that 3D imaging holds over regular dental x-rays is that the bone structure, bone density, tissues and nerves can be viewed clearly.
Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) scans can be completed in less than half a minute. The main use for CBCT scans is as an aid to plan dental implant treatment and other oral surgery. This technology is available on site at The Smile Enhancement Studio.
Dental implants are the most sophisticated replacement for missing teeth, but have historically proven to be time-consuming to place. CBCT scans vastly reduce the time it takes to implant teeth.
How are CBCT scans performed?
CBCT scans are quick and simple to perform. A Cone Beam Imaging System is at the heart of the CBCT scanner. During the scan, the patient stands stationary. The cone beams are used to take literally hundreds of pictures of the face. These pictures are used to compile an exact 3D image of the inner mechanisms of the face and jaw. The dentist is able to zoom in on specific areas and view them from alternate angles.
Previous patients report the CBCT scanner is comfortable because they remain in a standng position at all times. Additionally, the scanner provides an open environment, meaning that claustrophobic feelings are eliminated. The CBCT scan is an incredible tool that is minimizing the cost of dental treatment, reducing treatment time and enhancing the end results of dental surgery.
If you have questions or concerns about CBCT scans or 3D imaging, please contact our office.
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Global Thermal Coal Supply Fundamentals, ICSC/318
Mining equipment in a brown coal open pit mine near Garzweiler, Germany, Copyright: VanderWolf Images
Coal is the most widely produced mineral on the planet and still produces over a third of the world’s electricity. It has been intensively mined for over 100 years and probably 300 billion tonnes (Bt) have been produced.
Defining the remaining economic coal reserves is challenging. There is a wide range of international resource and reserve classification systems and all major coal-producing countries abide by such a system. This provides investors and users with confidence that statements that are made regarding the economics of a coal deposit are accurate and reliable. The primary difference between reserves and resources for any mineral is that reserves are defined as economically viable to be extracted under current market conditions; resources identify the amount of coal but its extraction is not subject to economic scrutiny. The different reserve classifications and codes are compared by country. The codes considered are the JORC Code (Australia); the NAEN Code (Russia); the CIM Code (Canada); the SAMREC Code (South Africa); the PERC Code (Europe); and the SME Code (USA).
The report assesses how the crucial elements of the coal production costs are defined and the primary characteristics of the coal pricing side of the equation in determining the economic viability of a mining project. These characteristics include the direct production costs, coal beneficiation costs and costs of logistics. Coal mining methodologies are discussed and the major cost elements assessed to allow comparison of coal resources in different countries, including Australia, China Russia, India, South Africa, Indonesia, Colombia, the USA and additional potential supplies from Ukraine, Poland, Pakistan, Mongolia, Bangladesh, and parts of Africa.
The resources are available if the world requires 150–200 Bt over the next 20 years, which is the case if coal demand remains largely static. As with any depleting mineral resource, resource and reserve management will need to be applied to maintain supplies. In some countries, notably South Africa and Colombia, coal reserves from traditional deposits are nearing the end of their lives and the economic viability of alternative sources is questionable.
Customers can potentially partially negate the increasing supply risk with longer-term contracts with producers to secure supplies of the appropriate quality coal.
Global Thermal Coal Supply Fundamentals
Report Author(s)
Graham Chapman
Report Number
Publication date
9 February 2022
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Preview lessons, content and tests
Computer Science & Programming solved. All in one platform.
Join 36000+ teachers and students using TTIO.
Linear or Sequential Search
In computer science, linear search or sequential search is a method for finding a target value within a list. It sequentially checks each element of the list for the target value until a match is found or until all the elements have been searched.[1]
Linear search runs in at worst linear time and makes at most n comparisons, where n is the length of the list. If each element is equally likely to be searched, then linear search has an average case of n/2 comparisons, but the average case can be affected if the search probabilities for each element vary. Linear search is rarely practical because other search algorithms and schemes, such as the binary search algorithm and hash tables, allow significantly faster searching for all but short lists
Suggested Video
How to code a Linear search
A step by step implementation of coding a linear search in python
#1 Write a Python program to search using the sequential/linear search method
Try it yourself
def Sequential_Search(dlist, item):
pos = 0
found = False
while pos < len(dlist) and not found:
if dlist[pos] == item:
found = True
pos = pos + 1
return found, pos
Flowchart: Python Data Structures and Algorithms: Sequential search
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Psychology 16 marker HELP/ADVICE!!
Watch this thread
Badges: 8
Report Thread starter 1 year ago
If there was a question which was:
‘Discuss the effects of institutionalisation. Refer to the Roman Orphans in your answer’ (16 mark)
Would the answer to the question be correct if I put
AO1 as:
- poor parenting
- social maladjustment including disinhibited attachment
- deprivation dwarfism
- intellectually under functioning
AO3 as:
- Rutters Romanian studies (explained what he did)
- Support for poor parenting seen through Harlows monkeys (because they didn’t have the opportunity to form an attachment-privation- leading to them later having issues with mating and becoming a parent)
-Support from social maladjustment seen through rutters Romanian orphans
-Support for deprivation dwarfism using Gardner
- Support for parenting using Quinton
- Support for social development seen through results from Rutters Romanian orphans
Please please let me know if this correct or incorrect!! I’ve just done a test and answered it and I really just want clarity on if it’s right or not?
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Poetry Types
Information Station Other Poetry Types Horatian Ode
Horatian Ode
What is a Horatian Ode Poem?
A Horatian Ode is a poem with meter and rhyme. It is devoted to praising a person, animal or object.
What is the Structure of a Horatian Ode Poem?
abab cdecde
Example of a Horatian Ode Poem:
(a) Trudging to school on a cold, dreary morning,
(b) It's only Monday, this week is going to be long,
(a) So tired, I'm still yawning,
(b) This feeling hardly makes me break into song,
(c) A week of learning stretches out ahead,
(d) The teacher's at the front, the first lesson's art,
(e) We make it to lunch and I still feel sad,
(c) Really would love to go back to bed,
(d) But Friday rolls around and it's time to depart,
(e) It's then I realise, school isn't that bad.
Why don't you try writing a Horatian Ode poem and enter it into one of our Poetry Competitions.
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Nicolebanowetz install
Nicole Anona Banowetz, "Respire," fabric
Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton that live near the surface of water, or in moist environments such as soil or tree bark. Not only are the complex forms of diatoms beautiful but they are an important part of the ecosystem. They produce 25% of the air we breathe and monitor the effects of climate change. The decaying log at the creek’s edge is wrapped in the enlarged forms of the diatoms found in the Bear Creek Reservoir. These usually hidden forms are on display here for us to appreciate not just their beauty but their importance to our lives.
For more information go to
@Bear Creek Greenbelt Park
Follow + Share: @nicolebanowetz, #landmarkexhibit, #lakewoodparks
LandMark: Lakewood
1. Tobias Fike, "Make Broken," burned and dead tree limbs, wood, found objects, plaster, plastic bags, zip ties, rope, and metal hardware
2. Scottie Burgess, "Sky Vessel," cast iron, upcycled dead tree, and paint
3. Anna Kaye, "Preserve," tree stumps, miniature scenery, and resin birds
4. Kalliopi Monoyios, "Knot," single-use plastic packaging, HDPE house wrap, polypropylene landscaping fabric, and polyester thread
5. Eileen Roscina, "Shelter," willow
6. Nicole Anona Banowetz, "Respire," fabric
7. Jaime Molina, "Sunlaps," mixed media
8. Tiffany Matheson, "Caught," reclaimed ghost net, plastic bottles, wire, and paint
9. Mia Mulvey, "Albedo," ceramic, wood, pigment
10. Jason Mehl, "Spoor of the Anthropocene," CNC Plywood
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Sneha Girap (Editor)
Cesare Maria De Vecchi
Updated on
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Name Cesare De
Role Politician
Cesare Maria De Vecchi httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediait224Ces
Died June 23, 1959, Rome, Italy
Cesare Maria De Vecchi, 1st Conte di Val Cismon (14 November 1884 - June 23, 1959) was an Italian general, colonial administrator and Fascist politician.
De Vecchi was born in Casale Monferrato on 14 November 1884. After graduating in Jurisprudence in 1906 (and in Philosophy in 1908) he became a successful lawyer in Turin.
His stance on the First World War was interventionist, and he himself took part in the final events of the conflict. On his return to Italy he gave his support to the National Fascist Party, in which he would consistently represent the monarchical and ‘moderate’ wing. He became president of the Turin war veterans and head of the local Fascist squadre. In 1921, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies.
De Vecchi became Commander General of the Milizia (see Blackshirts), was one of the quadrumvirs who organised the March on Rome, and sought to persuade Antonio Salandra to enter into Benito Mussolini’s government. He himself became Undersecretary at the Treasury and then at the Finance Ministry. In December 1922 he inspired the squadre of Brandimarte to the 1922 Turin Massacre (Strage di Torino) and he become known as the most important of the Piedmontese squadristi.
From 1923 to 1928, De Vecchi was governor of Italian Somaliland, a role which took him away from the centre of the Italian political scene. He completed the conquest of all the regions of "Somalia italiana" and started the improvement of the capital Mogadiscio. As a catholic he promoted the missionaries ("Missionari della Consolata") in Muslim Somalia and built the biggest cathedral in eastern Africa: the Mogadiscio Cathedral.
He was made Count of Val Cismon (in memory of the battles fought by his arditi on Monte Grappa in 1918). He was appointed Senator by King Victor Emmanuel III. He became the first ambassador to the Vatican after the Concordat of 1929. Between 1935 and 1936 he was national Minister of Education: as such he promoted a historiography which identified the House of Savoy as the link between Imperial Rome and the Rome of Fascism, and also worked for the centralisation of the administration of the school system.
From 1936 to 1940, De Vecchi acted as governor of the Italian Aegean Islands promoting the official use of the Italian language. In the following years he was appointed to the Grand Council of Fascism and on 25 July 1943, he voted in favour of Dino Grandi’s order of the day which deposed Benito Mussolini of his role as Fascist Duce (leader). As a result, he was condemned to death in absentia during the Verona trial conducted under the auspices of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI), but he was able to escape to Argentina on a Paraguayan passport.
After returning to Italy in 1949, De Vecchi supported the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano, or MSI) together with Rodolfo Graziani. However, he refused to accept any political or institutional office within the MSI.
Cesare Maria De Vecchi died in Rome in 1959.
De Vecchi received 3 times the Silver Medal of Military Valor and 2 times the Bronze Medal of Military Valor during WWI; and later many other awards. Some of the most important were:
Cesare Maria De Vecchi Wikipedia
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Time In Cosmos: Deasure is derived from the Analemma phenomenon which is described as the pedestal of sundial, showing the declination of the sun and the equation of time for each day of the year. Deasure Wall Clock is analemmatic clock which stands for both artistic and scientific application, showing a figure 8 shape that abstractly demonstrates the declination of the sun from one side to another.
The Figure 8 fabric resembles the shape of analemma diagram in addition to the infinite symbol. It shows an abstraction of the universe and the time it reveals as it expands infinitely while Loop Of The Sun exhibits the geometric behavioral patterns of the heavenly bodies in the universe and the time cone.
The Figure 8
Architectural Fabric 1
Loop Of The Sun
Architectural Fabric 2
Deasure Wall Clock
Product Design Wall Clock
Deasure Bags
Product Design Notebook and iPhone Cloth Bags
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Sunday, April 01, 2012
Panic Attacks: Learn How To Manage Mood Swings Effectively
By Ilona Scheidegger
The exact cause of anxiety disorder is unknown. Some people think anxiety is caused by weakness or some kind of character flaw. This isn't the situation.
Studies have shown that these disorders can be a result of changes in the brain or the environmental stress. People who are in situations like unemployment can aquire anxiety disorder because of the stress get connected to it.
Anxiety disorders can also be caused by chemical imbalances inside the brain. Long-lasting stress can adjust the balance of the chemicals in the brain and lead to anxiety disorder.
People with certain types of anxiety have changes in the brain that control memory or mood. Anxiety disorders can be inherited.
Millions of Americans have anxiety disorders. Some of these problems begin in childhood, teenage life, or early adulthood. Women possess them more than men. They occur with similar frequency in whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics.
These problems are identified by an evaluation by a health practitioner. He will ask questions about medical history and may conduct a physical exam. The doctor may do medical tests to discover if there's a physical cause for the indications.
If no cause can be found, you may be referred to a mental health specialist or psychologist. These are mental health professionals that are taught to treat mental illness. They will use an interview and other assessment methods to evaluate people for anxiety disorder.
Diagnosis depends on a patient's report of how intense the symptoms are. They will also look at the duration of the symptoms. This will involve daily functioning with the indications and observation of the affected person by the medical doctor. They will consider the actions and figure out if the symptoms and degree shows a specific disorder.
Progress had been made in this area within the last several years in psychological illness like anxiety disorders. The actual treatment approach depends on the type of problem, one or a blend of several therapies may be used.
Psychotherapy: It's a type of advising which addresses the emotional response to psychological illness. A trained mental health professional will help the patient by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing with their problem.
Anxiety disorders cannot be avoided, however, there are things which can be done to manage or decreases the symptoms.
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Advancing Medication Adherence with Data-Driven Interventions
Medication adherence refers to how closely patients take their medications as prescribed. Nonadherence – which may involve failing to initiate treatment, taking incorrect doses, or discontinuing treatment – is associated with poor outcomes and higher healthcare costs.
Beyond the primary goal of enabling healthier and longer lives for patients, medication adherence directly impacts pharmaceutical manufacturers’ bottom lines. Understanding the factors contributing to adherence and using meaningful interventions based on data analytics will enable a brand's full potential to be realized.
The dilemma of medication nonadherence
Medication nonadherence is a long-standing problem that has been linked to poor health outcomes, increased hospitalizations, and higher costs of care. Consider the following findings:
• Failure to adhere to prescribed therapy is an issue across almost all chronic conditions, including serious illnesses such as oncology, HIV, organ transplants, and glaucoma.
• Even with good insurance and drug coverage, medication adherence rates for chronic conditions are between 50-60%.
• For every 100 prescriptions written
• 50-70 are filled by the pharmacy
• 48-66 are picked up from the pharmacy
• 25-30 are taken properly
• 15-20 are refilled as prescribed
• Good medication adherence is linked to a 21% reduction in long-term mortality and poor adherence with a 17% higher risk of hospitalization.
Nonadherence to prescribed treatment causes an estimated 125,000 avoidable deaths and $100 billion in preventable healthcare costs each year.
The issue is so prevalent that the American Medical Association (AMA) advises physicians to “consider medication nonadherence first as a reason a patient's condition is not under control.”
The value of investing in medication adherence strategies
Disease-related complications that arise due to drug nonadherence come at a high cost to all stakeholders in the healthcare ecosystem. Pharmaceutical companies have long known that revenue suffers when prescriptions are never filled, or medications are not taken often enough.
2012 study estimated that the pharmaceutical industry loses $188 billion in actual and potential revenue each year due to nonadherence in the U.S. alone. That same study concluded that addressing medication adherence should be a top priority for pharmaceutical companies, particularly with the growing emphasis on value-based healthcare. Increasing adherence rates by just ten percentage points translates to $41 billion in revenue opportunity for manufacturers in the U.S. Clearly, investing in medication adherence strategies promises the dual benefits of driving more revenue while positively impacting health outcomes and costs.
Barriers to medication adherence
review of 79 studies on prescription nonfulfillment concluded that the primary reasons given by patients were concerns about medications – such as side effects or taking too many different drugs, lack of perceived need for the medication, and affordability issues. However, the root causes of medication nonadherence are quite complex, multifactorial, and challenging to pinpoint.
An in-depth analysis by McKinsey & Company determined there are four dimensions of variables that drive adherence:
1. Social, economic, and patient-related, including nonbehavioral factors, such as social determinants of health, and behavioral patient factors, such as social activity levels
2. Condition related, such as disease experience and comorbidities
3. Drug-related, such as experience with a drug and co-prescriptions
4. Health system-related, including provider’s disease experience, payer type, copay amount, and pharmacy type
Failure to stick with prescribed therapy is a substantial obstacle to realizing the inherent value of pharmaceutical innovation. Consequently, manufacturers must recognize the factors that impede medication adherence.
Employing data-driven, technology-based interventions to improve adherence
When pursuing medication adherence initiatives, pharma companies should be tracking real-world data on adherence rates, clinical outcomes, revenue, cost savings, and patient experience. They can then leverage data analytics to identify patients at high risk of nonadherence and employ proactive interventions that drive medication adherence. Examples include:
• Sending out personalized refill reminders via text messaging
• Disseminating educational materials on proper drug administration, dosing, storage, clinical safety, and efficacy and facilitating communication with an easy-to-use patient portal
• Monitoring and promoting medication adherence and facilitating communications through a patient-friendly mobile application
• Alerting nurse navigators to reach out to patients who are at risk of non-compliance through digital notifications
• Facilitating and tracking benefits verifications, prior authorizations, enrollments in financial assistance programs, and copays with workflow tools
What does this mean for life sciences companies?
Beyond its commercial value, medication adherence is linked to better disease control and improved patient outcomes. A 2003 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that “increasing the effectiveness of adherence interventions may have a far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvement in specific medical treatments.” Ultimately, drug manufacturers’ efforts to improve adherence will positively impact patient health outcomes and generate substantial clinical and financial rewards.
Phil provides an integrated approach to data analytics across the patient journey that provides manufacturers with real-time visibility into their distribution channels and supports efforts to drive medication adherence. Learn more about how Phil partners with manufacturers to facilitate patient access.
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Oranges for the Sunsets by Tina Athaide
Orange for the Sunsets
Tina Athaide, Author
Katherine Tegen Books, Fiction, 2019
Suitable for ages: 8-12
Themes: Friendship, Social class, Ethnic relations, East Indians, Uganda, Family life, Idi Amin, History
Publishers Synopsis:
Determined for her life to stay the same, Asha clings to her world tighter than ever before. But Yesofu is torn, pulled between his friends, his family, and a promise of a better future. Now as neighbors leave and soldiers line the streets, the two friends find that nothing seems sure—not even their friendship. And with only days before the deadline, Asha and Yesofu must decide if the bravest thing of all might be to let each other go.
Why I like this book:
Tina Athaide’s powerful novel is gripping as it explores the 1972 expulsion of 50,000 Asians from Uganda. Athaide portrays the vast disparity between the two ethnic groups in Uganda through the daily lives of Asha Gomez, an Indian Ugandan, and Yesofu, an African Ugandan. Their friendship is depicted within the backdrop of historical events, a brutal dictator, social class, ethnic relations, family relationships, and hope.
The narrative is told in the alternating voices of Asha and Yesofu, which is very effective because readers will understand the emotions each character has to confront individually and together as friends. All of the successful businesses, farms, schools, homes and churches are owned by Indians, while the Africans work hard labor in the sugar cane fields and are servants in Asian homes. Few African can get loans to buy land or start businesses.
Asha was born in Uganda and knows no other home. Her father is from Goa, India, and works in the Ministry of Tourism and they entertain foreign dignitaries. Her family is wealthy. She lives in a two-story house with a wraparound front porch. They can afford to eat kulfi or ice cream and serve their tea on beautiful silver trays. Her family have African servants, including Yesofu’s mother, Fara, who works as a housekeeper and cook. Asha is a compassionate, caring, brave and determined character. But she’s also very naive to the social injustices. She never has visited Yesofu’s home or thinks to ask Yesofu about his life.
Yesofu’s life is a stark contrast to Asha’s. His family lives in a two-room shack made of “wattle and daub — woven rods and twigs plastered with clay and mud and topped with a grass roof.” Yesofu sleeps on a woven mat and gathers branches for firewood and hauls water from the well twice daily. His mother has very little education and his Baba works in the fields all day. Yesofu’s and his brother Esi’s education is paid for by Asha’s father. Yesofu dreams of getting a scholarship to attend college and playing professional cricket. At first, Idi Amin’s talk about a brighter future for Africans excites Yesofu. His Baba may be able to buy land. He may be able to attend college and have a better life. So he joins his friends and family in support the actions of Amin.
This is a period in history I wished I’d followed more closely in the 70s. So I’m very grateful to gain some understanding through Athaide’s novel, which is loosely based on her own life there. Her novel is well-researched. It really will help readers understand what happens when racial nationalism is used to rid a country of other ethnicities. President Idi Amin promises to help African Ugandans. But he seizes Indian properties, businesses, bank accounts. He is violent and commits torture and murder. Friends become enemies. There are no winners. And Yesofu begins to sees a darker side to Imin’s promises. Yesofu’s comment says it all: “Idi Amin had promised change would come to Uganda. And he was right. Everything had changed. No Asha. No Akello. No jobs. No money for school fees. No food, Dada Amin had promised a great future, but a future is hard to build when there’s nothing left.”
I highly recommend Orange for the Sunsets. Readers won’t be able to put it down. Make sure you read her Author’s Note, the 90 Days in History, additional resources and view her personal family photos.
Review:For those wondering how to discuss the dangers of manipulative and toxic nationalism with children, this delicately told story is it. Orange for the Sunsets is a nuanced and balanced way to see politics through a child’s eyes.”— Nadia Hashimi, M.D., author of The Sky at Our Feet and One Half from the East.
Tina Athaide was born in Uganda and grew up in London and Canada. While her family lift Entebbe just prior to the expulsion, she has memories of refugee family and friends staying with them in their London home. The stories and conversations she listened to through the years became the inspiration for this book. Tina now lives in California with her husband, Ron, and their daughter, Isabella.
*Reviewed from a library copy.
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Can anti imply as a substitute of?
Can anti imply as a substitute of?
word-forming ingredient of Greek origin that means “towards, against, reverse of, as a substitute,” shortened to ant- earlier than vowels and -h-, from Old French anti- and instantly from Latin anti-, from Greek anti (prep.) A standard compounding ingredient in Greek, in some combos it turned anth- for euphonic causes.
Does anti imply for or towards?
Anti-: Prefix usually that means “towards, reverse or opposing, and opposite.” In medication, anti- typically connotes “counteracting or efficient towards” as in antibacterial, anti-infective, and antiviral. As a prefix, anti- could also be shortened to ant- as in antacid. “Anti” is the Greek phrase for “towards.”
What is it referred to as if you go towards somebody?
battle, contravene, infringe, run afoul. go towards, as of guidelines and legal guidelines. trespass. break the legislation. intrude, trespass.
What does it imply to oppose somebody?
oppose, fight, resist, face up to imply to set oneself towards somebody or one thing. oppose can apply to any battle, from mere objection to bitter hostility or warfare.
What is an act of opposing one thing?
verb (used with object), op路posed, op路pos路ing. to behave towards or present resistance to; fight: to vigorously oppose tyranny in each kind. to face in the way in which of; hinder; hinder. to set as an opponent or adversary. to be hostile or hostile to, as in opinion: to oppose a decision in a debate.
What do you plan Meaning?
1 : to kind or put ahead a plan or intention man proposes, however God disposes. 2 out of date : to interact in discuss or dialogue. 3 : to make a proposal of marriage.
What does it imply to suggest in a debate?
If you plan one thing equivalent to a plan or an concept, you recommend it for folks to consider and resolve upon. If you plan a movement for debate, or a candidate for election, you start the controversy or the election process by formally stating your help for that movement or candidate.
What is the that means of proposed in English?
to supply or recommend (a matter, topic, case, and many others.) for consideration, acceptance, or motion: to suggest a brand new technique. to supply (a toast). to recommend: He proposed {that a} messenger be despatched. to current or nominate (an individual) for some place, workplace, membership, and many others.
What does proposing a lady imply?
A wedding proposal is an occasion the place one particular person in a relationship asks for the opposite’s hand in marriage. In many Western cultures, the custom has been for the person to suggest to the lady. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, 29 February in a bissextile year is claimed to be the sooner or later when a lady can suggest to her companion.
How do you plan doing that?
When suggest means “to recommend”, “suggest doing one thing” is used solely. When suggest means “to mean”, “suggest to do one thing” is used solely.
What to say earlier than proposing?
What To Say When Proposing To Your Girlfriend
• 2) How she makes you a greater man and the way she evokes you.
• 3) When you realized you needed to spend the remainder of your life along with her.
• 4) And how one can’t see the remainder of you life with out her.
• 5) Tell her how a lot you like her and the way your life is incomplete with out her.
What do you say if you suggest a boy?
Try these proposal strains for your self and let the magic of affection unfold!
1. “Found the rationale for my smile, the day I discovered you.
2. “In you, my life turns into complete, with you my days grow to be brilliant.
3. “You deserve the world and all the nice issues it has to supply.
4. “Are you Google search engine?
How do you begin a proposal speech?
Here are a number of ideas that may enable you to ship a Yes-worthy proposal speech.
1. Pick the Location: The location is simply as necessary because the ring!
2. Pour your coronary heart out: As clich茅d as it might sound, each woman desires to listen to how she makes you’re feeling.
3. Tell her how she brightens up your life:
4. Keep it quick and easy:
5. Be YOU:
Can a lady suggest to a boy?
Can a lady suggest to a person? Absolutely! Although it challenges conventional gender roles and gender norms in heterosexual relationships, extra ladies are selecting to suggest to the lads of their lives than ever earlier than.
Will you marry me what to say?
If she desires to say sure, she ought to say ” sure. How do you reply the query” Will you marry me ” ? If she desires to say sure, she ought to say ” sure , I do ” or ” Yes, I’ll ” thanks I want to say “Yes, I do” , it sounds pure ,however I don’t know why and it appears not grammatically appropriate.
Will you or would you marry me?
‘Will you marry me’ is a direct query, and if you ask it, you’re actually asking somebody if they might commit themselves to you at that second, and it requires a solution. ‘Would you marry me’ is a obscure query that asks of possiblities.
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Why did Keynes favor authorities involvement within the financial system?
Why did Keynes favor authorities involvement within the financial system?
Keynes supported authorities intervention throughout instances of financial turmoil. Keynes believed that it was as much as the federal government to bridge the hole between the financial system’s potential and its precise output throughout a monetary disaster, even when that meant taking over debt.
How would a Keynesian economist take care of a recession?
Keynesian macroeconomics argues that the answer to a recession is expansionary fiscal coverage, reminiscent of tax cuts to stimulate consumption and funding or direct will increase in authorities spending that will shift the mixture demand curve to the proper.
What failure of classical economics did the Great Depression?
What failure of classical economics did the Great Depression spotlight? It didn’t deal with how lengthy it could take for the market to return to equilibrium.
What precipitated the Great Depression According to Keynes?
The Keynesian Explanation. The Great Depression was precipitated primarily by a fall in complete demand. The decline in demand was so extreme that ample demand may very well be restored solely by giant will increase in authorities spending.
Who made classical economics?
Adam Smith
What different title is classical economics identified by?
Classical economics or classical political financial system is a college of thought in economics that flourished, primarily in Britain, within the late 18th and early-to-mid nineteenth century. Its most important thinkers are held to be Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.
Who is the founding father of Keynesian economics?
Keynesian economics will get its title, theories, and rules from British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who’s considered the founder of recent macroeconomics. His most well-known work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, was revealed in 1936.
What is the which means of classical economics?
Classical economics refers back to the faculty of considered economics that originated within the late 18th and early nineteenth centuries, particularly in Britain. It centered on financial development and financial freedom, advocating laissez-faire concepts and perception in free competitors.
What is the position of presidency in classical economics?
Classical economists consider in laissez-faire economics, or a hands-off authorities financial coverage. Classical economists have a long-run perspective. They acknowledge that enterprise cycles are inevitable however consider they’re self-correcting and advocate minimal authorities intervention in managing the financial system.
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How LED Lights Can Improve Public Safety
How LED Lights Can Improve Public Safety
• Ashby Maxim
Ensuring that members of the community are safe at night, whether they are driving on the road or walking on foot, should be a top priority of any local government.
Installation of cameras, lights, emergency call stations, and local police patrolling are all ways in which the community can foster a safe environment.
However, there are ways to improve upon these measures. It has been shown that simply replacing older fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs with LED lights can improve public safety.
Increased Brightness and More Consistent Lighting
With advancements in LED lights out-pacing that of incandescent and fluorescent, LEDs are able to shine much brighter and will offer more consistent and full lighting.
The greater visibility and more extensive light coverage increases awareness at night with objects, people, and animals visible from a far greater distance than before.
Being able to identify possible threats earlier helps community members avoid harmful situations, and increased lighting helps in getting a clear view of their appearance. So, if anything were to happen, any citizen can give law enforcement a clear picture of the perpetrator.
This brighter lighting benefits both drivers on the road and pedestrians on the sidewalk. For drivers, the installation of LED street light fixtures helps with nighttime visibility.
This gives motorists the ability to clearly see all road hazards earlier than with older light sources. Those hazards may be anything from large animals crossing the road, fallen tree branches, large potholes, or even pedestrians in dark clothing that are crossing the road.
With pedestrians, there has been shown to be a correlation between nighttime darkness and crime; with the level of light decreasing, the rate of crime is seen to increase.
A 2018 New York City study found that switching over to brighter lighting and adding more streetlights in neighborhoods was able to reduce crime by up to 39% in many areas. This offers safer travel on foot for those out later at night as well as protects houses from burglaries.
Longevity and Durability
LED lights have superior durability and a longer lifespan than fluorescent lights and incandescent bulbs. LEDs have an expected lifespan of around 50,000 hours, which is about 50 times longer than incandescent bulbs and eight to ten times longer than fluorescents.
This kind of longevity guarantees that the increased light coverage does not come at the cost of longevity. There is no trade-off between coverage and lifespan; LEDs can assure quality all around without the sacrifice of any aspect of safety or reliability.
New LED lights also do not simply burn out all at once like older bulbs. Around the end of its 50,000-hour lifespan, the LED light begins to gradually dim as a result of the lighting inside burning out and dying.
There is no noticeable loss of light initially, but soon it will act as an indicator to the local government that the bulb is burning out and needs replacement.
This kind of built-in warning system means that maintenance can happen before the light source itself dies completely. This prevents any holes in the light coverage from sprouting up due to a lack of warning.
Decreasing the chance of lighting failures ensures that everything that needs to be lit up is kept safe. A lack of lighting will increase the probability of accidents on the road and increase the chances of crime. Having a network of reliable and long-lasting lights deters crime, violent activity, and greatly increases road safety.
Integration with Smart Technology
With the installation of newer LED light fixtures comes the added benefit of integration with smart technology. Before, lights could only truly work as lights and nothing beyond that.
But with advancements in smart technology and monitoring equipment, streetlights can now be used to identify crime and respond to it at a far faster rate than before.
What does this smart technology integration look like? Smart lights can be installed with numerous sensors and devices to monitor the surrounding area; it can monitor anything from sounds to video, depending on what would most benefit law enforcement.
In terms of sound monitoring, these sensors can be programmed to identify the sound of a gunshot. This recognition then alerts the police to the possible occurrence of a shooting and the presence of a firearm on the scene.
This kind of alert system improves on police response time and can even help the local government map out any problem areas in the city. They can chart out areas where gunshots are heard most often and increase police presence in those areas while decreasing patrols in other, safer areas.
Smart technology can also come in the form of controlling the light’s brightness. LEDs have a far greater range of intensity compared to older lights, with LEDs able to be controlled with ease to give subtle and great adjustments to light output.
This kind of control can be implemented with other smart technology features and can be installed in problem areas of the city for greater safety. If there is high gang activity in an area or if there is a certain location that draws trouble, smart lights can be installed to deter these acts of violence or vandalism.
By monitoring these problem areas, security specialists can see if there seems to be trouble occurring in these locations. The lights can then be controlled to flash until the crowd disperses. Having this kind of consistent coverage will tell the community that an area is being looked after by law enforcement, and any trouble that happens there will not be tolerated.
With these advancements now easily available and economically affordable to be purchased and installed, public safety must advance along with it. The incandescent and fluorescent lights of the past have served their purpose and have done as much as they are going to do. It is time that they need to be replaced.
LED lights can improve public safety in a myriad of ways, giving the local government an edge when dealing with crime and improving safety across the board with motorists and pedestrians.
How LED Lights Can Improve Public Safety
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Succession to Muhammad
The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history, with the most prominent among these sects being the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam. Sunni Islam maintains that Abu Bakr was the legitimate successor to Muhammad on the basis of election. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the designated successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
The contrasting opinions regarding the succession are primarily based on different interpretations of the events in early Islamic history as well as of hadiths (sayings of Muhammad). The Sunni Muslims believe that Muhammad had not appointed a successor and had instead intended for the Muslim community to choose a leader from among themselves. They accept the rule of Abu Bakr, who was elected at Saqifah, and that of his successors, who are together referred to as the Rashidun Caliphs. On the other hand, the Shia Muslims believe that Ali had previously been nominated by Muhammad as his heir, most notably during the Event of Ghadir Khumm, following the revelation of verse 5:67 of the central religious text of Islam, the Quran. The Twelver Shia view the first three rulers who followed Muhammad as illegitimate, though Zaydi Shia view them as legitimate. Instead, the rightful successors of Muhammad are believed to be Ali and the Imams of his lineage. In Twelver Shia belief, the last of these Imams, Mahdi, went into occultation in 260 AH (874 CE), compelled by the hostility of the his enemies.[1] The advent of Mahdi is awaited by most Muslims, though different sects hold different views about him.[2]
Most of the Islamic history was transmitted orally until after the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate.[3] Historical works of later Muslim writers include the traditional biographies of Muhammad and quotations attributed to him—the sira and hadith literature—which provide further information on Muhammad's life.[4] The earliest surviving written sira (biography of Muhammad) is Sirat Rasul Allah (Life of God's Messenger) by Ibn Ishaq (d. 761 or 767 CE).[5] Although the original work is lost, portions of it survive in the recensions of Ibn Hisham (d. 833) and al-Tabari (d. 923).[6] Many scholars accept these biographies although their accuracy is uncertain.[7] Studies by Schacht and Goldziher have led the scholars to distinguish between legal and historical traditions. According to Watt, although legal traditions could have been invented, historical material may have been primarily subject to "tendential shaping" rather than being invented.[8] Modern Western scholars approach the classic Islamic histories with circumspection and are less likely than Sunni Islamic scholars to trust the work of the Abbasid historians.
Hadith compilations are records of the traditions or sayings of Muhammad. The development of hadith is a crucial element of the first three centuries of Islamic history.[9] Early Western scholars mistrusted the later narrations and reports, regarding them as fabrications.[10] Caetani considered the attribution of historical reports to Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Aisha as mostly fictitious, preferring accounts reported without isnad by early historians such as Ibn Ishaq.[11] Madelung has rejected the indiscriminate dismissal of everything not included in "early sources", instead judging later narratives in the context of history and compatibility with events and figures.[12]
The only contemporaneous source is The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays (Kitab al-Saqifah) by Sulaym ibn Qays (died 75-95 AH or 694-714 CE). This collection of hadith and historical reports from the first century of the Islamic calendar narrates in detail events relating to the succession.[13] However, there have been doubts regarding the reliability of the collection, with some believing that it was a later creation given that the earliest mention of the text only appears in the eleventh century.[14]
Historical overviewEdit
A Persian miniature illustrating the vowing to Abu Bakr at Saqifah
In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11 AH (632 CE), a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place at Saqifah.[15] The purpose of the meeting might have been for the Ansar to regain control over their city after Muhammad's death, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca).[16]
Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, two prominent companions of Muhammad, upon learning about the meeting, rushed to the gathering and reportedly forced their way into Saqifah.[17] Abu Bakr and Umar, accompanied by Abu Ubaidah and a few relatives, are said to have been the only members of Muhajirun who attended the Saqifah gathering.[18]
When they arrived, Abu Bakr warned the Ansar that Arabs will not recognize the rule of anyone outside of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. Muhajirun, Abu Bakr argued, had the most noble lineage, had accepted Islam earlier, and were nearer to Muhammad in relation.[19] He then took Umar and Abu Ubaidah by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. Abu Bakr was countered with the offer that the Quraysh and the Ansar should each choose separate rulers from among themselves.[20] The stalemate reportedly continued through the night and into the next day.[21] As evident from the early accounts, eloquent speeches gave way to a shouting match, with different groups competing for power.[22] Sa'd ibn Ubadah, the chief of the Khazraj tribe of the Ansar, is said to have accused the attending Muhajirin of colluding together.[23] In a decisive move, Umar took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his allegiance to him, an example eventually followed by the Ansar after Ibn Ubadah was beaten into compliance.[24]
The outburst of violence, according to Madelung, indicates that a substantial number of the Ansar might have initially refused to follow Umar's lead. Otherwise, Madelung argues, there would have been no need to beat up their chief, Ibn Ubadah.[25] After Umar's pledge to Abu Bakr, some of the Ansar reportedly insisted that, "We will not pay allegiance to anyone except Ali," who was not present at Saqifah.[26] Madelung suggests that two factors allowed the handful of Muhajirun at Saqifah to impose their will upon the Ansar:[27] The first factor was that two key figures broke rank with the rest of the Ansar and backed Abu Bakr: Usaid ibn Hudair, a leader of the rival tribe of Aws, and Bashir bin Sa'ad, an internal rival of Sa'd ibn Ubadah among the Khazraj tribe.[28] The second factor was the timely arrival of the Aslam tribe in great numbers, who filled the streets of Medina. The Aslam tribe, which resided outside of Medina, were the enemies of the Ansar and readily supported Abu Bakr. Umar would often point out that, "It was only when I saw the Aslam that I became certain of [our] victory."[27]
The Saqifah event has been criticized as a "backroom deal" or a "coup" which was heavily influenced by pre-Islamic tribal politics.[29] Muhammad's family and the majority of the Muhajirun were excluded from the Saqifah gathering.[30] In particular, Ali was holding vigil over Muhammad's body, alongside other close relatives, and likely learned about the outcome of Saqifah only after the fact.[31]
Madelung suggests that the decision at Saqifah, which Umar later called a hasty one (falta), materialized in part out of the fear that the Ansar might put forward the case of Ali among themselves.[32] According to Madelung, Abu Bakr was well aware that a broad shura, in which Ali was to be an option, would have led to the election of Ali:[33] The Ansar would have likely supported Ali because of his family ties with them, and the same arguments that favored Abu Bakr over the Ansar (kinship, service to Islam, etc.) would have arguably favored Ali over Abu Bakr.[34] Madelung adds that the straightforward logic of dynastic succession would have prevailed in a general shura.[35] He believes that the evil of the falta which, Umar thought, had been averted by God would erupt later with a vengeance in the form of a brutal civil war after Uthman's assassination.[36]
Muhammad was likely buried before the participants of the Saqifah gathering scattered.[37] According to Madelung, with the help of the Aslam and Aws tribes, Umar then dominated the streets to secure pledge of allegiance of Medinans.[38] Some companions of Muhammad, most notably, Ali and his supporters, initially refused to acknowledge Abu Bakr's authority.[39] Abu Bakr ordered his aides, among them Umar, to confront Ali, resulting in an altercation which may have involved violence.[40] It is believed that Ali continued to passively resist the authority of Abu Bakr until his wife, Fatimah, died a few months later.[41] During this time period Madelung says that, Ali could see nothing but hypocrisy in Abu Bakr's tears and claims to love Muhammad's family.[42].According to the Shia, Fatimah died from the injuries that she suffered in a raid on her house, ordered by Abu Bakr. This claim is rejected by the Sunni.[43] Fatimah's dying wish was that Abu Bakr and Umar should not attend her funeral.[44]
These initial conflicts after Muhammad's death are regarded as the first signs of the coming division among Muslims.[45] Those who had accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate later became the Sunni, while the supporters of Ali's right to the caliphate eventually became the Shia.[46]
According to Laura Veccia Vaglieri, whether Ali hoped he could take the position of Caliphate after Muhammad, is doubtful, since he made no effort to take control of community, in spite of being advised by al-Abbas and Abu Sufyan to do so.[47] Madelung, on the other hand, believes that Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for the caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his knowledge of Islam, and his merits in serving its cause. Ali told Abu Bakr, madelung writes, that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) to him was based on his belief in his own claim to the caliphate. Ali did not change his mind, Madelung says, when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman, but had done so, for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him. If the Muslim community, Madelung continues, or a small segment of it, favored him, he would no longer consider the caliphate just as his "right", but also as his "duty".[48] According to Chirri, Ali believed that he could fulfill the role of Imam without fighting.[49]
Regarding the succession of Ali, historians and scholars of Islamic history have generally either accepted the view of the Sunnis or considered the truth of the matter undetectable. One of the historians who has distanced himself from this common belief is Wilferd Madelung.[50] In the Encyclopedia of Islam, Madelung considers the main Shia claims, to be Ali's own view, because Ali considered himself the most worthy person for the caliphate, compared to other companions, and blamed the Muslim community for turning away from him, but, at the same time, he praised the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, and condemned the destruction of their character.[51] Madelung believes that, since in the Arab customs of the time, especially the Quraysh, hereditary succession was common, and since the Qur'an emphasized the importance of blood ties between the early prophets, especially the Ahl al-Bayt, and since the Ansar supported Ali's caliphate, Abu Bakr knew that forming a council would lead to the election of Ali, so he led the situation in a manner that insured his own election.[52] Vaglieri, On the other hand, believes that Arabs traditionally chose their leaders from among the elders, and Ali was a little over thirty years old at the time, and did not have the necessary credibility to succeed Muhammad, according to Arab traditions. Vaglieri believes that the Shias, by inventing or interpreting the words attributed to Muhammad in the light of their beliefs, insist that the Prophet intended to choose Ali as his successor, while there is no doubt that at the time of his last illness, Muhammad did not mention this desire.[53] Some sources name the Hadith of the pen and paper, as the last words of Muhammad, which is interpreted differently by Shias and Sunnis.[54]
Rashidun CaliphsEdit
Battle of Karbala, an oil painting by Abbas Al-Musavi
The Skies Fell, an oil painting by Hassan Rouholamin that portrays the final hours of Husayn's life.
Abu Bakr adopted the title of khalifat rasul Allah, commonly translated as the successor to the messenger of God.[55] This was shortened to khalifa, from which the word caliph arose.[56] Abu Bakr's tenure as the caliph lasted just over two years.[57] Though he was appointed caliph by those at Saqifah, Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor, reportedly against the advice of the Quraysh elders.[58] Umar was instrumental in the ascension of Abu Bakr to the caliphate.[59]
In 644, on his deathbed, Umar tasked a committee of six with choosing the next caliph among themselves. The committee included Ali, Uthman ibn Affan, and his brother-in-law, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.[60] The tie breaker vote belonged to Abd al-Rahman, Othman's brother-in-law, and it has been suggested that the makeup and configuration of this committee left a small possibility for the nomination of Ali.[61]
In the final showdown, Abd al-Rahman offered the caliphate to Ali on two conditions: first, he should follow the way of the Quran and the Sunnah of Muhammad, and second, he should follow the example of Abu Bakr and Umar. Ali is said to have accepted the first condition but declined the second one, adding that he would rely only on his own judgment in the absence of any precedent from the Quran or the Sunnah.[62] Abd al-Rahman then presented the same conditions to Uthman who readily accepted them.[63] It has been suggested that Abd al-Rahman was well aware of Ali's disagreements with the past two caliphs and that Ali, known for his sincerity, would have inevitably rejected the second condition.[64]
Uthman's reign was marked with widespread accusations of nepotism. Under Uthman's rule, his tribe, the Banu Umayyad, is said to have regained its pre-Islamic influence and power.[65] Uthman installed his relatives, including his cousin, Muawiya, to rule the Islamic territories.[66] According to Glassé, Uthman was assassinated by rebels in 656, in a climate of growing dissension against the despotism of the Banu Umayyad.[67]
Shortly after the assassination of Uthman, the caliphate was offered to Ali, who declined the position at first.[68] Aslan attributes Ali's initial refusal to the polarizing impact of Uthman's murder on the community, while Durant writes that, "[Ali] shrank from drama in which religion had been displaced by politics, and devotion by intrigue."[69] In the absence of any serious opposition and urged particularly by the Ansar and the Iraqi delegations, Ali eventually accepted the first pledges of allegiance in the Prophet's Mosque in Medina.[70] It appears that Ali personally did not force anyone for a pledge though the strong pro-Ali atmosphere of Medina might have exerted some pressure on his opponents. In particular, Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, Abdullah ibn Umar and Usama ibn Zayd refused to acknowledge the authority of Ali.[71] Talha and Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad with ambitions for the high office, likely gave their pledges though they later broke their oaths, claiming that they had pledged their allegiance to Ali under public pressure.[72] There is, however, less evidence for violence here than in Abu Bakr's election, according to Madelung.[73]
Ali inherited the internal problems of Uthman's reign.[74] Immediately after his election, Ali quelled an armed insurrection led by Aisha, a widow of Muhammad, and Talhah and Zubayr. Afterwards, Uthman's governor of Syria, Muawiya, declared war on Ali and a long and indecisive civil war ensued.[75] The first four caliphs are referred to by the Sunni as the Rashidun (rightly-guided) Caliphs, though only Ali is recognized by the Twelver Shia.[76]
Later successionsEdit
Abu Bakr's view that the caliphate should remain within the Quraysh tribe persisted in later generations. According to Cooperson, however, this definition of the caliphate had its costs.[77] First, it facilitated the rise of the Umayyads who, despite being of the Quraysh, were among the most powerful enemies of Muhammad before their late conversion to Islam.[78] Their rise to power marginalized both the Muhajirun and the Ansar, and reduced the caliphate, as an institution, to no more than a worldly kingship. Second, according to Cooperson, was the exclusion of Ali, who, insofar as the kinship of the Quraysh with Muhammad was concerned, had an arguably better claim to the caliphate. Ali eventually became caliph, but not in time to stop the rise of the Umayyads.[79]
After the assassination of Ali in 661, his eldest son, Hasan, was elected caliph in Kufa.[80] Muawiya then marched on Kufa with his army, whereas Hasan's military response to Muawiya suffered defections in large numbers, largely facilitated by military commanders and tribal chiefs who had been swayed to Muawiya's side by promises and offers of money.[81] Under attack from Muawiya and after a failed assassination attempt on his life, a wounded Hasan ceded the caliphate to Muawiya in 661.[82] Notably, under their agreement, it is said that Muawiya appointed Hasan as his successor.[83] However, Hasan died in 669 at the age of forty six, before Muawiya.[84] It is believed that he was poisoned at the instigation of Muawiya.[85]
Before his death in 680, Muawiya arranged for the succession of his son, Yazid, who is often remembered as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms.[86] In particular, Muawiya summoned a council (shura) of the Muslim elite in 676 and won their support through flattery, bribes, and threats.[87] Notably, Muawiya was unsuccessful in securing the oath of allegiance from Hasan's younger brother, Husayn, who, after Muawiya's death, publicly denounced Yazid's legitimacy. In 680, after surrounding them in Karbala and cutting off their access to water for multiple days, Yazid's forces slaughtered Husayn, alongside his family and his small group of supporters.[88] The women and children were taken prisoner and marched to Kufa and then Damascus, some of whom are said to have perished from mistreatment.[89] The tragic death of Husayn and his supporters marked the Second Fitna, which finalized the schism between the Sunni and the Shia. The latter consider Husayn as their third Imam.[90]
The succession subsequently transformed under the Umayyads from an elective/appointed position to being effectively hereditary within the family.[91]
In the QuranEdit
The Quran, as the central religious text of Islam, does not explicitly identify a successor to Muhammad.[92] The Quran, however, emphasizes the importance of preserving bonds of blood relationship, which might be pertinent to the discussion of succession, according to Madelung.[93] One such instance is verse Q16:90, which reads, "Indeed, God enjoins justice and kindness and generosity towards relatives, and He forbids indecency, wrong, and aggression..."[92][94]
Also related to the matter of succession might be the prominent position of the past prophets' families in the Quran. In particular, after the past prophets, their descendants become the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran. The scripture describes how the past prophets prayed for (and were granted) divine favors for their kin.[95] For instance, verse Q2:124 records the following exchange after stating that Abraham had successfully fulfilled his divine missions: "[God] said [to Abraham], ‘I am making you the Imam of mankind.’ [Abraham] replied, ‘And from among my descendants?’ [God] said [in response that], ‘My pledge does not extend to the unjust.’"[96][97] This exchange suggests that God's pledge does extend to those descendants of Abraham who are just, including Muhammad.[98] According to Madelung, from Noah to Jesus, the prophets of the Israelites were all descendants of one family.[99]
Similar to the past prophets, Muhammad's family has an eminent position in the Quran.[100] As one instance, the Verse of Purification in the Quran includes the passage, "Indeed, God desires to repel all impurity from only you, O people of the [Prophet's] household, and purify you with a thorough purification."[101] Another instance is the Verse of Wilayah, which reads as, "Your wali is only God, His Apostle, and the faithful who maintain(s) the prayer and give(s) the zakat while bowing down [in worship]." In this verse, "the faithful" might refer to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali. The word wali, however, has multiple meanings in Arabic. In this verse, the Shia interpret the word wali as leader or guardian, whereas Sunni scholars interpret this word to mean friend.[102]
According to Madelung, insofar as the Quran reflects the views of Muhammad, he could have not seen his succession differently from earlier prophets, who prayed for (and were granted) the divine favor to be succeeded by their close kin in kingship, in rule, in wisdom, in imamate, etc.[103] Madelung posits that, "It is evident that he [Muhammad] could not have considered Abu Bakr his natural successor or have been pleased by his succession."[104] This is because, he argues, the succession of prophets is a matter that is settled by divine selection rather than by shura (consultation) in the Quran. In particular, God seems to select their successors from their own family, whether or not those successors become prophets themselves.[105]
In the hadith literatureEdit
Feast of Dhul AsheeraEdit
Verse 26:214 of the Quran tasked Muhammad with presenting Islam to his relatives, some three years after his first divine revelation (c. 617 CE).[106] There are multiple accounts of how Muhammad attempted to do this,[107] with one version stating that he invited his relatives to a meal, later named the Feast of Dhul Asheera.[108] After the meal, Muhammad introduced his relatives to Islam and asked them for their support: "Who will help me in this venture, as my brother, my executor and my successor?" According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad's cousin, Ali, youngest among them, was the only relative who offered his assistance to Muhammad. Muhammad then placed his hand on Ali's shoulder and declared, "This [Ali] is my brother, my executor and my successor. Listen to him and obey him."[109]
This announcement was met with ridicule from Abu Lahab, Muhammad's uncle and his staunch foe, and the guests dispersed afterwards.[110] Some sources, such as the Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, have not recorded Muhammad's response to Ali.[108] According to Rubin, what is notable in these accounts is the early appointment of Ali as Muhammad's heir.[111] One of the accounts for this event is attributed to Ali, in which he describes himself as Muhammad's successor.[112] Lastly, the association of this event with the revelation of a Quranic verse appears to offer both authenticity and divine authorization.[108]
Al-Suyuti's accountEdit
In his Tarikh al-Khulafa, al-Suyuti collected the narrations which quote Ali to have said that Muhammad did not name a successor.[113] On the other hand, it has been noted that, after Muhammad's death, Ali viewed himself as the most qualified person to lead the Muslim community by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.[114] According to Mavani, Ali also considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad through a divine decree at the Event of the Ghadir Khumm, as evidenced by the incident in his caliphate where Ali appealed to Kufans to testify about his designation at Ghadir Khumm.[115]
Al-Suyuti also writes that, in response to a question about his successor, Caliph Umar replied that, if he gave a nomination, he had a precedent in Abu Bakr whereas, if he named no one, he had a precedent in Muhammad.[116]
Hadith of PositionEdit
Before leaving Medina on the Expedition to Tabuk in 9 AH, Muhammad appointed Ali as his deputy in Medina. When rumors spread that the two had fallen out, Muhammad publicly endorsed Ali by saying that, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?" Another source has recorded that Muhammad continued, "It is not permissible for me to go without you being my caliph (successor)."[117] Ibn Hisham claims that the rumors in Medina were spread by munafiqun (hypocrites).[118]
Aside from being a prophet, the Quran portrays Aaron as Moses' brother and his divinely-appointed minister and deputy.[119] In particular, Aaron was left in charge of the Israelites in the absence of Moses, when the latter ascended Mount Sinai.[120] Prophets, including Aaron, are generally considered infallible in Islam, albeit different sects interpret infallibility differently.[121]
According to Miskinzoda, in view of the Hadith of Position, Shia Islam argues that Ali received from Muhammad all the ranks which Aaron had received from Moses. In particular, Muhammad considered Ali to be his divinely-appointed deputy.[122] Miskinzoda adds that of similar importance here is the divine prerogatives bestowed upon Aaron's descendants, including God's proclamation in the Hebrew Bible that, "Behold, I give unto him [Aaron] My covenant of peace. And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood."[123] This privilege might be compared to Shia belief that Imams, from the lineage of Ali, inherited Ali's divine wisdom and authority.[124] This divine elevation of prophets' descendants above the rest of the faithful is a recurring theme in the Quran.[125]
A criticism of the Shia interpretation is that Ali might not have been Muhammad's first choice for governing Medina during the Tabuk expedition. Reportedly, Muhammad had first left Jafar in charge of his family. It is not clear who this Jafar might have been, considering that Jafar ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's prominent relative, had been killed a year earlier.[117] Historical records indicate that Muhammad used the same analogy between Aaron and Ali on multiple other occasions, e.g., during the Battle of Khaybar.[126]
Another criticism of the Shia interpretation is that Aaron died before Moses, i.e., Aaron could not succeed Moses.[127] However, it has been suggested that, had he survived Moses, Aaron would have succeeded Moses.[128] Paraphrasing the Shia scholar al-Mufid, the Hadith of Position endowed Ali with every (Quranic) position that Aaron had held except prophethood, namely, the deputy, the minister, and a brother.[129]
A final criticism is that Ali was Muhammad's cousin and his son-in-law, rather than his blood brother.[130] It has been noted, however, that Muhammad had twice sworn fraternity pacts with Ali.[131] According to Nasr, when Muslims were being paired together in sworn brotherhood after the migration to Medina, Muhammad chose Ali as his brother and proclaimed, "You are my brother in this world and the hereafter."[132]
Event of Ghadir KhummEdit
The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm, an illustration from Al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations
This event was Muhammad's most public announcement about Ali and also his last public address before his death three months later.[133] According to Rogerson, however, no definitive (Sunni) record of Muhammad's sermon remains today, though some parts of this sermon have been preserved in a number of sayings.[134] On 18 Dhu al-Hijjah 10 AH (March 632), after his Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca and on his return trip to Medina, Muhammad stopped at the oasis Ghadir Khumm in order to make an announcement.[135] Muhammad is also said to have ordered those who were ahead to return and waited for the remaining pilgrims to join them.[136] After the noon prayer, to avoid the extreme heat, a dais was constructed for Muhammad in the shade.[137]
Muhammad then delivered a sermon, in which he alerted Muslims about his imminent death.[138] In his sermon, Muhammad is also reported to have told Muslims that he would leave among them two important things, namely, the Quran and his Ahl al-Bayt, meaning his close relatives. He then charged Muslims to always remain attached to the two.[139] Finally, calling up Ali and taking him by the hand, Muhammad asked his followers whether he did not have more authority (awla) over the believers than themselves. The crowd shouted their agreement. Muhammad then uttered what has become known as the Hadith of Ghadir Khumm:[140]
"Anyone who has me as his mawla, has this Ali as his mawla."
It is said that Muhammad repeated this sentence three or four more times.[141] Multiple sources add that Muhammad then continued, "O God, befriend the friend of Ali and be the enemy of his enemy."[142] Musnad Ibn Hanbal includes that, after Muhammad's sermon, Umar congratulated Ali and told him, "You have now become mawla of every faithful man and woman."[143]
According to Veccia Vaglieri, while the veracity of this event is certain, its interpretation is a source of controversy between Sunni and Shia.[144] Mawla has multiple meanings in Arabic and the opinion about the meaning of this word in the Hadith of Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines between Sunni and Shia. Among the Sunni, the word mawla in this hadith is interpreted as "friend" or "one who is loyal/close" and Muhammad was merely advocating that Ali was deserving of friendship and respect. Conversely, the Shia interpret the word mawla as "leader" or "ruler" and view this event as a clear designation of Ali as Muhammad's successor.[145]
Sources such as al-Dur al-Manthur have also recorded that verse 5:67 of the Quran was revealed to Muhammad shortly before the event: "O Apostle! Communicate that which has been sent down to you from your Lord, and if you do not, you will not have communicated His message, and God shall protect you from the people. Indeed, God does not guide the faithless lot."[146] According to Mavani, verse 5:3 of the Quran is also linked to this event by Shia and some Sunni sources. This verse includes the passage, "Today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My blessing upon you, and chosen as your religion Islam."[147] Amir-Moezzi adds that this verse was revealed to Muhammad on the day of the event.[148]
The Event of Ghadir Khumm has been preserved in the Arabic literature.[149] The earliest instance appears to be a poem attributed to Hassan bin Thabit, who accompanied Muhammad during his only pilgrimage to Mecca.[150] This poem, which has been preserved by Shia sources and some Sunni authorities, includes the verse, "Stand up, O Ali, for I find only you to be an Imam and a guide after I [Muhammad] depart," as quoted by Abbas from Hassan's diwan.[151] In regards to its authenticity, Jafri suggests that it is highly improbable that these events would have passed unrecorded by Hassan, who was the "official poet-reporter of Muhammad."[152]
A criticism of the Shia interpretation, as vocalized by Shaban, is that the community of Medina did not react as if they had heard of Ali's appointment at Ghadir Khumm.[153] On the other hand, according to Veccia Vaglieri, the narrations about this event are so numerous that leave little room to doubt its authenticity and perceived importance.[154] Amir-Moezzi writes that the Shia scholar Amini has compiled eleven volumes of Sunni and Shia documents that support the Shia interpretation of this event.[155]
Congregational prayerEdit
The most notable event that supports Abu Bakr's right to succession reportedly occurred towards the end of Muhammad's life. According to Walker, too ill to lead the prayers himself, Muhammad instructed Abu Bakr to take his place, ignoring concerns that he was too emotionally delicate for the role. Abu Bakr subsequently took up the position and, when Muhammad entered the prayer hall one morning during the fajr prayer, Abu Bakr attempted to step back to let Muhammad lead the prayer. Muhammad, however, allowed Abu Bakr to continue.[156] Jafri writes that there are various versions of this report, many of which are attributed to Abu Bakr's daughter, Aisha, whose rivalry with Ali is well-documented.[157] After mentioning this report, Madelung defers to Caetani, who considers it to be an invention of Muslim traditionalists.[158] The multiple versions of this report are often contradictory, according to Jafri.[159]
Similar incidents used by the Sunni are Abu Bakr's service as Muhammad's vizier during his time in Medina, as well as Abu Bakr's appointment to lead the Hajj pilgrimage. However, it has been noted that several other companions had held similar positions of authority and trust, including the leading of prayers and governing of Medina. Such honors may therefore not hold much importance in matters of succession.[160]
Incident of Pen and PaperEdit
A day or two before his death, Muhammad asked for writing materials: "I need to write something so that you will not go astray when I am gone." Umar then intervened, telling those present that Muhammad was raving, and adding that, "You have the Quran, the book of God is sufficient for us," as quoted in Sahih al-Bukhari.[161] It is said that a quarrel then broke out at Muhammad's bedside, with some suggesting that Muhammad's orders should be followed and some siding with Umar to disregard Muhammad's request.[162] The noise apparently pained Muhammad, who scolded those present by his bedside and asked them to leave. Other sources say that Muhammad instead gave oral recommendations, which have been recorded differently by different authors.[163]
The disobedience to Muhammad in this incident has been downplayed or attributed to concerns for overstraining the ill Muhammad by some Sunni scholars.[164] In contrast, the incident is viewed as a calamity and a missed opportunity in Shia sources.[165] According to Madelung, Umar later explained to Ibn Abbas that Muhammad intended to name Ali as his successor and that he, Umar, prevented this out of the conviction that Arabs would revolt against Ali.[166] This view has been echoed by Hazleton.[167] There is, in fact, no dearth of speculation among scholars about what Muhammad intended to write. Shia scholars suggest that it would have been a formal appointment of Ali as the new leader, while Sunni authorities have advanced various alternatives.[168] In Sunni Islam, this hadith has also been linked to the rise of the community politics which followed Muhammad's death. The argument is that Muhammad had implicitly agreed to how the Muslim community (ummah) would act after his death. From the Sunni viewpoint, this hadith is therefore linked to the emergence of sayings, attributed to Muhammad, such as, "My ummah will never agree on an error," an idea perpetuated by theologians like Ibn Hazm and Ibn Sayyid al-Nas.[169]
The general Sunni belief is that Muhammad had not chosen anyone to succeed him, instead reasoning that he had intended for the community to decide on a leader amongst themselves. However, some specific hadiths are used to justify that Muhammad intended Abu Bakr to succeed, but that he had shown this decision through his actions rather than doing so verbally.[116]
In Sunni Islam, the election of a caliph is ideally a democratic choice made by the Muslim community.[170] As this is difficult to enforce, Sunni Islam recognizes as caliph anyone who seizes power, as long as he is from the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad.[171] Even the latter is not a strict requirement, given that Ottoman Caliphs had no familial relation to the Quraysh tribe.[172] In Sunni Islam, caliphs are not viewed as infallible and can be removed from the office if their actions are deemed sinful.[170] At the same time, obedience to a caliph is often regarded as a religious obligation even if the caliph is unjust.[173] Conversely, a judge would be considered competent solely on the basis of his appointment by the government.[174]
Historically, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali are regarded by the Sunni as the most righteous of their generation, with their merit being reflected in their caliphate. The subsequent caliphates of the Umayyads and the Abbasids, while not ideal, are seen as legitimate because they complied with the requirements of the law, kept the borders safe and the community united.[175] While the Umayyads and the Abbasids are viewed as kingships, the Sunni was more willing than others to accommodate these rulers, regardless of their legitimacy and mode of government, and in so doing the Sunni made most of Islamic history their own.[176]
Twelver Shia is the largest branch of the Shia Islam, with about 85% of the Shia population.[177]
In the Twelver Shia view, after a prophet's death, it is deemed as essential that a divinely-appointed successor would guide the faithful towards the righteous path. Without a divinely-appointed successor, according to the Twelver Shia, the prophetic mission and God's favor to the faithful would both remain incomplete.[178] At the same time, in Shia theology, this designated successor would not rule by force if the faithful withhold their support.[179]
The Twelver Shia view is that, similar to the past prophets in the Quran,[125] the succession to Muhammad was settled by divine appointment, rather than by consensus.[180] Moreover, as with the past prophets in the Quran,[125] God chose Muhammad's successor from his family.[181] A number of verses in the Quran and some hadiths might be linked to the prominent position of Muhammad's family in Islam, including the Verse of Purification, Verse of Mubahala, and Verse of Mawadda in the Quran, and the well-attested Hadith of the Thaqalayn and the Hadith of the Ark.[182]
The view advanced by the Shia is that Muhammad announced his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as his rightful successor shortly before his death at the Event of Ghadir Khumm and also earlier in his prophetic mission at the Event of Dhul Asheera.[183] After the announcement at Ghadir Khumm, there is evidence that the Verse of Ikmal was revealed to Muhammad, declaring the completion of God's favor to the faithful.[184] Though it is believed that Ali considered himself as the rightful successor of Muhammad,[185] he is said to have turned down proposals to forcefully pursue his claims to the caliphate after the appointment of Abu Bakr, for the sake of preserving the unity of Islam in a critical time.[186]
Ali's distinctions are amply attested to in Islamic sources.[187] In Mecca, a young Ali is said to have been the first male to embrace Islam and the only person who offered his support when Muhammad first introduced Islam to his relatives.[188] Later, he facilitated Muhammad's safe escape to Medina by risking his life as the decoy.[189] In Medina, Ali sworn a pact a brotherhood with Muhammad and later took the hand of Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, in marriage.[190] Ali commonly acted as Muhammad's secretary in Medina and served as his deputy during the Expedition of Tabuk.[117] Saluted as Asadullah (literally, "the lion of God"), Ali has been viewed as the most able warrior in Muhammad's army and the two were the only Muslim men who represented Islam against a Christian delegation from Najran.[191] Ali's role in the collection of the Quran, the central text of Islam, is deemed as one of his key contributions.[192] When, following the revelation of the surah at-Tawbah, Abu Bakr was sent to Mecca to give an ultimatum to disbelievers, there is strong evidence that Muhammad might have sent out Ali to take over this responsibility.[193]
In Shia theology, while direct revelation ended with Muhammad's death, Ali remained the righteous guide towards God, similar to the successors of the past prophets in the Quran.[194] After Muhammad's death, Ali inherited his divine knowledge and his authority to correctly interpret the Quran, especially its allegorical and metaphorical verses (mutashabihat).[195][196] Often cited here is a well-attested hadith, attributed to Muhammad, which reads as, "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate."[197]
In Shia Islam, as the righteous guide after Muhammad, Ali is believed to be infallible. Ali is one of the Ahl al-Kisa, who are addressed by the sahih Hadith of Kisa and the related Verse of Purification in the Quran, which includes the passage, "Indeed God desires to repel all impurity from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and purify you with a thorough purification."[198]
According to the Shia, Ali succeeded Muhammad as the first Imam after Muhammad, that is, the righteous guide towards God and His vicar on the earth. This divine authority, known as imamate, is central to the Shia belief and appears in multiple verses of the Quran. In particular, verse 21:73 reads as[199]
In the Twelver Shia belief, since the time of the first prophet, Adam, the earth has never remained without an Imam, in the form of prophets and their divinely-appointed successors. After Ali, imamate was passed down to his son, Hasan, through divinely-inspired designation (nass). In Shia theology, at any time, there is only one Imam and his successor, if alive, is called the silent Imam.[200] After Hasan's death, his brother, Husayn, and nine of his descendants are regarded as Imams, the last of whom, Mahdi, went into occultation in 260 AH (874 CE), compelled by the hostility of his enemies.[201] His advent is awaited by all Muslims, though different sects hold different views about Mahdi.[202] In his absence, the vacuum in the Shia leadership is partly filled by marjaiyya and, more recently, wilayat al-faqqih, i.e., guardianship of the Islamic jurist.[203]
According to Jafri, it is widely reported that the fourth Shia Imam, Zayn al-Abidin, designated his son, Muhammad al-Baqir, as the next Imam before his death.[204] Zayd, a half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir, also asserted a claim to imamate on the basis that the title can belong to any descendant of Hasan or Husayn who is learned, pious, and revolts against the tyrants of his time.[205] On this basis, his followers, known as Zaydis, consider Zayd as the rightful successor of the fourth Shia Imam, though the fourth Imam himself did not revolt against the Umayyads and instead adopted a policy of quiescence.[206]
Initially, Zayd's activist approach gained him a large following. However, as he increasingly compromised with the traditionalists, some of Zayd's supporters are said to have returned to Muhammad al-Baqir.[207] According to Jafri, a related incident is when two Kufan Shias asked Zayd if the first Shia Imam, Ali, was an Imam before he resorted to the sword. When Zayd refused to answer this question, the two broke their allegiance with him and went back to Muhammad al-Baqir.[208] Eventually, Zayd took up arms against the Umayyads in 122 AH and was killed in Kufa by the forces of Caliph Hisham.[209] Unlike the Twelvers, Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Ali and his following Imams.[210]
One faction of the Zaidiyyah, called the Batriyya, attempted a compromise between Sunni and Shia by accepting the legitimacy of the Sunni caliphs while maintaining that they were inferior to Ali. Imamat al-Mafdul (literally, "imamate of the inferior") is the belief that, while Ali was better suited to succeed Muhammad, the reigns of Abu Bakr and Umar must be acknowledged since Ali did not revolt against them.[211]
The Ibadi, an Islamic school distinct from Sunni and Shia, believe that leadership of the Muslim community is not something which should be decided by lineage, tribal affiliations or divine selection, but rather through election by leading Muslims.[212] They do not view their leaders as infallible. In particular, if a leader fails to maintain a legitimate government in accordance with the Islamic law, it is the duty of the population to remove him from power. The Rashidun Caliphs are seen as rulers who were elected in a legitimate fashion and, in particular, Abu Bakr and Umar are viewed as righteous leaders. However, Uthman is viewed as having committed grave sins during the latter half of his rule and was deserving of death. Ali is also similarly understood to have lost his mandate.[213]
The Ibadi have been labeled by some scholars as the "moderate Kharijites."[214] Their first Imam was Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi, who led the Kharijites after their withdrawal from Ali's camp.[215] Other Imams include Abu Ubaidah Muslim, Abdallah ibn Yahya al-Kindi, and Umar ibn Abdul Aziz.[216]
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146. ^ Mavani (2013, p. 70). Amir-Moezzi (2022). Veccia Vaglieri (2022). Rogerson (2010, p. 56). Abbas (2021, p. 80)
147. ^ Mavani (2013, p. 70)
148. ^ Amir-Moezzi (2022)
149. ^ Veccia Vaglieri (2022). Jafri (1979, p. 19)
150. ^ Amir-Moezzi (2022). Veccia Vaglieri (2022). Jafri (1979, p. 19)
151. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 19). Abbas (2021, p. 82)
152. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 19)
153. ^ Shaban (1971, p. 16)
154. ^ Veccia Vaglieri (2022). Jafri (1979, p. 19)
155. ^ Amir-Moezzi (2022). Mavani (2013, p. 81)
156. ^ Walker (2014)
157. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 27). Abbas (2021, pp. 106, 136). Hazleton (2013, p. 25)
158. ^ Madelung (1995, p. 43)
159. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 38)
160. ^ Walker (2014). Shaban (1971, p. 16). Lecomte (2022)
161. ^ Madelung (1997, p. 41). Momen (1985, pp. 15, 16). Miskinzoda (2014). Abbas (2021, p. 89). Hazleton (2009, p. 50)
162. ^ Hazleton (2009, p. 50). Abbas (2021, p. 89)
163. ^ Miskinzoda (2014). Hazleton (2009, p. 50)
164. ^ Miskinzoda (2014). Abbas (2021, p. 89)
165. ^ Abbas (2021, p. 89)
166. ^ Madelung (1997, pp. 66, 67)
167. ^ Hazleton (2009, p. 49)
168. ^ Momen (1985, p. 16). Miskinzoda (2014)
169. ^ Miskinzoda (2014)
170. ^ a b Khadduri & Liebesny (2008, p. 122)
171. ^ Syed (2013)
172. ^ Hay (2007, p. 65)
173. ^ Syed (2013). Momen (1985, p. 191)
174. ^ Momen (1985, p. 191)
175. ^ Syed (2013)
176. ^ Syed (2013). Yücesoy (2013)
177. ^ "Shia Islam's Holiest Sites". WorldAtlas. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
178. ^ Mavani (2013, p. 85). Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 561)
179. ^ Mavani (2013, pp. 115)
180. ^ Madelung (1997, p. 17). Momen (1985, p. 147)
182. ^ Mavani (2013, pp. 68, 71). Momen (1985, pp. 16, 17). Madelung (1997, pp. 12–16). Abbas (2021, pp. 58, 65, 66)
183. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 12, 15)
185. ^ Mavani (2013, pp. 113, 114, 117). Madelung (1997, pp. 141, 253). Momen (1985, p. 62)
186. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 19, 20). Hazleton (2009, p. 76). Abbas (2021, p. 105). Jafri (1979, p. 44)
187. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 12–16)
188. ^ Gleave (2022). Betty (1975, pp. 48, 49). Abbas (2021, p. 34). Hazleton (2013, pp. 95–97). Irving (1868, p. 71)
189. ^ Abbas (2021, pp. 45, 46). Hazleton (2013, pp. 159–161). Peters (1994, pp. 185–187). Kelen (1975, pp. 85–87). Watt (1953, pp. 149–151)
190. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 12, 13). Miskinzoda (2015, p. 82). Abbas (2021, pp. 5, 48). Glassé (2001b)
191. ^ Momen (1985, p. 13). Abbas (2021, pp. 54, 112, 191). Rogerson (2006, pp. 40, 62). Madelung (1997, pp. 15, 16). Glassé (2001b)
192. ^ Abbas (2021, p. 87)
193. ^ Momen (1985, p. 14). Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 21). Abbas (2021, pp. 77, 78)
194. ^ Momen (1985, p. 147)
195. ^ Mavani (2013, pp. 73–75). Momen (1985, pp. 155, 156)
196. ^ "(Quran 3:7) It is He who has sent down to you the Book. Parts of it are definitive verses, which are the mother of the Book, while others are metaphorical..."
197. ^ Shah-Kazemi (2014). Momen (1985, p. 14). Abbas (2021, p. 87). Mavani (2013, p. 66)
198. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 16, 155). Brunner (2014). Daftary & Nanji (2014). Meri (2006, p. 249). Abbas (2021, pp. 65, 66)
199. ^ Madelung (1997, pp. 8–12). Vernyuy Wirba (2017, p. 48)
200. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 147, 153, 154)
201. ^ Momen (1985, p. 161)
202. ^ Momen (1985, p. 168)
203. ^ Mavani (2013, p. 136)
204. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 171)
205. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 49, 50). Jenkins (2010, p. 55)
206. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 175). Ali (1996, p. 97)
207. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 49, 50). Jafri (1979, p. 173)
208. ^ Jafri (1979, p. 175)
209. ^ Momen (1985, pp. 49, 50)
211. ^ Jenkins (2010, p. 55)
212. ^ Hoffman (2012, p. 3)
213. ^ Hoffman (2012, pp. 7–9)
214. ^ Hoffman (2012, p. 3)
215. ^ Hoffman (2012, p. 10)
216. ^ Hoffman (2012, pp. 12–13)
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Citizen science may educate public on pharmaceutical water pollution, report suggests
Citizen science has become far more accessible in recent years through the advancement of technology, according to Pollution Probe. Credit: kurgu128, /Adobe Stock.
A new report examining pharmaceuticals found in the Great Lakes considers how citizen science initiatives could be developed to educate as well as fill gaps in data.
The Pollution Probe report, prepared for Environment and Climate Change Canada, was undertaken to explore the use of citizen science as a tool for engagement and a means of better understanding pharmaceutical pollution. The new report provides guidance on various sampling methods, shipment and storage, as well as chain of custody.
As citizen science gains popularity, the federal government has launched a portal to help provide guidance to people interested in learning how to do more with environmental monitoring. This ability to make more of a difference has led Pollution Probe, a charitable environmental organization that began in 1969, to believe that citizen science could be a new tool against pharmaceutical pollution.
“One of the most powerful aspects of this tool is its ability to provide unique opportunities for individuals and communities to generate their own questions, collect their own data and advocate for the change they wish to see,” the report states. “It allows for those involved to gain a deeper understanding of their natural surroundings, and contributes to building an informed public that can advocate more successfully for the protection of human health and the environment,” the report adds.
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Pharmaceuticals have been found in all of the Great Lakes, primarily in effluent or surface water downstream from wastewater treatment plants. However, compounds have also been detected in open waters, fish tissues and drinking water treatment plants, the report notes. Surface water concentrations of pharmaceuticals are often correlated with human population density in the drainage area.
Antidepressants, painkillers, birth control pills, antibiotics and endocrine disrupting compounds are often found entering the lakes through municipal wastewater, agriculture and fish farms. In terms of wastewater, medication can enter the Great Lakes from systems connected to homes, hospitals and healthcare facilities, landfill leachate and pharmaceutical manufacturers.
While wastewater treatment plants remove oxygen demand, suspended solids, nutrients, foreign materials, and microorganisms from the water, the removal rate or breaking down of the various compounds found in pharmaceuticals depends on the physical and chemical properties of each specific drug.
Often referred to as crowdsourced citizen science, the practice has become far more accessible in recent years through the advancement of technology, according to Pollution Probe.
“Environmental monitoring technologies and tools for sharing information allow citizen scientists to engage in the collection of data in new and innovative ways, and provide improved means for environmental agencies to use the data generated,” the report states.
Still, determinations often need to be made early, whether the intention of the citizen science effort is to provide credible information on water quality conditions to governments or academia, or to simply educate the public through opportunities for experiential learning.
“Consideration must be given to how those involved as participants will benefit, and to the complexity of the data gathering process and any associated costs,” the report states.
Another possible option for finding cost efficiencies is for citizen science groups to partner or complement existing monitoring programs.
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Advice on Varieties of Pansies
The pansy (Viola X wittrockianaare) is an indispensable flower for fall and winter gardens, with a huge selection of flower colors and characteristics to choose from. It's a hardy species, especially where temperatures are cool, and can withstand cold weather for early spring blooming. Pansies are easy to grow, but the limits of their tolerance for heat and cold should be considered when selecting varieties for your garden.
Pansy Series
1. Pansies are a hybrid species resulting from crossing the Johnny Jump-up (Viola tricolor) and other violas. More than 300 cultivars have been developed for select qualities, such as improved heat tolerance, unusual flower colors and markings, larger flower size and plant vigor. The cultivars are divided into series, with each series sharing characteristics such as plant size, heat tolerance and color, though there may be variations in colors and color patterns between flowers in a series.
1. Pansies are hardy biennials, often grown as annuals. They grow in each United States Department of Agriculture hardiness planting zone, but the ideal climate is between 60 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and 40 degrees Fahrenheit at night. Pansies are cool-temperature bloomers, thriving as fall and winter flowers In USDA planting zones 6, 7 and 8, and less well in heat and humidity. Pansies need well-drained soil, and soil temperature should be between 45 and 65 degrees Fahrenheit for planting.
1. Pansy flowers come in a wide range of colors and hues, including whites and pastels, gold and orange colors, rose, violet and blue, and maroon and brown shades. Flowers with solid colors are referred to as "clear-faced," and those with blotches -- a darker, contrasting color in the center -- are "faced." Pansies are categorized as large, medium and multiflora, describing the size of the flowers. Flower size usually ranges between 1 and 3 inches, though some flowers are up to 4 inches in diameter. The edges of some flowers are ruffled or crinkled.
Cultivar Selection
1. The University of Tennessee and Cheekwood Botanical Gardens tested 142 varieties of pansies, along with violas, for landscape performance and appeal. Five cultivars of pansy were chosen as outstanding: "Maxim," "Crystal Bowl," "Universal," "Fanfare" and "Sorbet." Three were chosen as star winners: “Fanfare Deep Blue Blotch,” “Clear Sky Orange” and “Skyline White." "Polar" and "Icicle" pansies bloom into December and are among the earliest flowering plants in the spring. The "Universal" series is cold- and heat- tolerant. Heat-tolerant species may bloom into June.
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Kaya! Ngaji mingan! Wayiba! Yandanji! What now? Which way? Hello!
7 Jul 2017
When the theme for this year’s NAIDOC Week was announced, I was over the moon. Having a keen interest in language and linguistics, I feel that the “Our Languages Matter” NAIDOC theme is a perfect avenue to celebrate the history, culture and achievements of our mob.
Language, culture and identity are intertwined, connecting to our spirit and to each other. When a language is stolen, connections to country, lore, and land are often stolen too. That is why it was so important for colonisers to ensure we stopped speaking. Only 230 years ago, there were over 600 nations speaking hundreds and hundreds of different languages, not including the huge variety of dialects that would have also existed. Despite attempts to erase it (and us), language still is very important to Aboriginal people across our country.
The history of racist government policies and their effects on our languages is a sorry tale. It was twenty-six years after Europeans arrived in Australia that the first school for Aboriginal children was established, which kicked off almost two hundred years of educational policy and practice based, in succession, on denial, segregation, and assimilation. It is still within living memory that our Elders were punished for speaking in their language at school. And frighteningly, there are still cases of Aboriginal children being directed to leave their language at the school gate in 2017.
Being a clever bunch, we have figured out some ways around this. Aboriginal English, a separately developing form of English from Standard Australian English, is now spoken by over 80% of Aboriginal people across Australia. Back in the day, Aboriginal English was often used as a sneaky way of talking to each other under the noses of authority that sounded like English, yet held different meanings and codes. Sign language, which developed from hunting-time, when it was imperative to remain silent, was also adapted for life off-Country. Across Australia, Aboriginal English sign language and body language are still used widely. For many Aboriginal people, whose language was stolen from them, Aboriginal English retains a connection to community, culture and identity that lives on.
Education systems and government policies played a leading hand in the decimation of our languages, with some estimating that only 20 languages are still actively spoken. Experts warn that Aboriginal languages could be gone by 2050 if things keep going the way they are.
Australian education systems are now coming to recognise the role they have played in the loss of our languages, and many have taken steps to turn things around. Curriculum authorities are widely promoting the learning of Aboriginal languages in schools and there are programs in development to upskill Aboriginal people to become language teachers.
Western Australia’s School Curriculum and Standards Authority have released an Aboriginal Language Syllabus. Despite this great leap forward, studying an Aboriginal language in year 12 will not contribute to an ATAR score, unlike German, Italian or French. Also, Aboriginal language assessments are based on written or reading skills. This poses a huge problem for learning, as our languages are spoken, rather than written. If this is not addressed, we risk Aboriginal children with reading and writing difficulties failing in their own languages, further impacting their sense of identity and wellbeing. Fortunately, there are a growing number of Language Centres that are assisting in the revitalisation of our language by helping schools transition our languages learning into curriculums and classrooms.
Before colonisation, and still today, our culture is shared using language through dance, story and song, forming our identity as individuals and as a community. Since colonisation, we have lost so much. Systems have been imposed to disconnect Aboriginal people from our own communities. This denies us our languages and the deep knowledge that come with them. We must always question the rhetoric claiming our jarjums will be better off learning English first, or in place of our own languages. To speak, or to re-learn our First languages, is an act of decolonisation that should not be overlooked.
Aboriginal people have the oldest living cultures in the world, our languages come from a time before time, and despite attempts to erase us, we have prevailed. That is certainly something to celebrate.
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This election we need to see real change for First Nations communities
Many people are feeling disillusioned, fed up and downright defeated at the state of politics in this country. There are about 800,000 First Nations people in this country and yet our voices are not a priority.
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University ECOSOC - Commission on Population and Development
Cite as
Delegate: Syauqi Nur Isra Zata Amani
Topic: Changing Population Demographics and Sustainable Development
Country: Romania
Committee: Economic and Social Council – Commission on Population and Development
Romania, as well as many other countries in Europe and other region in the world, will face what demographers call as “demographic shock” such as rapid population decline. By the year of 2030, Romania is predicted to reach the population number of 17.6 million, a decrease of 9.7% from the year 2015[1]. In 2050, the population of Romania will keep declining until it reaches the number of 15.2 million. This ongoing depopulation happens due to low fertility rate, high mortality rate, and negative net migration. Negative net migration indicates that there is more people left the country than those who entered. The Immigrant Integration Research Centre said that around 3.4 million of Romanians have fled t...
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Ancient Structures Older than Noah's Flood
TheHonestAtheistApril 28, 2022
Noah's Flood
In the mainstream Christian circles, Noah's flood is perceived to be an accurate historical event that took place in the past – and is a problem when one tries to merge this idea with actual scholarly academia in anthropology and ancient history. The problem lies in that Noah's flood is purported to have been a global flood that wiped out most of mankind and covered the entire Earth in water. Other critiques of Noah's flood aside (repopulation, fitting all the animals on the boat, the folklore and oral tradition inherent to the story, God's means of "resetting" his mistakes), I find one obvious, major flaw in the story: if Noah's flood actually happened, then why are there buildings and structures older than the flood still standing?
Here I present ten structures older than Noah's flood that remain to this day. Why weren't they wiped out during a massive worldwide flood?
However, a challenging part of this post is choosing the approximate date of Noah's flood. No matter what date I pick, some Christian will say, "No, Noah's flood happened earlier than that." To prevent as much as possible this rebuttal, I have selected the date provided by a perceived expert in the conservative Christian circles: Answers in Genesis.
Answers in Genesis gives an exact year of the flood – most convenient for me – as 2348 BCE In fact, they provide an entire timeline of events based on their view of the Bible, but it's only the date of the flood that is of interest to me here.
With that date in mind, here are 10 structures older than the supposed date of Noah's flood.
Uruk Archaealogical site at Warka, Iraq MOD 45156521
White Temple of Uruk
• circa 3517 to 3358 B.C.E
Within southern Mesopotamia, in modern day Iraq, the ancient city of Uruk revered this temple, built in recognition of the sky god Anu.
It is a ziggurat and would have been whitewashed to maintain its appearance. It would have been some 40 feet tall and would have made quite the sight.
Mastaba S3503
• circa 3000 BCE
In Lower Egypt, at the Saqqara necropolis, one can find the remnants of a burial tomb built during the first dynasty.
Who the tomb built for remains anonymous as the previous contender later had their tomb found elsewhere.
The tomb was discovered by Egyptologist Walter Bryan Emery during his excavations in 1938.
Ggantija Temple on Gozo
• circa 3600 to 2500 BCE
The second oldest known existing manmade religious structure, this megalithic temple hails from the island of Gozo in the country of Malta. It was dedicated as a place of worship and ceremonial fertility rites to a goddess in Gozitan folklore.
In 1827, then governor of the island of Gozo had the site excavated and revealed the ruins.
• circa 3600 to 3200 BCE
Another megalithic temple complex in Malta, Mnajdra was used as an astronomical calendar and probably ritual sacrifices.
It is built of coralline limestone in a cloverleaf pattern and listed as an iconic "unique architectural masterpiece" by the World Heritage Site committee.
Facade Hagar Qim
Ħaġar Qim
• circa 3600 to 2500 BCE
Next door to our previous structure, is this other megalithic temple complex (seen as a separate structure as the limestone materials used are different: slightly harder in this one). Study of the structure suggest it was a temple used for ritual sacrifice, possibly oracles, and not used for burial.
Orkney Skara Brae
Skara Brae
• circa 3180 to 2500 BCE
This stone built settlement located in the Bay of Skaill in Scotland, was used for housing, including hearths, beds and cupboards for its citizens.
It was discovered by accident when a storm hit in 1850 and uncovered the housing unit. University of Ediburgh professor, V. Gordon Chile, began a thorough review of the site in 1927.
Göbekli Tepe, Urfa
Göbekli Tepe
• circa 9500 to 8000 BCE
The world's oldest known megalith, Göbekli Tepe is such an important site to learn about early Neolithic culture, representing possibly the oldest human settlement anywhere. Its many pillars house vast amounts of information on humanity's pastimes, clothing, survival and history.
It is found in modern day Turkey and is still to this day being excavated and explored for more information about our past.
Ceide Fields Neolithic Site
Céide Fields
• circa 3500 BCE
Found in western Ireland, these fields are a collection of earthwork, tombs and houses beneath the bog. It is the most extensive Neolithic site in Ireland.
Stonehenge2007 07 30
• circa 3100 BCE and rebuilt several times until 1600 BCE
A most recognizable structure and found in the Salisbury Plain of England, Stonehenge is a famous landmark and tourist destination year round. What most people do not realize is how old it probably is. Evidence of multiple rebuilds point to the earliest sometime around 3100 BCE.
Its usage remains debatable, as the civilizations that built it left no record or meaningful traces of its use. Scholars have theorized burial site, religious site, astronomical calendar, ritual site and even a place of healing.
Great Pyramid of Giza
• circa 2700 to 2500 BCE
The oldest and largest of the pyramids in Giza and the only one of the Seven Wonders to remain intact, the Great Pyramid of Giza was the tallest manmade structure in the world for nearly 3800 years. The pyramid continues to astonish and amaze visitors today even as it did in ancient Greece, Rome and the Middle Ages.
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The Bible holds so many contradictions it's impossible to answer these questions correctly.
TheHonestAtheistFebruary 9, 2020
TLDR: you won't because you don't understand science
TheHonestAtheistJanuary 21, 2020
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@article{Shomurodov_Khaidarov_Kamalova_2021, title={THE FORMATION AND ERUPTION OF BABY TEETH IN CHILDREN}, url={https://ojs.ukrlogos.in.ua/index.php/scientia/article/view/14724}, abstractNote={<p><em>The period when a baby’s teeth are erupting is exciting and challenging for both the child and their parents. Children are often naughty, sleep badly and cry, all because the appearance of the first teeth is accompanied by unpleasant feelings. As the baby cannot tell their parents about their problem on their own and always reacts in the same way to any kind of discomfort, it is difficult for Mum and Dad to differentiate between the signs of teething underneath the baby’s behaviour. In this article, especially for young parents, we have collected as much useful information as possible about teething baby teeth and permanent teeth, so you understand what is happening and how to deal with the situation in order to help your baby.</em></p>}, journal={Збірник наукових праць SCIENTIA}, author={Shomurodov , Kahramon and Khaidarov , Nodir and Kamalova , Malika}, year={2021}, month={Вер} }
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What Is In The Air We Breathe?
by | Feb 21, 2022 | Blog | 0 comments
Without the air that we breathe, life would not be able to exist on earth. The average adult will breathe around 10,000 litres of air each day. It is a well known fact that the air we breathe is not clean and air pollution can pose a serious risk to our health. This can have devastating effects, with over 7 million people dying every year as a result of air pollution. We have created a list of the six things that everyone needs to know about the air we breathe and how investing in a HEPA air purifier can make a difference to our daily lives.
What Is In The Air We Breathe?
The majority of the air we breathe consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, including carbon dioxide, argon and many more. Air also includes airborne particles such as dust, smoke, allergens and other toxins that can harm our lung health. If you suffer from severe allergies, asthma or COPD, your symptoms could worsen as a result of these particles. This polluted air isn’t only a risk to us when outdoors as it is also present inside of our homes, workplaces and other public buildings. A HEPA standard filter will work to filter these pollutants and harmful particles and circulate clean air back into the indoor space.
How Clean Is The Air We Breathe?
The list of health problems and deaths caused by air pollution rises every year. The WHO estimates that 90% of people throughout the world breathe in polluted air on a daily basis. Different countries around the world will experience different levels of air pollution, depending on the country’s population. For example, the people of Beijing have their own cough due to the air pollution they face every day.
The air we breathe is not made up of one single substance, and is instead made up of harmful particles that create unclean air that can cause serious damage to our health. For hundreds of years, humans have lived with elements of air pollution as open fires were needed to cook food and to keep them warm. In recent years, new technologies have emerged that allow us to filter the air we breathe indoors. At OKTOair, we have a range of the best air purifier for allergies UK that will help to fill your indoor spaces with clean air.
Browse Our Air Purifiers
Air Pollution Kills More People Every Year Than War and Violence
Air pollution is killing more people every year compared to natural disasters, war and violence, hunger and smoking. One out of every six premature deaths throughout the world each year is caused by the effects of air pollution damaging our health. Countries such as China, India, North Korea, Pakistan and Bangladesh are reporting that around a fifth of their premature deaths have been caused by air pollution. Air pollution also has a devastating economic cost for these countries and there has been a rise in health care costs and the loss of productivity in factories.
Studies have shown that there is a clear link between air pollution and poverty. By controlling the levels of air pollution within these countries it could help to tackle other issues, including malnutrition, life threatening diseases and climate change.
Air Pollution Deaths Are The Highest in Asia and Are Continually Rising
The regions of Asia suffer the most deaths caused by air pollution compared to the rest of the world. In 2019, air pollution caused more than two million deaths in Asia, with a majority of these deaths taking place in China and India. A majority of air pollution caused in Asia is a result of factories, outdated vehicles and burning cheap fuel. However Thailand differs from other parts of Asia as their high levels of air pollution is caused by fires that have been created to light forests and agricultural by products.
As a result, health problems such as lung cancer, asthma and other respiratory diseases are rising dramatically. Governments in Asia are now coming together in an attempt to tackle their air pollution issue and the public have recognised the effects this problem is having on their daily lives.
Air Pollution Contributes To Climate Change
Earthquakes, erupting volcanoes, dust storms and other natural phenomenon’s can contribute to climate change. For hundreds of years, humans have also been contributing to air pollution due to our dependency on fossil fuels. These factors have increased the production of greenhouse gases and are worsening the effects of global warming. Although they may seem like two separate issues, air pollution and climate change are linked together.
This means that by reducing the levels of air pollution we can also slow down the process of climate change and how it is changing our planet. It is good news that making immediate changes to air pollution in the areas we live in will have immediate effects. The quicker countries work together to slow down the rising levels of air pollution, it will also have a positive effect on climate change.
What Can We Do To Cut Down On Air Pollution?
Air pollution is damaging our planet and our health. There are a number of things that we can do to improve the air that we breathe. By cutting down on your car journeys you can cut down on your contribution to air pollution. Instead you could car share with colleagues, walk to work or get your local bus. Inside of the home you can consider switching to renewable energy sources and avoid burning fossil fuels to heat your home.
Even when it comes to your diet, there are plenty we can do to reduce air pollution. Animal farming causes over 50% of air pollution from producing meat to dairy products. Changing to dairy and meat free alternatives can help to reduce air pollution and your carbon footprint.
If you would like to learn more about how you can reduce the levels of air pollution within your homes, office spaces and other commercial buildings, get in touch with a member of our team today. We have a range of some of the best HEPA air purifier in the UK that can make a difference to your lifestyle today and the future of your health.
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Humans vs. AI become a reality?Using AI technology may prevent cybercrime
AI takes up the banner of cyber security. Start-up companies are the first to eat crabs with a valuation of 1.2 billion US dollars. Recently, cyber security has been at the forefront of the topic list.
AI takes up the banner of cybersecurity, startups eat crabs first, valued at $1.2 billion
Recently, network security has been at the forefront of the topic list.
In 2015, cybercrime caused US$3 billion in losses throughout the world. If the momentum continues, by 2021, this number will become 6 billion per year (including data loss and destruction, money loss, inefficiency, IP Theft, etc.).
In March 2018, the Internet Security Vulnerability Report issued by Symantec Cyber Security stated that “Every year, not only the number of cyber attacks increases, but the targets of attacks are also more diverse. Attackers are looking for attack paths and cover up. I work harder on my whereabouts.”
It is always said that AI technology can be the protector of data security, and the British company Darktrace is a good example of it. Since its founding in 2013, Darktrace has developed rapidly. Now there are more than 700 employees worldwide, and the company is valued at US$1.25 billion. Although many contracts worth several million US dollars have been signed, the company refuses to disclose its revenue to the outside world. .
In the end, in this battle between righteousness and evil, those who win AI win the world
The company’s co-founder and CEO Nicole Eagan told CNBC, “We are now in a cyber arms race. The battlefield is the network system of each company. This is a war on algorithms.”
The principle of Darktrace’s AI technology is briefly described as follows: From the cloud or the company’s internal network, or even a dedicated factory, the company’s technology will protect the company’s internal personnel from using the network by preventing external attackers from finding a way to enter the company’s computer. The purpose of not being disturbed.
Complex technology actually escapes from the most common thing around us: the human immune system.
As we all know, the immune system can recognize what is “self” and what is “outsider”, and can also recognize viruses and threats that have never been exposed to. Darktrace’s system is also based on this principle. It deeply learns the habits of every computer user and every device in the company, and learns what “self” is from this process. This technology can distinguish peculiarities in real time, thereby preventing threats from entering.
Of course, the Dao is one foot high and the magic is high, and the attacker’s methods are getting higher and higher.
Because of this, Dartrace also presupposed the expectation that the attacker had actually entered the company’s network. “A software service function called SaaS will work’from the inside out’ to find out when the attacker came in, what information they got, and stop it before causing serious damage.” This is like our body. Immune system, sometimes we catch a cold, viruses do enter our body, but the immune system will find their disguise, and then deal with these uninvited guests as soon as possible.
As a result, Darktrace finds new threats every day.
For example, the entire company network is like a giant fish tank, and the protection mechanism is like a fishing net in a tank. Once, a customer was attacked. Darktrace caught the “fish that slipped through the net”, only to discover that it was the company’s internal personnel who added an IoT thermostat device but forgot to tell the management department.
However, a real threat is that the attacker sneaked in from this thermostat and wandered through the “rich man” database. And upload the data to the cloud. Darktrace discovered this anomaly because the general thermostat does not go to the “rich man” database.
On another occasion, an employee of a major bank had been using the company’s server to mine bitcoins, but this behavior was different from other data center servers in Darktrace’s eyes. After being discovered, the employee’s dream of making a fortune was shattered.
Darktrace is not the only player in this field.
“We see more and more companies interested in the application of machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the field of cyber security.” The director of the University of Maryland Cyber Security Graduate Program told CNBC. The university’s computer science professor and director of the Cyber Security Center added, “There are already multiple companies using AI and machine learning to combat cybercrime. Although there is no accurate data, it has indeed increased in the past five years.”
Trustlook in California is an example. It was also founded in 2013 and raised more than 35 million U.S. dollars. The ending plan of this company mainly protects mobile devices, Internet devices, and the Internet of Things. Like other machine learning companies, the secret of Trustlook lies in the continuous learning and self-improvement characteristics of AI. “Whether it is a real threat or a false alarm, this system will always adapt to these new information and generate new response models.”
Chronicle is also a California-based company that uses machine learning to combat cybercrime. It was born as a small branch of Google in 2016, and in 2018 it has become an independent company under Alphabet. Unwilling to disclose the company’s financing or valuation, the company’s spokesperson told CNBC that this unique relationship with Alphabet allows the company to obtain more data.
Although there are many rising stars, Darktrace is still a pioneer in this field, and has really deployed its own systems in many companies. An industry insider revealed to CNBC that Darktrace has established many key technologies and capabilities, as well as a good reputation. In this market, it is the leader. Whether as an independent company or as part of a larger company, Darktrace will be better than other independent companies in the industry for a long time.
The network security market will usher in huge growth in the decade after 2020
In 2014, the number of industry vacancies worldwide reached one million, and by 2021 it will reach 3.5 million. AI is the only way to fill this gap. “We expect the future cybersecurity unemployment rate will remain at zero, and the use of AI will accelerate.” Morgan told CNBC.
The future will not only stop at detecting threats, AI will also be able to actively respond to these threats. At this point, Darktrace has already started. Two years ago, it launched a product capable of “responding to threats”. There are currently hundreds of users.
In the next step, it is not just “responding”, but AI directly and threateningly. “We are working hard on research and development, and plan to call it an automatic response system, just like we call an autonomous car.” At that stage, people can rest assured that AI technology can solve everything without any human involvement.
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Building scene layer
Building scene layers allow you to share 3D content sourced from specific data types across the ArcGIS platform. Building scene layers are created from ArcGIS Pro building layers. You can use building layers created from BIM data or a geodatabase feature dataset like that created from the BIM File To Geodatabase geoprocessing tool.
Building scene layer
Complex building scene layer. Copyright 2020: The Ohio State University Facilities Information and Technology Services.
A building scene layer is created using the Create Building Scene Layer Content geoprocessing tool, which generates a scene layer package on disk (.slpk) based on a building layer in an ArcGIS Pro scene. This file can then be previewed directly in ArcGIS Pro, and then uploaded to ArcGIS Enterprise or ArcGIS Online using the Share Package geoprocessing tool to be published as a web scene layer. You can also directly share a building layer as a web scene layer or within a web scene. In both cases the scene layer will be cached on the client.
Integrate BIM and GIS using a building scene layer
BIM information captured in the building scene layer is useful for visualizing, querying, and filtering different aspects of a building. You can view building scene layers together with other GIS and BIM content.
Common examples for using building scene layers are presented below.
You can share one or many building scene layers and visualize them together in a scene. This allows you to bring multiple buildings together and view them in their spatial context and landscape.
If you want to visualize your campus, you can share buildings as building scene layers and show them together in a web scene. You can review how a new building will affect the campus and analyze different aspects of the new building, for example, the proximity of the building to parking or other structures, the impact of lighting and shadow from the building, and how lighting may impact surrounding vegetation.
Building scene layer example
An example of a building scene layer.
Understand systems in a building
You can visualize different aspects of your building, such as the pipes, to better understand the internal and external systems of the building. You can apply unique values to your category layer for pipes to color code each pipe for a different use. By knowing and understanding the piping system of a building, you can quickly locate a leak, for example, and decide the best way to repair it.
Color-coded pipes
These hydraulic pipes show supply as blue and return as red.
Structure of a building scene layer
Building scene layers are created from a building layer in ArcGIS Pro by using the Create Building Scene Layer geoprocessing tool.
A 3D building scene layer is organized and has the following structure:
• Overview—Optional layer that allows you to view the 3D building as a single layer. You can create the overview from the exterior shell defined in the building layer. If the building layer has no elements attributed to be the exterior shell and the building layer's ExteriorShell feature layer is empty, no overview layer is created. When adding a building scene layer in ArcGIS Pro, the overview is selected. You can use the toggle button to see the full model of the building.
• Discipline—Organizes feature layers into the different work disciplines of a building, such as architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, or electrical.
• Category layer—Category layers (feature layers) represent individual categories, such as windows or walls, organized in disciplines. Category layers are 3D object scene layers. You can change the symbology or change other properties of the layer.
• Filter—Buildings are complex, and it is essential to be able to filter individual elements by their characteristics. Filters allow you to view details in a building. With a filter, you can choose to show only elements with specific attributes as solid or show others in wire frame mode.
You can view building scene layers in Scene Viewer or ArcGIS Pro scenes. You can change the visibility of building scene layers by turning visibility on and off.
Work with a building scene layer
A building scene layer (.slpk) or web scene layer can be added from ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise 10.7 and higher. You can also work with .slpk files saved locally on your machine or network file share in ArcGIS Pro.
When you add a building scene layer with an overview layer, the overview is shown by default. You can switch between the overview and the full model. If no overview is defined, the full model is shown without the ability to switch between the two.
A 3D building model can have created and demolished phases. When a building scene layer is added to ArcGIS Pro or Scene Viewer for the first time, created phases are only shown to avoid clashes with elements that have already been demolished. If you want to review different phases of a building, use the building filter to turn specific created and demolished phases on or off.
You can add building scene layers to global and local scenes in ArcGIS Pro.
A 3D building is one entity and unique; therefore, you cannot use or move category layers of other buildings to it. All layers belonging to a building scene layer are in the table of contents to visualize this characteristic of a building. For example, you cannot move the windows into the mechanical discipline or delete the wall layer from a building scene layer. You can rename a building scene layer in the table of contents.
When selecting the building scene layer or any of its sublayers, you see the Manage contextual tab for the building scene layer as well as for the sublayers. For any category layer, you also see the Appearance and Data tabs. For example, if you select windows in the architectural discipline layer, you see the Appearance tab, so you can change the symbology.
Category layers are 3D scene layers, and you can work with them as with any 3D object scene layer. You can save changes to your building scene layer within the scene.
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Laser beams on a microscope
To neuroscientist Valentin Nägerl, the brain is a biological Rubin’s vase, defined both by the contours that comprise it and those that constrain it. Between the structures of well-studied brain cells are the outer contours, the space Nägerl calls the field’s next frontier.
He’s building new tools and techniques that can help create a reverse profile of brain structures. He aims to visualize the crevices between the cells. Called the extracellular space, it’s more than vast emptiness: It’s a convoluted network of sheets, tubes and scaffolding where microglia crawl and dendritic spines connect with axonal boutons.
A headshot of a man.
“Imaging has this incredible dynamic range, both in space and in time to capture the brain,” says Valentin Nägerl. “It just opens up the horizon.”
To see them in action, scientists need new microscopy techniques that can image down to roughly 20 nanometers — without damaging surrounding cells.
“It’s a very different experimental challenge,” Nägerl said.
He currently leads a group at the University of Bordeaux’s Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience. The team is urgently focused on exploring the extracellular space with super-resolution microscopy. He believes discoveries there will shed light on higher brain functions such as memory, learning and sleep — and eventually build new avenues for treating brain diseases.
“Right now, there’s all kinds of theory that says, ‘Yes, extracellular space should be important,’” he said. “But experimentally, there’s next to nothing. There is so much to be discovered.”
Nägerl’s work is powered in part by funding from the Human Frontier Science Program and the European Research Council. He will also share it at the interdisciplinary Molecular Neurobiology Workshop on the Greek island of Crete in May.
Hosted by the European Molecular Biology Organization and co-sponsored by the Institute for Protein Innovation, the workshop was founded to convene experts from different specialties who are working in and around neuroscience. As a microscopist, Nägerl will bring knowledge of sharp imaging tools and visual data from an oft-overlooked region of the brain.
Microscopists have helped lay the groundwork for such neurosynergy for decades. Going forward, Nägerl hopes to leverage it in his quest to resolve tradeoffs that have long stymied the field’s leaders.
Bringing the frontier into focus
Despite Nägerl’s tech-centered research program, his work still tries to balance the strengths and drawbacks of microscopes. Conventional light microscopy can image live samples, illuminating the dynamic organization of proteins on cells’ surfaces, but is limited in spatial resolution to about a quarter of a micron. Electron microscopy can zoom in all the way, revealing cellular ultrastructure at the nanoscale, but not in live cells.
In 2000, microscopist Stefan Hell shattered the diffraction barrier of light microscopy, which had so far kept scientists from imaging the nanoworld of living cells. That milestone enabled stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, which spawned the field of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. With transformational implications for neurobiology, Hell’s innovations were recognized by the Nobel Prize in 2014.
A neuron illuminated in yellow against a black background.
A neuron imaged in a living brain slice using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. STED was the first microscopy technique researchers could use to visualize the interiors of living cells. Image: “Nanoscale imaging of the functional anatomy of the brain” by Arizono, M. et al.
It was a boon for neuroscientists, but one subject to limitations. Bombarding fluorophores with intense light eventually bleaches them. No longer excitable, they won’t produce an image. At the same time, imaging the extracellular space calls for still-higher resolutions than STED can achieve.
Then, in 2018, Nägerl and his team invented super-resolution shadow imaging, which they dubbed SUSHI. It marked the first application of STED to imaging the extracellular space.
Instead of labeling a cellular structure, the technique involves labeling of the extracellular fluid surrounding it with a diffusible fluorophore. It does not permeate cell membranes, uniquely enabling scientists to illuminate the space surrounding cells with a single gush of dye. The resulting images are high-contrast, high-resolution negative imprints of living cells.
“The fact that the dye is everywhere, we see the whole structure completely. We’re not missing anything.” said Nägerl, who worked with Hell at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in 2007.
Because cells do not take up the dye, they and their contents are immune to the bleaching that plagues traditional STED microscopy.
“With classic labeling, you take a few images and then things start to bleach or become phototoxic,” Nägerl said. “We can take hundreds of images, nonstop almost.”
A microscope image of a neuron.
This neuron, orange, is surrounded by a network of interwoven nerve fibers. The neuron’s organelles, illuminated here by SUSHI, give the cell its textured appearance. Image: “Super resolution imaging of the extracellular space in living brain tissue” by Tønnesen, J., Inavalli, K., and Nägerl, UV.
In a paper published in Cell, his team first demonstrated SUSHI’s merit using mouse hippocampal slices. The scientists discovered that more than 80% of the extracellular spaces there are larger than 100 nanometers — well within SUSHI’s resolving power — and are filled with a snaking web of scaffolding.
To try to understand what was going on within that architecture, the team used SUSHI to visualize the workings of live cells. The researchers first subjected brain cells to osmotic challenges, basically pouring sodium chloride into the extracellular space. The compartment ballooned, nearly doubling in size. But it shrunk back when the salt was removed, showing it was a dynamic entity.
To test those dynamics and whether SUSHI could capture them, Nägerl’s team induced epileptiform discharges in neural cells by adding picrotoxin, which blocks GABAA receptors. They could measure the change in voltage, but also saw that discharges caused a drop in fluorescence intensity, indicating a significant decrease in the spaces’ volume.
Neurons modeled in different colors, layered on top of one another.
Cell structures revealed by SUSHI images can inform three-dimensional reconstructions of how the brain’s neurons and nerve fibers layer over one another. Model: Image: “Super resolution imaging of the extracellular space in living brain tissue” by Tønnesen, J., Inavalli, K., and Nägerl, UV.
The team then deployed video to monitor cell migration through the space. The scientists first created lesions that activated microglial cells and then watched their ameboid movement around and through cell bodies.
Finally, the scientists imaged the labeled extracellular space containing unlabeled neurons, their dendritic spines making connections with axon boutons. The team also labeled astrocytes and visualized the neuropils around them, revealing tripartite synapses and silhouettes of intracellular structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
In the future, Nägerl and his team hope to develop new ways to measure how synapses change in response to their environments. Applying advanced technology like adaptive optics and image processing based on machine learning can also help scientists reveal “information that is still hiding in the blur,” Nägerl said.
At the Neurobiology Workshop, he will present some of those tools and technologies.
“We’re just at the very, very beginning of a system that’s ultra-complex. It doesn’t take much really to see that the brain does amazing things, but we have so little idea how it all works.”
Writer: Halle Marchese,
Source: U. Valentin Nägerl,
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Should your focus be on losing weight or getting fitter?
Most people know that obesity is not good for your health, but what some don’t know is that it’s actually physical inactivity that’s a bigger risk factor for disease and death. Physical inactivity is the 4th biggest risk factor for death behind tobacco smoking, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. So as long as you stop smoking, being physically active can help reduce the 2nd, 3rd and 4th leading causes of death.
A study published by Barry et al in 2014 compared the risk of death in overweight people to unfit people. Almost 93,000 people in the study were divided into 6 groups:
1. Normal weight and fit (BMI 18-25)*
2. Normal weight and unfit
3. Overweight and fit (BMI 25 – 30)
4. Overweight and unfit
5. Obese and fit (BMI > 30)
6. Obese and unfit
The good news is, the fit groups weren’t even that fit, they were just the top 80% of cardiorespiratory fitness in the group based on VO2 testing and the unfit group were the bottom 20%.
All groups were followed over a long period of time and illness and death in each group was recorded.
*The risk of death in each group was compared to the risk in the fit group with normal weight, which was used as the control group.
The fit groups who were overweight and obese had a small, insignificantly increased risk of death compared to the fit group with normal weight (1.13 and 1.21 more times likely to die respectively).
All three unfit groups had an alarmingly increased risk of death compared to the fit group with normal weight – even the unfit group with normal weight.
The unfit normal weight group were 2.42 times more likely to die than their fit counterparts, with a 2.14 times increased risk in the unfit overweight group and 2.46 times more risk in the unfit obese group.
This study shows that it’s much more important to get fit than to lose weight. It’s time for you to start exercising to get maximum health gains.
How much exercise do I need to do?
• This equates to half an hour per day for 5 days a week
• Each 30 minutes per day can be split into 3 x 10 minute bouts of activity if needed
• Additional health benefits are achieved when the amount of exercise is increased to 300 minutes of moderate activity (60 minutes each day for 5 days) or 150 minutes of vigorous activity per week
• It is also recommended for you to additionally participate in resistance training for all the major muscle groups twice per week
It’s time to stop worrying if you’re overweight or not and start getting physically active. Not only will it reduce your risk of death and disease, it will make you feel good and have positive physical effects too.
If you are unsure about how to start an exercise program for the first time or how to change what you already do to get maximum benefits, a consultation at Shire Sports Medicine can give you individualised advice to help you achieve your health and fitness goals.
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Ch 1 Properties of Life and 5 Assumptions of Darwin
AP Biology
Ch 1 Properties of Life and 5 Assumptions of Darwin
Properties of Life
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development
4. Energy Utilization
5. Response to the environment
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
Darwin’s Five Assumptions
1. Many more individuals are born in each generation than will
survive & reproduce
2. There is variation among individuals; they are not identical in
all their characteristics
3. Individuals with certain characteristics have a better chance
of surviving and reproducing than individuals with other
4. Some of the characteristics resulting in differential survival
and reproduction are heritable
5. Vast spans of time have been available for change
Darwin used the term “descent with modification” instead of
evolution. Darwin vs Lamarck – giraffe example.
Classification hierarchy for man
1. Kingdom Animalia
2. Phylum Chordata
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species Homo sapiens
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Caturday Special The Origin Story: Proailurus and Pseudaelurus
A preserved skull of Proailurus lemanensis, from the Museo di Storia Naturale di Calci – Pisa (Credit: Ghedoghedo)
Roughly translating to ‘before cat’ (even though it’s first cat) and ‘fake cat’ (even though its real cat) respectively, Proailurus and Pseudaelurus are the ancestral genera of all cats. Do you remember the lesson from last time? Genera is the plural of genus and is the classification of living things, the group above, in sequence, a species.
As with most prehistoric creatures, especially small ones with fragile bones that turn into brittle, little fossils, not much is known of these creatures and not much can be found out without more examples in the fossil record.
Proailurus is considered the first ‘felid’ genus, it is debated whether pseudaelurus evolved from proailurus or evolved independently. Current thinking is that pseudaelurus likely evolved from one of the Proailurus species.
An artists impression of Proailurus lemanensis Note the flatter head and stouter limbs, similar to the jaguarundi (Credit: Roman Yevseyev)
Analysis does seem to indicate that Pseudaelurus is the ancestor of all current feline groups, as well as some famous prehistoric ones (sabre-toothed cats, we’re looking at you.)
How is this analysis done? After all it’s very hard to extract DNA from a rock? And that’s basically all a fossil is.
Well for the most part, and one of the reasons relations of prehistoric species are constantly shifting, it’s done through bones. Certain developments, changes in bone-structure, over time, can be traced through the fossil record. With good sample sizes (e.g. dinosaurs into birds) we can see, for instance, how the dinosaur pelvis structure translates into birds, how their wing bones developed, how their skulls morphed into beaks etc.
By the time we get to Pseudaelurus sp. we start to see significant diversification of size and shape. Some cats are smaller, squatter, some taller and bigger, and when most of what you have to go on is a jaw fragment paleontologists have to work very hard to look for clues. (Credit: © 2016 – 2021 lythronax-argestes – Used without permission as I couldn’t find any way to get in touch with you. I love what you do!)
When we’re talking carnivores, skulls are very important, eye placement, jaw structure, number of teeth, tooth placement and the various ridges and crests that would indicate a mounting point for muscles are all important ways to spot development along a lineage, or maybe separate two groups.
Proailurus species were likely very compact, closer in form to the modern Viverridae, species like the civet and the genet (considered in the sub-order Feliformia, therefore cat-like, but not true felids). This along with the sharp teeth found in the jaws of fossils suggests they would have been sneaky, slinky tree hunters and what better place for cats to start?
By the time we get to pseudaelurus species they are getting much larger, with some estimated to have been around the size of a cougar, and, given their relation to sabre-toothed cats, an increase in the size of their canine teeth.
A small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) with its distinctly feliform features. Though longer in snout than most cats, things like the basic body structure, the markings etc. it has in common with many feliforma. There’s also a type of civet they feed coffee beans, make them shit them and sell them at a ridiculous price. (Credit: Rejaul karim.rk)
Proailurus has mainly been found in Europe, with isolated specimens in Asia and North America, pseudaelurus shows a much wider distribution, the largest number of fossils having been discovered in North America, but examples also coming from across Europe, Asia, in the middle-east and even from Africa.
So we can see where cat distribution came from, and we also get an idea of their evolution into different lineages, filling different ‘niches’ – a biological niche, not unlike a niche in marketing or any other use of the term, simply means its little corner. What habitat it lives in, what food it eats, where it dens or nests – that sort of thing.
I wanted, so desperately to cover a proailurus species in the top ten but there’s just not enough known and far too few cute images. I couldn’t even have paid the kitten tax!
So I figured I’d make a separate entry to let you know where cats came from. I mean, pre-proailurus is…it gets weird. Mammal evolution has been crazy. Giant, carnivorous horses and sloths the size of buses, swimming cow-pigs turning into whales, going all the way back to cynodonts, small mammal-like reptiles of the Permian and Triassic.
A model of the head of an Andrewsarchus mongoliensis – an extinct mammal from around 50-30 million years ago. In the order of Artiodactylae (the even-toed ungulates – same group as giraffes and pigs) it is likely most closely related to a hippo. It is mainly known from it’s 83cm long lower jaw found in Mongolia. So…imagine a carnivorous pig-hippo with a near metre long jaw. This is why as far as I am concerned you can stick most dinosaurs up your arse. (Credit: Ben Sutherland)
It was a long road, how much longer still only time can tell. But it’s good to know where you (and cats) come from to see how far you’ve come since it all started.
Why not check out our Top Ten Cat Species List, starting with our Introduction if you haven’t already?
Published by Karl Anthony Mercer
Karl Anthony Mercer is a writer, and absolutely nothing special. Until you meet him in real life and realise he is the rightful heir to the throne of the world. Critics have previously been disappointed with his overuse of hyperbole.
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Chapter four - India's tests—Operation Shakti
Chapter four - India's tests—Operation Shakti
‘BuddHa today Smiled’[1]
4.1 On Monday, 11 May 1998, India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran Range in the desert of Rajasthan near the Indo-Pakistan border.[2] In defiance of world opinion, India followed these tests on 13 May with two additional explosions.
4.2 The tests, the first carried out by India since 1974, marked the culmination of years of work undertaken by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). According to DAE and DRDO the three tests conducted on 11 May were with a fission device with a yield of about 12 KT, a thermonuclear device with a yield of about 43 KT and a sub-kilo tonne device. All were detonated simultaneously and the thermonuclear device was designed to meet stringent criteria such as containment of the blast to minimise any chance of causing damage to buildings and structures in neighbouring villages. The 12 KT weapon was designed for tactical purposes such as aircraft bombs, missiles and artillery shells while the thermonuclear weapons were normally intended for strategic purposes.[3]
4.3 The tests carried out on 13 May involved two sub-kiloton devices and were also detonated simultaneously. The yields of the sub-kiloton devices were in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 KT and produced data to be used for the computer simulation of nuclear design.[4] DAE and DRDO maintained that the tests were fully contained with no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere.[5] The two explosions on 13 May barely registered on global seismic equipment but this may have been because the bombs were set off in a deep sand dune.[6]
4.4 A scientist involved in India’s nuclear weapons program stated: ‘We have complete mastery over a range of nuclear weapon technologies and they are intended for different delivery systems. Also, we can do computer simulation of subcritical experiments in the future.’[7] Dr Anil Kakodkar, Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, explained in an interview that their project was part of an ongoing activity:
We had planned the tests with an objective. Our objective was to prove a standard fission device and a thermonuclear device. The objective was also to generate data on the basis of which further work can be carried out. That is how the devices consisted of one standard fission device, one thermonuclear device and three sub-kiloton devices of different, the total yield of these devices had to be limited in such a way that the seismic damage to the buildings in the nearby village, 5 to 5.5km away, is kept to a minimum. We did not want any damage to occur. So that put a limitation on the maximum yield.[8]
4.5 Several seismic experts have questioned India’s estimation of the magnitude of the yield from the detonations. They believe the yields were smaller than those announced officially. In particular, some seismologists doubt Indian claims about their exploding a thermonuclear device; they suggest that it was simply a boosted atom bomb. Despite the scepticism, and in the absence of conclusive evidence, a number of analysts have accepted at face value Indian claims that the yields were kept deliberately low to minimise damage to the surrounding district.[9] P.K. Iyengar, a former Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission, stated simply:
Whatever the details, it is clear that India has graduated from the fission club to the fusion club, it has demonstrated that it can make a fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb.[10]
India's Reasons
National Security
Direct military threat from China and Pakistan
4.6 It would appear as though India’s public pronouncements on China made before the tests prepared the ground for the justifications that would follow the explosions. India had clearly indicated that it felt increasingly threatened by the provocative and belligerent activities of China and Pakistan. Official comments and observations presented India as a nation under siege and fighting for its survival and honour.
4.7 The depiction of China and Pakistan by India as aggressors persisted without interruption or deviation after the tests. India unequivocally put forward security as the overriding motivation for conducting the nuclear tests. It argued that India could no longer be seen as complacent in the face of Pakistan’s rapidly developing missile program or China’s growing military influence in the region.[11] Indian strategic analysts such as Jasjit Singh and Brahma Chellaney clearly identified China as fundamental in their assessment of India’s security interests. At one stage before the tests, Mr Challaney warned that India’s restraint in not demonstrating its nuclear capability:
is being challenged by China’s growing military and economic power and its continuing covert nuclear and missile assistance to Pakistan.
The Sino-Pakistan umbilical cord will snap only if New Delhi can stand up to Beijing and the Chinese strategy of building up a countervailing power to tie India down south of the Himalayas. But at present, India does not have even the conventional military resources to deter direct or indirect Chinese threats to its security.[12]
4.8 Strengthening this theme of self-defence, the Ministry of External Affairs issued a press release immediately following the tests which stated:
The Government is deeply concerned as were previous Governments, about the nuclear environment in India’s neighbourhood. These tests provide reassurance to the people of India that their national security interests are paramount and will be promoted and protected. Succeeding generations of Indians would also rest assured that contemporary technologies associated with nuclear option have been passed on to them in this the 50th year of our independence.
4.9 The Prime Minister also sent a letter to President Clinton, dated 12 May, in which he wrote of the deteriorating security situation, especially the nuclear situation, faced by India. In part he said:
We have an overt nuclear weapon state on our borders, a state which committed armed aggression against India in add to the distrust that country has materially helped another neighbour of ours to become a covert nuclear weapons state. At the hands of this bitter neighbour we have suffered three aggressions in the last 50 years. And for the last ten years have been the victim of unremitting terrorism and militancy sponsored by it in several parts of our country, specially Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.[13]
4.10 A number of witnesses before the Committee agreed with Chellaney’s assessment and with the Indian Government’s main justification for conducting the tests. Dr Mohan Malik submitted that China was ‘the most important actor inducing India to exercise its nuclear option, and that ‘India’s nuclear and missile capabilities owe much to the dynamics of Sino-Indian rivalry’. He maintained:
The singlemost objective of China’s Asia policy has been to prevent the rise of a peer competitor, a real Asian rival to challenge China’s status to Asia-Pacific’s Middle Kingdom...
Since the 1962 India-China War, China has built up Pakistan as a military counterweight to India so as to tie India down south of the Himalayas. India, on its part, has always perceived Sino-Pakistani military nexus as ‘hostile’, and ‘threatening’ in both intent and character.[14]
4.11 He argued that China had ‘taken advantage of Burma’s isolation since 1990 to satisfy its own great power ambitions, especially its desire to counter India in the Indian Ocean, and to ensure the control of vital sea lanes by drawing Burma tightly into its sphere of influence’.[15] He further cited the presence of Chinese troops in Tibet, the extension of runways in that country and China’s military modernisation program as developments that worried India’s military community.[16] Dr Malik had no doubt that:
No other Asian country has ever backed and armed another Asian country as China has backed and armed Pakistan over the last 30 years in such a consistent manner over such a long period of time. So there is obviously a key strategic objective that Pakistan and now Burma fulfil in China’s strategy for the 21st century. They tie India down to the south of the Himalayas and thereby prevent its rise as a major challenger to China’s primacy of the Asia–Pacific.[17]
4.12 According to Dr Malik, India’s concerns were further heightened at signs ‘that far from balancing China, the US had been drawing it into a close embrace, seemingly oblivious of its implications for regional security.’[18] He acknowledged India’s claims that by detonating the nuclear weapons it has ‘corrected the asymmetry in power relationship with China and restored strategic balance of power in the Asia-Pacific which had tilted in China’s favour following the withdrawal of the former Soviet Union from the Asian region’.[19] In summary Dr Malik asserted:
...India sees China as the mother of all its security concerns from the Bay of Bengal to the Persian Gulf.[20]
4.13 Dr Debish Bhattacharya supported Dr Malik’s thesis and told the Committee that India had become more concerned in the 1990s about there being some kind of encirclement of India. He explained to the Committee:
On the east, there is Burma and Bangladesh, and the United States wants influence in Bangladesh. On the north nothing has been done about the Chinese exporting missile technology to Pakistan and, there is Pakistan. [21]
4.14 It should be noted that from his analysis of English and Hindi language newspapers, Dr Peter Friedlander found that India’s English speaking elite and the foreign press, perceived China as the prime reason for India’s nuclear tests. But a study of the Hindi press revealed a preoccupation with Pakistan and a coverage of the nuclear tests that emphasised the Pakistani threat and rubbed in insults from Islamabad.[22] He did point out that the only times when the mention of China did arouse interest was when the press ‘reminded people of the Indo-Chinese war in 1962 and when there was a great deal of talk about the need to maintain awareness on all fronts for defence purposes’.[23]
Failure of the international community to move toward nuclear disarmament
4.15 India strengthened its ground for claiming it acted in self-defence by focusing on the failure of the international community to deal with the deteriorating security situation in South Asia. India argued there was no element of adventurism on its part but rather Indians were left with no other option especially given China and Pakistan’s collaboration in missiles development and nuclear technology and the inaction shown by the world community.
4.16 Mr K. Subrahmanyam, former director of the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses in India, had no doubt that ‘India was compelled to join the nuclear club because the international community legitimised nuclear weapons when they indefinitely extended the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT)’.[24]
4.17 Similarly, on 27 May 1998, the Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee tied India’s security worries with the international community’s inability to guarantee a secure environment. He told the Indian Parliament:
4.18 Not only did India portray itself as a defender of its people and its territory but as a staunch advocate of nuclear disarmament as the following official press release showed:
It is necessary to highlight today that India was in the vanguard of nations which ushered in the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 due to environmental concerns. Indian representatives have worked in various international forums, including the Conference on Disarmament, for universal, non-discriminatory and verifiable arrangements for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction. The Government would like to reiterate its support to efforts to realise the goal of a truly comprehensive international arrangement which would prohibit underground nuclear testing of all weapons as well as related experiments described as sub-critical or ‘hydro-nuclear’.
India remains committed to a speedy process of nuclear disarmament leading to total and global elimination of nuclear weapons.[26]
4.19 India’s preoccupation with China as a major threat to its security seemed inconsistent with a growing trend toward friendly relations between the two countries. In 1994, India and China had signed the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement which addressed their dispute over their Himalayan borders.[27] The visit by President Jiang Zemin of China to India in 1996 marked the high point of improved relations between the two countries. In November 1996, China and India agreed in principle on mutual troop withdrawals from disputed areas along a 2,500 mile frontier and pledged that neither would use its military capability against the other. [28]
4.20 A number of commentators and analysts, aware of the trend toward improved relations between these two neighbours, regarded India’s stated fear of China’s military intentions as exaggerated. They felt that any suggestion that China posed a major threat to India’s national security interests ‘flies in the face of ten years of Chinese military reforms, the improvement in Sino-Indian relations since Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to Beijing in 1988’.[29]
4.21 Similarly, they discounted the argument that the Chinese-Pakistani nexus posed a real threat to India’s security interests. They maintained that nothing had happened recently in India’s security environment that warranted even a mild qualification of this proposition. A prominent Indian journalist Praful Bidwai argued:
It is irrelevant to cite, as some of India’s hawks do, Sino-Pakistan nuclear cooperation. Apart from being old hat, such cooperation is of limited, non-strategic nature. No state has recently threatened India with nuclear weapons or acted more belligerently than before.[30]
4.22 Before the Committee, several witnesses also drew on this record of growing detente between India and China, to question the genuineness of India’s jusification. DFAT and the Department of Defence noted India’s stated concern about China being its main security threat but held that ‘such perceptions appear to give little weight to the improvement in Sino-Indian relations over the last decade’.[31]
4.23 Following this same line of argument, Mr Hamish McDonald maintained that prior to the election of the BJP government there had been ‘a longstanding process of confidence building with the Chinese and substantive negotiations on the border question’.[32]
4.24 In support of this view, Dr Samina Yasmeen argued that the reference to the presence of a Sino-Pakistan axis fails to take account of the reality of a changed Chinese position vis-à-vis South Asia. She asserted that the Chinese Government has consistently pursued a policy of improving relations with India. According to Dr Yasmeen, India responded positively to China’s approach and ‘Sino-Indian rapprochement had become a reality of the South Asian scene’.[33] She pointed to India’s need for prestige and recognition in the post-Cold War era, arguing that domestic factors provide a more realistic understanding for New Delhi’s decision to test nuclear weapons. Indeed, she suggested that India may have been reinforcing its claim to a better status in the post-Cold War era.[34]
Strength respects strength[35]
4.25 The extent to which the Indian Government deliberately played on the China and Pakistani threat in order to gain domestic and international approval for their actions is difficult to determine. Nevertheless, India’s apprehensions about its security situation must be acknowledged as a significant but not the only factor which determined its foreign and defence policies.
4.26 Undoubtedly India perceived China as a rival and potential security threat. India’s reasons, however, for exploding the nuclear bombs go beyond the necessity to deter overt conventional and nuclear attack from neighbours or to preserve its territory from incursion or secessionist movements, for example in Kashmir. India’s argument about national security is not confined to the defence and preservation of its territory and its people. India’s security interests encompass a much broader context that takes in the protection and enhancement of national integrity and independence.[36] India felt that it needed to be able to resist intimidation from potentially hegemonic powers. It was concerned about the ability of powerful nations with interests in the region, such as the United States and China, to intrude into its affairs and those of South Asia. Witnesses said that India saw nuclear weapons as a political tool to be used in pursuing foreign policy as well as in military operations.
4.27 Some witnesses developed this line of argument further. They appreciated that India sought to preserve its territory and to protect its integrity as a sovereign nation, but that India’s nuclear tests, were also a means to enhance its prestige. The nuclear weapons were not only a deterrence against military attack and political coercion but were a way of becoming a major regional and global power to be respected and to be taken seriously.
4.28 The desire by Indians to be recognised as a great nation permeates Indian society. A poll by the Times of India conducted in six cities within 24 hours of the first set of tests revealed that 91 per cent of those interviewed approved of the explosions.[37] Indeed, expressions of joyous pride followed the announcement of India’s nuclear explosions—people greeted the news with public displays of enthusiastic support; they danced in the streets and distributed sweets.[38] They were confident that it would earn their country the international recognition and status due to a powerful nation. The Indian tests were seen as an assertion of national greatness in defiance of the hostility of the major powers.
4.29 Indeed, nationalism and India’s self image were fundamental to India’s policy-makers in deciding to become a nuclear weapons power. The nuclear tests touched a strong current of national pride in the Indian people and met a deep underlying need to be acknowledged not only as a self-reliant and autonomous nation but as a major international force with authority and power.[39] Defence Minister George Fernandes stated bluntly ‘India has to restore its pride and its place in the world’.[40]
4.30 The nuclear tests also provided an opportunity for Indian scientists to demonstrate and receive accolades for their skill and ability. Indeed, the scientific community and their desire to ‘show off their excellence’ may well have fed into the overall domestic approval for India to demonstrate their nuclear prowess.[41] On a practical and technical level the tests gave them the opportunity to build on these tests and to move further ahead with developments in nuclear technology. Dr Malik observed:
While Pakistan was in possession of tested Chinese nukes and missiles, Indian scientists were not absolutely certain of whether they had usable and reliable nuclear weapons which form the basis of stable nuclear deterrence. Moveover, the five NWSs had gone in for smaller, and hence more usable nukes or designer nukes because advances in nuclear and missile technology afforded the opportunity to use nuclear weapons in regional conflict without causing collateral damage. Making small nuclear bombs (miniaturisation or mini-nukes) necessitates testing. [42]
4.31 As noted above, DFAT and the Department of Defence maintained that their assessment of India’s motivations for conducting the tests do not necessarily concur with reasons given by India and that India overstated its fear of China. Both departments argued that the fundamental reason for India’s tests is tied up with its place in the international community. Mr Griffin from DFAT told the Committee:
The conducting of the tests in the first instance was to prove in an anachronistic way that they could shoot their way into the top boardrooms which they felt disgruntled about being excluded from for so long. Having demonstrated that they could do what...the big boys do, that demonstration effect is, in terms of prestige, all they need. [43]
4.32 India’s drive for international status was frustrated by its inability to gain recognition as a global power. Dr Malik told the Committee that during the Cold War, the Soviet Union provided a nuclear security umbrella for India, but in the post-Cold War world India, as a growing power, found itself increasingly ‘friendless and lonely’.[44] Its exclusion as a permanent member of the Security Council, of ASEAN and of APEC deepened its sense of isolation. According to a number of submitters and strategic analysts India felt left out of international affairs; it believed that it was not taken seriously and that its voice was not being heard.[45]
4.33 Dr Jim Masselos submitted that Indians have ‘a sense of a new kind of world imperialism which excludes them and which tries to dominate them, and there is that sense of apartheid by...first world nations’.[46] Along similar lines, Dr McPherson argued: ‘Indians often feel that the West dismisses the reality of their achievement in remaining a democracy and accord more respect to the repressive and far from democratic nuclear power, China’.[47] This feeling of neglect, even alienation, sharpened India’s ambition to be recognised as a major power.
4.34 Professor Stephen Cohen described how deeply Indians felt about being overlooked:
This sense of isolation cuts across the entire political spectrum, and is compounded and heightened by an awareness of economic failure (compared with the fast-growing economies to the east), and a belief that India was not accorded the respect due to it because of its civilizational and cultural qualities, its population, and its potential, let alone its dominant position in South Asia.[48]
4.35 It is important to keep in mind the association made between the possession of nuclear weapons and great nation status. Witnesses in evidence said that India saw the tests as a means to earn international respect and recognition. This connection between nuclear capability and national might is clear in a number of public statements made by Indian officials which promote an image of India as a strong, self-reliant nation.
4.36 After the tests the Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee announced that ‘India is now a nuclear weapon state...the decision to carry out these tests was guided by the paramount importance we attach to national security...the tests...have given India shakti, they have given strength, they have given India self-confidence.[49] In a similar vein, Dr R. Chidambaram, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, explained after the tests that ‘India must be strong. The greatest advantage of recognised strength is that you don’t have to use it.’[50] Clearly Indians associated national strength with the possession of nuclear weapons. The link between nuclear weapons and national status is a fundamental and unquestioned assumption at the heart of India’s drive for international standing.
4.37 Further evidence of the strong association between India’s self image as a global force and the possession of nuclear capability can be seen in the reaction of the people of India to the news of the nuclear tests. The Hindustan Times wrote:
The ‘smiling Buddha’ of 1974 has now blossomed into a new assertion of the country’s right to arm itself in a manner which it believes is best suited to its security interests. [51]
4.38 Witnesses before the Committee also drew attention to this tight connection between the possession of nuclear weapons and national prestige. According to Professor Ian Copland, India believed ‘understandably, that possession of nuclear weapons is one of the distinguishing marks of great power status’. He went on to say ‘It reckons that going public on its nuclear capability will give it leverage with America, Britain, Russia, France and (perhaps especially China) that it has not had in the past.’[52] Mr Harun Rashid, former Bangladesh Ambassador to Australia, argued that India’s main purpose in conducting the tests was to signal to China and Pakistan that it was a ‘regional player with nuclear capability’ and to the world that it ‘should not be ignored as a global power.’[53]
4.39 Mr McDonald agreed that great power status is equated with nuclear weapons possession and noted that the five permanent members of the UN Security Council are the five recognised nuclear-armed powers.[54] He strongly supported the view that national status and prestige were major factors driving India’s decision to detonate the weapons. He believed that India, equating great nation status with nuclear weapon ownership and desiring standing as a world power, had kept the China threat alive to justify keeping its nuclear option open.[55]
4.40 Also using the Security Council as a yard stick of international influence, the People for Nuclear Disarmament pointed out that since its inception the composition of the UN Security Council had been dominated by the permanent members who were also declared nuclear weapon states. It went on to conclude ‘it is little wonder that countries such as India should see that their international status would be enhanced by possession of the bomb’.[56] Mr Richard Leaver pointed out that the BJP government believed that the nuclear tests would pave the way to a seat on the UN Security Council.[57]
Domestic politics
4.41 Indian nationalism and India’s annoyance at the lack of international recognition were significant factors guiding government policy. Some commentators and submitters argue further that domestic party politics finally pushed India into going overtly nuclear: that the newly elected BJP was, for political gain, prepared to take that final step in openly demonstrating India’s nuclear capability.
4.42 Clearly, the desire of many Indians to see their country given international recognition as a global power was an important force in influencing decision-makers within the BJP. To explain India’s decision to demonstrate its nuclear weapons capability, some observers within India cited the rise of Hindu nationalism which, to them, had altered the language of Indian politics and was beginning to transform the character of Indian society. They saw the BJP as the catalyst that propelled the decision to conduct the nuclear tests. Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, who assert that the timing of the tests was determined solely by the fact that the BJP-led coalition took power six weeks before the event, wrote:
India’s nuclearization reflects the belief of the BJP-RSS as well as growing sections of the Indian elite that nuclear weapons constitute a shortcut to establishing the country’s stature as a major actor—in Prime Minister’s Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s words, the nuclear tests ‘show our strength and silence our enemies’.
The near-hysterical adulation this act initially drew cannot be properly understood without recognizing that the groundwork was laid through the growing acceptance of the way in which the BJP has transformed the discourse of Indian nationalism. Despite resistance from the left and the center, it is the right’s version of the ‘cultural’ essence of India, of national security, of national ‘greatness’ that are setting the direction of Indian politics, both external and internal.[58]
4.43 The BJP clearly sought to tap this deep current of national pride. It saw the political advantages to be gained from building on and further invigorating strong nationalistic sentiments. The party promoted the call of Hindutva which is a plea for national greatness. According to the BJP, Hindutva ‘ a call to all Indians to their highest capabilities’.[59]
4.44 To stir nationalistic fervour, the BJP drew on the assumption that the possession of nuclear weapons would bring national strength and greatness. In outlining its policy on major issues, Drs Krishna Bhatta and Mahesh Mehta maintained that they believed in making India strong and able to maintain peace in the region. They noted that with China and Pakistan possessing nuclear capabilities, then India must also have nuclear weapons.[60]
4.45 A number of witnesses before the Committee supported the view that the accession of the BJP to government was a significant factor precipitating the nuclear tests. They believed that the BJP saw the demonstration of India’s nuclear capability as politically advantageous, and as a means of generating and galvanising public support.
4.46 DFAT and Defence clearly identified domestic political considerations as an important force behind India’s decision to go nuclear. They stated:
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led coalition government was seeking to consolidate its hold on power. It had been in office for less than two months and comprised a coalition of eighteen constituent elements with internal divisions and every prospect of infighting. The BJP apparently concluded that it could gain electoral support and a consolidation of the coalition, as a result of its decision to test. As popular support for the tests subsequently demonstrated, it may have been correct in this, at least in the short term.[61]
4.47 Professor Copland maintained that the BJP-led coalition, holding a majority in parliament of just ten seats, was conscious of its vulnerability. It ‘saw the tests as an easy way of winning mass support...more especially it wanted to shore up its core constituency who were getting restless following the BJP’s dropping of other core planks’.[62]
4.48 Supporting this argument, Dr Yasmeen maintained that the BJP coalition was not expected to stay in power for longer than a few weeks. She suggested that the Indian Prime Minister ‘may have exercised the option to test nuclear weapons in order to establish his government’s credibility as a “good and strong” representative of Indian people’.[63]
4.49 Not all agree that the BJP acted for purely domestic political gain. Dr Kenneth McPherson rejected the notion put forward by a number of commentators that the Indian bomb was ‘a child of the recently elected right wing BJP government and was paraded as evidence of India’s resurgent Hindu nationalism’.[64] He suggested, rather, that the nuclear bomb had wide bipartisan support.[65] Although he acknowledged that the BJP were prepared to take the ultimate step to resume nuclear testing he noted that the nuclear program was an evolutionary process.[66] He referred to a study that had shown that there existed in India overwhelming support for the possession of nuclear capability two years before the election of the BJP.[67]
4.50 The BJP itself denies that its actions were politically motivated. Its general secretary, Mr Venkaiah Naidu, refuted suggestions that the timing of the tests was influenced by party political considerations by pointing out that the BJP had always advocated making a bomb and that this was stated in the party’s manifesto and incorporated in the National Agenda of Governance of the government. He asserted that ‘We would not have undertaken the nuclear tests for partisan political purposes. It was part of our known programme and there is no question of using this for electoral gain.’[68]
4.51 Indeed, India had been teetering on the threshold of going nuclear for many years. The former Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Dr Raja Ramanna’s recent comments indicate that the preparations for the tests would have started many months previous to the tests.[69] A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, Director-General of the Defence Research and Development Organisation, explained that the process of nuclear weaponisation involves many stages. He stated that India’s five tests marked the culmination of many steps; that before the tests there were simulation, design, verification and many laboratory experiments.[70]
4.52 Undoubtedly there were strong domestic political motives for India to declare its nuclear weapons status—the BJP clearly thought that it would be a politically wise move. But other factors such as national security and the desire for recognition as a world force came into play and indeed fed into one another. Opinions differ as to which factor should be given greater weight. Nevertheless, in seeking solutions to the issue of the nuclear tests, all three factors should be taken into consideration, especially India’s security concerns and its need to be seen as an important and valued member of the international community.
International Reactions to India’s Nuclear Tests
4.53 Generally countries throughout the world condemned the tests. Some focused narrowly on India and others looked more broadly at global disarmament; some imposed sanctions, others simply urged restraint. The following selection of countries and their reactions to India’s nuclear tests provides an indication of the range of responses at the bilateral and multilateral level.
4.54 Pakistan’s reaction to India’s nuclear tests was immediate, strong and unequivocal. The Foreign Minister of Pakistan stated that the resumption of nuclear testing by India was not a surprise, that for the past twenty-four years Pakistan had consistently drawn the attention of the international community to India’s nuclear aspirations. He maintained that India had ‘become a nuclear weapon state, openly for the first time. India has owned up. India has bared its nuclear fangs and claws’. In turning to Pakistan’s situation, he asserted that: ‘We have made it absolutely clear in the past that any step of nuclear escalation by India will find a matching response from Pakistan. We stand by that commitment’. Finally, with unmistakable resolve, he went on to say:
I wish to assure the nation that Pakistan has the technical capability to respond to any threats to its security. The ideological and geographical frontiers of Pakistan, are by the grace of Almighty Allah secure and impregnable. Pakistan will take all appropriate steps which are within its sovereign right of self-defence. No outside pressure will deflect us from pursuing the path of self-reliance. We alone will determine what is essential for our security. [71]
4.55 The Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif made it clear that Pakistan saw India’s actions as directed unequivocally at them. He wrote to leaders of the G8 countries telling them that India’s nuclear testing ‘of a whole range of weaponry, including systems which are Pakistan specific, has multiplied the immediacy and the magnitude of threat to our security’. He stated that the ‘BJP government has already made its aggressive designs against Pakistan a fundamental article of its policy the face of these ominous developments which pose an immediate threat to our security, we cannot be expected to remain complacent’.[72]
4.56 The overriding message that Pakistan sent to the international community was of a dangerously changed security landscape in South Asia and of its rock-solid commitment to ensure Pakistan’s safety.[73]
4.57 On 23 May, Nazaw Sharif explained further that ‘No amount of condemnation or sanctions have changed the immediacy or magnitude of the threat to us. Practically sanctions mean little and change nothing. The reality on the ground remains.’ The Prime Minister went on to say that the whole nation had shown a sober and mature approach to developments in the region. He reiterated:
We have not taken any action in haste. We have not behaved in a tit-for-tat manner. We have not let any madness engulf us. Whatever decision we will eventually take it will be in our supreme national interest. [74]
Clearly, the Pakistani government had put India and the rest of the world on notice that they would not, under any circumstances, allow their country to be put at risk.
Unites States of America
4.58 The US responded promptly to the Indian tests. President Clinton expressed deep disappointment at the nuclear explosions, threatened to punish India for its underground testing, and urged India’s neighbours to refrain from taking the nuclear route. On 12 May, he made the following statement:
This action by India not only threatens the stability of the region, it directly challenges the firm international consensus to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. I call on India to announce that it will conduct no further tests, and that it will sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty now and without conditions. I also urge India’s neighbours not to follow suit—not to follow down the path of a dangerous arms race...our laws have very stringent provisions, signed into law by me in 1994, in response to nuclear tests by non-nuclear weapons states. And I intend to implement them fully.[75]
4.59 President Clinton invoked the relevant legislation almost immediately. In a memorandum to the Secretary of State dated 13 May he announced:
In accordance with section 102(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, I hereby determine that India, a non-nuclear-weapon state, detonated a nuclear explosion device on May 11, 1998. The relevant agencies and instrumentalities of the United States Government are hereby directed to take the necessary actions to impose the sanctions described in section 102(b)(2) of that Act.[76]
4.60 The sanctions imposed and required by Section 102 of the Arms Export Control Act, otherwise known as the Glenn Amendment, are as follows:
4.61 Finally, a similar determination under section 2(b)(4) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 directed that ‘the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank may not give approval to guarantee, insure, or extend credit, or participate in the extension of credit in support of United States exports to India’.[78]
4.62 In summary, according to State Department spokesman, Mr James Rubin, the sanctions were ‘going to involve very stiff penalties on the Government of India, including development assistance, military sales and exchanges, trade and dual-use technology, US loan guarantees’. He explained further:
The requirement for the United States to oppose loans and assistance in the international financial institutions could potentially cost India billions of dollars in desperately needed financing for infrastructure and other projects. The prohibition on loans by US banks to the government of India and on Ex-Im and OPIC activities could cost hundreds of millions of dollars, affect projects already approved and could cause major US companies and financial institutions to rethink entirely their presence and operations in India. [79]
4.63 The US administration also took steps to dissuade Pakistan from retaliating in response to India’s tests. President Clinton spoke directly to the Pakistan Prime Minister and decided to send a mission to Pakistan, headed by Deputy Secretary Talbott and General Zinni, the Commander in Chief of the regional command. Mr Rubin explained that the mission would work closely with the Pakistani Government to try to ensure that ‘the actions by the Indian government does not spawn a nuclear arms race in South Asia and that all steps we can take are taken to encourage restraint and to try to stabilize what could be an increasingly dangerous situation’.[80]
4.64 Japan, one of the largest bilateral donors of economic assistance to India, denounced the tests and announced it would freeze all grant assistance to India with the exception of those programmes of an emergency or humanitarian nature, and grassroots grant assistance. The Japanese Government indicated that it would inform the World Bank of its intention to withdraw Japan’s offer to host the India Development Bank chairmanship.[81]
4.65 On learning of India’s second tests, Japan took additional measures which included freezing yen-loan to India for new projects and examining carefully the loans extended to India by international financial institutions. Japan also temporarily recalled its ambassador to discuss the matter.
4.66 Responding to Pakistan, Japan sent a special envoy to Islamabad with a letter from Prime Minister Hashimoto urging restraint. The Prime Minister also phoned Prime Minister Sharif to encourage him to shun the nuclear weapon option. Japan urged Pakistan ‘to stop its nuclear development and tests, and to become party to the CTBT and the NPT, while calling on the international community to unite in addressing the situation of nuclear proliferation’.[82]
4.67 China strongly condemned and expressed shock at the nuclear tests. It argued that the Indian Government had undermined the international effort to ban nuclear tests in defiance of universal condemnation so as to obtain hegemony in South Asia and had triggered off a nuclear arms race in the region. China refuted outright India’s assertion that China posed a nuclear threat to India, arguing that: ‘this gratuitous accusation by India against China is solely for the purpose of finding an excuse for the development of its nuclear weapons’.[83]
United Kingdom
4.68 Mr Derek Fatchett, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, summoned the Indian High Commissioner to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to convey the Government’s shock and dismay at the Indian tests. The British High Commissioner was recalled from Delhi for consultation on how Britain and Europe could most effectively convey to India their fears for the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and for the stability of the South Asia region. The Foreign Secretary, Mr Robin Cook, told parliament that the tests undermined the efforts of the international community to prevent nuclear proliferation and that Britain would seek to co-ordinate its response with that of its major international partners at the next G-8 Summit Meeting to be held the following day. He also informed parliament that Britain was urging Pakistani leaders to show restraint ‘at what we acknowledge is a difficult time for them’.[84]
4.69 The Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia viewed the nuclear tests with alarm and concern and denounced the tests as unacceptable. It added that as a close friend of India, Russia regretted India’s actions but would not support sanctions against that country. The Foreign Ministry called on India to reverse its nuclear policy and to adhere to the Non Proliferation Treaty and the CTBT.[85]
4.70 Canada also promptly responded to the tests by expressing its deep concern and disappointment with India’s actions. It took a two-pronged approach in addressing the problem of both non-proliferation and of disarmament. It acknowledged the risk of India escaping significant real censure or even gaining nuclear-weapon state status. Mr Lloyd Axworthy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, stated: ‘any widespread endorsement of de facto or de jure recognition that the five nuclear-weapons States of the Non Proliferation Treaty can become six, or seven or eight, will inevitably lead to pressures for further expansion of this club’. He maintained that Canada’s actions in response to India’s tests were intended to demonstrate its unwillingness to accept such an outcome. Canada took the following steps:
4.71 In addressing disarmament, Mr Axworthy announced that Canada would continue to pursue its disarmament agenda with vigour. He conceded that little progress had been made in turning the bilateral START process into reality, pointing out that the Russian Duma had refused to consider early ratification of the START II agreement.
4.72 The Swedish Government expressed its deep dismay at the Indian tests and urged the Indian Government to refrain from any further testing. The Minister for Foreign Affairs called in the Indian Ambassador to make clear Sweden’s views. As a country strongly committed to nuclear disarmament, Sweden took the opportunity to express the view that the international community had ‘reached a point where new political force is needed in nuclear disarmament work.’ The Minister for Foreign Affairs drew attention to the Canberra Commission’s proposals and noted they should be considered in depth in international disarmament fora with a view to their early implementation. [87]
4.73 Germany condemned the tests and was one of the first countries to act against India by freezing fresh development aid to India and cancelling government talks with India on development policy.[88]
4.74 Although Indonesia did not condone India’s actions, it took a less condemnatory stand. It also turned the spotlight on the nuclear weapon states and their commitment to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ali Alatas, stated:
Indonesia fully acknowledges the sovereign right of states to determine their own security requirements and the means to ensure them, but as a non-nuclear weapon state, we are of the view that such a security policy should be implemented without recourse to nuclear arms.
It is undeniable, however, that the possession of these weapons by the five nuclear powers has conferred untenable privileges, incompatible with the sovereign equality of all states as enshrined in the UN Charter. As long as these are maintained, there will always be an incentive for the non-nuclear weapon states to acquire nuclear-weapon capability. Hence, we call on the nuclear weapon states to fully implement both the letter and the spirit of agreements relating to non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and on all states to refrain from developing these weapons and thereby facilitate the attainment of the ultimate goal of the elimination of all nuclear weapons. [89]
Saudi Arabia
4.75 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also expressed concern about India’s tests and called for the complete prohibition of the deployment of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. It urged all members of the international community to refrain from conducting tests, which ‘threaten all of mankind’.[90]
Sri Lanka
4.76 After a noticeable delay, Sri Lanka finally responded officially to the tests. It noted with deep concern the missile and nuclear testings that had taken place in the South Asian region over the past few months. As with Indonesia it wanted to broaden the context of the debate to include global disarmament. A statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs explained:
Sri Lanka believes that the entire international community should continue with efforts to achieve global disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons without which peace and international security will continue to be in constant jeopardy.[91]
4.77 Foreign Minister Kadirgamar stated that Sri Lanka was not opposed to anybody becoming a nuclear power and did not think the nuclear club should be closed to only five members but rather there was the need for total global nuclear disarmament. In turning to sanctions, he said ‘the application of sanctions includes a very judgemental decision, a sort of punishment. World affairs cannot be conducted on that basis because very few countries can afford to take a high moral ground on anything at all’. He added that the surrounding countries ‘hoped that the tensions can be contained in whatever way possible as between two mature countries.’[92]
UN Secretary-General
4.78 On 11 May, a spokesman on behalf of the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed deep regret that India had conducted three underground nuclear tests and called on all states for maximum restraint with a view to facilitating nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament.[93]
UN Security Council
4.79 Soon after India’s second set of tests, the President of the Security Council issued a statement which strongly deplored India’s actions. In part his statement read:
The Council strongly urges India to refrain from any further tests. It is of the view that such testing is contrary to the de facto moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and to global efforts towards nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament.
The Council also expressed its concern at the effects of this development on peace and stability in the region.[94]
Conference on Disarmament
4.80 The Conference on Disarmament resumed its 1998 session on 14 May amid a storm of global protest about the nuclear explosions. Over thirty countries took the floor to express their regret over India’s tests.
4.81 On 17 May, the leaders of the G-8 countries—the US, the UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia—agreed to a statement which condemned the nuclear tests. They expressed their grave concern about the increased risk of nuclear and missile proliferation in South Asia and elsewhere and urged India and other states in the region to refrain from further tests and the deployment of nuclear weapons or ballistic missiles. The G-8 leaders called upon India to rejoin the mainstream of international opinion; to adhere unconditionally to the NPT and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; and to enter into negotiations on a global treaty to stop the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.[95] The Group failed to take a collective stand on the imposition of sanctions and it was left to individual G8 members to decide what specific measures they would take.[96]
4.82 The reactions of individual countries and of countries which came together in international fora covered much common ground. Overwhelmingly, the international community expressed grave concern over the tests and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Many countries called on India to refrain from further tests, some went further urging it to adhere to the NPT and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Other countries looked to the broader problem of nuclear proliferation and wanted greater commitment from the nuclear weapons states and the international community as a whole toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons. The approach toward the imposition of economic sanctions varied from approval through to outright disapproval.
4.83 In turning to Pakistan, the international community was aware of the pressure on that nation to match India’s show of nuclear force. Some countries made direct representation to the Pakistani Government to dissuade the country from retaliating. Countries such as Canada offered the carrot of additional aid as an incentive for Pakistan to refrain from conducting nuclear tests. Others reminded Pakistanis of the heavy stick of economic sanctions that awaited them should they decide to explode their own nuclear weapons.
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What are stormtrooper armor made of?
View from inside a helmet in night-vision mode Stormtrooper helmets had a four-layer construction. The outer layer was made of plastoid composite armor, the next layer was an anti-blaster mesh, followed by magnetic shielding, and finally an inner insulator. Cellular padding helped prevent head injury.
Is stormtrooper armor bulletproof?
it even offers protection from the vacuum of space and can be attached to a breathing apparatus so you can breathe in space. It is bulletproof unless you get hit in the black body glove. There are variations than are camouflaged as well.
What are stormtroopers Armour made of?
Stormtrooper armor is made of a materiel known as plastoid. In universe it is commonly used in the creation of armor and other reinforced materiel. It is very strong, and quite durable. It was meant to stand up to most projectiles and shrapnel.
What is Plastoid?
Plastoid was a type of material used in the armor worn by Darth Vader, a Dark Lord of the Sith. … Stormtrooper armor was meant to be impervious to chemical warfare and had an air filter in the helmet and a built in oxygen tank, but it was vulnerable to direct blaster fire.
Why is stormtrooper armor so bad?
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Behind the scenes. Stormtrooper armor proving ineffectual against blaster fire in The Empire Strikes Back Stormtrooper armor as portrayed in the films is highly ineffective as combat protection and is generally hindering to the wearer. … This is because two different designs were used for the helmets in the film.
Why do Stormtroopers die so easily?
The Stormtroopers die very easily because the plot demands that our intrepid heroes always succeed against the enemy. When Stormtroopers are hit by blaster shots, they are flung backwards due to the kinetic force of the shots. Most of the time, the Stormtroopers don’t actually die, they are simply incapacitated.
Why are stormtroopers so bad at aiming?
In the old days of Episode II: Attack of the Clones, stormtroopers (or more accurately clone troopers, cloned from the mercenary Jango Fett) were in inexhaustible supply. … To conclude: stormtroopers are lazy and that’s why they can’t shoot straight. They just can’t be bothered.
Is stormtrooper armor better than clone?
Originally Answered: Is clone armor better than stormtrooper armor? Yes clone trooper armour is better than stormtrooper armour. clone trooper armour had more layers of plastoid which made it more durable than the stormtrooper arbor that was made of less layers of plastoid.
Do Stormtroopers get paid?
Stormtroopers are paid US$5.00 an hour, minus overtime. They spend most of their money at intergalactic strip-clubs and casinos. The well-behaved ones will spend their money at the gun range but even that does not help them improve their aiming skills.
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Is Mandalorian armor lightsaber proof?
Mandalorian armor is famous in the Star Wars universe. The armor plates themselves can withstand blaster shots, as we see in The Mandalorian, and can even protect the wearer from the glancing blow of a lightsaber — which can be seen in the Legacy of Mandalore episode of Star Wars: Rebels when Gar Saxon is disarmed.
Why do stormtroopers wear white?
Why do stormtroopers miss?
Why do Stormtroopers miss when firing their weapons? They miss because they are almost always shoot from the hip, and seldom aim down the sights like one is supposed to do when aiming a gun.
Why is Mandalorian armor so good?
Beskar, also known as Mandalorian iron, was an alloy used in Mandalorian armor, notable for its high tolerance to extreme forms of damage. The metal was durable enough to withstand a direct blaster shot and could repel lightsaber strikes.
Do Stormtroopers die or get knocked out?
While wearing it troopers can still be knocked out with one punch to the head and killed with one shot from at blaster. However when one takes a closer look the armor does have many uses. … The other stormtrooper fires and hits the other stormtrooper several times and carbon scoring is visible on the armor.
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What are the black stormtroopers called?
Imperial Death Troopers Elite Imperial soldiers, death troopers are encased in specialized stormtrooper armor with a dark, ominous gleam.
Are stormtroopers evil?
Regardless of the variation, stormtroopers are all bad guys and serve the Empire. Clone Troopers were first seen in Star Wars Episode II, as well as in Episode III. They are currently a major force in the Clone Wars Animated Series. … Clone Troopers range from the all white “grunt” to ARCs to ARFs.
Do lasers kill stormtroopers?
If the blaster beam hits an organic target, same thing – it leaves a hole on the impact point. However, every time a blaster beam hits a storm trooper, it only leaves a dirty smudge at most. No hole on the impact point. Yet, the storm trooper dies from 1 single shot.
Do blasters kill stormtroopers?
Imperial blasters are also more than capable of punching through stormtrooper armor. Common civilian blasters, however, are supposedly unable to kill an armored stormtrooper without multiple direct hits, however these weapons are conveniently not used much in the films.
Are Stormtroopers brainwashed?
Imperial Stormtroopers underwent political indoctrination much like many civilians in the Empire, and many of them were prepped for service as children by being sent to private academies run by Imperial officers before joining. However, they were not brainwashed like First Order Stormtroopers.
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Which of these is an example of a labor law?
How many types of labor laws are there?
What are the labor laws in the United States?
Wages and Hours
Why do labor laws exist?
Labor laws have a uniform purpose: they protect employees’ rights and set forth employers’ obligations and responsibilities. … The primary functions of labor laws are to provide equal opportunity and pay, employees’ physical and mental well-being and safety, and workplace diversity.
What is a Labour policy?
Labour policy includes policies concerned with relations between employers and employees and those concerned with the employment, training and distribution of workers in the LABOUR MARKET. … While professing neutrality in labour matters, government has often intervened without legal basis on behalf of employers.
What are three basic rights of workers?
What are the three main rights of workers?
• The right to know about health and safety matters.
• The right to participate in decisions that could affect their health and safety.
Is a law making body?
The lawmaking body of the Union Government is called the Parliament. In India, it is bicameral in nature. … The members of the Parliament are the representatives of the people who are elected directly in case of Lok Sabha and indirectly in case of Rajya Sabha.
What is an example of an unfair labor practice?
For example, a union would commit an unfair labor practice if it refused to process a grievance because an employee in the bargaining unit is not a union member. For another example, it would commit an unfair labor practice if it refused to negotiate in good faith.
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Is it worth it to sue your employer?
What responsibilities do employers have?
Employer Responsibilities
Why is it important to protect the rights of workers?
Employment laws were put in place to protect workers from wrongdoing by their employers. Without those statutes, workers would be vulnerable to a number of threats. The key employment laws include discrimination, minimum wage, and workplace safety and health laws, as well as workers’ compensation and child labor laws.
Can I sue my employer for unfair treatment?
Even if you do not have an employment contract in place, there may be other legal grounds for holding your employer accountable for unfair treatment. One of the most common areas of the law protecting employees from unfair treatment at work is in the area of employment discrimination.
What are the four Labour codes?
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What does the Labour party believe in?
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Color Contrast Explained
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Color contrast can be used in color photography to help a subject stand out, or alternatively, blend in, with a background. It's also important for black and white photography as an item that stands out due to a strong color contrast may disappear into the background in black and white.
In this article we'll look more at color contrast - how it can help or hinder, and how you can control it.
Color Contrast Explained
Why color contrast matters
In color photography color contrast is very important because a strong color contrast will make that part of the image jump out at the viewer. If you have a strong color contrast between your subject and the rest of the image, this is a good thing.
Example of a strong color contrast working well - an orange life ring mounted on a turquoise wall
CONTRASTS by Daniel Sjöström on Flickr (licensed CC-BY-SA)
While if you have a weak color contrast between your subject and the rest of the image, but some unimportant part of the background has a strong color contrast against the rest of the background, then this is a bad thing. The unimportant part of the background will attract the viewer's attention rather than the subject.
Of course, there other aspects that can also be used for putting the viewer's attention where you want it, such as tonal contrast as we discussed previously. But it's generally not a good idea just to rely on one technique for directing the viewer where to look in your image, but rather to use several techniques in harmony.
Color contrast (or rather, the lack of it) also needs to be kept in mind when photographing in black and white (or with the intent to perform a black and white conversion). For black and white photography you want to focus on tonal contrast, not color.
Image with gray background and three differently colored shapes, all the same brightness. The shapes are easily identifiable due to their color differences between each other and the background.
Although this image only contains a single tone, the shapes are easily identifiable due to their color differences between each other and the background.
Same as the previous image but with color removed the shapes are no longer visible as they all have the same brightness as each other and the background.
For black and white photography it can be very useful to preview the image on the camera's LCD. (Or use a camera with an Electronic Viewfinder that has a live preview mode). This shows the image as it will appear, with tonal contrast only.
However, color contrast can be converted into tonal contrast to a certain extent for black and white imagery when converting from an original color image. And we'll look at this later in the article.
Contrasting with Hue
Normally when we think of color contrast, we're thinking of (or looking at) two colors with very different hues, such as yellow and purple. Colors that are opposite on the color wheel, known as complementary colors contrast strongly against one another.
Color Contrast using hue - a red wall against a blue sky
Color Contrast by Simon Turkas on Flickr (licensed CC-BY-SA)
Whereas colors that are close together (such as red and orange) have very little color contrast.
Contrasting with saturation
The other way that colors can contrast with each other is in how saturated they are. A very strong green color can contrast with a drab pastel green, even if both are a similar hue and tone.
Image with mostly a single color (red) but contrast made through saturation
Selectively Seductive by dollen on Flickr (licensed CC-BY-ND)
The more saturated colors are, the more they will contrast with other colors. A strong green and strong red color contrast against each other much more than a weak pastel green and red.
Adjusting color contrast in camera
Generally, adjusting color contrast in camera is just a case of altering your framing to include or exclude parts with strong color contrast. If you have a movable subject (such as a person), then you can direct them on what colors to wear and what background to stand against.
With static subjects and scenes you're much more limited. The angle that you photograph from can have some effect. For example, shooting from a low angle you'll generally get much more of the sky behind the subject. Whereas shooting from a higher angle you'll get much more of the immediate background behind the subject.
For example, for an orange painted house on a sunny day you might want to use a low angle so the house will contrast strongly with the blue sky behind it. Whereas at sunset the sky will be more orange tinted, so instead you might use a higher angle so the color of the house contrasts with the surrounding area.
Of course, that's assuming you want a strong color contrast. Sometimes an image will be stronger using similar colors for the different elements, and some other form of contrast to attract the viewer's attention to the subject.
Artificial lighting can also be colored and used to create a color contrast. By lighting part of the image with colored light, that part can be made to stand out from the rest of the image.
Adjusting color contrast in post
Probably the easiest way of adjusting color contrast is using a Hue / Saturation adjustment. I'll be illustrating using Photoshop CC but GIMP allows adjustments in a very similar way. Adobe Camera RAW and Lightroom also allow adjustments through the HSL settings, but these are a bit more limited than what Photoshop and GIMP offer.
The Hue / Saturation tool allows you to select a range of colors that you want to adjust. By default the colors selected to be changed will be 'Master', which means apply the adjustment to all colors equally. However, we can change this to apply the adjustment to only a selected range of colors.
Selecting range of colors to adjust in Photoshop
Selecting range of colors to adjust in the Hue / Saturation adjustment in Photoshop
Hue / Saturation tool in Photoshop with Reds selected for adjustment
Reds selected
In Photoshop, after selecting a color range to modify, you can further refine the color range using a small slider. The central area of the selection means the adjustment will be applied fully to the range of colors covered by this area. Clicking and dragging on this area allows you to change which colors will be affected.
Changing the range of hues that the adjustment will affect
Either side of this is a darker area and then a marker. The darker area indicates a gradual fade of the effect. So right next to the central area, the effect will be near 100%. But at the marker end of the dark gray area, it will almost 0%. This makes the transition of the effect much smoother and less noticeable than if it was affecting a certain group of hues at 100% and then all other hues weren't affected at all.
You can click and drag the end markers to enlarge this transition area, or to reduce it. You can also click and drag the lines between the central area and transition area to enlarge or reduce the central area where the effect is applied at 100%.
Image with Hue / Saturation adjutment to increase saturation of deep reds only
Here I've adjusted the range of hues to be affected to the reds only, to avoid affecting the orange brick wall
Using this technique you can adjust the saturation of different hues in your image to increase or decrease color contrast as wanted. For my example image I wanted to increase color contrast in the painted door, reduce color contrast of the greenery, and leave the rest of the image as-is.
Image before adjustments
Image before adjustments
Using a Hue Saturation adjustment this is perfectly possible without any masking needed at all.
Image with targeted Hue / Saturation adjustments to increase color contrast of the house's door while reducing color contrast in the rest of the image.
Image with Hue / Saturation adjustment
When trying to refine the selection of hues that a particular hue / saturation adjustment is altering, I find it helpful to set the saturation to a very high level. This makes it very easy to see what hues are being affected.
Increasing the saturation to check the yellow-green hues being affected
Increasing the saturation to check the yellow-green hues being affected
Converting to B&W
Most image editing software will offer a black and white conversion method that allows you to specify how colors map to tones. By default, color information is just discarded and the image desaturated. But by using the black and white conversion mode you can specify that some colors should be darkened, while other colors should be brightened.
Color image before B&W conversion
Color image before B&W conversion
Photo converted to black and white using a simple desaturation. Bands on the column that were clearly distinct in color now appear very similar as they have almost the same tone
Simple desaturation - the bands in the column are lost becuase although they were different colors, they were are very similar in brightness.
Photo converted to black and white with adjustments made to convert color contrast differences into tonal contrast differences
Manual B&W conversion with yellows converted to darker tones
This actually gives you more control over the image than just shooting straight to black and white would. If you want to darken the sky, you can pull down the cyans and blues. While if you want brighten grass, you can pull up the greens and yellows.
It's quite a simple process and the results can be much better than a simple desaturation.
Well, that wraps up this article on color contrast. I hope you found it helpful, and as always feel free to leave a comment below or contact me if you didn't understand anything, or just have a differing opinion on any of the points raised.
Written by Discover Digital Photography
October 30th, 2016 at 3:21 pm
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Category Archives: English to Latin Translation
What You Need To Know When Translating English To Latin
By May 16, 2022
Many individuals have difficulty learning the basics of a second language when it comes to Latin America. English is of course one of the most commonly used languages on earth. In many Latin American countries, English is considered as their official language. This means that if you want to learn the language, there are specific courses that are designed to teach the language. However, since Latin America is an English speaking country, it means that English can actually be quite challenging.
Even though the Spanish language is closely related to the English language, the rules and nuances of each language are very different. When it comes to Latin American English, it is crucial to remember that many words are pronounced differently. In order to properly translate the words, you will need to know what kind of sound you should be making in order to make the meaning of the sentence to be understood. With this in mind, it becomes necessary to have the correct knowledge of pronunciation in order to learn and translate correctly.
When it comes to the grammar of the Latin language, it is not as simple as it is in the English language. There are a number of exceptions that are often made. For example, it is not always correct to translate verbs such as “be”, “have” and “enyo” into the Spanish language. Instead, you need to use a conjunction such as “estar” or “sur”. Other words are also hard to translate correctly from English to Latin, because in many instances, you will find that the word that is being translated is not a real word in the language. This can cause some problems in your grammar and cause you to have a difficult time completing the project.
One of the best ways to learn what you need to know when translating English to Latin is to make sure that you understand the Latin language before attempting to do so. You must have some basic knowledge of the Latin language before you even attempt to study it. There are many ways that you can learn the language. The best way to learn the language, however, is to actually live the language for a period of time. This will enable you to learn better and more easily with a better understanding of it.
One of the first lessons that you should understand in order to translate correctly is the subject and object of the verb that you are translating. Latin has both singular and plural verbs, which makes it difficult for you to understand why you need to translate properly. It also makes it more difficult to translate back into English because you will have an easier time understanding the concept behind the sentence.
When learning what you need to know when translating from English to Latin, it is important to remember that you should only translate complete sentences. Translating sentences that have only part of the complete phrase is considered grammatically incorrect. This is why it is important to translate sentences in complete sentences. Translating parts of a sentence into a single sentence will be much easier to understand.
Next, you need to understand that there are many different ways to interpret the same word. Latin is widely spoken throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and other places. Because of this, it is not always necessary to translate words back into English. In Latin, it is often possible to learn how to interpret a word the way that you would want to interpret it. This will help you learn the language much faster.
Knowing what you need to know when translating English to Latin can help you become a better translator in the future. Learning how to translate correctly can increase your skill level. It will also make it easier to translate back into English. As you become more skilled, you will be able to translate more quickly.
Learn Latin And Experience Amazing Benefits
By December 13, 2021
Has Latin ever ceased to be popular? Well, no, but many people who use Latin as their foreign language have fallen into neglect. Latin might have died, but it is never dead. But, individuals who are interested in learning Latin will discover that it’s not extinct after all.
Latin has been deader than the rabies. But, even so, there are still many individuals who can see its usefulness. Above all, learning and using Latin will help you understand other languages, particularly Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese. You’ll also gain an in-depth appreciation for vocabulary in these other languages. This is because Latin has borrowed words from several other tongues, which enables you to expand your vocabulary.
If you have long been interested in Latin, you might have begun by reading Romans and peonies books. These works will certainly be helpful to you in studying Latin, but they lack something. A true Latin text book will offer you a variety of words and phrases, complete with translations. This allows you to gain the most from your studies.
One word of advice: Don’t limit your learning of Latin to literary works. It is also useful to read classical pieces. For example, Aeschylus, Euripides, and Othello are excellent choices to start with. However, it is best to start studying Latin from authors that spoke the language. Latin is mentioned earlier in this article, so it should be obvious that it is necessary to learn both the Latin and the Greek languages if you wish to read classical works from the Latin language.
One thing that many students forget while studying Latin is the importance of logic. Latin is written in Latin alphabets, which means that there must be a sequence of letters, each of which connects one concept to the next. For this reason, Latin is considered to be a very logical language. Students should expect to create their own meaning from the words that they study, which means that they need to develop a good logical thinking skill. This will greatly improve your chances of developing a successful career as a teacher of Latin.
Another one of the many benefits of studying Latin is that it will greatly improve your communication skills. Grammar is difficult for English speakers, and it is important to remember this. In Latin, however, there are no such grammatical words. Instead, all nouns and verbs are spelled exactly the same way, which makes for easier understanding, and it also enables you to use more than one word to express the same idea.
Finally, another of the many benefits of Latin is that Latin has some great numbers of words that can be used to describe a number of different topics. For example, Latin is a great language for finding the definition of human rights, law, and political systems. Furthermore, Latin has words that can be used to describe the concepts of love, friendship, hate, and jealousy. Therefore, Latin is a language that can be used in a variety of settings.
As you can see, there are a number of reasons why a person would want to learn Latin. You may well want to communicate with Latin speakers on a daily basis. You may even be required to write Latin documents every day. Regardless of your reasons, however, Latin is an excellent language to learn, and you should certainly consider giving it a try. The Latin language has been spoken for thousands of years, and there’s no doubt that you’ll soon reap its benefits.
There are several ways to approach the problem of learning Latin. If you’re at all bilingual, you’re probably familiar with some approach that will work for you. For example, one approach is to learn a small group of Latin words each day. If you can manage that, it won’t take long before you begin to notice improvements in your vocabulary and in your verbal skills. On the other hand, if you’re at a loss for words to translate, you should probably try to learn basic Latin language vocabulary first.
One of the biggest benefits of learning Latin, though, is that you’ll start to understand Latin vocabulary words in a whole new way. Rather than translating an English word into Latin, for example, you’ll start to see how the two languages are related and how they’re constructed. You’ll also understand the differences between standard verbs and irregular ones, how pronouns work, and how body parts in the sentences above are structured.
All of these developments will be a great step towards improving your understanding of how language works. This improvement is particularly important if you’re planning to do any traveling through Latin America or Spain. The experience of Latin America, and especially Spanish, will make your trip a memorable one, but it’s always a better experience to know how to speak another language. In particular, knowing how to speak Latin vocabulary will make you a more appealing candidate when job searching in these fields. Knowing a little bit about Latin America and its rich history will help put your skills to the test when applying for jobs.
Classical Latin Alphabet: Things You Didn’t Know
By September 13, 2021
Are you interested in learning Classical Latin Alphabet? Do you want to know more about the Latin alphabet and all that it entails? Do you want to know about how Latin came into being? You will be able to learn this, and much more, when you choose to study the Latin language.
First of all, you should realize that Latin is one of the most important languages in the whole world. It is not just a language that people use to say things–it is also a culture and an art form. This is because Latin has many words that go along with nouns and verbs that are used in a way that cannot be fully explained in English. In other words, Latin can be used like an extremely complex language, which may not be easy for English speakers to learn.
This means that when you are learning Latin American words, it may not always be the easiest thing for you to understand. This is especially true if you have never had experience studying any kind of Latin before. On top of that, some words may be unfamiliar or hard to pronounce for you, which can make things complicated. This is why it is so important that you choose a program that focuses on Latin American culture and language if you hope to learn a lot of Latin American slang and other forms of specialized language.
Classical Latin, which is the language of classical Greek, Romans, and Egyptians, has four genders and also has irregular verbs. While Latin is an irregular language, it also has one of the most well-known theories of grammar in the world: the theory of complementarism. This theory states that there can only be one person, thing, or idea in any sentence. Because Latin has a lot of irregularities, this makes learning Latin a difficult task.
One problem with Latin is that it does not have a single written form, like English. There are a variety of ways to write Latin words and many different ways to read Latin word translations. This makes the learning Latin that much more difficult. If you do decide to take a course in Latin American Studies, you will definitely need to learn a lot of vocabulary because this is where most of the language is learned.
In order to be able to speak Spanish in a conversational sense, you need to learn the basics of how to speak Latin. To do this, you can take a course in a language school or you can use an online course that will teach you many basic words and phrases in Latin. Learning Latin this way will allow you to practice your speaking skills on the fly while getting an overview of the many ways to say many Latin words. This is also a great way to learn Latin if you plan to visit Latin America or South America in the future. You will be able to communicate with many people, including the locals.
You may also want to look for a Latin American newspaper in your area that is bilingual. These newspapers cater to a predominantly Latino audience so they usually publish stories in both English and Spanish. This is a great way to learn how to speak the Latin language, even if you only see news articles on the news. Many Latin American restaurants offer a menu in both English and Spanish. If you have friends or family that live in Latin America, they may be able to give you some tips about local restaurants that are not only good but quite popular among Latin Americans.
Although Latin American and the classical dialects of Spanish have separated for a while, there are still some differences between the two. It is important to remember that these are only small differences that will not have a profound effect on everyday conversation. But learning a few words or phrases in either language will help open your mind to the beautiful Latin American culture and language.
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How Work Flexibility Could Improve Mental And Physical Health In Night Owls
According to U.S. News & World Report, researchers believe people who naturally tend to go to sleep later at night could benefit from more flexible work schedules outside the typical 9 to 5 timeframe. A 2018 study published in Current Psychiatry Reports aligns with this idea as it shows that the standard work schedule can negatively impact the mental and physical health of evening chronotypes.
The Sleep Foundation defines chronotype as "the natural inclination of your body to sleep at a certain time." And according to Purple, there are 4 chronotypes. Lions go to sleep at 10 p.m., wake up at 6 a.m, and are most productive between 8 a.m. and noon. Bears go to sleep at 11 p.m., wake up at 7 a.m., and are more productive between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Dolphins go to sleep at 11:30 p.m., wake up at 6:30 a.m., and are most productive between 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Lastly, wolves go to sleep around midnight, wake up at 7:30 a.m., and are most productive between 5 p.m. and midnight.
Psychology Today says about 15 to 20% of adults are lions, 50% are bears, 15 to 20% are wolves, and 10% are dolphins. Wolves are most likely to have their well-being boosted by a flexible work schedule. A 2022 study in Sleep shows a correlation between evening types and work and found them more likely to experience a myriad of health issues, including mental and financial suffering, in comparison to other chronotypes.
Being a night owl is more complicated than you think
Kelly Baron, an associate professor at the University of Utah who studies sleep health, told U.S. News & World Report that it's more difficult for late risers to perform well because a traditional schedule just doesn't work for them. Baron noted that one of the primary reasons why people use sick days is simply because of poor sleep habits. By allowing people to work when they're more alert, employees will be more productive.
Just because you're a night owl (or a wolf chronotype), doesn't mean you have unhealthy sleep habits. The Sleep Foundation said that someone's chronotype has no bearing on their circadian rhythm, which can be trained by adhering to a schedule, nor is it connected to how many hours of sleep you get at night. In fact, a 2016 study in Nature Communications found that your chronotype is more about genetics, which is why just going to bed earlier isn't necessarily the solution. Being forced to comply with what society deems a normal schedule can cause advanced or delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, an issue The Sleep Foundation says happens when your internal clock and sleeping time are disrupted.
Still, some experts question if prioritizing individual schedules over community schedules is really what's best. Stijn Massar, a senior research fellow at the National University of Singapore, says sleep is one of life's greatest mysteries and at this point it's all still speculative (per U.S. News & World Report).
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Predatory Pricing
The selling of key products at a loss to win market share, primarily by forcing competitors out of business. Some law and economics and Chicago School economists and legal scholars assert that predatory pricing is economically irrational and thus either does not exist or should not be a concern of competition and antitrust law; others respond that this is a fallacy somewhat like saying that since playing roulette or other games of chance is a broadly a losing proposition, such gambling therefore does not exist and neither do casinos, and anyway, since roulette players ultimately lose, why regulate gambling? Predatory pricing if demonstrated, may violate competition law, but it can be a difficult case to prove. In some sectors though, various governments prohibit below cost selling—e.g., ‘loss leaders.’
Generally predatory pricing is a more difficult claim to make under US antitrust law than under EU Competition law. This is because the European Court of Justice has, most notably in the AkzoFrance Telecom/Wanadoo, and Compagnie maritime belge cases held that predatory pricing had taken place and set two tests for predatory pricing, which are summarised in Tetra Pak II:
“[T]his Court did indeed sanction the existence of two different methods of analysis for determining whether an undertaking has practiced predatory pricing. First, prices below average variable costs must always be considered abusive. In such a case, there is no conceivable economic purpose other than the elimination of a competitor, since each item produced and sold entails a loss for the undertaking. Secondly, prices below average total costs but above average variable costs are only to be considered abusive if an intention to eliminate can be shown”
By contrast the US Supreme Court in Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., set a very high bar for proving predatory pricing. Since this 1993 decision, US courts have if anything become more conservative, especially in antitrust law, and consequently a predatory pricing claim would be much harder to win. See Discipline Pricing.
Related Terms
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Princess Diana
Good Essays
Princess Diana Frances Spencer was a remarkable leader throughout her lifetime, even after she passed away, she managed to impact the lives of people in a positive manner.
It all first started off on July 1st of 1961 near Sandringham, England when Diana was born. Her parents were Edward John Spencer (father) and Frances Ruth Burke Roche (mother). Her eldest siblings were Sarah and Jane and her younger brother was Charles. A year before Diana was born, her brother named John, unfortunately died at birth. At the age of 6, Diana’s parents divorced and she went into the custody of her father along with her siblings. Then, they moved to Althorpe, near Northampton and proceeded to live there for the rest of her childhood. She claimed to have had
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As stated by Former President Bill Clinton, "In 1987, when so many still believed that AIDS could be contracted through casual contact, Princess Diana sat on the sickbed of a man with AIDS and held his hand. She showed the world that people with AIDS deserve no isolation, but compassion and kindness. It helped change world opinion, and gave hope to people with AIDS with an outcome of saved lives of people at risk,” which proves that Diana had managed to change the way people view other people. This was and still is an important asset to society, so it is amazing how she managed to change the way people react around others with such conditions. Diana managed to create a relationship between the Royal British Family and the people within their kingdom that had not been done before by interacting with many different people and acting with them as though they had been friends for a long…show more content…
After her death, Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was founded. This is a funding system that provides palliative care, penal reform, asylum care and addresses other issues. In Diana’s rememberance, a collection of her most memorable moments had earned a public demonstration at the Kensington Palace. Princess Diana’s life influenced a musical in her honor called, “Diana,” which displayed an over-dramatic production that leads to the day of her wedding in 1981. Unfortunately, Diana passed away before she could admire the impact she left on the world. Her memory still lives within those who she has helped through her activities when she was alive and the charities that are still up and going in her name up until this
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September 19, 2021 Comment off
List at least two significant sources for support for each topic as needed.
Have a personal connection to your life.Being a citizen or a student is not enough of a connection.You want to be able to use/show your connection in your paper.
Be a civic concern.Annoying customers or customers who don’t tip – not a civic concern.Wanting handicapped access for customers is a civic concern.Writing about a problem with your major, not a civic concern.Writing about a problem relevant to all the school students may be a civic concern.
Must be a current issue.
Be an issue about which reasonable people have differing opinions.
Have a reasonable solution.The school needs more parking spaces is a valid point.But unless you do research and can explain where those spaces would be, where the funding would come from, and why the solution hasn’t already been tried, then it’s unlikely to be persuasive.
Have a narrow focus.Healthcare, Education, Banking regulations are all important and far too large for this short paper.Find a specific issue within the issue if the overall topic is large.
Some Op-Ed Assignment topics students have written well about in the past included:
A nutrition major arguing for more healthy food options on campus
A child development major arguing for continuity of care for preschool children
A call for an on-campus coffee kiosk to carry free trade coffee.
A lifeguard writing about beach safety
A gerontology major writing to the about funding to prevent elderabuse
A nursing student writing about the dangers of hospital personnel wearing scrubs outside of the hospital.
A student who volunteered with a homeless services organization, arguing for the benefits of volunteering.
A student who volunteers at an animal shelter arguing for adopting pets
Student coaches arguing (in different papers) for safer equipment or standards for youth sports
Topics based on something you have studied in class are excellent.This is how op-eds get written in the “real” world.Just remember, a paper you have written for a course in your major is a specific audience.It’s important to recognize how different the style is, and you are likely to need to educate your readers.
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18 Beautiful Korean Words Without an English Translation
By OptiLingo • 7 minute read
beautiful korean words
Language provides a window into the soul of a culture. Sadly, not everything translates. There are often ideas, feelings, or situations that are unique to a specific language and untranslatable. Rather than come up with an English version of them, we simply adapt those words into our language as they are. This list of 18 beautiful Korean words without an English translation will help illustrate how unique the language is.
Remember: these aren’t just pretty Korean words and expressions. They provide an unfiltered insight into Korean culture. And if you want to speak like a local, then you’ll want to familiarize yourself with them. Dropping them casually (and correctly) into a conversation will go a long way to illustrate how fluent you are.
1. Han (한)
“Han” is a mutual feeling of sorrow, and injustice is a notion that is mostly considered unique to Korea. It’s a cultural phenomenon from the extensive history of attacks and civil wars from other countries in the country. The Los Angeles Times also defines them as “a notion as amorphous as love or hate: deeply personal but collectively passed around, a national torch, and a symbol of pain balanced by a sense of resilience.”
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2. Hyo (효)
“Hyo” related to Korean cultural concepts of devotion. It denotes the intense sense of duty and responsibility that children must always pay to their parents. Even if it means making significant sacrifices in the children’s life. “Hyoja (효자)” stands for devoted son, and “Hyonyeo (효녀)” is a devoted daughter.
3. Noon-chi (눈치)
This term defines the art of being in touch with other people’s feelings, ideas, and emotions to engage and respond to a situation correctly. Anyone who has strong “noon-chi” can read the body language or voice tone of other people to understand their true feelings. A person who has this skill is “눈치가 빠르다 (noonchiga bbaleuda).
beautiful korean words
4. Jeong (정)
While “Han” defines the unique form of Korean misery and victimization, “Jeong” is the original and unique form of social ties. Sometimes it translates as “harmony” or “unity.” So much so that Koreans often find it difficult to define. “Jeong” refers to the psychological and emotional ties that bind Korean society. It permeates all steps in the process, analyzing the landscape to varying degrees of “woo-ri” (us versus them).
5. Dab-jeong-neo (답정너 )
“Dab-jeong-neo (답정너)” is an abbreviation of “Dapun jeonghaejeo itgo neonun daedamman hamyeon dwae (답은 정해져 있고 너는 대답만 하면 돼)”, which means the answer is already determined, and you just need to give that answer. “Dab-jeong-neo” implies a circumstance in which someone asks a query, but they have already decided an answer before hearing the reply. For example, if a wife asks her husband about her appearance, then the husband may think himself in a “dab-jeong-neo” situation.
6. Dab-dab-hae (답답해)
While “dab-dab-hae” has several different meanings, including “airless” or “suffocating,” it is frequently used metaphorically to describe the physical sensation of suffocation triggered by agitation. It is the inability to speak or act more freely in a situation. For example, someone who’s trapped in “sseom-ta-d”a (defined later in the article) may experience “dab-dab-hae”. It is a concept that is often used in Korean dramas. When you’re dealing with language learning anxiety, there are some simple tricks to avoid “dab-dab-hae”.
7. Eom-chin-a (엄친아 )
Korean mothers are stereotypically competitive and sometimes compare their children to their friends’ children. “Eom-chin-a” simply means “the son of a friend of your mom.” “Eom-chin-a” used to describe someone better and more talented than you are. However, today this word means something much different. “Eom-chin-a” describes a type of a guy who came from a decent family, never caused any troubles. He went to a good school, and now has a successful career.
8. Sseom-ta-da (썸타다)
You know the awkward stage of dating, where you’ve seen each other casually, but you haven’t formed a relationship yet? It’s the scenario that the Koreans call “sseom-ta-da”. Many believe that “sseom-ta-da” came from the English word “something.” It means that “sseom” is going on now. And it will ta-da or “go along” until something more serious happens.
beautiful korean words
9. Ttee-dong-kab (띠동갑)
The Chinese Zodiac is on a twelve-year cycle. Every year in the period, a specific animal symbol defines the year. Each animal has certain features, and it assumes that someone born in that year has the same traits and attributes. The word “tee-dong-kab” refers to the two individuals who share the same Chinese zodiac sign. For instance, someone would be the Chinese year of the dragon if he or she was born in the year 2000. Kpop idols G-Dragon and Nickhyun are “ttee-dong-kab” because they share the same birth year.
10. Nae-soong (내숭)
This word defines someone who is not real. A fake person. It often uses to refer a woman who behaves timidly or naively around others – people, more specifically man. When he’s not present, she returns to her usual self.
11. Nunchiga ppareuda (눈치가 빠르다)
“Nunchiga ppareuda (눈치가 빠르다)” means observant. The term defines someone who can comprehend that something is happening to someone (e.g., friends or family). It’s one of the many beautiful Korean words without a translation. For example, you have dinner with your parents, and you immediately feel something is up with them. Perhaps they argued. You can’t say they’ve fought for sure, but you can feel it.
12. Aegyo (애교)
“Aegyo (애교)” is someone who acts adorably to seem sweet and attractive. Women are generally using this practice, and so are many Korean men. It’s a big cultural trend in Korea right now.
13. Ondol (온돌)
The literal meaning of “ondol” is heated rock. (Actually, it’s underfloor heating). It describes the process of direct heat transfer from burning wood to heat the surface of a thick stone floor. “Ondolbadak” is an alternate term of “ondol”. For example, Koreans used to use “ondol” and were able to stay warm during the winter.
14. Nunchiga eopda (눈치가 없다)
“Nunchiga eopda (눈치가 없다)” means clueless. Somebody who can’t read the air, or slow to understand a situation. An example of that is the following situation. You’ve met your buddy while you’re walking with your girlfriend. You want him to go now, so you’ve given him hints that he should go. However, he’s so oblivious that you ended up having dinner together.
15. Eoieopda (어이없다 )
“Eoieopda (어이없다 )” implies unbelievable. The definition varies slightly depending on the scenario. It could also mean “What the heck,” “I can’t believe it,” and “beyond common sense.” For example, You’re about to get out of work, and then your supervisor comes and brings more reports to work. You may say to yourself “Eoieopda (어이없다 )”.
beautiful korean words
16. Hyodo (효도)
“Hyodo” is one of the most beautiful Korean words in the Korean language. It refers to dedicating yourself to your parents by taking good care of them until they die. For instance, anything that you do to give your parents love or gratitude is “hyodo”. For example, if you use your savings to take your parents on an overseas trip, that’s a duty-filial trip.
17. Gaeideuk (개이득)
To translate these untranslated Korean words into English, consider this following. “Gae (개)” means a dog, and “ideuk (이득)” means a reward or profit. Young people in Korea use “gae” to imply that it was a great deal.
18. Dapdapada (답답하다)
“Dapdapada (답답하다)” means feeling frustrated. You can use this expression when a situation does not go as planned. For example, you’ve just hired a new intern, and she’s just completed training. It’s been a couple of months, and though you’ve attempted to explain a few things to her, she still makes a lot of mistakes. You may say “dapdapada”, in this situation.
Learn Korean for More Beautiful Words
If you want to truly experience how beautiful Korean can be, you need to learn more than just these words. There’s a whole world of different mindsets and perceptions out there. Reach Korean fluency easily with OptiLingo.
This mobile app is convenient and extremely effective. By showing you high-frequency words and phrases, you’ll see how the locals speak. And you’re guaranteed to remember your lessons with OptiLingo. Download the app today to discover how much fun learning Korean can be!
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Why Does My Dog Eat Poop?
Why Does My Dog Eat Poop-petsourcing
It is not uncommon for dogs to eat their own stool or that of other animals. This behavior is called coprophagia, and it can be reversed. When you see your dog eating poop, you should first check with your veterinarian to rule out potential health issues, then develop a plan to safely correct the behavior.
Sometimes our canine friends exhibit strange behaviors that leave us puzzled. One such behavior your dog may exhibit is eating their own poop, or what’s known as coprophagia. While this appears repulsive to us, it is not an uncommon behavior in dogs. The good news is that, with a little care and training, you can teach your dog to stop eating their poop.
What is coprophagia, and how common is it?
The act of eating feces is known as coprophagia and, according to a 2012 study by Dr. Benjamin Hart, approximately one in four dogs has eaten their own poop at least once. Sometimes dogs will even eat fecal matter from other animals, including different species.
When are dogs most likely to eat their own waste?
Dogs can experience coprophagia at any age. However, puppies may be more inclined to eat their own poop as they experiment with their surroundings. Usually, puppies may grow out of this habit without any outside behavior modification.
Why do dogs eat poop?
The concept of coprophagia can be difficult for humans to understand, but it may be part of a dog’s natural instincts, a behavior inherited from their ancestors. In the past, wild canines may have ingested their own feces as an antidote to starvation or to keep their rest areas clean and free from intestinal parasites found in fecal matter.
Additionally, dogs may eat their own stool as a stress behavior or in response to adverse living conditions. The following situations may cause your dog to eat their own poop:
Isolation: Keeping a dog in isolation or restricted to small spaces for long periods of time.
Anxiety: Some dogs may eat their own poop after eliminating as a way to “get rid of the evidence” if they experience harsh punishment during housetraining.
The bathroom is by their food bowl: If your dog’s food is near where it defecates, it may not be able to tell the difference between the two substances.
A lack of attention: Some dogs may eat their own poop to get a reaction from their owners. Overreacting to this behavior can worsen the problem as it gives dogs the satisfaction of eliciting a reaction.
Coprophagia may also be a sign of a nutritional deficiency. If your dog is not getting the nutrients they need from food, they might eat their own poop in an attempt to satisfy their body’s needs. Underlying health issues may also cause dogs to exhibit this behavior, so it’s important to have your dog examined by a vet to determine the root cause.
What happens when my dog eats poop?
Eating their own poop can be harmless to dogs, although there is a chance they may be ingesting parasites found in the fecal matter. The likelihood of this increases if your dog is eating poop from other dogs or animal species.
What should I do if my dog is eating poop?
• Visit Your Veterinarian
The first thing any dog owner should do at the first sign of coprophagia is make an appointment with a veterinarian. Fecal matter can contain disease-causing parasites, which may make your dog sick when ingested. Some parasites can even transfer diseases to humans, so for the safety and health of the entire household it is important to have your dog and their stool examined.
• Consider Dietary Adjustments
If your dog’s nutritional needs aren’t being met, your veterinarian might recommend changes to their dog food formula. Additionally, dogs may suffer from conditions such as digestive enzyme deficiency, which decreases their ability to absorb nutrients from food. If this is the case, your vet might prescribe supplements to be given along with your dog’s food. Always consult with your veterinarian before making any changes to your dog’s diet.
• Modify Behavior and Environment
If your local veterinarian determines your dog is healthy, coprophagia can often be stopped with behavioral training or eliminating environmental stimuli that can cause a dog to eat feces. First, make sure your dog has ample and separate space to move, play, rest, eat and relieve themselves. Maintain a clean and orderly environment that will not cause your dog undue stress.
Also limit access to feces. If your dog is used to eating its poop after eliminating, distract them once they have done their business and pick up the excrement right away. You may also need to move your cat’s litter box, as well as monitor your dog closely on walks if they make a habit of eating the stool of other animals.
Work with your dog on commands such as “no,” or “leave it,” or “come.” Use these commands after your dog relieves themselves to train them to leave the stool alone. Teaching your dog to come to you for a small treat after it poops without eating the stool can help reinforce the positive behavior.
Finally, it is important to remember that dog behaviors differ from human behavior, and it is not wise to overreact to your dog eating their own poop. Talk with your veterinarian to make sure your dog is healthy, and then work together to develop a plan that can help you correct your dog’s behavior safely.
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14th February is the feast of St. Valentine, who refused to renounce his Christianity and was executed outside the Flaminian Gate in Rome on this day in 269. Whoever he was, Valentine did really exist, because archaeologists have unearthed a Roman catacomb and an ancient church dedicated to St. Valentine. He is the patron of Epileptics & Bee Keepers. It is also the feast of St Cyril (d.869) and St Methodius (d.885), who carried the Gospel into the Slavic countries and invented the Cyrillic script to write a translation of liturgical books for Slavic peoples.
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Portuguese individuals
Usage within the United States
In the following years Portugal’s financial system progressed considerably as a result of EEC/EU structural and cohesion funds and Portuguese companies’ easier entry to international markets. This period was characterized by social turmoil and energy disputes between left- and proper-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence phrases by Portuguese head representatives for abroad negotiations, which might create impartial states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal’s African territories (principally from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique). On February 1, 1908, King Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir obvious and his eldest son, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were assassinated in Lisbon in the Terreiro do Paço by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça.
Famous Portuguese in World History
portuguese women
The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Baha’i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many individuals, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine.
Brazil: Average age of the inhabitants from 1950 to 2050 (median age in years)
This decline was hastened by the independence of Brazil, the country’s largest colonial possession. War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal’s oldest ally, England, and the lack of Hormuz, a strategic buying and selling publish positioned between Iran and Oman.
Portugal has the best mortality fee for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp improve for the reason that 1980s. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated from Galician-Portuguese; an extinct language that was spoken in what’s now Galicia and Northern Portugal regions.
Magellan by no means made it again to Europe as he was murdered by natives in the Philippines in 1521. Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Muscat and Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca, now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce within the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors got down portuguese women to reach Eastern Asia by crusing eastward from Europe, landing in such locations as Taiwan, Japan, the island of Timor, and within the Moluccas. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death.
This article is throughout the scope of WikiProject Portugal, a collaborative effort to enhance the coverage of Portugal on Wikipedia. RTP is the Portuguese public television community and in addition serves as a automobile for European-Portuguese-offering media content material all through the world. There is a branch of RTP Internacional named RTP África, which serves Lusophone Africa. The Galician language, spoken in the Autonomous Community of Galicia in Spain, may be very carefully related to Portuguese. Black Portuguese citizens are descendants or migrants issuing from the former Portuguese African colonies, (Angola, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and Mozambique), even if residual numbers originate in other Sub-Saharan African nations.
Pedro Alvares Cabral – The first European explorer to set foot in South America (in today’s Brazil). In the United States most Portuguese settled in the states of Massachusetts, California, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. The majority of the Portuguese population in the United States is from the Azores islands, as are the Portuguese who settled in Canada. The Portuguese (primarily those in rural areas) are a deeply superstitious individuals whose formal Catholicism is profoundly intertwined with pre-Christian beliefs.
Portuguese folks around the globe
An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal because the country’s African possessions gained independence in 1975. Native Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and so they type 95% of the whole inhabitants, whose ancestry is very similar to Spaniards and have sturdy ties with fellow Atlantic Arc international locations like Ireland, British Isles, France and Belgium due to maritime commerce dated way back to the Bronze Age. These maritime contacts and the prevalence of R1b haplogroup as the main genetical marker of those nations counsel a common ancestry and cultural proximity. The most necessary demographic affect in the fashionable Portuguese appears to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent round forty five,000 years ago.
In areas corresponding to Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese type the biggest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 7% and three% respectively. The British capital London is house to the biggest variety of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in the boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster. The Portuguese diaspora communities still are very connected to their language, their tradition and their nationwide dishes and particularly the bacalhau. People from the previous colonies, notably Brazil, Portuguese Africa, Macau (China), Portuguese India and East Timor, have been migrating to Portugal for the reason that 1900s. A nice number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the third biggest ethnic minority) and Russians, in addition to Moldovans and Romanians, keep migrating to Portugal.
portuguese women
At 24 July 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected against discrimination traits. On 31 May 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and the eighth country in the world to legally acknowledge similar-sex marriage on the nationwide degree. Same-sex adoption has been allowed since 1 March 2016 as is female identical-sex couple access to medically assisted replica since 13 May 2016. This invoice was adopted by the Parliament and signed by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. As of January 2017 the New Law of Gender Identity, simplified the authorized process of gender and identify change for transgender individuals, making it simpler for minors to alter their intercourse marker in legal paperwork.
It is believed by some scholars that early within the first millennium BC, a number of waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming completely different tribes. Another theory means that Celts inhabited Western Iberia / Portugal properly before any massive Celtic migrations from Central Europe. In addition, a variety of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have offered compelling evidence that the Tartessian language, as soon as spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is a minimum of proto-Celtic in construction. Modern archeology and analysis exhibits a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere.
In athletics, the Portuguese have won a variety of gold, silver and bronze medals within the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. Cycling, with Volta a Portugal being the most important race, can also be a preferred sports activities event and embody skilled cycling groups corresponding to Sporting CP, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira and União Ciclista da Maia. Joaquim Agostinho completed on the podium in 1978 and 1979 Tour de France, and 1974 Vuelta a España.
Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative venture that made Portugal amongst one of the first nations on the planet to ascertain a motorway (this roadway ultimately became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). Iberian bilateral state-supported analysis efforts embody the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of each Portugal and Spain. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal is among the high 20 most-visited nations on the planet, receiving an average of 20,000,000 international vacationers each year. Portugal is a big European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe’s main copper producers.
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Genital Herpes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Stages, Treatment & Home Remedies
Genital Herpes
Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a type of sexually transmitted infection which is quite common and the underlying cause is the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Open sexual contact is the main way that the virus spreads from one person to another. After the initial contact with the infection, the virus stays dormant in the body and can reactivate many times in one year. Genital herpes can affect both men and women who make sexual contacts with carriers of HSV or the people having genital herpes. Genital herpes can lead to itching, sores, and pain in the genital area but a person may have no symptoms of genital herpes. In addition, a person can spread the infection even if they are not having any visible sores due to genital herpes. [1]
Although there is no cure for genital herpes but certain medications can help in relieving the symptoms and also decrease the risk of spreading the infection to others. Condoms can very helpful in preventing the transmission of a genital herpes infection. The sexually transmitted infection of genital herpes can result in herpetic sores sometimes, which are painful fluid-filled blisters that can ooze fluid and break open on picking. Almost 16 percent of people between the ages of 14 to 49 years old suffer from genital herpes infection. The main routes or ways of genital herpes causing virus to spread is through anal, oral, and vaginal sex. Sexual health clinics can provide a better treatment for genital herpes patients than a physician. Moreover, women with HIV might suffer from severe herpes outbreaks that last longer than normal.
The symptoms of genital herpes might clear up on their own but recurrence is quite common in the condition of sexually transmitted infections. According to the statistics, around one in every five women in the age group of 14 to 50 years old have the infection of genital herpes and in case of men one in every 10 men suffer from the infection. Medications and preventive measures can help in avoiding the outbreaks and lowering the risk of spread to others. Genital herpes is more common among women than men and the reason behind is that a woman’s body puts her at more risk of getting the infection than a man. Small tear in the tissues of vagina can make it easier to get the virus for genital herpes.
Genital herpes is also much more common among women of African-American ethnicity. One in every two African-American woman between the ages of 14 to 49 years suffers from the HSV-2 infection that leads to genital herpes. Just like other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), genital herpes spreads through skin-to-skin contact. The symptoms of genital herpes might come and got but the virus stays dormant inside your body even after the disappearing of all the symptoms of genital herpes. The outbreaks usually happen in people when the virus becomes active but with time the outbreaks become less severe and occur less often. Experts are still looking for the reason behind the periodic activation of virus in some people which causes genital herpes outbreaks.
1Genital Herpes Symptoms (Man and woman)
Genital Herpes Symptoms (Man and woman)
Genital Herpes Symptoms (Man and woman)
The initial symptom of genital herpes that you are likely to observe is the swelling of the skin on the genital areas which might itch or burn. The symptoms often occur within one or two weeks after getting in contact with the infected person. As the genital herpes episode advances, ulcers and blisters start developing. However, when the symptoms start to subside, the ulcers turn into scans which then disappear gradually. [2]
Typical symptoms of genital herpes that appear during the early stages include the following:
Itching or burning sensation in the genital area
In the starting stages of genital herpes outbreak, a person might experience a burning, itching, or tingling sensation on his or her genitals. As the symptoms progresses, the blisters form and they cause cessation of itching sensation. The blisters start to become painful rather than tingling. Genital herpes is different for every person. The symptoms may come again on off and on basis for several years. Some people suffer from numerous episodes every year. For many years, the outbreaks are less recurrent as time passes. During a recurrence of genital herpes outbreak, shortly before the appearance of sores you might feel pain in lower back, legs, and buttock. However, recurrences are typically less painful than the original outbreak as the sores generally heal more rapidly.
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Visiting professor holds lecture on ecosystem services
Dr. Antonette Beroya-Eitner explains the connection between social and ecological processes in lecture on ecosystem services on 23 March 2017.
Dr. Mary Antonette Beroya-Eitner, a specialist in ecosystem services, urban resilience, green infrastructure, and low-impact development (LID), presented the results of her postdoctoral research on the ecosystem services of an urban park in Tokyo, Japan and its role in uplifting the well-being and quality of life of urban citizens.
Eitner explained that the concept of ecosystem services connects human and nature, and social and ecological systems. She said, “Ecosystem services are the benefits derived from ecosystem processes and functions that directly or indirectly contribute to human well-being.”
The lecture forum examined the interconnectedness among ecosystem services, and sustainable development goal (SDG) 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, and SDG 1: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
The lecture-forum is part of CIFAL Philippines’ sustainable development dialogue series, which aims to rasie awareness on the SDGs while discussing specific development issues. The lecture forum is designed for stakeholders in local and national government, civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-government organizations (NGOs), the private sector, and the academe. Participants are expected to learn the importance of social ecology in drafting plans and programs for sustainable cities and understand how socio-ecological factors impact sustainable development, particularly individual well-being.
See the full presentation below:
0_Beroya-Eitner_Ecosystem Services, Well being and quality of life-min
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COVID-19 and cybersecurity: What’s the connection?
What do COVID-19 and cybersecurity have in common? In a series of podcasts, security experts discuss how the two sectors affect one another and what can be done to ensure the safety and security of individuals or groups in Europe.
At first glance, the COVID-19 pandemic and cybersecurity might seem like totally diverse, unrelated areas. However, the overall effects caused by either a pandemic or a cyberattack overlap in the way they affect people, including the feeling of fear and the need to protect oneself and others, as well as loss of health, wealth and privacy. The EU-funded SPARTA project recently launched a special three-part podcast series that explores how COVID-19 and cybersecurity influence one another and the challenges involved in ensuring the safety and security of all concerned.
Unlikely partners
“[W]e’ve been curating data, we’ve been also providing free of charge advice to labs or drugstores for them to properly secure their computers and their information systems because there has been a huge surge [in] cyber criminality during the whole COVID pandemic,” comments Rayna Stamboliyska, Vice-President of Governance and Public Affairs at project partner Yes We Hack in episode 1. Yes We Hack is a network of over 15 000 ethical hackers from around the world who look for vulnerabilities in the cybersystems of organisations and make recommendations on how to fix them. The network has been quite active in auditing security and developing COVID-19-related contact tracing software. Regarding StopCovid, an app that alerts people to the proximity of users who test positive, Stamboliyska points out that there are legitimate concerns about whether the General Data Protection Regulation is being respected with regard to the data protection and privacy of European citizens. “We’ve been fortunate enough and we’re working with a generation of people who have been fortunate enough that you know a pandemic at least in the Western world is something that we hadn’t experienced in a while,” comments SPARTA coordinator Florent Kirchner in episode 2. Lockdown and social distancing have made it necessary for people to communicate in the digital rather than the physical space. A large part of the work in SPARTA has focused on improving and developing tools that can simulate face-to-face interactions in cyberspace safely and securely. This undertaking has proved particularly challenging when addressing more creative modes of communication such as brainstorming.
COVID-19 and cybersecurity join forces
“There is no normal anymore and the faster we can understand and assimilate and adapt to this statement then the better off we will be. So we’ll need to adapt to this and we’ll need to figure out how those creative endeavours such as brainstorming sessions can happen either remotely or in a place where we can ensure the safety of everyone effectively,” stresses Kirchner in episode 3. There are more systems, more data and more assets online due to the pandemic that make cyberattacks more profitable since an investment may yield much higher returns nowadays. Kirchner concludes by highlighting the need to safeguard European values and continue the work that is required to ensure safety and security. “[W]e’ve seen how much the values of the European Union are a beacon throughout the world in situations where it’s easy to attack science, to attack society, to attack inclusiveness, to attack diversity.” The ongoing SPARTA (Strategic programs for advanced research and technology in Europe) aims at rethinking the way cybersecurity research is performed in Europe across domains and expertise in academia and industry. For more information, please see: SPARTA project website
SPARTA, pandemic, COVID-19, cybersecurity, cyberattack
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This chapter is about a letter written by a young lady; whose father was victim of this terror attack.
Q(01) Where was the writer’s father when the terrorist attack took place? Who was with him?
Ans: The writer’s father was at the Indian restaurant on the first floor of the Oberoi hotel when the terrorist attack took place. His two best friends were with him .They were having dinner together.
Q(02) How did the writer’s father save himself? What were the qualities that helped him to protect?
Ans: The terrorist rounded up the hostages and made them to climb the service staircase, the eighteenth floor. On reaching the eighteenth floor landing ,they made the people line up against the wall then they opened fire on the people simultaneously . Her father was at the center of the line and body as soon as the firing began . He protected himself out of reflex or his presence of mind .
Q(03)What did the writer’s father and other survivors do to keep themselves alive till help arrived?
Ans: When the terrorist left the landing after setting up explosive , the lady’s father along with the three other survivors, climbed up the rest of the stairwell and discovered a large HVAC Plant room in which they decided to take shelter . They spent the rest of seige hiding in that room trying to get the attention of the world outside by waving a makeshift flag out of the window .They drank sips of dirty water from the Air conditioning unit to survive.
READ : Confessions of a Humorist Question Answer for Class 8 English Literature
Q(04) The terrorists attacked people at every level .Explain this line in the context of the eventful day.?
Ans: When terrorist attacked people they do not discriminate among them.They killed young kids and even the pregnant woman .They killed middle class workers at the railway station , elite in the hotels, tourist and kids in a cafe and sick and dying in the hospitals.They killed Indians, Americans, Britans and several other nationalities .Men, women, children, policeman,fireman and doctors etc were also killed.
Q(05)Q(05) What are the ideas behind every terror attack that the writer can recognise ? Do you agree with the writer’s views? Justify your answer. ………
Ans: The ideas behind every terror attack is the hatred anger and desperation of the terrorists and the cold-blooded targeted ruthlessness of these who sent them .They respect nothing but their own twisted beliefs to achieve them .They have declared war on every other way of life. Yes , I agree with the writer’s views.
Q(06) Why does the writer want to thank the readers? How have the readers helped the writer ? .
Ans: Writer wants to thank the reader for the incredible concern and support that the readers have shown for the Mumbai victims when the whole of Mumbai was under terrorist attack. The reader helped the writer through their concern sympathy and prayers for the people of Mumbai who were under attack.
Reference to the context –
(1) They communicated to each other by tough as they were too afraid to make a sound.
READ : In the Bazaars of Hyderabad Question Answer for class 8 , 9, 10 English Literature
Q(a) Who does ‘they’ refer to??
Ans: Here ‘they’ referred to the survivors who survived from the mass murder of the terrorist at the eighteenth floor of the Oberoi hotel.
Q(b) Why were they afraid to make a ?
Ans: They were afraid to make a sound because a small sound in the room might bring back the terrorist would find that there were survivors , they would show no mercy and killed them.
Q(c).What had happened to them ?
Ans: The terrorist rounded up all the people of the Oberoi hotel and took them to the eighteenth floor landing. They made the people line up against the wall and opened fire on the people simultaneously.
(2)This was systematic, cold-blooded,slaughter.
Q(a) What is being described here?
Ans: Here the writer describes a series of synchronized terror attack at various places in Mumbai.
Q(b) Why does the writer say so?
Ans: The writer said so because terrorist attack people at every level. They did not show mercy to the children and the old.They killed middle-class workers , elite ,tourists and kids .They stormed three hospitals and killed the sick and dying .They did not discriminate among the different nationalities.They killed men, wonen , children, policeman, firemen , doctors.
(3) Over the next week….I hope the rest of the world does too.
Q(a) What is the writer talking about in these lines?
Ans: The writer is talking about the terrorist attack in Mumbai and the victims those who are killed .Writer wants everyone to pray for the souls of the ******.She also request everyone to help the victims who survived .She wants us to help them to come back to their normal life.
READ : The Ballad of Father Gilligan English Literature for Class 8
Q(b) Why does the writer want the world to do the same ?
Ans: Writers want world to do the same because terrorism is not a problem in any particular country . It is now a global war and people of every country are fighting to combat terrorism . So, it should be a joint fight and we should help one another to solve this global problem.
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What is a Stowaway?
The Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965, as amended, (The FAL Convention), defines a stowaway as "A person who is secreted on a ship, or in cargo which is subsequently loaded on the ship, without the consent of the shipowner or the Master or any other responsible person and who is detected on board the ship after it has departed from a port, or in the cargo while unloading it in the port of arrival, and is reported as a stowaway by the master to the appropriate authorities".
stowaway 3
An Ever-Present Problem
A stowaway is a person who hides on a vessel or other mode of transport to gain transit somewhere without paying. Often they are people hoping to make a better life for themselves away from their country of origin.
Stowaways are an ever-present problem for the shipping industry, in particular to those trading off the coast of West Africa, in Central America, Colombia, Venezuela and in the Dominican Republic.
In addition to vessels’ trade patterns, the problem of stowaways is closely linked to vessel, cargo type, and the level of security training and awareness of the crew.
Learn more about our West Africa services
Stowaway Statistics
Stowaway cases were increasing steadily prior to 2004. Following the introduction of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in 2004 there has been a drop in the number of reported stowaway cases. The trend, however, seems to be that the numbers are again on the increase.
Number of incidents
Number of stowaways
Total cost (US$ million)
Cost/incident (US$ thousand)
Cost/stowaway (US$ thousand)
Table 1 presents the data on the number of incidents, the number of stowaways and the total cost of incidents net of deductible, and also calculates average data on cost per incident, cost per stowaway and the number of stowaways per incident.
Whilst the number of incidents has nearly halved during the 11-year period from 2007 to 2017, the number of stowaways has decreased by less than this because the number of stowaways per incident has increased by nearly 50%, from 2.3 per incident in the 2007 policy year to 3.3 per incident in 2017.
What Vessels attract the most stowaways?
The majority of stowaways are found on board bulk, container and general cargo vessels. Car carriers are also over-represented in stowaway data compared to other vessel types.
How much can a stowaway cost to repatriate and who pays?
The costs involved in looking after and repatriating stowaways can be substantial. The repatriation of stowaways is difficult and generally involves moving reluctant people across several continents.
In 2002 the average cost to ship insurers of each stowaway case was approximately USD 7,000. By 2008 this figure had increased significantly, to just over USD 18,000 (excluding the applicable deductibles paid by the Member). If more than one stowaway gains access to the vessel, the costs have been known to escalate to in excess of USD 100,000, because repatriation is usually only permitted with two security guards escorting each stowaway.
nave andromeda infographic
In October 2020, during a transit of the English Channel, the Nave Andromeda found itself at the forefront of international news when seven stowaways on board began threatening crew. The vessel was stormed by British special forces who resolved the incident within 8 minutes, before handing the stowaways over to Hampshire Police. In the following days it emerged that a few days prior to the incident, European ports had refused to receive the stowaways. Attempts by the ship’s Greek captain to disembark the stowaways in the Canary Islands on October 15th and in Saint Nazaire on October 20th were both refused by the Spanish and French authorities.
How can I stay up to date?
So what is the stowaway guidance for a Ship’s Master?
We’ve put together this brief guide to outline the best practices for Master’s and their crews when dealing with stowaways. This guidance offers practical advice and outlines the legal responsibilities of a crew and its Master on discovering stowaways on board.
In an ideal world shipowners and Masters identify the presence of stowaways before a ship leaves port or prevents them from boarding the vessel in the first place. However, most stowaways are only discovered once a vessel has sailed and this then triggers a catalogue of time-consuming negotiations with clubs, agents and authorities. The cost alone from disruptions to the ship’s schedule can be considerable.
There are a number of preventive measures the Master and crew can take before the ship enters port, during the stay in port and after departure.
One of the most important first steps a Master can take is to conduct a thorough risk and port assessment to prevent stowaways from boarding.
How do stowaway’s board a vessel?
Stowaway’s want to remain undetected so they’ll chose the places which are rarely inspected by the ship’s crew. They also come equipped with enough food and water to last them for the duration of the transit.
They can also access vessels by:
• Bribes. Although ports are restricted areas under the ISPS code (Meredyth write copy for this to link to) stowaways can pay bribes to port workers or crew to gain access to the jetty.
• False identification. Stowaways can access the ship as stevedores or using faked supplier documentation before hiding in the ship.
Containers. Stowaways can get inside shipping containers before they are loaded and create false walls within them to evade detection, these can stretch from side to side and from top to bottom. The false wall will be painted in colours that match the rear wall of the container.
• Rudder. Stowaways can jump into the water before climbing up the stern part or rudder of the ship.
What geographical regions are most at risk of stowaway boarding?
There are certain geographical areas which generally are high risk. These include all of Africa, parts of Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and the Dominican Republic. These areas will probably continue to be high-risk for the near future. Masters and crew should be particularly vigilant and focus on measures to prevent stowaways when calling at ports in these areas.
The Master should always be aware of regional hot spots for stowaways and put in place measures to prevent stowaways gaining access to the ship when operating in high risk areas. Their reasons for stowing away may vary, e.g. political, economic, criminal or adventure seeking and it is therefore difficult to accurately predict which ports are considered particularly high risk at any given time.
However, a thorough port risk assessment can provide extensive risk intelligence and contextual analysis to allow informed decision making.
Stowaway geographical location CHART 1
Chart 1 shows the total number of stowaways by nationality for the policy years commencing 20 February 2007, 2011, 2014 and 2017 for those nationalities which have been amongst the ten countries with the highest number of stowaways in any of those four policy years.
*Many stowaways migrate to other countries before boarding vessels, e.g. on the west coast of Africa, Nigerian and Ghanaian stowaways often leave their homelands before boarding vessels.
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1. Home page /
2. Discover Benissa /
3. Environmental sustainability /
4. Learn while having fun on the nature...
Learn while having fun on the nature trail
Discover what awaits you on the various trails
If you feel like learning more about our coastline, here is a more detailed look at three routes:
Informational panels from “Nature trail 1”
1. The king of our coastlineCat’s head rockrose, a living fossil in the shape of a yellow flower
2. The people of Benissa and their environmentNature as a source of sustainable exploitation
3. Coastal weathering and the formation of Bassetes coveHow our coastal landscape was shaped
4. Adaptations to survive. The main features of our flora and fauna
5. Protected areas near BenissaThe Bèrnia mountain range and Calpe rock, veritable living jewels
6. The Mediterranean, our seaLearn more about the virtues and features of the Mare Nostrum that provides so much to us
7. Nature trail, Les BassetesDiscover how our nature trail was created
Informational panels from “Nature trail 2”
1. Discover your environment. Some history and the main points of interest you can discover
2. Benissa coastlineFactoids with interesting information on what you can encounter along the way
3. Some historyPopular traditions related to the sea, watchtowers, Neptune Grass and the origins of the sand at La Fustera…
4. The queen of our seabedNeptune Grass prairies throughout the four seasons
5. Cosatal geo-morphologyHow the traces of time have carved out our coastline
6. Cliffs as an ecosystemThe flora and fauna that can be found in these jagged vertical rocks
7. Rocky seabeds. The characteristic coastal platforms of Cala Pinets and their rich biodiversity
8. Coastal dynamics. The influence of the waves and tides on the formation of the beaches and the three areas in Cala Pinets
Informational panels from “Nature trail 3”
1. Cala LlobellaHow the cove was shaped and the origins of its name
2. Coastal pine grovesMediterranean coastal forests as refuges for biodiversity
3. Underwater trails6 scuba diving trails and some of the species you may encounter
4. Advocat nature trail. How this informational and conservation-oriented nature trail was born
5. The Cliffs. Interesting facts on the formation of l’Advocat Cove and its cliffs, as well as the species that inhabit them
6. Bio-markersThe environmental health of our coastal ecosystem through species such as lichens, Neptune Grass, fan mussels or Madrepora corals
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Merisier Ice Tea recette
Surprising Health Benefits of Maple Syrup
Do all of you have a sweet tooth? Then it's inevitable that you don't know about maple syrup. Natural maple syrup can be considered one of the best naturally made sweeteners available, and we do not have many things that are as sweet and natural as maple syrup.
Maple syrup is usually derived from the xylem sap of sugar maple and red/black maple trees. These trees usually grow in cold climates, and they are known to store starch in their roots and trunks before winter arrives.
Maple syrup is usually produced in some areas of North America, some parts of Canada, the East Coast, and the Midwest. It is one of the most popular and highly used sweeteners in the states. It is used as a condiment for famous cuisines like waffles, porridge, oatmeal, and pancakes.
History of Maple Syrup
We are the not only ones who love the lip-smacking taste of maple syrup. The first humans known to produce maple syrup were the indigenous people of northeastern North America hundreds of years ago, and these native Americans also made maple sugar.
These people first collected this syrup and then introduced it to the early settlers of Europe. The Europeans then figured out ways to improve the quality through specific methods.
Although we have no authenticated evidence of how its consumption and production began, different legends tell different stories about it.
Some say that the maple sap was used instead of water to cook a dish for some chief. Some believe that these indigenous tribes developed certain rituals about sugar-making. They celebrated festivals like "Sugar -Moon" with a maple dance.
How is Maple Syrup Made?
So, now you will be thinking about how is this delicious syrup made? Of course, we know!!
With certain advancements in technology, the manufacturing process of maple syrup has undergone a few changes over the years. The core or the primary function of extracting and making maple syrup is almost the same as centuries ago.
The process involves these steps.
• A hole is made in the maple tree to extract the sap into a container.
• The sap is then boiled till most of the water is evaporated. This leaves us with a thick, sugary syrup.
• This thick syrup is then processed using advanced technologies to remove the impurities.
And that's it. Mouthwatering maple syrup is ready.
These maple trees are usually tapped between 30 to 40 years of age. Generally, close to one and three taps are made into trees depending upon the size of the trunk. On average, a maple tree produces around 35 to 50 liters of sap every season.
Maple Syrup Nutrition Information
Of course, all of us know how delicious maple syrup tastes. But what about the nutritional information? It is one of the sweetest naturally available substances we have, and we should not be surprised that it is a high-calorie food.
On average, 100 grams of maple syrup contains 66 grams of sugar. Let us find out what else this has:
• Per 100 Gm of Serving - Maple Syrup
• Energy (calories) - 252
• Fat (gm) - Zero
• Sodium (mg) -12
• Carbs(gm) - 66
• Protein (gm) - Zero
• Potassium(mg) - 200
• Calcium (mg) - 70
• Magnesium (mg) - 20
• Phenolic compounds(mg) - 1
Health Benefits of Maple Syrup :
As we can see, maple syrup is rich in natural minerals like Potassium, Carbs, and Calcium. Let us discuss some of the surprising health benefits of maple syrup.
Rich in Antioxidants
Natural maple syrup contains around twenty-four antioxidants. Also, it has different other compounds that help in promoting overall health. Maple syrup includes elements like benzoic acid, which is vital for healthy skin), and it contains gallic acid, which helps prevent gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neuropsychological disorders.
Besides this, the amber-brown colored liquid also contains powerful flavonols. These include catechin, which helps in cell damage; epicatechin, which helps in reducing blood glucose levels; and rutin, which comes in handy in preventing blood clots and high cholesterol.
Boosts Energy Levels
Pure and natural maple syrup is a phenomenal energy source, in case you are low. The sweet syrup aids the body in producing fatty acids—this helps boost the body's energy reserves.
Maple syrup is a rich source of manganese, a trace mineral and vital in energy production inside the body. So, next time you feel down on energy, don't forget to take a tablespoon of maple syrup.
Boosts your Libido
Natural maple syrup is wonderfully rich in zinc too. Zinc is an exceptional mineral and plays a vital role in men's reproductive health. Also, it helps to prevent prostate enlargement.
When combined with manganese, this rich amount of zinc becomes an essential contributor to the sexual health of both men and women, and it helps in the production of sex hormones for both genders.
Skincare Benefits
Naturally-made maple syrup is potent enough to get relief from inflammation, redness, pimples, and blemishes on your skin. Just like honey, specific varieties of maple syrup can also be applied directly to your skin.
Mix some maple syrup with raw milk, put some rolled oats into it, and add some raw honey. You have a soothing and natural skin mask ready to cure bacterial inflammation and prevent irritation.
Low Score on Glycemic Index
The glycemic index of naturally made maple syrup is around fifty-four, and when compared with refined white sugar, it is tremendously low. This lower glycemic index score shows that your body metabolizes pure maple syrup at a significantly lower rate in the liver than other available sweeteners.
This means that using good-quality maple syrup will not spike your blood sugar levels. Also, it helps in keeping you satiated for more extended periods, and it also doesn't cause a lower insulin response when consumed in the long run.
May Help Against Cancer
Using sugar for a long time can cause cancer or contribute to it. But maple syrup is a comparatively less harmful sweetener.
This is possible because maple syrup is rich in antioxidants. This means that having maple syrup will protect your body cells against any DNA mutation or damage.
Using white maple syrup alone would not directly lower the cancer risk. But it is a much safer option for incorporating high levels of refined sugar into your diet.
So, the next time you want to use any artificial sweetener or refined sugar in your diet, please consider having fresh maple syrup instead.
Provides essential Vitamins and Minerals
Healthy Maple Syrup
Maple syrup has high contents of zinc and manganese. Also, it is rich in essential nutrients like potassium and calcium.
Zinc helps build immunity and fight illness by keeping your white blood cell level up. Manganese is vital for carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body.
Potassium helps regulate fluid balance, nerve signals, and water retention in the body. Also, it reduces blood pressure. Calcium is necessary for the good teeth and bone health of the body.
So, the next time you have maple syrup. Feel good, and remember that you give your body the nutrients it needs.
Anti-inflammatory Properties
Maple syrup contains polyphenol and hence prevents inflammatory diseases. You can keep at bay the ailments like inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and other cardiovascular disorders, by including maple syrup in your diet.
The plant-based compounds found in maple syrup help in reducing oxidative stress. This stress is responsible for aging us faster, and it weakens our immune system.
That is why it is recommended to make maple syrup part of your healthy diet, especially if you are suffering from or are prone to any of these disorders.
Is Maple Syrup a better alternative to sugar?
A big question that arises in our minds daily is substituting sugar with maple syrup. Of all the sweeteners available today, maple syrup contains the most nutrients. Also, it becomes even healthier due to its low glycemic index score than sugar.
As Maple syrup tends to be sweeter than table sugar, you would also tend to use it a bit less than your regular table sugar. But as with everything, moderation is the key here.
All in all, we can say that maple syrup is a better alternative to table sugar because of its minerals and nutrients. But it is still high in sugar, and all sugar in your body is converted into glucose before going into the blood.
So, using maple syrup in high quantities is not recommended, but you can substitute it for refined sugar to do some damage control.
How to identify real maple syrup?
The market is replete with companies that are selling fake maple syrups. So, how can you identify the real maple syrup? Don't worry; we have it sorted for you.
A significant thing to consider while buying original maple syrup is the cost. Natural maple sap is not cheap and requires effort, processing, and precision to make.
Fake maple syrups are available in the market with a price tag of around $4 for a small bottle. At the same time, real maple syrup will cost you no less than $8 for a twelve-and-a-half-ounce bottle. So, don't fall into the trap of buying cheap and fake maple syrup for the price.
Another important thing is the appearance and texture of the maple syrup. The real maple syrup comes in a variety of colors, like amber or golden, while fake ones come in only one hue.
Also, the texture of real maple syrup is much thinner than that of fake maple syrups.
So, keep these things in mind to buy the original maple syrup, and don't waste your money on fake products.
5 Best Recipes that can be made using Maple Syrup
We all know the mouthwatering taste, flavor, and smell of pure maple syrup. Here is a list of some lip-smacking dishes that can be made using it.
• French toast stuffed with fruits & Maple Syrup
• Pancakes with a topping of maple syrup and cinnamon flavor
• Roast chicken breasts and maple syrup vinaigrette
• Sticky maple roots
• Granola baked with maple syrup
Make these recipes for a delicious and healthy eating experience.
Is it wrong to eat maple syrup every day?
Of course, maple syrup is a better alternative to table sugar that we frequently use in our daily lives. But it still has a very high sugar content. So, eating maple syrup in high quantities or every day is not recommended.
It has many health benefits and consists of many essential nutrients and minerals. But a high use of it can lead to high glucose levels in the body, which can cause severe damage to your mental and physical health.
Which is healthier, honey or maple syrup?
Honey and maple syrup have been a long debate among health-conscious people. Like maple syrup, honey is also high in antioxidants and other energy-enhancing minerals.
A single teaspoon of honey has 17.3 gms of sugar and 64 calories. At the same time, a single teaspoon of maple syrup contains 13.5 grams of sugar and 52 calories.
So, all in all, for keeping sugar content low and to have better energy levels, maple syrup is a better option.
Is Maple syrup a superfood?
Yes, pure maple syrup is a superfood, and the reason for this is that it is plant-based and delicious.
Of all the natural sweeteners available, it has the least sugar content and the highest value of nutrients and minerals.
It protects us from fatal diseases like cancer, improves sexual health, strengthens the bones, and has many other health benefits.
Scientists are researching more benefits that maple syrup may have. And for now, we can say that it indeed is a superfood.
Surprising Health Benefits of Maple Syrup
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What is Health, and Why is it Necessary?
Health, as defined by the World Health Organization, is “an optimal condition of total physical, mental and emotional well-being and not just the absence of illness and infirmity.” There has been a variety of different definitions used over the years for what constitutes health. For some, it is having strong healthy relationships, being financially stable, and having a sense of self-worth.
Other people consider health to be having the ability to experience joy in life, participate in activities that are meaningful, and having a sense of compassion and understanding for others. For many other people health simply means a balanced diet, regular exercise, having adequate sleep, and knowing and following a basic set of hygiene practices. When asked what good health is, many people will agree that it includes a balanced diet, a healthy body weight, and the prevention of serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.
Having these three things is essential to one’s mental and physical health, but not all people meet this minimum standard. Indeed, while most of us would gladly accept good health as something we strive for and work hard to achieve, there are a small percentage of people who are unhealthy, and that number increases every year. As a result, the question becomes “What is the best definition of health”, and what can you do to improve your health and prevent future diseases?”
The answer to this question can be difficult, but it is not impossible. The only way to get to a healthy lifestyle is to start with your own mind and your own body. You must learn to be aware of what you are putting into your body and be proactive about making sure that you consume foods that are good for you. This is the only way to develop a positive self-image and to start on the road to good health.
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Difference between share and stock price
Difference between Shares and Stocks | Shares vs Stocks Key Difference: Shares and stocks both are the units of ownership in public companies.However, they differ in a technical aspect. A company creates stocks when it fixes its capital in terms of monetary amount and then sells different proportions to the investors whereas if a company creates many shares of equal nominal value and sells different number of these shares to investor, it is
The key difference between share capital and share premium is that while share capital is the equity generated through the issue of shares at face value, share premium is the value received for shares that exceed the face value. CONTENTS. Overview and Key Difference; What is … Difference Between Class A & B Shares of Stock | Sapling.com Because of this, Class A and Class B shares in a company might entitle an investor to one vote and 10 votes per share, while shares in another company might entitle Class A stockholders to one vote per share and designate Class B shares as having no voting rights at all. Refer to the company stock prospectus to find this information. Video of How to Calculate Market Price Per Share
The Difference Between Share Price and Value. That’s how you get buyers and sellers trading ownership of a stock at the same price. The buyer thinks it’s undervalued and heading up, the
Aug 28, 2015 · For many investors, the terminologies “stock” and “shares” represent a claim on a company’s assets and liabilities. The difference between the two is not very clear for many people given that they are often used interchangeably, but in reality they are different. This article looks at the differences between a stock and a share. The Difference Between Stock Value And Stock Price ... May 08, 2018 · It's easy to assume that a company's stock value correlates with its price, but this isn't always the case. There's an important distinction between the two. When considering any … The Truth About Price Differences Between ADRs and Their ... Sep 25, 2000 · The Truth About Price Differences Between ADRs and Their Home Shares. ADRs trade at a premium to share prices in their home countries for more reasons than being overvalued.
29 Sep 2017 Bonus shares increase the number of shares in the market which changes the Earning Per Share or EPS. Difference Between Stock Splits and
Share options are more likely to be used in the UK, and stock options are in a few years time, you can have the option of buying some shares at a price we Definition: A stock is a general term used to describe the ownership certificates The difference is while the holder of the former has voting rights that can be exercised who could not buy the shares of that company before due to high prices. This comparison guide outlines the key differences between Stocks and Stock mimics share trading with the exception that in a contract for difference, you actually This is what we call the CFD stock market for trading, and it is definitely a Investing in shares online is one of the best ways to reach this goal. And the good news Have your friends ever talked about investments or the stock market, and you had no clue what any of it meant? What is the difference between them? A Bid is the price selected by a buyer to buy a stock, while the Offer is the price at which the seller is Can I sell issuer sponsored shares for a deceased party?
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Home > Free Essays > Literature > British Literature > Gothic Masculinity in the Wuthering Heights
Gothic Masculinity in the Wuthering Heights Research Paper
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Updated: Jun 24th, 2021
Masculinity is a term used to categorize human behave that uses a lot energy and force. Baker (164) explains that masculinity refers to the ‘manliness’ of a character. A female who exposes male qualities is identified as threatening to the society.
Masculinity may explain the character of the forceful male or the threatening female who bears the forces of a man. In the Wuthering Heights (Bronte E. 59), Heathcliff demonstrates masculinity when he was a child. He endures pain without crying or complaining. Ellen describes that “he gave little trouble when sick” (60). This was the source of admiration to Ellen for the despised boy.
Gothic is a category of art associated with creation of anxiety and shock. Heller associates Gothic with haunted old buildings, family lineages entrapped in curses, and supernatural powers among other things (Lonoff & Hasseler 68). Jane’s description about the abandoned boats forms part of Gothic portrayal (Bronte C. 8). Cottom discusses that the “institution of the family sets stage for creativity of the inhuman agencies” (1073).
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The narrator also expresses shock and anxiety that makes them unreliable (Lonoff & Hasseler 68). Gothic masculinity is a form of art that uses the male figure as a symbol of anxiety and shock. Cottom explains that the Gothic uses “manipulation of the thoughts, and images to the figure of a malignant demon” (1077).
Gothic masculinity uses a male character to overpower the malignant demon such as in the Wuthering Heights. From these phrases, Gothic masculinity may refer to the maleness of the figure or character that creates anxiety in a story. In Jane Eyre, masculinity is expressed through the threatening female character.
Female Gothic is associated with a female figure becoming the cause of anxiety (Lonoff & Hasseler 68). In the Wuthering Heights, Catherin’s childhood character is male Gothic because he behaves like a man. Her version of a ghost forms the female Gothic (Lonoff & Hasseler 67). Catherine represents the unexpected behavior of a girl or woman.
Seclusion as a necessity for masculinity
Seclusion refers to the separation of the main character from a comfortable place to another region where he hardens. On his return, the person demonstrates changes in opinion or form. Cottom (1069) explains that seclusion from the world is one of the characteristics of Gothic.
According to Cottom, it is “a trademark motif” (1069). In the Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is separated from his home for three years where nobody but himself knows how he survived. In his return, the narrator uses a transformation of his body to that of a ghost.
Lockwood narrates that “A ray fell on his features; the cheeks were sallow, and half covered with black whiskers; the brows lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular… What! I cried, uncertain whether to regard him as a worldly visitor” (Bronte E. 147).
Cottom (1069) explains that Gothic exposes an experience of uncertainty. The initial explanation of the narrator makes the reader expect a ghostly visitation. Lockwood’s experience with ghosts makes the expectation almost certain for the reader. The transformation may also be a symbol of the changes in the character’s mind.
Heathcliff was once separated from his home when he was a child. The first separation that hardened him. It made him a child who neither complains nor cries. He shares the same characteristic with Jane Eyre. Goddard explains that a child needs to be “separated from the mother to attain manhood” (26).
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In many societies, the mark may be physical such as circumcision in some African societies. In Heathcliffs’ case, the changes are psychological. The changes have made him a hardened boy and Jane a hardened girl. Complete separation results in complete masculinity.
Gothic masculinity also expresses the mystery of the male character to survive in difficult conditions. Baker argues that Gothic masculinity uses a “transgressive hero whose intellect and passion places him outside normative social and ethical bounds” (166).
The social and ethical bounds expect some form of femininity in a male figure. In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff expresses an excessive passion that drives him away from Wuthering Heights. The discovery of being despised by Catherine for a husband exposes his excessive passion.
His surviving under the big storm remains mysterious to the society. He was aware of what was going on in Wuthering Heights despite being hidden in another place. He knew that Catherin had got married to Edgar Linton. The others had never heard of him for three years (Bronte E. 150). Heathcliff appears to be more intelligent than the others.
His running away may be put into the Baker’s explanation that “excessive emotion and transgressive desire are controlled or expelled” (166). Heathcliff seems not to have controlled the excessive emotion but to have expelled it after the long seclusion.
The last part of Heathcliffs’ seclusion is when he dies and he is buried. Comparing the death scene of Mr. Earnshaw to that of Heathcliff, there is seclusion in the latter. While Mr. Earnshaw was surrounded by the children and workers, Heathcliff dies in an image where he still appears alive. He smiles exposing his teeth and lifts his hand as if resting (Bronte E. 536). The scene scares Ellen.
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The seclusion through death is necessary to release his image as a ghost that haunts the streets. He joins Catherin’s ghost to haunt the streets. This is evident from the boy crying in the streets because he has seen the ghostly couple.
He weeps that “There’s Heathcliff and a woman yonder, under t’ nab” (Bronte E. 538). One can say that Heathcliff’s ghost is bold enough to haunt the streets compared to Catherin’s which only haunted Wuthering Heights. The ghostly couple has more courage after being joined by Heathcliff.
Seclusion allows the secluded character to form images of his/her own and to disfigure objects into moving creatures. It can be seen at the boy taking care of sheep. It can also be seen on Ellen when he stares at Heathcliff, and Lockwood when he sleeps alone in a haunted room among other instances.
Seclusion intensifies anxiety and draws attention to the unexpected. In Jane Eyre, seclusion is associated with the Gothic images that Jane forms (Bronte C. 23). The ghosts may come from the vaults or the abandoned boats.
Male domination over female ghosts
Male domination is the main characteristic of Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights. Male characters are able to dominate over female ghosts. The dominant male characters in the Wuthering Heights are also able to control female and other male characters. The male dominance is seen in romantic love, economic power, and ghosts among other things.
Goddard argues that masculinity is attributed to “power relations in which the male is always dominant” (24). The dominance also appears as a perception of others. In Wuthering Heights, the perception of others is able to grant Heathcliff Gothic masculinity.
This is evident in Catherin’s perception on Heathcliff that “He is more of myself than I am” (Bronte E. 127). Catherine was recognized as the threatening female but she perceives Heathcliff to possess more of Gothic masculinity than herself. Goddard (37) argues that masculinity is expressed as an admiration of her deficiencies in what Heathcliff possesses.
In Wuthering Heights, men dominate over ghosts. When Lockwood was sleeping, he had an image of ghosts that made him scream. His screaming wakes all the others in the house. His image was able to harm that of Catherin. However, it was his pleading that made the ghost release his hand.
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Lockwood narrates that “I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down and soaked bedclothes, still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’ It maintained its tenacious gripe” (Bronte E. 39). From the description, it appeared that Lockwood had control over the ghost but from his screams the other people in the house thought he was being strangled.
The courage to fight back on ghosts portrays Gothic masculinity on Lockwood. Lockwood expresses his dominion by saying that “I shall not forget the effect my action produced” (Bronte 40). Unlike the others, Heathcliff was not moved by the screams and makes a joke about it.
Heathcliff says unsympathetically that “don’t repeat that horrid noise: nothing could excuse it, unless you were having your throat cut” (Bronte E. 41). Lockwood appears to be a victor over ghosts and Heathcliff appears so hardened that nothing can scare him. In this case, Heathcliff appears to be what Brownberger describes as “a man’s man” (15). It means he is superior to other men.
The Gothic may be portrayed as a dream but the anxiety it creates appears real. Cottom explains that “Rene Descartes’ ‘Meditations’ was the first Gothic novel” (1068). Meditations are images that are portrayed in a dream. It allows the author to use things considered irrational or unnatural without limits.
Another situation that exposes Gothic masculinity in Wuthering Heights is when Ellen finds Heathcliff exhuming the bodily remains of Catherin from her grave. Ellen is worried to say “You were very wicked, Mr Heathcliff! Were you not ashamed to disturb the dead?” On the other hand, Heathcliff replies that “I gave some ease to myself. I shall be a great deal more comfortable now.” (Bronte E. 462).
Heathcliff wants to get a clearer picture of the ghost that haunts him. It was unusual to pursue ghosts into their hiding places especially in the times when the book was written. Modern people may have seen many horror movies to gain courage for adventure. Heathcliff explains that he has “a strong faith in ghosts” (Bronte E. 462).
His courage surpasses the natural by claiming that he wishes he was buried with the body alive as he was found in her grave. It would appease him (Bronte 463). Heathcliff thinks about kicking ghosts (Bronte 464). It shows unnatural courage.
The reader is tantalized by the unexpected Heathcliff’s character upon the dead. Baker explains that “the original self does not exist instead a radically disrupted masculine subject” (167). Baker argues that the unusual character, who he calls the abject, “creates taboos and defends unitary subjectivity from plurality” (167).
Heathcliff’s unitary subjectivity is that he is supposed to see Catherin’s corpse to calm himself from the ghost that has been visiting him for 18 years (Bronte E. 463). Plurality requires that the dead should not be disturbed. He expresses lack of fear over ghosts. This is form of Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights.
Baker (168) argues that the abject can understand the ways of the unusual because he is one. Nelly narrates that he seems to be roaming outside at night like a vampire (Bronte 527). The abject character also uses reason to justify his actions. Heathcliff explains his disturbing actions rationally.
Baker (166) argues that Gothic masculinity combines rationality and madness. Heathcliff identity with the ghost is expressed when he asks Ellen that he may also lie next to Catherin’s remains because the cheek of her ghost touched his while he slept (Bronte E. 462). Baker (170) recognizes self-identity as a form of enlightenment to the abject. He uses Cartesian self-identity ‘I’.
This identity is supported by Qualls’ argument that Nelly Dean felt as if she was not among “a person of her own species” (Lonoff & Hasseler 57). Gothic masculinity is expressed through Heathcliff’s identity with the dead. Heathcliff expresses power over the dead.
Masculine dominance through economic power
Male dominance is also expressed through economic power. Gothic masculinity in the Wuthering Heights is linked to economic power. The transfer of wealth to a cuckold is Gothic. Brownberger (4) explains that cuckoldry was a condition that was dreaded in the 19th century. It that made Bronte to assign it to the Wuthering Heights.
Brownberger (4) argues that Heathcliff takes control of both the Wuthering Heights and the Thrushcross Grange in the same manner as a true cuckoo. The eviction of natural inhabitants is what makes Heathcliff’s possession of economic power Gothic masculinity. It was frightening to think of such an event in the age of cuckoldry. Bronte expressed a new form of plot by allowing a cuckold to play the role of dominance.
Heathcliff is given economic and intellectual dominance over true inhabitants of the land. Brownberger argues that Heathcliff’s “stoicism and self-sufficiency shows that he satisfies the ideal Victorian masculine role” (16). A cuckold was expected to be weak and inferior to the normal male person at the time.
Bronte created a character that surpassed the categorization of cuckolds in that period. She created an ideal male from one who is considered inferior. It is the creation of the ‘other’ that makes it Gothic masculinity (Goddard 37).
The male is recognized as the provider of family needs. Goddard (37) explains that by providing for the family, the man is perceived as masculine. Heathcliff’s ability to provide for all the others makes him appear masculine. Being a cuckold, his situation creates Gothic masculinity.
Goddard (24) argues that masculinity depends on what the society perceives. In Jane Eyre, her masculinity is an expression of her gained wealth (Bronte C. 99). A woman appears masculine if she dominates. Jane Eyre appears masculine through her role in society and achievements.
Male dominance is also expressed through force and cruelty in the Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff allows Catherine to snatch the keys from his hands but then he grabs her and slaps both of her cheeks with powerful blows. Catherine is confused and allows the keys to fall on the floor (Bronte E. 433).
Heathcliff shows physical dominion over the female character. Goddard claims that men may try to “assert their power by abusing female vulnerabilities” (28). The cruelty makes Nelly and the others to perceive him as a monster. The male is also portrayed as decisive over female indecisiveness.
Heathcliff claims that “I would not allow anyone to inconvenience me, if I could hinder it” (Bronte E. 3). Qualls argues that female characters have been used to express indecisiveness (Lonoff & Hasseler 54).
In the Wuthering Heights, male dominance is also expressed through romantic love. Men appear dominant in choosing and controlling their lovers. It is the case with Edgar Linton and Catherine. Catherine would like to choose Heathcliff but the ‘present’ conditions do not allow such a choice of degradation. Cottom (1067) argues that Gothic ruins perspective and sympathies.
When he takes his place to house Catherine after Edgar’s death, he appears to have won. When he dies, he appears with Catherin as ghosts. It goes against the common thought that cuckolds are soft. Brownberger argues that “a revenging cuckold was unheard of” (17).
Heathcliff is able to take Catherine after death. In Jane Eyre. Rochester has to pretend to be a woman to get to know the Jane’s feelings (Bronte C. 237). St. John’s description of Jane’s masculinity is that “she is not made for love” (Bronte C. 131). Romance and male dominance are linked through economic power as in the situation that makes Catherine choose Edgar instead of Heathcliff.
Gothic masculinity is expressed through the unexpected dominance of a character and through his/her extraordinary strength. The character challenges and overcomes the common oppressive setting to create his/her own where he/she is free to exaggerate her masculinity.
In the Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is portrayed as an extraordinary figure that emerges out of the despised. He wants to be buried without the attendance of the clergy. His unusual acts do not stop even after he has died.
Works Cited
Baker, Brian. Gothic Masculinities. New York: Routledge, 2007. Print.
Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.
Bronte, Emily 1847, Wuthering Heights. PDF file. 26 Apr. 2013. <>.
Brownberger, Danielle. The Gothic Monster and the Cuckold: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly in Wuthering Heights. n.d.
Cottom, Daniel. ‘I Think; Therefore, I am Heathcliff.’ ELH Journal. 70.4, (2003): 1067 -1088. Print.
Goddard, Kevin. “Looks Maketh the Man: the Female Gaze and the Construction of Masculinity.” Journal of Men’s Studies, 9.1, (2000): 23-39. Print.
Lonoff, Sue & Terri, Hasseler. Approaches to Teaching Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2006. Print.
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IvyPanda. (2021) 'Gothic Masculinity in the Wuthering Heights'. 24 June.
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Home > Free Essays > Literature > Gender in Literature > Women Struggling From Their Fate
Women Struggling From Their Fate Essay
Exclusively available on IvyPanda Available only on IvyPanda
Updated: Nov 13th, 2021
It is amazing to know how people perceive the world differently. People from various walks of life have different interpretation of daily experiences. This is so clear when discussing the issues that arise in stories by great authors. In this essay, we take a look at the perception towards women struggling to gain control over their fates as written by Kate Chopin, Merge Piercy and Gilman in their stories the Story of an Hour, Barbie Doll and Yellow Wallpaper respectively.
In the Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin presents an often unheard view about marriage. Chopin has tackled the issue of marriage and selfhood concept by portraying Mrs. Louise Mallard, as a strong woman. This happened due to her reaction when she is informed about the death of her husband in train accident.
The reader has a perception that Mrs. Louise would be greatly affected by the death of her husband when she learns it, but this is not the case. Instead Mrs. Louise Ironically feels a relieved when she receives the bad news. Her reaction probably shows that death does not necessarily cause grief to the close family members. One thing has to die for another to thrive as the death of Louise could have opened the door to a fresh new start of a life with so much freedom.
Kate Chopin seems to have a lot of things in common with her husband Louise Mallard who is also a major protagonist. They both lived during the period when women had very limited rights and privileged, prejudiced based on their gender. During this era women were required to be very submissive to their husbands. Their opinions were not regarded since women were meant to be seen, but not heard.
During those days, marriage was considered a sacred institution making divorce a rare thing. In the event that as divorce was necessary, the man would automatically have the legal of controlling of all of the property and children that he had with his woman (Hicks 1). Chopin grew up in a male dominated environment. She writes many controversial stories on abusive relationship and unhappy marriage. There were a lot of things that she did that were considered contrary to the societal norms of that period.
Mrs. Louise Mallard’s emotions changes from one state to another within an hour. She gets upset by the sad news of the death of a loved one but when she comes out of the room she seem to have already accepted the situation and adapting to the new situation. Though she is saddened by her husband’s death, she at once gets delighted by the reflection of her awaiting freedom.
Her passion for life is so evident. She anticipates for her new life in the future and how she would live as a free woman enjoying absolute freedom. As she begins to savor the sweet sense of freedom, her husband shows up at their house still breathing. On seeing him, she is shocked and dies because of the reality that strikes her. She is unable to bare the drastic change of emotion on learning that her husband was actually not dead. This will eventually deny her the freedom she has been longing for (Ostman 6).
In the poem “Barbie Doll”, author Marge Piercy makes use of four paragraphs to scornfully describe the cultural and societal expectations of the girl child from her birth, the bringing up, life and death. A girl faces some serious social problems as she grows up in the community.
These challenges include issues such as peer cruelty and societal pressure to conform to its normal and keep a certain kind of image of a woman which that society deems ‘ideal image of a woman’. A girl is shown to have a life that is full of challenges and less options to enjoy it.
The society is depicting it to begin at birth, upbringing, the girl gets married and finally faces sad death. This literary piece depicts such life as boring and very short. The poem is presented in a tone of depression and sadness, depicting the culturally unacceptable image of our society.
When this girl is born, she is “presented with dolls that did pee-pee/and miniature GE stoves and irons/and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy” (Piercy 4). This exposes her to unwittingly ideals and expectations of society. The girl was given toys that were designed to teach her to adapt the life of a wife which was basically that of looking.
This type of influence inadvertently pulls the girl into a different world or her subconscious without her noticing. When she hits puberty the sponge rings, sending a cascade of awareness over her. One of her classmates proclaimed to her that “you have a great big nose and fat legs” (Piercy 6). These nine simple words are not the foolish opinion of an immature classmate, but devastating news.
Her attempts to conform to the ideals that the society teaches are no longer subconscious rather deliberate. She felt bad that she did not fit in these ideals. She kept going to and fro to her friends apologizing for her “fat nose on thick legs” which was all anyone could see. To her, no one saw that “she was healthy, tested intelligent, possessed strong arms and back, abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity” (Piercy 9), which are all good qualities, but her package wasn’t perfect.
The societal pressures follow certain way of life or perception of a beautiful and attractive girl became and ultimately notion of a good woman faded away. She therefore cut her nose off and her legs too to offer them as her body and soul to the baseless societal pressures (Piercy L 12-15). She could have literally cut her nose and legs off but she sought to have them replaced by new technology of plastic surgery. This drained her physically and emotionally in attempts to get what society wanted her to get.
The fairy-tale about “Barbie Doll” depicts the society as being able to cause very destructive consequences because of the enormous pressure it puts on women requiring them to behave in certain ways of life like the looks and conduct in public. Gender roles weaken women’s self-confidence and cause havoc on their self-esteem. Piercy suggests that the creator of Barbie doll has participated actively in the male dominated society of the “patriarchal societal system” by promoting women stereotypes.
As one of the leading toy selling in US, Barbie dolls have used the strategy of idealizing the female body, such that it have turned to be an iconic in the American culture. Parents purchase these dolls for their daughters, who in turn try to attempt to imitate Barbie’s form, presentation and the values that it embodies. This symbolizes as a beautiful, though tasteless, blonde who does just anything she is told to (Beer 5).
In the Yellow Wallpaper, it shows female person undergoing “treatment” for anxiety, a condition that signifies worry. It is ironical that the doctor happens to be her own husband. She is put in a room which was earlier on occupied by a mentally challenged patient. After a few weeks, the woman starts portraying symptoms of being paranoid and experienced hallucinations regularly. All the way through the story, the woman is seen to constantly refer to the yellow wallpaper (Mikolajczyk 67).
The first issue that arises in the story is when interpreting the meaning(s) behind the wallpaper. The yellow color could possibly infer something concerning insanity which makes the woman to repeatedly refer yellow wallpaper patterns which are peeling off the walls.
More to the point, the patterns could be suggestive of chaos erupting from orderliness. It is obvious looking at the number of times she mentions the wall pattern that it has a great impact on the mental condition of the woman. She could be delusional seeing woman move behind the wallpaper, as if she wants to break out from it.
This could in fact imply that it is a ‘reflection’ of herself in the wallpaper or it she could just be hallucinating that someone behind the wall. At the end of the story, she assumes on the role of a “creeping” woman. She is seen to follow a blotch around the room and over the body of her husband who has fainted.
In short, the woman has been trapped in the paper and tormented by Dr. John’s unsympathetic heart for her condition. With three kids to take care of, the mother is attempting to find humor and reflections amidst the chaos she is undergoing. When her husband was on overnight call, she could pack up the kids and head over to the hospital for a visit. The kid could get some much needed father time and Dr. John always took a break from a very long shift.
In conclusion, the three stories clearly present the world’s perception towards women who are in constant struggles to gain control over their fates. They show us what a women’s life would have been if they remained silent without any struggle. Although they are fictions, but there is a lot we can learn from them.
Works Cited
Beer, Janet. The Cambridge Companion to Kate Chopin. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2008. Print.
Gilman, Charlotte P.”That Rare Jewel.” Women’s Journal 17 May 1890: 158. “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and Other Stories. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 20-24
Hicks, Jennifer. An Analysis of the Story of an Hour. 1999. 20 April, 2011.
Mikolajczyk, Michael. Literary analysis of Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll. 2009. Web.
Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars, 2008. Print.
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About 20 years ago a friend invited a group of us to the New York Yacht Club for a preview of the film “Shackleton.” It included the outtakes and was narrated by the producer. The film was mesmerizing. We could imagine being on the ice as we watched our ship being crushed and all hope of rescue disappearing.
One of the things I remember was the photographer who dove repeatedly into the frigid water to recover the photographic plates and film from the flooded compartment as the ship sunk.
Another was that after Shackleton and five of his crew sailed the lifeboat almost a thousand miles to South Georgia Island, they landed on the wrong side of the island and had to climb over the mountains and glaciers to get to the whaling station on the other side where help was available. They did this in about 24 hours wearing the clothes that they had with them on the sail. More recently professional mountain climbers duplicated the trip wearing modern clothes and using mountaineering equipment and it took them almost twice as long.
For me, the biggest achievement was that Shackleton kept all his men alive and healthy for two years in unimaginable conditions and when they finally returned to England, they didn’t require counseling or government assistance or any other special treatment. Most of them simply joined the Army or the Navy and went off to fight World War I!
Fast forward 100 years. Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to locate the wreck of his ship, the “Endurance.” One of the problems was that she was underneath the ice cap which expanded and shrank each year with the seasons. Another was that she went down in 10,000 feet of water. In addition, the location might not be accurate because the navigational instruments of the time relied on the magnetic compass and the height of the sun above the horizon measured by a sextant at noontime and an accurate chronometer (clock).
The ship sank in the middle of the pack ice, so there was no true horizon. Their chronometer had not been calibrated in over a year and that close to the South Pole, a compass is not very accurate. Add to that, while sinking two miles to the ocean floor, she could have drifted quite a distance.
The latest expedition departed from South Africa a couple of months ago with all the latest technological equipment as well as a group of scientists who were to study the effect of global warming on the ice cap.
The expedition faced the usual mishaps, with equipment malfunctions, almost losing one of their million-dollar unmanned submersibles under the ice cap, and at one point they were even frozen into the ice, much like Shackleton.
The ship itself, even though not a true “ice breaker” was designed for polar exploration, having extra heavy plating on the hull. Where actual ice breakers are equipped with large ballast tanks and gigantic pumps to be able to pump water from one side of the ship to the other thus rocking it free if it became frozen in.
While Shackleton and his crew ran from one side of the ship to the other unsuccessfully trying to rock their ship free of the ice, the resourceful captain of the exploration vessel used one of the ship’s cranes to lift a 40-ton fuel tank and swing it from one side, thus setting her free.
Overcoming all of these setbacks, they still managed to scan hundreds of square miles of sea bed under the ice and, with only four days to go before they had to depart for home, they finally found her. She was only four miles from where Shackleton had said she would be! The hull was completely intact, and due to the depth and temperature of the water there are no wood-consuming marine organisms present, so she looked much the same as on the day she sank. The name painted on the stern was even legible!
The submersibles photographed her thoroughly and otherwise did not disturb anything, leaving her exactly as they had found her.
To see an assortment of photos of the shipwreck search Endurance shipwreck photos on the internet or visit History.com.
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Why are golden winged warblers endangered?
Last Update: April 20, 2022
Asked by: Miguel Rodriguez
Score: 5/5 (13 votes)
What is causing the warbler's population decline?
5. What is causing the cerulean warbler population to decline? Scientists are not certain, but many believe the decline is due to the loss of habitat and poor quality in much of the remaining habitat. Cerulean warblers are a forest species that breeds in the eastern U.S. and Canada and migrates to South America.
Do golden-winged warblers migrate?
The Golden-winged Warbler is a dynamo, practically buzzing with activity as it moves through the trees. ... It also undertakes an amazing migration, traveling from its breeding grounds in the northeastern United States to wintering areas in Central and South America.
What do golden-winged warbler eat?
Diet. Mostly insects. Diet is not known in detail, but feeds on many caterpillars and adult moths, especially Tortricid moths, also other insects and spiders.
Where do golden-winged warblers winter?
Golden-winged Warblers breed in tangled, shrubby habitats such as regenerating clearcuts, wet thickets, and tamarack bogs. They often move into nearby woodland when the young have fledged. They spend winters in open woodlands and shade-coffee plantations of Central and South America.
Outcomes from NRCS Golden-winged Warbler Conservation Efforts
38 related questions found
Where is golden-winged warbler?
The Golden-winged Warbler is a sharply declining songbird that lives in shrubby, young forest habitats in the Great Lakes and Appalachian Mountains regions. They have one of the smallest populations of any songbird not on the Endangered Species List and are listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.
Are golden-winged warblers rare?
They are very rare vagrants elsewhere. Golden-winged warblers breed in open scrubby areas, wetlands, and mature forest adjacent to those habitats.
What is the name of the type of habitat golden-winged warblers prefer?
This species prefers damp, heavily vegetated fields with clumps of shrubs, or deciduous forested or shrub swamps (DeGraaf and Rudis 1983).
Are golden-winged warblers and blue winged warblers the same species?
In many ways, Golden-winged Warblers and Blue-winged Warblers appear to be completely distinct species—they look different, they sing different songs, and in recent history they have lived in different places, with golden-wings in the Northeast and upper Midwest and blue-wings in a band slightly farther south from the ...
Where do cerulean warblers live?
They winter in broad-leaved evergreen forests within a narrow band of middle elevations (1,600 to 6,000 ft.) in the Andes Mountains of northern South America from Colombia to Peru and Venezuela.
Why is the blue jay population decline?
Although there is no concern about the conservation of blue jays, 30% of the population is a very large amount of birds. I found that the main cause of decline in numbers is because of habitat loss. Millions of birds lose their lives and homes to deforestation or climate change every year.
Are Blue Jays declining?
The Blue Jay population has decline about 29% between 1966 and 2014 according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey. The most frequent cause of death associated with human activity comes from attacks by cats.
Why Sparrows are decreasing for kids?
The reasons for the decline of the sparrow population are loss of habitat due to rapid urbanisation, diminishing ecological resources for sustenance, high levels of pollution and emissions from microwave towers.
What is a warbler species?
Warbler, any of various species of small songbirds belonging predominantly to the Sylviidae (sometimes considered a subfamily, Sylviinae, of the family Muscicapidae), Parulidae, and Peucedramidae families of the order Passeriformes. Warblers are small, active insect eaters found in gardens, woodlands, and marshes.
What does it mean when you see a blue jay in your yard?
Blue jays also represent creativity, mental clarity, and intelligence. Because of blue jays' vibrant color and recognizable song, people feel they are a reminder to express ourselves fully, to bare our true colors to the world, and to take pride in the unique songs we sing.
Do Blue Jays return to the same nest every year?
Blue Jays may occasionally reuse nests of their own species (Forbush, 1927; Laskey, 1958; Weeks, 1984; Graber et al., 1987) and rarely those of other species, including squirrels (Hilton and Vessall, 1980; Graber et al., 1987; Ehrlich et al., 1988).
Where did all the Blue Jays go?
Do Blue Jays lay eggs more than once?
Blue jays mate when they are one year old or sometimes even earlier. This is seen as a good sign because blue birds have a short lifespan. Female blue jays lay from three to six eggs at a time.
Do Blue Jays lay eggs in other birds nests?
Blue jays and other members of the crow family are notorious egg-stealers. They are intelligent and aggressive and will raid other birds' nests to steal eggs, young birds, and even the nest itself. So yes, the blue jays in the painting are indeed eating another bird's eggs.
Why is there a decline in birds?
The threats leading to population declines in birds are many and varied: agriculture, logging, and invasive species are the most severe, respectively affecting 1,126 (77%), 763 (52%) and 473 (32%) globally threatened species.
How do you attract cerulean warbler?
While these birds don't frequently visit feeders, they may be tempted by jelly, oranges, suet, and peanut butter, as well as larger nectar feeders with convenient perches. Water: All birds need water, and moving water is especially attractive to warblers.
What does a cerulean warbler look like?
Males are sky-blue above with 2 white wing bars, dark streaking on the back, a thin blue neck band, and blue streaking on the sides of their white belly. Females are bluish green above with a slight yellow wash below. They lack the streaked sides and neck band seen on males.
What does a blue winged warbler sound like?
Blue-winged Warblers sing a raspy bee-buzz that sounds like an inhale (bee) and an exhale (buzz). Males also sing a longer high-pitched buzz with twittering notes at the start and finish. The primary song acts to acquire a mate, while the secondary song acts to defend territories against rival males.
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Why do I sound bad when I sing?
Why do I sound bad when I sing?
When we sing, we can’t hear what we sound like to other people because the sound is travelling (in laymen’s terms) up the sides of our face instead of going through our outer ear.
What are the importance of singing?
Successful singing is important because it builds self-confidence, promotes self-esteem, always engages the emotions, promotes social inclusion, supports social skill development, and enables young people of different ages and abilities to come together successfully to create something special in the arts.
Does a good singing voice run in the family?
Genetics play a large role in your singing ability. The size and shape of your vocal folds, skull, nasal cavities and facial structure can all influence your tone and how your voice sounds.
Why is the proper use of voice important in communication?
Voice is the most critical component of any communication system because it creates a personal connection between people.
What is important about your voice?
Voices are important things for humans. They are the medium through which we do a lot of communicating with the outside world: our ideas, of course, and also our emotions and our personality. The voice is the very emblem of the speaker, indelibly woven into the fabric of speech.
What is the difference between speaking voice and singing voice?
Speaking is the utterance of words with pitch, pitch inflections and timings as expected for normal communication in the language in question. Singing is the utterance of words with pitch tending towards a musical scale, and usually in a musical rhythm.
What makes a good speaking voice?
Enunciate. Speaking clearly is possibly the most important aspect of developing a good speaking voice. You need to pay close attention to each and every word you say – pronouncing it fully and correctly. Make sure to open your mouth, loosen your lips and keep your tongue and teeth in the correct position as you speak.
Should singing feel like talking?
In general, you should sing as you speak, but with many more specific techniques and coordination than speaking requires. If singing feels heavier, you may be changing how you use either your speaking voice or singing voice without knowing it.
Why is a good speaking voice important for a successful speech?
A speaking voice that exudes confidence will give your words greater importance. All-powerful people speak slowly, enunciate clearly, and express themselves with confidence. So remember, a loud, confident speaking voice presented with an even pace will lead to a powerful and moving speech.
Is it bad to sing everyday?
Yes, singing everyday can absolutely improve your voice. However, I am going to tell you what most don’t: In order to sing better, you need to maintain healthy vocal chords! If your vocals are well maintain and cared for, you will be able to improve your singing.
Is singing a genetic?
How much of singing is genetic?
The most significant published research to date suggests that genes may be responsible for 40 per cent of our ability to sing in tune, Dr Tan said.
What are the benefits of singing daily?
What are the benefits of singing?
• Relieves stress. Singing appears to be a stress-reliever.
• Stimulates the immune response.
• Increases pain threshold.
• May improve snoring.
• Improves lung function.
• Develops a sense of belonging and connection.
• Enhances memory in people with dementia.
• Helps with grief.
What is the difference between talking and singing?
The speaking voice generally uses an easy volume and lesser, lower pitch range in comparison to singing which uses a much wider range of volumes and pitch range (around 2 octaves +). Singing has specific rhythm & melody to adhere to, sustained notes (generally vowels) and vibrato that differentiates it from speech.
Can’t pain actually sing?
T-Pain Uses Auto-Tune as a Choice Because, Let’s Face It, the Man Can Actually Sing. Although T-Pain’s musical career is heavily characterized by his use of Auto-Tune, longtime fans (and new ones) know that he doesn’t really need any mechanized help when it comes to his vocals because he can actually sing.
What does singing do to your brain?
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Pease Family Papers: Finding Aid
mssPease family papers
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This collection consists of materials from three generations of the family of Massachusetts doctor and Marshall/Caroline Islands medical missionary Edmund Morris Pease (1828-1906) and his wife Harriet A. Sturtevant Pease (born 1877), dating from 1816 to 1974 (bulk 1870-1930), and consisting chiefly of family correspondence.
Edmund Morris Pease (1828-1906) was born on December 6, 1828, in Granby, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, to Asa and Abigail Pease. Early in his life, E.M. Pease desired to become a medical missionary. In his pursuit, Pease graduated from Union Seminary, New York City, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. However, before pursuing his call as a medical missionary, Pease was called into the army as an assistant surgeon in the 16th Connecticut regiment during the Civil War in 1863. He was later transferred to the 9th regiment of the colored troops where he would complete his service in the army. Pease went on to practice medicine in New York City and Springfield, Massachusetts for several years. Pease was called and accepted by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a medical missionary and was ordained and commissioned for work in the Micronesian Islands where he served as a medical missionary for 17 years. As a medical missionary, Pease taught at a seminary school and practiced medicine. His missionary work included compiling a dictionary of the native language, translating and creating a hymn and tune book in the Marshall Island dialect, and creating small educational books for the island natives. One of his greatest achievements was translating the entire New Testament into the island dialect and bringing it back to the United States for printing. Pease returned to the United States and took residence in Claremont, California where he worked on translating the Old Testament into the island language.
1,535 pieces in 16 boxes, 3 books and 2 oversize items
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Islam and Jihad buy argumentative essay help
Ian Netton defines it as “holy war” in his book A Popular Dictionary of Islam and he also writes: “The word derives from an arabic root meaning basically to strive… all muslims are obliged to wage a spiritual jihad in the sense of striving against sin and sinful inclinations within themselves; this is the other major sense of Jihad. ” Both of those definitions are similar to the American definitions. Jihad is broken down into two parts; a greater and a lesser. The greater jihad is seemed to be spiritual. Jihad of the heart. It finds a rough parallel in the christian command to put to death the sin nature.
Jihad of the mouth aims to undermine opposition to islam through speech. A war of words is prefered over a war of violence. Jihad of the pen applies the written word to Islam’s defense. Jihad of the hand seeks to promote the cause of Allah through through praiseworthy deeds. The lesser Jihad would be that of the Jihad of the sword. This is the one seen throughout the history of Islam. Is Jihad a synonym of Holy War or does it portray a broader concept that suits the general ethos of Islam? Today Jihad is mostly seen as the greater one, and in the past the lesser one played a big role in Islam.
I would like to start with the history and origins of Jihad and then move on to who believes and practices it, then lastly talk about a Jihad that has happened in the past. Jihad was introduced by the last prophet Muhammad. Before Muhammad came into ruling there were pre-islamic bedouin arabs who had their own society and was highly matriarchal. They believed in many gods. These ancient people did not accept muhammad and his teachings from the quran. On the other hand there were people who were Christian and Jewish and the followers of Muhammad did not accept those people.
One day Muhammad had a revelation. The messenger angel for god, Gabriel, came to Muhammad and told him to read. Muhammad can’t read, so Gabriel told him to write. Muhammad being illiterate can’t do either of those so he ran home to his wife Khadijah and told her he thinks he is crazy. She wrapped him in a blanket and explained to him that he isn’t crazy that he is god’s messenger to the arabs. This was when Muhammad started spreading the word about Allah, the only god. The Jews and Christians see Muhammad as a false prophet. Muhammad had many obstacles to face while spreading the word of Allah.
It was then when Jihad was introduced to Muhammad to help spread the word of the religion. Again Jihad means Holy War. Jihad is only supposed to be used if you are fighting for your religion. While it says in the Quran to kill Christians and Jews at the same time it welcomes good relationship and peace between them. This is stating to harm the ones that will not allow Islam to spread and get in the way with trying to get others to follow. Muhammad trained his followers as warriors as well and fought throughout the middle east to spread his faith like he was told to do.
There have been many jihads throughout the history. To name a few that were important to spreading Islam were the Jihad against the Byzantine Empire, the Jihad against the Turks, the Crusades, and the Jihad against the Mongols. Again that was just a few Jihads from the past. All muslims believe Muhammad is a prophet and all believe in Jihad since it is the Quran, but different groups believe in different ideas of Jihad. Like I just said, all muslims believe in Jihad. Since there are different ‘types’ of jihad different muslim groups believe in different ideas of Jihad.
The Concept and Practice of Jihad in Islam states: “Jihad was generally understood not as an obligation of each individual Muslim (known as fard ’ayn) but as a general requirement of the Muslim community (fard kifaya). Only in emergencies, when the Dar al-Islam comes under unexpected attack, do all Muslims have to participate in jihad. ” Dar- al Islam was known as the territory under Islamic rule. Most of the different groups of Jihad divide it into two groups like I explained earlier: lesser and greater. An Islamic reformist movement, Ahmadiyya founded in 1889, believe Jihad is one’s personal inner struggle and should not be used violently.
The Sunni which account for eighty five to ninety percent of all muslims classify Jihad as either lesser or greater. They also believe there are four different kinds of Jihad in the sense of struggle in the cause of God. There is a group of muslims called Jihadists which focus only on war. Along with the Sunni, the Shi’as and Sufis believe Jihad should be in two categories: lesser and greater. Some leaders like Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya believed if you did not strictly enforce the Sharia, including Jihad you were to forfeit your right to rule. The Sharia are the moral codes and religious laws of Islam.
Taymiyya strongly advocated jihad against the crusades and the mongols. Finally I’d like to focus on examples of Jihad that have happened in the past. One that most people know would be the Crusades. Since Muhammad there have been many caliphs. All of these caliphs over time have occupied certain areas of land that they gained and lost. They were just trying to follow in the steps of Muhammad and spread the word of Islam and if something got in their way Jihad would happen. The second caliph, Umar oversees a massive expansion of the lands he controls.
Jerusalem was taken in the seventh century. Over time and after a few caliphs have been in power the Buyids take over Baghdad from the Abbasids but do not claim caliphate. They start to hand out land grants called iqtas to turks to guard the border and in return they get the land. Eventually these iqtas become ancestral and empires form. First the Ghaznavids but then they are taken over by the Seljuks. The Seljuks spread into the middle east all the way to Turkey. The Byzantine Empire, controlling Anatolia, see the Seljuks coming so they ask Pope Urban the second for help.
This is the launch of the first crusade. The Christian knights go into the holy land and fight in effort to reclaim what was theirs from the Fatimids. It was successful and the christians take back Jerusalem. The second Crusade is led by the King of France Louie the Ninth and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad the Third. Both armies passed through the Balkans and pillaged through the Byzantine Empire. Both armies were eventually defeated by the Seljuks and thus the second Crusade was a win for the Muslims. That is just a little section of what had happened during the Crusades.
It shows how Muslims used Jihad to protect their religion and to spread it across the Middle East. That is just a brief story of the Crusades. It goes into a lot more detail. Also that is only one example of how Jihad was used, there are multiple other examples but I just wanted to focus on the empires and rulers using Jihad to gain land, spread the word of the lord, and protect their faith. The Muslim faith over all is very peaceful. Jihad translates into the word struggle, and is seen as ‘Holy War’ but that is not the only case.
When Muhammad came into caliphate he used Jihad to spread the word of Islam like he was told to by Gabriel. He used violence to protect the faith, and that was seen a lot throughout the history of the Middle East. Jihad is also broken down though into a greater Jihad and a lesser Jihad. The greater being more spiritual and the lesser being the violent act. To answer the question from earlier, Is Jihad a synonym of Holy War or does it portray a broader concept that suits the general ethos of Islam? I would conclude that in the past Jihad was definitely a synonym of Holy War, but now it is more about spirit, peace, and coming together.
Evaluate Assessment Activities aqa unit 5 biology synoptic essay help: aqa unit 5 biology synoptic essay help
Describe, use and evaluate two different assessment activities used to check the learning of either individuals or a group of learners. Analyse the purpose of assessment and produce a written justification of your chosen assessment method. Use an extract from your teaching practice portfolio and reflect on how your feedback has informed your learners progress and achievement and how feedback from others has informed your own professional practice. Introduction
In my first year at College I have delivered Entry and Level 2 Motorvehicle Maintenance and with no previous experience of this course assessment was something I leant on the job so to speak. Initially it was games and questions and answers followed by tests which were mainly practical. As the year progressed I then started doing formal practical exercises (observed assessments), Web based exercises and finally multiple choice exam style questions. The Entry level course is assessed purely by portfolio (questions and answers plus job cards) but the Level 2 course has a summative exam element. These are spread over the year and total 5.
The two I am going to discuss are the observed assessments and job card creation. Job card creation The first assessment method I will discuss is the completion of job cards. As part of the course (either group) the learners all complete practical tasks in the workshop. Indeed this is one of the highlights for them as they are not an academically based group on the whole. Each practical task is designed to reinforce the theory element that was covered in the previous lectures. During the practical we (staff) make sure the learners understand what they are doing and its relevance to the topic in hand.
We also check they make notes to help with job card completion. Differentiation is also practised, not in the task itself but the bike they are given to work on. Some are easier than others for given jobs. Once the task has been completed and the workshop cleared up and all tools put away etc. (i. e. there is a break from the original task in hand) they all have to complete a job card to reflect what they have been doing. During this time I keep a close eye on what they are writing and often challenge them on various facts. I found ome learners struggled to remember what they had just done even with the help of notes whilst others completed the task almost unaided. During this task the results of assessing learning really became obvious. It was interesting that for the most part it was always the same learners that has the same problems. Over the year they did become better, some more than others. There were some however who had hit their ceiling with what we might consider these very simple tasks. Fortunately the course demands a very formative assessment approach and this final task of completing the job cards is almost a formality and not something you can fail at.
The bulk of the course assessment was done actually during the practical task. This was more the case for Entry level learners than the Level 2 learners. Level 2 learners had to complete similar tasks etc. but were slightly better at completing job cards. Again this was not something they could fail at. If it was not right they simply adjusted it until it was. For the learners this task was not one they relished as almost exclusively they are kinaesthetic learners with an aversion to both reading and writing and often listening.
This was consequently quite a hard task for the learners but a necessary one as the course demanded it as evidence of their learning. It did open the opportunity for discussion however and lots of them learnt a lot during these sessions. There was also an element of team work as for the most part they worked in groups doing the workshop tasks. As the year progressed and reflecting on my teaching portfolio, without exception all my learners improved and in some cases gained the confidence and desire to help others which was very encouraging. Interestingly this was the less able helping those that may have missed a session etc.
A great boost in self confidence for them and the class generally. As the teacher from this whole workshop process I was able to differentiate between those likely to be technician material, those who may make fitters and those who were not going to make it in the field. With the benefit of hindsight these impressions are accurate so far. Observed assessments This is for the Level 2 learners only and involves carrying out a practical task on a motorvehicle under near exam conditions i. e. no talking to other learners in the room etc. They could talk to the teachers and ask some questions.
This was a particularly instructive task for us the teachers as the learner is suddenly on his/her own rather than in a group as they had been in the normal workshop sessions. As the teacher we had few surprises with the performance of the learners but there were one or two early on. These were mainly because it was possible during the workshop sessions to take a back seat and let your group do most of the work. Because of this they were unsure when it came to their assessment which is only to be expected. Whilst most learners completed the tasks correctly there were a few problems as expected.
Going back to my ethic of trying to treat them as adults I tried to relax them whilst doing the task and relieve the usual stress associated with this type of task. This was mainly around failure either in the task or to complete in the allotted time. I spent a lot of time reassuring them that if it didn’t work out it was not a problem, we would just do it again after some more practice. In the early assessments the learners looked as though they were treading on glass but as the year progressed and they relaxed and began to know our boundaries it became an enjoyable exercise for them.
For the teacher again it provided a wealth of information on their progress, knowledge and confidence and gave us discussion material for both the learners and parents evening. These tasks gave the learners an opportunity to show their knowledge and expertise and consequently progress through the course curriculum. There was no learning from one student to another of course but there was a good competitive spirit around success and time keeping. The purpose of assessment ‘Assessment is a measure of learning, at a given point in time’ [ ].
Taken on its own this is rather insular so it should be noted that the assessment process is a ‘a two way process’ [ ]. This means that the teacher should take on board feedback from the assessment process and where necessary modify their teaching practices to improve the overall learning experience. At its simplest this is for planning further teaching and assessment. There are several methods of assessment, some of them formal e. g. observations, tests, exams etc. and some are informal e. g. questions and answers, quizzes etc. and finally there are initial, formative and summative assessments.
In these early days of the course it seemed logical to use the above assessment methods as they were contributing directly towards the outcome of the course and its evidence based criteria. The college choice of examining board (City and Guilds) has left me very little scope for alteration of the assessment methods I have outlined. Looking forward though I plan to make the job cards a lot easier to complete which will aid in hitting the City and Guilds targets whilst going some way towards removing the dependence on reading and writing especially the English element.
I have other plans to re-introduce this though with research based homework as the functional skills elements must not be neglected. Feedback from my learners on my initial attempts has been very encouraging. So, whilst my aim is to follow on what Dr Patrick Geoghegan says ‘the students could test themselves in a non-intimidating way that could be fun’ [ ] I realise there is a way to go but we have made great strides this year and next year will be better.
Certainly, this year has been a steep learning curve for both the learners and teachers but we are progressing together and it is looking promising on the progression from one level to the next. I was observed by my supervisor and during the catch up session later received feedback about my teaching session. The most interesting point for me was the level of the lecture. It was a seemingly simple subject on exhaust systems but during the lecture the class and I got into an interesting discussion which veered off into the speed of sound through different temperature gases and so on. The feedback was simply to keep the lecture on track.
To this end I have now started to pre-empt little diversions like this with additional slides either at the end or in a separate presentation. This way I can cover these points at a later time or at the end if appropriate. Separating these out also means when I put my presentations on Moodle I can only put up the core show and keep some back for differentiation purposes. Conclusion Good assessment techniques particularly formative ones can be embedded into the lesson and almost unnoticeable to the learners. There are of course the more formal techniques which are more obvious e. g. Q&A, tests etc.
For myself I have been using a large range of assessment techniques some of which I did not even realise I was doing at the beginning. During the year the assessment process has been an interesting learning curve for both myself and my learners. I have involved them as much as I can and some of the feedback from them has been very insightful and consequently fed back into the process. Finally, feedback to the learner from assessment should always be as constructive as possible. This is supported by the following quote ‘assessment feedback …. should always be constructive’ [ ]. Bibliography Books
Ann Gravells and Susan Simpson, planning and Enabling Learning in the Lifelong Learning Sector, 2008 Susan Wallace, Teaching and Supporting Learning in Further Education, Learning Matters, 2001 G Petty, Teaching Today, Nelson Thornes, 2009 Websites Geoghegan P M (2006) ‘Hot potatoes’ formative assessment, in Every Student Matters’ Activities for Engaging and Widening Participation in Higher Education: A Preliminary Collection, Higher Education Academy Ireland Blending assignments and assessments for high-quality learning http://www. enhancementthemes. ac. uk/themes/IntegrativeAssessment/IABlendingInclusivity. asp
Access the Significance of the Veil in Islam write my essay help: write my essay help
The difference is between a literalist attitude, of an acceptance of Arab tradition, noting that in some Islamic territories, the veil is a militant symbol, and a modernist, interpretative attitude, which leads to a symbolizing tendency. The word veil is a reduction to the multitude of definitions given by the diverse styles of female dresses both within and across social classes within Muslim society. Burqa, Chador, Foulard, headscarf, Nijab and Niqab, are all different names for diverse types of veils. Some of them cover the whole body, leaving only the hands and the eyes to be seen, whilst others simply cover the hair, or face.
The variety of veils range from, the uniform black cloaks, worn by women in post revolution Iran, to the exclusive designer scarves of the aristocracy in Egypt. Helen Watson, in, Women and the Veil: Personal Responses to Global Process, speaks of the brightly colored scarves of Turkish peasants girls, the tie racks for European Muslims, the white Haik of Algerian women, and the Burja of women in Oman. This continuum of veiling, runs from state regulated attire to individual fashion accessory, and leaves expression for various local varieties.
All of these different styles of veils hold a universal, formal, symbolic and practical aim; the Hijab preserves modesty and conceals the shame of nakedness. In essence, this paper will discuss the significance of the veil in Islam, observe its broad definition, and how it is regarded and known by Western and European countries. An important element of this research, are the variety of the authors looked at, in consideration of a non biased view, in analyzing the veil from a Muslim, non-Muslim and converted Muslim perspective.
These have established the various views and opinions on the use of the veil, in generic terms, as well as help to analyze the re-veiling movement, which started with the revolution in Iran in 1970. Furthermore, it will look at the reasons which are behind such covering, and why Muslim women have been covering the past four decades in the present era of a revival of religion. The principle of this essay, is to explore the multi ethnic religious views of the veil in Islam, and clarify the words of the Qur’an, to remove pre conceptual ideas behind the veil, and look at it’s depth.
Many books have been written on the women behind the veil, yet one of the major issues that seem to arise from such research is that the non-Muslim writers don’t give enough space for Muslim women to speak their truth. Muslim women are seen as contributors to society in a state of veil. For non-Muslim writers, the veil is depicted as a symbol of oppression, “A constraining and constricting form of dress, and form of social control, religiously sanctioning women’s invisibility and subordinate socio-political status”.
Indigenous writers, Muslim and others with a more positive view of the Hijab, stress the liberating potential of veiling and the personal, resulting with strategic advantages of public anonymity. A discussion of veiling and Hijab has a place in contemporary debates about processes of globalization and postmodernity. Many issues central to a discussion of veiling revolve around the Qur’anic concept of modesty. The Qur’an speaks of being modest in thy bearing in verse 31;19.
Other instructions are set out in verses 14;30-1, stating for believing women to lower their gaze, and be modest, to draw their veils over their ‘bosoms’ and to not reveal their adornments, which are saved to their husbands and fathers. The Qur’an instructs women to draw their veil, Khumur, over their bosoms, in the presence of strangers within the domestic sphere. In addition to the woman’s husband, there are exceptions to such veiling, like as in the presence of the father, father in law, sons, sister’s sons, as well as others who pose no sexual threat, including women servants.
Therefore this does not mean, that women are covered in veils also within the private sphere, just, simply, that within the area of strangers, they would cover in modesty, so men considered strangers, wont have the possibility, to look in a dangerous, provocative way. Whilst, in the public environment, women, believers, are encouraged to cover them selves with cloaks, or what the author refers to as, Jalabib. Hence, the veil was a superfluous screen for a woman’s relatives and colleagues, and was and is a useful symbol of respectability amongst strangers.
On the other hand, there are problems of interpretation between the relationship of the hijab and the social process of veiling. It is debated where the wearing of the veil is demanded as an absolute religious obligation, and there seems to be suggested, a lack of consensus on the precise form of dress that stipulates modesty. It is important to keep in mind, that the veil has different significances for various peoples. For Western societies, Muslim women are oppressed, and symbol of this is the Hijab , the veil, which is believed to be forced to wear.
However, for Muslim women and men, it is Western women who are slaves to their obligation to be beautiful and available, “On pain of being rejected and so it is they who are not free. ”As a result, it is clear that Muslims and non-Muslims have contrasting ideas on Islam, and the veil. “Islam is portrayed as a religion hostile to women”. However, in, Women Embracing Islam, a few Hijab stories mention that the veil is liberating, because it forces people to judge a woman according to her intellect instead of physical appearance. Some wear the Hijab because they are Muslim women, and they believe their body is their own private concern.
Essentially, it is argued from Muslim women, that the veil gives back to women the ultimate control of their own bodies. Other arguments found within, Women Embracing Islam, were founded on a Western conception and depiction of women as ‘must be sexy’ and this may be considered a form to propagate against such bodily image. Katherine Bullock, author of, Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil, “like many Westerns, believed that Islam oppressed women and that the veil was a symbol of oppression”. Katherine Bullock is a converted Muslim.
Within her book, she challenges the popular Western stereotype that the veil is oppressive. Her main argument is that the popular Western notion that the veil is a symbol of Muslim women’s oppression is a constructed image that does not represent the experience of all those who wear it. The author also argues that the construction has served Western political ends. Arguing that the judgment that the veil is oppressive is based on liberal understanding of equality and liberty that preclude other ways of thinking about equality and liberty that offer a more positive approach for contemplating the wearing of the veil.
The re-veiling movement, as explained by Bullock, is a movement that started in the late 1970s. This trend, where many young, educated women started covering even though some of their mothers and grandmothers had fought against the veils, has caught many feminist scholars off guard. Iran’s imposition of the Chador, was done after Khomeini’s revolution in 1979. Furthermore, even the Talibans, after their accession to power in 1997, made an imposition of the Burqa. In the introduction, Bullock explains that the word Hijab, comes from the root word Hajaba, meaning to cover, conceal, hide.
It can include covering the face or not. As expressed above, it includes lowering the gaze with the opposite sex, and this applies to men as well, who must lower their gaze and cover from navel to knee. There is evidence that by the 18th century, the veil was already taken by the Europeans to be an oppressive custom amongst Muslims. However the notion of veil as oppressive assumed a new focus in the 19th century because that was the era of the European colonization of the Middle East. The veil became short hand for the entire degraded status of women, sign of the backwardness and narrow mindedness of the entire Orient. Covering has a long tradition in the Muslim world, the current debates over it are relatively new, having been sparked by the colonial encounter with the West”. Scholars of the re-veiling movement found that there were many different motivations for women to put on the Hijab, from political protest to economic reasons and devotion. As expressed above, the re-covering phenomena have been associated with anti-colonial and revolutionary struggles. For example, in the Algerian fight for independence in 1950s and in Iran in 1970s, women who had previously not covered wore the veil, Chador, to help overthrow their oppressive governments.
As a consequence, because the colonialist and native elite had targeted the Hijab for elimination, the headscarf became a potent symbol of resistance during anti colonial revolutionary struggles. Hence, these are examples of reasons for covering for revolutionary protest, political protest, as these were not happy with their present regime, but there are also other reasons for such custom. Bullock argues there are other several reasons for Muslim women to cover. Religiously, it’s wearing is a religious gesture. It is not only something people notice, but it proves one’s adherent to a religion and style of life.
Islam is not only a religion, it offers principles for a society to cooperate and develop together. Secondly, Bullock argues that Muslim women cover to facilitate female and male interactions, which as a result creates, on a large scale, a benefit for society, as women and men can collaborate together. It is important to note, that with this, women in Islamic countries, can have a continued access to the public sphere. Hence, by wearing the veil, women have a continuous access to employment, they can gain respect from men, and can combat male harassment.
It protects women, maintains a form of equality for women outside the private sphere, liberates women, women are free to walk outside of their house and not be harassed by men. The veil is also a expression of personal identity. It creates a link between the Hijab and self-perception, thereby giving inner strength to women, and creating a high level of confidence and self-esteem. It is ultimately a expression of personal identity. What is often forgotten, historically, was that the veil was a form of social status for women. It was a way to declare one’s position in social hierarchy.
Different social classes used different styles, colors, textures and materials, and every Islamic country has it’s own use and custom. Essentially, veiling was a honoring custom. Finally, it is important to note that another reason for Muslim women to wear the veil, is specifically because of state law requirement, but that is only the case in Iran, Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia. The point of covering, is not that sexual attraction it self is bad, but simply because it should be expressed only between husband and wife, within the household privacy.
In this way, the public space is free of sexual tensions, so men and women can interact, do business, and build a healthy civilization. An argument that Bullock extrapolates from this, is that veiling helps men not feel distracted, hitherto accepting a patriarchal argument that masks the self sacrifice of women for the sake of men. Yet, the women interviews by her disagreed, stating that this was a benefit for both men and women, and protected women from male advances, and negative emotions and feelings of lust, resulting with women gaining from such custom, as men gave them more respect after wearing it.
Hijab, “Is not just clothes, but a mode of decorous behavior as well”. The Qur’an offers another literary meaning too by stating in verse 33;59 that the veil protects women from being molested. In Muslim countries, the debates regarding the veil and unveiling are tied to different conceptions of the ideal society and the strategic planning of state building. In specific historical events, in the representation and proof of modernity and national progress and development, women are unveiled, educated and emancipated modern women.
Leaving on the other side, women who are veiled and seen by Western eyes as signifying cultural and economic backwardness. In Iran and Palestine, men who claim to be upholding religious and national values mandate veiling. In 1992, in Kabul, the very first act of the interim government was to legislate veiling for women, and that started the disappearing of western clothes in the streets. In conclusion, “The Hijab is a way of giving dignity to a woman’s femininity, by making her beauty unavailable for public consumption”.
In a consumer capitalist culture, women’s beauty is for the male gaze, clothes affect the way people react and look at an individual. To sum up, the Hijab does not smoother femininity or sexuality. It simply regulates where and for whom, one’s femininity and sexuality will be displayed and deployed. Women don’t need to cover within the household sphere, in women gatherings and with their husband. Beauty is seen as a special element, not to be enjoyed with strangers. It also can be seen as a liberator of women, for being judged in comparison with a narrow and impossible ideal of beauty or with no real beautiful women.
Workplace Safety ccusa autobiographical essay help: ccusa autobiographical essay help
This is celebrated as the first time this number is coming below 1 million. Also reported is the incidence rate which decreased by 6 percent to 106 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in the private sector-a decline from 113 in 2008. There is really a momentum on workplace safety! Interestingly, the need to reduce incident at the work place is as important as reducing cost and growing the bottom-line of the business.
The free online resource, WIKIPEDIA (2011), writes that workplace safety is the responsibility of management who will have the duty to establish a focus by ensuring commitment, accountability, education, and awareness among others. In an article by Health and Safety Executives UK (2010), it was noted that employees also have great role to play in ensuring that the work place is safe. People that do the job can recognize potential risks based on experience, put or suggest practical controls and make a commitment to safety in their workplace.
Some roles that we will need to play to make the work place safer include but not limited to the following 1. Discussions with our team to identify risk and measures to manage the risks. 2. Inform appropriate personnel about potential risks to safety during regular meetings or on an informal basis. 3. Support our team by developing their personal work skill and allowing some level of control and initiative so as to prevent stress which might increase the risk of incidents. 4. Actively review and ensure maintenance of Personal Safety Action Plan as agreed by the teams
Some Roles I will play include 1. Objectively report abnormal and unsafe workplace behaviours and activities so as to find ways to prevent the occurrence of incidents. 2. The use of PPE as required by any task 3. I will ensure that permits are issued or available for high risk jobs. Where permits are not available for work requiring it, I will discuss with the units supervisor to understand the perceived gap and discuss ways to manage it. Reference 1. BUREAU FOR LABOUR STATISTICS. (2010).
Child During the Industrial Revolution write my essay help: write my essay help
Are They Really Being Hurt Since the beginning of the industrial Revolution many people have migrated here to Britain to start working in towns and bigger factories. As the Revolution is occurring there have been alleged claims that Victorian factory owners are using child workers. I have investigated these claims and the results are true that children are being made to undergo various forms of hard physical labor. As there are no laws or rules to take action on this matter factory owners have taken advantage of this and employed children as they do not require much or any pay and work in almost unbearable and unhygienic conditions.
Some of the jobs that children are spending long hours of labour doing are scavengers. Scavengers are children that crawl under machinery and pick up the dropped pieces of cotton. Many children also crawl through the narrow holes at the coal mines which are too small for adults. I have countless numbers of children running around in London working as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks and selling matches, flowers and cheap goods. I was outraged when I saw the fatal accidents that occurred while I visiting these factories.
When I steeped into the match factory I could smell all the smoke and it made feel sick. Many children have described the conditions of the factory as awful one of them said ‘from working for sixteen hours five times a week, the smoke made my gums swollen and I was so dizzy ‘. A five-year-old little girl also said ‘ I breathed in so much dust that it got in my lungs and I fainted ‘. When I investigated these claims I also witnessed many children’s fingers and limbs cut of as they are cleaning under machinery while they are still in use.
A few even tragically died as they were decapitated. Most of the children working at the glassworks are regularly burned and blinded. Workers at potteries are also very vulnerable to poisonous clay dust. The punishments that these children go through are beatings from their owners or overlookers with whips or straps. They also heavily chained to prevent them from escaping or stealing. When children become over exhausted they fall asleep during work and if they are caught they get the whip. Most children are fed once and that’s during dinner.
Their meals are usually potato pie with bacon, groule and oatcake. As result of their poor diet most children suffered from malnutrition and died very young. The hours that children work are very long they usually work for about fifteen hours a day five times a week. This included very little pay or sometimes just a voucher from the factory. The reason being that factory and mill owners care about their own profit and not the consequences for the children. That is their needs to be new laws made.
nfair labor practice essay help from professional writers: essay help from professional writers
These and other issues tarnish Walmart’s image, especially for those who are directly impacted. Opportunities – Growing markets outside the US offers a great opportunity to continue its growth. Threats – Being number one in its market, some of Walmart’s proven strategies are being imitated, to various degrees, by other large retailers. This will likely make the market for the “big box” retailers more competitive over time. ————————————————- Nike SWOT Analysis Example Strengths – Nike manufacturers a very wide range of very well tested high-quality products.
Many of their products use very high quality, lightweight and durable materials. They are one of the key leaders to try to emulate. Weaknesses – some of its labor practices, especially in Asian countries, are under scrutiny. Opportunities – there are still some almost virgin territories of the world that Nike could focus on marketing to. Threats – There is growing competition that sell similar products for lower prices. Some companies, particularly in Asia, make Nike knock-offs (they look like Nikes, say Nike, but they are not made by Nike). ————————————————- Starbucks SWOT Analysis Example
Strengths – profitable organization with a well-known name and product line. Nice, well-trained staff. Customers have habits and routines to go to Starbucks frequently. Reputation for creatively developing new products. Weaknesses – In some places, there are several Starbucks stores within a very short distance, which can make them suspectible in a down economy. Opportunities – new products and services, such as Fair Trade products, can be offered in their stores Threats – the prices of coffee and dairy products are rising, which may lower their profit margins, or cause them to raise prices.
Also, when the general economy is not very good, many people become much more cautious spending money on non-essential items. ————————————————- SWOT Analysis Sample of an Internet Based Business This SWOT analysis example is based on a fictional online business that sells children’s books. It’s a good template for many online businesses. Strengths • Potential Customers world-wide • Low overhead cost: items can be stocked and shipped from multiple warehouses • Low cost to maintain the book website E-mail makes it easy to stay in close touch with customers • Can offer a lower price than brick-and-mortar bookstores • Utilize existing networks for distribution Weaknesses • Customers must return unwanted items via mail • Marketing can be a challenge – only on Internet (no drive by or passerby traffic) •
Books are heavy and can be expensive to ship • The financial capital required to update and continue to expand the website and business is limited • Must outsource some of our website building due to lack of knowledge in this area Opportunities Increase traffic by getting name of website out there via blogs, forums, and “electronic word of mouth” • Look for trends during the year and areas of the country so we know how to market a bit better • Repeat customers will help the business along during slow times and may give us ideas for additional product lines related to books and reading Threats • Tough niche – a lot of big competition • Some customers are still hesitant about buying online • Larger bookstores/businesses could set prices lower than us and cut into our small business income
Uae Society writing an essay help: writing an essay help
The society of the United Arab Emirates is one of the recent developed societies that has achieved great developments in the last decades and could achieve a big fame in the world. Dubai has become a leading business center where the businessmen from all over the world come to invest in Jabal Ali and the free zones all over the country. Also the country has developed transportation by building one of the biggest and most modern roads net to serve economy.
The country also builds ports, airports and improved service offices to meet the new changes in business. One best example is the launch of the e-portal to serve electronic business through the webs and protect trade. On the other hand the country has made great developments in the educational system which resulted in increasing numbers of university graduates with higher degrees in all fields. This enabled the country to hold business and achieve the nationalization policy.
We have to imagine those people who could get themselves from Bedouin life into civilization and urban life in less than quarter a century. In this project, I will reflect the light on the impact of the economic growth on the UAE society and I will discuss the current policy adopted by the government for interaction between the government and the federal as well as the social changes between social groups. Finally, I will predict the future changes for the UAE society. A-The Impact of the Economic Growth on the UAE Society:
The United Arab Emirates witnessed great demographic change over the past decade as it is clear that the migration of workforce from the Arab world and Asian countries to find better chances in the United Arab Emirates have changed the face of the demographic map in the country. It has been a fact that the national people of the UAE were the total inhabitants in the country at the early age before the development and conversion to the modern world. The national people first worked in trade, fishing and handmade manufacturers.
The United Arab Emirates was a famous hub of trade and the strong history has played role in the existence of the strong economy. The UAE’s location has given it a unique advantage as the country is located in the heart of the trade routes between the east and the west. It also overlooks great waters in the region where large ships pass by. The UAE has many special ports in the area which has enabled it to be a pioneer in Navy and sea trade from the past generations.
The UAE has moved to development after the discovery of oil which attracted many investments and work force from all over the regional countries. The UAE nationals were about 68% of the total population in the 1970s. They were the owners of the country’s economy and they worked for the development of the country. After the creation of the federal government, the seven Emirates have become united under one government. The United Arab Emirates has adopted strategy to achieve development in all fields: In the real estate, Education, transport, aviation as well as health and economy.
The higher incomes of the national people and the massive increase in the oil rates allowed the country to develop quickly which required massive work force to share the countries strategies and bear the burdens of development subsequently, work force in all fields came to the UAE and lived there. Now, the demographic map changed until the expatriates have become more than 90% while the UAE nationals stand at only 10%. We can say that the expatriate are the base of development in the country now days.
They occupy most of the jobs and do all kinds of work especially in the field of real estate and establishment of the infrastructure. It is a fact that the beginner expatriates were originally building workforce who were not qualified. They worked in contracts and the infrastructure sector, builders, carpenters, technicians and unskilled work force. They have been brought from the nearby countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh and of course some were from the African countries.
The need of the government to establish a civilized country to be among the world’s new countries. The leaders of the UAE were aware of the importance of technology and education. They allowed the qualified expatriates to share the development policy. Teachers, Engineers, doctors, designers, consultants and project managers have been encouraged to come to the UAE and take part in the country’s development. The UAE has provided all the expatriates with good living conditions and established a department for migration affairs to tackle their issues.
It has offered them good salaries that’s which made the UAE a lovely country to any job seeker. The expatriate play a vital role in the development in the country’s economy and they are the back bone of it due to two reasons. The first is that most of the country’s economy depends on the private sector which seeks highest profits by employing the expatriates with low salaries instead of the national Citizens as they look for higher incomes. The second reason lies in the nature of work as the expatriates can do many of labor works that the nationals refuse to do.
The government adopts nationalization policy with the aim of hosing the national people instead of the expatriates. It has created labor laws that oblige companies and institutions to employ a percentage of 4% of the national people within the jobs. The state encourages the corporations by giving them more advantages and facilities. In the government department, there is wide replacement of workforce, the nationals have already occupied many jobs reached the percentage of 60% in many departments and they are already occupying the leading jobs in most of he government jobs. The challenge is the need to enhance the UAE national’s experiences and job skills to be employable and worth their positions otherwise they will be a barrier in front of the economy. The problem which faces nationalization is that the nationals refuse the low salary jobs and they look for higher incomes. I can say that the expatriates play an important role in the UAE economy as they share the government in developing the country. They do all the jobs that the nationals refuse to do and they have private entities that support economy.
B-Federal and Local Governments: There has been changes into the UAE political system between the government and the federal as there is a great shift into the new world’s missions federal government which has changed since the establishment of the state under the term of the constitution the ruler may relinquish certain areas of authority to the federal government one situation when the constitution permitted the membership in the exporting in the organization of oil exporting countries.
As the smaller emirates have benefited from education, the relationship between federal and local system of the government continues to evolve. They have become able to recruit personnel to local government services that they once handled instead of them by federal institutions. The key driver behind such developments remains performance and efficiency in the issue of service delivery to citizens and expatriate populations residing in the UAE. The United Arab Emirates is considered one of the smart countries in the world.
The government of the UAE was aware of the importance of telecommunication and technologies in this field since the establishment of the modern country. The state of the UAE has been implementing technologies in IT and electronic systems in all the departments and municipalities’ long time ago. The aim of E-Government policy is to strengthen ties between the governmental departments on federal level which will guarantee the ability to become closer to the clients and residents in the UAE as well as establishing sources of information to be in the hand of all sectors and encourage investment in the country.
The UAE official portal is considered an umbrella to cover all the eservices and information from the federal and local departments all over the country. According to the federal law no. 3 for 2011, the General information authority (GIA) is merged with telecommunication Regulatory authority (TRA). The main purpose of the government is to establish an information community where information can be obtained and accesses easily which will help in decision making for all sectors.
The government is aware of the importance of IT and IT applications since the world of globalization where business extends all over the world implies strong business environment and also requires a strong control engine for business transactions and deals. The government aimed at establishing an information database that connect all over the country and provide information and knowledge about the government sectors and be easy obtained. The information will be in the hands of all seekers and they will be secure .
The ecommerce sector in the government was established to meet the current development in business worldwide since e-commerce has been common and necessity in business. It aims at monitoring transactions and license businesses in this filed through offering the best customer services such as verifying signatures and records which will protect the users and customers. The government launched the e-commerce web portal for the aim of serving all sectors and especially the investment sector and businessmen as well as the national.
Because many deals and purchase operations are done on the websites through web hosts, the government found that it is necessary to provide security and protect the nationals from any dangers and risks. The e-commerce department is responsible for providing license for businesses and investigating business portals as well as monitoring e-business and transactions between the partners. One example of the recent developments and profits of government is the issuance of national ID as one of the (eServices) provided by the portal. The issuance aimed at gathering information about the residents in the UAE.
ID card is very important to access secure services in the government and it prevents fraud and identity theft in the future. The ID card is a national card with electronic straps which preserves all the important information about the resident and allows the government to control and monitor the numbers of the UAE inhabitants. To sum up, I can say that the government is aware of the importance of technology in business now a days. The government has established E-government website with the aim of coping with the latest developments in business and have information data.
The e-government portal is very beneficial for businessmen and nationals as it provides them with information and facilitates the procedures of establishing new businesses. In e-commerce more security and guarantee to business that the transactions, certificates and slogans are trustful. C-Social group changes: With the advanced policies that were adopted by the country’s great and wise leaders , women started to find some place in the society firstly , it was allowed fro them to leave the house and go to schools to study .
The progressive outlook of the previous leaders of the country was keen that women will have their role to play in the development of the country and consequently many channels were provided for them. Women’s schools were established and graduates have been added to work force and it was allowed for them to occupy jobs and have high ranks as well. Results say that women have excels men in education even though they started later in education. Numbers of university graduates of females in the UAE have been bigger than males 60% females to 40 % of males.
Emirates University was established in 1976 and Zayed University in 1998 which serve more than 2500 female students. The government has allowed the students from both genders to obtain education with future out look to the role of the women in the country and because of the wise leaders of the country, now we find thousands of UAE people are studying higher diplomas and master degrees both males and females Women have taken their place in leadership positions and have shared in decision making process. One evident for that is the role of women in the parliament as it is allowed to women to join parliament elections and there are already 22. % of parliament members of women. Great changes have occurred to the males view to women accordingly as the UAE women have surprised all when they excelled in all fields and privately in higher levels of education. Now there is a female Judge and ministry female assistants. Women also are involved in the community safety by the first Khawala Bint Azore Military College. D-The future changes in the UAE society: It is a fact that the oil is the gift of god to the gulf countries and the UAE. The area of The Gulf has witnessed great developments in the last few decades, because of the tremendous revenues of the oil sector.
The great number of oil discoveries and fossil resources in the UAE as they have already affected the life of the population within the country. The United Arab Emirates is the second biggest oil exporter in the GCC after Saudi Arabia. The oil revenues have played a big role in the economy of the United Arab Emirates as it has created many chances for investment in oil industries and oil explorations. It has also provided thousands of jobs for both the national citizens and the expatriates. Along with oil industries, there are many service industries that have been established with the advent of petroleum.
Some of such industries are luxurious hotels, hospitals, transportation and schools. The future of oil and its role in the UAE economy depends on the government polices in this regard. The state of the UAE announced on strategic policy for the use of the resources in general with the aim of saving the rights of the future generations. It is trough the movement to investment in other sectors and diversification of investment which in turn will vary the income resources and demolish the risk of depending on oil.
The leadership is ready to face the challenges in the future and is constantly making plans to deal with the post-oil era in order to maintain its sustainable development. The wise leadership policy for development focuses on the development in IT and technology not just oil. The intended future national incomes are from the other sectors such as IT and technology manufacture. For such purpose, the country has encouraged investment and movement of capital and corporations to the UAE. Manufacturing and industry of IT and technologies is the future target of the UAE leaders.
Strong evidence is the establishment of the biggest world port in the Sahara in Jabal Ali. The United Arab Emirates has been benefiting from the oil revenues by achieving real progress in the other sectors to guarantee variety of investment. It has joined the regional organization and the world ones with the aim of empowering the economy. It joined the GCC in 1981 which played role in the development and strength of the GCC economy and the UAE economy. The results and profits have been in the cancellation of taxes between countries and freedom of capital, investment and human transfer within the GCC.
The results are increase in the investment, capital and economic power since the GCC countries have many features in common such as the language, habits, religion and geographical conditions which highlighted the GCC and made success. The UAE joined the world trade organization (WHO) in 1996 which is considered a challenge for the current industries since the features of the (WHO) imply free economic environment and free transfer of goods, services and capital which will become a great challenge in front of the national industries .
There is in fact flow of foreign Asian products in the UAE market and it is expected that Weaving and petrochemical industries will be severely affected as well as agriculture. The UAE has adopted free economic policies since the beginning and it is a fact that customs Tariffs are lower than the global rates. The UAE will have to adopt more quality standards for its industries to face the Asian attacks. Conclusion: Oil is considered the engine of economy at most of the GCC countries as the income of oil revenue has made the gulf area some of the richest countries in the world.
Global Dimming history essay help: history essay help
His task was to measure how strongly the sun shone over Israel. -Because there was a staggering 22% drop in the sunlight, and that really amazed him. A 22% drop in solar energy was simply massive. If it was true surely Israelis should be freezing. There had to be something wrong. -In Israel -He found that there was a very serious reduction in sunlight, the amount of sunlight in Israel. -No. • Who was the German scientist who collaborated with Stanhill? Beate Liepert – What did she find in the Bavarian Alps?
She found that there was reduction in sunlight. – What did she and Stanhill find when they checked records from 1950 to 1990? Between the 1950s and the early 1990s the level of solar energy reaching the earth’s surface had dropped 9% in Antarctica, 10% in the USA, by almost 30% in Russia. And by 16% in parts of the British Isles. – What sort of records did they check? They have checked the publication, journal and meteorological records all around the world. – Why was their work again dismissed?
The scientific community was obviously not ready to deal with the fact that there was a Global Dimming phenomena the response from other scientists was one of sheer disbelief. and the research was extreme and billions of dollors was spent on global warming research and they are contradicting to other scientists . • What sort of data did the Australian researchers find? There is a paradox here about the fact that the pan evaporation rate’s going down, an apparent paradox, but the global temperature’s going up. – Who were they?
Michael Roderick and Graham Farquhar – What did they find? They were intrigued by another paradoxical result – the world-wide decline in something called the pan evaporation rate. – Was there published data supporting their findings? For decades, nobody took much notice of the pan evaporation measurements. But in the 1990s scientists spotted something very strange, the rate of evaporation was falling. • What is the pan evaporation measurement? It’s called pan evaporation rate because it’s evaporation rate from a pan. • What factors affect pan evaporation? he key things for pan evaporation are the sunlight, the humidity and the wind. The sunlight is a really dominant term there. • Which is dominant? The sunlight. • Is there a correlation between drop in evaporation and sunlight? The drop in evaporation with the drop in sunlight. The drop in evaporation rate matched exactly the drop in sunlight. • What is considered responsible for global dimming? particle pollution, which forms the airborne particles are responsible for global dimming. • Who was responsible for proving it? PROF VEERABHADRAN RAMANATHAN Where was the experiment conducted? The Maldives. • What was the evidence? Almost everything we do to create energy causes pollution. The stunning part of the experiment was this pollutant layer which was three kilometre thick, cut down the sunlight reaching the ocean by more than 10%. • Why do particles reduce sunlight? In the polluted air billions of man-made particles provided ten times as many sites around which water droplets could form. So polluted clouds contained many more water droplets, each one far smaller than it would be naturally.
Many small droplets reflect more light than fewer big ones. So the polluted clouds were reflecting more light back into space, preventing the heat of the sun getting through. This was the cause of Global Dimming. • Why is global dimming thought to be linked to drought in the Sahel? The Sahel’s lifeblood has always been a seasonal monsoon. For most of the year it is completely dry. But every summer, the heat of the sun warms the oceans north of the equator. This draws the rain belt that forms over the equator northwards, bringing rain to the Sahel.
Polluted clouds stopped the heat of the sun getting through. That heat was needed to draw the tropical rains northwards. So the life giving rain belt never made it to the Sahel. Global dimming could have been behind this drought. • What is the most convincing evidence of the effect of particles on reducing temperature? If we carried on pumping out the particles it would have terrible impact on human health,this means particles are involved in all sorts of respiratory diseases, that’s why they’re being brought under control, and of course they effect climate anyway.
Analysis of Euphemism from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle essay help: essay help
Analysis of Euphemism from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle [Abstract]: Euphemism plays an important role in our daily interaction with others. Appropriate use of euphemism guarantees smooth communication between speakers. Likewise, the Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle also ensure efficient and successful communication among people. However, it is notable that the actual use of euphemisms violates the Cooperative Principle while observing the Politeness Principle to some extent.
This essay provides a general view of the two pragmatic principles as well as euphemisms, and tries to work out the relations among them by specific analysis of conversational examples. [Key Words]: Euphemism; Cooperative Principle; Politeness Principle 1. Introduction: Paul Grice proposed the Cooperative Principle to demonstrate a series of maxims one has to observe to achieve efficient communication. Generally speaking, the principle requires speaking sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while at the same time providing sufficient information when conversing with others.
In real life, however, a person at some time or other tends to violate the above principle. For instance, an official will possibly talk about some other unrelated issue when he is challenged a question in an interview to avoid his embarrassment. In order to maintain desirable social relationships, human beings prefer more indirect expressions or rather choose more euphemistic expressions. A euphemism is a word or phrase that is harmless or sounds pleasing which replaces a direct, rude utterance.
In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “euphemism” is defined as “an example of the use of pleasant, mild, or indirect phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones”. In English, for example, “pass away”, “breathe one’s last”, “decease” are euphemistic alternatives for “death”. Why, then, do people bother to use these indirect expressions during communication? Leech suggests that it is out of consideration of politeness that people choose different pragmatic strategies to obey or violate CP. Leech’s Politeness Principle therefore deals with a series of maxims one has to follow to achieve politeness.
These two principles, in a sense, are mutually complementary for each other. This essay aims to illustrate the functions of euphemisms by means of analyzing the relations between the two principles, thus demonstrating how to appropriately use euphemisms given different situations. 2. Demonstration 2. 1 Overviews of relevant concepts 2. 1. 1 Euphemisms The word Euphemism is derived from Greek words. The morpheme “eu-” means “good” while that of “-pheme” means “word” or “speech”, therefore the whole word “euphemism” means “to speak favorably” or “good speech”.
A euphemism, as its origin suggests, is a mild or vague periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision of disagreeable truth. The functions of euphemisms are various and complex as they touches almost every aspect of our social life. Generally speaking, evasive function, politeness function, and cosmetic function are among the most important. This essay, however, will focus on politeness function, that is, the function to avoid irreverence and discourtesy in communication. 2. 1. 2 Cooperative Principle
To accomplish efficient and successful communication, people are often cooperative in their cooperation. Based on this general view, H. P. Grice, an American linguistic philosopher, said, “Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. They are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or a set of purposes, or at least a mutually accepted direction. A successful conversation, as Grice suggested, comes from the common efforts made by the participants involved in communication. Grice identifies as guidelines to successful conversation four basic maxims underlying the Cooperative Principle: The maxim of quantity: 1) Make your contribution as informative as is required. 2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true. 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
The maxim of relation: Be relevant. The maxim of manner: Be perspicuous. 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). 4) Be orderly. 2. 1. 3 Politeness Principle Politeness is usually regarded as manifestation of human civilization as well as one of the most effective strategies modulating interpersonal relationship in human communication. The definition of Politeness Principle in language study could be the following: “(1) how languages express the social distance between speakers and their different role relations. 2) How face works; that is, the attempt to establish, maintain, and save face is carried out in a speech community. ” G. Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony. He developed the Politeness Principle with six maxims as follows: 1. Tact maxim Minimize cost to others and maximize benefit to other. 2. The Generosity maxim Minimize benefit to self and maximize cost to self. 3.
The Approbation maxim Minimize dispraise of other and maximize praise of other. 4. The Modesty maxim Minimize praise of self and maximize dispraise of self. 5. The Agreement maxim Minimize disagreement between self and other and maximize agreement between self and other. 6. The Sympathy maxim Minimize antipathy between self and other and maximize sympathy between self and other. 2. 2 The interaction between the CP and PP According to Grice’s view, conversational implicatures can emerge observing or violating the cooperative principle and its maxims.
However, Leech considered that “the CP in itself is not sufficient to explain ‘(1) why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean; and (2) what is the relation between sense and force when non-declarative types of sentences are being considered. ’” Leech looks on politeness as the crucial in accounting for why people are so often indirect in conveying what they mean. He thus puts forward PP so as to rescue the CP in the sense that PP can satisfactorily explain exception to and apparent deviations from the CP.
In other words, Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle are mutually complementary. 2. 3 The politeness function of euphemisms by means of violating the CP 2. 3. 1 Violating the Maxim of Quality According to the maxim of quantity, a speaker is supposed to provide as adequate information as required. However, in real social interactions, people tend to provide insufficient amount of information, thus conveying implied meaning. For instance: Willy: Howard, are you firing me? Howard: I think you need a good long rest. Willy. It is obvious that instead of the direct answer of “Yes, I’m firing you. Howard adopts a more euphemistic reply. The reply does not provide the right amount of information required by Willy whereas avoids the emotional embarrassment to Willy that may arise of a direct answer. In other words, Howard’s tactful and subtle answer follows the Tact Maxim at the cost of violating the Maxim of Quantity. 2. 3. 2 Violating the Maxim of Quality A euphemism possesses the essential characteristic of violating the Maxim of Quality. It either overstates the fact or understates the original defects or deficiencies.
However, words inconsistent with the truth are inevitable so as to maintain politeness and minimize the possibility of face-threatening to others. This is well illustrated in the following conversation. A: What do you think of Jack? B: He is a good friend. He always keeps an eye on my pocket. Clearly, B is flouting the Maxim of Quality by saying something s/he believes to be false. It is known to both A and B that contrary to what is literally said, B in effect doesn’t have a liking for Jack. Nonetheless, such euphemistic expression helps save face of the third party Jack, thus observing the Generosity Maxim. . 3. 3 Violating the Maxim of Manner The Maxim of Manner requires clearness and straightforwardness in communication, quite the contrary; euphemisms are vague or obscure words and even go far as to ameliorating prerogative remarks. For instance, a teacher says to a parent, “He is a little bit slow for his age. ” He implies that the child is obtuse. Such a word as “obtuse” does not match a teacher’s psychological as well as educational literacy. Besides, it is considered rude to speak ill of a child in front of the parents. It is common to be ambiguous in the remarks about others, especially the bad ones. ) He has difficulty distinguishing between imaginary and factual information. (He lies. ) 2) He needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play. (He cheats. ) 3) He needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others. (He steals. ) These expressions are the result of careful selection of communication strategies. Although flouting the Maxim of Manner, they observe the Approbation Maxim. 3. Conclusion Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle are mutually complementary; consequently, the violation of one necessarily leads to the conformity to the other.
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Works Cited Investopedia. (n. d. )
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These practices still continue today with various religious groups taking stronger and more creative ways to infiltrate the public school systems of America. Another, more recent example of these tactics is that of a group of creationism advocates in Louisiana who took school science books and pasted disclaimers in them slighting evolution concepts and praising creation of man from God. This attempt to change school curriculum also failed in the courts due to it not being a separation of church and state (Boston).
The last example actually rules in favor of a religious activity where a group of students asked if they could use a class room to hold a prayer group during lunch. This passed in the court because it was the students asking, it wasn’t taking place during normal class time and it was voluntary whether a student went or not (Mead, Green, Oluwule). The following essay will strive to give facts from both sides including different court verdicts and it will also show how the courts have upheld the First-Amendment and freedom of religion rights.
Religion should not be allowed in public schools for the simple fact that America has had so many court cases in which they have had to uphold the constitution in reference to the first amendment which clearly states the separation of church and state. Since 1948 the Supreme Court has heard and decided on 13 cases that presented questions such as whether and under what circumstances religious doctrine or prayer should have in America’s public schools as an accommodation to individual beliefs. Mead, Green, Oluwule) There are three types of cases that seem most likely to go up before the Supreme Court multiple times in regards of religion in the public school system. (Botson) These are 1. ) Cases involving the controversy of evolution versus Intelligent Design being taught in classes. 2. ) Cases involving student led prayer during class times, at ceremonial functions such as graduations, or in the schools locker room before a game. 3. ) Cases involving the constitutionality of the pledge of allegiance being said in classrooms.
The first of these cases was touched on in the before stated paragraph where it was shown to what lengths activists will go to get their beliefs integrated into the public school systems and why they failed (Boston). The second case, also discussed briefly in the before mentioned paragraph deals with prayer in schools but doesn’t talk about ceremonial prayer. Graduation ceremonies often include prayer by a student, faculty, and deans or in some cases outside clergy whom were brought in by the school (Boston). Should prayers be allowed at these ceremonies?
In 1992 the Supreme Court had to consider this question, in the case of Lee vs. Weismann (1992), when students complained about the prayer which was to take place at their graduation, the school defended its decision by telling students their attendance was optional even though they were still expected to attend their own graduation. The court rejected this argument stating that it was an exercise of formalism and characterized it as one that exacted too high a price for dissent. They also cited that prayer at a graduation was only one view of civic religion.
However in the case of a valedictorian to include a prayer in his speech was deemed excusable because it was a student’s speech and he wasn’t an employee of the school (state) (Mead, Green, Oluwule). The third and toughest case, due to its historical and patriotic nature and the reference to god in its orientation are cases involving the Pledge of Allegiance. One such case took place in California where a teacher attempted to the use of the Pledge of Allegiance to push his view of religion to his students.
He asked his students what significance Gods role was in the pledge and what his importance was. When parents complained to the school board that he should be teaching not preaching, he decided to take it to court. Backed by the A. D. F. (Alliance Defense Fund), their goal wasn’t to win but to give public schools a bad rap concerning religion and the schools non-tolerated view. They were hoping people would only hear half the story, “did you hear about that school somewhere that banned the Pledge of Allegiance? This attempt failed and their case denied due to the Pledge of Allegiance’s standing on patriotcal and historical significances. (Declaration on Deceit: The Truth about the ADF’s attack on Public Schools) Some other facts that give credence to the difficult decision the courts must make on this issue is one case involving Elisha R. Potter of Rhode Island who was the Commissioner of public schools from 1850 thru 1854, stated that “The public school system is supported, and the house built, by money collected by force of laws from people of all religions, and people of no religion”.
What he is saying here is if a state was to allow religion in its schools, the use of public funds would be fostering a religious practice (Flaherty). An additional fact based on majority rule is that cited in Engel, by Madison (1785),”It is proper to take alarm at the first experiment on our liberties… Who does not see that the same authority which can establish Christianity, in exclusion of all other religions, may establish with the same ease any particular sect of Christians, in exclusion of all sects? With the way our government works, all the people in that state would be paying for a religious view that not all the people share which violates the sensibilities of others (Flaherty). Should majority rule take place over personal liberties? In the Supreme Court case of Abington school district Vs. Schemp in1963 Justice Thomas Clark presented the majority decision stating that “the idea of impartiality of the state does not mean the consent of the majority is enough to require the observance of a particular exercise”.
Meaning just because a community may be mostly catholic they still don’t have the right to force their views or observance of a particular religion on others who do not share their views. Judge Clark also made it quite clear that the court had no ambition to dispute the literary or historical value of the bible, so long as its reading was not as a religious exercise (Mead, Green, Oluwule). With the United States allure and fundamental values and a base of freedom, such as Freedom of Religion, isn’t it easy to see why it is so important to keep religion and schools separate.
The First Amendment provides us that “the government maintains strict neutrality, neither aiding nor opposing religion”. Yet, there are still strong right sided activist who would see their views as the only view. This is what private schools are for, whether you are Catholic, Baptist, and Non-Devotional or Hindu, there are private schools for all these. If it is that important to teach your child religion at the same time they learn math, English, geography and science use your choices and send our child to a private school. For if we allow religious practices in our public schools there’s no telling what Billy or Suzy could be taught, Satanism, maybe it is considered a religion. With the pushing of ever bodies own ideologies and views we’ve forgotten what makes this country great, that is liberty regardless of sex, color, creed, beliefs or birth right, you still have the right to be you, not what someone else tells you that you have to be.
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Introduction: when thinking about how the world works IR scholars usually subscribe to one of two dominant theories, realism or liberalism. One, classical/neo-realist thought, is more pessimistic about the prospects of peace, cooperation, and human progress whilst the other, liberalism/idealism, is more upbeat and sanguine about human nature and human possibilities. In this lecture, we examine each worldview in depth… at the end I’d like you to think about which, if any, view you subscribe to… II. International Relations Theory A. What is theory? One word often used to describe theory is “paradigm”.
According to Ray and Kaarbo, a paradigm is simply a way of thinking about and approaching an area of scientific or scholarly inquiry that is widely accepted within a particular discipline. 1. In other words, a paradigm provides a simplified map of reality; it takes the complexity of the real world and reduces it to a core set of assumptions that make global events that seem so isolated, unrelated and complicated more comprehensible. 2. So thats what theory and paradigms are all about: they help us systematize and simplify a very complicated world. Good theory is generally simple (see Ockham’s Razor…
William of Ockham said [a long time ago! ] that “when you have two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, the simpler one is the better. “), accurate, and elegant. -William of Ockham 3. Note that to be valuable, a paradigm of world politics needn’t explain every event. This is b/c theory, by nature, simplifies reality so that certain things are missed. This simply can’t be helped. 4. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) make the point that studying theories “allows students of international relations to analyze global politics in the future, long after they finish reading this book or taking courses on the subject.
When students learn only history or contemporary issues… their knowledge of global politics is limited in time because new issues and events are always arising. ” In short, by studying theories of IR, you will be able to see events in a broader, more analytical, more systematic framework rather than a limited and time bound one… analytically, that’s vital. 5. In this lecture we will be examining two dominant paradigms in world politics: Realism and Liberalism (along with sub-theories within the same larger paradigm) III. The Realist Worldview A.
Let’s start with a quote from Thomas Hobbes (1651), whom many characterize as probably the major citidel of the modern theory we call classical realism: -The stylish Mr. Hobbes – Cover of his seminal work, “Leviathan” “Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man… To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent: that nothing can be unjust.
The notion of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice. Force and fraud are in war the two cardinal virtues. ” 1. You should note from the above that realism embraces a more pessimistic view of world politics, state relations, and the possibility of “perpetual peace”… That’s why I started with this b/c Hobbes’ more pessimistic view of the world really underscores the theory we call classical realism (and which is now called structural/neo realism) B.
Definitions and Description of Realist Theory. 1. According to professors Kegley & Wittkopf (31), classical realism is “a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests” 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) write that realism is “a theoretical perspective for understanding intl. relations that emphasizes states as the most important actor in global politics, the anarchical nature of the intl. ystem, and the pursuit of power to secure states’ interests. ” 3. The founding father of this theory is the Greek historian Thucydides, who wrote the seminal account of the war between Athens and Sparta. In his history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides argues that the war broke out b/c Athens was concerned about Sparta’s growing power. His writings greatly influenced theorists and statemen alike through the next two thousand years, including the modern proponents (Morgenthau, Kissinger, Waltz, James et al) of classical and neo-realism… 4.
In short and in sum, realists see international relations as driven by the unrelenting and competitive pursuit of power by states in the effort to secure state interests. 5. For realists, the most important source of power is military capability, and the acquisition and use of that military capability makes the realists’ world one prone to violence and warfare. 6. At the core of this theory is that world politics takes place within a context of anarchy (ie the absence of world govt. which is different than how the world of domestic politics functions), which Thomas Hobbes likens to a state of nature.
In this state of nature, Hobbes argues that because there are no rules, no laws, no enforcement mechanisms etc, that conflict turns into war (he calls it a perpetual “war of all against all”) which is why INSIDE countries, people consent (ie the so-called social charter) to live under a government that makes and enforces laws, order, security, etc. In this state, people don’t have absolute freedom BUT they sacrifice some liberty to that govt. in order to get order and security… 7. In world politics, we don’t have this, ergo, realists argue that we live in a “state of nature”, or in a world of perpetual conflict.
Therefore, the violence, chaos, death and destruction that often accompany world politics reflect the “war of all against all” that intl. anarchy directly implies… 8. Realists also assume that states, or countries, are the “key actors and determine what happens in the world” (Ray and Kaarbo: 5). Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) add that “states can, if they choose, control all other actors, according to realism. ” 9. State interests, rather than human rights or ideological preferences, are the reason behind every state action. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) suggest that “it is the maximization of power that is in a state’s interest.
Thus, everything a state does can be explained by its desire to maintain, safeguard, or increase its power in relation to other states. ” 10. In the world of anarchy and state sovereignty, there is no higher authority to impose order, and there is no intl. 911 number for states to call when their interests are threatened. States must therefore provide for their own defense and protection. Realists refer to this effort by states to defend their own interests as SELF-HELP (usually though the acquisition of military capacity or joining alliances… ) 11. In short and in sum, without an “intl. orld authority, they must look out for their own interests” which realists suggest is all about securing and maintaining their power. To realists, this is the only rational way to behave in an anarchic intl. realm… 12. The implications of all of the above for realists is somewhat obvious: war is inevitable… this is b/c in a world with no higher power to impose order and resolve disputes, with almost 200 sovereign actors looking to defend their interests via self-help, and where efforts at self-help and self-defense can threaten other actors in the system, states sometimes need to use force to resolve disputes with other states… 3. Realists conclude a few other things–the possibility of cooperation and change is limited, that world politics is not primarily about good and evil, that power trumps justice, and that the road to order lies through the balance of power… a. Ray and Kaarbo site Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait as an example of how states act to maximize their power above all else… C. The core of classical realist theory is best summarized in the form of 10 assumptions: 1.
People are by nature narrowly selfish and ethically flawed 2. Of all people’s evil ways, none are more prevalent or dangerous than their instinctive lust for power and their desire to dominate others 3. The possibility of eradicating these instincts is a utopian “pipedream” 4. International politics is a struggle for power, “a war of all against all” 5. The primary objective of every state–the goal to which all other objectives should be subordinated to–is to promote its NATIONAL INTERESTS 6.
The anarchical nature of the intl system dictates that states acquire sufficient military capabilities to deter attack by potential enemies and to exercise influence over others 7. Economics is less relevant to ntl security than is military might 8. Allies might increase a state’s ability to defend itself, but their loyalty and reliability should never be assumed 9. States should NEVER entrust the task of self-protection to intl security organizations or intl law 10. If all states seek to maximize power, stability will result by maintaining a balance of power
IV. The Liberal Worldview A. As in classical realist theory, I will start the discussion of liberalism with a quote from one of the founders of this paradigm, Immanuel Kant (1795): -The perspicacious Dr. Kant -Kant’s towering “Toward Perpetual Peace” “But the homage which each state pays (at least in words) to the concept of law proves that there is slumbering in man an even greater moral disposition to become master of the evil principle in himself (which he cannot disclaim) and to hope for the same from others…
For these reasons there must be a league of a particular kind, which can be called a league of peace (foedus pacificum), and which would be distinguished from a treaty of peace (pactum pacis) by the fact that the latter terminates only one war, while the former seeks to make an end of all wars forever. ” 1. You should note from the above that liberalism, or idealist theory, embraces a more optimistic view of world politics, state relations, and the possibility of “perpetual peace”… That’s why I started with this quote by Kant’s more optimistic view of the world. B.
Definitions and Description of Liberal Theory 1. According to Kegley & Wittkopf (2006: 28), liberalism is “a paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy [lack of a hierarchy/world government] and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and laws” 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 7) define intl. liberalism as “a theorectical perspective emphasizing interdependence between states and substate actors as the key haracteristic of the intl. system. ” 3. Liberalism, or what many also call idealism/idealist theory, can be traced back to Kant’s “Toward Perpetual Peace” though more recently, in the period b/n WWI and WWII, the major intellectual challenger to the realist paradigm was idealism. Idealists questioned many of the basic tenets of realism and suggested that it would be possible to transform the world of power seeking and war into one in which peace and cooperation among states might prevail… 4.
Idealism, in contrast to realism, suggests a well-intentioned but utopian perspective that realists believe was out of touch with how the real world actually works… which is why the word idealism was shelved for the world liberalism, which couldn’t be tarred as fuzzy headed and out of touch… 5. Unlike realists, liberals believe that significant global cooperation is possible and that we can move beyond the power politics at the heart of the realist paradigm. 6. For liberals, the key assumption is that peace and cooperation among states can produce absolute gains for all.
As long as your state is better off as a result of cooperating with others, the gains of others should not matter… realists are only concerned with relative gains (why intl. trade isn’t the end all be all for classical realists, esp. if you will empower a rival) 7. BTW, whilst Kant argued that the natural state of humankind is one of war and conflict he also importantly suggested a state of peace can be established. He argues that this “perpetual peace” can be established, esp. through the (1) the creation of a loose “federation of free states” whose members were committed to maintaining intl. rder and security, (2) the “spirit of commerce” which in Kant’s view is “incompatible with war” and which “sooner or later gains the upper hand in every state”, and (3) the creation of republican govts in which executive power is checked by an independent legislature 8. Liberals argue that realist explanations of anarchy and self-help are wrong b/c they miss the REAL nature of world politics in the modern world: COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE, which has become the “dominant feature of global politics” (Ray and Kaarbo: 9). a.
Complex interdependence means that there are multiple channels among a variety of actors in intl. politics. b. Where realists see states as the only important actors, liberals see a world where there are a variety of non-state actors (such as multi-national corporations, intergovernmental organizations, and governmental organizations), share the world stage with countries. c. They also argue that multiple issues, not just military security, are vital to the global agenda… C. Modern Liberalism based on the following set of assumptions: 1. Human nature is essentially “good” 2.
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The Impact of Financial crisis of 2007 on the USA Economy Names Mohammed AlAjmi MANSOUR AL-AHMADI OMAR AL-AL-SHAIKH HUSSAIN AL-ALI ABDULLAH AL-AMER YOUSEF ABABUTAIN Course Fin 410 Prepared for Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Date 20th of December 2011 4492 words Table of Contents I Financial Crisis and Its Causes 1 II Macroeconomic variables 3 A. GDP 3 B. Unemployment 7 C. Inflation11 D. Exports and Imports13 II. Government efforts to overcome the crisis13 A. Government bailout 13 B.
Government stimulus package14 IV. Federal reserve 15 A. Interest rates15 V. Conclusion18 Financial Crisis and Its Causes: Several debates have been raised concerning the causes of the recent financial crisis. Analysts and policy makers alike have come up with different theorems that seek to explain why the financial crisis occurred and why it had such a broad and long-lasting impact. The US economic sectors are expected to continue experiencing the effects of this crisis for years to come.
The crisis has been attributed to various causes including: inefficient credit rating agencies, the 2005 US housing bubble, systemic risk caused by a lax in credit control regulations, government imposed subprime lending, shadow or parallel banking systems, increased mortgage fraud and underwriting, poor securitization, and increased risk taking behaviors by financial institutions. The U. S Federal Reserve offered constructive environment for banks by reduced the lending interest rates in 2008.
Large amount of loans were taken by people therefore, increased economy liquidity because of increase in good prices. The money flow in the economy replicated in the whole banking segment, thus reduced the lending interest rates. To start with, the failure of some major sectors, contributed to the financial crisis in US. These sectors include mortgaging industry and shadow banking industries, which were favored by the rules of Federal Reserve of the US. The stability of most productive industry; mortgaging industry, greatly determined the status of the U.
S economy. Therefore, any descending minor change in it could cause many disturbances in the economy. The demand for houses became extremely high in the year2008, because of the comfortable lending rules of the Federal Reserve, which encouraged the borrowing of more money by the mortgage firms to at reduced rates. Before long, credit firms started lending mortgages to each potential purchaser. That promoted the demand for houses, and therefore more people rented mortgages, even those with unstable financial base, were still issued the mortgages.
So, majority of the mortgage firms were lending with assumption that if a borrower was unsuccessful in making the payment, they could sell their houses to recover the cash. Of course, this was a better idea, but it was ideal to some situations. A crisis occurred when the mortgages were finally adjusted upwards. It became difficult for the borrowers who had been lend the mortgages from firms and those who had borrowed money from the bank for housing purposes to pay (Shiller, 2008). Most of the borrowers were incapable of paying their debts, this lead to losses in mortgage firms, and other institutions, which can give loans such as banks.
It became so difficult for the Mortgage firms to resell their clients’ houses since the liquidity positions of all the monetary institutions had been already immensely affected. There were inadequate finances in all economic institutions thus the decline of the economy. Overestimations of prospect house prices was done during the 2007/2008 financial period, where they expected arise in housing price therefore majoring most of the investments in that sector, which eventually flooded leading to excessive supply of materials with a limited demand.
This greatly affected the economic status of US, which requires further concentration in order to become stable. The shadow banking industry, which comprises of non-depository banks and financial institutions also, has weight on the economy of United States. This is where the investors loan and then after some time they demand their funds back. The industry’s down fall was a puff to the economy because less investors did little investment to these financing institutions in the year 2007, thus contributing to their eventual collapse (Pinyo, 2008).
In addition to this, a leading financial services company of Lehman Brothers also declined causing a crisis in New York Stock Exchange and equity markets in the year 2008 (Canstar, 2009). The Wall Street activities of Lehman Brothers directly affect the global economy. The U. S government was forced to assist some leading banks that were entangled in the economic crisis. The government came up with strategies such as a$1 trillion financial plan bundle, which was aimed at stimulating the already declined economy as many banks were running on losses.
There was reduced borrowing which implied that there was no profits which could be made by banks for the few day to come, which further, frustrated the already terrible condition of the U. S economy (Shiller, 2008). It is not just the investors’ confidence that brought the economy down, but also the consumer’s confidence declined, as they were not sure of what could happen with the economy. Still, the Federal Reserve became more responsive by injecting more funds into the economy as stocks on the U. S market became more unstable, though it has not saved the situation much as the investors had already lost confidence in the stocks market.
Macroeconomic variables (2002-2011) GDP There was reduced economic growth in USA due to the crisis. Causes for the decline in economic growth ranged from falling revenues for the government to increased government expenditure. This means that the government was putting more money into areas that may not have been planned for. The real estate industry is also one of the drivers of the economy. Its strong growth had supported the continued growth of the country and its economy prior to the financial crisis. The start of the crisis brought the industry to its knees. The country suffered greatly from the reduced prices of the assets.
Despite the low prices, the demand for the assets also plummeted during this period and this meant that the income and other revenue that was gained from this sector were reduced. In addition, investors stopped putting their money in the real estate fearing that they would lose their money. The growth of the economy, which was supported by the development of the real estate business, was in danger since the credit markets could not provide loans to the investors. Investors lost confidence in the financial sector of the country when the government bailed out a bank.
The loss of confidence by the investors meant that the government had little foreign exchange and this led to slowed growth and increases in prices of commodities. With limited input from the investors, the country was bound to suffer from decreased spending by the public. This was due to high prices of commodities. Consumers, in such times, only purchase the necessary items and cut spending on luxurious items. Reduced consumer spending can have devastating effects on the economy of a country as it can reduce the cash available in the market.
This was the case in USA and the government had to redirect its funding to other areas in order to ensure that people were protected from the crisis. The economic growth of USA during this period was expected to be almost zero although some analysts were more pessimistic and forecast negative growth. The result was spending on areas that the government may not have anticipated. The result was reduced spending in development and more input into short term measures such as food security. This meant that some aspects of economic growth had been neglected and hence the decreased economic growth in the country. he following the graph showing national GDP changes Year| GDP growth rate| 2002| 2. 45%| 2003| 3. 10%| 2004| 4. 40%| 2005| 3. 20%| 2006| 3. 20%| 2007| 2%| 2008| 1. 10%| 2009| -2. 90%| 2010| 2. 80%| (Data 360, 2011) Regression Statistics| R Square| 39%| Standard Error| 0. 01740197| Before the crisis| 3. 20%| Effect of the crisis| -2. 50%| P-value| 6. 70%| Mean| 2. 15%| Equation| y=3. 2%-2. 5%x+1. 7%| As we can see from the regression statistics the impact of the crisis on GDP growth rate is insignificant and 39% of the variation of in the GDP growth rate is explained by the financial crisis Unemployment-
There was an upward-adjustment in unemployment figures in the United States spelled fear among many people. Lack of a stable job indeed presents a challenge to the entire population, as unemployment and crime are closely associated. Many youths sprawling around aimlessly made the already devastated lives of many Americans even harder as they braced themselves for the inevitable. To some extent, it was not their desire to live as criminals but the tough living conditions just left them with no options, courtesy of the greed of a few mortgage lenders who put their interest before that of the nation.
Walking to work or home, hiring a taxi or using public transport were common scenes in United States for the past two years. As stated earlier, everything had to be prioritized due to the ailing economy, which affected directly and negatively on everyone’s income. Considering the cost of fueling a private car in comparison to the use of public transport, it was much cheaper to use public transport and instead abandon the car at home, a car that had become a burden! After all, every single cent matters in an economy that is experiencing recession.
Oil producing and exporting countries in Asia (Middle East), Africa (such as Nigeria, Algeria, and Angola) and Latin America felt the effect too as the demand for oil decreased, resulting in a drop in oil prices. A number of African families had a firsthand experience of what a financial crisis in U. S means. Africans working in U. S regularly send part of their earnings back home. However, since the financial crisis struck in early 2008, many African families have not received any money from their relatives working in the U.
S. Any remittances back home were in minute proportions (Mvunganyi, 2010). The African economies also benefit from foreign currencies send by families working in U. S. A hence a reduction in remittances had a negative effect on such economies. The economic crisis was not simple and its effects remain evident presently. In fact, it is not just on the side of human beings that the crisis was felt; animals too felt the wrath of the limping economy. It has become harder for employees to advance at their place of work.
According to Reuter’s Zieminski, majority of the employees in U. S and in other developed countries have reportedly become ‘nesters’ (Zieminski, 2010). This means that they are now willing to shift employers, majority of them prefer to work for one employer for their entire life because of risks associated with moving from one organization to another. As staying with one employer for a long time guarantees one of income in comparison to moving away to a place where one is not sure of employment, Americans have been fixed in job places.
Some of the employers pay low salaries and their working conditions are not the best but shifting organizations is accompanied by the risk of losing a job in the present nation where unemployment figures are dropping at a slow rate. Presently, most employees in the United States find themselves held up in places of work where they do not like. It is discouraging and the productivity of such employees is low, negatively affecting the U. S economy. Other than helping banks to increase value to shareholders, the Fed has not done much to increase employment (Masaccio, 2010). ear | Unemployment rate| 2001| 4. 74%| 2002| 5. 78%| 2003| 5. 99%| 2004| 5. 54%| 2005| 5. 08%| 2006| 4. 61%| 2007| 4. 62%| 2008| 5. 80%| 2009| 9. 28%| 2010| 9. 63%| 2011| 9. 03%| (USA department of commerce, 2011) Regression Statistics| R Square| 40%| Before the crisis | 5%| Standard Error| 0. 015876006| Effect of the crisis | 2%| p-value| 3. 50%| Mean| 6. 37%| equation | y= 5%+2%X+1. 5%| As we can see from the regression statistics the impact of the crisis on unemployment is significant and 40% of the variation of in the unemployment rate is explained by the financial crisis Inflation –
The US Federal Reserve System has had much success in curbing inflation over the last two decades. Unlike other countries, which adopted the Inflation Targeting strategy the US, has maintained a nominal GDP targeting and has done quite well. Inflation targeting has various advantages but is sometimes very difficult because of the difficulty in accurate prediction of inflation. The lack of predictability makes it very difficult to control and thus it is not possible to make an accurate judgment of whether the Federal Reserve with its monetary policies has reached its inflation targets.
This has made the US prefer the GDP target, which does not have an outright strategy but has an implicit nominal anchor that helps to control future inflation. This strategy unlike inflation targeting involves foresight and monitoring of any sings for inflation and putting up strategies to counter the inflation. This is forward-looking strategy, which has been in operation at the Federal Reserve under the leadership of Alan Greenspan, has achieved sound economic performance and was very influential in keeping the 2001 recession to very mild levels despite the then present conditions of terrorism and some corporate scandals (Mishkin, 2007).
Although the rate of inflation has been kept relatively low for, a long time but there is no guarantee of any success of having a stable value of money in future. This is because the U. S monetary system works in discretion and independence and therefore there it is not legally possible for the Congress to enforce a commitment for long-term stability of prices. The independence and discretion that is exhibited by the Federal Reserve create uncertainties, which limit the power of the congress to provide a legal framework that would make the Fed accountable.
The lack of accountability makes the Fed lack a monetary rule that would keep it tied to the objective of maintaining future stability of prices. The lack of such a rule continues to be the reason business fluctuations are witnessed (Mishkin, 2007). year | Inflation rate | 2001| 2. 83%| 2002| 1. 59%| 2003| 2. 27%| 2004| 2. 68%| 2005| 3. 39%| 2006| 3. 24%| 2007| 2. 85%| 2008| 3. 85%| 2009| -0. 34%| 2010| 1. 64%| 2011| 3. 53%| (USA department of commerce, 2011) Regression Statistics| R Square| 25%| Standard Error| 0. 01239097| Before the crisis| 2. 60%| Effect of the crisis| -0. 30%| -value| 64%| Mean| 2. 50%| Equation| y= 2. 6%-0. 3%+1. 2%| As we can see from the regression statistics the impact of the crisis on inflation is insignificant and 25% of the variation of in the inflation rate is explained by the financial crisis Exports and imports- the imports and exports were also affected because the world purchasing power came down. Government efforts to overcome the crisis Government Bailouts- The return to normalcy in USA was unexpected despite the strength of the economy. Consumer spending continued to be low while investor confidence was also in the red.
This meant that the government had to come up with measures that would mitigate these effects and enable the country to stabilize. One such measure was the increase in government spending. The government had to intervene and it injected billions of cash into the economy. This measure was not only meant to boost investor confidence but also to provide liquidity in the economy. Access to capital was limited at the time and thus investors did not have any liquid cash with which they could trade. The result was the need by the government to inject cash in the market to enable various sectors market to recoup its losses.
As has already been noted, consumer spending was at an all time low and the government needed to jump-start the economy to avoid a situation that would require massive resources. Banks had little money to give to consumers and allowing them to draw on their reserves was a government move to increase liquidity in the area. It is important to understand that the flow of money in the public is an important aspect in the development of a country. By allowing banks to have, more money that could be given out, the government was encouraging consumer spending to avoid a stall of the economy.
Some of the banks had also gone under and the government was obligated to bail them out to ensure they continued to provide services to the people. Although this form of spending by the government does not entail direct input by the government to the public, it enables the banks to act as intermediaries between the government and the people. The public through the banks can access the money and this is expected to enhance consumer spending. Government stimulus package – the stimulus package was meant to help boost the economy. However, it was lesser than its expected amount.
To reduce unemployment, the increase in GDP should be higher than before. It involved assisting states were able to provide a third of the total government spending (Stiglitz, 2010). States had to maintain a balance between the total expenditure and total revenues to maintain the balanced budget framework. As the values of properties and profits decreases, the tax revenue will also decrease. the stimulus program did not give any importance to this aspect of the economy. Government could not attain their principles because after the implementation of this program, the most affected people were the poor.
To reduce the gap between the rich and poor was one the main principles but they did the opposite work. To come out from the crisis, reduction in poverty was very important. It was very necessary to fill up the holes in the safety net of the economy (Stiglitz, 2010). People observed much more necessity of insurance or coverage system. The government was providing employer-based insurance contracts in companies. In the recession period, most of the people had lost their jobs. As a result, people lose their health insurance contracts after losing their jobs.
Some insurance companies were providing insurance schemes as the earlier reforms. They would provide the schemes only to them who were able to afford it (Stiglitz, 2010). People were running out of money and jobs and this reduced the power of affordability of those insurance contracts. Therefore, poor and middle-income people could not afford health insurance. The government gave prior importance on the investment strategies and its proper distribution. There was shortage in total expected investment. This shortage was mainly in the public sector. There were many constraints in the public sectors to invest more (Stiglitz, 2010).
Government can do that by reducing tax. This would help to increase the cash flow and to invest more in the public sector. However, the stimulus package did not provide this kind of improvement in the investment strategies. To increase the total investment, mainly in public sector, government should go for a tax-cut (Stiglitz, 2010). The government went for the implementation of tax-cut rule but unfortunately, that was inefficient and ineffective to provide higher investment. This benefited rich people because most of the increased money went into their pockets.
Therefore, the gap between rich and poor was increasing gradually. Most of the principles were carefully designed but the implementation procedure was not effective for the economy under the circumstances of financial crisis. The Federal Reserve action In the United States, the principal organization charged with the implementation of the policy is the Federal Reserve System (Fed) which is the country’s central bank. As stipulated in the Federal Reserve Act (1913), The Federal Reserve sets policies that affect the availability of money in order to promote the nation’s economic goals.
The Federal Reserve is responsible for controlling the Open Market Operation, reserve requirements and the interest rates which results in influence over the supply and demand of money and which affects the funds rate. The monetary policy made usually affects any financial or economic transaction that is made by everyone in the country. Other than influencing economic decisions among its citizens, being the world’s economic giant makes the U. S monetary policy affects other countries’ economic decisions. Sound economic performance is the primary objective of the reserve system and therefore it uses various tools to nfluence the demand of goods and services, and one of these tools is the variation of the short-term funds rate. As a body that is independent of the current political pressures, the Federal Reserve System has had many successes over the last decade in rooting for the country’s good economic performance. In the midst of the successes, there are also challenges and failures that have been encountered. As the institution responsible for controlling and regulating the banking sector, the Federal Reserve has been responsible for the efficiency in the commercial banks by instituting measures that increase harmony in the banking sector.
A program dubbed quantitative monetary ease was established in 2007 to continue with the goal of monetary expansion in the economy. The move meant to recapitalize the banking system saw an increase in monetary base from $855 billion by the end of 2007 to more than $1,728 billion by the end of 2008. This made the economy more liquid by increasing the reserves held by banks (Free, 2010). The financial institutions in the country have been known to be reluctant in providing credit to one another, a phenomenon that has created a financial crisis in the country.
In order to solve the reluctance, the Federal Reserve has made it possible for any financial institution that requires liquidity to access credit directly from the Fed. Previously, the Federal Reserve lending would not provide liquidity to other financial markets for example the commercial paper market but would only provide liquidity to banks. This is now possible as the non-bank paper markets and money market mutual funds can access credit directly from the Fed. This was in line with the program called Term Auction facility initiated by Ben Bernanke the chair to the Federal Reserve in 2007.
This program was set to provide liquidity to financial institutions and paper markets that did not perform efficiently due to the credit crunch. These programs were very effective in reducing the funds rate, which stood at 4. 25% in 2007, fell to 0% at the end of 2008, and consequently increased lending (Free, 2010). The Fed has also taken up the place of private and commercial banks by starting facilities for providing backup liquidity for the money market mutual funds (Office of Management and Budget, 2010). Various actions by the Federal Reserve System have eased credit crisis and increased credit facilities.
This includes the decision to buy longer-term debts and securities unlike the past when it used to limit its operation short-term securities. This policy provided a monetary stimulus to borrowers by easing the pressure from the long-term interest rates such as mortgage rates (Free, 2010). Expanding the Fed’s credit facilities has made it to realize increases in its balance sheet, which increased to over $2 trillion in 2010. Such an increase also translates to potential increase in the supply of money in the country (Office-of-Management-and-Budget, 2010).
The programs instituted to support the financial market as well as the low interest rates set a policy that helped to expand the economy. The Federal Reserve System and the monetary policies over the last decade have helped to keep the banking system afloat and profitable but that profitability comes at the expense of the consumer. The low Federal funds rate which keep the interests rates to a minimum help the banks to stay afloat by accessing credit from almost interest-free lines while the consumers and the government feel the effects of financial crises.
James Mckeen Cattell Contributions to Psychology essay help site:edu: essay help site:edu
After completing his doctorate, Cattell spent two years at Cambridge University, where he founded England’s first laboratory in experimental psychology. While at Cambridge, Cattell married Josephine Owen, who became a lifelong partner in his research and later in his editing and publishing duties. Also during his Cambridge years, Cattell’s father helped him to secure a faculty position at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught for two and a half years. It was during this time that Cattell coined the term “mental testing” to characterize his research (Sokal, 1987).
Cattell then moved to Columbia University as head of its psychology department and taught there until his dismissal in 1917, a dismissal nominally caused by an anticonscription piece that he published during the first world war, but almost certainly fueled by long-standing antagonism between Cattell and Columbia’s president, Nicholas Murray Butler (Sokal, 1995). Cattell’s eminence in his day is clear; in 1901 Cattell was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences, although historian Michael M.
Sokal suggests that this may have been due more to his resurrection of the journal Science than to his scientific research (Sokal, 1980). Cattell is known to psychologists familiar with the history of psychology in the United States not only for his experimental work on reaction time and mental testing but also as one of the founding figures of the APA in 1892 and as its fourth president (1896). Sokal’s numerous publications on Cattell have helped to elucidate his role for general, for Cattell’s influence extended far beyond the confines of psychology.
Indeed, one scientific contemporary eulogized that Cattell “did more than any other man of his generation to bring about the organization of science in America” (Conklin, 1944, p. 154). Edward L. Thorndike similarly recalled that although Cattell had been “the most likely candidate” at the tum of the century for leadership in psychology, “he chose to become both a leader and a servant, and of American science as a whole rather than of only psychology” (Thorndike, 1944, p. 155). Cattell is best remembered for his lifelong services as an editor and publisher.
He edited the first six editions of American Men of Science (now American Men and Women of Science), instituting and maintaining against increasing opposition its system of “starring” the 1,000 most eminent scientists (Sokal, 1995). Among the journals he published and edited were the Psychological Review (with James Mark Baldwin), The American Naturalist, School and Society, Popular Science Monthly, The Scientific Monthly, and his longest and most noteworthy venture, Science. He also helped to found the Archives of Psychology and the Journal of philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods.
Cattell maintained an active interest in psychology throughout his life, and was president of the International Congress of Psychology (1929) as well as one of the founding members, in 1921, of the Psychological Corporation, a business designed to promote applied psychology. As Thorndike put it, even while becoming a broader man of science, Cattell “did not cease to be a psychologist . . . . but his leadership was in psychological affairs rather than in psychological thought and experimentation” (Thorndike, 1944). Cattell and Science
Cattell was central to the story of the AAAS from the turn of the century until his death. Sokal, Kohlstedt, and Lewenstein have detailed that story in an excellent recent publication (Sokal et al. , in press); we simply summarize some of the highlights of Cattell’s AAAS years, as gleaned from their research and our own. As already mentioned, the AAAS was at a critical moment in its history at the turn of the century, as its membership numbers stagnated and attendance at meetings fell off in the face of the rising number of specialist societies that competed for scientists’ closely guarded time and energy.
It both had no official publication, and at the AAAS meeting in 1900, members began grumbling that they were not getting enough for their $3 in dues (Conklin, 1944, p. 153). The journal Science had been founded in 1880, privately published and kept afloat financially first through the generosity of Thomas Alva Edison and subsequently by Alexander Graham Bell and his father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Leaders of the scientific community in America perceived a need for a journal that would keep them abreast of developments across the various scientific fields and that would also promote the interests of science for the public.
But the journal had a difficult time in the 1880s and early 1890s for various reasons (Kohlstedt, 1980). Of its first three editors, two were scientific amateurs who failed to gain the respect of scientific researchers. The journal varied in quality from issue to issue, and articles were often derivative of older published sources. The subscription list was never large enough to support the journal, so continuous external backing was needed, and patrons tended to offer more advice than editors wanted, leading to tensions and the resignation of the second editor.
The journal finally sunk in 1894, its last issue published in March of that year (Kohlstedt, 1980). A number of members of the scientific community gathered at an AAAS meeting in that year and pledged their support to keeping the journal alive, even recommending that the AAAS provide it a subsidy if it were revived. One of the journal’s aims had always been to report on the activities of scientific societies, and the proceedings of the AAAS’s annual meetings had been a staple of Science since its founding, but as yet there was no official connection between the journal and the association.
In the fall of 1894, Cattell purchased Science for financial reasons (Sokal et al. , in press). Of all of Science’s early editors, Cattell was without question its most scientifically established and respected. He was a faculty member and department chair at Columbia University, one of the leading research universities in the country, and he had a fine record of publication in the new experimental psychology. Earlier in 1894 he had started editing, with James Mark Baldwin, the Psychological Review.
Cattell was already well-connected in the American scientific community, and he used his new position to strengthen and broaden his network. More than previous editors, he was able to draw on these ties to persuade eminent scientists to contribute articles and information to the journal; its first new issue in January of 1895, for example, featured a lead article by Harvard physicist Simon Newcomb, another by Daniel Coit Gilman, president of The Johns Hopkins University, as well as a number of other presidential addresses and papers by leading scientists (Conklin, 1944).
Within the space of a few short years, Cattell transformed Science into a journal that people wanted to read in order to keep up with the latest advances and gossip in the various fields of science. His connections with a wide range of scientists nationally and internationally enabled Science to “scoop” other American periodicals on a number of exciting scientific developments of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, such as the discovery of X-rays, wireless telegraphy, new chemical elements, the rediscovery of the gene, and the Wright brothers’ early flights at Kitty Hawk (Sokal, 1980).
In addition to regularly featured articles and presidential addresses, he established a regular “Current Notes” section that included information on recent developments in various scientific fields, he included regular reports of local scientific meetings and reviews of scientific journals, he encouraged discussion of the latest scientific controversies in a “Correspondence” section, and he added a “Scientific Notes and News” section that gave professional news of the AAAS members (Sokal et al. in press). The latter section, Sokal suggests, was of special interest to members at a time when the scientific community was relatively small (only about 5,000 scientists in the United States and only about 2,000 AAAS members), and many of its members knew each other. As we will describe below, Dael Wolfie would later find it necessary to transform this section in order to meet the changing needs of a membership whose numbers had exceeded any reasonable sense of the term “community. Even while he was reviving Science and making it a commercially viable enterprise, Cattell sought to link his journal with the AAAS; he quickly arranged to receive the subsidy that had been recommended by the AAAS committee of 1894, and he subsequently worked with the Permanent Secretary (now called the Executive Officer) of the AAAS to make Science the official journal of the AAAS in 1900 (Sokal, 1980).
All members of the AAAS would receive Science without an increase in their $3 dues; Cattell would take a slight loss because individual subscriptions to Science cost $5, but his subscription list grew, which appealed to advertisers. The official linkage worked to the advantage of both Science and the AAAS, even exceeding their hopes. After a number of years of stagnation, within a year membership in the AAAS had nearly doubled, and within the decade it had tripled, hitting 6,000 in 1909 (Sokal et al. in press). Members now felt that they were getting something for their dues, and Science, now the official journal of the largest broadbased scientific society in the United States, had an even greater opportunity than previously to attract the support of leaders of the scientific community and to become the central journal to represent the interests of all the sciences in America.
Cattell had revitalized Science, and its union with the AAAS helped to breathe new life into that organization as it weathered the changes of an increasingly specialized scientific community. HelpingPsychology. com (2010) James McKeen Cattell: Noteworthy Psychologist. Retrieved on January 9, 2011 from http://helpingpsychology. com/? s=James+McKeen+Cattell Plucker, J. A. (Ed. ). (2007). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://www. indiana. edu/~intell
Tax Exemption essay help us: essay help us
According to source B, who strongly believes that churches should be tax exempt, it is apparent that if a church requires the same infrastructure as any other taxpaying enterprise, it should not be free from from paying taxes. All of which is demonstrated through the unbiased facts in Source A, the logical presentation of Source C, and the hardly opinionated Source G, which all include a sense of responsibility and equality.
Although it is thought by many believers, such as in Source B, that churches should be tax exempt because of all the wonderful deeds that they do, such as care for the homeless, provide optimism for the hopeless and provide a quantity of social services for citizens, it is not all flowers and dandelions. Churches necessitate the same infrastructure and government services that other tax paying entities must use, such as roads, fire department, and police.
If other people must pay taxes in order to have such services made available to them, churches should be required to follow the identical set of laws. In Source A, the information it provides is from the IRS, and is very straightforward as well as not subjective. It explains how under section 501(c)(3) charitable organizations are eligible to receive tax exemption status and how they are able to go about doing so.
As well it states that these section 501(c)(3) organizations are restricted on their lobbying and political activity they are able to participate in, this is something that is obviously not that enforced as laws seeing as these churches are in the news often and can say and do many things in order to try and influence peoples to either convert or get them to have faith in their belief system. In Source C, author Austin Cline presents the problem of which the churches that are in the United States own up to twenty five percent of the land.
The land that is being used by these churches could be used by the government for schools, or banks or something that will help everyone, not only those who believe in a higher being. The exclusion they have from taxes must be made up in some other manner, be it from individuals or other tax paying corporations. In this tough time of recession, many families have had to cut back on costs and even go without things that are essential to their being, with that being said, the one thousand dollars that are being paid by each individual in order to make up for the exemption of church taxes, that money ould be put towards a family’s expenses and needs. That money belongs to the people who earn it not some building that only some people attend in order to have some hope. Besides only having churches exempt from needed taxes, Source G also enlists the help of thirteen pastors to attempt to make the case that it is not only atheists and non-believers that think that churches should not be tax exempt.
Not only does Peter Molnar provide reliable proof that this exemption is not just but he also says that some congress members may be violating tax laws by living in a boarding house, C Street Center that was affiliated with an evangelical Christian network called the Fellowship Foundation. Although Congress has oversight ability, it often ignores many religious institutions and its doings. 12 of these pastors believe that the matters at C Street Center should be investigated, and not only do these pastors and clergy members believe this, many citizens who have to pay for the difference of these tax exempt churches believe so too.
With all of the rational explanations that have been provided in sources A, C, and G there is almost no reason to continue to provide additional arguments as to why religious institutions should not be tax exempt. A church or mosque, or any other institution requires the same infrastructure and cost as any other government building, they should not be able to be liberated of this dutiful task and law that everyone should abide by, especially considering that everyone is created equal and having religious institutions be excluded from these necessary taxes could very well be considered unconstitutional.
Understanding Pride and Prejudice Through Letters essay help: essay help
Understanding Pride and Prejudice through Letters In Jane Austin’s Pride and Prejudice, there are very little explicit descriptions of characters’ true personalities. Instead she gives insight into character through their words, actions and a few thoughts. However, Austen also uses characters’ written letters and the reaction of those who receive them to convey information, reveal characters, advance plot and show personal view points. As a practical purpose, letters written from one character to another provide information about what is happening in their lives and the context for certain events.
For example, the letter from Mrs. Gardiner to Elizabeth explaining Mr. Darcy’s critical role in the marriage between Lydia and Wickham, is a long account of events with a purpose of revealing what part Darcy has played. Because Pride and Prejudice is written in a way that mostly follows Elizabeth’s point of view and thoughts, had this information not been conveyed in a letter, it would have been difficult for the story to find a way of exposing Darcy’s actions. What certain characters say in their letters reveal their personalities. The letter at the beginning of the novel from Mr. Collins to Mr.
Bennet expressing his wishes to stay with them, gives insight into Mr. Collins’ pretentious character. Additionally, the reactions from the Bennet family members expose their individual ways of judging character. As Jody Devine states, Mr. Collin’s first letter “reveals to the recipients character traits that do not reflect his class. His tone is pompous and condescending to Mr. Bennet, a man of equal class and status. ” In this letter Mr. Collins writes, “I cannot be otherwise than concerned at being the means of injuring your amiable daughters, and beg leave to apologise for it… [and make] amends (43).
The reaction of Elizabeth to this phrase illustrates her curiosity in finding out what kind of a man Mr. Collins is. Her desire to make judgements on character is shown when she questions, “what can he mean by apologizing for being the next entail?… [can] he be a sensible man…? ” (44). Elizabeth’s leery response is contrasted with Jane’s insight that Mr. Collin’s wish is “certainly to his credit” (44) showing Jane’s natural tendency to assume that goodness is in everyone. The communication between Caroline Bingley and Jane rovides further proof of Jane’s kind-heartedness and Miss Bingley’s duplicity. During her stay at Netherfield, Miss Bingley writes to Jane her “dear friend” asking her to dine with them. Further letters from Miss Bingley are pleasant and friendly, yet when Jane is in London and writes to Elizabeth, she says that she has been “entirely deceived in Miss Bingley’s regard for [her]” (99). Jane explains that “when [Miss Bingley] did come [to visit], it was very evident that she had no pleasure in it” (99).
According to Jane, Miss Bingley’s actions towards her are contrary to her initial letters written to Jane, therefore demonstrating Miss Bingley’s insincerity. Nevertheless, Jane is still compassionate and writes that she “pity[s] [Miss Bingley], because she must feel that she has been acting wrong” (99). Austen also uses letters to propel the plot of Pride and Prejudice forward. The most important letter in the novel is from Mr. Darcy to Elizabeth. It is not only important in the fact that it exposes Wickham for his past indiscretions and Darcy for his true personality, but it creates the story’s turning point.
Up until she received this letter, Elizabeth’s view of Mr. Darcy was based on Mr. Wickham’s story of a proud, selfish man who betrayed his father’s wishes. After reading Darcy’s letter, where his true motives and character are revealed, Elizabeth is confronted with guilt and she becomes occupied with finding ways of confirming what Darcy has written. It is this letter that creates a change of heart in Elizabeth and from this point forward the rest of the story is a waiting game of when she and Mr. Darcy will make amends and reunite.
Another letter that assists the storyline is the letter from Jane to Elizabeth relaying the news of Lydia’s elopement with Wickham. This conflict is provided at the perfect time in the story right before Darcy comes to visit Elizabeth. As mentioned by Susan Fraiman, knowing what Wickham has done to Lydia, Darcy has “a chance to display his nobility of heart and purse, his wish to rectify and his power to do so” (362). Consequently, the predicament of Elizabeth’s family as conveyed in the letter is the initiating factor for Darcy to prove his affection to Elizabeth.
Many thoughts that are expressed in the letters of Pride and Prejudice are feelings that would never have been spoken out loud by the characters. Referring back to Darcy’s letter to Elizabeth, Darcy admits that his “character required it to be written and read” (129). As opposed to being said in person, Darcy feels that he must write this letter to explain to Elizabeth the true circumstances of his and Wickham’s dislike for one another. In the letter from Mrs. Gardiner to Elizabeth revealing Mr. Darcy’s actions, Mrs. Gardiner teases Elizabeth about her relationship with Mr.
Darcy. As Teresa Kenney explains, “Aunt Gardiner is referring in her letter to what she supposes to be Lizzy’s disguising of the real state of her relationship with Mr. Darcy. ” Mrs. Gardiner also writes that she is going to “take this opportunity of saying (what I was never bold enough to say before) how much I like [Mr. Darcy]” (211). Evidently, Mrs. Gardiner did not want to be presumptuous before, but now that she has exposed her inclination that Darcy and Elizabeth will be a couple, she shares her opinion of him in her letter.
Mental Health Services Within the Criminal Justice System essay help services: essay help services
These days it seems that more and more people are being diagnosed with some form of mental disorder or disability. It’s important that those who provide mental health services be properly trained and certified so as to provide the best possible care and treatment for those who suffer from mental health disorders and disabilities. The history of mental health services is quite extensive. In 1773 the first hospital for the mentally ill in the US opened in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 1840 there were only eight “asylums for the insane” in the United States.
Dorothea Dix crusaded for the establishment or enlargement of 32 mental hospitals, and transfer of those with mental illness from almshouses and jails. The first attempt to measure the extent of mental illness and mental retardation in the United States occurred with the U. S. Census of 1840, which included the category “insane and idiotic. ” The “mental hygiene” movement began in 1900. Clifford Beers, a mental health consumer shocked readers with a graphic account of hospital conditions in his famous book, The Mind That Found Itself.
Inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island included screening to detect the “mentally disturbed and retarded”. The high incidence of mental disorders among immigrants prompted public recognition of mental illness as a national health problem. In 1930, The US Public Health Service (PHS) established the Narcotics Division, later named the Division of Mental Hygiene, bringing together research and treatment programs to combat drug addiction and study of the causes, prevalence, and means of preventing and treating nervous and mental disease. During World War II, severe shortages of professional mental health personnel and the nderstanding of the causes, treatment, and prevention of mental illness lagged behind other fields of medical science and public health. Dr. William Menninger, chief of Army neuropsychiatry, called for federal action. A national mental health program was proposed, forming the foundation of the National Mental Health Act of 1946. On July 3, 1946, President Truman signed the National Mental Health Act, creating for the first time in US history a significant amount of funding for psychiatric education and research and leading to the creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Congress authorized the Mental Health Study Act of 1955 and called for “an objective, thorough, nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the humane and economic problems of mental health”. The act provided the basis for the historic study conducted by the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health. In 1961 the Action for Mental Health was transmitted to Congress. It assessed mental health conditions and resources throughout the United States “to arrive at a national program that would approach adequacy in meeting the individual needs of the mentally ill people of America. Congress appropriated $12 million for research in 1956 the clinical and basic aspects of psychopharmacology and the Psychopharmacology Service Center was established. The number of consumers in mental hospitals began to decline reflecting the introduction of psychopharmacology in the treatment of mental illness. The Health Amendments Act authorized the support of community services for the mentally ill, such as halfway houses, daycare, and aftercare under Title V. The CMHC (Community Mental Health Center) Act Amendments of 1965, (P. L. 1-211), were enacted and included the following major provisions: Construction and staffing grants to centers were extended and facilities that served those with alcohol and substance abuse disorders were made eligible to receive these grants. Grants were provided to support the initiation and development of mental health services in poverty-stricken areas. A new program of grants was established to support further development of children’s services. By 1988, the concept of behavioral health managed care evolved from theory to practice.
Massachusetts was the first state that utilized a managed care platform regarding service of its behavioral healthcare needs. The state “carved out” mental health from physical healthcare and awarded the contract for management of the mental health benefits to a private company whose responsibilities included service authorization, utilization, quality management, a provider network, claims processing and interagency coordination. The managed care platform was based on efficiency and effectiveness, and sought to take advantage of emerging technologies.
However, capturing the cost savings proved to be a difficult task as managed care programs spread throughout different states. Population disparities in the rural and urban areas, unfulfilled technological promises, decreasing social service budgets in the states, and erosion in the areas of access and quality had a lasting effect on managed care systems. “Mental health services are designed to promote and maintain mental health, prevent mental illness, and treat and rehabilitate mentally ill persons. ” (Dolgoff & Feldstein, 2009, p. 69). Community mental health centers provide a variety of services. Such services include, but are not limited to, emergency services, diagnosis, treatment, referral, and community education and coordination. Mental health issues involve a wide array of behaviors ranging from severe mental impairments that would require hospitalization to mildly impairing behaviors. Another specific goal of mental health services involves promoting maximum mental health by support help in life transitions and difficult periods of stress.
In recent years there has been more focus on the interrelationship of biological and psychosocial factors as they relate to mental health. “Mental health facilities include both public (state and county) and private psychiatric hospitals in which patients are either voluntarily committed or involuntarily committed by court order or following certification by two physicians. Aftercare is often provided for discharged patients in a local community facility. ” (Dolgoff & Feldstein, 2009, p. 269). According to Patty Fleener, “The purpose of Mental Health Today is to help stop the pain caused by mental health disorders.
The hope is to provide the latest information about mental health disorders to mental health clinicians as well as consumers and families who are now beginning to demand better treatment. Communities have been created for emotional support, articles are written to assist in recovery, crisis intervention is provided by recovering mental health consumers, and resources are given. ” Financing for mental health services can get tricky and complicated. “Using monies from federal block grants, state mental health departments operate statewide networks of mental health services. ”(Dolgoff & Feldstein, 2009, p. 70). In addition, state departments of education also provide financing through special education programs. Complications arise however, when we get into private insurances and what they will and will not cover. “Despite research findings that behavior and mood illnesses such as severe depression and schizophrenia are disorders of brain circuitry, debate continues whether mental health conditions are physical or mental. ”(Dolgoff & Feldstein, 2009, p. 270). The reason this piece of information is so important is because insurance companies do not equally cover mental illness and physical illness.
Today, more and more insurance companies are restricting coverage for mental health services. This includes services that are normally provided by social workers. This was motivated by several concerns. Insurers feared that coverage of mental health services would result in high costs associated with long-term and intensive psychotherapy and extended hospital stays. They also were reluctant to pay for long-term, often custodial, hospital stays that were guaranteed by the public mental health system, the provider of “catastrophic care. These factors encouraged private insurers to limit coverage for mental health services. (U. S. Public Health Service). Federal public financing mechanisms, such as Medicare and Medicaid, also imposed limitations on coverage, particularly for long-term care, of “nervous and mental disease” to avoid a complete shift in financial responsibility from state and local governments to the Federal government. The purpose of mental health insurance is to protect the individual from catastrophic financial loss. A 1996 review of the evidence for the efficacy of well-documented treatments (Frank et al. 1996) suggested that covered services should include the following: * Hospital and other 24-hour services (e. g. , crisis residential services); * Intensive community services (e. g. , partial hospitalization); * Ambulatory or outpatient services (e. g. , focused forms of psychotherapy); * Medical management (e. g. , monitoring psychotropic medications); * Case management; * Intensive psychosocial rehabilitation services; and * Other intensive outreach approaches to the care of individuals with severe disorders.
Since resources to provide such services are finite, insurance plans are responsible for allocating resources to support treatment. Each type of insurance plan has a different model for matching treatment need with insurance support for receiving services. (U. S. Public Health Service). Health insurance, whether funded through private or public sources, is one of the most important factors influencing access to health and mental health services. Of the roughly 32 million uninsured Americans required by law to enroll in health insurance plans by 2014, about half-or 16 million-will sign up for Medicaid.
And of those new enrollees, one-third will have preexisting mental health or substance abuse conditions. Not surprisingly, state governments (which will implement the law) are desperate to cut costs. People with chronic psychiatric conditions, after all, are among the most expensive to insure because their crises usually lead to emergency room visits and lengthy stays in institutions, at a cost of thousands of dollars a day. Many mentally ill patients cope by smoking, abusing drugs, or overeating, leading to an increased risk of cancer, diabetes, and other expensive “co-morbidities. One study published in 2000 estimated that people with psychiatric or substance abuse problems consume 44 percent of all the cigarettes sold in the United States. This is one reason why the average life expectancy of an American with a chronic mental illness is about 25 years shorter than the national average. (The American Scholar). Nearly 12 percent of U. S. adults (27 million low-income individuals on public support) receive Medicaid coverage (with more than 2 percent having dual Medicare/Medicaid coverage).
With per capita expenditures of $481 a year for mental health services, the average cost of this coverage is 2. 5 times higher than that in the private sector. An explanation for this higher average cost is the severity of illness of this population and greater intensity of services needed to meet their needs. State mental health policymakers have begun to blend funding streams from Medicaid and the state public mental health expenditures under Medicaid “waivers,” which offer the potential of purchasing private insurance for certain public beneficiaries who have not been eligible for Medicaid.
It is noteworthy that CHIP benefits vary from state-to-state particularly for mental health coverage. America is about to undergo a massive shift in how health care is paid for, and at the state level the responses have been varied. South Carolina, for example, slashed mental health spending 39 percent between 2009 and 2012, and nine other states cut their mental health budgets more than 10 percent over that same period, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, leaving significantly more people on the street, in jail, or dead.
In other states, the objective is to replace custodial care, which is often inefficient and inhumane. The new model of care encourages a far greater degree of independence, and at a fraction of the cost of hospital wards. Consider that the state of New York spends about $220,000 a year to keep a person in the Buffalo Psychiatric Center. Now compare that with the annual direct cost of supported housing in Buffalo- about $8,000 per person, according to Joe Woodward, director of a peer-run housing agency in western New York.
About 25 million adults in this country suffer from serious psychological distress; some surveys estimate that half of all Americans will have a diagnosable psychiatric condition at some point in their lives. And yet, the mentally ill are a largely forgotten part of the population. Governments especially seem to deal with the problem by ignoring it. The major obstacle, still to this day-is social stigma, which the sociologist Erving Goffman elegantly defined as “the process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity. ” This stigma is what peers can best combat. People may not know how to make recovery happen, but that doesn’t mean that it can’t happen,” said John Allen, a peer activist for decades and now the director of the Office of Consumer Affairs at New York State’s Office of Mental Health. “I believe that recovery is possible for every human being. ” The mental health care in America is extremely poor at this time. Many people continue to suffer and lives are literally lost due to lack of interest in our society in assisting people with mental health disorders and people continue to be heavily stigmatized.
Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood college application essay help online: college application essay help online
Najee Bailey Professor Scheuermann English 101 03/04/12 Rodriguez describes his journey of language through the influence of his grandmother, the battles of balancing both the native language and the English language and by his disagreement of “individuality”. Rodriguez designates his passage by describing the struggles he endured as a bilingual Hispanic in American society. Born as an American citizen to Mexican immigrants, Rodriguez was the child of working-class parents. He started going to a Roman Catholic School following the footsteps of his older sister and brother.
However, by attending this school, he felt misplaced; his classmates were all children of high-class lawyers and doctors. Living in Sacramento, California, Rodriguez realized that his life would entirely change, for better and worse. Rodriguez describes his grandmother as “a woman of Mexico” and her no interest of the “gringo society” (36). Throughout his early years, Rodriquez had a close relationship with his grandmother. He would take her to a Safeway and she would have him translate for her.
She would mock him and call him “Pocho”, meaning “bland” or a Mexican-American who, in becoming American, has forgotten his native society. His grandmother was the type of woman who never expected a response from him. Rodriguez explained, “Language was never its source. ” (36) He understood her completely; however she didn’t need him to respond to anything. She was the one who truly made him understand the “intimate utterance”, a mystery that couldn’t be solved. His grandmother would help him understand that it is not the word that makes up the meaning it’s the sounds one makes instead.
Rodriguez mentions that though he could not describe the sounds of her words, he could describe the stories and memories she mentioned. It was this particular closeness and personal connection he had to her voice that made it seem as if he understood the “intimate utterance”. Balancing between “private language” and “public language”, Rodriguez describes his struggle to choose one between the other. Growing up as a Spanish-speaking boy living in an English-speaking society, he entirely felt like he was different from other children. Richard spoke English, but as soon as he got home, Spanish was the language of choice.
By speaking this “private language”, it helped him preserve his own culture and came to be a disadvantage as well; yielding his learning in English. Rodriguez felt safe in his Spanish speaking home because it was familiar to him. His teachers soon realized that Richard would not speak or would not try to speak the “public language” because he was afraid. After being tutored at school he realized that public language, in which this case happens to be English, provides the foundation for the rights and opportunities available for those who speak the “public language”.
So by choosing to assimilate into society, this “public language” came to be his key to unlocking the door to opportunities. As positive as this realization was, there was an equal downfall to his situation. He stated, “I no longer knew what words to use in addressing my parents. ” (24) From there on, a language barrier started to be the gap that divided his parents from him. Richard, who had felt that this assimilation was necessary, had now lost his parents amidst the goal.
As a result, Richard had little contact with them, because he assimilated into a society that was unknown territory for his Spanish-speaking parents. Bilingual education began in the 1960’s, at a time when the Hispanic American social activists permitted non-English-speaking children to promote their family language as the language of school. Rodriguez did not agree with bilingual education proponents who argued that children that were not taught in their native language lost their “individuality”. Rodriguez explained that the activists “…do not seem to realize that there are two ways a person is individualized. (26) One way would be that while one suffers a sense of private individuality by becoming assimilated to the public society, in such, opportunities make it possible for an achievement in the public individuality. Rodriguez asserts “Only when I was able to think of myself as an American, no longer an alien in gringo society, could I seek the rights and opportunities necessary for public identity. ” (27) He did not believe that his childhood proved the necessity of bilingual education. Rodriguez’s decision to use the English language ultimately formed his identity in the American society.
Rodriguez realized that he had to eventually adapt to the American society by learning the English language. By doing so, he had his own understanding of the “intimate utterance” from his grandmother; the balance between “private language” and “public language”, and assimilated to his own “individuality”. Through Rodriguez’s own adaptation, he realized that though he lost a lot from his native culture, he also gained certain aspects from American society. If it wasn’t for the teachers encouraging the use of English, Rodriguez would have never had as many opportunities he does currently as a lecturer and writer.
Recent Trends in Hrm extended essay help biology: extended essay help biology
Indian organizations are also witnessing a change in systems, management cultures and philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need for multi skill development. Role of HRM is becoming all the more important. Some of the recent trends that are being observed are as follows: • The recent quality management standards ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 of 2000 focus more on people centric organizations. Organizations now need to prepare themselves in order to address people centered issues with commitment from the top management, with renewed thrust on HR issues, more particularly on training. Charles Handy also advocated future organizational models like Shamrock, Federal and Triple I. Such organizational models also refocus on people centric issues and call for redefining the future role of HR professionals. • To leapfrog ahead of competition in this world of uncertainty, organizations have introduced six- sigma practices. Six- sigma uses rigorous analytical tools with leadership from the top and develops a method for sustainable improvement. These practices improve organizational values and helps in creating defect free product or services at minimum cost. Human resource outsourcing is a new accession that makes a traditional HR department redundant in an organization. Exult, the international pioneer in HR BPO already roped in Bank of America, international players BP Amoco & over the years plan to spread their business to most of the Fortune 500 companies. • With the increase of global job mobility, recruiting competent people is also increasingly becoming difficult, especially in India. Therefore by creating an enabling culture, organizations are also required to work out a retention strategy for the existing skilled manpower.
NEW TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL HRM International HRM places greater emphasis on a number of responsibilities and functions such as relocation, orientation and translation services to help employees adapt to a new and different environment outside their own country. Selection of employees requires careful evaluation of the personal characteristics of the candidate and his/her spouse. Training and development extends beyond information and orientation training to include sensitivity training and field experiences that will enable the manager to understand cultural differences better.
Managers need to be protected from career development risks, re-entry problems and culture shock. To balance the pros and cons of home country and host country evaluations, performance evaluations should combine the two sources of appraisal information. Compensation systems should support the overall strategic intent of the organization but should be customized for local conditions. In many European countries – Germany for one, law establishes representation. Organizations typically negotiate the agreement with the unions at a national level.
In Europe it is more likely for salaried employees and managers to be unionized. HR Managers should do the following things to ensure success- • Use workforce skills and abilities in order to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralize threats. • Employ innovative reward plans that recognize employee contributions and grant enhancements. • Indulge in continuous quality improvement through TQM and HR contributions like training, development, counseling, etc • Utilize people with distinctive capabilities to create unsurpassed competence in an area, e. g.
Xerox in photocopiers, 3M in adhesives, Telco in trucks etc. • Lay off workers in a smooth way explaining facts to unions, workers and other affected groups e. g. IBM, Kodak, Xerox, etc. HR Managers today are focusing attention on the following- • Policies- HR policies based on trust, openness, equity and consensus. • Motivation- Create conditions in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative and enthusiasm; make people feel like winners. • Relations- Fair treatment of people and prompt redress of grievances would pave the way for healthy work-place relations. Change agent- Prepare workers to accept technological changes by clarifying doubts. • Quality Consciousness- Commitment to quality in all aspects of personnel administration will ensure success. • Due to the new trends in HR, in a nutshell the HR manager should treat people as resources, reward them equitably, and integrate their aspirations with corporate goals through suitable India is being widely recognized as one of the most exciting emerging economics in the world.
Besides becoming a global hub of outsourcing, Indian firms are spreading their wings globally through mergers and acquisitions. During the first four months of 1997, Indian companies have bought 34 foreign companies for about U. S. $11 billion dollars. This impressive development has been due to a growth in inputs (capital and labor) as well as factor productivity. By the year 2020, India is expected to add about 250 million to its labour pool at the rate of about 18 million a year, which is more than the entire labour force of Germany.
This so called ‘demographic dividend’ has drawn a new interest in the Human Resource concepts and practices in India. Indian HRM in Transition One of the noteworthy features of the Indian workplace is demographic uniqueness. It is estimated that both China and India will have a population of 1. 45 billion people by 2030; however, India will have a larger workforce than China. Indeed, it is likely India will have 986 million people of working age in 2030, which will probably be about 300 million more than in 2007.
And by 2050, it is expected India will have 230 million more workers than China and about 500 million more than the United States of America (U. S. ). It may be noted that half of India’s current population of 1. 1 billion people are under of 25 years of age. While this fact is a demographic dividend for the economy, it is also a danger sign for the country’s ability to create new jobs at an unprecedented rate. With the retirement age being 55 to 58 years of age in most public sector organizations, Indian workplaces are dominated by youth. Increasing the etirement age in critical areas like universities, schools, hospitals, research institutions and public service is a topic of considerable current debate and agenda of political parties. The divergent view, that each society has a unique set of national nuances, which guide particular managerial beliefs and actions, is being challenged in Indian society. An emerging dominant perspective is the influence of globalization on technological advancements, business management, and education and communication infrastructures are leading to a converging effect on managerial mindsets and business behaviors.
And when India embraced liberalization and economic reform in the early 1990s, dramatic changes were set in motion in terms of corporate mindsets and HRM practices as a result of global imperatives and accompanying changes in societal priorities. Indeed, the onset of a burgeoning competitive service sector compelled a demographic shift in worker educational status and heightened the demand for job relevant skills as well as regional diversity. Expectedly, there has been a marked shift towards valuing human resources (HR) in Indian organizations as they become increasingly strategy driven as opposed to the culture of the status quo.
New Deal Dbq Outline buy argumentative essay help: buy argumentative essay help
Analyze the responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depression. How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal government? Thesis Statement: During Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency, his administration helped and tried to solve the problems of the Great Depression. He caused the government to play a very important role in society and from their help many people responded with their opinion of what they felt about it. Document A: •in Document A it discusses about women during the Great Depression •FDR and his administration helped keep women’s condition very well ? omen didn’t suffered as much as the other people o“…not many women in the bread line…” ? they didn’t have to wait in line for food o“…you don’t see women lying on the floor of the mission…”, “They obviously don’t sleep…under newspaper in the park” ? women had a better condition than other people, had a better living and didn’t have to sleep elsewhere •even though the Great Depression caused many women to become jobless, but they still have a better living than others ? showed that women didn’t suffer much during FDR’s presidency Document B: •during the Great Depression, many people pitched in to help out ?
FDR helped better the worker’s working conditions and wages ? NRA and Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act o“Everyone is sympathetic to the cause of creating of creating more jobs and better wages for labor…” ? showed that everyone was pitching in to help and create more jobs for people o“…leading us fast to a condition where the Government must more and more expand its relief activities…” ? the government is using its money to create more jobs for people ? government was playing a major role in providing people jobs Document C: •some of the people believed that FDR’s actions during the Great Depression as too radical and it was changing America into a whole new nation instead of fixing the problem o“It is a evolution, not revolution, gentlemen! ” ?evolution: any process of formation or growing ? developing ? revolution: a radical change in society osaying that this was supposed to be the time to develop newer ways to prevent the Great Depression from happening again ? a time to develop newer ways and ideas to better the society ? FDR’s actions doesn’t seem like it’s better the society, it seems like he’s doing a radical change to it ? FDR kept creating new administrations and programs, and passing acts and laws ? oing more than bettering the society ? he’s changing it Document D: •the government took out money to help relief people and to create more public-works projects so that people can have jobs ? the government was willing to make as much money as they can to help to help people ? this also contributed more to their national debt ? government needs to watch on how much they spend •“An enormous outpouring of federal money for human relief and immense sums for public-works projects started to flow to all points of the compass…Six billion dollars was added to the national debt…”
Document E: •the government passed the Social Security Act so that the older generation can retire and still get paid by the government and the younger generation can take their jobs •the advertisement is used to advertise and notify people that when they retire they can still get money from the government each month ? “a monthly check to you-“ ? this helped provide more jobs for the younger generation Document F: •the government is getting involved with unions and telling businesses how they should treat them ? people believed that the government is pushing its powers ? elieved the government is doing too much now •“The authority of the federal government may not be pushed to such an extreme” Document G: •people believed that the government now is overdoing things ? they are getting too involved with workers and union ? government gave worker’s the right to form unions and collect bargains ? businesses and employers didn’t like this, said the government is overdoing it •“…have no right to transgress the law which gives to the workers the right of self-organization and collective bargaining”
Document H: •the government needed to take such radical moves to solve problems of the Great Depression ? the government is the main key to helping the nation through the Great Depression ? changing the Supreme Court and adding new justices ? bettered the Supreme Court •“The government as an instrument of democratic action in the future has also been strengthened and renovated” •“The Courts, too, have been revived… ” •“…excellent new appointments, so that we now have a Supreme Court which is abreast of the times” Document I: FDR tried to relief the blacks from the Great Depression but he didn’t have the intention to deal with social injustices ? he did help provide some blacks jobs, but didn’t deal with social injustice because he didn’t want to lose the support from the Southern Democrats •“…Roosevelt administration has tried to include the Negro in nearly every phrase of its program for the people of the nation…” •“…most important contribution of the Roosevelt administration to the age-old color line problem in America has been its doctrine that Negroes are a part of the country and must be considered in any program for the country as a whole”
Document J: •during FDR’s presidency, he provided many jobs to people and the unemployment rate decreased greatly from the Great Depression •this graph shows that when the Great Depression started (1929) there was a high percentage of unemployed people, but when FDR came into office (1932) and he started to take actions, the percentage begins to drop ? showed that FDR and the government worked hard to provide people jobs ? government played a very important role ? FDR turned government into the nation’s largest employer
School Board Paper college application essay help online: college application essay help online
Gary Norris, Executive Director of School & Community Relations/Board Secretary, Sharon Miller, Chief Financial Officer/Board Treasurer, Michael Coughlin, Assistant Superintendent for Administrative & Student Services, Dr. Peg Dokken-Opat and Associate Superintendent for Educational Services, Dr. Jane Lindaman. Those that were not present were Board member, David Meeks, and Associate Superintendent for Human Resources and Equity, Dr. Bev Smith. There were a few public citizens there, the Waterloo Courier, and sixty-five teachers from the Waterloo school district.
There were 65 teachers in attendance from the Waterloo school district. One young teacher came up front to speak during the time that the Board would listen to different information from individuals. She spoke of how frustrated she has become concerning all of the changes that are taking place all at once. She tried to encourage the District to focus on implementing only one or two initiatives at a time. There was also another woman that came up and thanked the Board members for their service to the community. She also spoke of the Empty Bowls Fundraiser and asked them to once again support this fundraiser.
She stated that the money that is raised would go to the NE Iowa Food Bank. Last year they were able to raise over $13000. 00 There were several items on the agenda; Bills due and payable and bill paid between board members; Food Service Software and Point of Sale Equipment; High School Historically Black College Tour; East High School JROTC Raider Challenge; Board Policy Changes: 2012-2013 Budget Estimates and Publication and Superintendent’s Report. The items that generated the most discussion at this board meeting were the Food Service Software and Point of Sale Equipment.
This item was about purchasing food service software from Infinite Campus for the amount of $70,489. 00. Matt O’Brien, Director of Technology, provided all the information needed. The motion carried 6-0. Another item that took considerable time to discuss was the 2012-13 Budget Estimate and Publication. Mr. Michael Coughlin, Chief Financial Officer provided the information on budget expenditure estimates, the tax levy rate for publication. A public hearing was set for April 9, 2012 at 6:00 p. m. The motion carried 6-0. The third item that took considerable time was the Superintendent’s report.
Dr. Norris thanked all of the public for attending tonight’s meeting. One of the first items talked about was the teacher’s concerns with the initiatives that are being put into place at a fast rate. He stated that these initiatives were being put into place with the best interest of the students. He encouraged all of the teachers to attend the meetings that will be held in the near future within the buildings that they work in and if anyone has something that they want to say, “Please feel free and comfortable to do so. ” He reintegrated that all of the teachers ARE important and appreciated.
One of the characteristics that is comparable from the school board meeting and from the text book is that they have the power to raise money through local tax initiatives. Another comparison from the meeting and the book is that this meeting was considered a regular meeting. It is open to the public which can lead to enhancing school-community relations and allow parents and others to understand issues that surround the system’s schools as well voice their concerns. One thing that I found interesting is that in the book it states that the majority of board members tend to be older than the general population.
I would have to say that there were a few who were older but there were also individuals that were younger. Another characteristic that is comparable from the text book is during the Superintendent’s report when Dr. Norris was discussing the initiatives that were and are going to continue to take place in the school system is “Policy” power and the “Curriculum and assessment” power. They are telling the teachers what initiatives need to take place and the teachers need to implement them. Another power that took place at this board meeting was “Fiscal matters. This was evident in the report from Mr. Michael Coughlin. He was stating how the school district needs to get the most out of every tax dollar. “Community Relations” is another power that was utilized during this meeting. It was used when Ms. Susan Padget came up front to discuss a fundraiser called “Empty Bowls. ” With the school board supporting this fundraiser, they are responding in a positive way to members of the community. One last power that I am going to mention is the power “Employee relations. ” Dr.
Norris wants to make sure that there will be open communication between him, the board members, and the teachers regarding the new initiatives that are going to be implemented. He apologized for the lack of communication in the past and ensured the teachers that this would change. There were a couple of things that surprised me. The first is that with the number of teachers that were at this board meeting, why didn’t more than one get up and voice their frustration. I assume that they chose not to because they were scared that there could be ramifications.
Another thing that surprised me was the school board members’ great sense of humor. They were serious and respectful when they needed to be but they could make light of certain things to put individuals at ease. The most meaningful thing to me from watching this board meeting is how respectful and caring the board members were. One thing that caught my attention was towards the end when Dr. Norris started to talk and said that that the teachers definitely caught his attention tonight. I felt that he was very sincere in the way that he came across when directing himself towards the teachers.
Azerbaijan persuasive essay help: persuasive essay help
The country was among the birthplaces of mankind and is located at the heart of ancient civilizations. Furthermore the country is known to be among the most progressive and secular Islamic societies. Aside from having been the first Muslim country to have operas, theater plays, and a democratic republic, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920.
Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion but the majority of people adhere to the Shia branch of Islam, although Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity rather than religion and Azerbaijan remains as one of the most liberal majority-Muslim nations. The pre-Turkic Azerbaijani population spoke an Iranian language called the Old Azeri language, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, now known as the Azerbaijani language from the 11th century onward until it became completely extinct in the 16th century.
To distinguish it from the Turkic Azerbaijani or Azeri language, this Iranian language, is designated as the Azeri language (or Old Azeri language), because the Turkic language and people are also designated as “Azeri” in the Persian language. Azerbaijan is in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The total length of Azerbaijan’s land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1007 kilometers are with Armenia, 756 kilometers with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey.
Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country’s territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection. Azerbaijan’s diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country. The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates.
Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan; they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by fragments of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The country’s water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan’s water systems. From the water supply point, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 m? year of water per km?. The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on the animal kingdom of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in 17th century. Unlike fauna, the concept of animal kingdom covers not only the types of animals, but also the number of individual species.
Due the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the vegetation is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions; 66 rayons and 77 cities of which 11 are under the direct authority of the republic. Also, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan. The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Self-ruling Republic. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan.
The country’s large abundance of natural and cultural attractions make it an attractive destination of visitors. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s; yet, the Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s crippled the tourist industry and damaged the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination. It was not until 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays. In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism.
Around 95 percent of the populations are Muslims. 85% of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 15% Sunni Muslims, and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the Second highest Shia population percentage after Iran. There are some other faiths practiced among the different ethnic groups within the country. By article 48 of its Constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. Of the nation’s religious minorities, Christians are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh).
The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences. Today, Western influences, including globalized consumer culture, are strong. National traditions are well preserved in the country. Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are: music, literature, folk dances and art, cuisine, architecture, cinematography and Novruz Bayram. The latter is the traditional celebration of the ancient New Year. Novruz is a family holiday. The traditional cuisine is famous for richness of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes.
Fresh herbs, including mint, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice ploy is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage.
Azerbaijan–Turkey relations have always been strong with the two often being described as “one nation with two states” by the ex-president of Azerbaijan Abulfaz Elchibey due to a common culture and history, and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey has been a staunch supporter of Azerbaijan in its efforts to consolidate its independence, preserve its territorial integrity and realize its economic potential arising from the rich natural resources of the Caspian Sea. The countries share a short border, with the Aras River separating Turkey from the Nakhchivan exclave for just a few kilometers.
Today, the relationship with Azerbaijan represents the “most important bilateral partnership” in current Turkish foreign policy while Azerbaijani foreign policy affirms its relationship with Turkey as one of its most enduring bilateral relationships, as evidenced in aligned political affairs, mutual cooperation in the areas of trade, commerce, finance, technology, academics, as well as the arts and sciences; the sharing of government and military intelligence, and joint combat operations and peace keeping missions carried out between Azerbaijani Armed Forces and Turkish Armed Forces.
Super Bakery Analysis admission college essay help: admission college essay help
The ABC method benefit companies that assign costs based on cost drivers and how they reflect the depletion of the resources to create the product. Complications with Current Accounting System Super Bakery uses the ABC accounting system that is a management tool that focuses on reducing costs and improving process by using the information obtained from this form of accounting. This allows managers to take the approach of practicing activity based management.
This method ,however, is not the preferred method for a company running a virtual corporation simply because at the cost of goods sold will fluctuate depending on variables related to the outsourced and subcontracted companies and how the economy impacts their individual business. By averaging the cost of each good made and shipped to all parts of the globe Super Bakery relies on the least expensive products to make up for the more expensive ones and diminishes the amount of net income that can be produced. Job Order Cost System
The job order cost system will benefit the Super Bakery company more effectively than the ABC system solely because the job order cost system assigns prices to unique products, and also can be assigned to unique shipping locations. This process keeps track of the material, labor, and overhead costs of the individual job. Assigning different values to the fluctuating variables of shipping methods, contractors, and outsourced companies the Super Bakery management would be able to determine what outsourced interests need to be looked into.
By using this method, management can determine if the shipping company is charging too much for certain locations or a manufacturer of a particular product charges less for the various vitamins. This will allow Super Bakery to find another company that will ship a product to a destination that orders a certain product more than other locations. For instance, if shipping company A charges $10 to ship a product to Alaska and company B charges $8 and 80% the companies shipment of this particular product go to Alaska Super Bakery can decide to ship this product with company B and keep company A for the domestic locations.
The method that Super Bakery is currently using would not necessarily show this dynamic simply because it assigns to cost to shipping as a whole and not the individual location or product. Process Cost System This system assigns cost to mass-produced products identical and mass-produced like the products manufactured for Super Bakery. This process breaks down cost between products in a work-in-progress, and products finished goods.
This method reports the production costs allocation between work-in-progress and finished goods through the cost of production report. This method would benefit Super Bakery more than their current one as well. It allows management to see how much each individual product production costs and allows management to assign cost to units completed and to those in the work-in-progress inventory. Conclusion
Although Super Bakery utilizes a business model that keeps costs down because of the outsourcing that takes place to operate the company they can benefit from changing their Cost Accounting system to the Job Order Cost System. This system calculates for material, labor, and overhead, and assigns a price to individual products and those products being shipped to different locations. The other method of accounting that would benefit Super Bakery would be the Process Cost System; this system assigns costs not only to products finished but also cost to products still in progress.
While this could work, it will be too difficult to calculate all the stages of the production process with all of the different outsourced companies used to run Super Bakery. Super Bakery would benefit from changing to the Job Order Cost System to enhance how they view the cost of goods sold. References Kimmel, P. D. (2009). Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making (3rd ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Porter Five Analysis of the European Airline Industry admission essay help: admission essay help
While the business model existed for some time (first such in 1973 US), the appearance of these in the European market needed the liberalization brought forth by the EU, implementing the „Freedoms of the air” in three stages. In 1997 the first LCC (Low Cost Carrier), the Ryanair began its operation, and in a few years a few more followed, which gave the national and network airlines a new problem to the existing economic problem, shrinking market and others such as 9/11. By today the changes in the past two decades have shifted and diversified the industry, which was once a mature and to some level declining in structure.
The new regulations, companies, investors and consumers have brought new life, the industry once again mature with fragmented characteristics. The ideal tool for the assessment of the airlines industry is Michael Porter’s five force model. It aims to find and demonstrate the forces in the microenvironment which influence the industry, internal and external as well. Threat of new entrants (barriers to entry) •High capital investment ? •Capital intensive ? •Airport slot availability ? •Predatory pricing ? •Brand loyalty/frequent flyer ? •Economies of scale ? Limited number of routes ^ The threat of new entrants, due to the barriers mostly set by the nature of the industry and by the existing companies, are very low. Yet sometimes when the possibility arises, new companies start: in the past few years many national companies went bankrupt leaving a market to take by the existing companies or new upstarts. Bargaining power of suppliers •Aircraft manufacturers •Relatively low number of suppliers ^ •Suppliers are concentrated ^ •Airlines are valued customers ? •Airports •Slot availability ^ •Alternatives to the primary airports ?
The bargaining power of suppliers is mostly two-legged, and both have a medium threat. For both parties it is best to find a mutually working solution on a long term, because it is a industry with relatively small number of players loosing even one can have an impact on both sides. Threat of substitutes •Alternative transport (bus, car, train) ^ •Videoconferencing ^ •Global environmental awareness ^ The threat of substitutes includes a broad variety for the different needs. All-in-all it still only gives a medium threat, since the quick transport to a distance has no alternative.
Bargaining power of customers •Price ? •Internet/social media ^ •Customer orientation ? •Choice ^ With the first LCCs the customers had no bargaining power: if you choose to go with this low price, accept the services as it is. However, nowadays with more alternatives and the ever-reaching internet and social media a bad customer satisfaction can be a disaster. This can however be mitigated with customer orientation, but still customer had the choice, it is a medium high level. Rivalry within the industry •Between LCC and national/network airlines ^ •Between LCCs ^
The rivalry within the industry is high due to the high number of big and medium sized companies. The airlines industry is highly competitive, with very high barriers and medium to high threats within. While there is a relatively low threat from a new market entree, the existing international competition is fighting over all the resources: more and better airports possibly with mutually excluding contracts, picking up the customers fed up with their previous carrier or starting a price war on a selected destination, binding the newly aquired flyers with brand loyalty programmes.
Unless there is an opportunity, it is not an attractive industry to enter due to the high number of barriers. However, once established a foot, it is a very interesting and very intensive industry with good possibilities. The major LCCs depending on how low cost they are making good profit and there is still room for growth. The key factors for success should include: •Efficiently utilizing the resources (financial, time, human resources) •Utilizing a network of business partners (complementary) •Timely expansion (trying new destinations, increasing frequency) •Customer orientation (with following trends eg. ocial media) These above should be observed by both LCCs and traditional airlines. The industry standards are given, those companies will become successful which can effectively utilize them.
Opposites and Paradoxes in King Lear aqa unit 5 biology synoptic essay help: aqa unit 5 biology synoptic essay help
The sequence of oppositional characters and motifs in the play bring about in the audience a sense of the corruption of principles that beset the protagonists of the play. With this sense of opposition comes a strong sense of the duality within the play seemingly centred on the Epodoclean theory of a “world governed by the contrary forces of love and hate. Though this is not unusual for a stage production, McAlindon believes that when the bond of opposites that constitutes the natural order of “revolt against limit and fly to extremes. ” This can be seen in the characters foremost as the sons of Gloucester as well as the daughters of Lear are directly opposed to each other. Indeed it is in the internal nature of Lear that this is focused most powerfully as his beliefs in love and kindnesses are offset by the egocentric and chloric feelings that dwell within his heart.
It is mainly from the character and fate of Lear that the true extent of the breakdown of nature can be seen as within the space of two weeks he has sunk from kingship to a world of destitution and poverty as he suffers at “th’ extreme verge” in his relationship with his family. What is most tragic in relation to Lear though is his rediscovery of Cordelia before the heart wrenching death she endures as he is thrown from the heights of grief before his heart gives way under the strain of ecstatic joy.
But while the emotional converses that Lear endures are tremendously powerful they are not the only matters in opposition throughout the play. There can be seen in the various settings of the play a number of thematic oppositions, with the most apparent being the contrast between the nocturnal and gloomy castle of Gloucester as opposed to the serene Dover fields where Father and daughter are reunited, where love opposes strife. Indeed there are a great number of inversions that apply a new number of possible thoughts to the understanding of the play.
Lear’s sufferings are completely opposed to the more typical tragedies of the Shakespearean era where there was a distinct separation between the suffering of the social elite and “the low and the ludicrous” in the principal of the Senecan school of thought. In King Lear though it would appear to be the Saturnalism theories that prevail as the positions of the lowest are inverted with those of the highest, as Lear takes the place of his fool in declaring the unpalatable truths of the world in his madness, adopting a sense of tragedy in the manner in which this is done.
There are none more demonstrative of inversions than the antonymic nominalism that occupy the play with the most pathetic being Gloucester’s praise of Goneril and Cornwall, whereby his loyalty to the king becomes “treason” whereas Edmund’s betrayal is described as a show of “loyalty. ” But more than this it is a key illustration of the wickedness of protagonist such as Goneril who condemn “harmful mildness. ” This sense of paradox is prevalent mostly in the evil party where it comes to signify a moral and social inversion of a rational order of things.
In contrast to this a positive paradox comes to represent a renewal through destruction and a discovery though loss, most notably seen in the increase of France’s attraction for Cordelia following her rejection by Lear as she becomes an “unprized precious maid,” becoming “most choice, forsaken” as the isolation of “forsaken” seemingly highlighting the paradox. What is more is that a sense of pathos is granted through this as Lear’s misinterpretation of each one of his daughters and his reliance of the “wolfish” Regan and Goneril, as well as Gloucester’s miscomprehension of Edmund as being a “loyal and natural boy. The twin paradoxes that appear in the discovery of madness, characterised by Lear, and the discovery of vision in blindness are the most powerful in the development dignity undertaken by Lear and to an extent Gloucester in this play. McAlindon believes that of all the paradoxes it is the fact that the tragedy develops around an inability “to contain the worst effects of a terrible eruption in nature,” and none is more terrible than the progressive failing of family links. The typical familial bond of mutual love and affection that is the ornerstone of most families is shockingly absent in King Lear though it is desperately craved by Lear himself. McAlindon believes that this style of bond involves love and justice as well as that it “predicates a glad and spontaneous performance of offices and responsibilities. ” It is therefore bewildering that Edmund would break such a bond in such an anti-familial manner, undermining civilised society in the process, and comparisons can be drawn between him and Iago in his mistreatment of Claudius in Othello.
Gloucester, however, can be seen to be as equally to blame for Edmund’s waywardness as his dreadful mistreatment of him, whose breeding is only acknowledged as Gloucester “often blushed,” and seems to be a victim of tragic causality as Edmund comes to believe that he owes everything to himself. The ancient Greek writers Plato and Aristotle believe that love creates emotional awareness and allows for the creation of just law.
With this in mind the manner with which Lear treats the link between him and his daughters in such a material way shatters any sense of order or responsibility in his court with the dismissal of Cordelia and Kent becoming a satire of what passes for justice in society. If Plato’s theories are developed then it would seem that the main cause for injustice is a loss of human kindness and sympathy, explaining fully Edmund’s pathological hardness as his bastardy alienates him.
In the same manner in which Edmund suffers a lack of acknowledgement, so too does Lear suffer the same fate, it is only through his mistreatment on the familial ties. McAlindon believes that Lear holds a heavy “dependence of personal identity on the bond” and it is his reliance on the bond as a material tie makes him a nobody after he divulges himself from his power and estate resulting in one of the most pathetic lines “I gave you all” separated from the cruelty of Regan.
The greatest dignity is then conveyed onto those around him who still perceive the bond to be a union through love, and therefore still hold the same respect for Lear despite his failure to recognise them. The importance of a character understanding the treatment of time plays an integral part in the possibility of them being seen as a tragic figure. King Lear is a tragedy characteristic of its age, a tragedy of extreme and terrible violence, as there is a sense of the untimeliness of violence and destruction that rashness and impatience bring about.
Most characteristic of this flaw is Lear as his kingdom implodes through his “hideous rashness” as he signals the unleashing of pitiless violence that culminates in the utterly pathetic death of Cordelia. He is ironically guilty too of being overly patient as there is an almost comic stichomythia between him and Kent portraying his unwillingness to accept facts. A parallel can be drawn with Gloucester in this as his impatience regarding the supposed traitor Edgar is both unjust and demonstrative of the nexus between time and justice as well as injustice and haste.
Calculated swiftness becomes characteristic with the actions of the evil party and can be seen by Edmunds manipulation of Gloucester under the pretence of judicial behaviour as well as that of his brother as he acts “in cunning” and its placement a the beginning of the line illuminates its two meanings. In an extreme contrast the good party align themselves with time, adopting a policy of patience that is both dignified and tragic. Edgar is keen to wait for “the mature time” whilst Kent waits for the perfect moment to reveal himself to his master, however, it is his own personal tragedy that he never finds the right moment.
This can be seen as a demonstration of a true heart as this is a play that appeals profoundly to the heart as much as it does to the mind. Emblematic of a noble heart is the manner in which a protagonist empathises and treats those around them and powerful contrasts can be seen between characters and their counterparts. Indeed the most powerful of these contrasts is between the “dog-hearted daughters” of Lear and Cordelia with the scenic juxtaposition of tranquil Dover and the castles and courts of Regan and Goneril a clear demonstration of this.
To be truly tragic in King Lear a character possess a good heart and this is perfectly shown by the “marble hearted sisters” as opposed to Kent’s whose own heart is pierced by Lear’s rejection of Cordelia. Alongside the good characters Lear’s heart is true in its nature, though he seems to suffer the promethean anguish, with his heart replacing the traditional liver, culminating in his death which must be presumed as being from a broken heart. Compassionate love is the supreme value in the play and as discussed above beliefs and social morals come from love and therefore the heart.
Conversely though a slighted heart can produce the most devastating fury and hatred through grief as not only does the heart present the duality of nature with the possibility for disunity and anarchy but in this same manner emphasizing the importance of patience. Therefore the presence of all the aforementioned undertones and subtle themes tragedy is both made distinctly more unattainable as well as becoming much more powerful in its nature, with pathos coming to play a key role in its development.
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