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Remember Your Roots - Latin & Greek Roots in Modern English \| Manhattan Elite Prep Blog - GMAT GRE LSAT TOEFL SAT/ACT Prep Class Tutoring Course Admissions Consulting K-12 MCAT Remember Your Roots by on Latin & Greek Roots in Modern English Test Prep Guru, Craig Ryan is at it again with tips that are sure to help students studying for the GMAT, GRE, and SAT exam, define unfamiliar words found in the verbal section of each exam. Many modern English words contain Latin and Greek roots, he explains. These roots contain the basic meaning of words, and occur repeatedly throughout the language. Knowing these roots will help you determine the meaning of unfamiliar words, at least on a very basic level. As you’ll see, this partial understanding may prove to be all we need to know to select the correct answer, particularly in the sentence correction and reading comprehension sections. Below is a list of common roots and their general meanings. Learning these roots will help you recognize the basic meaning of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of English words. Warning: Learning hundreds of new words would not be the best use of your time. However, learning to recognize these roots when you see them is nearly as powerful, and requires much, much less effort. Digging Up Word Roots Let’s look at the word manufacture. Manufacture is a combination of two word roots, manu and fact. Using the list of roots, you can see that manu means ‘hand’ and fact means ‘make’ or ‘do.’ Therefore, you can infer the meaning ‘make by hand.’ Let’s look at another example, biography. Again, using the list of roots, you see that bio means “life” and graph means “write”. Therefore, you can conclude that the word biography relates to the “writing of a life” or the written story of a person’s life. Root Meaning Example belli war rebellion, bellicose biblio book bible, bibliography bio life biology cis cut incision, precision cosm order cosmos, microcosm cycl circle cycle, cyclone di, dic two divert, dichotomy dict word dictate duc, duct carry, lead conduct, conducive fac, fact do, make facimile, manufacture fect do, make perfect form shape uniform, reform fort strong fortify geo earth geography gram, graph write telegram, autograph homo same homophone log, logy speech, study of dialog analogy man, manu hand manage, manual mater, matri mother, home matriarch, maternity medi middle median, mediocre miss, mit send missive, transmit multi many multiply nom, nym name nominate, synonym pater, patri father paternal, patriarch pathy feeling, suffering sympathy ped foot pedal, pedestrian port carry transport, portable scend climb ascend, descend script written language postcript secut follow consecutive, nonsequitur sent feel sentient, consent sequ follow sequence, subsequently tact touch contact tempor time contemporary tract pull, draw out tractor, attractive trans across, move transit, transient vene assemble, meet convene vent come, go advent vers turn reverse, versatile vert turn covert voc, vok voice, call vocal, revoke vox vox populi ‘voice of the people’ volu turn, roll revolution volve turn, roll devolve взять кредит
Saturday, October 19, 2013 Ø Purpose : § To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story Ø Generic Structure : 1. Orientation 2. Complication 3. Resolution 4. Reorientation Ø Dominant Language Features : 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged Ø Example A Fox and A Goat A fox fell into a well and couldn't get out. By and by a thirsty goat came along. Seeing the fox in the well, it asked if the water was good. “Good,” said the fox, “It’s the best water I've tested in all my life. Come down and try it yourself.” The goat was thirsty, so he got into the well. When he had drunk enough, he looked around but there was no way to get out. Then the fox said, “I have a good idea. You stand on your hind legs and put your forelegs against the side of the well. Then, I'll climb on your back, from here. I'll step on your horns, and I can get out. And when I'm out, I'll help you out of the well.” The goat did as he was asked and the fox got on his back and climbed out of the well. Then, He coolly walked away. The goat called out loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to help him out. The fox merely turned to him and said,”If you only had thought carefully about getting out, you wouldn't have jumped into the well.” 1. Paragraph 2 mainly tells…. A. Why the fox got into the well B. The fox’s idea of how to get out of the well. C. How the fox got out of the well D. How the fox helped the goat E. How the fox and the goat got out of the well 2. “The goat did as he was asked…” (Paragraph 3). What does the sentence mean? A. The goat came down to the well and drank B. The goat waited someone who might help him D. the goat called out loudly after the fox got out E. The goat drank enough and looked around 3. The text above is in the form of… A. Analytical Exposition B. Narrative. D. Descriptive C. Recount E. Spoof The Rats and The Elephants Once upon a time their lived a group of mice under a tree in peace. However, a group of elephants crossing the jungle unknowingly destroyed the homes of all the rats. Many of them were even crushed to death. Then taking of rats decided to approach the elephant's chief and request him to guide his herd through another route. On hearing the sad story, the elephant's king apologized and agreed to take another route. And so the lives of the rats were saved. One day elephant-hunters came to the jungle and trapped a group of elephants in huge nets. Then the elephant king suddenly remembered the king of the rats. He summoned on of the elephants of his herd, which had not been trapped, to go seek help from the king and told him about the trapped elephants. The rat's king immediately took his entire group of rats and they cut open the nets which had trapped the elephant's herd. The elephant herd was totally set free. They danced with joy and thank the rats. 1. What destroyed the homes of all rats A. a group of mice did B. the hunter did C. elephant-hunter did D. a group of elephant did. E. elephant's herd 2. What helped the elephant's herd free? A. the elephant-hunter did B. the hunters did C. the trapped elephants did D. a group of king did E. entire group of rats did. 3. What is generic structure of "once upon a time there lived a group of mice under a tree in peace" ? A. Identification B. Orientation C. Complication D. Resolution E. Description 4. At the end of the story, how was the elephant's herd A. angry B. sad C. happy D. dead E. disappointed Jawaban yang ada titiknya. Terima kasih sudah membaca ini dan semoga artikel yang saya berikan ini bermanfaat. Kunjungi yang ini juga ya.. Pintar. Salam blogger !!! Related Posts 4/ 5 Daftar via Email Gratis! Suka dengan post yang bermanfaat seperti ini? Ayo tulis email anda sekarang dan dapatkan post terbaru lainnya via email. Show comments Hide comments Ayo berikan pendapat dan komentarmu tentang postingan ini! Karena pendapat dan komentarmu sangatlah berarti :D
”" Math Formula? Sunday, September 30, 2007 II. Before, During, and After Math Class A. Before Math Class: Read your textbook before class to become familiar with new terms, formulas, and concepts. For each chapter, prepare your own list of math vocabulary words. For a better understanding of the material, recite back the materials you have read. Mark any trouble spots that you might want the instructor’s help in clearing up. B. During Math Class 1. Come to class on time and sit as close to the front as possible. 2. Exchange phone numbers with someone in class. When you are working on math and encounter a problem you just do not get, you will have someone to call for help. 3. Attend every class. If you miss a class, ask your instructor for permission to attend the same course that is taught at a different time or day. Remember: you are responsible for material covered in a class that you missed. 4. Note-taking: a. Use a good math note-taking system b. Don’t photocopy someone else’s notes. It is important to attend class and hear everything for yourself. You may not understand what someone else wrote, or you may deem things important which someone else may leave out. c. Take notes on how to solve problems. Don’t just record the problem itself. When you look at the problem later, you may not be able to recall how it was solved. d. Copy all information that is written on the board. It is important; otherwise, the instructor would not have taken the time to write it. e. Verbalize (silently) problems the instructor writes on the board. Solve the problem or silently verbalize each solution step. f. Ask questions, ask questions, ask questions! You are paying for the course; make sure you get your money’s worth. Chances are that many other students in the class have the same question and will be relieved you asked. g. Get help early in the semester before you get too lost in the course. You know the old saying, “A stitch in time saves nine.” Get help figuring out the small stuff before it grows into a huge dilemma! C. After Class 1. Find a study buddy and set up group study times. 2. Schedule a review period after every class, even if it’s for only ten minutes. Work through examples again. 3. Make note cards or a “math dictionary” to remind you how to solve various types of math problems. a. Put each concept on a 3” X 5” note card and write an example on the back. b. List all new math terms with their definitions in a separate notebook. Review these at least once a week. 5. Read your text and do all the examples. 6. Do a bit of math review, homework, studying, and practice every day. Increase or decrease the time you spend daily on math with respect to your mastery of the material. Remember to practice working the types of problems you may be having difficulty with until you master them. III. Getting Assistance, Problem Solving, and Homework Tips A. Get assistance. 1. Get help as soon as you need it. Don’t wait until a test is near. The new material builds on the previous sections, so anything you don’t understand now will make future material difficult to understand B. Ask the right questions. 1. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Any question is better than no question at all. (At least your instructor/tutor will know you are confused.) But a good question will allow your helper to quickly identify exactly what you don’t understand. TIP - Right after you get help with a problem, work another similar problem by yourself. 2. Control the help you get. a. Helpers should be coaches, not crutches. They should encourage you, give you hints as you need them, and sometimes show you how to do problems. But they should not, nor should they be expected to, actually do the work you need to do.They are there to help you figure out how to learn math for yourself. 1) When you go to college, your study group, or a tutor, have a specific list of questions prepared in advance. You should run the session as much as possible. 2) Do not allow yourself to become dependent on a tutor. The tutor cannot take the exams for you. You must take care to be the one in control of tutoring sessions. 3) You must recognize that sometimes you do need some coaching to help you through, and it is up to you to seek out that coaching 1 comment: Anonymous said... nice.thanks for this post.i like math but i don't know why i have problem to get good marks in math help me.
Paste your Google Webmaster Tools verification code here The typical distinction between British and Us citizen English language With 0 Comments, Category: High Education News, The typical distinction between British and Us citizen English language Those people who look at English, every now and then collide with key phrases with differing spelling and pronunciation, even so, the exact same meaning. Just for this reality they demand an guidelines to their trainers a way to realize what expressions come from which terminology. There can be dissimilarities not only in spelling, in pretty much everything. The replies can offer us background and it point out that English terms at first was exposed to Us citizens in sixteenth-17th century. In many decades English English has evolved by Us residents in some trivial simple ways. United states British has the shape of Language foreign language dialects' which are affiliated with Us citizen. British English language is the form of British consumed in the United Kingdom. It contains all British dialects widely used inside the British Isles. Additionally it is utilized in Ireland, Sydney, New Zealand, Canada, and India. Challenging with accent in Us citizen-United kingdom Language For starters, when you make contact with some particular person abroad by the neighborhood therefore you be sure to talk, it will become a little hard to acknowledge his text on account of the emphasize. Also it is not necessarily easier to make specific differences amongst US and Britain decorations if you have this a wide variety of highlights within both the US and Great britain. A Completely New Yorker and occupant of Los Angeles tend to be American citizens, but have very different highlights. The same goes for Uk decorations inside london, York, Manchester and Glasgow. Although, Us citizens typically pronounce each individual "r" into a text, as the British have a tendency to only pronounce the "r" when it's the first message of a statement. Whenever we mention variances, also need to say about spelling. There are various text that may have compared with spelling like: coloration (American Language) - color selection (British British), habits (American citizen British) - conduct (United kingdom British), prepare (United states English) - manage (English British). We cannot forget about terminology: flat (American English) - level (British British), advanced schooling (American citizen English language) - institution (British English language), theater (American Language) - theater (Uk British) yet others. The wide variety involving American-Uk unusual/constant verbs That is a subtle difference which could be discover in talk, but is a bit more clear in made type. A number of verbs that can be sporadic in great britan (leapt, dreamt, scorched, learned) may be made recurring in America (leaped, dreamed, used up, came to understand). The top differences in having access to tenses In United kingdom English language the current suitable is employed to show an motion which includes came about in the recent past containing an impact on the present time. As for instance: I've missing my pen. In United states British, use of history stressed is typically permissible: I missing my pencil. In British The english language, though, while using earlier tighten from this case in point would certainly be regarded as completely wrong. Other disparities including utilizing the present perfect in Uk English and easy past in American citizen English language are the phrases like now, just however. Uk British: I've just possessed the morning meal. Maybe you have concluded your homework before? American citizen English: I just had breakfast. The duty of prepositions between the two versions American-United kingdom British Also, there are a couple of variations between these English and American Language in utilizing prepositions. As an example: They would participate in in a very power team (British Language). They might have fun playing with a squad (United states English). Another example of this: John would go forth within the few days (Uk The english language); John would leave the house on your weekend (United states Language). Showing some time in Uk-United states The english language There exists a moderately assorted design of indicating to time within spoken languages. While the British would say quarter recent past two to denote 02:15, it is far from uncommon in America to pronounce quarter right after or maybe a quarter immediately following two. 30 minutes following a 60 minutes is typically called partially recent within both different languages. Americans normally write online days by having a colorectal, in this way 5:00, as opposed to Britons often use a place, 5.00. How you can easily see there are a few varieties regarding two The english language different languages, however it college essay writers is not the challenge on what vernacular or highlight United kingdom or American citizen you discuss, but it is crucial to demonstrate consideration and curiosity into your interlocutor. Leave a Reply
This 200 year old farm is located in a secluded hollow, one mile from the nearest neighbor, along an old dirt road named for the Kesslers, an early Lanesborough FarmOverPonddairy farming family. The road itself has become a cathedral of trees leading to the farm. The canopy gives way to open sky, fields, and FarmSignponds, and you see the farm much as it has looked for two centuries. This tiny valley nestles at the foot of Mt. Greylock and drains north and south, providing headwaters for both the Housatonic and Hoosic Rivers. Until the invention of asphalt, Kessler Road was a bad-weather alternative to the main road between Williamstown and Pittsfield, and it eventually hosted at least five other farmhouses. The decline in New England farming between 1870 and 1950 led to the abandonment of all the early SouthOverPondhomes on Kessler Road, except this farm. Land parcels had to be sold off, but happily, the Phelps family, abutters to the north, bought a large piece, and they are now the last dairy farmers in this part of Berkshire County. For the past 100 years, farming in this area has been a labor of love. In 1987, the Bartons bought the core of the old Kessler property, about 150 acres including the farmhouse and several outbuildings, one an original barn dating from 1790. Years later, 100 acres was sold to MA Wildlife Conservation to forever protect several species of rare wildflowers. With ongoing restoration work, the farm became home for horses, sheep and chickens, and the hay loft holds up to 1,000 bales, enough for toug14GlowingSheephest Berkshire winters. The animals were heritage breeds, ancient strains not bred to maximize market value, but that have retained natural hardiness, higher resistance to diseases and injury, and ability to thrive on a broader range of diets. They are easy and good as parents and babies. These qualities make them ideal for part-time farmers like the Bartons who wanted off-farm time for family, work, and volunteering. Sky Dance is home to numerous gardens, and in the past, up to 150 creatures– several horses, six dozen chickens, 60 Navajo-Churro sheep, and sometimes Tamworth pigs. The barn is subdivided to accommodate the differing needs of the animals, and the fields outside have been divided into 7 pastures to allow rotational grazing. There have always been 2-3 dogs, allowed to roam the property freely to protect the sheep and chickens and announce visitors.
Power and peace: how nations can go nuclear without weapons This article is part of The Conversation’s international series on the Future of Nuclear. You can read the rest of the series here. In 1972, when Pakistan became the first Muslim-majority nation to develop an operational nuclear power reactor, it owed much to the work of Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam. Besides serving in the late 1950s as a member of the newly formed Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and then in the 1960s as science advisor to President Ayub Khan, Salam also won a Nobel Prize for his work in defining the “weak nuclear force” – one of the four fundamental forces of the Universe and the process that underpins radioactive decay. Like Albert Einstein, Salam was a firm believer in the peaceful use of nuclear power. In 1968 he won the “Atoms for Peace” award from the International Atomic Energy Agency. The metaphor of the “weak force” that Salam discovered is ironically apt when we consider what has happened since then to the country’s nuclear energy program and to that of its neighbour, India. Ideology and political competition spawned a nuclear arms race that trumped the weaker domestic imperative of nuclear energy. Both India and Pakistan developed nuclear energy in the early 1970s, but more than 40 years later both get less than 5% of their electricity from nuclear power, while each has amassed a cache of more than 100 nuclear warheads. The nuclear arms race costs India and Pakistan billions of dollars every year – enough to build at least one new nuclear reactor per year in both countries. Yet the deterrence doctrine has swamped the economic arguments for investing in nuclear energy rather than weapons. Nuclear capability seems to have a seductive appeal towards weaponisation in countries that exist in conflict zones. Aspiring nuclear power states should consider this danger of the military co-opting any nuclear agenda, as happened in Pakistan despite the pioneering work of well-intentioned scientists and nuclear energy advocates like Salam. The Gulf goes nuclear? The United Arab Emirates is currently spending US$20 billion on building four nuclear power plants. Based on South Korean technology, the first one is set to open in 2017. This is an important development in the context of energy diversification for the Gulf, which has traditionally been a bastion of fossil fuels. What remains to be be seen, however, is how this will affect the security dynamics in the region. The regional conflicts between Shia and Sunni powers, as well as rivalries between Gulf nations, including the dominant power Saudi Arabia, will need to be carefully monitored. Earlier this year, Saudi Arabia made two announcements almost in parallel. In March it announced a US$2 billion deal, also with South Korea, to develop nuclear energy. Then this month the Saudi foreign ministry hinted at the possibility of a nuclear weapons program, citing its concerns about Iran’s nuclear program. These parallel developments have some resemblance to the way Pakistan’s nuclear program was co-opted by a military agenda. The main difference, of course, is that Saudi Arabia has acceded to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), whereas Pakistan has not. However, as the case of North Korea shows, accession to a soft law treaty does not amount to much, given that any country can simply decide to withdraw from the treaty. Iran has ratified the NPT but, because of a trust deficit and the malleable nature of soft international law, there has been continuing concern about its uranium enrichment activities. To assuage concerns in this regard, the crux of the potential agreement with Iran hinges on unfettered access from international inspectors to the country’s nuclear facilities. If the nuclear deterrence doctrine is still to be believed in an age where cyber-warfare can do just as much potential damage, we can still find alternative responses. Turkey, for example, hosts several US nuclear weapons on its territory as a result of its NATO membership. Thus a country’s nuclear energy development can be couched in conversations of security alliances to prevent the public benefit goals of nuclear power from being misappropriated. If there is assurance of security granted by existing nuclear powers, further nuclear weapons development also becomes unnecessary. Expanding the energy options Of course, the debate over nuclear energy is not purely one of national security or arms proliferation. Amid calls to reduce fossil-fuel dependence, we also need to ask how nuclear energy compares with other energy sources such as hydropower, solar and wind, and to consider the global environmental impacts of nuclear power. Nuclear reactors are still largely dependent on a supply of mined uranium – perhaps in the future we will need to make better use of reprocessed materials by embracing safer and cheaper “breeder reactors”. In embracing nuclear, we would also need a science-based risk-management approach to learn the lessons of tragedies such as Fukushima. What developing countries such as Pakistan need is the means to develop cost-effective transitional fuels. For example, the planned natural gas pipeline from Iran should help to meet Pakistan’s short- to medium-term energy challenges. The move has raised suspicions in the West, but nuclear power bravado or the threat of sanctions should not be allowed to hamper this ecologically and economically meaningful solution. Energy supply is a planetary problem, and it should be considered through a concerted global effort with a wide range of options. Perhaps a more robust global energy treaty needs to be developed from the nascent and still relatively powerless Energy Charter, an initiative that grew out of the thawing of the Cold War and aims to overcome established economic divisions in developing energy projects. As nuclear energy is debated, security mechanisms should be used to serve the cause of ecological and economic efficiency, rather than being brought in as a trump card to serve the military agendas of nations and their leaders.
Hyper Dictionary English Dictionary Computer Dictionary Video Dictionary Thesaurus Dream Dictionary Medical Dictionary Search Dictionary: Meaning of HARDWARE Pronunciation: 'hârd`wehr Matching Terms: hardware abstraction layer, hardware circular buffer, hardware description language, hardware error, hardware handshaking, hardware store, hardwareman, hardwarily Computing Dictionary The physical, touchable, material parts of a computer or other system. The term is used to distinguish these fixed parts of a system from the more changable software or data components which it executes, stores, or carries. See also firmware, wetware. Thesaurus Terms Related Terms: appliances, armaments, arms, brassware, chinaware, clayware, components, computer, computer hardware, computer unit, copperware, devices, dinnerware, durable goods, durables, earthenware, electronic brain, electronic computer, enamelware, fixtures, flatware, glassware, graniteware, hard goods, hollow ware, housefurnishings, housewares, information machine, ironmongery, ironware, kitchenware, machinery, materiel, metalware, munitions, ovenware, silverware, sporting goods, stoneware, tableware, thinking machine, tinware, tools, tools and machinery, white goods, woodenware
1.5 Why Does the SWLL work? The Scottish proverb “Mony a mickle maks a muckle” means that many small things add up to a large thing. So it is with the SWLL. There is not one “magic bullet” that enables you to lose weight and keep it off. Instead, there is a collection of mechanisms. Each component of the SWLL makes only a limited contribution to weight loss. But all of them, taken together, will cause you to lose weight and keep it off for the rest of your life. Your weight is what it is because of two things: the calories you ingest and the calories you burn. Most diets address only the calories you take in. By limiting calories, you lose weight. To maintain the lower weight for the rest of your life you must continue to limit what you eat and drink. Most people find this difficult, so the weight returns. Unlike most diets, the SWLL addresses both parts of the equation. On the SWLL you will ingest fewer calories but you won’t notice it. This is because the SWLL diet is based on two ideas: substitution and satiety. Substitution means that you will reduce or give up some of the foods that you currently eat, and you will replace them with other foods. For example, you will substitute diet soft drinks for full sugar drinks. Satiety means that the SWLL diet focuses on foods that make you feel full without a lot of calories. Such foods include: salads, low fat soups, vegetables, fruit, rice, and whole grain pasta. They fill up your stomach but have fewer calories. Foods such as burgers, French fries, bread, cakes and cookies, and ice cream are compact and calorie dense. You will eat these sparingly. The other side of the equation is the amount of calories you burn. The SWLL addresses this in three ways. First is exercise. On the SWLL you will do both aerobics and weight training. Exercising burns calories directly, as you do it. There are also important metabolic effects that cause extra calories to be burned even after you have finished exercising. When you eat food it takes energy to digest it. This is called the thermic effect of food. The SWLL diet emphasizes foods that take more energy to digest. Finally there is NEAT, the calories you burn during activity that is not related to exercise. Studies have shown that there is a marked difference in the way lean and heavy people go about their lives. On the SWLL you will retrain your behavior as it relates to daily activity. This book attempts to quantify each element of the SWLL’s contribution to weight loss. Examples are: • Walking a mile at a brisk pace causes a 150 lb. person to burn about 100 calories. • Changing from the typical American diet to the SWLL diet increases the thermic effect of food by about 2%. Such quantification is useful in several ways. It shows you which changes contribute the most to weight loss. You can assess whether the amount of effort needed to make a particular change is worth the result that can be achieved. It helps you to judge how many changes you need to make. Do you need to adopt everything in the SWLL, or can you achieve your goals with just a subset? As you read the numbers, there are some things to keep in mind. The numbers must be adjusted based on your own characteristics. Examples: • The 100 calorie per mile figure will be less for a 120 lb. woman and more for a 200 lb. man. • A young person will gain more muscle mass in weight training than an older person. • The number of calories burned depends on the intensity with which an exercise is performed. Most of these numbers are backed by a scientific study. However, there are often other studies that come to different conclusions. Usually this is because each study is based on different parameters or methodology. For example, a study in which the subjects are in a controlled environment yields more reliable results than one which relies on the self-reporting of subjects in their normal environments. Finally, research is on-going. New studies are done all the time. New factors are shown to be important. For example • The contribution of NEAT has only recently been proven to be important in weight maintenance. • A protein snack immediately after weight training enhances muscle development. Previous Next
tech-invite World Map 3GPP Specs Glossaries Architecture IMS UICC IETF RFCs Groups SIP ABNFs Search RFC 2543 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol Part 3 of 6, p. 50 to 75 Prev RFC Part Next RFC Part prevText Top Up ToC Page 50 6.14 Content-Encoding Content-Encoding = ( "Content-Encoding" \| "e" ) ":" "media-type". When present, its value indicates what additional decoding mechanisms MUST be applied in order to obtain the media-type primarily used to allow a body to be compressed without losing the identity of its underlying media type. If multiple encodings have been applied to an entity, the content All content-coding values are case-insensitive. The Internet Assigned tokens. See [3.5] for a definition of the syntax for content-coding. Clients MAY apply content encodings to the body in requests. If the server is not capable of decoding the body, or does not recognize any of the content-coding values, it MUST send a 415 "Unsupported Media Type" response, listing acceptable encodings in the Accept-Encoding Top Up ToC Page 51 header. A server MAY apply content encodings to the bodies in responses. The server MUST only use encodings listed in the Accept- Encoding header in the request. 6.15 Content-Length message-body, in decimal number of octets, sent to the recipient. Content-Length = ( "Content-Length" \| "l" ) ":" 1DIGIT An example is Content-Length: 3495 Applications SHOULD use this field to indicate the size of the message-body to be transferred, regardless of the media type of the entity. Any Content-Length greater than or equal to zero is a valid value. If no body is present in a message, then the Content-Length header field MUST be set to zero. If a server receives a UDP request without Content-Length, it MUST assume that the request encompasses the remainder of the packet. If a server receives a UDP request with a Content-Length, but the value is larger than the size of the body sent in the request, the client SHOULD generate a 400 class response. If there is additional data in the UDP packet after the last byte of the body has been read, the server MUST treat the remaining data as a separate message. This allows several messages to be placed in a single UDP packet. If a response does not contain a Content-Length, the client assumes that it encompasses the remainder of the UDP packet or the data until the TCP connection is closed, as applicable. Section 8 describes how to determine the length of the message body. 6.16 Content-Type message-body sent to the recipient. The "media-type" element is defined in [H3.7]. Content-Type = ( "Content-Type" \| "c" ) ":" media-type Top Up ToC Page 52 Examples of this header field are Content-Type: application/sdp 6.17 CSeq Clients MUST add the CSeq (command sequence) general-header field to every request. A CSeq header field in a request contains the request method and a single decimal sequence number chosen by the requesting client, unique within a single value of Call-ID. The sequence number MUST be expressible as a 32-bit unsigned integer. The initial value of the sequence number is arbitrary, but MUST be less than 231. Consecutive requests that differ in request method, headers or body, but have the same Call-ID MUST contain strictly monotonically increasing and contiguous sequence numbers; sequence numbers do not wrap around. Retransmissions of the same request carry the same sequence number, but an INVITE with a different message body or different header fields (a "re-invitation") acquires a new, higher sequence number. A server MUST echo the CSeq value from the request in its response. If the Method value is missing in the received CSeq header field, the server fills it in appropriately. The ACK and CANCEL requests MUST contain the same CSeq value as the INVITE request that it refers to, while a BYE request cancelling an invitation MUST have a higher sequence number. A BYE request with a CSeq that is not higher should cause a 400 response to be generated. A user agent server MUST remember the highest sequence number for any INVITE request with the same Call-ID value. The server MUST respond to, and then discard, any INVITE request with a lower sequence All requests spawned in a parallel search have the same CSeq value as the request triggering the parallel search. CSeq = "CSeq" ":" 1DIGIT Method Strictly speaking, CSeq header fields are needed for any SIP request that can be cancelled by a BYE or CANCEL request or where a client can issue several requests for the same Call-ID in close succession. Without a sequence Top Up ToC Page 53 number, the response to an INVITE could be mistaken for the response to the cancellation (BYE or CANCEL). Also, if the network duplicates packets or if an ACK is delayed until the server has sent an additional response, the client could interpret an old response as the response to a re- invitation issued shortly thereafter. Using CSeq also makes it easy for the server to distinguish different versions of an invitation, without comparing the message body. The Method value allows the client to distinguish the response to an INVITE request from that of a CANCEL response. CANCEL requests can be generated by proxies; if they were to increase the sequence number, it might conflict with a later request issued by the user agent for the same call. With a length of 32 bits, a server could generate, within a single call, one request a second for about 136 years before needing to wrap around. The initial value of the sequence number is chosen so that subsequent requests within the same call will not wrap around. A non-zero initial value allows to use a time-based initial sequence number, if the client desires. A client could, for example, choose the 31 most significant bits of a 32-bit second clock as an initial sequence number. Forked requests MUST have the same CSeq as there would be ambiguity otherwise between these forked requests and later BYE issued by the client user agent. CSeq: 4711 INVITE 6.18 Date Date is a general-header field. Its syntax is: SIP-date = rfc1123-date See [H14.19] for a definition of rfc1123-date. Note that unlike HTTP/1.1, SIP only supports the most recent RFC1123 [29] formatting for dates. Top Up ToC Page 54 The Date header field reflects the time when the request or response is first sent. Thus, retransmissions have the same Date header field value as the original. The Date header field can be used by simple end systems without a battery-backed clock to acquire a notion of current time. 6.19 Encryption The Encryption general-header field specifies that the content has been encrypted. Section 13 describes the overall SIP security architecture and algorithms. This header field is intended for end- to-end encryption of requests and responses. Requests are encrypted based on the public key belonging to the entity named in the To header field. Responses are encrypted based on the public key conveyed in the Response-Key header field. Note that the public keys themselves may not be used for the encryption. This depends on the particular algorithms used. For any encrypted message, at least the message body and possibly other message header fields are encrypted. An application receiving a request or response containing an Encryption header field decrypts the body and then concatenates the plaintext to the request line and headers of the original message. Message headers in the decrypted part completely replace those with the same field name in the plaintext part. (Note: If only the body of the message is to be encrypted, the body has to be prefixed with CRLF to allow proper concatenation.) Note that the request method and Request-URI cannot be encrypted. Encryption only provides privacy; the recipient has no guarantee that the request or response came from the party listed in the From message header, only that the sender used the recipient's public key. However, proxies will not be able to modify the request or response. Encryption = "Encryption" ":" encryption-scheme 1SP encryption-scheme = token encryption-params = token "=" ( token \| quoted-string ) The token indicates the form of encryption used; it is described in section 13. Top Up ToC Page 55 The example in Figure 10 shows a message encrypted with ASCII-armored PGP that was generated by applying "pgp -ea" to the payload to be Via: SIP/2.0/UDP From: <> To: T. A. Watson <> Content-Length: 885 Encryption: PGP version=2.6.2,encoding=ascii Figure 10: PGP Encryption Example Since proxies can base their forwarding decision on any combination of SIP header fields, there is no guarantee that an encrypted request "hiding" header fields will reach the same destination as an otherwise identical un-encrypted request. 6.20 Expires The Expires entity-header field gives the date and time after which the message content expires. This header field is currently defined only for the REGISTER and INVITE methods. For REGISTER, it is a request and response-header field. In a REGISTER request, the client indicates how long it wishes the registration to be valid. In the response, the server indicates Top Up ToC Page 56 the earliest expiration time of all registrations. The server MAY choose a shorter time interval than that requested by the client, but SHOULD NOT choose a longer one. For INVITE requests, it is a request and response-header field. In a request, the caller can limit the validity of an invitation, for example, if a client wants to limit the time duration of a search or a conference invitation. A user interface MAY take this as a hint to leave the invitation window on the screen even if the user is not currently at the workstation. This also limits the duration of a search. If the request expires before the search completes, the proxy returns a 408 (Request Timeout) status. In a 302 (Moved Temporarily) response, a server can advise the client of the maximal duration of the redirection. The value of this field can be either a SIP-date or an integer number of seconds (in decimal), measured from the receipt of the request. The latter approach is preferable for short durations, as it does not depend on clients and servers sharing a synchronized clock. Implementations MAY treat values larger than 232-1 (4294967295 or 136 years) as equivalent to 232-1. Expires = "Expires" ":" ( SIP-date \| delta-seconds ) Two examples of its use are Expires: 5 6.21 From Requests and responses MUST contain a From general-header field, indicating the initiator of the request. The From field MAY contain the "tag" parameter. The server copies the From header field from the request to the response. The optional "display-name" is meant to be rendered by a human-user interface. A system SHOULD use the display name "Anonymous" if the identity of the client is to remain hidden. The SIP-URL MUST NOT contain the "transport-param", "maddr-param", "ttl-param", or "headers" elements. A server that receives a SIP-URL with these elements removes them before further processing. Top Up ToC Page 57 Even if the "display-name" is empty, the "name-addr" form MUST be used if the "addr-spec" contains a comma, question mark, or From = ( "From" \| "f" ) ":" ( name-addr \| addr-spec ) ( ";" addr-params ) addr-params = tag-param tag-param = "tag=" UUID UUID = 1( hex \| "-" ) From: "A. G. Bell" <> From: Anonymous <> The "tag" MAY appear in the From field of a request. It MUST be present when it is possible that two instances of a user sharing a SIP address can make call invitations with the same Call-ID. The "tag" value MUST be globally unique and cryptographically random with at least 32 bits of randomness. A single user maintains the same tag throughout the call identified by the Call-ID. Call-ID, To and From are needed to identify a call leg. The distinction between call and call leg matters in calls with multiple responses to a forked request. The format is similar to the equivalent RFC 822 [24] header, but with a URI instead of just an email address. 6.22 Hide A client uses the Hide request header field to indicate that it wants the path comprised of the Via header fields (Section 6.40) to be hidden from subsequent proxies and user agents. It can take two forms: Hide: route and Hide: hop. Hide header fields are typically added by the client user agent, but MAY be added by any proxy along the path. Top Up ToC Page 58 If a request contains the "Hide: route" header field, all following proxies SHOULD hide their previous hop. If a request contains the "Hide: hop" header field, only the next proxy SHOULD hide the previous hop and then remove the Hide option unless it also wants to remain anonymous. A server hides the previous hop by encrypting the "host" and "port" parts of the top-most Via header field with an algorithm of its choice. Servers SHOULD add additional "salt" to the "host" and "port" information prior to encryption to prevent malicious downstream proxies from guessing earlier parts of the path based on seeing identical encrypted Via headers. Hidden Via fields are marked with the "hidden" Via option, as described in Section 6.40. A server that is capable of hiding Via headers MUST attempt to decrypt all Via headers marked as "hidden" to perform loop detection. Servers that are not capable of hiding can ignore hidden Via fields in their loop detection algorithm. If hidden headers were not marked, a proxy would have to decrypt all headers to detect loops, just in case one was encrypted, as the Hide: Hop option may have been removed along the way. A host MUST NOT add such a "Hide: hop" header field unless it can guarantee it will only send a request for this destination to the same next hop. The reason for this is that it is possible that the request will loop back through this same hop from a downstream proxy. The loop will be detected by the next hop if the choice of next hop is fixed, but could loop an arbitrary number of times otherwise. A client requesting "Hide: route" can only rely on keeping the request path private if it sends the request to a trusted proxy. Hiding the route of a SIP request is of limited value if the request results in data packets being exchanged directly between the calling and called user agent. The use of Hide header fields is discouraged unless path privacy is truly needed; Hide fields impose extra processing costs and restrictions for proxies and can cause requests to generate 482 (Loop Detected) responses that could otherwise be avoided. The encryption of Via header fields is described in more detail in Section 13. The Hide header field has the following syntax: Top Up ToC Page 59 Hide = "Hide" ":" ( "route" \| "hop" ) 6.23 Max-Forwards The Max-Forwards request-header field may be used with any SIP method to limit the number of proxies or gateways that can forward the request to the next downstream server. This can also be useful when the client is attempting to trace a request chain which appears to be failing or looping in mid-chain. The Max-Forwards value is a decimal integer indicating the remaining number of times this request message is allowed to be forwarded. Each proxy or gateway recipient of a request containing a Max- Forwards header field MUST check and update its value prior to forwarding the request. If the received value is zero (0), the recipient MUST NOT forward the request. Instead, for the OPTIONS and REGISTER methods, it MUST respond as the final recipient. For all other methods, the server returns 483 (Too many hops). If the received Max-Forwards value is greater than zero, then the forwarded message MUST contain an updated Max-Forwards field with a value decremented by one (1). Max-Forwards: 6 6.24 Organization The Organization general-header field conveys the name of the organization to which the entity issuing the request or response belongs. It MAY also be inserted by proxies at the boundary of an The field MAY be used by client software to filter calls. Top Up ToC Page 60 Organization = "Organization" ":" TEXT-UTF8 6.25 Priority The Priority request-header field indicates the urgency of the request as perceived by the client. Priority = "Priority" ":" priority-value priority-value = "emergency" \| "urgent" \| "normal" \| "non-urgent" It is RECOMMENDED that the value of "emergency" only be used when life, limb or property are in imminent danger. Subject: A tornado is heading our way! Priority: emergency Subject: Weekend plans Priority: non-urgent These are the values of RFC 2076 [30], with the addition of 6.26 Proxy-Authenticate consists of a challenge that indicates the authentication scheme and parameters applicable to the proxy for this Request-URI. Unlike its usage within HTTP, the Proxy-Authenticate header MUST be passed upstream in the response to the UAC. In SIP, only UAC's can authenticate themselves to proxies. The syntax for this header is defined in [H14.33]. See 14 for further details on its usage. Top Up ToC Page 61 A client SHOULD cache the credentials used for a particular proxy server and realm for the next request to that server. Credentials are, in general, valid for a specific value of the Request-URI at a particular proxy server. If a client contacts a proxy server that has required authentication in the past, but the client does not have credentials for the particular Request-URI, it MAY attempt to use the most-recently used credential. The server responds with 401 (Unauthorized) if the client guessed wrong. This suggested caching behavior is motivated by proxies restricting phone calls to authenticated users. It seems likely that in most cases, all destinations require the same password. Note that end-to-end authentication is likely to be destination-specific. 6.27 Proxy-Authorization The Proxy-Authorization request-header field allows the client to identify itself (or its user) to a proxy which requires authentication. The Proxy-Authorization field value consists of credentials containing the authentication information of the user agent for the proxy and/or realm of the resource being requested. Unlike Authorization, the Proxy-Authorization header field applies only to the next outbound proxy that demanded authentication using the Proxy- Authenticate field. When multiple proxies are used in a chain, the Proxy-Authorization header field is consumed by the first outbound proxy that was expecting to receive credentials. A proxy MAY relay the credentials from the client request to the next proxy if that is the mechanism by which the proxies cooperatively authenticate a given request. See [H14.34] for a definition of the syntax, and section 14 for a discussion of its usage. 6.28 Proxy-Require The Proxy-Require header field is used to indicate proxy-sensitive features that MUST be supported by the proxy. Any Proxy-Require header field features that are not supported by the proxy MUST be negatively acknowledged by the proxy to the client if not supported. Proxy servers treat this field identically to the Require field. See Section 6.30 for more details on the mechanics of this message and a usage example. Top Up ToC Page 62 6.29 Record-Route The Record-Route request and response header field is added to a request by any proxy that insists on being in the path of subsequent requests for the same call leg. It contains a globally reachable Request-URI that identifies the proxy server. Each proxy server adds its Request-URI to the beginning of the list. The server copies the Record-Route header field unchanged into the response. (Record-Route is only relevant for 2xx responses.) The calling user agent client copies the Record-Route header into a Route header field of subsequent requests within the same call leg, reversing the order of requests, so that the first entry is closest to the user agent client. If the response contained a Contact header field, the calling user agent adds its content as the last Route header. Unless this would cause a loop, any client MUST send any subsequent requests for this call leg to the first Request-URI in the Route request header field and remove that entry. The calling user agent MUST NOT use the Record-Route header field in requests that contain Route header fields. Some proxies, such as those controlling firewalls or in an automatic call distribution (ACD) system, need to maintain call state and thus need to receive any BYE and ACK packets for the call. The Record-Route header field has the following syntax: Record-Route = "Record-Route" ":" 1# name-addr Proxy servers SHOULD use the "maddr" URL parameter containing their address to ensure that subsequent requests are guaranteed to reach exactly the same server. Example for a request that has traversed the hosts and , in that order: Record-Route: <>, Top Up ToC Page 63 6.30 Require The Require request-header field is used by clients to tell user agent servers about options that the client expects the server to support in order to properly process the request. If a server does not understand the option, it MUST respond by returning status code 420 (Bad Extension) and list those options it does not understand in the Unsupported header. Require = "Require" ":" 1#option-tag C->S: INVITE SIP/2.0 Require: com.example.billing Payment: sheep_skins, conch_shells S->C: SIP/2.0 420 Bad Extension Unsupported: com.example.billing This is to make sure that the client-server interaction will proceed without delay when all options are understood by both sides, and only slow down if options are not understood (as in the example above). For a well-matched client-server pair, the interaction proceeds quickly, saving a round-trip often required by negotiation mechanisms. In addition, it also removes ambiguity when the client requires features that the server does not understand. Some features, such as call handling fields, are only of interest to end systems. Proxy and redirect servers MUST ignore features that are not understood. If a particular extension requires that intermediate devices support it, the extension MUST be tagged in the Proxy-Require field as well (see Section 6.28). 6.31 Response-Key The Response-Key request-header field can be used by a client to request the key that the called user agent SHOULD use to encrypt the response with. The syntax is: Top Up ToC Page 64 Response-Key = "Response-Key" ":" key-scheme 1SP #key-param key-scheme = token key-param = token "=" ( token \| quoted-string ) The "key-scheme" gives the type of encryption to be used for the response. Section 13 describes security schemes. If the client insists that the server return an encrypted response, it includes a Require: org.ietf.sip.encrypt-response header field in its request. If the server cannot encrypt for whatever reason, it MUST follow normal Require header field procedures and return a 420 (Bad Extension) response. If this Require header field is not present, a server SHOULD still encrypt if it can. 6.32 Retry-After The Retry-After general-header field can be used with a 503 (Service Unavailable) response to indicate how long the service is expected to be unavailable to the requesting client and with a 404 (Not Found), 600 (Busy), or 603 (Decline) response to indicate when the called party anticipates being available again. The value of this field can be either an SIP-date or an integer number of seconds (in decimal) after the time of the response. A REGISTER request MAY include this header field when deleting registrations with "Contact: ;expires: 0". The Retry-After value then indicates when the user might again be reachable. The registrar MAY then include this information in responses to future calls. An optional comment can be used to indicate additional information about the time of callback. An optional "duration" parameter indicates how long the called party will be reachable starting at the initial time of availability. If no duration parameter is given, the service is assumed to be available indefinitely. Retry-After = "Retry-After" ":" ( SIP-date \| delta-seconds ) [ comment ] [ ";" "duration" "=" delta-seconds ] Examples of its use are Retry-After: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 18:48:34 GMT (I'm in a meeting) Top Up ToC Page 65 Retry-After: Mon, 01 Jan 9999 00:00:00 GMT (Dear John: Don't call me back, ever) Retry-After: Fri, 26 Sep 1997 21:00:00 GMT;duration=3600 Retry-After: 120 In the third example, the callee is reachable for one hour starting at 21:00 GMT. In the last example, the delay is 2 minutes. 6.33 Route The Route request-header field determines the route taken by a request. Each host removes the first entry and then proxies the request to the host listed in that entry, also using it as the Request-URI. The operation is further described in Section 6.29. The Route header field has the following syntax: Route = "Route" ":" 1# name-addr 6.34 Server The Server response-header field contains information about the software used by the user agent server to handle the request. The syntax for this field is defined in [H14.39]. 6.35 Subject This is intended to provide a summary, or to indicate the nature, of the call, allowing call filtering without having to parse the session description. (Also, the session description does not have to use the same subject indication as the invitation.) Subject = ( "Subject" \| "s" ) ":" TEXT-UTF8 Subject: Tune in - they are talking about your work! Top Up ToC Page 66 6.36 Timestamp The timestamp general-header field describes when the client sent the request to the server. The value of the timestamp is of significance only to the client and it MAY use any timescale. The server MUST echo the exact same value and MAY, if it has accurate information about this, add a floating point number indicating the number of seconds that have elapsed since it has received the request. The timestamp is used by the client to compute the round-trip time to the server so that it can adjust the timeout value for retransmissions. Timestamp = "Timestamp" ":" (DIGIT) [ "." (DIGIT) ] [ delay ] delay = (DIGIT) [ "." (DIGIT) ] Note that there MUST NOT be any LWS between a DIGIT and the decimal 6.37 To The To general-header field specifies recipient of the request, with the same SIP URL syntax as the From field. To = ( "To" \| "t" ) ":" ( name-addr \| addr-spec ) ( ";" addr-params ) Requests and responses MUST contain a To general-header field, indicating the desired recipient of the request. The optional "display-name" is meant to be rendered by a human-user interface. The UAS or redirect server copies the To header field into its response, and MUST add a "tag" parameter if the request contained more than one Via header field. If there was more than one Via header field, the request was handled by at least one proxy server. Since the receiver cannot know whether any of the proxy servers forked the request, it is safest to assume that they might with these elements removes them before further processing. Top Up ToC Page 67 The "tag" parameter serves as a general mechanism to distinguish multiple instances of a user identified by a single SIP URL. As proxies can fork requests, the same request can reach multiple instances of a user (mobile and home phones, for example). As each can respond, there needs to be a means to distinguish the responses from each at the caller. The situation also arises with multicast requests. The tag in the To header field serves to distinguish responses at the UAC. It MUST be placed in the To field of the response by each instance when there is a possibility that the request was forked at an intermediate proxy. The "tag" MUST be added by UAS, registrars and redirect servers, but MUST NOT be inserted into responses forwarded upstream by proxies. The "tag" is added for all definitive responses for all methods, and MAY be added for informational responses from a UAS or redirect server. All subsequent transactions between two entities MUST include the "tag" parameter, as described in Section 11. See Section 6.21 for details of the "tag" parameter. The "tag" parameter in To headers is ignored when matching responses to requests that did not contain a "tag" in their To header. A SIP server returns a 400 (Bad Request) response if it receives a request with a To header field containing a URI with a scheme it does not recognize. The following are examples of valid To headers: To: The Operator <>;tag=287447 The distinction between call and call leg matters in calls with multiple responses from a forked request. The "tag" is added to the To header field in the response to allow forking of future requests for the same call by proxies, while addressing only one of the possibly several responding user agent servers. It also allows several instances of the callee to send requests that can be Top Up ToC Page 68 6.38 Unsupported The Unsupported response-header field lists the features not supported by the server. See Section 6.30 for a usage example and Unsupported = "Unsupported" ":" 1#option-tag 6.39 User-Agent The User-Agent general-header field contains information about the client user agent originating the request. The syntax and semantics are defined in [H14.42]. 6.40 Via The Via field indicates the path taken by the request so far. This prevents request looping and ensures replies take the same path as the requests, which assists in firewall traversal and other unusual routing situations. 6.40.1 Requests The client originating the request MUST insert into the request a Via field containing its host name or network address and, if not the default port number, the port number at which it wishes to receive responses. (Note that this port number can differ from the UDP source port number of the request.) A fully-qualified domain name is RECOMMENDED. Each subsequent proxy server that sends the request onwards MUST add its own additional Via field before any existing Via fields. A proxy that receives a redirection (3xx) response and then searches recursively, MUST use the same Via headers as on the original proxied request. A proxy SHOULD check the top-most Via header field to ensure that it contains the sender's correct network address, as seen from that proxy. If the sender's address is incorrect, the proxy MUST add an additional "received" attribute, as described 6.40.2. A host behind a network address translator (NAT) or firewall may not be able to insert a network address into the Via header that can be reached by the next hop beyond Top Up ToC Page 69 the NAT. Use of the received attribute allows SIP requests to traverse NAT's which only modify the source IP address. NAT's which modify port numbers, called Network Address Port Translator's (NAPT) will not properly pass SIP when transported on UDP, in which case an application layer gateway is required. When run over TCP, SIP stands a better chance of traversing NAT's, since its behavior is similar to HTTP in this case (but of course on different ports). A proxy sending a request to a multicast address MUST add the "maddr" parameter to its Via header field, and SHOULD add the "ttl" parameter. If a server receives a request which contained an "maddr" parameter in the topmost Via field, it SHOULD send the response to the multicast address listed in the "maddr" parameter. If a proxy server receives a request which contains its own address in the Via header value, it MUST respond with a 482 (Loop Detected) status code. A proxy server MUST NOT forward a request to a multicast group which already appears in any of the Via headers. This prevents a malfunctioning proxy server from causing loops. Also, it cannot be guaranteed that a proxy server can always detect that the address returned by a location service refers to a host listed in the Via list, as a single host may have aliases or several network interfaces. 6.40.2 Receiver-tagged Via Header Fields Normally, every host that sends or forwards a SIP message adds a Via field indicating the path traversed. However, it is possible that Network Address Translators (NATs) changes the source address and port of the request (e.g., from net-10 to a globally routable address), in which case the Via header field cannot be relied on to route replies. To prevent this, a proxy SHOULD check the top-most Via header field to ensure that it contains the sender's correct network address, as seen from that proxy. If the sender's address is incorrect, the proxy MUST add a "received" parameter to the Via header field inserted by the previous hop. Such a modified Via header field is known as a receiver-tagged Via header field. An example is: Via: SIP/2.0/UDP Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ;received= Top Up ToC Page 70 In this example, the message originated from and traversed a NAT with the external address ( to reach The latter noticed the mismatch, and added a parameter to the previous hop's Via header field, containing the address that the packet actually came from. (Note that the NAT is not a SIP server.) 6.40.3 Responses Via header fields in responses are processed by a proxy or UAC according to the following rules: 1. The first Via header field should indicate the proxy or client processing this response. If it does not, discard the message. Otherwise, remove this Via field. 2. If there is no second Via header field, this response is destined for this client. Otherwise, the processing depends on whether the Via field contains a "maddr" parameter or is a receiver-tagged field: - If the second Via header field contains a "maddr" parameter, send the response to the multicast address listed there, using the port indicated in "sent-by", or port 5060 if none is present. The response SHOULD be sent using the TTL indicated in the "ttl" parameter, or with a TTL of 1 if that parameter is not present. For robustness, responses MUST be sent to the address indicated in the "maddr" parameter even if it is not a multicast address. - If the second Via header field does not contain a "maddr" parameter and is a receiver-tagged field (Section 6.40.2), send the message to the address in the "received" parameter, using the port indicated in the "sent-by" value, or using port 5060 if none is present. - If neither of the previous cases apply, send the message to the address indicated by the "sent-by" value in the second Via header field. 6.40.4 User Agent and Redirect Servers A UAS or redirect server sends a response based on one of the following rules: o If the first Via header field in the request contains a "maddr" parameter, send the response to the multicast address Top Up ToC Page 71 listed there, using the port indicated in "sent-by", or port 5060 if none is present. The response SHOULD be sent using the TTL indicated in the "ttl" parameter, or with a TTL of 1 if that parameter is not present. For robustness, responses MUST be sent to the address indicated in the "maddr" parameter even if it is not a multicast address. o If the address in the "sent-by" value of the first Via field differs from the source address of the packet, send the response to the actual packet source address, similar to the treatment for receiver-tagged Via header fields (Section o If neither of these conditions is true, send the response to the address contained in the "sent-by" value. If the request was sent using TCP, use the existing TCP connection if 6.40.5 Syntax The format for a Via header field is shown in Fig. 11. The defaults for "protocol-name" and "transport" are "SIP" and "UDP", respectively. The "maddr" parameter, designating the multicast address, and the "ttl" parameter, designating the time-to-live (TTL) value, are included only if the request was sent via multicast. The "received" parameter is added only for receiver-added Via fields (Section 6.40.2). For reasons of privacy, a client or proxy may wish to hide its Via information by encrypting it (see Section 6.22). The "hidden" parameter is included if this header field was hidden by the upstream proxy (see 6.22). Note that privacy of the proxy relies on the cooperation of the next hop, as the next-hop proxy will, by necessity, know the IP address and port number of the source host. The "branch" parameter is included by every forking proxy. The token MUST be unique for each distinct request generated when a proxy forks. CANCEL requests MUST have the same branch value as the corresponding forked request. When a response arrives at the proxy it can use the branch value to figure out which branch the response corresponds to. A proxy which generates a single request (non- forking) MAY also insert the "branch" parameter. The identifier has to be unique only within a set of isomorphic requests. Via: SIP/2.0/UDP;ttl=16 ;maddr= ;branch=a7c6a8dlze (Example) Via: SIP/2.0/UDP adk8 Top Up ToC Page 72 Via = ( "Via" \| "v") ":" 1#( sent-protocol sent-by ( ";" via-params ) [ comment ] ) via-params = via-hidden \| via-ttl \| via-maddr \| via-received \| via-branch via-hidden = "hidden" via-ttl = "ttl" "=" ttl via-maddr = "maddr" "=" maddr via-received = "received" "=" host via-branch = "branch" "=" token sent-protocol = protocol-name "/" protocol-version "/" transport protocol-name = "SIP" \| token protocol-version = token transport = "UDP" \| "TCP" \| token sent-by = ( host [ ":" port ] ) \| ( concealed-host ) concealed-host = token ttl = 13DIGIT ; 0 to 255 Figure 11: Syntax of Via header field 6.41 Warning The Warning response-header field is used to carry additional information about the status of a response. Warning headers are sent with responses and have the following format: Warning = "Warning" ":" 1#warning-value warning-value = warn-code SP warn-agent SP warn-text warn-code = 3DIGIT warn-agent = ( host [ ":" port ] ) \| pseudonym ; the name or pseudonym of the server adding ; the Warning header, for use in debugging warn-text = quoted-string A response MAY carry more than one Warning header. The "warn-text" should be in a natural language that is most likely to be intelligible to the human user receiving the response. This decision can be based on any available knowledge, such as the location of the cache or user, the Accept-Language field in a request, or the Content-Language field in a response. The default language is i-default [31]. Top Up ToC Page 73 Any server MAY add Warning headers to a response. Proxy servers MUST place additional Warning headers before any Authorization headers. Within that constraint, Warning headers MUST be added after any existing Warning headers not covered by a signature. A proxy server MUST NOT delete any Warning header field that it received with a When multiple Warning headers are attached to a response, the user agent SHOULD display as many of them as possible, in the order that they appear in the response. If it is not possible to display all of the warnings, the user agent first displays warnings that appear early in the response. The warn-code consists of three digits. A first digit of "3" indicates warnings specific to SIP. This is a list of the currently-defined "warn-code"s, each with a recommended warn-text in English, and a description of its meaning. Note that these warnings describe failures induced by the session Warnings 300 through 329 are reserved for indicating problems with keywords in the session description, 330 through 339 are warnings related to basic network services requested in the session description, 370 through 379 are warnings related to quantitative QoS parameters requested in the session description, and 390 through 399 are miscellaneous warnings that do not fall into one of the above 300 Incompatible network protocol: One or more network protocols contained in the session description are not available. 301 Incompatible network address formats: One or more network address formats contained in the session description are not available. 302 Incompatible transport protocol: One or more transport protocols described in the session description are not available. 303 Incompatible bandwidth units: One or more bandwidth measurement units contained in the session description were not understood. 304 Media type not available: One or more media types contained in the session description are not available. 305 Incompatible media format: One or more media formats contained in the session description are not available. Top Up ToC Page 74 306 Attribute not understood: One or more of the media attributes in the session description are not supported. 307 Session description parameter not understood: A parameter other than those listed above was not understood. 330 Multicast not available: The site where the user is located does not support multicast. 331 Unicast not available: The site where the user is located does not support unicast communication (usually due to the presence of a firewall). 370 Insufficient bandwidth: The bandwidth specified in the session description or defined by the media exceeds that known to be 399 Miscellaneous warning: The warning text can include arbitrary information to be presented to a human user, or logged. A system receiving this warning MUST NOT take any automated action. 1xx and 2xx have been taken by HTTP/1.1. Additional "warn-code"s, as in the example below, can be defined through IANA. Warning: 307 "Session parameter 'foo' not understood" Warning: 301 "Incompatible network address type 'E.164'" 6.42 WWW-Authenticate (Unauthorized) response messages. The field value consists of at least one challenge that indicates the authentication scheme(s) and parameters applicable to the Request-URI. See [H14.46] for a definition of the syntax, and section 14 for an overview of usage. The content of the "realm" parameter SHOULD be displayed to the user. A user agent SHOULD cache the authorization credentials for a given value of the destination (To header) and "realm" and attempt to re- use these values on the next request for that destination. Top Up ToC Page 75 In addition to the "basic" and "digest" authentication schemes defined in the specifications cited above, SIP defines a new scheme, PGP (RFC 2015, [32]), Section 15. Other schemes, such as S/MIME, are for further study. (page 75 continued on part 4) Next RFC Part
Multiple Intelligences in Art The students in Color & Design explored their strengths after learning about Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. They took quizzes to find their strongest “intelligence” and then created an artwork that used or expressed that strength. They chose the subject matter, media, and techniques that best fit their interests. upcycled books (color & design)
Category Archives: Classroom Pilots Honors Physics Wiki Update Want to pass notes in class? Use Google Docs! Absent… Present! (via Skype) If he keeps it up, he won’t miss a thing! Wi-Fi Graffiti! Spanish 1 students weigh in whether our story's main character should take his dad's 1956 T-Bird without permission on Wiffiti. Have you ever been to a concert or sports event where you were invited to text or Tweet messages to a public screen? Wiffiti is a company out of Boston whose technology allows anyone, from corporate sponsors to teachers to the average Joe Internet User, to create a public wall for the purpose of gathering text and Tweet “graffiti”. How is this useful in a classroom setting? My level 1 Spanish students have been reading a book in which the main character has to make a choice between following his parents’ rules or doing what he wants while they are away. I wanted the kids to discuss the pros and cons and take a side, in Spanish. Without technology, this is just a discussion and some kids might tune it out, but when I instructed kids to take out their phones (which most of them had and were thrilled to be asked to use them in class) and had them text their advice to the character, they were on board immediately. And on the board – literally – immediately! In seconds, their messages started popping up on the SmartBoard for all to see. It was fun to see what they wrote, and to see the auto-namer assign them all such funny names, like CinnamonToucan, and SteelSeahorse. Most of them stuck to the assignment but a few did get carried away with the excitement of being able to communicate something and have everyone see it… without teacher clearance. Which is EXACTLY why I welcome this type of activity, because it provides an opportunity for teachers to get involved with how students represent themselves online. Their digital expression of themselves is often private, but when they do this in the classroom, the teacher can moderate the discussion. Which I did. “Perdón, who is MintParrot8?” A boy grins smugly from the back of the room. I use his post as a negative example, and he quickly sends a new message which follows the assignment. We’ll continue to build on that success with other projects. I’ll send an update next time we use it. Check it out! Laptop assignment Recently, I had several students submitting entries to a haiku contest. They had to be submitted online, and you had to be 13 years old to enter the contest. All of my students completed the assignment for credit, and the students that were eligible needed to complete the process. We used the laptops. For the students that were not able to enter the contest, we had them log onto This website provided an interactive vocabulary lesson that had several levels. The students were very involved in the site and actually did well on the college level words- much to their delight. It was very interesting to see what students knew about the laptops, and the last 10 minutes of class we took questions about our 1:1 program. I thoroughly enjoyed the experience, and the students said that they enjoyed the vocabulary drill. Media Fluency: AP Physics Wiki! Application: AP Physics Wiki The Big Picture Media Fluency Definition According to the 21st century fluencies blog media fluency is: Creative Fluency from “Creative Fluency is the process by which artistic proficiency adds meaning through design, art and storytelling. It regards form in addition to function, and the principles of innovative design combined with a quality functioning product.Creative Fluency extends beyond visual creative skills, to using the imagination to create stories, a practice which is in demand in many facets of today’s economy. It is widely regarded by many successful industries that creative minds come up with creative solutions.There is tremendous value in the artistic creation of items in order that they may transcend mere functionality.” So today I introduced my students to their creative project for the semester: Build Your Own Utopia. I thought this would be something fun for them–a chance to flex their imagination muscles but still demonstrate an understanding of the ideas we’ve been discussing all semester long. Yet I heard over and over again from students: “This is HARD!” or “This requires me to think!” (insert shocked expression). The assumption on their part was that something creative should be easy and thoughtless. Maybe one way of understanding this is by looking at the difference between imagination and creativity. Oklahoma‘s recent National Creativity World Forum 2011 (www., explains on their website that “ Imagination is the capacity to conceive of what is not yet present or manifest. Creativity is imagination applied (“imagination at work”) to do or make something that flows from the prior capacity to conceive of the new.” My students have imagination (they can come up quickly with some off the wall zany idea never heard of before), but when it comes to applying that imagination (creativity) they realize that its not enough to just come up with an idea, it has to be made meaningful and requires a lot of problem solving that they didn’t anticipate. I’ll let you know how it goes.
Smart Cities, Sustainable Cities: The Future of Urban Development in Qatar One of the most important aspects of sustainable design is its ability to adopt a multilayered understanding of the needs of communities, sites and the environment to propose integrated solutions that not only address short and long term environmental and economic benefits but could provide opportunities to enhance social and cultural aspects of the development. Over the past few years, this has extended beyond the scale of buildings well into the public realm to include sustainable urban development strategies, infrastructure design and smart city solutions. The reasons for creating more sustainable design solutions to minimize the environmental impact of cities are no longer questionable. The main issues facing designers and developers now are how to find the most suitable, smart city solutions that balance client needs, project budgets and the environmental design challenges and opportunities that arise from a project’s context. This is why creating sustainable urban environments will be a continuous endeavor that the Middle East will be experiencing over the coming years. Fueled by an economic boom that adds pressure on available resources, Qatar, like other countries in the region, is at a crossroads to rethink its approach to urban planning and design to create more sustainable built environments on a macro level and redefine the impact of its future cities. Many steps have already been taken as part of the country’s ongoing efforts to realize the goals of the Qatar National Vision 2030, where the country is witnessing a number of large-scale development projects set to the highest local and international sustainability standards. Over the coming years, it is crucial to continue down this path by providing the necessary tools to ensure that targets are met. The integrated efforts of all stakeholders will not only ensure that goals are realized but set on a continuous path of sustainable development. – by Rashed Al Nasa’a, Senior Sustainability Consultant, LEED AP BD+C, WELL AP, GSAS CGP, PQP, Arab Engineering Bureau
Phono Stages The phono stage can easily make or break a vinyl based system. The stage of phono pre-amplification is absolutely crucial - more so than the pre-amp or amplifier stage - if you have any doubts about this we urge you to get a demonstration of something like the gsp audio phono stages. The reason for this importance is that the phono stage carries out up to a massive 95% of your total signal amplification from cartridge to speakers. This is too much to entrust to a feeble £1 chip used in many integrated and pre-amps. For more information on this please see our page on "Why phono stages are so important". The phono stage is the amplification required to step up the very low output levels produced by mm or mc cartridges to line level voltages (i.e. the 1 volt output levels of CD players, DVD players, tape decks etc.). This stage is often severely underestimated in the contribution it makes to producing a good sound. The way in which your amplifier handles the extremely low signal levels (thousandths of a Volt) from the cartridge is critical - information is more easily lost or distorted at this stage than later on in the signal path. Information lost can never be regained and any distortions and coloration's are amplified thousands of times. It is not difficult to appreciate why this area has so much potential for improvement and is often the weakest link in a system. Why upgrade to a stand alone phono stage? Many amplifiers neglect the phono stage: With a focus on CD replay, many companies produce amplifiers with no phono input at all. The solution is to add a phono stage and then use interconnects to plug it into a spare input socket on your amplifier such as as an aux, tuner or tape input socket.If an amplifier does have a moving magnet or moving coil input, it is often assumed that all is well. The problem is that many phono inputs often use budget integrated circuits costing less than £1 as a cost cutting solution. Expertise in the area of RIAA equalization and cartridge amplification is not an area that many amplifier manufacturers have the time or resources to invest in. For this reason a well researched and properly designed phono stage is a huge upgrade. There are theoretical advantages for a separate phono stage: The power supply can be separate if the supply is separate then the sensitive circuitry is not susceptible to stray fields from the large transformer inside most amplifiers. Brands Available Gsp audio Pure Sound
Dolphins vs Porpoises – Can they be different? Dolphins and Porpoises. Are they really that different? Well, while there are many similarities between them, they are also worlds apart from each other. To the naked and untrained eye, most people wouldn’t be able to distinguish the two, because generally they are very much related. However, there are 4 main differences between dolphins and porpoises: 1. Porpoises are divided into 6 species and sub-species, while dolphins are divided into 40 species. 2. The average dolphin is longer than the average porpoise. 3. The mouth and teeth of dolphins and porpoises are very different. 4. And dolphins and porpoises make sounds at different frequencies. Dolphins vs Porpoises - Can you tell the difference? Dolphins vs Porpoises – Can you tell the difference? Dolphins are best known for their uncanny ability to impress the minds of many with their intelligence and skills. There are about 40 different variations of dolphins, from the Hectors dolphin and short finned pilot, to the spinner and white beak dolphins. Most dolphins inhabit salt water, but there are about 5 species of dolphin that are known to inhabit fresh water: the Amazon River dolphin, the Chinese River dolphin, the Ganges River dolphin, the Franciscan dolphin and the Idus River dollphin. The names of these species of dolphins are related to the waterway that is their habitat. On the other hand, there are 6 types of porpoises that currently reside in the world’s oceans, all belonging to the family, Phococenidae. They include the Burmeister’s Porpoise, Dall’s Porpoise, the Finless Porpoise, the Harbour Porpoise, the Spectacled Porpoise and the rare Vaquita. A Dolphin Head Dolphins get their name from the Greek word, Delphus, which means “a fish with a womb.” They are extremely intellegent animals and their friendly appearance and seemingly playful attitudes have made them popular in human culture. Dolphins love to play, especially with each other! At times, they have been known to harass other creatures, such as sea birds and turtles. Dolphins enjoy riding waves and frequently surf coastal swells and the bow waves of boats. They can be seen leaping between the dual bow waves of a moving catamaran. Occasionally, dolphins interact playfully with swimmers. Captive dolphins have been observed in aquariums engaging in complex play behavior, such as creating and moving bubble rings. Another big difference between dolphins and porpoises is their lengths. Dolphins have a very wide range of lengths and widths, anywhere from 1.2 meters (4 ft) and 40 kilograms (88 lbs) up to 9.5 meters (30 ft) and ten tons, like the killer whale. On the other hand, the average length of a male porpoise is just over 1.5 meters (5 ft) and females are slightly larger with the average length of 1.7 meters (5.5 ft). The average adult porpoise weighs between 61 and 77 kilograms (135-170 lbs). Due to their small size, porpoises lose body heat more rapidly than dolphins. Their stout shape, which minimizes surface area, may be an adaption to reduce heat loss. Their thick blubber also insulates them from the cold. Their small size also requires them to eat often, rather than depending on fat reserves. Porpoises are rarely held in captivity as they are generally not as capable of adapting to tank life as dolphins. A Porpoise Head A Porpoise Head One of the easiest ways to tell dolphins and porpoises apart is by their mouth and teeth. Dolphins have conical teeth and shorter beaks, while porpoises have flattened, spade shaped teeth. Another difference is that there are more fused neck vertebrae in porpoises than in dolphins, which limits the range of mobility in the porpoise neck. The porpoise even got its name during the medieval times from this noticeable characteristic. They were called “pig fish” from porcus which means pig, and piscus which means fish. The last way to tell dolphins and porpoises apart is by their sound making. Dolphins vocalize in a range audible to the human ear. However, porpoises vocalize at a much higher range that we simply can’t hear.A recent study showed that porpoises produce high frequency clicks that are restricted to a narrow band of frequencies, while those of a dolphin are not. You have seen the many key differences between dolphins and porpoises, but there is one thing that you can be sure of when it comes to these two animals: they share the common ability to amaze and enthrall millions who are dazzled by their intellect and unique characteristics. It’s safe to say that these two creatures have been blessed by divine touch. Blog Post Comments Since Dolphins vs Porpoises is one of our most popular articles we have on the internet, it shows how important this subject is to you. We would like to find out why this subject matter has your interest. You can go below and leave a comment why you are researching this particular subject. Are you interested in this subject because of Dolphins or Porpoises? We would love to hear from you!! 17 comments on “Dolphins vs Porpoises – Can they be different? 1. I am collecting sounds of various sea creatures & started wondering if dolphin & porpoise were just different names for the same creature or whether they were actually different creatures. One thing I would like to know that you didn’t address is: do they sound the same, slightly different, or very different from each other? 2. Cristina on said: Wow! Such an interesting read! I always thought dolphins and porpoises were the same thing, boy was I wrong! 3. We live in Santa Cruz California against the Pacific ocean… We have beautiful schools of porpoises I knowing the difference because I have grown up here yet still do not know how to explain what the difference was with facts behind it other then color and size. I am infatuated with dolphins and know they are not here other than our tanks at the Marine sanctuary’s.. Locals giggle and love to listen to tourists with their (excuse me) BS facts, knowing very well that there are no dolphins in these waters I listen to them explain to their family how they ARE dolphins. I being a local know that they are just porpoises and make the joke regularly after correcting them … It’s ok they knew they were fooling you, they do it on ‘porpoise’ ?? and walk away. I wanted to know the difference to help the tourist be able to to pick out the differences. I am most amazed in your article the meaning of the two fishes names. a fish with a womb compare to a pig fish, thank you that will be repeated forever now lol Mesmerized with mermaids and how the two playfully follow in folklore history in every culture … Can’t help but now comprehend how the dolphin gets its beautiful name thank you so much for this education. And out of curiosity since I’m impressed with requests asking why? Have you received many responses? I think that’s awesome way to connect to readers … I never would thought of responding but was impressed enough to do so… Curtsy… Have awesome day/evening • Hi Curtsy, Yes, gets lots of questions and responses on this topic. More than I ever thought we would get. It seems like California is the place for porpoises. Thanks for your comment. 4. I understand that there are physical differences between a porpoise and a dolphin. What are some of the behavioral differences between porpoises and dolphins? • Hi William, Dolphins and Porpoises are very similar behaviorally. The main difference I know of, dolphins have become popular animals for training in captivity, a situation porpoises do not adapt to well. So this is the biggest difference I know of. If anyone out there know of any other behavioral differences of the two mammals, please let us know. 5. I now live on Hilton head island SC and see Dolphins (I guess) swimming in the ocean as I walk the beaches and wondered if they were ? Then fresh fish are sold for restaurants and what are those? 6. This is of interest to me because the terms seem to be used indiscriminately. One wants to know why there are two names for what most people seem to regard as the same thing. I, personally, have never been able to look a porpoise in the mouth to observe the “spade-shaped” teeth while we all have seen the dolphin’s conical teeth thanks to Orca shows and”flipper” TV programs. A clear picture comparing the dentition would be appreciated. 7. Laura Barrett on said: I was curious to know the difference between dolphins and porpoises as we were watching HBO showcase about whales but a lot of them looked like dolphins 8. Scott Fernandes on said: Hi there, Thanks for the article, just finishing up a cruise of SW FL in a small sailboat, and had an awesome experience with a pod of a couple dozen dolphin(?) a few days ago… A friend pointed out they may have been porpoise, hence my search and reading of your article… Even more convinced now that they were dolphin! They were playing around and under the bow of the boat, a couple even making contact! Cool beyond description. Videoed about a third of a twenty min encounter… Attached is a highlight. 9. Robin Kriberney on said: As a kid I recall hearing both, but as an adult we seem to only hear about dolphin. I was asking my husband the same question when he mentioned that some live in rivers which I had completely forgotten about. Since I’m a south Florida native, naturally the ocean is what usually comes to mind. Thanks so much for the info! 10. Judy Howell on said: I am a native of Pensacola, Florida and we have always called what I see are Dolphins. Other friends and family not from here call them porpoises, which is native to this area? Thank you, Leave a Reply Tweet about this on TwitterPin on PinterestShare on FacebookShare on Google+ Dolphin Reservation Cart Office Hours Reservation Office Hours • M – F, 8am – 5pm EST • Saturday, 8am – 2pm EST • Sunday, Closed Online Reservations • 24 hours. Email or Live Chat
(Critical Survey of Literature for Students) The Octopus cover image Trouble had been brewing in the San Joaquin Valley of Central California. The Pacific & Southwestern (P&SW) Railroad and the wheat ranchers who leased the railroad’s adjacent lands are heading for an economic collision. Presley, an Eastern poet visiting the ranch owned by the powerful and prosperous Magnus Derrick family, is caught amid the fierce bickering. As he cycles toward the town of Bonneville, he meets Hooven, a ranch worker who is agitated by the possibility of being fired. Riding on, Presley meets Dyke, who tells of being dismissed and blacklisted by the P&SW. Feeling uninvolved—even superior to these troubles—Presley continues his journey and encounters Annixter, an abrasive rancher who had been angered by the high-handed railroad “octopus,” especially by the agent S. Behrman, who wants to gain control of the thriving wheat fields. The P&SW had, early on, leased its vacant, unproductive adjacent lands to the ranchers with options for them to buy. With rancher investment and toil, the once worthless lands had become golden. The P&SW is now looking for ways to keep the ranchers from winning the deal. Rebellion and warfare are in the air. As Presley cycles about the properties, he meets Vanamee, a mystically inclined shepherd, and soon thereafter the poet witnesses the slaughter of a flock of sheep that had wandered innocently onto the railroad tracks. S. Behrman blames the accident on a broken Annixter fence. Presley is drawn into the intrigue and violence seething in the volatile community. Genslinger, a newspaper editor sympathetic to the P&SW, warns the ranchers against fighting the powerful railroad, because Shelgrim, its influential president, wields vast political clout. Annixter explodes against such a timid course and urges a unified rancher front, fighting fire with fire: The ranchers, too, need to enter the dark arena of bribery and corruption to survive. Even though Presley is too deeply concerned with composing an epic poem of the West to immerse himself in these difficulties, Vanamee is too obsessed with the memory of his lost love, Angele, who had died eighteen years earlier. He seeks “The Answer,” a mystical, spiritual response from ineffable forces he senses pulsating around him and within the mysterious wheat, undulating, it seems, with a psychic power. In the meantime, Annixter has ridden the same local journey as had Presley. He, too, meets Hooven and hears of the man’s personal troubles. He saw freight cars routed from efficient delivery points to more profitable short-haul trips. He learns of Dyke’s misfortune. Nervous and desperate, he makes the P&SW an offer for the purchase of the property he now leases. The offer is rejected. He and the others are securely in the tentacles of the octopus.... (The entire section is 1139 words.) (Masterpieces of American Literature) Subtitled A Story of California, The Octopus was the first novel in a projected trilogy that Norris envisioned as an epic study of the cultivation, processing, and distribution of wheat; the wheat would move from the Western fields to Chicago’s marketplace to the starving peoples of Europe. In the United States, the Populist Party had been formed in 1891 as a collective Western movement by farmers and labor against the rise of political “machines” and trust organizations that threatened the farmers’ livelihood. The party’s demise, which would occur around 1904, was already foreshadowed at the time Norris was completing The Octopus. Several American authors, from Rebecca Harding Davis to Thorstein Veblen, had recognized the dangers inherent in contrived economic shifts and made political trusts the center of their literature. Although Norris had no direct involvement in the Populist movement, his novel stands securely among the major social protest novels of the turn of the twentieth century. No other novel by Norris so clearly combines his naturalistic and romantic philosophies. The Octopus is a study in natural versus unnatural forces: the wheat versus the railroad and its representatives, nature’s boundaries versus the steel tentacles of the railroad’s artificial boundaries, the unnatural “Other” force of rape (literal and metaphoric) that destroys the natural force of love. Combining his beliefs about the appropriate scope of an American novel (to depict the realities of a particular region) and the sense of alienation in contemporary society, Norris creates as his protagonist an artist, the poet Presley, who spends a summer in California’s San Joaquin Valley, where he tries to find a purpose for his poetry. The narrative structure of the novel coincides with Presley’s indecisiveness about whether a realistic or romantic vision is the most truthful art form and reflects Norris’s own waffling opinions. Through Presley’s eyes, however, the reader discovers... (The entire section is 844 words.)
Electronic Mucosa: A Natural Successor to the Electronic Nose System? Electronic Mucosa: A Natural Successor to the Electronic Nose System? Julian W. Gardner (University of Warwick, UK), James A. Covington (University of Warwick, UK) and Fauzan Khairi Che Harun (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia) DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2521-1.ch012 OnDemand PDF Download: List Price: $37.50 In this chapter, the authors discuss a new concept that involves the development of a new type of sensor array and a new type of time-dependent signal processing method that they call an artificial (or electronic) olfactory mucosa. This so-called e-mucosa employs large sets of spatially distributed odour sensors and gas chromatographic-like retentive micro-columns. It has been inspired by the architecture of the human nose with the olfactory epithelium region located in the upper turbinate. The authors describe the fabrication of an e-mucosa and the use of a convolution method to analyse the time-varying signals generated by it and thus classify different odours. They believe that as this concept evolves it could result in a superior instrument to the sensor-based e-noses currently available today. Chapter Preview The sense of smell has always been seen as the least significant amongst the five major human senses (i.e. sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell). Evolution created the sense of smell for several uses, such as a warning mechanism for avoiding predators, finding a suitable food source, and locating/choosing a mate for reproduction. However, as humans have evolved, the human olfactory system has degraded in function, probably due to its reduced importance for our survival and our reproductive process. An electronic nose (or e-nose) is essentially an instrument that comprises an array of chemical sensors with partial specificity coupled with an appropriate pattern recognition system, and used to classify different simple and complex odours. There is no standard definition of what exactly we mean by an e-nose and it is often a topic of discussion amongst researchers. But the definition above is that defined by Gardner and Bartlett over ten years ago (Gardner & Bartlett, 1999) and covers the essential elements of a sensor-based electronic nose as opposed to one based upon, say, Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectroscopy (FAIMS). In the mammalian olfactory system, lungs are used to draw gases and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) through our nostrils and transport them into the upper chamber or turbinate inside our nasal cavity and so across the olfactory epithelium. This epithelium consists of millions of olfactory neurons containing odour-sensitive receptor cells. In addition, the human epithelium has a mucous coating with cilia (see Figure 1) that acts as both a chemical headspace filter and pre-concentrator as the molecules move along its surface. The olfactory receptor neurons then convert the chemical responses to electronic nerve impulses, i.e. a spike train. The unique patterns of nerve impulses are propagated by neurons through a complex network of glomeruli nodes and mitral cells before going through the higher brain (hypothalamus) for interpretation. For further details see Pearce et al. (2003). Complete Chapter List Search this Book:
“Let’s try that again” is a phrase heard daily at our house. With 6 kids in our home, we are always looking for simple ways to correct our children’s unwanted behaviors without always seeming like we are correcting them. One great tool we use is to simply have our kids redo a behavior. It is amazing how well it works, and how quickly kids catch on! Redo’s are a wonderful tool for reshaping behavior. They help a child feel successful and activate motor memory.* Here’s what a redo looks like at our house. Unwanted Action: A child comes running into the house and slams the door behind him. Mom says, “Whoa! Let’s try that again. Please go back outside and walk into the house without slamming the door behind you.” Then the child goes out and does the correct behavior. Unwanted Words: A child yells at another child and calls them a big meany for not letting them have the toy they want. Mom overhears and say, “Hey that’s not a kind way to speak to one another. Can you try that again with good words?” Ideally the child will redo it with something like, “I don’t like it when you don’t share. Can I please use that toy when you are finished?” If the “redo” is not said in a kind way, mom will help the child by giving an example of a kind way of speaking. Keys to making this tool effective are: 1. Keep your voice upbeat and kind. 2. Try to refrain from lecturing the child about why what they did was wrong. 3. Be sure to “redo” it until the wanted behavior is achieved. (This is especially important when using with disrespectful or unkind words. We don’t want them to continue practicing it wrong.) 4. Praise your child for doing it correctly! (even if it took 10 times!) I know this seems so simple, but it is really very effective too. We have been doing this long enough with our kiddos, that often times they will “redo” it without even being asked. Have you tried this with your kids? How did it go? *p.98 The Connected Child by Dr. Karyn Purvis and Dr. Davis Cross
In our body, glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release a hormone called insulin. This sends signals to liver cells, muscle and adipose tissue, are receptive of glucose for energy production. Insulin resistance may be a genetic condition or acquired, which results in an abnormality in the uptake, metabolism or storage of glucose. Some of the factors that favor its appearance are generated weight gain, and especially abdominal circumference, sedentary lifestyle and increased blood pressure. Furthermore the alteration lipidia, (accumulation of free fatty acids in liver, which blocks the arrival of the insulin that reaches it from the pancreas). Changes in blood lipids ("fats" blood), change in the size of fat cells (decreasing action impolicy), etc.. These factors will generate insulin resistance, then the cells do not incorporate glucose and this begins to accumulate in the bloodstream; It is generating an exaggerated insulin secretion by the pancreas (hyper-insulinismo), unable to use. On the other hand our cells can not get glucose then do not feed, we are more tired and also with an increased appetite. Throughout this hyperglycemia leads to a failure of the pancreatic beta islets cover insulin requirements in the various tissues which can result in some patients in a Diabetes type 2. How do I protect myself? There are 3 key points to control insulin resistance: • Physical activity. It is far greater potential to reduce insulin resistance. To this should be regular and scheduled, according to the needs of the person. • The balanced diet. A good combination of carbohydrates, stands and proteins, It reduces the requirement in insulin secretion. • weight down. It increases the effectiveness of peripheral insulin. Pull. Gabriela Tórtolo - MP. 24052 Specialist metabolic syndrome La Posada del Qenti Ask our experts 1 Step 1 Phone area codeFor example if Buenos Aires: 011 47988866 0 / Pin It on Pinterest
An Efficient Bit Stream Compression Using Golomb Coding In FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is widely used in reconfigurable systems. Since the configuration information for FPGA has to be stored in internal or external memory as bit streams, the limited memory size and access bandwidth become the key factors in determining the different functionalities that a system can be configured and how quickly the configuration can be performed. Bit stream compression is important in reconfigurable system design since it reduces the bit streams size and the memory requirement. It also improves the communication bandwidth and thereby decreases the reconfiguration time. Existing research in this field has explored two directions: efficient compression with slow decompression or fast decompression at the cost of compression efficiency. Find By Topic
Several years ago in the old Don Cossack town Urjupinsk was erected monument to Don Cossack craftswomen. In old times the life of the Don Cossacks was quite specific. You could say that the war was their way of life. Every man was a soldier. Cossacks were exempt from taxes and duties, but instead they were required to participate in all military campaigns. Moreover, the Cossacks in the 19th and 20th centuries were often used to suppress riots and disperse demonstrations. On the vast territory of the Russian Empire there were always some events requiring of the Don Cossacks presence. Thus most of the year Cossack woman was full mistress of the house. This way of life formed the peculiar character of the Don Cossack woman – a proud and independent one. Cossack women watering garden Photo by Ivan Boldyrev, 1875, Public domain Woman’s life was not rosy and carefree. On this old photo of 1875 you can see that the woman’s life was filled with labor and care. There is an old Cossack anecdote. Cossack is walking hands in pockets. Behind him goes his wife. She leads the child by hand and drags the bag of wheat on her shoulder. When asked: Why do not you help your wife? He answer: What if tomorrow the war starts, but I would be tired ? So women had to do all the housework. They had to care about food and clothing for the whole family. Throughout the last 300 years the art of knitting was part of a mandatory set of skills for any Cossack woman. Every Cossack family had a lot of knitwear in daily use. Each Cossack woman had to provide for her family the whole set of knitted things – from socks to warm shawls. Cossack shawl Photo by Ivan Boldyrev, Public Domain, 1875 This photo of old Cossack woman was taken in 1875. But the the habit to tie a shawl like on the photo remaines unchanged. Even now in winter you can encounter women on the streets in such shawls. Once these shawls were famous throughout all the Russia. Women in different areas of Russia prefered these Don Cossack shawls to famous Orenburg shawls for their warmth and durability. The secret of these shawls was the unique fluff from which women spun a thread. This fluff is the fluff of a Don goat. These goats are cashmere goats. Shawls from cashmere fluff are known for the durability. There is one shawl in my family. It was a gift from my grandmother to my mother on the day of my parents wedding. My grandma made this scarf strictly according to the custom. Cossack shawl Photo by author Knitting machines have existed since ancient times. But genuine Don Cossack shawl should be knitted by hands. It was believed that only in the process of hand-knitting the shawl gets its unique properties. Every inch of the thread should pass through craftswoman fingers. My grandmother got the fluff from her own goats, span the thread with her own hands, knitted the shawl. This shawl is over 55 years. This shawl survived use as a blanket for two my daughters and one grandson in their childhood. Even now my wife does not hesitate to wear this shawl in a cold winter. Those Don Cossack women who were able to make such unique things really deserved a monument to their labor.
Saturday, September 3, 2011 Global Land Grab Fear of unrest and hunger for profit are sparking massive acquisitions of farmland. By Terry J. Allen An Egyptian demands a higher minimum wage in Cairo on May 2, 2010. In the seven months leading up to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak's resignation in February, the trading price of wheat more than doubled, as nearly two dozen countries restricted food exports and choked global food supplies. (Photo by Khalee Desouki/AFP/Getty Images) As China and others jockey for land and power, the weight of shifting empires and changing climate is threatening to crush international cooperation on ending hunger. A 21st-century land rush is on. Driven by fear and lured by promises of high profits, foreign investors are scooping up vast tracts of farmland in some of the world’s hungriest countries to grow crops for export. As the climate changes and populations shift and grow, billions of people around the globe face shortages of land and water, rising food prices and increasing hunger. Alarm over a future without affordable food and water is sparking unrest in a world already tinder-dried by repression and recession, corruption and mismanagement, boundary disputes and ancient feuds, ethnic tension and religious fundamentalism. World leaders feel the heat. Calling food security concerns “extremely significant,” a 2009 U.N. report noted, “The acquisition of land internationally is one possible strategic choice to address the challenge.” Fortunately for nervous rulers, the strategy of growing food abroad as shelter against the fires of revolution dovetails nicely with the goals of private and public capital. Governments drawing on sovereign wealth funds, and rich investors accessing state subsidies, have negotiated deals to acquire tens of millions of acres of farmland in Africa, South America and South Asia. When they export the food to their home countries, the valuable water used to grow the crops will ride along as a free bonus. The largest investors in foreign croplands hail from China, India and South Korea, along with Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich Gulf states. What these countries have in common is that all were shaken financially or politically by the 2007-08 food crisis. And all lack sufficient land or water to ensure that they can feed their populations in the coming years—especially if, as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns, climate change continues to “exacerbate land degradation and water scarcity in many places, and to increase the frequency of extreme weather events affecting harvests.” Raw dealing Available for chump change and unsecured promises, land around the world is changing hands at a rate unprecedented since the Colonial Era, when white men applied the ink of nationalism and greed to redraw maps of Africa, Asia and the New World. Seated at polished tables in Europe, they deployed merchants, missionaries and armies to lay claim to cultures and continents—and to the human, agricultural and mineral resources they held. The “new colonialism” is less like a crusade and more like an ordinary business transaction floated on a promise of “win-win.” The deal-makers include international agribusinesses, investment banks, hedge funds and commodity traders, as well as pension funds, foundations and individuals attracted by the lure of cheap land and high profits. Even universities, including Harvard and Vanderbilt, are getting into the act, according to an extensive report by the Oakland Institute, a progressive policy think tank. Most of the land deals occur in the private sector, “though often with strong financial and other support from government, and significant levels of government-owned investments,” according to the FAO. Conforming to this pattern and awash in oil income, the Saudi “government earmarked $5 billion to provide loans at preferential rates to Saudi companies to invest in countries with strong agricultural potential,” writes Mae-Wan Ho of the U.K.-based Institute of Science in Society, including large swaths of Indonesia and Thailand for rice, and possibly 6,000 acres for wheat in war-ravaged Sudan. The investors are negotiating land transfers all the way from the top, with heads of states, down to tribal chiefs and impoverished landowners. Water rights, tax breaks and waivers on labor and environmental standards often sweeten the deals. When they cannot buy land outright at prices ranging from cheap (a few dollars an acre) to stolen (“You get a bottle of Johnnie Walker, kneel down, clap three times, and make your offer of Johnnie Walker whiskey,” in one transaction reported by the Oakland Institute), investors lease vast tracts for as long as 99 years and for as little as 40 cents per acre per year. According to the U.N.’s International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), some 2 billion people in the developing world depend on 500 million smallholder farms for their livelihoods. In Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, these small farmers produce about 80 percent of the food that local people consume. But with spectacular speed, patchworks of plots that used to support local populations through subsistence farming and grazing are being amalgamated into massive industrial plantations. In Awassa, Ethiopia, a “plastic and steel structure already stretches over 50 acres—the size of 20 soccer fields,” writes John Vidal in South Africa’s Mail and Guardian. With a 99-year lease for 2,500 acres, the developer, Saudi Sheikh Mohammed al-Amoudi, has brought in Spanish engineers and Dutch water technology, and hired 1,000 women to pick and pack 50 tons of food a day, writes Vidal. “Within 24 hours, it has been driven 200 miles to Addis Ababa and flown 1,000 miles to the shops and restaurants of Dubai, Jeddah and elsewhere in the Middle East.” Unappeased hunger Since long before the days of Roman bread-and-circus politics, leaders have feared the threat of hungry masses. Some have even felt their pain: “[D]uring the last major rise in food prices in 2007 and 2008, [the consequences] were grave,” U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told a May FAO gathering in Rome. “For hundreds of millions of people, the staples of life, like rice, wheat or corn, were suddenly out of reach. People who were already vulnerable fell into an even greater danger zone.” But her next sentence made clear that humanitarian concerns were not the only motivation for establishing food security. “Anger and frustration over food prices sparked riots in dozens of countries,” she said. The years 2007 and 2008 marked a turning point for both environmental consciousness and food insecurity. Before then, agricultural land had expanded by less than 10 million acres a year. But with the pile up of evidence for global warming, no one but the ideologically blinkered could see extensive droughts and other weather-related catastrophes as flukes. Sharply diminished yields triggered exporting countries to ban or curb grain sales, pushed prices up and helped trigger a series of riots that shook dozens of countries. World Bank President Robert Zoellick warned in 2008 that “33 countries around the world face potential social unrest because of the acute hike in food and energy prices.” By 2009, deals were being struck for 111 million acres, with 75 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, according to a World Bank report. A year later, the bank upped the total to nearly 140 million acres. These “land grabs,” says Lester Brown, encompass “an area that exceeds the croplands devoted to corn and wheat combined in the United States.” Brown, winner of a MacArthur Fellowship and the 1987 U.N. Environment Prize, is the founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute. Then, as if out of nowhere, the Arab Spring struck this year. Longstanding un- and underemployment and repression were key triggers, but as the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies noted, a “proximate factor behind the unrest was a spike in global food crises, which in turn was due in part to the extreme weather throughout the globe over the past year.” The Pentagon’s U.S. Quadrennial Defense Review called climate change a “threat multiplier.” In the seven months before Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak was driven from power in February, the trading price of wheat had more than doubled. In August 2010, faced with droughts and wildfires, Russia had prioritized its own populations and restricted most grain exports, ensuring that prices would skyrocket. The choked supply line seriously impacted Egypt, which imports more than half its food. By early 2011, some 21 countries had imposed export control measures including limits and outright bans on the foreign sale of particular crops. Saudi jitters Saudi Arabia had a ringside seat as the Arab Spring spread across the region. The House of Saud understood that national (i.e., their own) security rests on its ability to buy the quiescence, if not loyalty, of its citizens with affordable food and social welfare programs that make Sweden look like Tea Party paradise. The sheiks had been watching the writing in the sand since the 1970s, when, after the Arab oil-export embargo, they realized their vulnerability: Just as the West was dependent on them for oil, they were dependent on others for food. The prospect of being forced to bend the stiff royal knee to Western-imposed economic pressures inspired the Saudis to apply their oil technology to drilling deep for water. Within a short period of time, using heavy irrigation, the country became self-sufficient in wheat. But unlike underground water supplies that are replenished by precipitation, fossil aquifers can be drained dry with jaw-dropping rapidity—and that is what is happening under the Arabian Peninsula. Within a few decades, the prehistoric aquifer was almost exhausted, and by 2007, just when food riots were roiling the region, the Saudi wheat harvest had dropped precipitously. By 2016, the Saudi Ministry of Agriculture predicts the country will have to import 100 percent of the wheat it needs to feed its nearly 26 million people. Saudi Arabia is one of 18 countries—which together contain half the world’s people—where water for irrigation is draining aquifers. But the export of “virtual water” incorporated into growing crops promises not only ecological problems, but political trouble downstream. Large-scale irrigation in Ethiopia and Sudan, for example, diverts water from the upper Nile River basin and cuts into Egypt’s already limited water supply. Despite water woes, Sudan welcomes investors. “It’s the first country that gives us land without complicated procedures,” Mohammed Rasheed al-Balawi, a former agriculture manager of the Saudi firm Hadco, told the Financial Times. “The area is big, the people are friendly [and] they gave us the land almost free.” Trading in human livelihoods That characterization of terms is hotly disputed. Although both investors and host countries often refer to acquired land as under-developed or empty, the deals typically displace herders and small farmers, who are not consulted and, in any case, lack legal deeds. The World Bank estimates that between 2 and 10 percent of Africa’s land is held under formal land tenure, and most of that is in urban areas. “The foreign companies are arriving in large numbers, depriving people of land they have used for centuries,” Ethiopian Nyikaw Ochalla told Vidal. The deals are done secretly. “The only thing the local people see is people coming with lots of tractors to invade their lands.” As foreign investors pour in—from Arab princedoms, India, South Korea, China and other nations—hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians are being relocated. Many, “viewed as ‘squatters,’ are forcibly removed with no compensation,” Frederic Mousseau, policy director at the Oakland Institute, said in a press release. Ironically, key targets of foreign agro-investment include the world’s hungriest countries: In Ethiopia, 13 million people receive international food aid and 41 percent are undernourished. The country’s massive transfer of physical wealth to foreign corporations is overseen by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. One of the parties he controls, the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front, owns at least five parastatal companies and has major stakes in the agricultural products market. A carefully worded 2009 World Bank report noted that in Ethiopia “there is an impression that endowment and state-owned enterprises benefit from privileged access to policymakers and resources and are consequently able to compete on unfair terms.” Zenawi’s regime has granted control of 1.48 million acres to foreign entities. Since 2007 it has approved at least 815 foreign-financed agricultural projects and is now offering up at least 7.4 million acres, some leased for only 40 cents per acre per year, according to the Mail & Guardian. “Karuturi, an Indian company, which owns large swaths of the region, is heavily involved in burning forests and grasslands to make way for potential farmland” for biofuels, according to Nebiyu Eyassu reporting in Pambazuka News. Compensation, when it occurs, can be paltry. In Ethiopia’s Gambella region alone, 45,000 families in 49 villages have been “dislocated,” Ethiopian-born writer and filmmaker Fikre Tolossa told the Commonwealth Club of California this March. “They will be resettled not too far from the lands they have been dispossessed of, so that they will be an ideal resource for cheap labor, should the need arise. After having lost their vast lands, they will end up owning a tiny piece of land: [3.2 acres] per family.” If African men fare poorly in these deals, women often fare worse. Most of Africa’s small-scale farming is traditionally done by women who are rarely consulted about land deals. “[W]omen are more likely than men to spend the income they control on food, healthcare and their children’s education,” the International Food Policy Research Institute wrote in a 2011 report. So taking away the small plots they use to feed their families and generate income removes an important brake on hunger and extreme poverty for current and future generations. ’21st-century colonization’ Foreign investors are banking on a better outcome: up to 25 percent profits, buoyed by loose environmental and labor regulations common in desperately poor and corrupt countries. “Lack of transparency and of checks and balances in contract negotiations creates a breeding ground for corruption,” the FAO said, adding with understatement, “and deals that do not maximize the public interest.” One of the public costs, lax environmental regulation, is a key perk for investors. If history is any guide, eventually—but not before great profits can be extracted—industrial monoculture agriculture will deplete soil and water; the perpetual chemical inputs including fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides will poison the environment; and pest and disease problems will strangle biodiversity. But even when host governments impose contractual restrictions and protections, “there does not appear to be any significant enforcement of lease terms,” according to the Oakland Institute report. “Our agreement with government is purely commercial,” a foreign investor in Ethiopia told the Institute. “Government is charging us a rent. What we choose to do on the land for our own commercial intent is our own business. There are … no constraints, no contracts, none of that.” The terms of Ethiopia’s land deals and how they are enforced are subject to the will of Zenawi, who was “re-elected” last year by 99.6 percent, down from 99.9 percent in 2008. The U.S. State Department has accused his authoritarian regime of serious human rights violations, including politically-motivated killings and torture by state security services. Human Rights Watch charges that “development assistance is underwriting the Ethiopian government’s repression.” The “land grab” in Ethiopia’s Gambella and Oromia regions has elements of ethnic cleansing, says Rashid Songolo, chairman for Oromo Community Ireland, a nonprofit association that promotes the integration of the Oromos in Ireland. Property held by Oromos, Ethiopia’s largest ethnic group, has been selectively sold to foreign developers, he told In These Times, “as a form of punishment and looting for those societies that sympathize with opposition political groups like OLF [Oromo Liberation Front]. The Oromos are being displaced and forced into refugee camps all over the world and into modern day slavery, because of the new 21st-century colonization.” Evidence gathered by Human Rights Watch tends to support this charge. It described Zenawi’s EPRDF party apparatchiks, including militias and spies, as deciding, based on loyalty, who gets donor-financed fertilizer, seeds, food aid and jobs. The New York Times reported that one farmer said he was told: “Unless you join the EPRDF, you could die and your family will starve to death. One of the largest investors in Ethiopian farmland, Saudi businessman (and Ethiopian-born) Sheikh Mohammed al-Amoudi, is closely linked to the Zenawi’s regime and enjoys his support. Amoudi is also “close to the Saudi royal family, which sees him as a can-do guy and encourages his growing business empire in Ethiopia,” according to Forbes. A self-made billionaire 12 times over and the second-richest man in Saudi Arabia, Amoudi grows wheat, rice, vegetables and flowers for the Saudi market on four farms in Ethiopia. His Saudi Star company leases 2,500 acres housing the Awassa greenhouse complex. In the next few years, he plans to spend $2 billion on acquiring and developing 1.25 million acres of farmland. Amoudi, whose mother was Ethiopian, says his projects are designed “to improve the livelihood of my people and help in the development of my country, and not as some might think to amass personal wealth or siphon my country’s wealth. … I need not prove this. … [T]hose who bear responsibility for character defamation and false allegations should learn that there are consequences for their action.” Beyond the ‘white man’s burden’ Even Saudi oil wealth pales before China’s enormous economic engine. With $332 billion in assets, the China Investment Corporation is one of the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds. And like the Saudis, China’s concerns about growing unrest and food insecurity are factors in its increasing investment in foreign farmland. China’s “embrace of [Africa] is strategic, planned, long-term and still unfolding,” writes Deborah Brautigam, an American University specialist in China-Africa relations. She argues that China is more concerned with economic expansion than food security, which significant portions of its leadership believe is better ensured by adequate home production. That may be difficult to achieve. While the United States has almost 3 acres of farmland per person, China has only .23 acres. And 5,000 years of intensive farming has depleted China’s soil, industrialization has poisoned much of its water, and development and urbanization have depleted rivers and land so that even as population and per capita consumption increase, the country has lost more than 20 million acres of arable land—just since the mid-1990s. Although it is not clear that the outcome is different because of it, China has been described (and not only for the literal reason) as being unencumbered by the old “white man’s burden” of having to couch investment as altruism or even win-win. In a diplomatic cable published by WikiLeaks, Ambassador Johnnie Carson, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of African Affairs, called China “a very aggressive and pernicious economic competitor with no morals. … China is not in Africa for altruistic reasons [but] … for China primarily.” The high-horsed pronouncement took place, ironically enough, at a meeting in Nigeria with international oil companies—whose ventures are hardly distinguished by altruism. In addition to Africa, China is investing in diverse cropland in Australia and New Zealand and looking to Indonesia for biofuels and to South America for soy for livestock production to feed its increasingly affluent population’s taste for meat and dairy. China’s South American interests are so extensive that some Brazilians, while crediting Chinese investment for their booming economy, fear for their autonomy. “They are moving in,” Carlo Lovatelli, president of the Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries, told Alexei Barrionuevo of The New York Times, “looking for land and reliable partners. But what they would like to do is run the show alone.” “Some experts,” the Times noted, “say the partnership has devolved into a classic neo-colonial relationship in which China has the upper hand.” Last year 98 percent of China’s exports to Brazil were manufactured products, while almost 84 percent of Brazil’s exports to China were raw materials. But it is not as if Brazil or other countries suddenly lost an idyllic independence. Some Brazilian farmers “say they share Chinese officials’ goal of breaking the stranglehold of international trading companies like Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland,” Barrionuevo notes. For the richer, not poorer Over the last few decades, the United States—which long controlled industrial agriculture around the world, along with much of the global economy—has been losing ground. As the largest holder of U.S. debt, China has become, in effect, Washington’s banker, while the United States, the world’s largest grain producer, has become China’s farmer, a Forbes blog noted. Foreign agricultural land offers China a great place to invest its giant trade surplus—much of it courtesy of the U.S. consumers who buy up Chinese goods—as well as a hedge against food insecurity. That insecurity is widespread and growing. After decades of promises and thousands of schemes, much of the world remains desperately malnourished. And now, as China, the United States and others jockey for land and power, the weight of shifting empires and changing climate is threatening to crush international cooperation on ending hunger. Over the last few years there has been “an ominous retreat from the idea of common purpose based on shared values,” said former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan. “We have seen a worrying rise in protectionism, unilateral export bans, land grabs and exclusive deals that meet the food needs of the rich but not the poor.” As fear of food insecurity mounts, even rich countries are not immune to foreign investment schemes that draw resources from one country to feed another. A new foreign investment strategy aims to secure part of the U.S. grain harvest even before it reaches the open market, Brown told In These Times. South Korea, which imports 70 percent of its grain, has opened an office in Chicago. The public-private enterprise is planning to build grain elevators and “contract for crops directly from U.S. farmers, bypassing the large international trading firms,” he says. And “[w]ith China’s 1.4 billion increasingly affluent consumers starting to compete with U.S. consumers for the U.S. grain harvest,” Brown writes in Foreign Policy, “cheap food, seen by many as an American birthright, may be coming to an end.” The new politics of food scarcity Many investors say that they give back at least as much as they take. “We’ve really created something out of nothing in Africa,” said Anthony Poorter, Africa director for EmVest, the African subsidiary of Emergent Asset Management. “There are no shady deals.” In areas with hungry people, inadequate roads and other infrastructural deficiencies, foreign capital is sorely needed to develop more rational farming operations that can promote prosperity, food security and jobs. And there is little doubt that monoculture industrial farming, genetically engineered seeds and input from pesticides and chemical fertilizers can more quickly create higher yields than small-scale subsistence farming. Properly managed, supporters of expo-agriculture argue, investment dollars can bring educational opportunities, healthcare and the possibility of safer, higher living standards to subsistence farmers and impoverished rural populations. Some investors also believe they are serving humanity: “Unless food production is boosted 50 percent before 2050,” said Poorter’s boss, Emergent CEO Susan Payne, “we face serious shortages globally.” Her company, which “went on record in 2007 to identify food security as the next energy security,” invests in 14 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and is aiming for an annual return of 25 percent or more. But just as international development aid schemes, such as USAID’s, conform to the geopolitical strategies and economic goals of the dispensing country, private investment is shaped by an inner imperative: the need to turn a profit. Whatever the investors promise, or however decent they are as individuals, their bottom line is the bottom line. “There is a real risk that the current scramble for land will transfer wealth from the poor and the marginalized to those who have access to capital and markets, with deeply regressive consequences,” warned UN Special Rapporteur Olivier de Schutter. And as with many previous development plans, unintended consequences may pile up the human and economic costs. The investor country’s sought-after political and food stability may translate into instability in the host country, and that in turn may boomerang back on the investors and their backers. “This [land grab] is creating insecurity in the global food system that could be a much bigger threat to global security than terrorism,” says the Oakland Institute’s Mousseau. Backlashes have already occurred. When word leaked that Madagascar planned to sell 3 million acres to the South Korean firm Daewoo Logistics, popular outrage quashed the deal and toppled Madagascar’s government. In the Philippines, as food prices were spiking in 2007, outcries from Filipino farmers stopped China from buying 2.5 million acres on which to grow export crops. A pro-Oromia website warned that the situation in Ethiopia offered the “potential for a catastrophic unrest and poses a huge security headache not only for the country but for the whole world.” These targeted peoples decry the new “land grab” as a more sophisticated incarnation of old colonialism—driven today by a tangle of factors, including climate change, population growth, fear of social unrest, diminishing water and land, trade restrictions, erosion and pollution, the volatility of commodity prices and markets, speculation, the energy crisis, agro-energy/biofuel production, the global financial crisis, carbon trading and on and on. Private and government investors defend win-win agro-investment as part of the solution to world hunger and an important step on the path to prosperity. Reliance on the market and private profit-driven investment, they say, is an improvement over decades of failed NGO and “humanitarian” development schemes that failed to feed the planet’s almost 1 billion hungry people, or raise up the 2 billion who live on less than $2 a day. From either viewpoint, it is clear that the geopolitics of food scarcity has undergone a major shift. Land is the new gold and mining it for export food, extracting its water to incorporate into crops and taking advantage of cheap labor and lax environmental laws are now, as Brown puts it, “integral parts of a global power struggle for food security.” And all sides agree: When people are hungry enough, they are likely to choose the risk of revolution over the certainty of starvation. Governments that are unable to secure affordable food for their populations are vulnerable to the kind of social unrest that has long been part of history’s hunger not only for food, but for justice. More information about Terry J. Allen Friday, September 2, 2011 avatar for Eliot ColemanOrganic agriculture: deeply rooted in science and ecology Default badge Organic farming is often falsely represented as being unscientific. However, despite the popular assumption that it sprang full born from the delusions of 60s hippies, it has a more extensive, and scientifically respectable, provenance. If you look back at the first flush of notoriety in the 1940s, the names most often mentioned, Sir Albert Howard and J. I. Rodale, rather than being the initiators, were actually just popularizers of a groundswell of ideas that had begun to develop some 50 years earlier in the 1890s. A growing coterie of farmers, landlords, scientists, and rural philosophers in both England and Germany had begun questioning the wisdom of the chemically based agriculture that had grown so prominent from its tiny beginning in the 1840s. Advances in biological sciences during the late 19th century, such as those that explained the workings of nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizal association, and soil microbial life supported their case. Those new sciences set the stage for a deeper understanding of natural processes, and offered inspiration as to how a modern biologically based agriculture might be formulated. These new agriculturists were convinced that the thinking behind industrial agriculture was based upon the mistaken premise that nature is inadequate and needs to be replaced with human systems. They contended that by virtue of that mistake, industrial agriculture has to continually devise new crutches to solve the problems it creates (increasing the quantities of chemicals, stronger pesticides, fungicides, miticides, nematicides, soil sterilization, etc.) It wouldn't be the first time in the history of science that a theory based on a false premise appeared to be momentarily valid. Temporary functioning is not proof of concept. For example, if we had a book of the long discredited geocentric astronomy of Ptolemy, which was based on the sun revolving around the earth, we could still locate Jupiter in the sky tonight thanks to the many crutches devised by the Ptolemaists to prop up their misconceived system. As organic agriculture has become more prominent, the orthodoxy of chemical agriculture has found itself up against its own Galileo. It will be interesting to see who recants. The new thinking in agriculture was focused on three issues -- how can long lasting soil fertility be achieved? How can pest problems in agriculture be prevented? How can the nutritional value of food crops be optimized? By the 1940s the answers to those questions had coalesced into a new biologically based concept of agriculture that can be simply stated as follows: 1. Soil fertility can be raised to the highest levels by techniques that increase the percentage of soil organic matter, by rotating crops and livestock, and by maintaining soil minerals through using natural inputs such as limestone and other finely ground rock powders. 2. The plant vigor resulting from doing #1 correctly renders plants resistant to pests and diseases. 3. The plant quality resulting from doing #1 correctly provides the most nutritious possible food for maintaining human beings and their animals in bounteous health. All three begin with and depend upon how the soil is treated. But the fertility of that crucial soil factor is not a function of purchased industrial products. It evolves from intelligent human interaction with the living processes of the earth itself. These are processes that are intrinsic to any soil maintained with organic matter. They are what the earth does. I am puzzled by how the practical success today of the many farms managed on biological rather than on chemical lines can coexist with the striking lack of interest (antagonism actually) from scientific agriculture in exploring why these farms succeed. The foundation upon which our Maine farm operates -- a sense that the systems of the natural world offer elegantly designed patterns worth following -- appears to be an indecipherable foreign language to agricultural science. Skeptics have often misrepresented a biologically-based agriculture as if it is nothing but the substitution of purchased organic inputs for purchased chemical inputs. Even if there were evidence to document the rationale for a substitution philosophy, it would lose on the grounds of economics alone. Both bone meal and dried blood, for example, two popular "organic" fertilizers, are prohibitively expensive on a farm scale. Furthermore, such substitution thinking is not pertinent to the actual objective of a biological agriculture -- namely the development of sustainable, farm-generated systems for maintaining soil fertility. The concern is not the substitution of one fertilizer for another but rather the long-range practical and economic viability of farming practices. Supplies of blood and bone meal are no more assured than are supplies of chemical fertilizers that derive from finite and dwindling resources. We cannot depend upon an agriculture that relies on inputs from either source. What can be depended upon, however, is a biologically focused farming system that bases fertility maintenance on proven cultural practices with the addition of locally available waste products. eliot colemanOrganic intellectual: Eliot Coleman, with produce.Photo: Barbara DamroschAmong those cultural practices I include: Crop rotation: Firmin Bear of Rutgers stated that a well-planned crop rotation was worth 75 percent of everything else the farmer did. Green manures: Deep-rooting legumes not only fix nitrogen, penetrate hardpan and greatly increase soil aeration but also bring up new mineral supplies from the lower depths of the soil. Compost making: Of all the support systems for the biological farm, none is more fortuitous than the world's best soil amendment, compost, which can be made for free on the farm from what grows thereabout. Mixed Stocking: Raising animals and crops on the same farm has both symbiotic and practical benefits. The crop residues feed the animals and the animal manures feed the soil. Ley Farming: The fertility of land plowed up for row crops after 3 to 4 years in grass/clover pasture is close to that of virgin soil because of the enormous amount of plant fiber added by the perennial plant roots. Undersowing: Establishing a green manure crop underneath the growing cash crop can often double organic matter production in the course of the year without any effect on the cash crop. Rock Powders: The slow, measured availability to plants of mineral amendments (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) added to the soil as ground rock powders mimics the availability from natural soil particles. Enhancing biodiversity: This includes practices such as growing a wide range of crops, sowing pastures with many different forbs in addition to grasses and legumes, carrying a mixture of livestock, establishing hedgerows for wildlife habitat, and so forth. The more components involved, the more stable the system. The aim of a biologically based agriculture is to cultivate ease and order rather than battle futilely against disease and disorder. But, can you really farm that way? Can a successful agriculture be conducted by simply combining the known effects of natural processes with the management provided by intelligent human understanding of how to nourish those processes? If such an agriculture can work and could be made universal, then this new agriculture would be truly sustainable and have the power to transform the world. Back in 1967, when I began farming, none of us paid attention to whether agricultural science approved of our biological approach. We started farming with compost and cultural practices because the ideas made sense and, lo and behold, they worked. Alternative agricultural research today is showing that we were pretty astute. Studies are appearing almost too fast to read them all. For example, the importance of soil organic matter is more appreciated every day even though, as a recent study concluded, "it is arguably the most complex and least understood component of soils." The bioactive humic substances produced by earthworms in compost have been found enormously valuable at enhancing root growth and availability of nutrients. Other work with composts has determined that they can control plant diseases through making the plant more resistant -- what Harry Hoitink of Ohio State calls "Systemic Acquired Resistance." The entomologist T. C. R White has explained how the effect of stressful growing conditions "upsets the metabolism of the plant in such a way as to" increase "survival and abundance of herbivores feeding on" the plant even though these "changes may often not be sufficient to produce visible signs of stress in the plant." The conclusion is that plants not genetically resistant to a pest can be made so through better growing conditions. But even genetic resistance makes no difference if negative growing conditions inhibit the expression of the genes. In USDA research to determine why tomatoes growing in mulch of vetch green manure were more disease resistant and longer lived than identical tomatoes with black plastic mulch, Kumar et al. found that the genes for longevity and resistance were not 'turning on' in the sections without the vetch mulch. Nutritionists, to their dismay, have found what they call "dilution effects" in modern chemically adapted crops. Breeding programs aimed to produce high yielding cultivars, combined with intensive chemical fertilization to push yields higher, have resulted in vegetable and grain crops that are no longer as nourishing because their limited root systems can't absorb enough minor nutrients. The result is a "hidden hunger" caused by trace element deficiencies in those who consume those foods. The recent study by Brian Halweil, Still No Free Lunch, presents a very complete picture of the relationship between plant breeding, high chemical fertilizer use, and the decline in nutritional value of what we eat. A few forward-thinking scientists around the world are starting to look into biological issues, and they are finding that the system that biological farmers have been creating for the past 120 years is as good as they have claimed it to be. How could these ideas have been so obvious, so logically presented, and yet so consistently ignored by the majority of agricultural scientists? Let me explain it metaphorically. Imagine if you will, an enormous tapestry hanging from the ceiling of a grand hall. The tapestry depicts the natural world in all its elegance. Subsoil and topsoil, plowed fields and green pastures, prairies and forests, valleys and mountains, sea and sky are all crisply represented. There are creatures large and small, birds and fishes, bacteria and fungi, predator and prey and the dynamic balances between them. You can also see farmers interacting harmoniously with that living world. From where you stand on the front side of that tapestry, you don't find too many others with you. There is, however, a great buzz of noise coming from the other side. When you walk way down to the far end of the hall and peer around the corner you can then see the tapestry's reverse side. With its stray colors and loose threads, it gives only a vague picture of what is truly represented. What you find there are enormous crowds of people actively trying to decipher what they see and trying to solve problems that only exist on the backside of the tapestry. They have no idea that there is a front side and, when you mention it, you can tell they don't believe you. From where they stand, the vagueness of the tapestry has convinced them that nature is incompetent and needs a great deal of help from mankind to straighten her out. The problem isn't that these people are ignorant. On the contrary; many of them are brilliant. Their leading scientific disciplines such as Discordant Thread Theory and Random Color Hypothesis are highly respected and extensively researched. The university Department of Untrimmed Ends enrolls many student applicants, eager to make careers in the field. A multitude of learned disquisitions are published in numerous scholarly journals. Huge industrial complexes have arisen in concert with their line of thinking and countless tons of stimulating and controlling substances are produced every year. The backsiders are convinced that as long as they keep expending enormous effort to compensate for Nature's flaws, all will be well. However, when you step back to the front side of the tapestry, there are no flaws to be seen. You wonder if those backside people prove ecologist Frank Egler's statement, "Nature is not more complicated than we think -- Nature is more complicated than we can think." But that is obviously not the case on the front side. As you study the front side more thoroughly you begin to see the patterns involved. You notice that the agricultural practices of the front side farmers are designed to replicate the directions in which the natural world wants to go anyway. You notice how those practices have been selected to enhance the systems with which they interact. This is a biological agriculture and it will continue as long as the earth abides. I can imagine three simple explanations for why the inhabitants of the backside of the tapestry fail to grasp the existence of a different reality, for why they can't imagine a world where soil preparation using compost, green manures, and rock minerals creates high yields of vigorous plants that do not need the protection of pesticides and fungicides. They have trouble understanding what I call a plant-positive approach (strengthening the plant through optimum growing conditions to prevent pests) as opposed to the conventional pest-negative approach (killing the pests that prey on weak plants). As Benjamin Walsh quipped in The Practical Entomologist (1886), "Let a man profess to have discovered some new Patent Powder Pimperlimplimp, a single pinch of which being thrown into each corner of a field will kill every bug throughout its whole extent, and people will listen to him with attention and respect. But tell them of any simple common-sense plan, based upon correct scientific principles, to check and keep within reasonable bounds the insect foes of the farmer, and they will laugh you to scorn." The first explanation is the lack of a word. There is no word in our popular vocabulary to describe plant-positive thinking. We all know what the Department of Plant Pathology (pathos -- suffering) concerns itself with. But does any university have the antonymic Department of Plant ______? What would the word be? Euology (from the Greek eu -- good) or Sanology (from the Latin san -- health) might be suggested as possible new words. Or possibly call it the Department of Plant Phylactotrophy? (phylact -- protect; troph - nourish) What if all the Land Grant schools had a Deprtment of Eucrasiotrophic Agriculture? (Eu -- good; crasio -- constitution; trophic -- nourishing.) What if we lived in a world where we had the expectation of healthy plants rather than pest-ridden plants? What if the Department of Phytostenics (phyto -- plant, sten -- strength) published research explaining how plant health had to be subverted through mistaken cultural practices before pests could dominate? That would be a different world. But the fact remains that it is difficult for most people to comprehend a concept so foreign that their language has never had scientific words to define it. The second explanation is that humans cannot imagine a world where they are not in charge. As a biological farmer, I work in partnership with nature, and I'm a very junior partner. Given the limited amount of hard knowledge available, I often refer to my management style as "competent ignorance" and I find that a very apt description. But my level of trust in the elegant design of the natural world, and willingness to be guided by it, is discomforting to those who think we should exercise total power over nature. Thomas Colwell in his chapter in the book Human Values And Natural Science is most emphatic on this point. "But though part of Nature, man's unique function ... lies in controlling and transforming the natural world, not piously seeking its guidance. How profoundly we believe this today. How could we help but believe it; the entire edifice of our civilization is built upon it. The Baconian conception of science as control over nature is not only an intellectual presupposition of ours, it is a deeply implanted emotional attitude as well." The third explanation goes back to the beginning of the industrial revolution when the money world began to replace barter and exchange. At that point what would have been seen as the great benefit of a biological production system, minimal need for purchased inputs, suddenly came to be seen as its defect. In an industrially dominated money economy, the processes by which biological agriculture produces food are downright subversive. Because they are self-resourced through that partnership with the natural world noted above, they are independent of industry. By self-resourced I mean that for those participating in biological agriculture, the majority of the inputs are coming from within the farm. Thus, biological farmers who take full advantage of the earth's contributions do not need to purchase industry's products. Back in 1912, Cyril Hopkins, director of the Illinois State Experiment Station, was fully aware of that reality when he wrote in a University of Illinois agricultural circular; "The real question is, shall the farmer pay ten times as much as he ought to pay for food to enrich his soil? Shall he buy nitrogen at 45 to 50 cents a pound when the air above every acre contains 70 million pounds of free nitrogen?" That may explain why so few people are aware of the simple ways by which perceptive farmers have learned to successfully satisfy human needs for food and fiber within the framework of Nature's biological realities. By being self-resourced, biological agriculture offers no foothold for industry, resulting in no advertising, no research and development, no buzz, no audience, no business. If everyone can grow bounteous yields of vigorous plants that are free of pests by using homemade compost and age-old biological techniques, there is no market for fungicides or pesticides or anhydrous ammonia. If a concept cannot be commodified, that is to say if it isn't dependent upon the purchase of industrial products, industry is antagonistic and the idea gets short shrift in our commercially dominated economy. But maybe the problem is that we just don't believe any of this is possible. What? Farmers can grow broccoli without green worms? Livestock can be raised without antibiotics? Dream on! But I have come to these conclusions and can suggest these radical ideas because of what I see happening on my farm every day. We often jokingly refer to our farm as the National Empirical Research Station. When scientific evidence is lacking, practical experience is all we have to go on. And the facts are right in front of my eyes while I am cultivating or transplanting or tilling or mending fences. I see that the biologically based agriculture I have practiced for the past forty years really works. When I have done my job as a farmer correctly, when I have optimized the biology of crop production by maintaining soil organic matter, improving soil aeration and mineral balance, and providing adequate moisture, when I have paid close attention to enhancing natural processes, there is no down side. The livestock are in full health. There are no green worms on the broccoli. There are no root maggots in the onions. The yield and the quality of my farm products are consistently exceptional without any need for industrial products. The generosity of the earth provides my farm's inputs. Could it be that we the people have been conned into ignoring a whole other way of farming by a limited worldview that has never allowed us to consider non-commodifiable options? Cartoonist Al Capp penned one of the best (and most entertaining) depictions of the difficulty of being a self-resourced community in a commodified world. In Sept. 1948, he introduced his readers to a new character in his Li'l Abner comic strip -- the Shmoo. Shmoos are affectionate little livestock that look like chubby bowling pins with short legs. Shmoos need no upkeep, multiply at will, and happily supply all manner of staple foods, such as milk, butter, eggs, and meat, to the inhabitants of Capp's fictional Appalachian village of Dogpatch. When Capp's hero Li'l Abner Yokum first discovers the Shmoos, their guardian warns him off. "Shmoos, mah boy -- is th' GREATEST MENACE TO HOOMANITY TH'WORLD HAS EVER KNOWN." "Thass becuz they is so BAD?" Li'l Abner asks him. "No stupid," he replies. "Its because they're so GOOD! ... There are enough shmoos to supply EVERYBODY ON EARTH with ALL they can eat -- FOREVER! And there's NO CATCH! Shmoos don't eat anything, but multiply rapidly! -- OH, THIS IS A BLACK DAY FOR YOU, YOUNG YOKUM -- AND FOR ALL HUMANITY!" The saga eventually ends and the world returns to normal when the craven industrialist, J. Roaringham Fatback, fully aware of the commercial dangers of such a situation, hires exterminators to wipe out the shmoos. When a few shmoos survive and again multiply, the U.S. Government itself sends out its own extermination squads. In an article for Cosmopolitan magazine in June 1949, Capp wrote about how he got the idea of the Shmoo. He might just as well have been writing about biological agriculture. "I was driving from New York City to my farm in New Hampshire. The top of my car was down, and on either side of me I could see the lush and lovely New England countryside ... It was the good earth at its generous summertime best, offering gifts to all. And the thought that came to me was this: Here we have this great and good and generous thing -- the Earth. It's eager to give us everything we need. All we have to do is just let it alone, just be happy with it." Granted, we the people may be content with a generous earth, but those commercial interests selling palliatives for a supposedly stingy earth are not. Logically they fear they have nothing to sell to those who eschew their products. However, if they studied the needs of biological farmers they would discover a demand that I know exists for consultation and analytical services in lieu of products. Biological farmers could benefit enormously from improved soil biology tests, plant tissue analyses, livestock health and metabolic analyses, computerized crop rotation programs, and the like. The development of a range of services enabling the biological farmers to better keep their fingers on the pulse of these natural systems could be a whole new and positive direction for agricultural science. But as it stands now, agricultural science lost its authenticity years ago under the influence of the chemical/industrial mindset and now finds itself perpetually etherized in the confused world on the backside of the tapestry. Ever ignorant of Nature's elegance, it comes up with backside products like methyl bromide and genetically modified plants. Agricultural science has become a tragic character not unlike the one portrayed in T. S. Eliot's poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." "At times, indeed, almost ridiculous. Almost, at times, the Fool." In my mind's eye I can picture Mother Nature, "settling a pillow by her head" while contemplating agricultural science's misunderstanding of the "overwhelming question" and saying, "That is not it at all. That is not what I meant, at all." Biological agriculture has dared to "disturb the universe" in its search for a better way to farm. Its success has created a solid foundation for the superiority of biology over chemistry in agriculture and has established the promise of a well-nourished future for human beings. Eliot Coleman has over 30 years experience in all aspects of organic farming, including field vegetables, greenhouse vegetables, rotational grazing of cattle and sheep, and range poultry. He is the author of The New Organic Grower, Four Season Harvest, and most recently The Winter Harvest Handbook. He has contributed chapters to three scientific books on organic agriculture and has written extensively on the subject since 1975. Eliot and his wife Barbara Damrosch presently operate a commercial year-round market garden, in addition to horticultural research projects, at Four Season Farm in Harborside, Maine. Will the real food movement please stand up? Farmer Bob Comis recently suggested that the food movement is suffering from "multiple personality disorder." He argued that several vocal factions -- foodies, locavores, and "smallists" -- tend to dominate the food movement discussion, unrealistically distracting us from our ultimate objective: bringing affordable, organic food to all as part of a broader commitment to social justice. For decades now, organic farmers and sustainable food activists of all stripes have been vexed by the question: Is this a movement? Can it scale and have meaningful impact? At one eloquent and entrepreneurially-impeccably-credentialed end of the spectrum stands farmer Joel Salatin: Don't let them confuse you. Organic farming is not an industry. It is a movement. It is part of a movement that began when the first indigenous peoples fought against the Conquistadors. It is fighting back against the modern Conquistadors, the multinational corporations, those who would patent and genetically modify life and destroy diversity. At the other eloquent and entrepreneurially-impeccably-credentialed end of the spectrum stands Stonyfield Farm CEO Gary Hirshberg: "I hate the 'm' word. Organics is an industry. We must build and utilize industrial-scaled enterprises, if we are going to get toxics out of the food chain in one generation." There are 6,132 farmers markets in the U.S., up 350 percent since 1994. There were 60 CSAs in 1990; today there are almost 13,000. Some 400,000 people belong to them. That seems movement-ish, until you consider some countervailing data. 50,000 in Copenhagen, alone, belong to a single box scheme. More than 60 million people play Farmville online. McDonald's first quarter profits in 2011 were $1.21 billion, up 11 percent from Q1 2010. So, despite Food Inc.'s nomination for an Oscar, Michael Pollan's single-handed splicing of the local, organic food gene into the American consciousness, and Jamie Oliver's much ballyhooed Food Revolution on TV, where's the (grass-fed, organic) beef? Where's the movement? The beginning of an answer lies with Paul Hawken, who beautifully argues in Blessed Unrest that it is a fool's game to try to put a single name on the millions of initiatives emerging around the globe as an immune response to the destruction of natural systems. Add to Hawken's prognosis Wendell Berry's disdain for movements. Berry fears that movements, however well-intentioned, devolve into warring special interests, abstractions that deflect us from reducing, in our daily lives, our complicity in the destructiveness of the modern economy. Where does that leave us? Well, being stubborn, slogan-loving Americans, we could try to come up with names anyway: Foodie, locavore, vegan, localism, smallism, anti-GMOism, anti-Conquistadorism, anti-Twinkie-ism, raw milkism, school lunchism, ethical treatment of animalism, family farmism, urban farmism, farmers market vs. Walmartism, heirloom variety-ism, real foodism, slow foodism, indigenous culturism, nurture capitalism, biocharism, terroirism. Or we can zoom out, and zoom down, and look for the broader and deeper process of which all this food related activism is a part. Here are some of the persectives of people who have been working for decades to transform the food system (or create new ones): Think: Eliot Coleman's advice, "Feed the soil, not the plant." Think: Gary Snyder's observation: "Food is the field in which we daily explore our harming of the world." Think: Joan Gussow's aphorism, "I prefer butter to margarine, because I trust cows more than I trust chemists." Think: Odessa Piper's insight, "Local is the distance the heart can travel." Along this Coleman-Snyder-Gussow-Piper axis lies the connection between the food movement and its deepest roots, which reach all the way to the nonviolent ethics of Gandhi and King. This enterprise that we are a part of, with its new organic farmers and the host of small food enterprises that are emerging to bring their produce to market, is about an economy that does less harm. It's about rebuilding trust and reconnecting to one another and the places where we live. It's about healing the social and ecological relationships that have been broken by hundreds of years of linear, extractive pursuit of economic growth, industrialization, globalization, and consumerism. It's about pulling some of our money out of ever-accelerating financial markets and its myriad abstractions -- called, with more than a little irony, securities -- and putting it to work near where we live, in things that we understand, starting with food -- creating a more immediate and tangible kind of security. This attention to and, even, celebration of the small, the slow and the local can seem, at times, rather precious against the scale of global economic, political, and environmental challenges. But it was agriculture that gave birth to the modern economy, and, as Paul Ehrlich recognizes, it must be agriculture that we fix if there is to be a postmodern economy: The agricultural revolution led to a period of cultural evolution unprecedented in its rapidity and scale ... It is a story that starts with the obtaining of food but returns us to two aspects of human behavior that, although present in hunter-gatherers, became even more important in sedentary groups-religion and violence. Can we imagine a pro-soil, pro-earthworm, pro-small farmer, anti-fiduciary-razzmatazz, pro non-capitalist-pig movement that becomes as robust in this second decade of the 21st century as the anti-war movement was in the 1960s? Peace Now. Fertility Now. Food Here Now. Slow Money. Woody Tasch is president of Slow Money and Chairman Emeritus of Investor's Circle, a nonprofit network of angel investors, venture capitalists, foundations, and family offices that, since 1992, has facilitated the flow of $130 million to 200 early-stage companies and venture funds dedicated to sustainability. He lives in northern New Mexico. The triumph of Jamie Oliver’s ‘nemesis’... School Lunches Cross-posted from Gilt Taste. It was all I could do not to scarf the entire stromboli, neatly packaged for me in a Styrofoam clamshell, while in the car. The dough was soft. The balance of ham and mozzarella, just right. And so, only about half was left when I parked on Third Avenue, the main drag in Huntington, W.Va., and offered a bite to some friends. "Wow. That's great," said one. "Yeah, where'd you get that?" asked another. "You'll never believe it," I told them. "This is school lunch." Times have changed since celebrity chef Jamie Oliver broadcast startling and deliberately inflammatory -- this was reality TV, after all -- images of kids here dumping trays of fresh food untouched into the trash. For those of you who missed Oliver's prime-time program, Food Revolution, the British chef arrived in Huntington in 2009 after it was named the most unhealthy metropolitan area in America and went to work ousting greasy burgers and pizza in favor of from-scratch meals made with fresh ingredients. Two years later, on the first week of school, which began in mid-August, students in Cabell County sat down to meals of from-scratch chicken quesadillas and brown rice and, on the day I visited, creamy chicken and noodles served with freshly made coleslaw, steamed broccoli with parmesan, an orange, and hot rolls, the smell of which floated enticingly through the halls. And that stromboli? Well, it's not one of the meals that the school district is most proud of. The dough is made from scratch, of course. But school cooks would be happier if they actually made the ham or cheese. As I said, times have changed. School officials repeatedly point out that the county's food already was 50 percent made from scratch before Oliver rolled into town. And you can't blame them for wanting a little credit. The culinary crusader may have focused the national klieg lights on this otherwise quiet Appalachian city, but it's local officials that have done the real work of overhauling school food. Over the last two years, Rhonda McCoy -- the school food service director who was portrayed on the show as an aloof bureaucrat more concerned with budgets and caloric counts than kids' health -- has redeveloped recipes, held after-hours taste tests, sourced fresh and unprocessed ingredients at affordable prices, bought new equipment and trained school cooks. She also endured an unprecedented four regulatory audits to ensure that the new meals met federal nutritional and caloric standards. She passed. potatoesPhoto: Jedd FlowersMcCoy hasn't stopped there. This year, she introduced free meals for all low-income students and free meals for all students at one county elementary school. She also plans to introduce lower-sugar flavored milk, and to buy a projected 12,000 pounds of sweet potatoes for the district, grown by a county high school's vocational agriculture students. Now, deservedly, McCoy's county is a model in the state. Last spring, Dr. Jorea Marple, the state schools superintendent, visited Cabell County and decided that other districts need to follow its path. As a result, eight counties -- most of which are in the poor, southern coal fields -- this fall will introduce 100 percent from-scratch meals at breakfast and lunch -- and provide them to all students, regardless of their family's income, free of charge. It's easy to imagine how this kind of warp-speed transition might be painful for those eight lucky counties. My husband and I spent six months in Huntington researching a book about how and if the town can change its food culture, and in meeting after meeting, McCoy told me that she never objected to the changes that Oliver suggested, just the way and speed at which she was forced to implement them. But this new set of cooks won't be starting from scratch. McCoy provided a binder full of USDA-approved recipes and order forms with all the ingredients they need to purchase. She also organized a two-day training where the now-experienced Cabell County cooks demonstrated recipes: rotisserie chicken, roasted potatoes, sugar snap peas, pizza sauce, and homemade salad dressings and croutons, among others. They also imparted tips and techniques for, say, quickly chopping dozens of heads of romaine lettuce or cabbage for coleslaw rather than just opening a bag. salad barThe school salad bar Photo: Jedd FlowersAlice Gue, the school cook who Food Revolution viewers will remember as Oliver's grumpy nemesis, was one of the trainers. (And, for the record, she's one of the warmest, cuddliest school cooks I've met in years of covering the subject.) "It's a lot for them to take on but most were really excited," she told me after serving stromboli to almost 200 students. "You always get some people who will say, 'I can't do that. We have no time. We don't this or we don't do that.' Just like you get some people who say: 'Well, why do the extra work when the kids are just going to throw away the food?' And sure, some of them will. And if they don't eat it today, okay they didn't today. But down the road they will. You have to take pride in what you do and what you put out there for these kids." Pride is one thing. Money is another. And a lack of federal funds is the perennial reason for the piles of cheap, processed food that end up on children's trays. And so I asked McCoy: Where would West Virginia get the money for new equipment, better ingredients, and free lunches for all low-income students? "I don't know," she said. "They're just going to find it." It's a non-answer. But, in a way, it doesn't really matter. What does is that state and county leaders in West Virginia now agree that good food in schools is so important that they'll find some way to put it on students' plates. Or, to put it another way, remaking school food is more about leadership than cash. While chef-advocate Alice Waters and others would like to see the federal government spend $5 per student for organic, sustainable, and local school lunch, the Cabell County school district is proving that it's possible -- with dedication and a little ingenuity -- to put out tasty, from-scratch meals that both kids and a discriminating food writer will happily eat. That's not to say that more money wouldn't help. Doling out money is how Congress leads. And school food would be a popular cause if children suddenly got the vote. But the experience in Cabell County proves that sometimes what schools need most is a push to change. "If I had to do it my way, we would have gone slower," McCoy told me. "But now that it's all done, I think, yes, it was worth it." This article originally appeared on Gilt Taste. Jane Black is a Brooklyn-based food writer who covers food politics, trends and sustainability issues. Her work has appeared in the Washington Post (where she was a staff writer), the New York Times, Slate, New York magazine and other publications. To read more, visit
Ramirez, Luis Winter 20062 Introducing the C# Programming Language into the M.U.P.P.E.T.S. Virtual Environment Across the United States, interest in Computer Science and other technology-related programs is down drastically. "Overall enrolments are now down near a level last seen in the 1970s... [and] worse than this, there is also a high attrition level, with 10 to 20 percent of students dropping out each year". Students entering these programs find the introductory courses either too difficult, too boring, or both. In an attempt to combat this problem, Microsoft Research, the research division of the software development giant, is looking into easier and more engaging means of introducing new students to programming and technology. One way they are looking to do this is to start new students off with game-like environments in which they can write simple programs and get immediate visual feedback. It is acknowledged that "the majority of students have experience of being able to change parameters or other attributes in games," so using the same kind of environment to learn programming would be very easy for them to adapt to. It should come as no surprise then that Microsoft Research has taken an interest in the Multi-User Programming Pedagogy for Enhancing Traditional Study (M.U.P.P.E.T.S.) project being developed in the Information Technology department at R.I.T. The goal of this project is to teach programming to introductory-level students by making programming fun. The M.U.P.P.E.T.S. software allows users to create and manipulate graphical objects in a 3D environment, making the learning experience far more enjoyable and rewarding. In its current implementation, the M.U.P.P.E.T.S. system is powered by a combination of C++ and Java code and uses the OpenGL API for rendering graphics. C++ is the industry standard for game development, featuring a great balance of speed and power and a very extensive collection of libraries and APIs dedicated to game development. Thus C++ is ideal for real-time rendering systems like M.U.P.P.E.T.S. and is used to implement its core functionality. However, C++ is largely considered an advanced programming language since it leaves a lot of the work to the programmer. Instead many educational programs, including the R.I.T. Information Technology department, use the Java programming language for introductory courses, as it is viewed as being an easier language to learn programming with. Thus, to maintain its purpose as a learning tool, and in keeping with the IT department curriculum, the M.U.P.P.E.T.S. system uses Java as the primary scripting language for the system's users. To support the project and promote its own technologies, Microsoft Research has funded an initiative to introduce Direct3D rendering and C# scripting into the M.U.P.P.E.T.S. system as alternatives to OpenGL and Java, respectively. The goal was to update the M.U.P.P.E.T.S. system such that users would be able to create objects using the C# language and, when using C#, be able to render them in the virtual world using either OpenGL or Direct3D. bunny by Asa Tse turtle by Asa Tse flowers by Asa Tse psp guy by Asa Tse blow fish by Asa Tse shapes to cat by Asa Tse dinosaur by Asa Tse cute girl by Asa Tse bee by Asa Tse frog by Asa Tse dog by Asa Tse cat by Asa Tse canvas face by Asa Tse duck face by Asa Tse
What is Adjusting Entries? Legal Definition In accounting/accountancy, adjusting entries are journal entries usually made at the end of an accounting period to allocate income and expenditure to the period in which they actually occurred. The revenue recognition principle is the basis of making adjusting entries that pertain to unearned and accrued revenues under accrual-basis accounting. They are sometimes called Balance Day adjustments because they are made on balance day. Based on the matching principle of accrual accounting, revenues and associated costs are recognized in the same accounting period. However the actual cash may be received or paid at a different time. -- Wikipedia Legal Definition The final entries posted to a balance sheet that include expenses and revenue incurred that have been adjust to show actual figures that were unable to be calculated prior to the end of a fiscal period.
The Light-Effects Almost any typical light effect for model-railways can be adjusted. The following effects are included: incandescent lamp simple switching-on and -off of one output. neon lamp irregular flashing during switching-on. house light coincidental delay of switching for some seconds despite of same adjustment of switching-time e.g. the illumination of all houses of one street will be switched-on or -off at different times. flashing light on- and off-switching time of equal duration. light chain consists always of 4 outputs which will be switched-on in succession for an adjustable time. dimmed light regulates an incandescent lamp within a few seconds up to full brightness and vice versa. function as normal incandescent lamp but with different color of the light-spot; marking of operation models such as windturbine etc. operation light for action vehicles; every light and each start with coincidental selected flashing time simulates the motor drive at different speed. operation flashlight front flashlight for action vehicles. flashlight photo-flashlight; break-time will be coincidental controlled. building site uses always 5 outputs; the switched-on time is very short and simulates flashlights; after each sequence there will be a short pause. welding arc coincidental controlled flickering of a welding process; coincidental duration with irregular flickering and coincidental pause. fire simulation of an open fire. gas street lamp at first some flickering then low brightness followed by dimming-up to full brightness; followed by irregular short interruptions. gas compression street lamp simulation of modern gas street lamps; produces at first flickering then a longer time dimmed and then full brightness. flood light needs about half a second for persistence during on- and off-switching. random switching-on and -off by random control with adjustable minimum and maximum pauses. auto flashing light produces typical flashing frequencies for direction indicator of motor cars. Railroad overpass Simulate the signal light at a railroad overpass. traffic light simple pedestrian traffic light; produces all phases with exemplary pauses with "demand" adjustment. traffic light sleep pedestrian traffic light; produces all phases with exemplary pauses with "demand" adjustment and sleep mode. traffic light cross road for cross roads and intersections; including pedestrian- and night circuit. signal post one output each for the control of LED or incandescent lamps at red, yellow and green will produce light effects as on a control desk of a signal post. television set three outputs for red, green and blue produces coincidental and permanent changing of colors on a TV-set. radio tower flashing effect used for marking radio- and TV-towers, chimneys and other high buildings. Schornstein Wie Funkturm, jedoch andere Blinkfolge Thunderstorm Flickers for approximately one second like thunderstorm lightning. Fireworks 1 Two exits produce flashing effects as with fireworks Fireworks 2 Like 1, but with another effect sequence Fireworks 3 Like 1, but with another effect sequence Animation show examples. Genuine sequences depend on options and countries. At a later time there will be additional options available to cover various effects such as lights at a fair ground and illuminated advertizing signs. click here for information about remote control of the light effects Copyright 2006 Railware, Andrea Hinz Impressum
It is a common belief that translating a text that is highly technical for a client in the aeronautics industry, for example, is complicated and requires a wealth of knowledge of not only the languages, but also the field. And this is true, of course. It is also quite true that a text that appears simple, such as children’s stories with simplified and , would not present too many complications, but in fact translating them faithfully can be quite a challenge. One case that I think is pretty clear is a set of instructions for outdoor games played by children. For example, when translating to , the game of “tag” is pretty well known, but there are several options for expressing it : “corre que te pillo”, “pilla pilla”, “la mancha”, “tenta”, and several other examples that depend on the specific region in the -speaking world where the children will be playing. A similar problem is found in the translation of the names of characters. Would a four-year old child in a country such as Mexico feel identified with someone named “Henry” or “Peter”? Wouldn’t it be more appropriate to change these names to “Carlitos” or “Luisito”, which are closer to the reality that they live with every day? I found an interesting article on this subject in Spanish here. It talks about how children are better able to retain aspects that are closer to their own culture and daily life. For example, according to the study, when someone was eating a “watercress”, the trranslator decided to change it to something more familiar (“cheese”), since watercresses are not a common food in Spain. What I would like to point out is that translators have to take special care when working on this type of translation and that good communication between the client and translator to exchange ideas on the best choices is essential, so that the kids are able to read the story and enjoy it completely, without any aspect sounding foreign to them. (Spanish version: Tagged with:
(adjective, verb) 1. drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted - the day's shopping left her exhausted Similar word(s): tired, fatigued, gone, spent 2. depleted of energy, force, or strength - impossible to grow tobacco on the exhausted soil - the exhausted food sources - exhausted oil wells Similar word(s): spent 3. drained physically - the day's events left her completely exhausted--her strength drained Similar word(s): drained Sentences with exhausted as an adjective: - The exhausted man fell asleep immediately. - The exhausted mine was worthless once all the ore had been extracted. 1. simple past tense and past participle of exhaust
RTXJOB8 Reuters The south pole is the site of some of the most cutting edge and exciting science experiments and research projects. It's also one of the most difficult places to live and work. Winter sets in from March through September in Antarctica, and it gets so bitterly that cold that temperatures dip below the freezing point of gasoline (minus 50 degrees Fahrenheit), so supply planes can't fly in for more than eight months until the weather warms up. That means no fresh foods for three-quarters of the year. That made writer Chris Ying from Lucky Peach wonder what Antarctican scientists eat for breakfast. So he asked his friend, Chris Sheehy, an astrophysicist who works with the BICEP2 telescope in Antarctica. Sheehy said eggs are by far the most popular choice. But how can you keep eggs fresh through eight months of winter? It turns out scientists in Antarctica resurrected an old trick that makes it possible to keep eggs fresh year-round, Ying reports in the Winter 2015 issue of Lucky Peach. "If you oil eggs with normal cooking oil, you can keep them at room temperature up to a year," Robert Schwarz, operator of the Keck Array telescope at the south pole, told Ying. The eggs are dipped into bowls of oil and fully slathered. They usually get a second coating half way through the winter. The oil creates a seal around the egg that stops evaporation and protects against outside contamination. bicep2 telescope The BICEP2 telescope in Antarctica, seen at twilight. Steffen Richter, Harvard University When the supply planes fly in with a few thousand eggs, all Antarcticans used to get together and have an egg-oiling party, Schwarz said. One scientist named Keith kept a blog during his time in Antarctica in 2008 and described one of the egg oiling parties: "About half the station crowded into the kitchen, poured themselves bowl after bowl of canola oil, and started dipping, rolling, and massaging eggs. There were the predictable casualties (beer, very oily hands, and thousands of eggs were never meant to go together), but within an hour we'd unpacked, oiled, and repacked more eggs than most people see in a lifetime." And yes, there are pictures of said egg-oiling parties. Schwarz said the practice was once quite common. Other methods included dipping them in lime water or coating them in wax. eggs, egg emoticons Not oiled eggs. Flickr/ Kate Ter Haar "They used to do this on ships," Schwarz told Ying. "Officially it is not allowed anymore, because of stupid health reasons. But it's really nice to have 'fresh' eggs over the year." Those "stupid health reasons" come from FDA regulations put in place to reduce the risk of Salmonella. According to the FDA, eggs should be washed and refrigerated during processing, and you should use your eggs within three weeks of purchasing them. But a study in 2011 found that coating eggs in oil preserved their internal quality, protected them from microbial contamination, and their shelf life was longer than unoiled eggs. The study only lasted 5 weeks, however — not a full year. One blogger conducted her own year-long experiment to see if oil really could preserve eggs. A good way to test an egg to see if it's good or bad is to plop it in a glass of water. If it sinks, it's still good. If it floats, it's bad. After a year all of her oiled eggs sank — a sign that they were well preserved. But according to the FDA, the only safe way to store eggs for a year if you beat the yolks and whites together and then freeze them. It's unclear if the egg-oiling practice is still going on, but Antarcticans do have a safer alternative to preserve eggs year round, though we hope they like them scrambled.
Online Transaction Processing Online transaction processing (OLTP) is a class of information systems that facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, typically for data entry and retrieval transaction processing on a database management system.[1] The term is understood as "transaction" in the context of computer or database transactions, while others (such as the Transaction Processing Performance Council) define it in terms of business or commercial transactions.[2] OLTP has also been used to refer to processing in which the system responds immediately to user requests. An automated teller machine (ATM) for a bank is an example of a commercial transaction processing application. Online transaction processing applications are high throughput and insert or update-intensive in database management. These applications are used concurrently by hundreds of users. The key goals of OLTP applications are availability, speed, concurrency and recoverability.[3] Reduced paper trails and the faster, more accurate forecast for revenues and expenses are both examples of how OLTP makes things simpler for businesses. However, like many modern online information technology solutions, some systems require offline maintenance, which further affects the cost-benefit analysis of on line transaction processing system. OLTP is typically contrasted to OLAP (online analytical processing), which is generally characterized by much more complex queries, in a smaller volume, for the purpose of business intelligence or reporting rather than to process transactions. Whereas OLTP systems process all kinds of queries (read, insert, update and delete), OLAP is generally optimized for read only and might not even support other kinds of queries. OLTP also operates differently from batch processing and grid computing.[4] OLTP system is a popular data processing system in today's enterprises. Some examples of OLTP systems include order entry, retail sales, and financial transaction systems.[5] On line transaction processing system increasingly requires support for transactions that span a network and may include more than one company. For this reason, modern on line transaction processing software use client or server processing and brokering software that allows transactions to run on different computer platforms in a network. In large applications, efficient OLTP may depend on sophisticated transaction management software (such as CICS) and/or database optimization tactics to facilitate the processing of large numbers of concurrent updates to an OLTP-oriented database. For even more demanding decentralized database systems, OLTP brokering programs can distribute transaction processing among multiple computers on a network. OLTP is often integrated into service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Web services. On line transaction processing (OLTP) involves gathering input information, processing the information and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed information. As of today, most organizations use a database management system to support OLTP. OLTP is carried in a client server system. On line transaction process concerns about concurrency and atomicity. Concurrency controls guarantee that two users accessing the same data in the database system will not be able to change that data or the user has to wait until the other user has finished processing, before changing that piece of data. Atomicity controls guarantee that all the steps in transaction are completed successfully as a group. That is, if any steps between the transaction fail, all other steps must fail also.[6] Systems design To build an OLTP system, a designer must know that the large number of concurrent users does not interfere with the system's performance. To increase the performance of OLTP system, designer must avoid the excessive use of indexes and clusters. The following elements are crucial for the performance of OLTP systems:[7] • Rollback segments Rollback segments are the portions of database that record the actions of transactions in the event that a transaction is rolled back. Rollback segments provide read consistency, roll back transactions, and recover the database.[8] • Clusters A cluster is a schema that contains one or more tables that have one or more columns in common. Clustering tables in database improves the performance of join operation.[9] • Discrete transactions All changes to the data are deferred until the transaction commits during a discrete transaction. It can improve the performance of short, non-distributed transaction.[10] The data block size should be a multiple of the operating system's block size within the maximum limit to avoid unnecessary I/O.[11] To avoid unnecessary resource consumption, tune SQL statements to use the database buffer cache.[12] A transaction processing monitor is used for coordination of services. It is like an operating system and does the coordination at a high level of granularity and can span multiple computing devices.[13] Partition increases performance for sites that have regular transactions while still maintain availability and security. With database tuning, OLTP system can maximize its performance as efficiently and rapidly as possible. External links Connect with defaultLogic What We've Done Led Digital Marketing Efforts of Top 500 e-Retailers. Worked with Top Brands at Leading Agencies. Successfully Managed Over $50 million in Digital Ad Spend. 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An embolism denotes to anything unpleasant that confined within the vascular system. An air embolism is a bubble or bubbles of gas confined within the blood vessels. The bubbles at some point cut off the blood supply to a specific area of the body. Air embolism can cause significant and permanent damage to the central nervous system and hence should be treated as an emergency treatment. A venous embolism is not as serious as an arterial embolism. Few medical processes can cause air to enter the venous system via anintravenous drip. In sporadic cases, they can reach the heart and disrupt its workings. Arterial gas embolisms are much more serious. Embolism could possibly prevent oxygenated blood from reaching the target organ and it cause ischemia. If the heart is affected it can produce a heart attack. In case arterial gas embolism reaches the brain, it is stated to as a cerebral embolism and can cause a stroke. 1. When one or more air bubbles enter a vein or artery and block it an air embolism could be. 2. When doctor suspects an air embolism they may execute an ultrasound or CT scan to confirm. 3. Major symptoms of a severe air embolism is low blood pressure or difficulty breathing In some medical procedures small amounts of air could enter into the body which can be serious however it usually happen very rarely. Majority of air embolism cases encompass diving. It is found that air embolism is the most common cause of death among divers. There are two means in which an air embolism could form as a result of dive. . 1. Decompression sickness: AN embolism will occur once a diver faces too quickly. As a diver descends their body together with the gas they're respiratory (oxygen and nitrogen) is below increasing pressure. The diver perpetually uses the oxygen however the nitrogen pools within the diver's tissues. If the diver returns to the surface too fleetly, the nitrogen isn't given the prospect to be reabsorbed into the blood and can leave the tissue as bubbles of gas. 2. Pneumonia barotrauma: once a diver holds their breath throughout a speedy ascent trauma is caused to the liner of the lungs. Because the pressure decreases throughout the ascent the degree of the air within the lungs will increase. If the breath is control voluntarily the little air sacs of the lungs will rupture. These tears will enable gas to pass into the blood. Other causes of air embolism are induced (caused by a medical intervention). These will include: 3. Endogenous drip: most ordinarily via disconnected central blood vessel catheterization 4. Hemodialysis: treatment for nephropathy 5. Laparoscopic insufflations: otherwise called hole surgery, air is usually pumped up into the house between the organs and therefore the skin to clear a passage for the Dr. to work 6. Open surgical procedure 7. Respiratory organ biopsy: removal of a part of respiratory organ for examination 8. Radiologic procedures: specifically wherever the injection of dye is important 9. Childbirth: significantly Cesarean deliveryn 10. Examination retrograde electroencephalography (ERCP): a procedure designed to look at the duct gland and gall ducts, ERCP involves injecting a dye into the region via Associate in Nursing medical instrument. 1 . Pain within the joints or muscles 2. Irregular heart rhythms 3. Blurring of vision 4. Anxiety 5. Itchy skin 6. Seizures 7. Bloody frothing from the mouth 8. Low pressure and symptom 9. Difficulty catching breath 10. Chest pain 11. Vertigo 12. Extreme fatigue 13. Tremors 14. Loss of coordination 15. Visual or auditee hallucinations 16. Nausea or projection 17. Cyanosis 18. Paralysis, weakness of the edges, or single or a lot of limbs 19. Loss of consciousness. The most clinically vital consider identification an air embolism is that the patient's history. The symptoms themselves may be a manifestation of variety of disorders; but, a recent diving expedition or surgical operation would possibly purpose to associate in nursing air embolism. The surgical procedures that hold the most important risk of air embolism square measure surgical procedure performed with the patient within the sitting position, caesarean delivery, hip replacement and internal organ surgery with cardiorespiratory bypass. If Associate in Nursing air embolism may be a chance or a risk, the subsequent procedures may be distributed throughout or once surgery 1. Chest X-Ray: gas bubbles will generally show au fait X-rays 2. Stethoscope: to the trained ear, a millwheel whisper will generally be detected 3. Variation in gases: if the patient is below anesthetic and still being monitored, the anesthetist could also be able to find a decrease within the quantity of CO2 free at the tip of Associate in Nursing expiration 4. Doppler ultrasonography: this non-invasive procedure estimates blood flow through the vessels by bouncing high-frequency sound waves off current red blood cells. This procedure is commonly used throughout operations with a high risk of air embolism 5. Transesophageal echocardiography: this technique uses sound to provide a extremely careful image of the center and therefore the vessels that cause it. Air embolism interference Diving is that the commonest reason behind air embolisms. The subsequent list will facilitate stop their occurrence: 1. Limit the period and depth of dives 2. always surface slowly and use safety stops to permit gases to be safely and naturally reabsorbed 3. Never dive with a chilly or a cough 4. Show further caution if diving in significantly cold water7 5. Avoid alcohol consumption before and once diving 6. No vigorous activity before, throughout or once a dive 7. Remain on the surface for adequate time between dives 8. Keep hydrous before diving 9. Leave a minimum of twenty four hours before attending to a better altitude, e.g. rock climbing or a flight. Post a Comment
Finding the Main Idea Worksheets Finding the Main Idea Worksheets These worksheets are just like a mini-reading activity. Your goal is to determine the reason that the author wrote the work. Three Pack of Passages - Bug Assassins, Statue of Liberty, and Basic Skills. Explain In One Sentence - Astronauts, Barbie, and Pets Main Idea Passages on Beliefs - Superstitions, Books as a thing of the past, and Big Ben. Write a Concluding Sentence - All about LEGO building blocks. Violent Tornadoes - Storms that are out of control. Now I now how ants feel. Birthstones and Zodiacs - I never knew there was such a thing as "official" birthstones. I always thought they were just made up. Lewis and Clark - Let's drop a little history lesson. Fictional Passages - These are all multiple choice. Skim-able Passages - See if these aren't just a little easier to handle, even though the reading level is boosted. Common Testing Themes - We see these three topics year in and year out on the National exams.
Trust is more important than religion in encouraging charitable acts Volunteering and charitable donations across EuropeIt’s well established that religious people tend to volunteer more and give more to charity than the non-religious. There are many factors that could contribute to this. Many charities that explicitly to support co-religionists or to promote religion, and what’s more religious people also tend to be older and married, both of which predict But what’s less well understood is how important religion is compared with other factors. In particular Jennifer Glanville (University of Iowa) and colleagues were interested to know how important trust levels and social networks were in encouraging charitable donations and volunteering. They used data from the 2002 European Social Survey, which surveyed over 30,000 people across most countries of Europe. Among the many questions in this survey were ones about formal volunteering (for any of a range of sports, religious, political, or other voluntary groups), charitable donations, and informal volunteering (actively providing help for other people outside family, work or formal volunteering). As the graphic shows the levels of these different amounts of voluntary and charitable activities varies quite widely across Europe. The question is, why? What they found was that religious people actually tend to report being less likely to engage in informal voluntary help. Protestants and ‘Other Christians’ – but not Catholics or Orthodox – were, however, more likely to say that they did charity work or donated to charities. Compared with religious affiliation, church going was more consistently linked to all kinds of charitable behaviour. That’s to be expected, since people who are actively engaged in church are also likely to be the kinds of people who engage in other social activities. However, rather more important than belonging to a religion was how trusting they were, and the strength of their social ties (how often they met socially with friends, relatives, or work colleagues). These social factors are part of a broader concept termed ‘social capital’. Trust was about one-third as important as educational levels in predicting both volunteering and charitable giving, and about half as important in predicting informal helping. Unfortunately, the authors don’t really make clear the comparative importance of religion versus such social capital in driving charitable behaviour, although it is clear that religious affiliation is not important. Religious service attendance was about as important as more general social ties in predicting these behaviours. They also found that average levels of trust in a region was critically important. Where trust was low in general, social ties didn’t improve voluntary and charitable acts. Where trust was high, social ties become much more important. They make this rather interesting point: …social capital is an important contextual influence on generosity because community integration and trust increase information about opportunities for generous activities and the motivation for participating in these activities In other words, the critical factor in driving generosity is bonds of trust and integration. And that, ultimately, is why central and northern European countries have relatively high levels of volunteering and charity. Glanville, J., Paxton, P., & Wang, Y. (2015). Social Capital and Generosity: A Multilevel Analysis Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly DOI: 10.1177/0899764015591366 The shared genetic heritage of Jews ..." The shared genetic heritage of Jews ..." The shared genetic heritage of Jews ..." The shared genetic heritage of Jews ..." Browse Our Archives What Are Your Thoughts?leave a comment
Can an untreated wart on the hand spread to another person? Is treatment for it necessary if the warts are small and doesn’t cause problems? If left untreated, it is possible for it to spread and for the virus that causes warts to be passed to another person. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The virus is quite common and has more than 100 types, which is why there are also so many types of warts. When it does, that skin carries the virus with it. If someone touches the shed skin – whether directly through skin-to-skin contact or indirectly, for example, on the floor of a swimming pool or a carpet, then the virus could spread. Most warts will persist for one to two years if they are left untreated. Eventually, the body will recognise the virus and fight it off, causing the wart to disappear. The HPV vaccine, which aims to prevent most types of cancer associated with HPV infection, may also prevent genital warts, and possibly, common warts. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all children and teens ages nine through 14 receive two injections of HPV vaccine at least six months apart. If you are an adult who never had problems with warts, but they suddenly begin to develop, see your doctor and ask to be screened for an immune system disorder. Adults don’t usually have new-onset, common warts. But if numerous warts begin to appear, the immune system may be malfunctioning, in which case a prompt evaluation should be sought. – Mayo Clinic News Network/Tribune News Service
Welcome to Sutton Systems Sign in \| Help Toronto Real Estate Blog - GTA News Quit Smoking: Improve the Health of your Body and your Home Most people are aware of the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on the body. Yet many homeowners do not realize how damaging the habit can be to their homes not to mention the danger it presents to children and pets. There are an estimated 4,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, 50 of which are known or suspected cancer-causing agents according to Health Canada. Among these chemicals are benzene, tar, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde (the chemical used to preserve frogs for science class), acetone (used in nail polish remover), and heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. Nicotine is the main addictive ingredient in cigarettes. It is easy to see how second-hand smoke can be dangerous to non-smokers in the home including children and pets. By stepping outside or onto a balcony, smokers can greatly reduce the amount of toxins added to indoor air. A good quality air filter can also help. There are currently two types of filters that are quite effective at removing indoor air pollution: electrostatic and mechanical filters. An electrostatic filter produces a static electric field to magnetically attract airborne pollutants to an oppositely charged filter. Based on the Atmospheric Dust Spot Efficiency Test, electrostatic filters are 20% to 30% effective at removing pollutants such as bacteria, dust, smoke, pet dander etc. Mechanical filters, which include a HEPA filter, are another good choice. This type captures almost 80% of all airborne pollutants according to the Atmospheric Dust Spot Efficiency Test. Cigarette smoke also produces sticky particles that eventually form a thin tar-like film on surfaces in the home. The sticky dust is very attracted to electronic equipment; smokers often find that computer components, televisions, and stereo parts become coated. Eventually a thick film will impair function in electronics. Smoking often causes more noticeable damage to furniture and flooring in the form of burns. The ash that falls from a cigarette is often hot enough to melt carpet fibres. Small burns can sometimes be repaired by trimming away the melted fibers. Larger burns may require a carpet patch. Burns in linoleum are more difficult to repair often requiring complete replacement. To repair a small burn on a wood floor, dip a fine steel wool pad in floor cleaner and scrub away the burnt particles. Wipe away the cleaner and re-wax or re-stain the floor. Furniture tends to burn more easily than flooring so hot ash can do significant damage. Unfortunately, cigarettes can and do cause more serious damage than simply a small burn in floors and furniture. Too often smokers and their families have perished because of cigarettes left unattended. If you smoke indoors, be sure to never smoke in bed or when you are tired. It takes only seconds for a burning cigarette to start a fire. Check your smoke detectors regularly and be sure to have one on every floor of your home. Some insurance companies charge their smoking clients higher premiums. After reading all of this you may have resolved to quit smoking or encourage a loved one to give up the habit. Congratulations! This is one of the best things you can do for your health and your home. It is also one of the most challenging. Nicotine is a very addictive substance; cigarettes are also emotionally and habitually addictive. Take heart - you are not alone. According to Statistics Canada, approximately 21.5% of Canadians reported that they were smokers based on data from 2000 to 2001. The study also found that 3% of children aged 12 to 14 years were smokers although the actual number may be higher than was voluntarily reported. Considering the glamorous Hollywood images of smokers and the lingering misconceptions about cigarettes keeping people thin, it's no wonder so many young people take up the habit. Many people who started at a young age continue into adulthood and put themselves at risk for a number of diseases. Smoking Cessation Aids There are now more products available than ever to help you quit. It's time to take the leap into a cigarette-free life! The "patch" resembles a band-aid and releases a slow, steady amount of nicotine onto your skin, which is then absorbed into your bloodstream. Patches are available in various strengths so you can wean yourself off of nicotine slowly. The potential downsides are the fairly high costs (almost as much as smoking) and the fact that it does not involve any of the normal physical acts of smoking, such as putting something in your mouth or reaching for something when you need nicotine. If you decide to use patches it may help to munch on carrots and celery sticks to occupy your mouth and hands. Some people even find that it helps if they light matches. It simply allows them to go through the motions and inhale the familiar scent of a burning match. Nicotine gum is also available in different strengths and tends to be slightly cheaper than the patch. One benefit of the gum is that it provides an oral substitute for putting a cigarette in your mouth. It reportedly doesn't taste very good but perhaps that just provides added encouragement to quit! Other, less conventional aids include hypnosis and acupuncture. Hypnosis aims to "reprogram" the mind. Instead of reaching for a cigarette people are encouraged to think of alternatives such as deep breathing, exercise or nibbling on a carrot stick. Acupuncture has also been helpful for many people. Although the scientific methods are complicated, acupuncture works with the energy meridians of the human body. At the very least, both of these methods tend to reduce tension-a common trigger for smoking. Understanding Yourself Try to answer the questions below honestly and refer back to your answers as you go through the process of quitting. These questions may help you identify your motivations so that you can avoid situations that trigger the impulse to light up. 1. Why do you smoke? (Does it relieve stress, boredom, the desire to eat, etc.) 2. Why do you want to quit other than the obvious health reasons? What is motivating you? 3. How would you rate your desire to smoke on a scale of 1-10 with 1 being least motivated? 4. What are your cues to light up? (Coffee, seeing a certain friend who smokes, etc.) 5. How do you plan to deal with the situations you answered for the previous question in order to avoid smoking? 6. What sort of rewards will you give yourself for each day, week or month that you remain smoke free? Once you've answered these questions put them where you'll see them everyday such as on the refrigerator or bathroom wall. It will be easier to stick to your plan if you see a daily reminder. As you work through this process, keep in mind the many benefits of being smoke-free. You, your family and pets will all be able to breathe easier and you will have removed a serious fire hazard from your home. House hunting? www.SearchTorontoHomes.com For more home buying and selling tips visit www.SuttonRealty.com/blog Click here for a FREE Home Evaluation Mississauga Office 905-896-3333 Toronto 416-896-3333 Posted: Thursday, January 02, 2014 5:24 PM by Sutton Realty No Comments Anonymous comments are disabled
Stage 3 Prostate Cancer Cancer starts next cells in the body begin to mount up out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer cells, and can loan to extra areas of the body. To learn more nearly how cancers start and spread, look What Is Cancer? Stage 3 Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer begins once cells in the prostate gland start to amass uncontrollably. The prostate is a gland found single-handedly in males. It makes some of the nebulous that is portion of semen. The prostate is below the bladder and in belly of the rectum. The size of the prostate changes gone age. In younger men, it is practically the size of a walnut, but it can be much larger in older men. Just at the rear the prostate are glands called seminal vesicles that make most of the formless for semen. The urethra, which is the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body through the penis, goes through the middle of the prostate. Stage 3 Prostate Cancer illustration showing the prostate in checking account to the penis, scrotum and rectum in the same way as a detail showing a cancerous tumor Types of prostate cancer Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers develop from the gland cells (the cells that create the prostate fluid that is bonus to the semen). Other types of prostate cancer include: Small cell carcinomas Neuroendocrine tumors (other than small cell carcinomas) Transitional cell carcinomas These extra types of prostate cancer are rare. If you have prostate cancer it is regarding distinct to be an adenocarcinoma. Some prostate cancers can accumulate and money up front quickly, but most go to slowly. In fact, autopsy studies statute that many older men (and even some younger men) who died of further causes also had prostate cancer that never affected them during their lives. In many cases neither they nor their doctors even knew they had it. Possible pre-cancerous conditions of the prostate Some research suggests that prostate cancer starts out as a pre-cancerous condition, although this is not yet known for sure. These conditions are sometimes found like a man has a prostate biopsy (removal of little pieces of the prostate to see for cancer). Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) In PIN, there are changes in how the prostate gland cells look under a microscope, but the atypical cells dont see past they are growing into extra parts of the prostate (like cancer cells would). Based on how abnormal the patterns of cells look, they are classified as: Low-grade PIN: the patterns of prostate cells appear not far off from normal High-grade PIN: the patterns of cells look more abnormal PIN begins to appear in the prostates of some men as to the lead as in their 20s. Many men start to manufacture low-grade glue in the manner of they are younger but dont necessarily build prostate cancer. The viable join amid low-grade pin and prostate cancer is still unclear. If high-grade fasten is found in your prostate biopsy sample, there is roughly a 20% inadvertent that you in addition to have cancer in substitute area of your prostate. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) In PIA, the prostate cells look smaller than normal, and there are signs of inflammation in the area. PIA is not cancer, but researchers put up with that PIA may sometimes guide to high-grade PIN, or perhaps to prostate cancer directly. Stage 3 Prostate Cancer prostate cancer cured
In January 2013 a Swedish arm amputee was the first person in the world to receive a prosthesis with a direct connection to bone, nerves and muscles. An article about this achievement and its long-term stability will now be published in the Science Translational Medicine journal. "Going beyond the lab to allow the patient to face real-world challenges is the main contribution of this work," says Max Ortiz Catalan, research scientist at Chalmers University of Technology and leading author of the publication. "We have used osseointegration to create a long-term stable fusion between man and machine, where we have integrated them at different levels. The artificial arm is directly attached to the skeleton, thus providing mechanical stability. Then the human's biological control system, that is nerves and muscles, is also interfaced to the machine's control system via neuromuscular electrodes. This creates an intimate union between the body and the machine; between biology and mechatronics." The direct skeletal attachment is created by what is known as osseointegration, a technology in limb prostheses pioneered by associate professor Rickard Brånemark and his colleagues at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Rickard Brånemark led the surgical implantation and collaborated closely with Max Ortiz Catalan and Professor Bo Håkansson at Chalmers University of Technology on this project. The patient's arm was amputated over ten years ago. Before the surgery, his prosthesis was controlled via electrodes placed over the skin. Robotic prostheses can be very advanced, but such a control system makes them unreliable and limits their functionality, and patients commonly reject them as a result. Now, the patient has been given a control system that is directly connected to his own. He has a physically challenging job as a truck driver in northern Sweden, and since the surgery he has experienced that he can cope with all the situations he faces; everything from clamping his trailer load and operating machinery, to unpacking eggs and tying his children's skates, regardless of the environmental conditions (read more about the benefits of the new technology below). The patient is also one of the first in the world to take part in an effort to achieve long-term sensation via the prosthesis. Because the implant is a bidirectional interface, it can also be used to send signals in the opposite direction -- from the prosthetic arm to the brain. This is the researchers' next step, to clinically implement their findings on sensory feedback. "Reliable communication between the prosthesis and the body has been the missing link for the clinical implementation of neural control and sensory feedback, and this is now in place," says Max Ortiz Catalan. "So far we have shown that the patient has a long-term stable ability to perceive touch in different locations in the missing hand. Intuitive sensory feedback and control are crucial for interacting with the environment, for example to reliably hold an object despite disturbances or uncertainty. Today, no patient walks around with a prosthesis that provides such information, but we are working towards changing that in the very short term." The researchers plan to treat more patients with the novel technology later this year. "We see this technology as an important step towards more natural control of artificial limbs," says Max Ortiz Catalan. "It is the missing link for allowing sophisticated neural interfaces to control sophisticated prostheses. So far, this has only been possible in short experiments within controlled environments." More about: How the technology works The new technology is based on the OPRA treatment (osseointegrated prosthesis for the rehabilitation of amputees), where a titanium implant is surgically inserted into the bone and becomes fixated to it by a process known as osseointegration (Osseo = bone). A percutaneous component (abutment) is then attached to the titanium implant to serve as a metallic bone extension, where the prosthesis is then fixated. Electrodes are implanted in nerves and muscles as the interfaces to the biological control system. These electrodes record signals which are transmitted via the osseointegrated implant to the prostheses, where the signals are finally decoded and translated into motions. More about: Benefits of the new technology, compared to socket prostheses Direct skeletal attachment by osseointegration means: Increased range of motion since there are no physical limitations by the socket -- the patient can move the remaining joints freely Elimination of sores and pain caused by the constant pressure from the socket Stable and easy attachment/detachment Increased sensory feedback due to the direct transmission of forces and vibrations to the bone (osseoperception) The prosthesis can be worn all day, every day No socket adjustments required (there is no socket) Implanting electrodes in nerves and muscles means that: Due to the intimate connection, the patients can control the prosthesis with less effort and more precisely, and can thus handle smaller and more delicate items. The close proximity between source and electrode also prevents activity from other muscles from interfering (cross-talk), so that the patient can move the arm to any position and still maintain control of the prosthesis. More motor signals can be obtained from muscles and nerves, so that more movements can be intuitively controlled in the prosthesis. After the first fitting of the controller, little or no recalibration is required because there is no need to reposition the electrodes on every occasion the prosthesis is worn (as opposed to superficial electrodes). Since the electrodes are implanted rather than placed over the skin, control is not affected by environmental conditions (cold and heat) that change the skin state, or by limb motions that displace the skin over the muscles. The control is also resilient to electromagnetic interference (noise from other electric devices or power lines) as the electrodes are shielded by the body itself. Electrodes in the nerves can be used to send signals to the brain as sensations coming from the prostheses. Popular posts from this blog
>How To Prevent Identity Theft By Computer Hackers February 12, 2011 at 12:10 am \| Posted in Article, computer and high technology, Hacking \| Leave a comment >Preventing Identity Theft is the best identity theft insurance. This also applies to computer hacking because there are clearly ways to prevent identity theft from this method. Many have assumed that the incidence of identity theft would have decreased with modern technologies as an identity theft shield, but in fact, researchers on identity theft, report that there is a rise in Computer Hacking, which also often leads to the theft of someone’s identity. One in twenty Americans are victims each year, which is a staggering number of people lives that are turned upside down, because their personal information ended up in the wrong hands. What is computer hacking? Computer Hacking is a process that is used by individuals that are skilled in technology and know the necessary techniques to access other people’s personal information that is either stored on their computer or a company’s computer network. Computer Hacking is something that has serious consequences for those that are caught because they can spend many years in prison. Many hackers go straight for corporations in an effort to gain access to multiple personal financial records, while others stay on a smaller scale with individuals so they are less likely to be detected. What is a wireless network? A computer wireless network (Wi-Fi) is one in which data is transmitted using radio signals instead of cables. Typically, wireless network has one or more computers that connect to the Internet via an access point, which is typically a type of router that is the gateway for the computers on the network to connect to the Internet. One of the ways you can Prevent Identity Theft when using a wireless network is to ensure it has the proper security features on it are operational. Home or office Wi-Fi with a WPA2 encryption service that is not internally shared provides the best security. If you have this facility you are less likely to become a victim of Computer Hacking. What is computer identity theft? If you have personal information stored on your computer or use your computer to buy items over the Internet on an unsecured wireless network, you can be subject to Computer Identity Theft. This happens when the thief engages in Computer Hacking and is able to obtain your credit card information, social security number, and other personal information, and then poses as you to take on your identity, or simply to access and withdraw funds from your bank account(s). Why are wireless networks so vulnerable to hackers? The biggest reason that wireless network is a stomping ground for Computer Hacking is that many people use open networks. Open networks are those at coffee shops or airports that have no special security on them or home or business networks that do not use WAP2 encryption service for their network. This means that everyone can connect to this network because it has no security key and wreak havoc on those that are connected to it. The best way to Prevent Identity Theft, is to have your own security system on your computer before you ever connect to an open wireless connection. What you need to know about wireless internet security? Many companies and individuals work wirelessly and it has become more popular because it does not require your computer to be wired to an Internet connection, but operates by wireless signals to the router. You should be aware that there are ways to Prevent Identity Theft when you are working wirelessly. When you are working at your place of employment wirelessly, you are under a lot of wireless security and therefore safer from Computer Hacking. However, when you go to public places where there is a lot of sport or a wireless connection that you can join, you risk Identity Theft because the security is turned off, which means all the information you are sending via the Internet can be seen by anyone by someone with hacking software. Security measures are your best way of staying safe from those that are looking to steal someone’s identity. There is a software add on to a popular internet browser that allows hacking into other user’s information in an unprotected Wi-Fi network. How you can prevent computer identity theft with a wireless computer network? Wireless networking is definitely here to stay and you will use it at home and at your place of business, but you can Prevent Identity Theft by being smart about how you use your connection. Frist, make sure you have a secured wireless network set up at home, so that no one can connect to the network without the special key that you set up. Secondly, ensure that your work participates in high wireless security so that you can be safer from Computer Hacking. Lastly, watch out for public and free wireless access hot spots since these are unsecured and sending personal information over an unsecured network is like playing with fire. If your work involves a lot of travel and use by laptop of public Wi-Fi networks you should have a virtual private network. What is a Virtual Private Network and how can it help secure your data? A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network that is layered on top of an underlying computer network. The private nature of a VPN means that the data travelling over the VPN is not generally visible to, or is encapsulated from, the underlying network traffic. If you would like to know more about protecting your identity or preventing computer hacking and the benefits of a Virtual Private Network follow the link in the Resource Box. Leave a Comment » RSS feed for comments on this post. TrackBack URI Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s Entries and comments feeds. %d bloggers like this:
Civil law test Pay with: i agree with "Terms for Customers" Sold: 9 Refunds: 0 Uploaded: 13.02.2017 Content: Гражданское право тест.rar (29,18 kB) Knowledge tests for Task 1. 1. Civil law as a branch of law is the body of law governing relations: a) Financial; b) The property and related moral; c) tax; g) discipline. d) all answers are correct. 2. Civil law governs: a) contractual and other obligations; b) the property relations based on administrative subordination of one party to another; c) financial relationships; d) tax relations. d) all answers are correct. 3. The concept of "property" in the right is used to indicate: a) items consisting owned by the person; b) property; c) the aggregate of things and property owned by the person; g) of jewelry owned by the person. d) all answers are correct. 4. Property relations - is: a) The relation of man to property; b) the relation of man to things; c) volitional relations between specific individuals on the ownership or transfer of property wealth; g) connection between things. d) all answers are correct. 5. Along with the property relations of civil law governs: a) moral relations; b) administrative relations; c) labor relations; d) financial relationships. d) all answers are correct. Task 2. 1. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except: a) by a court decision; b) with the consent; c) by a decision of the departmental authority; d) by the decision of the municipality for municipal purposes free of charge. d) all answers are correct. 2. Provision of the law subjects of civil law freedom to exercise their rights - is: a) regulations restricting the rights; b) the imperative of legal regulation; c) binding rules; d) optionality regulatory. d) all answers are correct. 3. Civil rights and personal non-property relations arise if: a) bought by stamp collector with an envelope; b) as a result of a collision smashed a statue; c) set up intellectual property; d) a theater ticket is resold. d) all answers are correct. 4. signs characteristic of civil law relations: a) awareness; b) pursuant to an order of the superior; c) the autonomy of the will of the participants; g) sports interest. d) all answers are correct. 5. The civil law relationships can be: a) viewership; b) the subject of illegal relations; c) conference; d) the subject of the Russian Federation. d) all answers are correct. Task 3. 1. Civil law - is: a) branch of law; b) a legal institution; c) sub-sector law; g) Comprehensive education. d) all answers are correct. 2. Features of civil-law relations: a) The inequality of arms, the free will; b) equality of the parties, the legal independence of the parties, the free will; c) the legal relationship of a party, the free will; g) inequality of arms, legal relationship of the parties. d) all answers are correct. 3. The subjects of civil legal relationships are: a) citizens of Russia, Russian and foreign legal entities, municipalities; b) Russian Federation and foreign states; c) subjects of the Russian Federation, foreign states; d) The Russian Federation, the United Nations, the Moscow Patriarchate. d) all answers are correct. 4. The object of civil legal relationship - is: a) it is directed to that relationship and has some impact; b) things good; c) the way in which changes civil matter; g) the results of creative activity. d) all answers are correct. 5. The definition of "the ability to have civil rights and shall bear civil-ness" refers to the concept: a) capacity; b) the legal capacity; c) a subjective right; d) legal personality. d) all answers are correct. Task 4. 1. The definition of "the ability of their d No feedback yet. 1 month 3 months 12 months 0 0 0 0 0 0
What are some good ways to get rid of Japanese beetles? Quick Answer Get rid of Japanese beetles by removing them by hand, applying pesticides or killing them off in their larval form with grub-killing products. Nematodes work well at killing the grubs before they become destructive beetles, notes Better Homes and Gardens. Continue Reading Full Answer Japanese beetles are green or metallic blue in color with coppery wings and bodies that measure around a half-inch in length. Because they are a destructive species that consumes flowers and leaves and target hibiscus and rose bushes, many gardeners look for ways to eradicate them from their gardens. For light infestations of Japanese beetles, picking the bugs off affected areas by hand is a good option. Gardeners can use gloved hands to remove the beetles physically from the plant, depositing them into a bucket of soapy water as they work, and then disposing of the soapy water once finished. Pesticides to kill off Japanese beetles are also effective. Pesticides containing permethrin, acephate and carbaryl are usually effective. Neem-based organic options also provide control of beetles. Additionally, some insecticidal soaps are recommended. Live nematodes, which are known as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, can be applied to the lawn in the early spring. These nematodes infect the grubs, which are beetles in their larval stage, killing them before they have a chance to morph into actual beetles. There are certain plants that Japanese beetles tend to avoid. Choosing these plants help to control a potential infestation. Some of these plants are the boxwood, dogwood, lilac, magnolia, oak and pine. Learn more about Invasive Insects Related Questions
Sunday, June 17, 2007 Arisaka Type 38 Cavalry Carbine: A Samurai Mauser. When Commodore Matthew Perry's ships dropped anchor in Uraga Harbor in 1853, the insular Japanese were brought face to face with a harsh ground truth; if they wanted to remain free from the colonizing spree being engaged in by the great European powers, they needed to modernize. They did so with a vengeance. By the early 1870s, the Japanese army was armed with German Gew.71 Mausers and French Gras rifles, but they didn't rely on foreign small arms for long; in 1880, they began equipping with the Murata Type 13, a homegrown single shot bolt action sporting a melange of Mauser, Gras, and Dutch Beaumont design features; Winchester was contracted for 100 prototypes, and then production commenced in Japan. Ironically, it would be another twelve years before the land of Commodore Perry would replace its side-hammer Springfield Trapdoors with a bolt-action rifle. ABOVE: Arisaka Type 38 Cavalry Carbine, photo by Oleg Volk. When Japan shocked the world by beating a European power in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, they were equipped with a new rifle designed by a Colonel Nariaki Arisaka in 1897. He trumped this design eight years later with a rugged rifle based on the Spanish M1893 Mauser, known as the Type 38 Arisaka, (Type 38 refers to the 38th year of the Meiji Restoration, with 1868 being Year 1.) This rifle would go on to serve as the primary Japanese service rifle for the next thirty-four years, and remained in production in some factories until the Japanese surrender in 1945. LEFT: The knurled knob on the rear of the bolt served as both a safety and a gas-deflecting flange. Photo by Oleg Volk. Col. Arisaka's rifle was made in both rifle and carbine formats and had several innovative features, some more useful than others. The rifle handled escaping gas from a ruptured case very well, being equipped with both gas vent holes in the receiver ring and a large round knob on the rear that doubled as both a safety and a flange to direct gas away from the firer's face. Famous gunsmith P.O. Ackley considered the Type 38 to be the strongest military rifle action he'd ever tested. It certainly was a rugged looking rifle. RIGHT: The front sight was drift-adjustable for windage, and was protected by sturdy "wings". Photo by Oleg Volk. The stock was somewhat blocky in shape, and the butt was of two pieces fitted together tongue-and-groove style, which allowed stocks to be made from smaller blanks. The rifles came from the factory with sliding sheet-steel dust covers, but these were frequently discarded by troops in the field as they rattled as they got loose. The sights consisted of a triangular front blade protected by beefy wings, and a rear ladder-style sight that was graduated to 2,000 meters on the carbine version. The infantry rifle had sling swivels on the bottom attached to the butt and barrel band, while the cavalry carbine had its swivels on the left side of the stock. Both took the same long sword bayonet. Unlike most Mausers and Mauser derivatives, which required a cartridge nose or punch to release the magazine floorplate for unloading, the Type 38 could be unloaded safely by releasing the magazine floorplate by means of a finger-operated catch inside the triggerguard. LEFT: The Type 38's 6.5x50mm round, in this case a 156gr Norma soft-point, with a 5.56mm NATO round and a .30-'06 M2 ball cartridge for comparison. Like many other rifle designers in the late 1880s/early 1890s, Arisaka selected a smallbore bullet, in this case a 6.5mm projectile. The military loading launched a 139-grain projectile at 2500 feet per second, giving it slightly better-than-average wallop among the military 6.5's. The flatter crack of the 6.5 was easily distinguished from the deeper muzzleblasts of the .30 caliber rifles used by the Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII, at least according to most memoirs of the time. ABOVE: The receiver ring of the Type 38. Note the ground-off mum, indicating a surrendered weapon. (And no more inscrutable or mystical than the canceled "Broad Arrow" on a de-milled British weapon; it just means it's not Imperial property anymore.) The markings below it read "Type", "8", and "3" from bottom to top. Also note the dual gas-escape vents. Photo by Oleg Volk. Not only did the Type 38 see service with the Imperial Japanese military, but excess rifles were also sold to fellow allies Great Britain and Russia during WWI. Rifles found in the US today will generally either be battlefield-captured souvenirs, or surrendered pieces brought home by returning GIs and sailors or imported after the war by surplus houses. The latter can be distinguished by the fact that the chrysanthemum symbol, an Imperial property mark much like the British "Broad Arrow", on the receiver ring will be defaced or ground off. Prices will start at under $100 for a tatty infantry rifle with a ground mum, and can climb north of $500 for a nice carbine with intact mum and dust cover. Ammunition is still loaded by Norma as well as some specialty houses, but expect to pay dearly for it. This is a rifle for which it is definitely worthwhile to reload, especially since the strong action allows the caliber to shine. As with all WWII weapons, expect a lot of volatility in pricing over the next years as the war passes from living memory, with the passing of the generation who fought it. Sunday, June 03, 2007 Sunday Smith #4: .32 Regulation Police, 1918 In the early 20th Century, police forces were still a fairly new concept in most of the United States. In much of the rest of the Western world, military or paramilitary forces were used to keep order, but the American distrust of standing armies and the posse comitatus act prevented that in the US. Sheriffs backed up by hired deputies and with the power to raise posses from the general populace had kept order in the USA since the nation's founding, but the idea of permanent municipal police forces gradually spread across the settled regions of the East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Large belt revolvers were seen as uncouth artifacts more appropriate to the unsettled West; an Eastern policeman's gun was as much a badge of authority as it was a weapon. In 1917, Smith & Wesson released a new adaptation of their diminutive I-frame revolver with a four inch barrel and a modified grip frame that allowed the use of wood grips with a squared-off profile to the butt. The new pistol was called the "Regulation Police" and was fairly popular, with many thousands shipping between 1917 and 1942, when the model was discontinued. The gun in the above photo is a nickeled .32 Regulation Police, holding six rounds of the then-new .32 S&W Long cartridge, probably built in 1918 or thereabouts. While the nickel finish shows some signs of wear and pitting, the grips are worn nearly smooth, perhaps from where an officer rubbed it like a worry stone in the pocket of his frock coat as he made his nightly rounds of Main Street, ensuring that all the doors that were supposed to be locked actually were, and that all was quiet on his watch.
Kennel cough outbreak slowing down, but still not vanquished Dogs eventually will become immune to this strain, veterinarian says Posted: Tuesday, August 05, 2003 Juneau veterinarian Lesley DeKrey, who owns Douglas Island Veterinary Services, first treated dogs with kennel cough-like symptoms, mostly a dry, hacking cough in the throat, in February. The number of pets she saw for the disease peaked in June and has tapered slightly since then. "Eventually everybody is going to become immune to it, just like everybody gets a cold and eventually becomes immune to that cold," she said. The disease, often caused by a combination of the bacterium bordetella bronchiseptica and a virus, is "more annoying than life-threatening," said DeKrey. She's immunized several dogs, including her own, though she said she would be more comfortable with the immunization if veterinarians were sure which virus is causing the disease. Canine cough can be treated with antibiotics and sometimes cough suppressants, but DeKrey hesitates to prescribe them. She's given antibiotics to three dogs for kennel cough this summer, and only one of those dogs really needed it, she said. "Every dog that gets a cough and a hack does not need antibiotics any more than any human with a cold needs antibiotics," she said. Kennel cough is transmitted by airborne pathogens, said Kramer. Dogs will pick up the disease from interacting with each other on trails, passing each other on the street and sharing enclosed spaces with other dogs. To keep the other pets who visit the Southeast Alaska Veterinary Clinic free of kennel cough, Kramer won't allow potential carriers to be treated in the clinic; instead she visits them in their owners' cars in the clinic's parking lot. Along with immunizations, owners can prevent their dogs from catching kennel cough through isolation, Kramer said. Kennel cough is "no more lethal to dogs than a cold is lethal to humans," DeKrey said. Just as most humans will eventually recover from a cold on their own in a couple of weeks, most dogs will recover from kennel cough in a couple of weeks. But, as with humans, dogs with weak immune systems or older dogs may pick up a different disease while trying to fight kennel cough. "It can be a tributary to another condition," DeKrey said. Usually, a disease such as kennel cough will run its course in a community within weeks, Kramer said. "Usually it's just a couple-week outbreak, maybe three weeks," said Kramer. "This has been here since April, so we're looking at a four-month outbreak." Kramer attributes the length of the outbreak to the fact that the immunization isn't 100 percent effective. "This is just a real tough bug," she said. Christine Schmid can be reached at cschmid@juneauempire.com. Trending this week: © 2017. All Rights Reserved. \| Contact Us
Donating blood is a simple act that can save a person from a critical life or death situation. But do you know that donating blood can be beneficial for the donor as well as for the recipient? Here are some of the positive effects of donating blood: 1. Reduced risk of Hemochromatosis Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder where the body absorbs too much iron from the food and other substances it intakes. Donating blood, or the action of extracting blood from a person, causes a break in the blood routine of the body. Breaking the blood routine can lessen the amount of iron that the body absorbs. 2. Anti-cancer benefits It is very evident that cancer kills, but what isn’t commonly known is that donating blood can significantly help reduce the possibility of cancer. Similar to hemochromatosis, cancer is highly linked to an overabundance of iron in the blood. For regular blood donors, the amount of iron in the body can be controlled by donating regularly. This means that when you take out a significant amount of iron from your body, you take out the ways for the cancer to spread and metastasis. 3. Weight loss For a more indirect way to lose weight, a person can opt to donate blood regularly (every 3 months). Blood donation burns about 650 calories. But it is not advisable to rely solely on blood donation to lose weight. Partner regular blood donation with diet and exercise for better results. 4. New red blood cells The body’s natural response to blood loss is to make more. It has to compensate and “refill” itself. Regular blood donation will lead the body to replenish the lost blood. It stimulates the bone marrow to work and produce healthier red blood cells. These are just a few of the benefits of blood donation. So why hesitate? Go for it! Save a life while making yourself healthier! If you are interested in becoming a blood donor, ManilaMed is a hospital that would gladly assist you to do so. They conduct various tests and examinations that would determine your blood type, and your eligibility to donate. Visit their site at for more details.
Wednesday, January 4, 2012 Adult Attachment Disorders: Dismissive Child: Anxious Avoidant attachment. Adult: Dismissive Attachment As infants and young children, they usually grew up in environments where their parents were not able to provide them with consistent and reliable emotional support, although their functional needs were met (ex. food, lothing, educational opportunities...). They grew up in an emotional void. They learned how to shut down thier needs for care and comfort by focusing on play and exploration (ex. sports, school, music, working...) because it was too distressing to keep reaching out and not receive the love and support they needed. They were praised for their competence. As adults they cope with distress by fending for themselves, focusing on achievement, shutting off dependency needs and just carrying on. They tend to be loners, regarding relationships and emotions as being relatively unimportant. Their typical response to interpersonal conflict and stressful situations is to avoid them by distancing themselves (or organizing them). They have a difficult time with letting people in; they do not trust that others will really be there for them when they need them. It is comforting/ soothing for them to be by themselves. Their lives are not balanced: they are inward and isolated, and emotionally removed from themselves and others. They desire a high level of independence, which often appears as an attempt to avoid attachment altogether. They view themselves as self-sufficient and invulnerable to the feelings associated with being closely attached to others. They often deny needing close relationships and seek less intimacy. They deal with rejection by distancing themselves from the sources of rejection. Obviously this means I have serious difficulties in my relationship with my RAD kids who reject me constantly! People with a dismissive style select relationships and lifestyles that prioritize work, achievement and intellect over intimacy. Relationships with friends, parents, spouse and children are important to them, but family and friends may complain they don't feel that important to dismissing individuals. This is because dismissing individuals value thier individual strengths and abilities to solve problems over emotional connections in relationships. They are often highly successful because they can focus on problem solving and disregard the emotional aspects of the situation. On the whole they seem to be strong, confident, capable people who have very little emotional distress. Negative emotions are considered private and sometimes seen as unimportant or unnecessary, or as interfering with the problem-solving process. As a result, these emotions are often pushed aside and the individual is no longer aware of them fully. This creates a dilemma about becoming more connected emotionally to themselves and other people: to do so, they may have to first deal with their own underlying feelings of insecurity, rejection, unworthiness, sadness and anxiety before they can be available to themselves and others. This is the diagnosis I received after I was tested during Bear's recent intense neuropsych eval. It does not come from dealing with my children's issues (although that has aggravated it); it comes from my childhood. I believe this diagnosis probably describes my father, and while my mom is an amazing woman, her bipolar disorder was not diagnosed and treated until I was in high school. I always knew I had attachment issues. This diagnosis surprised me though. I just assumed my attachment problem was more about trust issues, particularly with men. When we were dating, Hubby put up with a lot, and just wouldn't go away no matter how hard I tried to push him away. Turns out he has a combination of Dismissive and Secure Attachment. One reason I felt comfortable adopting teens, was I assumed Hubby would be able to hang in there like he did with me, and that I would have empathy and be able to emulate what Hubby did to help me. I do have lots of empathy for the kids. This attachment issue does help me to approach discipline less emotionally. It is NOT helping me deal with Bear's attachment issues though. Instead I'm struggling to try to force myself to continue to connect with him. Most of the time, I just want to walk away from him. In the letter written to me by the person that did Bear's neuropsych eval. She stated I was an excellent case manager for Bear, but I need to work on the emotional connection. We're still filling out a daily questionnaire, and one of the questions is, "How close to Bear did you feel today?" Every single day it feels wrong to answer, "Not at all" so sometimes I answer "Slightly" even though it's rarely true. I can't wait until we're done with this assessment. Anonymous said... Thank you so much for your vulnerability in this matter. It has recently been suggested to me that my husband has Adult Attachment Disorder: Dismissive as well. We have been married for over 9 years, have 2 little boys (age 7 and 4) and he recently abandoned us. Everything you shared, describes him to a T. I don't doubt that he has this disorder--he was abandoned by his father at a young age and then abandoned again by his mother just before his senior year of high school. I'm writing because I'm desperate for our marriage to be restored. He cheated on me and literally RAN away and moved to another state. He has completely turned himself "off" as far as our relationship and past are concerned. I always thought we were so happy, but now, in hindsight, I realize how detached he really was. All he seems to want to do is push me and the boys away and forget about us. Would you have any advice on how I should handle our interactions going forward based on this disorder? I know your not a professional, but you may understand better than anyone I know because you have the same "disorder". thank you so much for your time. marythemom said... Here's some information I found on Adult attachment disorders. I'd also look at some techniques for dealing with someone who has Borderline Personality Disorder like Stop Walking on Eggshells or Asperger's Syndrome like Asperger Syndrome and Long-Term Relationships. I know that's not exactly what he has, but it does give some practical advice. If I knew of something with great advice I'd be buying it too. Wish I could be more help. You're not the only person who asked my advice on this, but I don't have an answer. Adult Attachment Adult Attachment Disorder Cognitive Therapy with Attachment Challenged Adults by Margaret Meinecke, LCSW, CAC III Adult Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications by W. Steven Rholes PhD (Editor), Jeffry A. Simpson PhD Adult Attachment Issues Evergreen Consultants Adult Attachment Problems and Treatment Evergreen Psychotherapy Center Adult Attachment (SAGE Series on Close Relationships) by Judith A. Feeney (Author), Patricia Noller Attachment Disorder - The "Child's" Point Of View by Kathy Gordon - from the ADSG Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies Klaus E. Grossmann PhD (Editor), Karin Grossmann PhD (Editor), Everett Waters PhD (Editor) Attachment Theory and Research in Clinical Work with Adults by Joseph H. Obegi PsyD (Editor), Ety Berant PhD (Editor) Attachments: Why You Love, Feel, and Act the Way You Do by Tim Clinton (Author), Gary Sibcy (Author) Clinical Applications of the Adult Attachment The Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy (DNMS): An Ego State Therapy for Healing Adults with Childhood Trauma and Attachment Wounds by Shirley Jean Schmidt LPC DNMS Developer Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy for Adults and Couples Dr. Arthur Becker-Weidman Interview Howard Steele (Editor), Miriam Steele Intensive Adult Attachment Therapy Institute for Attachment and Child Development Parenting From the Inside Out by Daniel Siegel and Mary Hartzell Marythemom: This book had some exercises in it that helped me access and address my own childhood trauma – which helped me become a better parent to my traumatized children. Patterns of Relating: An Adult Attachment Perspective Malcolm L. West PhD, Adrienne E. Sheldon-Keller PhD Anonymous said... Thank you for your comments on this matter. My son has been researching issues his fiancé has been suffering through and left me a note stating that through his research on his fiancé's issues (problem solver that he is), he feels he has this disorder and wants help to deal with it. At first, I was hurt and wanted to blame myself as a failure as his mother. While I was nurturing mother and bonded with him as a baby, I do have to admit that I probably wasn't the effective nurturer during his and his sister's childhood due to his father's substance abuse addiction. I became focused on that- dealing with it, protecting them from it,(I thought) and providing for my children in the disaster of living in that environment until I finally divorced his father when he was 14. I became focused on survival, returning to college to provide for them, and then working non-stop to keep a roof over their heads. That didn't leave much time for them. In this I am saddened at the after effects for them. His sister is OCD, and goes untreated, and now he feels that he has this disorder. Although I can fully see this in reflecting, he is self-diagnosing, which is dangerous, I know, and reflecting on how he responds to myself, his sister, and his step-father (who by the way is a very healthy person, but is pushed away by my son at every attempt he does to establish a relationship with him, since we married when he was 16). My son is now 22, working full time, and going to school but very distant. On the outside, looking in, a very good guy and very responsible. He wants help and said he doesn't want to continue this way...pushing me and my husband, his sister and soon-to-be wife away, like he does, by his problem-solving and intellectualizing everything. I am not sure which direction to send him - a psychologist, psychiatrist or Licensed Counselor...any thoughts would be appreciated. Not certain how this is treated and he is very anti-medication. Also, what part can we play as a family in helping him? Thank you for your time! Anonymous said... Before researching your attachment style, there is good evidence that being an introvert actually DOES make a person feel better with one on one personal enounters. Not everyone is an extrovert or even an ambivert, and it's important not to portray any of the expressive styles as abnormal just because the current trend in psychology circles is to favor the extrovert/herd profile over other valid expressions of self. Just sayin'. marythemom said... Anonymous #2 - sorry I somehow missed this comment. Maybe because I don't really know what to say. I do know your son doesn't need a psychiatrist, especially since he's anti-med - that's what they do, prescribe meds. You probably need a counselor who specializes in attachment issues. I like this website to find therapists, because you can search by specialties, insurance, even gender! Anonymous #3 - I'm not sure what you are referring to - most of my family are introverts so I would never portray them as abnormal! Depending on my state of mind, I've scored as an extrovert or right on the line between extrovert and introvert which I guess would be an ambivert. Anonymous said... There seem to be lots of things that WE as the attached react too- but how can people around us help us to not react. I find that my partner delibrately does things to push my buttons- even when I have expressed how the actions will affect me negatively if they happen etc. It is hard to 'heal' if people around you are not helping the cause... Any suggestions?! Anonymous said... My comment I wrote didnt work- We know what sets us off as the ones being 'attached'- but how do we educate those around us to stop doing what sets us off. After years of explaining how actions affect me negatively- my partner still insists of doing them- and then blames me for the reaction- when its been made clear a hundred times why I act in a certain way.. marythemom said... I've found that the book Stop Walking on Eggshells REALLY helps me understand why the people in my life with attachment disorders act the way they do, and more importantly how to handle it. It gives lots of practical advice. (borderline personality disorder and attachment disorders are VERY similar) Anonymous said... Thank you for this. I'm now acknowledging I have this attachment style due to my upbringing and I'm currently working on being more open, while forgiving myself for not being previously. It's a bit difficult currently, as I'm in my first serious relationship (in the respect that I'm present) and tons of repressed stuff is coming up. Mainly, "Why aren't you here with me?" which is a big pill to swallow. Thanks again for sharing and opening the floor. Especially to other women. Ronald said... Hi Mary, Thank you for sharing your assessment and your thoughts regarding your fostering of children. It recently came to light for me that I have a dismissive avoidant attachment. The symptoms I read describe me almost perfectly. I thought I was plain dysfunctional, so it's nice to finally have a label :). My question is this: do you feel tht having this type of disorder has made being a parenting figure difficult? Perhaps even alarming considering the emotional needs you may not be able to give the child? Also, in these 2 years since you wrote this, have you made any improvements on your attachment? marythemom said... Ronald - This is something I worry about, especially with Bob, who tends to be a lot like me - independent and emotionally a little distant, but I believe some of this is also from being a first born child (which Hubby and I are too). I wish I'd known about this a long time ago, because I think I would have been more conscious of being emotionally available to my bio kids. I've been making improvements on my attachment all along (with the help of Hubby). This "label" has just helped me focus a little more on this area. In a lot of ways this has made me a better parent to Kitty and Bear. As they become adults, I watch a lot of my friends struggle with being "overprotective," and being emotionally devastated when their child is being dismissive - especially when that child is being destructive to themselves and others. I feel I'm able to be more objective and more of a "case manager/ coach" which at this point my children need more than a warm, cuddly mom which they can't emotionally connect to anyway.
miércoles, 25 de noviembre de 2009 Researchers develop rapid, easy, and highly sensitive arsenic test with gold nanoparticles The scientists have attached special organic molecules ta the surfaces of gold nanoparticles .These molecules act like ligants for arsenic ,meaning that they form a complex with it.Each arsenic ion can bind to three ligands, which allows it to link together nanoparticles appear red , arsenic-induced aggregation causes the color to change to blue No hay comentarios.:
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines Test \| Final Test - Easy Stanley Karnow Buy the In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. When does another insurgency group form in northern Luzon? (a) 1965. (b) 1958. (c) 1968. (d) 1978. 2. How do some Filipinos feel as Marcos takes total power and crime plummets? (a) Worried. (b) Unsure. (c) Upset. (d) Pleased. 3. Who does Ninoy take with him for his return flight? (a) The Marcos. (b) Several members of the press. (c) CIA agents. (d) A militia. 4. What does Imelda Marcos do regarding Ninoy? (a) She helps him move to the United States. (b) She pleads with him to postpone his journey. (c) She begs him to return to the Philippines. (d) She promotes him during his presidential campaign. 5. What happens to Ninoy at the airport? (a) He is welcomed by his wife. (b) He is gunned down. (c) He is given a warm welcome. (d) He is driven to his new home. 6. In 1907, what do Osmena and Quezon form? (a) A political alliance and found the Federalista party. (b) A non-profit organization to help disadvantaged youth. (c) A political alliance and the Nacionalista party. (d) An organization to fund education programs. 7. How do Nationalistic insurgent groups see Quezon? (a) As a father figure. (b) As a leader. (c) As a democratic leader. (d) As a tyrant. 8. What does MacArthur do once he divorces his wife? (a) He marries a Filipino woman. (b) He becomes a priest. (c) He takes a Filipino mistress. (d) He vows to never marry again. 9. How does Colonel Douglas MacArthur distinguish himself in the waning years of World War I? (a) With his courage, prowess, and brashness under fire. (b) With his wealth, intelligence, and brashness under fire. (c) With his prowess, hatred, and intelligence under fire. (d) With his courage, arrogance, and negilence under fire. 10. From where did Douglas MacArthur graduate? (a) Yale. (b) The Naval Academy. (c) Harvard. (d) West Point. 11. Quezon shows himself to be what kind of politician? (a) A radical one. (b) A practical one. (c) An uncertain one. (d) A quiet one. 12. What has the intelligence community worried? (a) The country might grow in wealth and power and overshadow the United States. (b) The country might grow stronger and become more powerful than the United States. (c) The country might collapse, with the Socialist insurgency filling the vacuum. (d) The country might collapse, with the Communist insurgency filling the vacuum. 13. Who does MacArthur support while turning away his old friend Osmena? (a) Manuel Ortega. (b) Manual Roxas. (c) Jimmie Vitae. (d) Luis Varga. 14. How does Marcos seize on local unrest in 1971? (a) By purposely escalating the situation with "fake" incidents in order to declare martial law. (b) By purposely promoting criminal activity. (c) By purposely straining the Philippine relationship with the United States. (d) By purposely send false information to the press. 15. What does Taft believe will only hurt trade between the U.S. and the Philippines? (a) Putting Quezon in power. (b) Philippine independence. (c) Putting Osmena in power. (d) Keeping the Philippines as a colony. Short Answer Questions 1. Who do the Japanese instill as bogus Filipino president? 2. What are the Filipinos very good at mimicking? 3. Why does Marcos leave a relationship (where he had produced four out of wedlock children) to marry Imelda Visitacion? 4. Why is the investigation where Pearl Harbor commanders are punished short lived? 5. What does the American intelligence community decide about Quirino? (see the answer keys) This section contains 573 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines from BookRags. (c)2017 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook
A Self-Funding method to “Reverse” Global Warming November 27, 2008 A Self-Funding method to “Reverse” Global Warming ~James Dunn A Self-Funding method for Weather Control, while providing Abundant Clean Energy to replace ALL fossil fuels Without a clean interactive “tool” for control of global temperatures, we are relying upon the unstable nature of our environment to continue to mend itself, regardless of our abusive actions. In addition to our own actions, history has shown that nature often has global extinction events. There are many natural generators of greenhouse gases. If the methane permafrost melts, billions of people may die from reduced global agricultural harvests, aggravated by unstable plant pathogens caused from reduced plant and animal diversity. Currently over 6 million people die of starvation annually; this number will only increase. Those people in positions of influence who do not act now to save those peoples’ lives, are directly responsible for their deaths. Oil Company Revenues – A necessary transition Oil is a fixed commodity. The revenue generated by oil can be extended from a 100 year supply to a 1,000 year (or more) supply; if it is used to make products instead of fuel. Of course with reduced production, the price per barrel would increase, but delivery costs are reduced because supertanker ships need not be built. So the cost of plastics, antifreeze, and lubricants would increase due to the restricted supply. Cost per barrel of oil being a balance between shipping cost savings and supply/demand of the products produced using fossil fuel. Regardless, this seems an attractive trade-off for a green economy. Especially when the cost of electric utilities plummet and the cost of hydrogen correspondingly plummets. As for comparative costs: * How much does it cost to build AND maintain a supertanker? * How much does it cost to continually develop new oil resources? * How much does bad press cost? Additionally, by having the Oil Companies fund a Global Energy System, the free and multimillion year supply of solar energy provides incomes that can not be generated by fossil fuels. For instance, even with oil at $50 a barrel, it was not economically feasible to develop the Northern parts of Canada, the Sahara, or event the US Southwest. The low energy density of oil coupled with shipping costs has made living in remote locations impractical. Because of the broadly distributed nature of space-based solar collectors, the cost of fuel anyplace in the world is virtually the same. New technology based populations can be developed in the most remote places on Earth. The Earth can easily support 100 billion people if there is sufficient energy resources. So Oil Companies would be selling power to 100 billion people, instead of the current 6.7 billion people. There are other significant sources of related revenue as well. That’s an estimated increase of 15 times the current energy usage; 17 times the current net revenues (more energy users, higher cost per barrel of oil, lower oil infrastructure costs, …). Ecologically Sound Solution The problems with most solutions proposed for controlling Global Warming are: * the expense and the requirement for on-going funding * high risk of damage to the environment * ineffective nature of proposal * narrow focus of proposal, not allowing for collateral and beneficial enterprise to develop * foreseeable health hazards * inability to attain multilateral support of all nations We must initiate a comprehensive process that not only addresses the symptoms of Global Warming, but also addresses the core causes; including those causes that are “naturally” produced. Space-based Solar Concentration Facilities Establish a space based solar energy collection and conversion system to generate an excess of abundant clean energy for the world. Real Estate is free in space and is unencumbered by political boundaries. This system would minimize (if not eliminate) the need for fossil fuels by using solar energy to generate cheap hydrogen to power fuel cells and engines. Petroleum would be produced for plastics and other products, extending petroleum industry survival for several hundred years. Providing cheap electrical energy to the world allows for hydrogen and water to be extracted locally anywhere on the planet: A current self-contained system in use to produce electricity from the Sun: Increasing outputs through solar concentrators: Building a Weather Control System: Method for controlling mirror rotation: Collateral Business Developments Use the sale of power to fund the Space Elevator, thus reducing the cost of shipping and transportation to/from orbit to 10% of current costs; thus making access to space available to virtually anyone. A side benefit will be the many start-up industries that capitalize on the mass production of carbon nanotubes. Vehicle strengths can increase hundreds of times over present vehicles while weighing significantly less. Vehicles can potentially impact at up to 20 mph without any significant damage. Mountain climbing ropes can be reduced in size to the size of a string and be stronger than present ropes; allowing for lighter pack loads and longer ropes. A 1200 pound Harley Davidson motorcycle could be made to weigh less than 200 pounds; while being considerably stronger and more powerful. Commercial airliners could have ballistic parachutes which automatically deploy to save the lives of passengers. Buildings can be produced which can withstand the strongest of earthquakes. Skyscrapers a thousand stories tall. Diamond cable saws capable of cutting up asteroids for mining. Earth boring machine cutting heads that are much stronger, more efficient, lighter, and more versatile. Allowing for subterranean habitat development; here on Earth, the Moon, Mars, large asteroids, and other planets and their moons. A woven sheet of nanotubes and bonding agent would line the caverns to provide air tight living spaces. Orbiting and transiting space habitat structures large enough to hold thousands of inhabitants including their systems for being self-sufficient. Computer and cell phone cases that are virtually indestructible; yet lighter than anything we currently have: Develop space-based industry to further technological developments and provide greater employment through economic growth: Create a low-cost fuel free orbiting service vehicle to provide for orbiting commercial laboratories, service vehicles for orbiting instrumentation and equipment, habitats, tow vehicles, Earth to Moon transports, repair platforms, … Systematically cleanup orbiting space debris and force nations to be accountable for contributing to space debris: Building a global Weather Control System Establish a global Weather Control System (WCS) to Reverse and provide active control over Global Warming and rebuild the glaciers, ensure the methane permafrost remains intact, control the ash laden winds in the vicinity of erupting volcanoes, manage predictable rainfall for agriculture, control wind direction and rainfall for forest fires, eliminate severe weather and the resulting damage, promote responsible ecological controls, … The world revenue spent and lost outside of intent because of weather phenomena approaches 1 Trillion dollars annually. The total weather control system is a fraction of this cost and can be funded through the sale of power and fractional royalties from space based industry developments. Looking to the Future Through a series of technological processes we can quickly transition from a species dependent upon our natural environment, to a species that becomes a responsible part of our environment, and this system provides the means to support the ever growing human populations. While taking an active part in preserving our ecology and ensuring our grandchildren will experience the richly diverse life we presently enjoy; and perhaps a world with greater diversity and wonders not yet imagined. In 1776 there were less than 700 million people worldwide. The second of two people living to be 100 years old would have seen 1976 and a population of over 3,000 million (3 billion) people; a growth of 4.3 times as many people in 2 peoples lifetimes. Presently, there are over 6.7 billion people; the world population has doubled in less than 30 years. We can fully expect there to be at least 35 billion people by 2076. Medicine and food supply technologies improve, people naturally live longer, what will life be like unless we provide a habitat, interesting employment, and business opportunities? Currently, China uses people with shovels and rakes to process their sewage, because labor is so cheap. What will our grandchild’s life be like if we do not push our horizons above that of the Earth? Within just 50 years, it is expected that between 1/3 and 1/2 of all known species of plants and animals will verge upon extinction due to salt water encroachment of coastal wetlands. How do we plan to help maintain our ecological diversity to provide natural food chain stability? Already, corn and potato crops are documented to be at risk worldwide. Over 6 million people currently starve annually; it can be shown that almost 30 million people will starve annually by 2076 unless we act diligently in the present. We must have a comprehensive system that provides for the needs of our small world. Allowing us to have more, not less. Allowing our population to grow; responsibly. Initiate a comprehensive self-funded system to actively “Reverse” Global Warming, provide for a diverse ecology, provide for economic growth, provide abundant clean power, control extreme weather, and provide for our ever growing world population. To find & email your specific Congressmen and Senators: * Your State’s Congressmen * Your States’ Senators To email Congressman all across the United States: To talk directly with the staff of your representatives: (202) 225-3121 for the House (202) 224-3121 for the Senate Global Warming can be controlled by promoting small temperature changes and Abundant Clean Energy can be harvested at the same time… A practical system to “Reverse” Global Warming needs your support: * http://blog.360.yahoo.com/jamesbdunn?p=224 Ethically Eliminate ALL Political Corruption: * http://blog.360.yahoo.com/jamesbdunn?p=57 Add this information to your email ‘signature’ Other related websites: Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Military Action and Peruvian Racism The discrimination seen in Peru today can be linked directly to the violence and terror that controlled the last twenty years of the 20th century; however, the problem is rooted deeply in the colonial history of Peru. While the military action was against the uprisings and terrorism of the movements like the revolution of Tupac Amaru and el Sendero Luminoso, the attacks to calm these groups increasingly relied on race distinctions and stereotypes, perpetuating a society of racism. Before the internal conflict began there was a long standing discrimination against the indigenous peoples and the poor that pushed people to create communist parties to fight for the rights of the people as the documentary, the State of Fear hints at. The indigenous people weren’t given the access to equal education, healthcare, legal systems, civil liberties, economic advances that other people had access to. This keep them poor and as if they were second class citizens. This type of discrimination feed into a local construct of racial discrimination, that you were poor and a lower class citizen as a result of your race, something that the “Choleando” documentary tries to explore. As terrorism against the government began it made sense for the government to retaliate in order to protect and uphold whatever democratic processes in Peru (as the first attack was against a voting site during one of the first elections) in order to prevent the state entering a state of anarchy. However, very quickly, the situation escalated and the government suspend civil rights. The State of Fear discussed events like military and martial law under Fujimori, and Terry suspended constitutional rights. Essentially, the people of Peru gave up their right for a democracy for security from an internal terrorist threat. Without these government protections the government and the military had a free card to violate human rights against whomever in as brutal a manner as they wanted. Soon the government was relying on stereotypes and long enduring racism in the country to detain and or kill any of the 69 thousand Peruvians that died or disappeared (CVR). Since many of the uprisings began in the rural villages where many of the indigenous people lived, the government came to the very basic and simplified decisions that all indigenous people were worthy of the violence to eradicate the leftist movement. “Of every four victims of the violence, three were peasants or farmers whose mother tongue was quechua, a large sector of the population historically ignored – even occasionally despised – by the State and urban society.”(CVR) The society of non-integration(CVR), the society of Lima vs the rural areas(NY Times), the society of first class citizen vs second class citizen (class discussion) created a breeding ground to commit these human rights atrocities on the indigenous peoples. The inequality rationalized the violence. It made it acceptable. The “hunt” for the terrorists, who only wanted the government to notice and improve the lives of their people, soon became a cover to install fear, to destroy and to repress a group of the population that the government had continually ignored throughout history. The racism and discrimination of Peru during that time was so large scaled, government endorsed, and violent that it will take a long time for healing. That type of discrimination is instilled in the mindset and ways. For example, the child discussed in the NY Times article and the situation discussed in the National Geographic article still hint at a racism instilled with neglect and stereotypes respectively. Both of which were largely impacted the turn of events in the 80’s and 90’s of Peru. Granted the violence is not there now, many of the attitudes still exist. I like to think that people realized that violence and the mass killings are not an appropriate way to handle to a situation and race, but thats just me. Discurso de Presentación del Informe Final de La CVR (CVR) NATO’s Rock Solid Commitment to Article 5 Article 5 The Washington Treaty* Recently, NATO published that its commitment to Article 5 is rock solid. I find this somewhat debatable. Look at the list of members. There are countries that don’t get along. Take Greece and Turkey for example. Turkey doesn’t even acknowledge the water space of Greece and claims Crete as Turkish land, when Greece owns it. When most people, especially Americans, think of Article 5 and what NATO means our minds jump to the conclusion that all of NATO would go to war against the country that invaded the member country. Not so. The clause states that is the obligation of each member state to help the invaded country in any manner they deem appropriate. That means anything from sending an email about how sorry such and such country is about the invasion to sending the entire military to aid. Looking at the Turkey/ Greece issue, how would they react to an invasion of one of each other? Would they send military aid, money, or a letter?? What happens when Russia invades/attacks Estonia or Albania or Poland? Who is going to support rock solidly a small nation? They would be lucky to receive any thing more than money or help in training for combat. What if military equipment was given? Two tanks… How helpful. I hardly call that a strong commitment to Article 5. Secondly, what are we classifying as an attack or invasion on a member country. Remember, when Russia attacked Estonia’s cyber system in 2007? That was clear attack on Estonia. Did NATO step in? No. There was no clear evidence to suggest an attack by Russia. If NATO doesn’t see the importance of the country or the strategic benefit of aiding, will NATO even declare an attack has been made?? So, NATO, How rock solid is your commitment to Article 5? Behind Every Idea is an Economic Issue As a former Economics major, when I look at certain policies proposed and platforms issued for humanitarian aid groups, I am constantly looking at the economic side of the idea. Every action that you will want to take will have a side affect in the economy, and sometimes (most likely) it will be against a group/idea that they claim to support. Many organizations look for ways that governments can redirect spending to aid those in need around the world. I think we can all agree that the ideas laid down in the UN Millennium Development Goals would be a significant project to complete; however, it is not feasible from an economic standpoint. There must be losers and winners. (Even in communism and fascism there are losers and winners despite the philosophies striving for equality and the end to using people as a means for the ends.) There are reasons that certain economic principles are in place. For example the subsidies that U.S cotton farmers receive. Yes, that money could be used for some amazing utilitarian project. But let me ask, What happens to these farmers and the U.S. market when we take those subsidies away??? Basic econ lesson: Subsidies are usually but in place because a good that country A produces can be produce cheaper in Country B, whether that be to tariffs, access to raw material, ect. If country A wants to protect the makers of the good, they let the sellers sell their commodity at the World Price for a loss. That is where the subsidy comes in: to make up for the difference. If the U.S were to redirect this money or even a portion of this money for helping the poor of another nation, then the U.S. has to deal with thousands of farmers who have lost their livelihood and can’t afford to contribute to the economy, which only causes a downward spiral.(One’s spending is another’s income.) The U.S. would then be stuck trying deal with increased poverty rates and the adverse side affects that go along with it within their own borders. And a country has a duty to protect its citizens first before helping those of another country. It is why we willingly go along with rules and regulations because we hope that government will protect us and our rights and security. Are Borders Immoral No, state borders are not immoral. Borders define a country’s domain, where the authority of the leaders stretches to. What happens inside the borders may be immoral, but not the borders themselves. Borders help people to identify with others like themselves, with people who share the same culture, beliefs, and language. They promote nationalism and patriotism. People are loyal to their country (defined by borders) and the government that rules within the borders. And as MacIntyre states patriotism keeps us dedicated to a society and in line, morally. We don’t go off into a State of Nature and do what we like to protect ourselves. Borders define an area that we are loyal to and thus, want to work to promote the best for that nation as well as an area that should protect our rights and freedoms. Borders can appear to be immoral on the surface by being closed to immigrants. However, now-a-days states don’t just close off borders for the sake of having a closed nation. A state decides to turn away, deport, limit the number of immigrants because they threaten the system, not because the immigrants are violent, but because there are too many of them or they don’t appear to be contributors to society. The immigrants get in the way of the state trying to protect and provide for their own citizens. It would be immoral to not respect the rights of the citizens. Greece has this problem as it is seen as the door to the EU from the Middle East and Northern Africa. Greece is flooded by refugees, mainly, who don’t contribute to the economy. Especially, with the recent economic situation in Greece that doesn’t appear to be bettering, Greece can’t afford the immigrants. The culture in Greece is very open and their policies reflect that as the immigrants can have access to the social programs offered; but, with the increase in the number of immigrants the little money devoted for welfare programs doesn’t go as far and Greek citizens are being deprived of the rights that their government promised them. This is exactly the welfare problem that Abizadeh discusses. Another example of one of the liberal arguments for closed borders Abizadeh presents is the protection of culture with immigration. This can been seen better in Brussels, Belgium, where the population is significantly from the middle east, where the culture is very different from the Dutch/French mixed culture in Belgium. In some areas, there can’t not be bakeries because they don’t coincide with the Middle Eastern cultural food laws. It makes sense for the Belgian government to limit immigrants because they are destroying the native culture. Global Poverty and Distributing Aid Combating global poverty has long been a concern for individuals. More recently non-state and state actors have entered the field. They have recognized that by helping other nations and their people live better lives the relations in the International world can proceed more smoothly. States in which the population is taken care of will bring more prosperity to the nation as a whole, as more people are able to work and consume, and provide security Internationally. However, problems develop with how to go about reducing global poverty. Two main paths have developed: the utilitarian and deontological arguments. The utilitarian argument proposes that the if one can give away some of their resources to the worse off then they can provide help to the greatest number of people. The deontological side argues that the rights of people should be respected and fixed without concern to the overall utility. Solving the global poverty issue is two-fold. Yes, we should help those who are considered to be members of the global poor by any means necessary, whether that be donating money to the Red Cross, buying products that support movements, doing field work, etc. The second part, however, is that of addressing the problems that cause these global injustices. This way resources can be reserved, and in the long term there will be less need to intervene to fix issues. Thus, in a way solving this issue relies on both the utilitarian and deontological arguments as we should work pass the threshold of poverty but we should also work past it by addressing institutional issues. Look at health programs such as the guinea worm program headed up by the Carter Center. They don’t just cure people with the disease, the volunteers work to create clean water sources and educate people about the spread of the disease to prevent new cases from developing and returning. This is the only way to successfully eradicate the disease and improve people’s lives. If this approach works for health issues, then it can be applied to other issues such as creating stable environments for people to have work and access to education. Justice in Feminism The feminist position on justice begins at the foundation and beginning of the concept of justice, that all human beings deserve protection of their natural right to freedom and protection of property in private and public life. However, they reject Rawls influential Theory of Justice on the grounds that his idea of brining social equality to all by removing yourself from your self-interests and positions under the veil of ignorance when making social contracts did not apply in the home. Thus, women were not given equality in the private sphere of society. Most feminists reject communitarianism because it places too much emphasis on the importance of protecting cultural heritage; and, many restricting obligations and traditions for women are rooted in their cultures. By distancing themselves from communitarianism, feminists can free women from cultural bonds. Feminists want to see women of all classes and racial backgrounds treated equally with men in all aspects of life. The Sjoberg “Agency, Militarized Femininity, and Enemy Others” article tries to point out why this is so important. The women who joined the military have been twisted to represent something else besides the equal female. In doing so women and in particular a feminine personality have been portrayed to be unable to fight in combat. They have to adapt to a masculine characterization to survive in the case of how the three women at Abu Ghraib (who tortured Iraqi men POWS) are described, if they don’t then they need rescuing like Jessica Lynch (who was said to be have gone down in combat and taken as a prisoner). This goes against the movement because the women are still not treated as equals because society and the military have to rationalize what happened by rejecting feminine strength. European Union Voting and Why it’s Important The European Union is a continually changing peace project in Europe. As it has out grown its original purpose of preventing war between France and Germany, the Union has had to discover and adapt to its new purpose. Habermas argues, as part of his critical theory view, that how the EU evolves is by increasing citizen participation within the EU because the people’s involvement increases the legitimacy of the state’s authority. In 2007 the European Union signed the Lisbon Treaty after realizing that voter participation was very low and was continuing to decrease. Many citizens felt that the EU was a distant, irrelevant government that tried to dictate rules from Brussels. The Lisbon Treaty (which came into affect in 2009) would increase democratic principles in the EU and allow greater opportunity for participation. Some examples would be the Citizen Initiative (1 million EU citizens sign a petition for proposing a law to the Commission), increasing Parliament’s powers, having laws passed by national parliaments, etc. The MEPs and Commissioners knew that the EU would lose relevance and authority if the citizens did not feel connected to their government at the national and supranational levels. Voter participation was 43% in the 2009 election. So, how is the government to reflect the people when less than half of the EU population is politically active? The hopes of the increase in democratic participation with the passing of the Lisbon Treaty would give the institution more respect as it would be reflecting the citizens wants better. However, 2014 Parliamentary Election (the first elections since the Lisbon Treaty came into force) voter turnout was only 42.54% with some newer MS with only 13% turnout like Slovakia. With these results did the Lisbon Treaty fail in its job to involve citizens or are they just slow to come around to these big changes? Patriotism or Culture:Where does Morality Come From?? In the International scene morality is just not a philosophical idea that is put forth to make one’s self feel better. It is a way to justify actions and prevent world atrocities. But how do we develop a sense of morality. Is it inherent like Morgenthau believes or do we learn from the societies we live in and the relationships we develop? While arguing for their different schools of thought McIntyre and Kant explore this idea of where morality developed. For starters McIntyre is a Communitarian while Kant is a Cosmopolitan; therefore, they are coming from a different political ideology background to discuss world morality. Both do pull from a liberal idea of the State of Nature that Hobbes puts forth. Kant states that each nation is like an individual in a state of nature protecting their interests in anyway possible (The nation’s full focus is on war to do so.) To stop this war mindset in the International World, each nation must come together in a federation (social contract) to protect each other’s security and rights. McIntyre pulls from the idea that we move out of state of nature into a social contract, but within our own nations as individual men. For him, unlike Kant, what drives us to stay in a social contract within our own nations is Patriotism. However it is this dedication to our own country, culture, language, etc. that holds us back from entering into a world social contract. Both also focus on a desired morality that keeps us within our social contract (whether its at the state level or International level). McIntyre believes our patriotism cultivates a system of morality, but Kant states that it is culture that morality comes from. I don’t believe that McIntyre’s counterargument of Cosmopolitanism is a thorough as Kant’s argument for it. McIntyre will only pull out the information that will work well to prove his point of Communitarianism. He doesn’t go into every little detail and give multiple examples to explain his counterargument, while Kant does do this. State of Trying Using the ideas of Thomas Hobbes as a reference point, Hedley Bull in his article “Society and Anarchy in International Relations” tries to explain how individual states work together in an international community/society. The feeling I got from the reading was that you can essentially treat each state as an individual within the community, being the international community. We are in a “sate of nature” because there is no government/organization that sets out laws, norms, morals to protect our natural rights and freedoms. Each state-“individual” must defend their life, liberty, and property in any way they see fit in order to survive. If we were to look more closely at the principles of Thomas Moore, man is moved by passions and people are cunning and crafting. To put in the context of the reading that states can be the so-called individual then states are moved by passions and are cunning. They have a fear of being dominated and a desire to dominate and thus deceive other states and don’t trust the political words of others. There would constantly be fighting and war and life would be indeed be “nasty, poor, solitary, brutish, short.” I see that nations are trying to come together in this so-called international state of nature. There are international institutions like the EU, UN, ICC, alliance of South Asian states. But I will note these countries come together because they have shared sense of regional community or values. The sate of nature which develops into a sate of war is not as present because the nations understand that war will not solve their issues, and only damage themselves in the process. (That was the point of the EU to prevent war between France and Germany, and hasn’t that been successful? There has been no continental war since WWII.) But even within these “social contracts” like the EU, there are state of nature issues. While the states have a general norms background, they have different interests. Sometimes these interests get in the way of the rules of law and morality set out by the laws of the EU. The nation doesn’t want to comply because it doesn’t want to give up its sovereignty to the international society. Take the ICC. They are having problems arresting/detaining those involved in the situation in the DRC because certain member states and non-members don’t turn in the suspects because they have personal interests with the suspect’s political party or country. International Ethics Should not be a Game of National Me, Myself, and I In my view, international politics was developed as a way for a nation/country/city-state, to further their economic well-being. The Phoenicians needed to be on good terms with the Egyptians to get papyrus, the Italians needed to work with the Mongols to trade along the Silk Road, and the Dutch needed to have relations to trade with the Japanese. The only way for these relationships to work out there needed to be a discussion of polices and agreements internationally, thus international politics. Today, international politics ranges over a various number of topics not just economics. The latest to be added to this list is Human Rights. Obviously, this topic is directly based off of the principle of ethics and morals, individually, societally, and politically. When organizations, committees, projects are set up, the values it will protect and how they will be protected are determined by the norms of those actors who developed this organization. Let’s look at the EU Parliamentary Subcommittee for Human Rights. As an institution of the EU, this subcommittee follows the norms of the EU member countries. The European nations have similar values because they have conquered each, exchanged philosophes, artists, and royal families for decades. Determining how to fix an issue or choose which one to focus on is not a big issue. Yes, individual interests will get in the way and individual political thoughts will make discussions heated. That’s normal and expected for the idea of politics in general. However, look at the Council of Europe (CoE), an international institution for the protection of Human Rights world-wide. Technically, members can only be of the European Continent, but that includes Russia and Turkey (and as we know they have been up to no good lately). CoE has world-wide partner and observer states that contribute financially to missions and can attend intergovernmental meetings. To be a member, partner, or observer the state must commit to a set of “ethical ideas” and “entrench them in core political, social, and economic institutions… all levels must be upheld, and be delimited by a commitment to the values” an idea tha David Held writes in his “Towards a Global Covenant: Global Social Democracy” article. For the CoE these values are associated with democracies and countries transitions to democracies. The CoE is trying to spread the ideas of Human Rights in a democratic point of view, the same that Held discusses in his idea of global social democracy. The problem arises when these countries come from different historical backgrounds, which influence their values and ideas of human rights. Take Turkey for example. It is a member of the CoE, but it doesn’t come from a common, shared ethical European norm past. It has been historical a Muslim controlled nation. It may not put the same value on a topic that its fellow members do. Also, Turkey causes direct human right violations vis-a vis Greece: not recognizing its water spaces, sending over illegal immigrants, creating violence in Greek owned Cyprus (which the Turks don’t recognize as Greek). They blatantly disregard the values they say they hold for personal political advancement. This characterizes International Politics in general. Countries will say they will do such and such, but they don’t hold up their end. Interests drive international politics in a negative manner. Its all me, me, me. Another example, the U.S. will never be a partner of CoE because of American interests. The U.S. will not revoke the death penalty, but is willing to follow all the other norms, and expects to be allowed to be a partner member. You can’t just ignore part of the value system and call yourself a member. It decreases your legitimacy as a nation as a whole and as an up holder of protecting Human Right norms.
11 Of The World’s Most Amazing Bridges A bridge is defined as “a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle”. The fact that the definition itself talks about overcoming obstacles makes the bridge one of the most inspiring and grand achievements of human ingenuity. Bridges are diverse and amazing and can be used for many purposes. From the dawn of time, the bridge has been one of the cornerstones of the importance of architecture in civilization, and today here at Kenny Slaught’s Blog, we bring you 11 of the world’s more iconic bridges. The Golden Gate Bridge – San Francisco, USA Until the 1960’s, The Golden Gate Bridge held both world records as the tallest and the longest bridge ever built. The bridge is extremely iconic, probably one of the most popular man-made structures in the world. You’d be hard-pressed to find someone who doesn’t recognize its massive orange shape against the San Francisco backdrop. About 110,000 people travel on this bridge daily. Ponte Vecchio – Florence, Italy The name means “Old Bridge” in Italian. This beautiful classic bridge is the only World War II survivor of its kind in the city of Florence. The bridge follows the old tradition of structures that weren’t used just to help people get across, but that also houses a number of shops. Years ago, the bridge was mostly occupied by meat shops, but today you may find artists, jewelers and different artisans showcasing their wares. Magdeburg Water Bridge – Magdeburg, Germany The largest canal underbridge in Europe connects Berlin’s inland harbor network with the ports along the Rhine River. This massive aqueduct is pretty much a bridge for large boats, saving a lot of time and money by creating a direct route and used to require a long detour and a lift into the river itself. Sydney Harbour Bridge – Sydney, Australia This bridge is a steel arch bridge that goes across Sydney Harbour and carries rail, vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district and the North Shore. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the world’s sixth longest spanning-arch bridge and until 2012, it was the widest long-span bridge in the world as well. Scale Lane Footbridge – Hull, England This amazing feat of architecture and engineering is unlike any other structure ever built. The bridge swings open and close to allow for traffic to cross the river. The curved black-steel structure is a popular destination for tourist and it even has a restaurant located at the base of the rotating bridge. Millau Viaduct – Millau, France With a maximum height of 1,125 feet above the base of the structure, this is the tallest bridge in the whole world. British architect Norman Foster designed the bridge and it is so tall that it can be seen above the clouds if the weather conditions are right. The structure is world renowned as one of the greatest architectural achievements of all times. Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge – Kobe/Honshu, Japan This bridge crosses the Akashi Strait as part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway. Measuring 1.2 miles, this bridge has the longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world. Due to its geographical location, the bridge also has to be resistant to earthquakes, extremely high winds and strong currents that push against its towers constantly. State Route 520 Floating Bridge – Seattle, USA The world’s longest floating bridge became even longer at the beginning of this year when it was remodeled after a 5-year project to expand the already massive structure. The 7,710-foot-long bridge is also known as the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge and it carries Washington State Route 520 across Lake Washington from Seattle to its eastern suburbs. Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas – Bordeaux, France This bridge is the longest vertical-lift bridge in Europe with a length of 2,200 feet. The structure is composed of four huge pylons able to lift 252 feet to allow for water traffic. The four pylons also signal, using colored lights, the high and low tide. President Francois Hollande and Alain Juppé, mayor of Bordeaux, inaugurated the bridge on 16 March of 2013. Nanpu Bridge – Shanghai, China Image courtesy of dove lee at Flickr.com This cable-stayed bridge was designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute, Shanghai Urban Construction College, and Shanghai Urban Construction Design Institute, in collaboration with Holger S. Svensson. The part that doesn’t cross the bridge is probably the most impressive portion of the structure, as it spirals four miles until it reaches the height of the bridge crossing and sends cars across the river. Tower Bridge – London, UK Another iconic structure easily identified by almost anyone. This suspension and bascule bridge feature two 200-feet towers with a central lift that can rise to allow for water traffic. The bridge opened in 1894 and it has access for vehicles as well as pedestrian crossing. Image courtesy of Neil Howard at Flickr.com Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Economy of the United States: - Essay Example Only on StudentShare Extract of sample Economy of the United States: The economic system of the United States can be described as a capitalist free market-oriented mixed economy, in which corporations and other private firms make the majority of microeconomic decisions and governments prefer to take smaller role in the domestic economy, although the United States' government's role is relatively large, at 38% of the GDP.1 The largest sector in regards to the United States' economy is service, which employs roughly three quarters of the work force; the economy is fueled by an abundance of natural resources, such as coal, petroleum and precious metals, however, the country still depends upon foreign nations for large amounts of resources, such as petroleum. The economy of the United States is one of great discussion and significance, and in order to come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding on this subject matter, all elements and key factors in regards to the U.S. economy must be fully and thoroughly discussed. The aim of this paper is to do this, as well as investigate and moralize the factors in relation to this, in order to reach a more intellectual and critical point of view on the issue at hand. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The United States is often described as a 'capitalist' economy, and although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in ...Show more In each and every economic system, entrepreneurs and managers bring together natural resources, labor, and technology in order to produce and distribute goods and services. But it is the way in which these different elements are organized and used that reflects a nation's political ideals and its culture. Author : edna18 Save Your Time for More Important Things Let us write a custom essay on your topic "Economy of the United States:" with a personal 20% discount. Find out more Related Essays Strang Steel It tells a firm's net income per dollar of sales. The net profit has also been declining over the three years showing that Strang Steel's sales profitability has declined. This could be attributed to the expenses rising steadily over the three years and eating out of the profits. 5 pages (1250 words) Essay Globalization and Boundless Market But unless their products and services are shared and traded, the maximum benefits cannot be attained. Another nation can offset the weakness and deficiency of one nation. In general, their mutual trade provides health to each other's economy. The global economy is represented by the total production of the world's governments considered together. 3 pages (750 words) Essay How does the U.S. Economy affect the global economy? Many United States companies like McDonalds, Unilever, Kentucky Fried Chicken and 7 eleven 24 hours have set up their branches in many major cities around the world.In 2006, "The mighty United States stock market is defying gravity. 3 pages (750 words) Essay Immigration in the United States Essay The process of migrating illegally from one place to the other is known as illegal immigration. Nowadays the topic of illegal immigration has created a lot of debates through out the world. One country which is facing the problem of illegal immigration is the United States of America. 3 pages (750 words) Essay how has sept. 11th effected the economy in the united states This leads to the idea racial profiling being just another form of discrimination with which the American nation is trying to fight. In this paper I will discuss whether their a need for racial profiling and provide 2 pages (500 words) Essay The current state of the economy of the United States ce, U.S businesses, unlike their more rigidly bound counterparts in Europe and Japan, have more room to adjust when taking decisions on crucial matters like capital plant expansions, research and development outlay and additions or reductions to the labor force ( GDP 4 pages (1000 words) Essay How legalizing illegal immigrants would help the economy of the United States While some economists say that the legalization of the immigrants will help the economy, others postulate that legalization of the 5 pages (1250 words) Research Paper The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Economy The perspective of many people towards labor unions is that they have more negative effects than positive effects in economy of US. However, proponents of 10 pages (2500 words) Research Paper Find out how much would it cost Win a special DISCOUNT! Your email
The Three A’s: Autism, Asperger’s and Automobiles – Part 4 (Visualization) Let’s continue with driving scenarios, looking at a mix of visual-motor and cognitive factors requiring visualization, divided attention and flexibility. One might say, the motor under the hood is only as good as the visual-motor guiding it (did I really say that?). I’m fully aware that these are sweeping generalizations we’re making here that involve accepting some basic premises that do not apply to all individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome (AS). A very basic situation requiring you as a driver to read the mind of another driver is a one lane road onto which someone may be backing their car out of her driveway. Drivers vary in their skill to maneuver, so you can’t assume that because someone’s rear lights are on and they’re backing out that they will necessarily proceed with caution. Here’s an example of someone backing out who’s a bit unpredictable: So if I’m coaching a novice driver, I’d advise that when you see someone in a driveway with their backup lights on, slow down and give that driver the courtesy of backing out and entering the roadway before proceeding. That a simple algorithm, and a guideline that someone with AS can catalogue, store, and retrieve readily in real time. Here, in contrast, is a scenario that is more complex. The top image shows the view from the bottom of a slope of a two lane road heading downhill. The driver in the car proceeding in the left lane won’t see that the lane that he’s in has a left turn arrow at the bottom of the descent. Because there is no overhead signage, cars in the right lane sometimes try to cut over to the left lane at the last moment. Complicating this, cars in the left lane that don’t intend to turn left will not always get into the right lane as a courtesy, since there isn’t a “left turn only” indication. Further complicating matters, there is a merge ramp on to this short stretch from a highway adding to the guessing game that drivers have to execute about how other drivers will proceed through the intersection. Believe it or not, until a couple of years ago there wasn’t a traffic light from the view that you see, which happens to be the driveway exiting our office. Familiarity with an area helps a driver understand what decisions other drivers typically make and anticipate how the speed of the car, it’s relative angle and its wheel position as it proceeds all help to reveal the other driver’s intent. Road rage can stem from many factors, and there’s even a website that will calculate your road rage potential. Aside from the obvious factors of impatience and easy annoyance at factors beyond one’s control, territoriality, and the like, one huge factor in my opinion is the lack of empathy that may relate to Theory of Mind (ToM). Thus far we’ve been discussing ToM angles from the point of view of the driver with AS who may have difficulty juggling all of the decisions to be made in complex driving conditions. Compounding the situation is a driver prone toward road rage who finds it hard to believe that another driver “just did that stupid thing”. Or that anyone driving wouldn’t take into account how their actions affect other drivers. Empathy while driving is largely predicated on the ability to visualize what the situation looked like from the vantage point of other drivers instead of only your vantage point. Here is a very good compilation on Aspies learning to drive. To the point: “Remain calm when other drivers break the rules of the road and be ready for when they do. People with Aspergers tend to follow the rules of the road and the signs concretely – sometimes to a fault. Anticipate the actions of other cars by observing their behavior – again, the most important thing is to pay attention to other cars.” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi) Bullsnakes can be found throughout the central United States, northern Mexico, and southwestern Saskatchewan, Alberta, and desert regions of British Columbia, Canada. This includes the U.S. states of Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, eastern Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Bullsnakes average about 6 feet in total length, and some have been recorded as long as 8 feet 4 inches. Adult snakes typically weigh in between 2.2 to 7.9 lbs. The Bullsnake is considered to be among the largest snakes native to the U.S. Their coloration is usually yellow, with brown, black or sometimes reddish colored blotching. Typically they have large blotches on top, three sets of spots on the sides, and bands of black on the tail. Many color variations have been found, including albinos and white varieties. Many times these snakes are mistaken for rattlesnakes. Bullsnakes are extremely defensive and have a reputation for having a â€œbad attitudeâ€. When threatened by anything as large as a human, a bullsnake’s primary defense is to rear up and make itself look as large as possible. It typically then begins lunging and retreating at the same time in order to escape. Bullsnakes prey on small mammals, such as mice, rats, pocket gophers, ground squirrels, and rabbits, as well as ground nesting birds, birds’ eggs and lizards. They kill their prey via constriction. Information courtesy wikipedia.org Photo courtesy of texassnakes.net
San Tzu Ching‎ > ‎ S033. Hsiang nine year 33. 香九齡 Hsiang 1 chiu 3 ling 2 Hsiang nine year Hsiang, at nine years of age, Hsiang is a corruption of 黍 shu millet (line 74) over 甘 kan sweet. It means scented, fragrant, as in Hongkong (Cantonese pronunciation), the second syllable being 港 chiang a lagoon. It is here the personal name of a man surnamed 黃 Huang (line 180), of the 2nd cent. A.D., famous as a model of filial piety Chiu is supposed to represent the weakening of the male numbers (see title), which reached their climacteric at 七 ch'i seven (line 84), before their individuality is lost in the completeness of 十 shih ten (line 45). 九九 nine nines is a term for arithmetic. Ling is composed of "齒 ch'ih teeth as radical, with 令 or 令 ling a command as phonetic. It means the front teeth, from which the sense of year, only found in the book-language, is probably derived. 34. 能溫席 Neng 2 wen 1 hsi 2 Able warm mat could warm (his parents') bed. Neng originally meant a bear, now written 熊 and pronounced hsiung. It is possible that the strength of the bear may have imparted the meaning of power to the character, which is now classed under radical 肉 jou flesh. Wên is composed of 水 shui water (氵 in composition, see line 65) as radical, and a phonetic, the value of which is sometimes wên and sometimes yün. 溫水 wên shui is colloquial for warm water. Hsi is composed of JjfcF shu many (contracted) and ffj chin napkin as radical. It refers to the mats on which the "many" guests sat, and although chairs and tables were used in very early ages, the term mat is still applied to a banquet. It here refers to the plaited grass mats laid on beds, fine ones for coolness in summer, coarse ones for warmth in winter. 35. 孝於親 Hsiao4 yü2 ch'in1 Filial towards parents Filial piety towards parents Hsiao see lines 5, 41. Yü was originally the same as 于 yü (lines 130, 233) which was developed from 亏 yu a picture of vapour extending. It is defined by 居 chu to be stationary, 往 wang to move towards, and 代 tai in place of. It is commonly used with such prepositional values as in, on, at, to, from, etc., all of which may be traced to one or other of the root-ideas. Ch'in see line 31. 36. 所當執 So 3 tang 1 chih2 What ought hold is tnat to which we should hold fast. So see line 22. Tang is composed of 田 tien cultivated fields as radical, with 商 sharig (line 270) above it as phonetic. It is said to have derived its meaning of right or proper from the rectangular form in which fields are properly laid out. Read tang 4 , it means to stand in place of, to pawn. In the latter sense it is often seen, of gigantic dimensions, on the blank walls of houses, and corresponds to the well-known sign of three balls in this country. Chih is composed of an ancient radical, also its phonetic, on the left, and 丸 wan balls on the right, the latter portion being a corruption of 手 shou hand and a stroke to the right. It means to arrest prisoners, to seize, and is now classed under radical 土 t'u earth (line 66).
Friday, February 20, 2015 Apart from drumming, there are many other types of music in Dagbon. There are other types of drums played by young people for recreational purposes. The Dagbamba musical repertoire also features several types of flutes, a musical bow that is similar to a Brazilian birimbao, several types of horns, and several different plucked lutes; however, apart from the hourglass drum ensemble, the instrument that has attained the most popularity and visibility is a one-stringed bowed lute called GOONJI. Variants of the name GOONJI are widespread in related traditions: for example, the fiddle is called goge among the Hausa, godji among the Songhay. Fiddles like the GOONJI are widespread in the sub-Saharan savanna cultures of Africa. In fact, fiddles are so widespread that I sometimes wonder why so little attention has been paid to their possible contribution to the soundscape of the African-American Diaspora. And indeed, as alien as the sound of GOONJI music may seem at first, the music is surprisingly easy to get with. There is no documentation of the one-stringed fiddle’s origin in West Africa, but based on the various versions of the instruments’ basic structure and their distribution among Muslim societies, one-stringed fiddles are generally presumed to have been disseminated from Arabic Muslim societies of North Africa and the Middle East. Trans-Saharan trade and cultural contact has been documented for more than a millenium, and the significant conversion of sub-Saharan Africans to Islam began in the tenth century. Like most fiddles in West Africa, the Dagbamba GOONJI is held horizontally, often hung over the shoulder with a scarf. The resonator is made from half of a gourd calabash covered with the skin of a monitor lizard. The bow is semi-circular. The strings on the fiddle and the bow are made of hair from a horse’s tail. The sound of the goonji may sound a bit scratchy at first to Westerners used to the sound of bowed instruments like the violin; nonetheless, the seemingly rough texture of the goonji’s sound is consistent with West African concepts of sound richness. The qualities of the sound are enhanced by the accompanying play of rattles called zaabia. The rattles are filled calabashes that are both shaken and also struck with the free hand. The words goonji and zaabia can be used to refer the instrument itself or the musician who plays it. The rattles are played by children of either gender or by women, and it is worth noting that the Hausa word zabiya refers to a female praise-singer. GOONJI music occupies a position that is secondary to drumming in the Dagbamba musical tradition, mainly because the GOONJI is a recent introduction, at least in relative terms given Dagbon’s lengthy existence. According to the drummers, the GOONJI was introduced in the early nineteenth century during the reign of Naa (Chief) Ziblim Kulunku. The ancestors of the Dagbamba GOONJI players originally came from the Guruma traditional area in southeastern Burkina Faso. When some Gurumas moved from their original area to the south and west, Guruma GOONJI players settled in the Mamprusi traditional area to the north of Dagbon in northern Ghana. They intermarried and brought forth Mamprusi children who were playing the GOONJI. It was from the Mamprusi area that they went to Dagbon, where they also intermarried, and their descendants became Dagbamba. According to drummers, the GOONJIplayers’ “starting was in Guruma and Mamprusi,” and they “entered” Dagbon, and so the GOONJI are “strangers in our midst.” Today, despite the great popularity and ubiquitous presence of goonji music in Dagbon, some Dagbamba do not even consider the GOONJI to be a part of Dagbamba custom because the GOONJI was not there at the beginning of the chieftaincy tradition that Dagbamba consider the center of their culture. Some GOONJIs claim that their introduction into Dagbon occurred during the reign of Naa Andani Sigli, in the early eighteenth century, that Naa Sigli brought the GOONJI from the extreme north of Ghana, and that they stayed with Naa Sigli’s son, Naa Saalana Ziblim, who was chief in the mid to late eighteenth century. Drummers would respond that they know more about people than the people themselves know. Whatever the case, it took many, many years for the roots of GOONJI playing to grow to the goonji’s recent flowering in the late twentieth century. In Dagbon’s traditional capital, Yendi, the GOONJIS have a chief, a titled family elder called YAMBA-NAA, but they do not have a relationship to the Dagbamba chieftaincy comparable to drummers, either as descendants or elders. They are not inside the drum history, and they do not have titles or chieftaincy hierarchies in the other towns of Dagbon. Drummers in Dagbon, along with several other occupational groups such as blacksmiths, butchers, barbers, and soothsayers, are “born” into their work. In modern times, the situation has loosened up a bit for cash-based work like blacksmithing and butchering, but within Dagbamba custom, only a child born into such a family can practice the vocation. According to custom, special symbolism is attached to the drum, the knife, the blade, the bellows, or the soothsayer’s bag: each is an “old thing” that “follows” and “catches” people in the respective families. Although there is obvious family continuity in the perpetuation of GOONJI playing, the GOONJIS do not face the same types of sanctions as these other groups. The GOONJIS are nicknamed VULUNVUUNA, after a mud wasp. After a mud wasp gets a place to build its nest, it goes outside, kills insects and puts them inside the nest and leaves them there. I was told, “It shows that the ones it has brought have become its children. How a goonji is, it is a goonji child who will shake the zaabia. A goonji player will be there, and his child will not be from anywhere: if he has no child, any child who wants to run and come and enter the playing of the zaabia, that child becomes his child and will grow up to play the goonji. If a goonji marries any woman, he will show the woman how to shake the rattle. And so a goonji player has no beginning; God can turn a child to become a goonji child. As for the goonji, you can go and learn it without following a family door. The goonji is like that.” The logic behind this standard of seniority is grounded in the Dagbamba’s sense of themselves as an ancient people. At first glance, Dagbamba society appears to be separated into two groups: nobility and commoners. Yet in a manner parallel to the continuous integrity of the chieftaincy lineage, Dagbamba also conceive of themselves as a single family. Not every son of a chief becomes a chief, and the descendants of those princes who do not attain chieftaincy are thus the people who become commoners. Every Dagbamba traces his or her ancestry to some point on the chieftaincy line, and in that sense, the history of Dagbon is understood in terms of the gradual evolution of an elaborately segmented descent group. The work of Dagbamba drummers involves keeping track of the genealogical relationships that operate within the political realm itself and also the genealogical relationships that link individuals to the chiefs. Drummers are therefore recognized for their knowledge of history and of their local communities, and this knowledge is expressed through their music. At the center of the Dagbamba musical tradition is the history of the state. Twice a year, drummers in major towns gather outside the house of the chief to sing selected parts of Dagbamba history, a performance that begins in the evening and lasts until dawn. The chiefs have both their given names and also praise-names. These praise-names are in the form of proverbs that refer to a chief’s deeds, to a chief’s ancestor, or to ideas a chief may have believed in strongly. Commoners also have praise-names that either refer to their ancestors in the chieftaincy line or to their own lives and thoughts. Dagbamba say that a person does not praise himself. Public praising is the work of the musicians, and praise-names that fit a person are often bestowed by drummers, who have a broader knowledge of proverbs and of a person’s position in society. The praise-names can be either sung or beaten on a drum. In recent years, the rhythms of praise-names have become the basis for social dances that are done at community gatherings like weddings or funerals or the namings of newborn children. At such events, dance circles are formed, and drummers move from one person to another, praising the person and then inviting him or her to a brief solo dance or two performed inside the circle. The dancer’s friends and relatives in the dance circle respond to this public display by entering the circle and giving money to the dancer, who allows the money to fall to the ground where it is picked up by children of the musicians. The role of the goonji players at such gatherings duplicates that of the drummers. At a large funeral, there may be a number of dance circles, of which one or two will feature goonji music. But the extent of the goonjis’ knowledge of families and chieftaincy does not reach that of the drummers. Although goonji songs have historical allusions, goonji players do not sing historical songs for the chiefs. When a chief comes out of his house for any type of procession or gathering, goonji players join drummers in walking with the chief and playing their instruments, but when the chief sits down, the goonjis also sit down, and it is drummers who will play and praise the chief. The goonjis pattern their singing after drummers, for their songs are generally a series of proverbs and praise-names, and such songs are what their Dagbamba audiences and patrons want to hear. Nonetheless, the family of the drummers “started” from inside chieftaincy, but the goonji families did not, and the goonjis would defer authority to the drummers. The increasing popularity of goonji playing is quite recent, and I believe that the main reason for this development is simply that goonji music is so nice. With modern changes in the economic life of the region, many commoners have become well-to-do, and there are many more occasions for musicians to perform. All musicians in larger towns like Tamale have benefited. Now, almost everywhere drummers are, goonjis are also there. Goonjis also roam the markets playing and singing and collecting gifts of money. People like goonji music. Although one might think that drumming is the ideal music for dancing, to my mind, the popularity of goonji music is strongly rooted in its qualities for dancing...why not come and see for your self No comments: Post a Comment
How To: Deploy MapObjects-Java in an applet using the Java Extensions mechanism Distributing Java applets in Web browsers is a common method used to provide a feature-rich Web client with a wide range of development capabilities. To execute a Java applet, Web browsers can utilize either the Java virtual machine (JVM) inherent to the browser or the Java Plug-In by Sun Microsystems. While most Web browsers contain a JVM, they are often outdated, limiting applets to a Java development environment many versions prior to the current release. To remedy this situation, Sun introduced the Java Plug-in to integrate the latest Java runtime environment (JRE) with multiple browser versions. In addition to extending the functionality of Java applets in a browser, it also introduced new methods for deploying classes included with custom applets. Since the Java Plug-in must be able to access applet classes on the client machine, it must provide a method for retrieving and deploying those classes locally. This method is called the Java Extensions Installation and is a new feature in the Java Plug-in version 1.3. The JRE's Java Extensions mechanism provides Java applications with immediate access to classes included in the lib/ext directory of the JVM. Classes referenced in this directory must be included in a .jar (Java archive) file. When a Java application or applet utilizing the respective JVM is executed, these classes are automatically appended to the beginning of the application's classpath. Deploying a Java applet using the Java Plug-in involves installing one or more JAR files on the client. Installing these files in a JRE's lib/ext directory allows the applet to utilize the Java Extensions mechanism. The Java Extensions Installation included with the Java Plug-in supports three different methods for installing applet-specific classes in a JRE's lib/ext folder: Method #1: Raw Java Extensions The Java Plug-in is directly responsible for installing the appropriate JAR files needed by an applet. Each JAR file referenced by the applet includes a MANIFEST file to provide download instructions. Note that each JAR file must be signed with a digital certificate. Method #2: Java Installer A custom Java application is responsible for managing the installation of the JAR files associated with an applet. The Java application is bundled and distributed as a JAR file itself. This option provides the developer with the ability to manage the installation of an applet's JAR files on the client machine. Method #3: Native Installer A custom, operating system-specific wrapper (.exe) is included in a JAR file and is responsible for copying the appropriate JAR files to the client machine. The installation is managed using the third-party application's API. Additional details on the Java Extensions mechanism can be found by clicking the link in Related Information section at the end of this article. In this document, the Raw Java Extensions method for deploying applets is discussed and an example is provided. This method requires minimal development and is freely accessible through the Java Plug-in. Use the following steps to deploy a MapObjects — Java Edition applet using the Java Extensions mechanism. Throughout the rest of this article, the acronym 'MOJ' may be used to abbreviate 'MapObjects - Java Edition'. This example requires access to a Web server to see the results. 1. The \lib directory under the MapObjects — Java Edition installation location contains the libraries (JARs, DLLs) utilized by a MOJ application. Copy all JAR files from this location to a temporary location (e.g., c:\temp\moj). Note that four DLLs are present in this directory. They are not required for a MOJ applet to function, thus they will not be included. 2. Unarchive each JAR file in this location. Use WinZip or the JDK jar command: jar -xvf <jar-file> 3. Navigate to the META-INF directory. Delete the ESRI.DSA, ESRI.SF, and MANIFEST.MF files. 4. Create a text file named "manifest.txt" and add the following text to it: Manifest-Version: 1.0 Extension-Name: all Specification-Vendor: ESRIMOJ_SPEC Specification-Version: 1.0 Implementation-Vendor-Id: MOJ2002 Implementation-Vendor: ESRIMOJ_IMP Implementation-Version: 1.0 Be sure to press return after the last line, otherwise the last line will not be included. 5. Archive the contents of this directory and include the custom manifest file created in the previous step. Use the following command (be sure to include the last period): jar -cvfm all_unsigned.jar manifest.txt . The all.jar file is created and contains all the classes needed for a MOJ application\applet, namely the applet code and core MOJ classes. The manifest file created in Step 6 is used to store version information (manifest, specification, and implementation) as well as to identify the creator in the META-INF\manifest.mf within the JAR. In addition, the all.jar file is assigned an extension name 'all'. The extension name and specification\implementation versions will be used by the Java Extensions mechanism to locate the proper JAR (extension) and version needed by an applet. 6. Create a temporary directory (for example, c:\temp\mojapp) to contain the applet source code and manifest used to locate and install the extensions needed by the MOJ applet. 7. The following class creates a MOJ applet containing a single ArcIMS Image Service layer from the Geography Network. Copy and paste the code below into a new text file and save it as 'MOJApplet.java'. import java.awt.; import java.awt.event.; import javax.swing.; import com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.; import com.esri.mo2.ui.tb.*; import java.applet.Applet; public class MOJApplet extends JApplet { public void init(){ com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Map map1 = new com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Map(); com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Toc toc1 = new com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Toc(); Container contentPane = getContentPane(); JSplitPane jSplitPane1 = new JSplitPane(); setSize(new Dimension(400, 300)); com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Layer layer_img = new com.esri.mo2.ui.bean.Layer(); contentPane.add(jSplitPane1, BorderLayout.CENTER); jSplitPane1.add(map1, JSplitPane.RIGHT); jSplitPane1.add(toc1, JSplitPane.LEFT); ZoomPanToolBar zoomPanToolBar1 = new ZoomPanToolBar(); contentPane.add(zoomPanToolBar1, BorderLayout.NORTH); 8. Compile MOJApplet.java to create the MOJApplet.class file. 9. Create a text file named 'manifest.txt' and add the following text to it (replace 'hostname' with the Web server hostname): Manifest-Version: 1.0 Main-Class: MOJApplet Extension-List: all all-Extension-Name: all all-Specification-Version: 1.0 all-Implementation-Version: 1.0 all-Implementation-Vendor-Id: MOJ2002 all-Implementation-URL: http://hostname/website/mojapp/all.jar 10. Create a JAR file containing only the custom manifest file created in the previous step. Use the following command: jar -cvfm mojapp_unsigned.jar manifest.txt The manifest file created in Step 9 is used to store the class name where the init method resides (Main-Class) and the extensions needed by this JAR file (Extension-List) in the META-INF\manifest.mf within the JAR. If multiple extensions are needed, then a space-separated list should be included under the Extension-List parameter. Note that each extension will also be referenced by a name, version, id, and URL. The Implementation-URL parameter is used to locate the JAR file to be used as an extension. The Extention-Name, Specification_Version, and Implementation-Version are all checked to confirm that the correct extension is accessible and utilized by the application contained in this JAR file (mojapp.jar). 11. To use the 'Raw' Java Plug-in installer, all JARs must be signed. When deploying an applet publicly, acquiring a certificate from a recognized authority (such as Verisign) is recommended to avoid inconveniencing clients. This example demonstrates how to create a test certificate to sign the JAR files. The keytool utility included with the Java Development Kit will be used to accomplish this task. A. Open a command window and navigate to the c:\temp directory. B. Type the following at a command prompt to create a keystore file 'c:\keystore' in which the test certificate will be stored. Private and public keys are also created in the keystore. keytool -genkey -dname "cn=Your Team Name, ou=Your Division, o=Your Company, c=location" -alias TestCert -keypass pw1234 -keystore c:\keystore -storepass pw1234 -validity 1024 C. Type the following at the command prompt to create a certificate file 'key.cer' in c:\temp. This certificate contains the information to be used as the public key for the MapObjects—Java JAR files. keytool -export -alias TestCert -keystore c:\keystore -file key.cer -keypass pw1234 -storepass pw1234 12. Add the certificate to the registry on the Web server by double-clicking (Windows) or using the following command (UNIX): keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias TestCert -file /tmp/key.cer -keystore /usr/jdk1.3/lib/security/cacerts 13. Sign the JARs used by the applet. A. Navigate to c:\temp\moj and use the following command to create an 'all.jar' file: jarsigner -keystore c:\keystore -storepass pw1234 -keypass pw1234 -signedjar all.jar all_unsigned.jar TestCert B. Navigate to c:\temp\mojapp and use the following command to create a 'mojapp.jar' file: jarsigner -keystore c:\keystore -storepass pw1234 -keypass pw1234 -signedjar mojapp.jar mojapp_unsigned.jar TestCert 14. Navigate to the location of the 'website' virtual directory on your Web server and create a 'mojapp' directory . Within this directory, create an HTML page (mojapp.html) that references the main applet class (MOJApplet) and JAR file (mojapp.jar) containing this class. For example: <object CLASSID="clsid:8AD9C840-044E-11D1-B3E9-00805F499D93" ID="imsSite" WIDTH="500" HEIGHT="300"> <param NAME="code" VALUE="MOJApplet" > <param NAME="archive" VALUE="mojapp.jar" > Remember that the manifest file for 'mojapp.jar' contains the syntax mentioned in Step 9. As a result, it is responsible for loading all supporting JARs. 15. Move the mojapp.jar and all.jar files to the c:\website\mojapp directory. 16. Check the \lib\ext directory under the current JRE (for example, C:\Program Files\JavaSoft\JRE\1.3.1_02). Make sure the 'all.jar' file is not present. If it is, delete it. 17. Open a browser, preferably Internet Explorer, and load the HTML page 'mojapp.html' page (for example, http://hostname/website/mojapp/mojapp.html). 18. Click 'Grant this session' when prompted. Note that a download progress bar may or may not appear, depending on the connection speed. 19. If asked to Grant Permission to the test certificate used to sign the JAR files (created in step 11), click 'Grant this session'. The MOJ applet should load. If the Java Plug-in console is active, communication between the applet and the Geography Network should be seen. 20. Note that the Java Plug-in must be installed and enabled on the client machine. To automate the Java Plug-in installation process, add the 'codebase' attribute to the OBJECT tag in your HTML document. For example: This code will install JRE 1.4.0 if the Java Plug-in is not detected. See the 'Java Plug-in Developer Guide - Using Tags' link below for additional information. Related Information
How to setup Karma JavaScript test runner Karma is a test runner developed by the Angular team trying to bring a productive test environment to developers. As a test runner it allows us to run our client side JavaScript tests in real browsers from the command line. Though we find plenty of information about Karma on their website, I found it not all obvious what the different configuration settings in its config file do. We try to explain this using an example project. JavaScript project with Karma, mocha and chai The project has the following directory structure (get if from github): // Contains all source files // Contains the tests // Contains nodejs modules Install testing libs First, install Karma and some plugins: // Install karma, mocha adapter and chai npm install karma karma-mocha chai --save-dev Everything is installed in the node_modules directory. Karma is the test runner. As a test runner it: • Starts a webserver to serve our JavaScript source and test files • Loads all files in the correct order • Spins up browsers to run our tests in Mocha is a test framework. It is responsible to run our tests and report back which failed. Chai is an assertion library. It provides a nice api to check whether our code does the things we expect it to do. Create Karma config file Next we create the Karma config file in our directory root: // Create Karma config file ./node_modules/karma/bin/karma init This will prompt us for some questions and generates a config file. Items of interests to us are: basePath: '', The base path tells Karma where to load our files from. Setting it to '' means all files will be looked up from the root of our project. files: [ Files tells Karma which files it should load relative to the base path. These are: • All test related libraries • Our source code to test • The tests themselves Note we instruct Karma to load chai.js. Forgetting this means chai will not be loaded. What about Mocha? Doesn't it need to be loaded too? Yes it should. However, Karma will autoload all sibling node modules starting with karma-. This means if Karma is installed in the node_modules directory, all other modules starting with karma- will be autoloaded for us. And mocha is fetched as the karma-mocha node module. No need to manually load it ourselves. frameworks: ['mocha'], Frameworks instructs Karma to use the mocha testing framework. browsers: ['Chrome'], Browsers tells Karma to run the tests in Chrome. Note, Chrome needs to be installed on our computer. Running the tests from the command line will spin up a new Chrome window. The karma-chrome-launcher node module needs to be installed too. karma init command will auto install it for us. If you add a browser later on, don't forget to install its runner too. port: 9876, Karma will start its own server on this port to serve our JavaScript files and tests. The default is ok, only change it when we're already using that port. autoWatch: true, Auto watch instructs Karma to rerun the tests whenever a file changes. singleRun: false Single run tells Karma to shut down the browser when all tests have ran. This is useful for Continuous Integration systems where only one run is needed. For development, set it to false as this will keep the browser window opened. This means no time is wasted spinning up a new browser every time tests need to be executed. Run the tests Now we can run the tests like: ./node_modules/karma/bin/karma start Notice we can also run the tests with ./node_modules/karma/bin/karma run. This will not spin up the server to load our test files. Use it in combination with karma start. Start will spin up the browser and load the files, run will instruct karma to rerun the tests. Use karma-cli It's tiresome to always do ./node_modules/karma/bin/karma start instead of just karma start. Therefore install karma-cli globally. npm install -g karma-cli This tool executes the Karma commands for the project in the current directory. By exposing the commands in a separate module then the Karma implementation, we can use different versions of Karma for different projects on our computer. Note: we might have installed Karma globally before. If so, we need to delete it first as it will mess up which plugins it will autoload. For example: we might have installed karma-mocha in our project dir but not globally. Executing Karma (as global installed module) will fail to load karma-mocha (since "global" Karma will only look into the globally installed modules). Just uninstall karma as a global module and install karma-cli globally instead.
Tuesday, February 27, 2007 Spencer W. Kimball's View on American Indians Here is a great view of Kimball's "Inspired Racism" and what Kimball really thought of "The Lamanites/American Indians" in this October 1960 Conference talk: "The day of the Lamanites is nigh. For years they have been growing delightsome, and they are now becoming white and delightsome, as they were promised. In this picture of the twenty Lamanite missionaries, fifteen of the twenty were as light as AngIos; five were darker but equally delightsome. The children in the home placement program in Utah are often lighter than their brothers and sisters in the hogans on the reservation. At one meeting a father and mother and their sixteen-year-old daughter were present, the little member girl-sixteen-sitting between the dark father and mother, and it was evident she was several shades lighter than her parents-on the same reservation, in the same hogan, subject to the same sun and wind and weather. There was the doctor in a Utah city who for two years had had an Indian boy in his home who stated that he was some shades lighter than the younger brother just coming into the program from the reservation. These young members of the Church are changing to whiteness and to delightsomeness. One white elder jokingly said that he and his companion were donating blood regularly to the hospital in the hope that the process might be accelerated. [Anyone still think he is a prophet of God? Let's see what another one of the "Lord's Anointed" had to say about blacks:] Race Problems -- As They Affect The Church Convention of Teachers of Religion on the College Level, The reason that one would lose his blessings by marrying a Negro is due to the restriction placed upon them. "No person having the least particle of Negro blood can hold the Priesthood" (Brigham Young). It does not matter if they are one-sixth Negro or one-hundred and sixth, the curse of no Priesthood is the same. If an individual who is entitled to the Priesthood marries a Negro, the Lord has decreed that only spirits who are not eligible for the Priesthood will come to that marriage as children. To intermarry with a Negro is to forfeit a "Nation of Priesthood holders".... Now we are generous with the Negro. We are willing that the Negro have the highest education. I would be willing to let every Negro drive a Cadillac if they could afford it. I would be willing that they have all the advantages they can get out of life in the world. But let them enjoy these things among themselves. I think the Lord segregated the Negro and who is man to change that segregation? It reminds me of the scripture on marriage, "what God hath joined together, let not man put asunder." Only here we have the reverse of the thing -- what God hath separated, let not man bring together again." [If this isn't enough to turn your stomach, try this one:] Mormon Doctrine, p. 114 In a broad general sense, caste systems have their root and origin in the gospel itself, and when they operate according to the divine decree, the resultant restrictions and segregation are right and proper and have the approval of the Lord. To illustrate: Cain, Ham, and the whole Negro race have been cursed with a black skin, the mark of Cain, so they can be identified as a caste apart, a people with whom the other descendants of Adam should not intermarry. (Gen. 4; Moses 5.) The whole house of Israel was chosen as a peculiar people, one set apart from all other nations (Ex. 19:5-6; Deut. 7:6; 14:2); and they were forbidden to marry outside their own caste. (Ex. 34:10-17; Deut. 7:1-5.) In effect the Lamanites belonged to one caste and the Nephites to another, and a mark was put upon the Lamanites to keep the Nephites from intermixing with and marrying them. (Alma 3:6-11.) All this is not to say that any race, creed, or caste should be denied any inalienable rights. But it is to say that Deity in his infinite wisdom, to carry out his inscrutable purposes, has a caste system of his own, a system of segregation of races and peoples. The justice of such a system is evident when life is considered in its true eternal perspective. It is only by a knowledge of pre-existence that it can be known why some persons are born in one race or caste and some in another. "However, in a broad general sense, caste systems have their origin in the gospel itself, and when they operate according to the divine decree, the resultant restrictions and segregation are right and proper and have the approval of the lord. pp. 102. pg. 343 Through Ham (a name meaning black) the blood of the Canaanites was preserved through the flood, he having married Egyptus, a descendent of Cain. Negroes in this life are denied the priesthood; under no circumstances can they hold this delegation of authority from the Almighty. The gospel message of salvation is not carried affirmatively to them... Negroes are not equal with other races where the receipt of certain spiritual blessings are concerned.... [And the saga continues...] Doctrines of Salvation, pp. 65-66. pg. 61. Juvenile Instructor, vol. 26, p. 635 It is very clear that the mark which was set upon the descendants of Cain was a skin of blackness...It has been noticed in our day that men who have lost the spirit of the Lord, and from whom His blessings have been withdrawn, have turned dark to such an extent as to excite the comments of all who have known them. [Wow, these guys COULDN'T HAVE BEEN WRONG ABOUT THIS, could they?] Journal of Discourses Vol. 7, pg. 290-291 Journal of Discourses, Vol. 22, pg. 304. And after the flood we are told that the curse that had been pronounced upon Cain was continued through Hams' wife, as he had married a wife of that seed. And why did it pass through the flood? Because it was necessary that the devil should have a representative upon the earth as well as God. Millennial Star, Vol. 14, pg. 418. For instance, the descendants of Cain cannot cast off their skin of blackness, at once, and immediately, although every soul of them should repent,....Cain and his posterity must wear the mark which God put upon them; and his white friends may wash the race of Cain with fuller's soap every day, they cannot wash away God's mark. [think we have outgrown this teaching, and we've put it behind us? Wrong...] Year 2001 update "Racial degeneration, resulting in differences in appearance and spiritual aptitude, has arisen since the fall. We know the circumstances under which the posterity of Cain (and later of Ham) were born with the characteristics of the black race. (Moses 5:16-41; 7:8,12,22; Abra. 1:20-27.) The Book of Mormon explains why the Lamanites received dark skins and a degenerate status. (2 Ne. 5:21-23.) If we had a full and true history of all races and nations, we would know the origins of all their distinctive characteristics. In the absence of such detailed information, however, we know only the general principle that all these changes from the physical and spiritual perfections of our common parents have been brought about by departure from the gospel truths. (Doctrines of Salvation, vol. 1, pp. 148-151; vol. 3, pp. 313-326.)" (Mormon Doctrine 1999 printing, p. 616) My Thoughts This racist attitude is not tolerated in any AMERICAN social clubs, business and professional organizations, public gathering places, or schools. They would be boycotted, picketed, demonstrated against, and on the front pages of the news for their racist policies. Yet we are supposed to turn a blind eye to Mormonism's past, and pretend that they have put it all behind them. They have never once refuted these teachings, made any apologies for their obvious racism and segregation practices, or denied that these teachings came from their prophets 'called of God'. The best excuse I have heard is, "we don't know why God taught us these things." White men in positions of power and authority, calling themselves prophets and apostles of God made these into 'teachings from God'. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO ACCEPT THEM! They are obviously false, slanderous, and full of hate towards men and women of races other than the 'white and delightsome' kind. IT DOESN'T MATTER THAT THEY DON'T ACTIVELY PROMOTE THESE IDEAS ANYMORE. The fact that they have NEVER denied these as "coming from God" shows that they do still believe in the curse of Cain, that the black man and the Lamanite (American Indian for those of us who believe in DNA) are 'mentally and spiritually INFERIOR to the white man'. There is NO WAY I will ever go back to an organization that teaches you that as long as you have white skin, you were born pure, and were the most valiant of the pre-existant spirits, and those who are born with dark skin are loathsome and cursed, bearing the mark of their ancestors and doomed to eternal servitude in the Celestial Kingdom. GIVE ME OUTER DARKNESS rather than make me live eternally with a bunch of RACIST, HOLIER-THAN-THOU, WHITE AND DELIGHTSOME MORMONS!!! Monday, February 26, 2007 Will The Racist Mormon History Spell Big Trouble For Mitt Romney ? By Samuel the Utahnite at his blog: Excellent link here: an interracial couple on the Today show talks about Mormonism and the treatment of Blacks William and Janet Langhart Cohen have written a new book entitled "Love In Black And White" discussing racism, religion, love and their marriage. In any case, it most certainly isn't a good thing for the Mormon Hierarhcy to hear this being openly discussed, especially when Mitt Romney himself, the Mormon in question, refuses to discuss his religion and refers everyone to church headquarters, if they want answers about what Mormons believe. Oh, he doesn't know yet what he believes and "it isn't his job" to explain why he calls himself a "devout Mormon" and to explain what that means and what he and his church believe? Call me crazy, but the man was both a Bishop and Stake President and is very well versed in Mormon theology, teachings, doctrines and history. If he isn't, he's a complete idiot, with the callings and experience he's had. Don't let this slick snake-oil salesmen fool you.....as he knows exactly what he's saying and not saying and he isn't the clueless, bumbling idiot he pretends to be when asked about Mormonism. The fact is, the Mormon Hierarchy can't continue to run from their racist teachings anymore, because that's all they've been doing since their beginning, and especially since 1978 and they are now being exposed. Thankfully, Mitt Romney's run for President, is helping to expose the Mormon cult and their evil, vile racism, along with many other horrific beliefs and teachings, for all the world to finally see, in all its shame. It's funny to see how they've been trying so desperately to hide everything, especially in the new Internet age(which caught them completely by surprise), and they just keep getting exposed more and more everyday by me, other ex-Mormons and even "The Today Show." It's about time the world knew the truth!! So, the best thing that happened for the world, is Mitt Romney running for President. The worst thing that could have happened to Mormonism and the Mormon Hierarchy and their cult, is Mitt Romney running for President. But, they are too dumb to realize that, in their overzealousness to get a Mormon in the Whitehouse, which dates back to Joseph Smith, when he ran for President and failed miserably. After all, the "US Constitution will literally hang by a thread" and it will be the Mormons that rush in and save it, right? What better place to be, to make that happen, than in the Whitehouse, with Hinckley or Monson on speed dial, right? I always wondered how that was going to happen. Of course those of us that have escaped the Mormon cult, now realize that was just pure fantasy and bullshit and the Mormons are never gonna save anybody from anything, let alone the US Constitution. In any case, I'm sure many current and future Mormon cult members and investigators, will now be taking a 2nd look at what exactly Mormonism has taught and believed since 1820, that otherwise wouldn't have and will they ever be surprised and shocked at what they find. In this video clip, Janet Langhart Cohen, makes some great points about the history of Mormon racism and I want to go through them one by one, to show that what she said is exactly true. One thing she was wrong on though, is that it ended in 1978...which it clearly didn't. Just look at the November 2006 Ensign centerfold of GAs (pages 64 and 65) and you won't find one black man there anywhere, just like pre-1978. So, nothing has changed at all!! Like the old saying says; "the more things change, the more they stay the same." Blacks may have been given the Priesthood in 1978, but all of the Mormon Hierarchy's racist teachings, regarding the origins of the black race and that they were cursed in the pre-existence, have stood and as I mentioned, are still sold and supported by the current Mormon Hierarchy, including Hinckley, The First Presidency and the Twelve Apostles. Also, even if the Mormon racism had officially ended in 1978, some explanation, other than "God is this giant, raving, lunatic racist in the sky and we were just waiting on him to change his racist mind", is necessary, isn't it? They really expect the world to believe that the world's "one and only true God" of "the one and only true church" , Mr. "all powerful of the Universe and all creation", that loves everyone equally, was just a big bad racist until 1978 and then came around, because they prayed and pleaded a lot? Janet Langhart Cohen said: "But if you understand the Mormon faith, up until 1978, an interracial marriage, the Mormons would have considered a sin, they would have considered me, as an African American cursed, that God didn't hear my prayers, that I was inferior." So, up until 1978, was interracial marriage considered a sin? Well, Kimball claims it isn't "a sin", but "not expedient" and then goes on to list all the reasons why. As I quoted in the above video, Brigham Young not only believed it was a SIN, but promoted and taught "death on the spot" and said that "it will always be so" and Mark E. Peterson made it clear that his posterity would be "cursed", if there was even "ONE DROP OF NEGRO BLOOD" in his children. So please allow me to share the following quotes, from former Mormon Prophets and Apostles, regrading interracial marriage and I'll then let you all decide where Mormonism stood on the issue and in my opinion, still stands on the issue, since once again, none of these statements have ever been repudiated, apologized for or corrected, in any way, shape or form and are still sold today, in Mormon Hierarchy owned and run bookstores: Brigham Young: Shall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? If the white man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. This will always be so (Journal of Discourses, vol. 10, p. 110). Mark E. Peterson: We must not inter-marry with the Negro. Why? If I were to marry a Negro woman and have children by her, my children would all be cursed as to the priesthood. . .. If there is one drop of Negro blood in my children, as I have read to you, they receive the curse. (Race Problems—As They Affect the Church, speech by Mark E. Petersen, BYU, August 27, 1954). Spencer W. Kimball: Cultural differences pose dangers for marriage. When I said you must teach your people to overcome their prejudices and accept the Indians, I did not mean that you would encourage intermarriage. I mean that they should be brothers, to worship together and to work together and to play together; but we must discourage intermarriage, not because it is sin. I would like to make this very emphatic. A couple has not committed sin if an Indian boy and a white girl are married, or vice versa. It isn’t a transgression like the transgressions of which many are guilty. But it is not expedient. Marriage statistics and our general experience convince us that marriage is not easy. It is difficult when all factors are favorable. The divorces increase constantly, even where the spouses have the same general background of race, religion, finances, education, and otherwise. (58-08) We are unanimous, all of the Brethren, in feeling and recommending that Indians marry Indians, and Mexicans marry Mexicans; the Chinese marry Chinese and the Japanese marry Japanese; that the Caucasians marry the Caucasians, and the Arabs marry Arabs. (0/0/59) (Spencer W. Kimball, The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball, edited by Edward L. Kimball [Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1982], 303.) Boyd K. Packer says: "Now, one other subject. It's been the policy of the Church--and it's been spoken on many occasions--that as the gathering of Israel is in Mexico for the Mexicans, in Tonga for the Tongans, in China for the Chinese, and so on, so has been our counsel as it relates to marriage." "Things are not always easy when we receive counsel, whether the counsel is to return to serve among our own people or whether it is counsel to marry among our own culture and racial backgrounds. Always there is a decision. Always we can say, "We're an exception." But I say, in the words of that Relief Society sister, 'As for me, I'm going to follow the rule first; and then, should there be an exception, perhaps that will be made known.'" (Follow The Rule, by Boyd K. Packer given on January 14, 1977.) June 9,1978 - First Presidency announces "priesthood now available to all worthy male members." First Presidency secretary Francis M. Gibbons writes that this change "seemed to relieve them of a subtle sense of guilt they had felt over the years." June 17,1978 - Church News headline "Interracial Marriage Discouraged" in the same issue which announces authorization of priesthood for those of black African descent. Sources at church headquarters indicate that Apostle Mark E. Petersen requires this emphasis. So, at one time, according to Brigham Young, it required your life and you deserved "death on the spot", it was such a serious issue. Then Kimball strongly discourages it, as does the entire Mormon Hierarchy, but says that it isn't a sin. Boyd K. Packer says, "It's been the policy of the Church--and it's been spoken on many occasions--that as the gathering of Israel is in Mexico for the Mexicans, in Tonga for the Tongans, in China for the Chinese, and so on, so has been our counsel as it relates to marriage." So, it's at least crystal clear that the Mormon Hierarchy was and still is against interracial marriage, but they tolerate it, only because they have to...but you've all been warned against it and know how they feel regarding the issue. Also, don't think that you are like Mormon leaders or the Mormon Hierarchy that have interracial marriages and that you are "an exception." I do find it amazing, ironic and sad, as I noted above, that in the very same issue of the Church News, where they announced that Blacks could finally have the Priesthood, after 148 years of racism; that they had to throw on the headline of "Interracial Marriage Discouraged." I think that pretty much says it all and tells us how they really feel and that if it had really been up to them(and if they didn't have to cave to the pressures of society and the threat of losing their tax-exempt status); things never would have changed. Once again, in my opinion, giving blacks the Priesthood was a financial decision, just like every other thing they do. So, once again, Janet Langhart Cohen said: So, I've now covered the interracial marriage issue and what the Mormon Prophets and Apostles have taught regarding that and it's clear that official Mormon doctrine states, that all blacks are cursed with "black skin", a "flat nose", are the "seed of Cain", are an "inferior race" and "representative of Satan" himself, were "unworthy in the pre-existence/first estate", etc, etc, as I clearly show in the video. So, now what about the last part, where she commented that the Mormon Hierarchy taught that "God didn't hear my prayers, that I was inferior?" Well, I've also covered the inferior part, but I haven't yet found anything specific in the Mormon doctrines or teachings, saying that God didn't hear the prayers of black people, but the circumstantial evidence is pretty damn powerful and overwhelming, showing that that would obviously have to be the case. Considering that in July 1967, the Church-wide Priesthood Bulletin prohibited women from praying in sacrament meeting, and the ban stayed in effect until December 29, 1978, that would also have had to obviously include all black women and probably men too, since they couldn't have the Priesthood, which was obviously a requirement to pray in Sacrament meeting at that time. How many of you even knew about that one? So, it's official that God didn't hear the prayers of any women, including black women, in Sacrament meeting, since they were banned from even praying at all. You can almost just stop at the racism and sexism, by God's supposed "anointed Prophets, Seers and Revelators" and have enough ammunition to know that it's all nothing but a crock of shit and a complete fraud, run by nothing by bigoted, racist men. So, let's go into detail, what black people weren't able to do, in the Mormon church, before the 1978 so called "Priesthood revelation" and see if God was listening to their prayers or not: 1. Black men, women and children were banned from all the temples. Black men didn't have the Priesthood, Black women were banned just because of their skin color and black children couldn't do baptisms for the dead, because of their skin color and the fact that they were CURSED and the seed of Cain. 2. This temple banning of all blacks, also meant that black couples could not be sealed together in the temple, children couldn't be sealed to their parents and thus they couldn't be an "Eternal Family", which is the main marketing slogan of Mormonism. Why any blacks joined the Mormon church before 1978, I'll never know, but there certainly weren't very many. 3. Due to not having the Priesthood, black men(or boys), could not bless or pass the sacrament, they couldn't bless their children or wives when they were sick or needed comfort. Instead, they had to call on the white men of the church, to come to their house and do it, since they weren't worthy and were CURSED as the seed of Cain. They also couldn't bless their houses, or dedicate a grave at a funeral, serve missions(which was really a blessing), etc, etc. 4-Due to the Priesthood ban, black men couldn't ever have any type of leadership role in the Mormon church at all and they could only sit silently by and watch the white men run the church. When you look at todays Mormon Hierarchy, including the First Presidency, Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and Seventies, nothing has changed one iota, as there isn't one black man in any of those positions and there has been only one black Seventy since 1978, Helvécio Martins. So, I would say that the racist, Mormon God wasn't listening to or answering the prayers of black folks in the Mormon church, for at least 148 years, since they couldn't have the Priesthood, go to the temple or even have the very basic "Mormon Eternal Family." Why would anyone subject themselves to this bigotry and racism?!! An even better question is how can anyone today, that is currently active in the Mormon church, even begin to excuse, justify and rationalize this bigoted and racist behavior and teachings, as if they are no big deal and don't matter. If the current Mormon Hierarchy didn't still believe their past racist teachings, they would repudiate them and offer an "official apology" to the world and then stop printing and selling them, which they will never, EVER do. I guess better to be an inspired, RACIST Prophet or Apostle, of a RACIST Mormon God, than to apologize to the world and have to admit to the litany of mistakes, doctrines of bigotry and hate and false teachings that have been made and taught by the "we can't lead you astray or God will remove us Hierarchy", right? Basically, an apology would be an admission of guilt, that the church and its members were severely misguided, led astray and that the Mormon church isn't led by inspiration, or Prophets or Apostles and therefore isn't the "one and only true church" that they claim it is, which would bring it to its knees. So, the bottom line folks, is that they will never apologize for their racist past and teachings(even if they didn't truly believe them) because they can't and too much money and too many cult members, current and future, are riding on not apologizing. IT WILL NEVER HAPPEN!! They are playing the odds very stupidly, that they can hide it all in the closet and keep it hidden there; but thanks to Mitt Romney and all of the ex-Mormons blogging, it is now taking center stage and out of the closet for all the world to finally see. In the end, it will be their utter arrogance and pride, and refusal to apologize or repent(their refusal to follow the very same repentance process they hold members to) of their past sins, that will bring the church and the Mormon Hierarchy to its very knees. So, thanks Mitt Romney, for running for President, so that the world can finally learn the real "Mormon Truth" and see the long hidden skeletons of Mormonism as they tumble and fall out of the closet, in a big, gigantic pile. The next couple of years will be amongst the most embarrassing in Mormon history, as people turn to the Internet in mass, all around the US and world, to learn the facts about Mormonism. The question is; what will you do with that truth once you learn it? Will you become a disgusting, loathsome Mormon apologist, with no moral values, like Daniel C. Peterson and then begin to defend, excuse and justify all the Mormon Hierarchy's teachings of hate, racism, sexism, etc, or will you have the inner strength, to admit that these things are wrong and couldn't have possibly come from men of God and to walk away? My Thoughts I was considering attending the funeral of someone I used to know from my days as a Mormon teenager and young adult. It's being held at the Mormon chapel of my upbringing. I don't know if I can step foot inside a church that still secretly and privately believes that Blacks are the remnant of the seed of Cain, and that whites should marry whites only, and blacks should stick to their own kind. Even within the whites of the church, there is a difference between BIC and Converts. I have heard it mentioned more than once that the truest most valiant and choice spirits were those born to Mormon families, without having to be converted, and certainly without having to be born in deepest darkest Africa... I don't know if I can sit through a Mormon church service masquerading as a funeral with this knowledge swimming around in my head, and not ONE LDS MEMBER willing to publicly refute it or stand up and defend it!!!! If you are lurking, reading and privately condemning me for posting all these 'hateful' posts against Mormons, then by all means, just TRY to defend your faith....I dare you to justify even half of what I have posted here. It's not up to me to just blindly accept it, It's up to you Mormons to justify your beliefs and really convince others that you are Christian!! Everything about your church and your beliefs and your culture and your teachings and your loyalty screams CULT to the rest of the world....HOW can you just sit there and deny that we have any basis for our condemnation of the church? If you are too scared to check out your own church against the facts, too afraid that you'll loose your testimony and be in Satan's power if you let your faith waiver, then you deserve the cage you force yourself to live in. Saturday, February 24, 2007 Romney family tree has polygamy branch Associated Press Writers Sat Feb 24, 6:02 PM ET Hardy added: "Now, very gradually, as you moved farther away from it, it became less a part of it. But during the time of Miles Park Romney, it was an essential principle of the Romney family life." Other Mormons have run for the White House, including Romney's father in 1968 and Sen. Orrin Hatch (news, bio, voting record), R-Utah, in 2000. But Mitt Romney's stature as a leading 2008 contender has renewed questions about his faith and its doctrines. At the same time, polygamy remains a part of current events. HBO is airing a television series, "Big Love," that features a man in Utah — where the Mormon church is based — with three wives. Self-proclaimed "Mormon fundamentalist" Warren Jeffs, formerly on the FBI's 10 most wanted list, is facing multiple felony charges for sex crimes related to underage marriages among members of his breakaway church's 10,000 members in Utah and Arizona, who openly practice polygamy. An introductory film played at his fundraisers and campaign appearances features his wife, Ann, talking about their 37-year marriage. Romney himself notes they started as high school sweethearts. This month, Ann Romney tried a different tack, taking a lighthearted jab at her husband's main Republican competitors, Sen. John McCain (news, bio, voting record), R-Ariz., and former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, as she introduced Romney at a Missouri GOP dinner. The biggest difference between her husband and the other candidates, Ann Romney said, is that "he's had only one wife." McCain has been married twice; Giuliani three times. The Romney campaign had no comment for this story. Joseph Smith, who founded the Mormon church in 1830, quietly introduced polygamy. He believed it had roots in the Old Testament and was necessary to reach the highest salvation in heaven. Smith is believed to have had 33 wives. Brigham Young expanded the practice after the church's migration from the Midwest to Utah, which began in 1846. He is said to have had 55 wives. Historical texts show Young also asked Orson Pratt to publicly proclaim the church's belief in polygamy in 1852. In 1862, while Utah was a territory, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, banning plural marriage. In 1882, Congress also passed the Edmunds Act, an anti-polygamy law. That was followed in 1887 by the Edmunds-Tucker Act, which disincorporated the church and threatened to seize its nonreligious real estate as part of the crackdown on polygamy. In 1890, Mormon President Wilford Woodruff issued "The Manifesto," in which he declared the church no longer taught or permitted plural marriages. Nonetheless, the law of polygamy — Smith's revelation that God authorized polygamy — remains in Article 132 of the church's Doctrine and Covenants. In addition, Mormon widowers who remarry today believe they will live in eternity with their multiple wives. Mormon genealogical records, among the most detailed and complete of any religion, show that two of Mitt Romney's great-great grandfathers, Miles Romney and Parley Pratt, had 12 wives each. Compton, the polygamy scholar, disputes that. He believes Miles Romney only had one wife because the records do not show the dates for his other 11 marriages or any offspring from them. Miles Romney and his one clearly documented wife, Elizabeth Gaskell, had 10 children. Among them was Miles Park Romney, one of Mitt Romney's great-grandfathers. Miles Park Romney had five wives. With his first wife, Hannah Hood Hill, he had 11 children. Among them was Gaskell Romney, Mitt Romney's paternal grandfather. Hannah Hood Hill's autobiography offers an eyewitness account of the Romney family's polygamous past. Hardy, the Cal-State historian, found it amid research for his upcoming book, "Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy." Hood Hill wrote of Miles Park Romney: "I felt that was more than I could endure, to have him divide his time and affections from me. I used to walk the floor and shed tears of sorrow. If anything will make a woman's heart ache, it is for her husband to take another wife. ... But I put my trust in my heavenly father, and prayed and pleaded with him to give me strength to bear this great trial." Miles Park Romney's final marriage, to Emily Eyring Smith, came in 1897, more than six years after "The Manifesto." Gaskell Romney, Mitt Romney's grandfather, was not a polygamist. He married Anna Amelia Pratt, the daughter of polygamists and the granddaughter of Parley Pratt, the apostle with 12 wives. Their marriage took place Feb. 20, 1895, in Dublan, Mexico. Gaskell Romney had moved to Mexico with his parents in 1884 amid the proliferation of U.S. laws prohibiting "unlawful cohabitation." Anna Pratt was born in Utah, but had emigrated to Mexico and lived in one of nine Mormon colonies established over the border. Gaskell Romney and Anna Pratt had seven children, including George Wilcken Romney, the former Michigan governor. He lived with his parents in Mexico until 1912, when the family returned to the United States. George Romney married Lenore LaFount, who does not appear to have polygamy in her family tree. The couple, now deceased, had four children, including Mitt Romney. My Thoughts So, now is the ASSOCIATED PRESS Anti-Mormon? WHY? Just because they are stating things that are true, but 'not useful'? Thankfully, they are not under the same constraints as those 'scholars' over at fairlds.com. They don't have to worry about "how to teach with the spirit". They can report the facts, and let each individual person use their OWN intellectual brain to draw their own conclusions. They don't prepare the reader by coming up with the final opinion first, and then describe how one carefully and "prayerfully' reaches the same conclusion... I MUCH prefer to live in the real world, where information is freely exchanged and accumulated, nothing has to be cast aside simply because of its source. Even false information can be shared, critiqued and questioned and then rational decisions can be made on the remaining peices. Not so with the Mormons. They give you the conclusion they want, and the formula that you must use to arrive at the same agreement, thus proving you are a faithful and loyal member. And Mormons think Scientology is weird? There are so many similarities, it isn't even funny. Friday, February 23, 2007 Are Mormons Christians just because they SAY they are? The LDS church has recently exerted great effort to portray itself as a Christian denomination: • All editions of the Book of Mormon were simply entitled the 'Book of Mormon' until 1982 when the subtitle "Another Testament of Jesus Christ" was added. • In 1995 the words 'Jesus Christ' on the official letterhead of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were enlarged until they were three times the size of the rest of the text. • In Salt Lake City's Temple Square, the guides' patter, once full of proud references to Smith, is now almost entirely Christological. "We talk about Christ a lot more than we used to," says editor of the temple magazine. "We want to show the converts we are Christians". • A number of recent LDS books such as Stephen E. Robinson's 'Are Mormons Christian'? attempt to make Mormonism and Christianity appear to be the same. • The official name of the LDS Church has not always contained the name of 'Jesus Christ'. At its inception on April 6, 1830 until May 3, 1834, the name of 'Church of Christ' was adopted. But from May 3, 1834 to April 25, 1838, the name 'The Church of the Latter Day Saints' was adopted by unanimous vote at a conference of Elders moderated by Joseph Smith, Jr. (The Evening and Morning Star, 2(20): 160, May 1834; History of the Church 2:62). On April 26, 1838 the name was changed to 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' as named in a 'revelation' (Doctrine and Covenants 115:3) to Smith. Yet LDS leaders seem to fall on both sides of this issue. For example, President Hinckley says: • "Am I Christian? Of course I am. I believe in Christ. I talk of Christ. I pray through Christ. I’m trying to follow Him and live His gospel in my life" (LDS Church News, 6/28/98). • However, in reference to whether he believes 'in the traditional Christ' Hinckley responds: "No, I don't. The traditional Christ of whom they [non-Mormons] speak is not the Christ of whom I speak. For the Christ of whom I speak has been revealed in this the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times. He together with His Father, appeared to the boy Joseph Smith in the year 1820, and when Joseph left the grove that day, he knew more of the nature of God than all the learned ministers of the gospel of the ages" (LDS Church News Week 6/20/98, p.7). Of course, early Mormon prophets and leaders made VERY clear statements explaining that their church was NOT a Christian denomination (see: The Only True Church?). They claimed that there was a total apostasy of all Christendom after the death of the original apostles. Here are just a few quotes: • Joseph Smith stated: "This [LDS] Church...the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth" (Doctrine and Covenants 1:30). "What is it that inspires professors of Christianity generally with a hope of salvation? It is that smooth, sophisticated influence of the devil, by which he deceives the whole world" (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, p.270); • Brigham Young stated: "Should you ask why we differ from other Christians, as they are called, it is simply because they are not Christians as the New Testament defines Christianity" (Journal of Discourses, 10:230); • Apostle Orson Pratt proclaimed: "Both Catholics and Protestants are nothing less than the 'whore of Babylon' whom the Lord denounces by the mouth of John the Revelator as having corrupted all the earth by their fornications and wickedness. Any person who shall be so corrupt as to receive a holy ordinance of the Gospel from the ministers of any of these apostate churches will be sent down to hell with them, unless they repent" (The Seer, p. 255). • Apostle Bruce McConkie is also very clear: "Apostasy was universal...And this darkness still prevails except among those who have come to a knowledge of the restored gospel" (Doctrines of Salvation, vol 3, p.265). "Virtually all the millions of apostate Christendom have abased themselves before the mythical throne of a mythical Christ" (LDS Apostle Bruce McConkie, in Mormon Doctrine, p.269). • President Ezra Taft Benson said: "This is not just another Church. This is not just one of a family of Christian churches. This is the Church and kingdom of God, the only true Church upon the face of the earth..." (Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson, p.164-165). The Mormon response to those who question whether they are Christians is to accuse them of being contentious and unloving. Mormons will proudly claim that the LDS church never criticizes other beliefs and therefore no one should criticize them. Based on the statements above, this obviously isn't true; the Mormon reaction is merely feigned indignation or reflects an ignorance of statements made by their own leaders. Thursday, February 22, 2007 Romney's "Mormon Problem" From: The American Spectator By David Holman Published 12/16/2005 While some reluctance toward a Mormon president may be reactionary, many Americans will have legitimate, rational questions about Mormonism that they have already answered about Catholicism. They'll want to know if Mormons are indeed Christians, as the LDS Church says. President Gordon B. Hinckley adamantly maintains Mormons' Christianity: "Are we Christians? Of course we are! No one can honestly deny that." Yet beyond Christian-sounding platitudes, the Mormon version of Christianity is pretty novel. To Mormons, the Book of Mormon is equivalent to, if not preeminent over, the Bible. Joseph Smith said, "I told the brethren that the Book of Mormon was the most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book." Mormons reject the Holy Trinity, instead believing God, Son, and Holy Spirit to be separate beings. People preexisted as God's "spirit children" until we assumed human bodies on Earth. Adam is the same person as Michael the Archangel. Married couples can become gods in the afterlife. LDS moral teachings will likely displease social conservatives when they learn the church's position on abortion sounds more like a political compromise than a well-reasoned moral teaching. "There is seldom any excuse for abortion," LDS teaches, except when the pregnancy is the result of incest or rape, the "life or health" of the mother is in "jeopardy," or the child has "severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth." In Romney's defense, though, Grover Norquist argues in our December/January issue that some social conservatives like Chuck Colson can back Romney because he supports the Defense of Marriage Act. The church's policies on blacks and polygamy, while in the past, could rankle many conservatives and liberals alike. Brigham Young banned blacks from the priesthood in 1852. In his Journal of Discourses, Young affirmed the "curse of Cain," the Mormon doctrine that blacks bear the fallen brother's punishment: "The Lord put a mark upon him, which is the flat nose and black skin." It wasn't until 1978 that LDS President Spencer W. Kimball (co-signing with counselors N. Eldon Tanner and Marion G. Romney, a second cousin of Gov. Romney) announced that God had revealed all "worthy male members" could now be ordained "without regard for race or color." Polygamy was revealed as licit by God to Joseph Smith in the early days of the Church, and then revealed as illicit by God to President Wilford Woodruff in the 1890 "Manifesto." It thrives to this day in Utah -- some estimate there are as many as 50,000 -- and polygamists claim to be following the true, original teachings of the LDS. Their foremost historical figures and prophets were inexhaustible practitioners of "The Principle." Joseph Smith took dozens of wives, often claiming that he was commanded to do so by the Almighty Himself. Brigham Young followed suit, marrying as many as 27 women. If any Mormon can justify this, I would love to hear from you! Today is my niece's thirteenth birthday. And she also happens to be Mormon. I am grateful that she didn't live during Joseph's Smith's day, or in the days before 1890, when The Manifesto was adopted by the LDS church (even though it took another 20 years or so for the practice to finally stop within the bounds of the church). When I think about her, or my own daughter, I can't help but think about another young teen girl named Helen Mar Kimball. She was only fourteen when she married 38-year-old Joseph Smith. At the time, she was neither orphaned or widowed, she was not in need of being looked after, she was taken from her parents home to be sealed to Joseph Smith for the express purpose of ensuring her family's place in the Celestial Kingdom. That's not even the worst of it. As a consequence, she had to give up her remaining childhood, and become a woman overnight. She couldn't even be allowed to attend social functions where Joseph would be, for fear that Emma would find out about the relationship. She became isolated from her peers, and hidden away as Joseph's "dirty little secret". She wasn't even the only young maiden Joseph had made his "wife". Fanny Alger 16 Sarah Ann Whitney 17 Lucy Walker 17 Flora Ann Woodworth 16 Emily Dow Partridge 19 Sarah Lawrence 17 Maria Lawrence 19 Helen Mar Kimball 14 Melissa Lott 19 Nancy M. Winchester [14?] Anyone still having doubts that any of these women were plural wives of Joseph Smith, take a look at your own familysearch.org under Joseph Smith, you will get a list of 33 wives. most sealed to him before his death in 1844. And don't delude yourselves into thinking that they were sealed in name only, There would be no reason for Emma to have cast the Partridge sisters from her home if she didn't have proof that Joseph was having sex with them. This is Helen's story: In 1843 Apostle Heber C. Kimball had an important talk with his only daughter, fourteen-year-old Helen Mar. She wrote: “Without any preliminaries [my Father] asked me if I would believe him if he told me that it was right for married men to take other wives...The first impulse was anger...my sensibilities were painfully touched. I felt such a sense of personal injury and displeasure; for to mention such a thing to me I thought altogether unworthy of my father, and as quick as he spoke, I replied to him, short and emphatically, ‘No I wouldn’t!’...This was the first time that I ever openly manifested anger towards him...Then he commenced talking seriously and reasoned and explained the principle, and why it was again to be established upon the earth. [This] had a similar effect to a sudden shock of a small earthquake.” Then father “asked me if I would be sealed to Joseph...[and] left me to reflect upon it for the next twenty-four hours...I was sceptical-one minute believed, then doubted. I thought of the love and tenderness that he felt for his only daughter, and I knew that he would not cast her off, and this was the only convincing proof that I had of its being right. I knew that he loved me too well to teach me anything that was not strictly pure, virtuous and exalting in its tendencies; and no one else could have influenced me at that time or brought me to accept of a doctrine so utterly repugnant and so contrary to all of our former ideas and traditions.” Unknown to Helen Mar, Heber and Joseph had already discussed the prospect of Helen Mar becoming one of Joseph’s wives. Heber now sought her agreement. Helen recalls, “Having a great desire to be connected with the Prophet Joseph, he offered me to him; this I afterwards learned from the Prophet’s own mouth. My father had but one Ewe Lamb, but willingly laid her upon the alter” Joseph promised Helen eternal salvation if she would agree to marry him: "[He explained] the principle of Celestial marrage...After which he said to me, ‘If you will take this step, it will ensure your eternal salvation & exaltation and that of your father’s household & all of your kindred.[‘] This promise was so great that I willingly gave myself to purchase so glorious a reward. None but God & his angels could see my mother’s bleeding heart-when Joseph asked her if she was willing...She had witnessed the sufferings of others, who were older & who better understood the step they were taking, & to see her child, who had scarcely seen her fifteenth summer, following in the same thorny path, in her mind she saw the misery which was as sure to come...; but it was all hidden from me.” During the winter of 1843-44, there were weekly parties at Joseph Smith’s Mansion House. Many of Helen’s friends attended, as well as her sixteen-year-old brother William. Disappointed, Helen wrote, “my father had been warned by the Prophet to keep his daughter away...I felt quite sore over it, and thought it a very unkind act in father to allow [William] to go and enjoy the dance unrestrained with others of my companions, and fettered me down, for no girl loved dancing better than I did...and like a wild bird I longed for the freedom that was denied me; and thought myself an abused child, and that it was pardonable if I did murmur.” Here is a fourteen-year old girl who lost her childhood, and then became a widow at fifteen when Joseph Smith was murdered. If you think it was an honor and a privilege for her to have been "chosen" as a wife, think hard about whether or not you would sacrifice your teenage daughter to a man who already had 15 wives in secret, all over town. Would you gladly hand over your daughter to a church authority figure, say the bishop of your ward or the stake president, who is sure to be at least 20 to 30 years older than your child, if not more, in order to "purchase so great a reward?" Perhaps I'm being too harsh.... Should we judge Joseph Smith by today's standards? It seems that the argument presents itself time and time again when anyone wants to talk about the necessity of plural marriage. I know when I was raised in the Mormon church, and even through adulthood I was lead to believe that plural marriage was only practiced to ensure widows without a man to lead their families would be secured and provided for by having her married through polygamy. I was taught that it was for the benefit of the WOMAN. Now I have learned that this is a cover-up for Joseph's pedophilia, and Brigham Young was the biggest perpetuator of that false teaching. Most of the members found the practice to be abhorrent, and refused to follow Brigham Young out of Nauvoo, preferring to follow Joseph's son, or any one of a half-dozen other factions that refused the teaching of polygamy. For those who think that Joseph Smith was a called man of God: When has it ever been a "standard" in the history of the U.S. for a married man in his 30s, who is an alleged Christian minister, to engage in sexual relationships with women and teenage girls to whom he was not legally married? (Remember that polygamy WAS illegal, even in Joseph Smith's time, just as gay marriage is considered illegal even if a ceremony is performed) Another question for those who claim to no longer believe in Mormonism, but still defend Smith's polygamous behavior: Does not the fact that: polygamy was illegal in Smith's day Smith desperately tried to keep his polygamy teachings and practices secret, and denied them to his dying day Smith and his fellow polygamists viciously attacked and slandered people who tried to expose his secret polygamy practice ...tell us that Smith's sexual behavior was anything* but "standard" for his time? Some of Joseph's defenders claim that his modern critics are judging him unfairly by holding him to today's standards of behavior. In fact, the opposite is true, and that any adult could make such an assertion, is only testament to how deeply our capacity for rational thought can be corrupted by emotional attachment to ideology. Mormon defenders cannot have it both ways. EITHER, as say Mormon general authorities, society has fallen from a far superior moral state, and we now live in an era characterized by shockingly loose morals, where chastity is denigrated and mocked, where "traditional family units" are under threat "as never before", where sexual anarchy appears to be a possibility, etc. ad nauseam - OR, our era is in no way superior in sexual restraint and order to past eras. If it's the same now as it was back in Joseph's day, then Mormon GA's cannot be believed when they claim society has fallen from this far superior moral state. And if they cannot be believed, then they are in fact "leading the church astray", and if that is the case, a canonized item of official doctrine is not true (see the Manifesto page in the D&C), and if that is the case, then Joseph's church isn't the only true religion in the world. But if is true (as the general authorities claim) that society HAS fallen, then illegitimacy, immodesty, sexual "looseness" and "experimentation", promiscuity, etc., were ALL far RARER in Joseph Smith's era, than now - meaning that his era was far stricter sexually, than ours is. But if that is the case, and as church defenders ask, we judge Joseph Smith according to the "standards of his time", then modern critics are NOT JUDGING HIM HARSHLY ENOUGH. And in fact, history suggests exactly this. For, who do these genius church defenders think would best be in a position to judge Joseph according to the standards of his own time, other than THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN HIS OWN TIME? And how did THEY judge him? THEY FINALLY ASSASSINATED HIM. They drove Joseph's treasonous band of cult fanatics OUT OF THE UNITED STATES. And before that, they chased Joseph out of area after area. And why? "Because Joseph's church was the only true church, and Satan wanted to destroy it!"? It's far more possible to believe that it was Joseph's ACTIONS, his lewd behavior, his craving of young girls to take on as plural wives and claim as his own, his use of power and authority, his claims of being visited by an angel with a flaming sword, THESE are the things that earned him his fate. It had nothing to do with persecuting the church and everything to do with punishing the man for his actions. Frankly, given past experiences with pedophiles and acts of lewdness towards little children, I am shocked that this information doesn't disturb each and every female member of the church who has ever had to deal with this in their own lives. I know that I have met some men in my lifetime that I wouldn't DARE leave in a room alone with my daughter, let alone sign her over to be married to him in order to secure my place in the Celestial Kingdom. In my mind, Joseph Smith is no better than the pedophiles, child-molesters, and child-pornography freaks of this day and age, except that our society seems to try to 'rehabilitate' these offenders, when in Joseph Smith's time, they would get lynched, and justice would be served. While I'm on that subject, I'll just say here that I think it is HIGHLY IMPROPER to allow your young pre-teen or teenage daughter to be interviewed secluded behind a locked door, so that some bishop can ask her if she is sexually pure, has ever masturbated or had improper thoughts, all of these questions are part of a temple recommend process in order to do baptisms for the dead in the Mormon temples, and it is an open invitation for a man of a lewd nature to take advantage of young girls and make them confide personal information to someone who is in a position of authority. Think about that the next time you allow your daughter to be interviewed by a man 20-30 years her senior, and ask yourself if you REALLY trust the man that she is with, locked up in there alone with, and if you will ALWAYS trust men you don't know personally, just because he has been chosen to be the bishop. It happens all over the country, folks. Men in positions of power take advantage of young children every day, and if you are a childhood survivor of any kind of improper action by a person of authority over you, then why would you voluntarily allow your child to be placed in situations where they could become subject to the same actions against them? Just because someone higher up 'called' this man to be bishop doesn't mean he couldn't be capable of harming your child in some psychologically damaging way. I just don't understand the blind faith of people in the church, thinking everyone in it is perfectly trustworthy and incapable of harming others within the "hallowed" walls of the 'one true church'. Joseph Smith did it in his day---and he was supposedly the most 'chosen' of them all... Is the INTERNET itself Anti-Mormon? Or all the news agencies that report these cases? Or just the people who repeat the information and publish it on the web? What makes an Anti-Mormon? Is it someone who just doesn't agree with you? Or is it someone who tries their damndest to try and help you see what kind of organization you are putting your trust in? Is it someone who has never been a member, and just wants to attack your faith? Or maybe it's someone who has been there, had similar experiences, and is now trying to point out things that are 'true, but not very useful'? Why label people as Anti-Mormons? Aren't you, as a member of the "true church" Anti-Catholic? Don't you try to point out and reason with other people why their beliefs are wrong, or incomplete? Do you ever spend time trying to persuade people to see the logic of your arguments and sway their beliefs? So, what makes Anti-Mormons so different from YOU? If I could accomplish one thing in my life, it would be to help someone, anyone, understand that there are things the Mormon church would have you live your whole life never knowing, that they will go to great lengths to lie about, cover up and deny in order to maintain the base. And I cannot stand around here letting that go unchecked and unnoticed. I see people in bondage, trapped in a faith-system that isn't honest with their members, that creates fear of outsiders, and encourages blind faith and loyalty to their leaders. My blog will continue, into infinity, until I can help my family understand what I have come to know about the church, and until someone rises to the challenge of answering each and every one of the charges I have brought against it, in a fair, balanced, logical manner. All I have received so far is excuses. That's not going to change what I know for a fact. Faith has NOTHING to do with facts. And no amount of faith can change the facts, no matter how hard you deny the truth- one day the facts expose the fraud. Tuesday, February 20, 2007 Bill Maher talks about Mormonism's Beliefs on HBO's "Real Time" here's the link Basically, Mr. Maher laid it out for any rational person who has never heard of Mormonism. He first started speaking about how difficult it would be to get the presidential nomination, saying that you have to state publically that you are a person of faith, and you will depend on your faith to guide you in your life. In his opinion, (and mine as well) this is a problem, because it means you are willing to 'suspend critical thinking' in order to maintain your beliefs. Hmm, don't we already have a president like that? Do you see Mr. Bush using critical thinking in any of his decision-making? Then, Mr. Maher went on to state a couple of the teachings of the Mormons that people should make a note of and remember, the first one was that Mormons used to teach that the only way a black man would get to heaven is to be sealed to a white as a slave. The next point he made was that Mormons believe in things that can (and have been) proven false. Joseph Smith started the church less than two centuries ago, and it's not difficult to prove that most of his teachings, if not all, are false. Case in point: The Mormons believe that the Native Americans are decendants of the lost tribes of Israel. DNA tests have proven that this is a false belief, no question about it. And the Mormon reaction is to try to discredit the research and call it "inconclusive", simply because it doesn't uphold their viewpoint YET. So, they will continue to hold out on the DNA question until it can be 100% conclusive, which will always be statistically impossible, and THEY KNOW THIS! Even if I took myself and my children to the clinic and had DNA testing done, the tests would only show that I was 99.99% likely to be their mother, and that is the slim margin the LDS church is hanging on to in order to maintain the belief that the Native Americans are what Joseph Smith said they were, and the Book of Mormon was written by them, and for them, to bring them to "further light and knowledge", and to "restore the fullness of the gospel". The Book of Mormon cannot stand without the Native Americans being decended from Jews. And, to further complicate things, NO Native South American indiginous peoples have been connected to DNA similarities of the Jewish peoples. They have Asian markers, they are similar in features and bone structures to the Asian peoples. But you can't convince Mormons that their whole foundation for their church is NOT TRUE! Joseph Smith did not receive a golden book to translate, and he did not have any contact with a personage named Moroni, who was supposedly a Native American Lamanite that led him to the plates, nor did he have any basis for his claim that the Native American peoples were decended from the authors of that golden book, and lastly, there has been NO EVIDENCE whatsoever that any of the wars that were supposedly fought, weapons used, animals mentioned, or vast populations described EVER EXISTED. Here in the U.S. or in Central America, or in South America, or anywhere at all in this hemisphere. He LIED, plain and simple. Why, why, why is it so damn difficult to believe that he made it up? All of the evidence available, all of the historical record, all of the various accounts of his life and teachings point to the conclusion that he could NOT have been a prophet, or even very knowledgeable about Egyptian writings, the use of steel or even basic Jewish customs, like keeping Kosher, or observing holy days, which are not mentioned anywhere in the Book of Mormon. If it is a book about Jews, you would expect lots of description about their lives, and instead it's full of epic wars where thousands die about every 30 years, and more contention and strife is listed within its pages than in the Bible. Yet, we cannot find any swords, shields, armor, breastplates, curlemoms, curemoms, or any other fanciful things left behind to tell the story. The simplest explanation is that he made it all up. And he didn't even come up with an original concept at that. News Conference Question for Mitt Romney: Many thanks to Steve Benson from RfM "Why is it that your Mormon Church has officially gone on record as teaching that Blacks will be servants to White people in Mormon heaven?" That is a question deserving to be asked of Mormon presidential candidate Mitt Romney. It is an eminently fair inquiry--one that deserves a direct and honest answer--because if Romney fails to denounce, reject and separate himself from this historically-stated, racist Mormon teaching and practice, Romney himself is guilty of perpetuating bigotry in the name of the Mormon God and the Church in which he proudly claims devoted membership. If Romney doubts that the Mormon Church has viewed Blacks as servant material in the LDS hereafter, then he should be made aware of the fact that the Mormon Church's historical position on people of African descent has included this very teaching--as uttered from the highest levels of the LDS Church hierarchy. Again, for Mr. Romney's benefit, that teaching is this: Blacks, by the decree of your Church's highest leaders, have historically been assigned as servants to White people in the Mormon heaven. The Case of the Black Woman Sealed to Joseph Smith as a Domestic Servant In August 1908, then-Mormon Church president Joseph F. Smith recounted the situation of a devout Mormon African-American woman who was sealed to Joseph Smith--not as one of Smith's many plural wives--but, rather, as Smith's servant. Her name was Jane Manning James and her demeaning, dehumanizing and ultimately futile struggle for equal rights at the hands of the Mormon Church's White ruling elite is summarized below: "A free-born servant, Jane Elizabeth Manning was born in the late 1810s or early 1820s and grew up in Connecticut during the 1820s, earning her living as a domestic. "When Mormon missionaries came to the area, she listened and along with other family members joined the Church. "In 1843, eight members of the Manning family started toward Nauvoo but became separated at Buffalo, New York, when they were refused passage on a boat because they were Black. The Mannings set out on foot and, after experiencing illness, threatened imprisonment, and extreme cold, finally arrived in Nauvoo where Joseph Smith welcomed them into his home. "Before the Latter-day Saints left Nauvoo, Jane Manning married another black Mormon, Isaac James. James, a native of New Jersey, had converted to Mormonism in 1839 at the age of nineteen and immigrated to Nauvoo. "Their first son was born at Winter Quarters in 1846. The couple had six more children in Utah. In 1869 Isaac left the family, selling his property to Jane. He returned to Salt Lake City approximately twenty-one years later just before he passed away. When he died in 1891, Jane held his funeral in her home. "Jane Manning James was a member of the female Relief Society and donated to the St. George, Manti, and Logan temple funds. "She repeatedly petitioned the First Presidency to be endowed and to have her children sealed to her. . . . "After Isaac died, Jane asked that they [her children] be given the ordination of adoption so they would be together in the next life. "She explained in correspondence to Church leaders that Emma Smith had offered to have her sealed to the Smith family as a child. She reconsidered that decision and asked to be sealed to the Smiths. "Permission for all of these requests was denied. "Instead the First Presidency 'decided she might be adopted into the family of Joseph Smith as a servant, which was done, a special . . . ceremony having been prepared for the purpose.' "The minutes of the Council of Twelve Apostles continued: "'But Aunt Jane was not satisfied with this, and as a mark of dissatisfaction she applied again after this for sealing blessings, but of course in vain.' . . . "Jane Manning James bore a testimony of Mormonism to the end of her life [as follows, in her own words]: "'My faith in the gospel of Jesus Christ, as taught by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is as strong today, nay, it is if possible stronger than it was the day I was first baptized. I pay my tithes and offerings, keep the word of wisdom, I go to bed early and rise early, I try in my feeble way to set a good example to all.' "When she died in 1908, Church president Joseph F. Smith spoke at her funeral." At her funeral, President Smith admitted that "Aunt Jane" (as she was known) had been relegated to eternal servanthood in the Mormon realms above, despite being a valiant, faithful Church member to the end: ". . . [E]fforts . . . had been made by Aunt Jane to receive her endowments and be sealed to her husband and have her children sealed to their parents and her appeal was made to all the Presidents from President Young down to the present First Presidency. ("The LDS Church and African Americans THE PRIESTHOOD BAN," at http://www.ldshistory.net/1990/embry.htm and ("Excerpts From The Weekly Council Meetings Of The Quorum Of The Twelve Apostles," in Jerald and Sandra Tanner, "Mormonism--Shadow or Reality?," p. 584, at http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/changech10a.htm ). Mormon Apostle Teaches That Even Baptized Blacks Can Do No Better Than Servanthood in the Mormon Hereafter Mormon Church apostle Mark E. Petersen was even more explicit in peddling the patently patronizing and prejudicial notion that the highest degree to which Blacks could rise in post-mortal Mormon heaven was that of servant status. Petersen declared in a sermon to BYU students that baptized Mormon Blacks would receive only qualified acceptance into Mormonism's highest degree of glory: "In spite of all he [the Black person] did in the pre-existent life, the Lord is willing, if the Negro accepts the gospel with real, sincere faith, and is really converted, to give him the blessings of baptism and the gift of the Holy Ghost. (Mark E. Petersen, "Race Problems—As They Affect The Church," speech at the "Convention of Teachers of Religion at the College Level at Brigham Young University," Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 27 August 1954, quoted in http://www.realmormonhistory.com/god&skin.htm#Mark E. Petersen's Racist Talk at BYU, and "Racist statements by LDS leaders during the 1950s," at http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_race.htm and ). So, Mr. Romney, again, "Why is it that your Mormon Church has officially gone on record as teaching that Blacks will be servants to White people in Mormon heaven?" Mr. Romney? . . . Um, Mr. Romney? Please come back and answer the question, Mr. Romney. Romney’s religion shouldn’t matter, but it does Inside the First Amendment By Charles C. Haynes First Amendment senior scholar Where Mitt Romney goes to church doesn’t disqualify him for public office: Article VI of the U.S. Constitution famously declares that “no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.” But when the former Massachusetts governor declared his candidacy for president on Feb. 13, news coverage focused heavily on one issue: Romney’s Mormon faith. Officially we have no religious test — but unofficially, religious affiliation (or lack thereof) can determine the outcome of elections. How big is Romney’s religion problem? In a Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg survey last year, a remarkable 37% of Americans said they would not vote for a Mormon presidential candidate. The poll numbers probably don’t come as a shock to the Mormons themselves. After all, Mormons (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) come out of a history of religious persecution. Shortly after their founder, Joseph Smith, announced his candidacy for president in 1844, he was killed by a mob. Back then the most contentious issue was polygamy, a practice disavowed by the LDS Church in 1890. But today Romney stills faces ignorance and confusion about his faith — fueled in part by the “Mormon” label put on characters in HBO’s series “Big Love” and the trial of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs. Only last month, a Republican activist in South Carolina pressed Romney to answer questions about polygamy. But Romney’s greater challenge may be to overcome the prejudices of people who actually do know what Mormons believe — and don’t like it. Many Christians, especially evangelicals, don’t accept the LDS Church as part of the Christian tradition. After years of being taught that Mormonism is heretical (and a cult), many conservative Christians will have a hard time getting beyond Romney’s religion. Moreover, some of Romney’s critics have raised the issue of religious authority: Because the president of the LDS Church is a living prophet, who would be in charge under a President Romney? This concern resembles the familiar anti-Catholic canard from the 19th century that a Catholic elected official would be controlled by the Vatican. Mormons, like everybody else in America, enjoy full religious freedom under the First Amendment. But constitutional protection doesn’t ensure acceptance in the public square. American Jews suffered decades of social discrimination (and anti-Semitic acts remain the No. 1 religious hate crime in the United States today). American Catholics were attacked as members of a dangerous cult for much of our history and were the target of nativist campaigns to limit Catholic citizenship and influence. Against this backdrop of prejudice, the few candidates for president outside the Protestant mainstream have mostly tried to say as little as possible about their religion. Attacked as an unbeliever during his 1800 campaign for president, Thomas Jefferson refused to be drawn into a debate on his religious views. In the run-up to the 1908 election, William Howard Taft kept mum about his Unitarian convictions in the face of intense pressure to declare his views on the divinity of Christ. John F. Kennedy, however, felt compelled to confront the “religion issue” head-on during his 1960 presidential campaign. In his now-famous address to the Houston Ministerial Association, Kennedy declared: “I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party’s candidate for President who happens also to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my church on public matters — and the church does not speak for me.” Of course, what worked for Kennedy may not work for Romney, especially since the Christian Right isn’t looking for a president who believes as Kennedy did “in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute.” But political pundits generally agree: Given the poll numbers, Romney has little choice but to give a public address about the relationship of faith and politics in his life. It won’t be easy. Kennedy, after all, could win votes by distancing himself from his church — and still count on a significant Roman Catholic vote (he won 71% of Catholics and only 32% of non-Catholics). In contrast, Romney faces Republican primary voters who are, in fact, looking for a candidate who wears his personal faith on his political sleeve. And there is no “Mormon base” since LDS members make up less than 2% of the U.S. population. Nevertheless, if he declares that he doesn’t take orders from Salt Lake — and emphasizes his conservative position on social issues — Romney has a good shot at winning over many evangelicals. Ironically, the very evidence that demonstrates his independence from the LDS Church (his now-abandoned 1994 liberal positions on gay rights and abortion were contrary to LDS positions) may well be used against him as he attempts to position himself as a born-again social conservative. It’s hard to believe that anyone seriously thinks Romney would be a puppet of the prophet in Salt Lake City any more than Kennedy was a mouthpiece for the pope in Rome. Nothing in his political career supports that fear. And the 15 Mormon members of Congress hardly march in lockstep with the church. If Mormon leaders are telling Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch and Democratic Sen. Harry Reid how to vote, they must be sending mixed signals. There’s plenty to debate in Romney’s positions on public policy without getting distracted by the non-issue of where he goes to church. Unfortunately, prejudice against Mormons leaves Romney little choice. Echoing JFK, Romney must now persuade voters that his values are shaped by faith, but his policies aren’t dictated by church. My Thoughts As a former Mormon, I can tell you that there is going to be some 'splainin' to do... Romney is sooner or later going to have to answer to journalists who do their homework. In Kennedy's day, and even today, anyone can go into a Catholic Church and sit through a Mass, take up some religion classes, and find out exactly what the Catholics believe. You can NOT do that with the Mormons. They don't teach that way. There is no admittance to their temples without a membership card (or 'recommend') and they have whitewashed their lds.org website to look as mainstream Christian as possible. This is not going to give an accurate picture of what Mormonism is all about. However, there are TONS of websites out there that WILL explain what Mormons believe, many of them posted and run by former members of the church, who left after discovering the fraudulent nature of their historical background, and the omittance of information that is not 'faith-promoting'. Any good, reasonable journalist worth their salt will be able to download an exact word-for-word copy of the temple endowment ceremony from the Internet, and be able to see the part where Mitt Romney swore an oath called the "law of consecration" to the Mormon church. This is reason enough to keep him and any other Mormon from becoming a National Leader. It's not the same as being Catholic and subjecting yourself to the Pope. Mormons take an oath to uphold and sustain the Church, even if it means losing their life for it. Asking a Mormon what they believe in is going to result in obfuscation and 'milk before meat' philosophy. I say if you want to know anything at all about Mormons, ask someone who left it, and why they left. Romney isn't about to come clean and admit that Mormons think God was once a man, or that men can become Gods in their own right, as rulers of their own planets someday. Romney isn't going to state matter-of-factly that he has gone up to the pulpit and announced that he knows the Mormon church is true and all others are false, like most members do on the first Sunday of every month. This is also good enough reason to keep a Mormon from rising to power, he will be threatened with ex-communication by his own church if he doesn't back up their agenda while in office. And I for one think we need someone who doesn't arrive in Washington with his hands already tied.
The bridge that crosses over the Moon – Togetsu bridge The bridge of Togetsu (In Japanese written with the characters 渡月橋: crossing, moon, bridge) is one of the most emblematic of Kyoto. With its 155 meters long it was first built in the 9th century to cross the Katsura River towards the mountain of Arashiyama . Although it has been rebuilt and restored several times, the current version remains in the same place as the original. The Tōfukuji zen temple The Tōfukuji (東福寺, Tōfukuji) is a zen temple in southeastern Kyoto. Its pavilions are surrounded by a huge green area, it is beautiful all over the year but the best time to see this temple is a the time of the kouyou (End of november) . Tōfukuji is one of the most important Zen temples in Kyoto. The Sanmon style door of the Tōfukuji is 22 meters high and is the oldest Japanese zen gate (since 1425 without having been rebuilt). The sanmon style doors (三門) are not in all Zen temples, only in the larger ones. The San 三 (Three) before the 門 (Gate) indicates that it is composed of three entrances. Each of the entries also has a name, the one on the left is the kūmon (空門 vacuum door), the middle one is the musōmon (無相門 the door without form) and the one on the right is the muganmon (無願門 DO NOT ask for wishes). This is the sanmon gate at Tōfukuji which is declared as a National Treasure The set of these three doors: the one of the void, the formless one and the one of not requesting desires; symbolize the three places by which purification must be achieved before enlightenment. Passing through them helps to free you from: greed, hatred and ignorance. That’s why they are also called sangedatsumon (三解脱門 the door of the three releases). Apart from the sanmon gate, the most beautiful of the Tōfukuji are the gardens. There are several, each with a style, some with large rocks and moss that adorns them, others full of vegetation and several dry with gravel and stones. All of them were designed by Mirei Shigemori . One of the most beautiful gardens inside Tōfukuji is the Kaizandō, which is hidden across the bridge Tsutenkyo. A bridge with a wooden roof that is 100 meters long and crosses a stream that will lead to the kamogawa. This is the Tsutenkyo bridge, the name of this bridge translated is: “The Bridge to cross the sky” Views from the bridge Kaizandō is a dry garden similar to the Ryoanji but it is not symmetrical, an area of the gravel rectangle is occupied by hedges and rocks. What I like the most compared to the Ryoanji is that behind the gravel you don’t see a simple wall, there is a big Japanese style garden with pines covering the landscape. Another of the differences is the way they drag it, in the Kaizandō they do it in a way that squares of several different shades are drawn on its surface. Tofukuji location on google maps. From Kyoto Station, with the JR Nara line, it takes two minutes to reach Tofukuji Station. Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life I’m very happy to announce you that my new book has just been published in English. It is very different from A Geek in Japan, instead of trying to explain all about Japan in this new book I focus on just one aspect more deeply. It all started when I explained my friend Francesc Miralles about the Japanese word Ikigai and we decided to write a book together. Ikigai in Japanese means “a reason for being”, you can also think of it as that thing in your life that gets you up in the morning. In the book we go deep in what it means to have a life of meaning and how it can help us to live happier and longer. Thank you 🤗 all for reading and supporting A Geek in Japan all these years, without you this new book would have never been posible. Available on since two days ago, order it now : Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life. If you want to keep updated and know more about my new book IKIGAI this are the channels that I will use from now on: Ryoanji – 龍安寺 Over the last 14 years I’ve visited the zen garden Ryoanji (龍安寺) several times. I love that every time I visit this beautiful dry garden (karesan-sui) it feels different. It is like watching the same movie while noticing that you are growing old, and each time you notice and feel different details. The first time visiting Ryoanji I was twenty three years old and I had just finished graduating from computer science. At that time, my rationalistic approach to engineering made me try to explain the beauty of this place in a scientific way. I even wrote a long post about it in my Spanish blog explaining how you could mathematically divide the geometry of the garden by analyzing the empty space between the rocks. I learned that the important thing are not the rocks but the space between them, but I was a fool thinking that we can explain beauty following a scientific approach. I think I fabricated all the mathematical explanation just to feel comfortable with the fact that an art piece so simple as rocks placed on gravel is of such beauty and importance for the Japanese people. This time I visited the place with different eyes and heart. I just sat down and enjoyed the scenery without wondering why it is so beautiful and trying to explain it. Now, I’m 36 years old and I grasp the fact that art is never complete without taking into account the subject observing it. It is my consciousness, through the act of observing the dry garden, who makes the place beautiful and unique. Is not enough to explain the garden in order to understand its beauty, you have to know yourself. Old Shinjuku pictures Shinjuku 新宿 is my favorite area in Tokyo. I’ve been taking pictures of Shinjuku since 2004. During these 13 years I’ve seen this neibourhood transforming and I feel some kind of nostalgia when looking at my old Shinjuku pictures. Shinjuku developed as a neuralgic point of activity in Japan since the beginning of the Edo area when a “juku” 宿, a place to stop and rest, was stablished on the side of Koshu Kaido, one of the five main routes of commerce in Edo Japan. Nowadays, Koshu Kaido is the avenue on the south exit of Shinjuku station that is used by more than 3 million people everyday. Shinjuku was totally destroyed in the war and rebuilt from scratch after it. These are pictures from old Shinjuku, ranging from the 50s until the 70s. I love the general structure of the station and the surrounding streets hasn’t changed too much. This is Shinjuku in the 70s. On the left side you can see a building with the sign Sakuraya さくらや, it is an electronics and home appliances shop. This picture I took it in 2004 and also shows the same Sakuraya さくらや building. Sakuraya is no longer there, now it is a Bic Camera. Shinjuku west exit area in the 70s. Shinjuku west exit area in now. Naito Shinjuku 内藤新宿 (Second dot from the right to the left on the map) was the first stop after Nihonbashi on the Koshu Kaido route during the Edo period. Naito was the name of an important daimyo who lived where now Shinjuku Gyoen park is located. Chair designed to play video-games One of the first things that surprised me when I arrived to Japan was how much of the daily life inside houses happens laying down on the floor. Once you get used to it is nice because you can sit down wherever you want. The fact of not depending on chairs gives you a certain feeling of freedom. But it can also be uncomfortable if you want to be a long time sitting down in the same position. In this case the best option is to use a zabuton 座布団, or much better: a zaisu 座椅子. These are pictures of one of the most popular zaisu right now in Japan. It is used by gamers because it has an arm rest designed to hold the weight of your arms when you have your hands facing the screen with the game controller. You can buy this chair here. Mikasa park After visiting the Dobuita street we walked to the seaside. The water was clear and sarushima could be seen in the horizon 猿島 (猿:monkey, 島:island)… Monkey Island! We ended up entering a park dedicated to Mikasa, a battleship that was used in the Ruso-Japanese war at the beginning of the 20th century. It sank near Nagasaki in 1905 but it was recovered and fixed in 1906. Now the ship is attached to the park in Yokosuka and its interior is a museum that can be visited. The cannons are filled with cement as a symbol that the Mikasa will never again participate in a battle. This is the Mikasa Park exact location on google maps. Dobuita street at Yokosuka – Shenmue どぶ板通り We went for a walk to Yokosuka, it is one of those places that don’t usually show up in travel guides. We are a bunch of nerds so we decided to find a good reason to go to this city hidden south of Yokohama where we have never been before. My friend Antonio is a big fan of the video-game Shenmue, he keeps playing it on his old Dreamcast after more than 15 years. The hometown of the protagonist of Shenmue is Yokosuka and the majority of the action of the first part of the video-game happens in the virtual version of the Dobuita street. We had the perfect excuse to go and spend a day exploring Yokosuka. The Dobuita street is located near a US naval base. The influence of United States military culture can be seen in every corner, the street is filled with shops and restaurants things in their menus like the Trump burger or Perry curry. In several places they accept US dollars for payments. I took this pictured and found the same shop in the Shenmue videogame. If you are studying Japanese, can you find the main difference? Obama burger vs Trump burger Walking around Yokosuka we found a restaurant where they have two different hamburgers on their menu: the Trump burger and the Obama burger. The Trump burger has 700 gr of meat, two slices of bacon and egg. The Obama one has 450 gr and gorgonzola cheese. Which one would you choose? …. we went to another place for lunch 🙂 This is how the restaurant looks like from outside. Cool! The restaurant name is Tsunami and the exact localization on google maps is here
Login \| Register RSS Feed Download our iPhone app Browse DevX Sign up for e-mail newsletters from DevX Tip of the Day Language: Web Development Expertise: Beginner Mar 11, 1997 JPEG and GIF -- which to use, and when? The graphics on my Web pages are all now in GIF format. Someone told me that I should convert all these GIFs over to JPEG format, because it is faster and better. Is this true? Not necessarily. It depends on the kind of image. The JPEG graphics format is certainly a more "high-tech" format, in that the mathematical algorithm used for image compression is more complicated and harder to implement, which is why the early versions of Web browsers only supported inline GIFs. In those early days, you could only view JPEG images via an external viewer or helper app. Now every browser supports inline JPEGs, leading some people to think you should convert all your graphics to this more advanced format. However, different compression algorithms behave differently depending on the image data. There are many situations in which GIF is the better format. GIFs are good for computer-generated graphics, for example those generated by drawing programs like Adobe Illustrator or MacDraw. Typically, these graphics have large flat or evenly shaded areas, with not a lot of detail or surface texture. Because the GIF algorithm looks for repeating sequences of pixels, it will compress these kinds of images very well. JPEG on the other hand, was designed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group, and is suited more to photographic or natural-looking images rather than computer illustrations. These photographic images tend to have a lot of texture and irregular shapes. Because the compression algorithm does not depend on repeating sequences of pixels, it works better for these kinds of images than GIF compression. DevX Pro Comment and Contribute
Act 4, Scene 7- What is the dramatic purpose of announcing Opheilia's death at this piont in the play? What is the dramatic purpose of announcng Opheilia's death at this piont in the play? Asked by Last updated by jill d #170087 Answers 1 Add Yours Ophelia’s death by drowning is one of the famously impossible-to-settle questions of Hamlet. Did she die accidentally or did she commit suicide? If one looks forward to Act Five, it seems as though she was indeed a suicide. Given the immediate evidence of Gertrude’s testimony, however, there is no reason at all to believe that she killed herself. Gertrude describes her as dying almost in slow motion: “Her clothes spread wide, / And mermaid-like awhile they bore her up, / Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds, / As one incapable of her own distress, / Or like a creature native and indued / Unto that element.” Indeed, the question to ask given this description is not, “Did Ophelia kill herself?” but rather, “If she had time to sing songs while dying, why on earth didn’t Gertrude try to save her?” Perhaps, though (as suggested in the television series, Slings & Arrows, among other places), Gertrude's narrative is an attempt to protect Ophelia. She knows that Ophelia is better off dead and tries to hide the fact of her suicide with her narrative. As with so many aspects of this play, the truth is not forthcoming.
Osteoarthritis: Causes & Risk Factors Osteoarthritis (OA) can be caused by aging and wear on your joints. But obesity, overuse or injury can also contribute to the disease. Knowing your risk factors may help explain how you might have gotten the disease. And help you avoid further damage. Common risk factors for osteoarthritis include: • Age. The older you get, the more likely you are to develop OA. Most people are diagnosed with OA after age 45. By the age of 65, half the population has X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis in at least one joint. You are not alone! • Gender. While more men than women under age 45 have OA, women have a higher total risk of developing OA. By age 55, more women than men have the disease. • Weight. Carrying excess bodyweight puts you at a higher risk of developing OA. Unwanted pounds cause extra pressure on the weight-bearing joints of your knees and hips. Women appear to be more prone for weight related OA since women's joints are designed differently and cannot take the same load that men can. • Joint injury or overuse. Performing the same movement repeatedly can increase OA risk. Recreational athletes and people whose jobs require repetitive movements are more likely to damage joint cartilage and develop the disease. • Joint defects. Joints that are not properly formed can lead to OA. Genetic and hereditary joint problems also increase OA risk. • Muscle weakness. Strong muscles around joints absorb shock to the joints. People with very weak muscles may experience more joint damage and eventually develop OA. • Estrogen deficiency. Recent research suggests that low levels of estrogen put women at higher risk for OA. Some experts think estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may reduce the risk of knee and hip OA. • Other diseases. People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more likely to develop OA. Diseases like acromegaly (when your body makes too much growth hormone), and hematochromatosis, (having too much iron in your body), can also lead to OA. There are going to be more subtle and less obvious findings identified when our research into genetic and molecular mechanisms begins to pay off.
U.N. resolution on Crimea: Russia vetoes, China abstains By 박한나 • Published : Mar 16, 2014 - 09:45 • Updated : Mar 16, 2014 - 09:45 Russia vetoed a Western-backed resolution condemning the Crimea referendum at a UN Security Council emergency vote Saturday, but China abstained, isolating Moscow further on the Ukraine crisis. The resolution declares that the referendum on whether the semi-autonomous region should come under Kremlin rule "cannot form the basis for any alteration of the status of Crimea." China often backs Russia at the council, especially on Syria-related votes, and Western powers presented its abstention as the best possible outcome from the seventh UN emergency session since the crisis began. "Russia, isolated, alone and wrong, blocked the resolution's passage," US ambassador Samantha Power told the council. "This is a sad and remarkable moment." US national security advisers assembled at the White House to discuss Ukraine. President Barack Obama was not there but was being briefed, a senior US official said. "Russia totally isolated at UNSC. 13 vote for Resolution. Even China abstains. Russia alone in refusing to affirm sovereignty of #Ukraine," US Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes tweeted. It came as Ukraine accused Russian forces of invading a southeastern region of the country that neighbors Crimea. Thanking the UN for its efforts, Kiev warned the world the situation on the ground had suddenly got worse. "This is something which changes the situation dramatically," Ukraine's ambassador to the UN, Yuriy Sergeyev, told reporters. The United States was looking into the reports but would see any new Russian troop movement in south Ukraine as an "outrageous escalation," Power warned. "For something additional, even more escalatory to have occurred would be flying in the face of everything you have heard here today," she said. The Security Council session, which lasted more than an hour, degenerated into the usual recriminations between Western powers and Ukraine stacked up in one corner, and Russia in the other. Russia's veto had been certain after last-ditch talks between US Secretary of State John Kerry and his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov broke down in London on Friday. "It is a secret to no one that the Russian Federation will vote against the resolution," Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin told the council before the vote. He defended Crimea's referendum as necessary to fill the "legal vacuum" that arose "as a result of an unconstitutional coup d'etat in Ukraine." He later singled out Ukraine for "going beyond" permissible rhetoric, France for failing to mention alleged killings in Russian-speaking Ukraine and the United States for its "PR." "Madam Power spoke of truth. Was Washington telling its truth about its role in the development of the crisis?" he thundered. "Why are you negating the right of the people in Crimea to express their will in the referendum tomorrow?" France, like Ukraine, harkened back to the days of the Cold War. French Ambassador Gerard Araud told reporters that the impending annexation of Crimea was "totally unacceptable." "It's a sad day, really, because we have the impression to go back 30 or 40 years," he added. British Ambassador Mark Lyall Grant demanded Russia work to find a peaceful solution and "take notice of its isolation." "If Russia fails to respond to Ukraine's outstretched hand, it will lead to further escalation of tension in the region and further consequences for Russia," he said. The United States had drafted the resolution in very measured terms so that it could be accepted by Beijing. Chinese Ambassador Liu Jieyi justified Beijing's abstention by saying that passing a resolution at this moment would "only result in confrontation and further complicate the situation." "China has always been fair and objective. We will continue to mediate and promote dialogue so as to play a constructive role in seeking a political solution to the crisis," he said. Beijing has long defended the need to respect territorial integrity and does not back interference in the internal affairs of other countries. When the Security Council ruled on a similar international crisis, between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Beijing abstained. (AFP)
Posted in Flagyl on December 29, 2015 History of soccer recalls numerous accidents and disasters. The atmosphere at soccer matches is most often very heated, which looks like a battlefield. The soccer fans of different groups look very carefully playing their pet team, and often curse opponents, who be able to sometimes lead to fighting various amateur sports. These events occurred in the presence of and may recur in situations where observers losing control in crowded places. The crowd mastery at the stage is often also difficult: the famous play teams from the Premier League, stadiums are overcrowded. Big stadiums in the earth May contain an enormous number of the vulgar: for example, the ability of Wembley Stadium is 90,000 the community, and Old Trafford Stadium – 76,000. The amplitude Luzhniki Stadium in Russia is concerning 85000 people, and the Stadio Olimpico in Rome-82000. The great number of people is difficult to organize and control; problems of crowd curb often leads to fighting and riots. Soccer many times press reports on hooliganism by soccer supporters many times leads to disaster. The fighting betwixt supporters of rival teams sometimes take put at interest before or after soccer matches, nevertheless also occur in May organized in advance locations in order to avoid the police, and not necessarily in stages. Sometimes crushes man occur, in what one. people could be crushed to exit. Such an unfortunate event occurred in Hillsborough, April 15, 1989, killing 96 populace. The unprecedented influx of thousands of fans through a contracted tunnel leading to the stadium has caused a proud crush, where people are pressed over ~ the fence by the weight of the crowd behind them. Overcrowding of people caused the baneful crash. In a heated atmosphere of a soccer adapt, many people May lose control outer their feelings and behaviour. Many accidents and acts of vandalism occur in places such as stadiums. In this en~, an intense crowd control is indispensable thing to maintain peace and prevent disasters. Sometimes these events are recorded and published later in the TV clips of soccer. Accidents and disasters that occur up~ stage, are worth recalling that the deaths could require been avoided. Overcrowded stages can easily head to disaster. And if the number printed of our health it is not front and center sometimes we forget.
Katedra matematiky - členové katedry RNDr. Vladimíra Petrášková, Ph.D. Mgr. Roman Hašek, Ph.D. Introduction to finance The objective of the subject is to provide students with the basic knowledge of the field of finance enabling them to settle situations of common life, e.g. management of cash and non-cash money as well as related transactions and management of the instruments designed for this purpose (current account, payment instruments...), management of financial assets (e.g. deposits, investment and insurance) and liabilities (e.g. credits or leasing). Educational objectives A graduate in the subject acquires knowledge and skills helpful to his/her better orientation in the issue of money and prices and to gain capability to administer, in a responsible manner, family budget (family budget management, determination of financial objectives and decision-making concerning allocation of funds). Course programme 1. Simple interest, discount, relationship between interest rate and discount rate. Present value. Purchase discount. 2. Compound interest, mixed interest. Present value. 3. Effective interest rate, intensity of interest running - continuous interest, nominal and real interest rate, gross and net proceeds. Inflation. 4. Savings (short-time, long-term, combined). 5. Building saving. 6. Annuity as regular payment from investment. 7. Consumer credits - The offer on the Czech market. 8. Mortgage credits - The offer on the Czech market. 9. Credit cards. hire-purchase companies . 10. Current accounts. Banking facilities. The offer on the Czech market. 11. Students´ accounts. The offer on the Czech market. 12. Notes and exchange business. 13. Bonds - standard concepts. 14. Stocks. BCCP. Exchange indexes. 15. Bonds.mw (zip file) 16. SupplementaryPensionInsuranceVsBuildingSavings.mw (zip file) back to homepage
The world is more and more interconnected but it does not mean that individuals and societies really live together – as reveal the exclusions suffered by millions of poor, women, youth, migrants and disenfranchised minorities. Dialogue between cultures, the oldest and most fundamental mode of democratic conversation, is an antidote to rejection and violence. Its objective is to enable us to live together peacefully and constructively in a multicultural world and to develop a sense of community and belonging. Today there is more information, technology and knowledge available than ever before, but adequate wisdom is still needed to prevent conflicts, to eradicate poverty or to make it possible for all to learn in order to live in harmony in a safe world. 1. Gather experts in the fields well as institutional representatives involved in cultural diplomacy activities at different levels. 2. To promote the idea of cultural value as a vehicle for dialogue between leaders at national and international level. 3. Debate on the role of culture in the education process. 4. To present innovative ways to ensure national security based on cultural and international appreciation, based on cultural diplomacy and intercultural dialogue. 5. Giving voice to academics and other agents that contribute to the promotion of cultural diplomacy globally. 6. Promote a historic meeting to discuss a global issue of great relevance.
Claude Bernard From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Jump to: navigation, search For the 17th century Roman Catholic priest who popularized the Memorare, see Father Claude Bernard. Claude Bernard Claude Bernard.jpg Claude Bernard Born 12 July 1813 Died 10 February 1878(1878-02-10) (aged 64) Nationality French Fields Physiology Institutions Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Alma mater University of Paris Known for Physiology Influences François Magendie Notable awards Copley Medal (1876) Claude Bernard (French: [bɛʁnaʁ]; 12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. Historian Ierome Bernard Cohen of Harvard University called Bernard "one of the greatest of all men of science".[1] Among many other accomplishments, he was one of the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to ensure the objectivity of scientific observations.[2] He originated the term milieu intérieur, and the associated concept of homeostasis (the latter term being coined by Walter Bradford Cannon). Bernard was born in 1813 in the village of Saint-Julien[3] near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He received his early education in the Jesuit school of that town, and then proceeded to the college at Lyon, which, however, he soon left to become assistant in a druggist's shop.[3] Despite having a religious education, Bernard was an agnostic.[4] His leisure hours were devoted to the composition of a vaudeville comedy, and the success it achieved moved him to attempt a prose drama in five acts, Arthur de Bretagne. [5] In 1834, at the age of twenty-one, he went to Paris, armed with this play and an introduction to Saint-Marc Girardin, but the critic dissuaded him from adopting literature as a profession, and urged him rather to take up the study of medicine.[3] This advice Bernard followed, and in due course he became interne at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris. In this way he was brought into contact with the great physiologist, François Magendie, who served as physician at the hospital. Bernard became 'preparateur' (lab assistant) at the Collège de France in 1841.[5] Memorial plaque in Paris marking the site of Claude Bernard's laboratory from 1847 until his death in 1878. In 1845, Bernard married Marie Françoise "Fanny" Martin for convenience; the marriage was arranged by a colleague and her dowry helped finance his experiments. In 1847 he was appointed Magendie's deputy-professor at the college, and in 1855 he succeeded him as full professor. His field of research was considered inferior at the time, the laboratory assigned to him was simply a "regular cellar".[6] Some time previously Bernard had been chosen the first occupant of the newly instituted chair of physiology at the Sorbonne, but no laboratory was provided for his use. It was Louis Napoleon who, after an interview with him in 1864, repaired the deficiency, building a laboratory at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in the Jardin des Plantes. At the same time, Napoleon III established a professorship which Bernard accepted, leaving the Sorbonne. [5] In the same year, 1868, he was also admitted a member of the Académie française and elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. When he died on 10 February 1878, he was accorded a public funeral – an honor which had never before been bestowed by France on a man of science.[5][3] He was interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Claude Bernard's aim, as he stated in his own words, was to establish the use of the scientific method in medicine. He dismissed many previous misconceptions, took nothing for granted, and relied on experimentation. Unlike most of his contemporaries, he insisted that all living creatures were bound by the same laws as inanimate matter. Claude Bernard's first important work was on the functions of the pancreas, the juice of which he proved to be of great significance in the process of digestion; this achievement won him the prize for experimental physiology from the French Academy of Sciences. A second investigation - perhaps his most famous - was on the glycogenic function of the liver;[7] in the course of his study he was led to the conclusion, which throws light on the causation of diabetes mellitus, that the liver, in addition to secreting bile, is the seat of an internal secretion, by which it prepares sugar at the expense of the elements of the blood passing through it. A third research resulted in the discovery of the vasomotor system. In 1851, while examining the effects produced in the temperature of various parts of the body by section of the nerve or nerves belonging to them, he noticed that division of the cervical sympathetic nerve gave rise to more active circulation and more forcible pulsation of the arteries in certain parts of the head, and a few months afterwards he observed that electrical excitation of the upper portion of the divided nerve had the contrary effect. In this way he established the existence of vasomotor nerves, both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor.[3] Milieu interieur Milieu intérieur is the key process with which Bernard is associated. He wrote, "The stability of the internal environment [the milieu intérieur] is the condition for the free and independent life."[8] This is the underlying principle of what would later be called homeostasis, a term coined by Walter Bradford Cannon. He also explained that: The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for free and independent life: the mechanism that makes it possible is that which assured the maintenance, within the internal environment, of all the conditions necessary for the life of the elements.[9] The constancy of the environment presupposes a perfection of the organism such that external variations are at every instant compensated and brought into balance. In consequence, far from being indifferent to the external world, the higher animal is on the contrary in a close and wise relation with it, so that its equilibrium results from a continuous and delicate compensation established as if the most sensitive of balances.[9] The study of the physiological action of poisons was also of great interest to him, his attention being devoted in particular to curare and carbon monoxide gas. Bernard's scientific discoveries were made through vivisection, of which he was the primary proponent in Europe at the time. He wrote: Bernard practiced vivisection, to the disgust of his wife and daughters who had returned at home to discover that he had vivisected their dog.[11] The couple was officially separated in 1869 and his wife went on to actively campaign against the practice of vivisection. His wife and daughters were not the only ones disgusted by Bernard's animal experiments. The physician-scientist George Hoggan spent four months observing and working in Bernard's laboratory and was one of the few contemporary authors to chronicle what went on there. He was later moved to write that his experiences in Bernard's lab had made him "prepared to see not only science, but even mankind, perish rather than have recourse to such means of saving it." Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine Claude Bernard and pupils In his major discourse on the scientific method, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865[12]), Bernard described what makes a scientific theory good and what makes a scientist important, a true discoverer. Unlike many scientific writers of his time, Bernard wrote about his own experiments and thoughts, and used the first person.[13] Known and Unknown. What makes a scientist important, he states, is how well he or she has penetrated into the unknown. In areas of science where the facts are known to everyone, all scientists are more or less equal—we cannot know who is great. But in the area of science that is still obscure and unknown the great are recognized: "They are marked by ideas which light up phenomena hitherto obscure and carry science forward."[14] Authority vs. Observation. It is through the experimental method that science is carried forward—not through uncritically accepting the authority of academic or scholastic sources. In the experimental method, observable reality is our only authority. Bernard writes with scientific fervor: Induction and Deduction. Experimental science is a constant interchange between theory and fact, induction and deduction. Induction, reasoning from the particular to the general, and deduction, or reasoning from the general to the particular, are never truly separate. A general theory and our theoretical deductions from it must be tested with specific experiments designed to confirm or deny their truth; while these particular experiments may lead us to formulate new theories. Cause and Effect. The scientist tries to determine the relation of cause and effect. This is true for all sciences: the goal is to connect a "natural phenomenon" with its "immediate cause". We formulate hypotheses elucidating, as we see it, the relation of cause and effect for particular phenomena. We test the hypotheses. And when an hypothesis is proved, it is a scientific theory. "Before that we have only groping and empiricism."[16] Verification and Disproof. Bernard explains what makes a theory good or bad scientifically: Theories are only hypotheses, verified by more or less numerous facts. Those verified by the most facts are the best, but even then they are never final, never to be absolutely believed.[17] Claude Bernard When have we verified that we have found a cause? Bernard states: We must always try to disprove our own theories. "We can solidly settle our ideas only by trying to destroy our own conclusions by counter-experiments."[19] What is observably true is the only authority. If through experiment, you contradict your own conclusions—you must accept the contradiction—but only on one condition: that the contradiction is PROVED. Determinism and Averages. In the study of disease, "the real and effective cause of a disease must be constant and determined, that is, unique; anything else would be a denial of science in medicine." In fact, a "very frequent application of mathematics to biology [is] the use of averages"—that is, statistics—which may give only "apparent accuracy". Sometimes averages do not give the kind of information needed to save lives. For example: A great surgeon performs operations for stone by a single method; later he makes a statistical summary of deaths and recoveries, and he concludes from these statistics that the mortality law for this operation is two out of five. Well, I say that this ratio means literally nothing scientifically and gives us no certainty in performing the next operation; for we do not know whether the next case will be among the recoveries or the deaths. What really should be done, instead of gathering facts empirically, is to study them more accurately, each in its special determinism….to discover in them the cause of mortal accidents so as to master the cause and avoid the accidents.[20] Although the application of mathematics to every aspect of science is its ultimate goal, biology is still too complex and poorly understood. Therefore, for now the goal of medical science should be to discover all the new facts possible. Qualitative analysis must always precede quantitative analysis. Truth vs. Falsification. The "philosophic spirit", writes Bernard, is always active in its desire for truth. It stimulates a "kind of thirst for the unknown" which ennobles and enlivens science—where, as experimenters, we need "only to stand face to face with nature".[21] The minds that are great "are never self-satisfied, but still continue to strive."[22] Among the great minds he names Joseph Priestley and Blaise Pascal. Meanwhile, there are those whose "minds are bound and cramped".[23] They oppose discovering the unknown (which "is generally an unforeseen relation not included in theory") because they do not want to discover anything that might disprove their own theories. Bernard calls them "despisers of their fellows" and says "the dominant idea of these despisers of their fellows is to find others' theories faulty and try to contradict them."[24] They are deceptive, for in their experiments they report only results that make their theories seem correct and suppress results that support their rivals. In this way, they "falsify science and the facts": They make poor observations, because they choose among the results of their experiments only what suits their object, neglecting whatever is unrelated to it and carefully setting aside everything which might tend toward the idea they wish to combat.[24] Discovering vs. Despising. The "despisers of their fellows" lack the "ardent desire for knowledge" that the true scientific spirit will always have—and so the progress of science will never be stopped by them. Bernard writes: Ardent desire for knowledge, in fact, is the one motive attracting and supporting investigators in their efforts; and just this knowledge, really grasped and yet always flying before them, becomes at once their sole torment and their sole happiness….A man of science rises ever, in seeking truth; and if he never finds it in its wholeness, he discovers nevertheless very significant fragments; and these fragments of universal truth are precisely what constitutes science.[25] See also 1. Cohen, I. Bernard, "Foreword", in the Dover edition (1957) of: Bernard, Claude, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (originally published in 1865; first English translation by Henry Copley Greene, published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1927).[page needed] 2. Daston, Lorraine. "Scientific Error and the Ethos of Belief". Social Research. 72 (Spring 2005): 18. 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 D. Wright Wilson (June 1914). "Claude Bernard". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation: 567–578. 4. John G. Simmons (2002). Doctors and Discoveries: Lives That Created Today's Medicine. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-618-15276-6. Upon his death on February 10, 1878, Bernard received a state funeral - the first French scientist to be so honored. The procession ended at Pere Lachaise cemetery, and Gustave Flaubert described it later with a touch of irony as 'religious and very beautiful'. Bernard was an agnostic. 5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Chisholm 1911. 6. Vallery-Radot, René (2003-03-01). Life of Pasteur 1928. p. 42. ISBN 9780766143524. 7. F. G. Young (1957). "Claude Bernard and the Discovery of Glycogen". British Medical Journal. 1 (5033 (Jun. 22, 1957)): 1431–7. JSTOR 25382898. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5033.1431. 8. Bernard, C. (1974) Lectures on the phenomena common to animals and plants. Trans Hoff HE, Guillemin R, Guillemin L, Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas ISBN 978-0-398-02857-2. 9. 9.0 9.1 Bernard, Claude (1974). Lectures on the Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and Plants. Hebbel E. Hoff, Roger Guillemin, Lucienne Guillemin (trans.). Springfield, Illinois. USA: Charles C Thomas. p. 84. ISBN 0-398-02857-5. 10. Preece, Rod (2002). Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals. p. 309. ISBN 9780774808972. 11. Mary Midgley (1998). Animals and Why They Matter. University of Georgia Press. p. 28. 12. Bernard, Claude (1865). Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale. Paris. 13. Bernard, Claude, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (Dover edition 1957; originally published in 1865; first English translation by Henry Copley Greene, published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1927).[page needed] 14. Bernard (1957), p. 42. 15. Bernard (1957), p. 164. 16. Bernard (1957), p. 74. 17. Bernard (1957), p. 165. 18. Bernard (1957), p. 55. 19. Bernard (1957), p. 56. 20. Bernard (1957), p. 137. 21. Bernard (1957), p. 221. 22. Bernard (1957), p. 222. 23. Bernard (1957), p. 37. 24. 24.0 24.1 Bernard (1957), p. 38. 25. Bernard (1957), p. 22. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bernard, Claude". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Further reading • Grmek, M.D. (1970–80). "Bernard, Claude". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 24–34. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9. • Holmes, Frederic Lawrence. Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry: The Emergence of a Scientist. Harvard University Press, 1974. • Olmsted, J. M. D. and E. Harris. Claude Bernard and the Experimental Method in Medicine. New York: Henry Schuman, 1952. • Wise, Peter. "A Matter of Doubt - the novel of Claude Bernard". CreateSpace, 2011 and "Un défi sans fin - la vie romancée de Claude Bernard" La Société des Ecrivains, Paris, 2011. External links
Michael Riordon travels through occupied Palestine, recording the untold stories of Palestinian persecution and cruelty at the hands of the Israeli government. In an effort to right the wrongs of a corrupt government determined to eliminate Palestinians from Israeli soil, peace activists from both camps use the system to fight injustices Arabs face each and every day. Through vignettes, Riordon uses the 1948 War of Independence as the historical backdrop for Israel reclaiming its Holy Land and seeking to evict Palestinians from their land, dignity, and will to live. Painting them as terrorists, Israel has convince the world to look the other way while it continues its ethnic cleansing. This nonfiction is phenomenal. I never really understood all of the circumstances surrounding the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, and I'm ashamed to say that I accepted the media's version of events. What Riordon's books shows, however, is the danger of accepting false truths and propoganda, and the power that people have if they will simply stand up and say, "No more." Riordon says that he wrote this book to tell the rest of the story, to move people to action. the following quote encompasses the basic premise of enlightenment: "The trouble is that once you see it, you can't unsee it. And once you've seen it, keeping quiet, saying nothing, becomes as political an act as speaking out. There is no innocence. Either way, you're accountable" (Arundhati Roy, p. 4). Humans have a responsibility to one another, and no one is exempt. Leave a Reply.
The New Eye in the Sky: The Boeing “Phantom Eye” The Boeing Phantom Eye is a propeller-driven, unmanned, high altitude, long endurance aircraft that can be used for many purposes including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, communication with our Navy, disaster relief, and search and rescue. The project is still in the testing phase and is completely internally funded which shows the level of confidence that Boeing has in the aircraft’s potential. As far as I know, there have only been two test flights of the Phantom. The first one was in June of 2012 where the aircraft reached an altitude of 4,080 feet and flew for 28 minutes, but then had a rocky landing when the landing gear malfunctioned and dug into the ground instead of allowing a smooth stop which caused some damage to come to the aircraft. For the second flight, which took place on February 25th, 2013, the development team made sure to upgrade the landing gear software to ensure a perfect landing. During that second flight the Phantom reached 8,000 feet and flew for 66 minutes. One of the main innovations with this plane is that it can fly for four days at an altitude of 65,000 feet with a 450 pound payload of surveillance equipment. This is quite an impressive design because of its ability to carry such a large payload while maintaining a very long flight time as far as UAVs go. What I don’t understand is why neither of those flights came close to testing the four day time period that Boeing claims the plane can fly for on one tank of fuel. I am assuming that they did not want to test that limit of the plane just yet, but I am not sure why that is. In either case, the flights were successes, proving that this is a valid design for an aircraft. That is not what amazes me the most though. What is so fascinating to me has to do with how environmentally conscious this design is. The Phantom runs entirely on liquid hydrogen. This means that when that fuel is combusted in the engine, the only byproduct is water! This in itself is an incredible example of human innovation, but what amazes me about it is that the military is developing this technology! When I think of military aircraft the first thing that comes to my mind is the Lockheed Martin SR-71 Blackbird which flies at over 2,000 mph and uses up almost all of its fuel reserves just to get off the ground. My point is that when it comes to military aircraft, performance is always the first priority and they traditionally do not take into account environmental friendliness for fear of sacrificing performance. The Phantom completely breaks that stereo type. Boeing was so innovative that they came up with a design for this airplane that could be extremely environmentally conscious while still having the best performance. The fact that this plane combines those two qualities in its design is what makes it so incredible. Hopefully we will see this technology put to good use in our military, and from there it will inspire people to move in a new line of thinking when designing future military aircraft. Leave a comment Filed under Uncategorized The World’s First “Spherical Flying Machine” The first aeronautical invention that I wanted to talk about is more of a neat and impressive novelty than a creation that will forever change the aerospace industry, but nevertheless I thought it was worth highlighting. Around a year and a half ago, the world’s first spherical flying machine was developed. It is remote controlled and similar to a helicopter in that there is a main propeller that provides lift when taking off, but the entire contraption is surrounded by rings that provide a spherical exoskeleton about 16 inches in diameter. It also has similarities to an airplane’s control surfaces in the form of wings that provide lift when the machine pitches sideways to fly forward. These wings and the propeller may make it seem like a simple combination of a plane and a helicopter, but the design is much more creative than that. Its most exciting features are not related to its performance or agility. Rather, most of the hype about this invention comes from the potential applications that would be made possible by the spherical apparatus on the outside of the machine. Unlike any other helicopter or aircraft in the world, the spherical flying machine can literally run into the ground, walls, or other flying objects without crashing. In the video debut, the demonstrator shows this by swatting at the machine while it is in flight. The spherical exoskeleton protects the propeller and wings from coming into contact with anything while the three on-board gyro sensors keep it stable in flight during a collision. Another couple fantastic features that this design allows is the ability to roll around on the ground in a desired direction and the ability to fly while staying in contact with a wall, both of which are very impressive and completely original as far as I know. The only somewhat annoying thing about this creation is that it was invented by the Japanese Defense Ministry, not the U.S. I am not entirely sure what Japan plans to use this technology for, but I imagine that it could be the basis for a whole new style of unmanned drone technology that could go places that obviously no other drones could go. I wish the U.S had been able to invent something like this first, solely for bragging rights, but regardless it is still very impressive that somebody was able to invent an entirely new design for a flying object. That level of creativity is not something that you see every day. Here is the link if you wish to watch the actual video demonstration of the “spherical flying machine”: Filed under Uncategorized
Was the Weimar Republic a success in 1920? The Weimar Republic (WR) was name after Weimar, the city in Germany. It was formed after the First World War (FWW). The first chancellor was Ebert. WR was faced with many problems in its early years. Weimar Republic was a failure for many reasons. One of those reasons was the fact that Germany used Proportional Representation (PR) instead of First Past the Post (F.P.T.P) to decide their government (Gov.). This gave Germany a fair but not safe vote. That was because after the war there was too many extremists party’s that wanted to get power and this idea helped them get easy and without any problems. They didn’t even need many supporters to achieve that. Another weakness of the constitutions was ‘’Article 48’’ which stated that the President could take full control of the country in case of an emergency, however the choice of emergency laid in the hands of the president. The Weimar republic was faced with the thread from the left. The Weimar republic was faced with the thread from the left. The communists in Germany known as Spartacists wanted a revolution similar to that one in Russia in 1917. They were led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. In January 1919 they seized the power in Berlin. However within few weeks all the revolts had been crushed by the regular troops and ex-soldiers (Freikrops). Karl Liebknecht was arrested and on his way to prison was thrown from moving car. Rosa Luxemburg on the other hand went missing. After a while someone found her body in a canal- she was dead. People who killed communists never had a trail. The Weimar republic was also faced with the thread from the right. That was because many people believed in ‘stab in the back’ myth which was created shortly after Ebert signed the Treaty of Versailles (TOV). This myth stated that the politics had betrayed the army and the people of Germany. Many people believed in it because it was the easiest way for them to admit the loss... Similar Essays
Deathtrap Critical Context - Essay Ira Levin Critical Context The murder mystery or thriller proved to be a staple of the English-language theater throughout the twentieth century: The two most-often-produced plays for more than forty years were J. B. Priestley’s thrillers Dangerous Corner (1932) and An Inspector Calls (1946), The longest running play was Christie’s The Mousetrap (1952). The elements of the successful thriller—clever plotting, engaging characters, and a unique twist—have sustained their appeal with teenagers. In these, the audience competes with a clever detective in deciphering clues presented in a manner of fair play. Shaffer’s Sleuth, however, changed the rules. It used the traditional elements of the thriller but simultaneously undermined them, breaking the rules of logic and forcing the audience to question what is “real” and what is “staged.” Deathtrap joined Sleuth in establishing this new subgenre, called the comedy thriller, in which the playwright “double-codes” the events on stage in an attempt to subvert the standard conventions of the thriller and add a new facet—keeping the audience off-balance. Deathtrap is often taught because, as a part of manipulating the rules, it so clearly defines and explains the rules of creating thrillers. Many comedy thrillers have attempted to duplicate its success, including Nick Hall’s Dead Wrong (1985), Gerald Moon’s Corpse! (1985), John Pielmeier’s Sleight of Hand (1987), and Rupert Holmes’s Accomplice (1990).
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Trying to see if I understand Ohms law 1. Dec 18, 2009 #1 I'm trying to get my head around ohms law, and have a question. If I have a motor that draws 12volt 100amp, and I would like to drop the amps down to 30, would I put a 360ohm resister in line. 12 * 30 = 360 V * I = R Side note can you get a resister that is 480 watt? Thank you P.S I've got some nicchrome wire that I could cut to that ohm, but it would glow red hot. Would that happen to all types of reisiters that could do these. Last edited: Dec 18, 2009 2. jcsd 3. Dec 18, 2009 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor The motor has a resistance of 12 / 100 or 0.12 ohms. Assume this is constant. If you wanted to put 30 amps through this you would have a voltage across the motor of 30 amps * 0.12 ohms or 3.6 volts. This would leave 12 - 3.6 or 8.4 volts across a series resistor which would have 30 amps flowing in it so it would be 8.4 volts / 30 amps or 0.28 ohms. The power of the resistor would be 8.4 * 30 or 252 watts. Note that this would not be a good thing to do to a motor. It may not even rotate with only 3.6 volts across it. Incidentally, V * I = R is not correct. V * I = power, or V / I = R 4. Dec 18, 2009 #3 Thanks for ther quick repley. If a powermosfet = 50 volt 17 amp, and is in serial with a 2.2ohm reisiter, will it make 17amp at 12 volt, or will a resisiter at .7ohm in serial make 17amp at 12 volt(V/I=R). Last edited: Dec 18, 2009 5. Dec 19, 2009 #4 User Avatar Science Advisor If you put a 2.2 ohm resistor across a 12 volt supply, it will draw a current of 5.45 amps (12 volts / 2.2 ohms = 5.4545 Amps.) Putting an extra 0.7 ohms in series would drop the current to 12 /(2.2 + 0.7) or 4.14 amps. Putting just the 0.7 ohm resistor across the battery would draw a current of 17.14 amps, as you suggest. A MOSFET does not generate voltage. This one can stand 50 volts when it is not conducting and it can conduct 17 amps when it is acting as a short circuit. The 50 volts and the 17 amps cannot happen at the same time or the MOSFET would be dissipating 850 watts. (50 volts * 17 amps = 850 watts). This is a lot of power for a small MOSFET and may blow it up. 6. Dec 22, 2009 #5 Please do not try any of these ideas in practice until you are sure of what you are doing. It seems likely that your task involves vehicle electrics, or a vehicle-type 12V battery. Be aware that such batteries can pass enormous currents in the case of a short-circuit. This is a very serious fire hazard, especially when petrol (gasoline) is nearby. Similar Discussions: Trying to see if I understand Ohms law 1. Ohm law's (Replies: 1) 2. Ohm Law (Replies: 3)
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! V(t) on a Capacitor from i(t) 1. Feb 25, 2016 #1 imgur link: http://i.imgur.com/zGhum8Q.png The answer given in the back of the text is imgur link: http://i.imgur.com/hAprWPV.png 2. Relevant equations [tex]v(t) = \frac{1}{C_{eq}}\int i_s dt[/tex] 3. The attempt at a solution I get the last piece of the piece-wise v(t) to be [itex]0.75t^2 - 7.5t + 7.5[/itex], and I can't figure out where 23.25 could come from. If we just look at the integral of i(t) over the range 0 to 5s as being area under its curve, then when we get to the next piece of the function, we need to make the constant of integration of that next piece equal to where the last piece brought us to, yes? So, the first piece takes us from 0 to 1.5 kV, no worries, 1.5 becomes the constant of integration when integrating the second piece of i(t), and then we move for 2 seconds through the second piece, and by that time we should be at 7.5 kV, because that second piece of the i(t) function should add 6 kV to where we are when we integrate it (ie, the area under that portion of the curve), hence once we're in the third piece of the i(t) and integrating that piece, shouldn't we be starting at 7.5 kV, why would we be starting at 23.25 kV? 2. jcsd 3. Feb 25, 2016 #2 User Avatar Homework Helper Gold Member Text color change mine. Yes, in the third piece we are starting at 7.5 kV. Just keep in mind that that piece starts when t = 3.0 sec (not t = 0.0 sec). If it helps, evaluate [itex] [0.75 t^2 - 7.5 t +23.25] \ \mathrm{kV} [/itex] when t = 3.0 sec. :wink: Have something to add? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: V(t) on a Capacitor from i(t) 1. V (t ) = 5sin (t ) [V] (Replies: 3) 2. Find V(s) and V(t) (Replies: 7) 3. AC Nodal Voltage V(t) (Replies: 2)
Think About It, While You Exploit Your Natural Resources Posted on December 28, 2011 in Environment By Md Khasimul Asif: Waldman adds that every generation takes the natural environment it encounters during childhood as the norm against which it measures environmental decline later in life. With each ensuing generation, environmental degradation generally increases, but each generation takes that degraded condition as the new normal. Scientists call this phenomenon “shifting baselines” or “inter-generational amnesia”. In the recent past , there are commendable climate change initiatives that have been taken up to educate people about the environmental hazards. However, the literate masses are usually left out, for we assume that they are environmentally conscious. Urban crowd has been the major exploiter of natural resources only to leave them at a non replenishable stage. But before we conclude that there is not enough awareness about environmental hazards, let us see what the aware masses are up to. When we gather at International summits on environmental awareness or climate change what are we supposed to notice? (apart from networking for personal benefits and enjoying the sponsored trips by posting exciting stuff on facebook for few likes from your peer group!) Have we ever analysed how the diverse species matter to humans and environmental well being? We live in a paradoxical age of discovery and mass extinction of species. We welcome the newly discovered species only to forget the demise of extinct ones. We also thrill to the possibility of finding the slightest microbial hint of life in outer space, when billions of dollars are spentÂ a year, largely for that purpose. Ironically, do we even spend a penny to save the species on our own planet? Have we ever thought what the ecosystem has lost due to the extinct species? For instance,Â ProchlorococcusÂ is an ocean-dwelling genus of cyanobacteria and among the most abundant life forms on Earth. Why should we care? Because it produces about 20 percent of the oxygen we breathe – and yet until an MIT microbiologist named Sally Chisholm discovered it in 1986,Â ProchlorococcusÂ was unknown. We need to understand in short that our lives depend on species most of us have never heard of – species we otherwise tend to shrug off as obscure, trivial, even undesirable. Unfortunately, there is a problem with the human mind. We become used to the most desolate of environments, and feel it is inevitable that every species has to come to an end just as the dinosaurs had to, because to save, to work through towards solutions requires effort , sacrifice and sharing. We’re not so good with these things. We conveniently accept Darwin’s famous line — ‘Survival of the fittest’ and convince ourselvesÂ that a few species have to be sacrificed, if human race has to ‘progress’. Well, the fact is that we have never understood the finer points about how we, humans as the superior race has played a pivotal role in diminishing the environment. We need to understand that with time our technological advancements are harming the environment contrary to the original purpose. Let us stop being hypocrites — When you are an environmental activist, implement the conservation steps yourself first, the rest will follow you, and work towards conserving the endangered species. Let us divert some of the funds that we waste on expensive conferences for awareness and research to find life in outer spaceÂ to preserve the endangered species of earth.
Seahorses are fish. They live in water, breathe through gills and have a swim bladder. So what were they doing on the sky last month? Edie Garnier from Georges Riverm in Cape Breton sent along a great photo and wondered if these “seahorse-like” clouds have a name. They certainly do: they are wave clouds. A wave cloud is created by atmospheric internal waves, in this case Kelvin-Helmholtz waves. Kelvin-Helmholtz billows are an indicator of atmospheric instability. They form when a layer of cloud is found beneath a layer of warmer air and the two layers happen to be moving in separate directions. These clouds often look more like ocean waves, but every now and gain, we get treated to a parade of seahorses in the sky! Thanks you Edie...and great observation! Chief Meteorologist Cindy Day
Friday, April 8, 2011 Sensory Processing Disorder Learn to have fun with your senses: The sensory avoider's survival guide introduces kids to the human senses. It also explains what happens when the brain magnifies the senses to the point of having kids avoid sensory experiences. This therapeutic guide suggests many different activities that can help kids begin to enjoy experiencing sensory input slowly, gradually increasing the level of input over time so that they can overcome the avoidance behaviors. No comments:
29 January 2013 In 2000, world leaders promised to halve extreme poverty by 2015 with a global plan called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Thanks to millions of people taking action and a massive global effort, real progress has been made. The number of people living in poverty has fallen to less than half of its 1990 level. Over two billion people gained access to better drinking water. The share of slum dwellers living in cities fell, improving the lives of at least 100 million people! Yet, 1.4 billion people still live in extreme poverty. Every 4 seconds a child dies from preventable causes and over 900 million, particularly women and young people, suffer from chronic hunger. Meanwhile our population is set to rise to 9.5 billion by 2050 and the food system is at breaking point. Climate change threatens to destroy the lives of millions more and undo all the progress we have made so far. Inequality is growing everywhere and human rights are being undermined in the worlds most fragile and conflict affected countries while the world economy continues to falter. Despite all of this, for the first time in history we do have the resources to end poverty and grow our world sustainably. All have a role to play in making this happen by ensuring our Governments listen and take action on the things that matter most to people everywhere! The debate on what should follow the Millennium Development Goals when they expire in 2015 is thoroughly underway. There is a new meeting, report or conference on the subject somewhere in the world almost every day. Keep track of what the key players are thinking, writing and saying at post2015.org. Beyond 2015 is one example of a global civil society campaign, pushing for a strong and legitimate successor framework to the Millennium Development Goals. The World We Want aims to gather the priorities of people from every corner of the world and help build a collective vision that will be used directly by the United Nations and World Leaders to plan a new development agenda launching in 2015, one that is based on the aspirations of all citizens! You can also take part in the MY World online poll asking people everywhere about the issues that make the most difference to their lives. The United Nations General Assembly has declared 2013 as the United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation. The theme of World Water Day, which will take place on 22 March, will also be dedicated to water cooperation. The objective of this International Year is to raise awareness, both on the potential for increased cooperation, and on the challenges facing water management in light of the increase in demand for water access, allocation and services. The Year will highlight the history of successful water cooperation initiatives, as well as identify burning issues on water education, water diplomacy, transboundary water management, financing cooperation, national/international legal frameworks, and the linkages with the Millennium Development Goals. It also will provide an opportunity to capitalize on the momentum created at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), and to support the formulation of new objectives that will contribute towards developing water resources that are truly sustainable. According to a recently released report by the Panel on the Independence of the Voluntary Sector in the UK, gagging clauses in contracts and attacks by government ministers on those who speak out in support of the vulnerable are making some charities fearful. The result is growing concern about the extent of freedom of expression in the third (voluntary) sector and a belief that the government has become increasingly contemptuous of those provider organisations which also speak out against injustice and inequality. The latest report is the second one from the group. In the earlier report the chair of the panel Sir Roger Singleton claimed that charities faced "real and present risks to independence of purpose, voice and action" with the risk that the voice of the vulnerable and marginalised being silenced, democracy being eroded and society impoverished. Similar concerns about government's silencing of dissent have been raised previously in Australia. 28 January 2013 Australia celebrated its national holiday on Jan 26th, the date on which the first permanent European settlers arrived at Sydney cove. Some have questioned the suitability of this day if Australia's national day is to be fully inclusive. Indigenous Australians often feel that the celebrations on Australia Day exclude them and their culture, and rather than being a day for celebration it is a day of mourning as the date marks the beginning of their dispossession and the destruction of their culture. Whilst the Australian government has given a commitment to 'closing the gap' in life expectancy, infant mortality and deaths from preventable diseases that exists between indigenous and other Australians, the 'Close the Gap' campaign to improve indigenous health is ongoing. In the meantime the campaign to update Australia's constitution to recognise both Indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is continuing with the government currently considering a set of recommendations to be put to the Australian people at a referendum. This page is powered by Blogger. Isn't yours?
الدرس التاسع .للغة الانجليزية التالتة اعدادي الدرس التاسع There is / There are There is a / an / + singular countable nouns There is some + uncountable nouns. There are + plural countable nouns. There is a banana on the table. There is some water in the fridge There is some coffee in the kitchen There is an apple in the basket There is some tea in the teapot. There is an orange in the plate. There are some grapes in the fridge. There are some carrots in the kitchen. There are some eggs on the table. - There are some potatoes in the basket. Is there a / an / any Are there any Is there an apple in the kitchen Yes, there is No , there isn’t. Is there a banana on the table Yes, there is Is there any water in the bottle No, there isn’t. Is there any tea in the teapot Yes, there is / yes, there is some. Are there any grapes on the table Yes, there are. Are there any onions in the basket No ,there aren’t.
Introduction: Building a History of Twentieth-Century Kentucky Building a History of Twentieth-Century Kentucky It seems as if it’s always 1826 in Kentucky history. Or maybe 1792 or 1836 or 1862 or 1899. Less often do we see Kentucky in the historical literature in reference to 1915 or 1945, 1968 or 1993—or any other semi-random selection of years in the twentieth century. The academic study of twentieth-century Kentucky history is a relatively new field; relative, that is, to the much better-trod and more beloved eras of Daniel Boone, Henry Clay, John Breckinridge, or even William Goebel. While the history of nineteenth-century Kentucky could reflect national questions on western expansion, partisan politics, the Civil War, or early progressivism, the commonwealth does not seem to be a crucial site for exploring questions central to the twentieth century. That, at least, has been the perception within the historical profession and in popular consciousness. Kentucky’s “historical stasis” is not just chronological—it is interpretive as well. While the state remains stuck in the middle of the antebellum era, it also remains (as one of the essays herein suggests) the land of “feudists” and “colonels.” We remain fixed in action as well as in time. In part, this interpretive stasis reflects a popular perception of history. For most Kentuckians, and for most Americans, history simply is an unchanging picture of the past. Early in her seventh grade year, Tom Kiffmeyer’s daughter proudly [End Page 163] announced that, in her social studies class, she learned what historians did: “they record the past!” That popular assertion is why historians experience so much resistance when they attempt to introduce new ideas into Kentucky’s story. If history is simply a “record,” as most people believe, then there is nothing to add, no new events, no new people, and, most significantly, no new ways of understanding that past. Once it is “recorded,” it becomes permanent. Unfortunately for the scholar, this is “History” for most people—an unchangeable past. Time and again, during the time we spent working on this special edition of the Register, we heard comments such as “Harry Caudill had it right,” or “Didn’t Dr. Clark already talk about that?” For many Kentuckians, once they read one book on a particular era or event, all the questions had answers, all the issues had resolutions. History immediately became “history.” The essays in this edition of the Register, however, tell a different story. These essays present the case that Kentucky, as a state, has retained its historical relevance even after the turn of the twentieth century. They argue that the experiences of Kentuckians continue to inform, challenge, and enrich national and global narratives in political, economic, social, and cultural history. They expose those times and places where the “record” is incomplete. Taken as a whole, this special double issue lays out the contours of twentieth-century Kentucky history as it now stands in the scholarly literature. It explores current interpretations of salient events in their Kentucky context, extends the conversations in new ways, and suggests avenues for further research and writing. Ultimately, we intend the scholarship presented here to stimulate an appreciation for Kentucky’s continuing historical relevance and to provide a springboard for new research. The scholars involved approach their task in different ways. Some of them provide a sweeping vista of their field, emphasizing historiography and evaluating interpretations. Others take a more empirical tack with a tighter focus. These scholars take specific events or circumstances and use them as an opening to explore larger themes. Some essays argue strongly that history can be understood effectively [End Page 164] through state-level studies, while others incorporate Kentucky into larger regional or national interpretations. Most of the essays note and lament the paucity of secondary sources published on their topics. That dearth is both a source of frustration, as authors experience the difficulty in assessing the state of the field when the field is more poorly developed for Kentucky than for other states, and of excitement at seeing new opportunities and new trails to blaze. For some of the contributors, scholarly neglect of Kentucky is simply a reflection...
June 26, 2007 Starting a Parenting with Dignity Class Create Positive Peer Pressure In my last article (and in many previous articles) I suggested that parents start a Parenting with Dignity class as a means of working with their own children. Combating peer pressure is really a pretty simple concept when you stop and think about it. All it takes is to create a strong community to raise your children! A Logical Step In Becoming the Most Effective Parent You Can Be It is much simpler, easier, more logical, and much more successful for parents to teach something to their own children, if the other children in their world have been taught similar behaviors. Like I said, peer pressure is only a negative force if it is putting pressure on children to misbehave. Peer pressure can be one of the most powerful forces for encouraging children to behave in an approved manner if that peer pressure is pushing in a positive direction. If a peer group has been collectively taught to use proper table manners, then the peer pressure in your community can be expected to push on your children to use proper table manners! Likewise, if a peer group has been collectively taught to avoid the use of illegal drugs, then the peer pressure can be expected to drive your children to make a good decision regarding the use of illegal drugs! How Can You Create “Positive Peer Pressure?” Creating positive peer pressure can be done quite easily… all that it requires is that parents meet together and establish some of the easily taught decision-making processes that lead to those good decisions. One of the most effective means of meeting with parents top discuss some of these guidelines for children is to start a Parenting with Dignity Class! For a plan for starting a Parenting with Dignity class please just go to our website via this link: (http://parentingwithdignity.com/PWD/video_series/tape10f.htm ) We have recently updated this Facilitator's Guide to provide a very complete, step-by-step plan for setting up a PWD Class. Please print a copy and use it to get a Parenting with Dignity Class started today! It might be the best thing that you can do to help safe guard your children's decision making processes. 1 comment: Anonymous said... Hello, I have a question about peer pressure my 7-year old first grader is facing. He is doing very good academically. He is always a loving and caring boy. But he is little talkative. And looks like he is following his peers or does what they asks him to do. He doesn't think himself about what is right and what is wrong. Today I got a complain from his teacher that two girls in his class complained about my son taking off his pant and showing his underwear to them. It was so embarrassing for me that I was almost feeling like crying. I asked my son right there infront of his teacher about why he did that and he told me that two other boys were doing that and one of his friend asked him to copy two other boys and show his underwear to those girls. And he might not think himself and just did what his friend asked him to do under peer pressure. I am so worried about my son and want him to be confident and think before he do something as his peers ask him to do. I am feeling so helpless and worried as I don't know what should I do as I am not there to see how my son behaves or why he is following someone's wrong recommendations. Please advice as I really seek help about how to make him confident and not do things under peer pressure or just to make their friends happy.
How the Red Kettles Came To Be The Salvation Army red kettles have become a Christmas tradition in nearly every part of the world, but the idea for the little collection pots was born over a century ago, from prayer and desperation. The red kettle story goes back to 1891, when Joseph McFee, a Salvation Army captain in San Francisco, California, was overwhelmed with the number of poor in that city. McFee had a simple idea. He wanted to provide free Christmas dinners to 1,000 of the poorest of those people, to give them just a little holiday hope. Sadly, he had no money for the meals. McFee tossed and turned at night, praying and thinking about the problem. Slowly, a solution came. He recalled his days as a sailor in Liverpool, England. At Stage Landing, where the ships docked, a large iron kettle called “Simpson’s Pot” had been placed. People walking by would toss in a coin or two for the needy. Finding a pot, Captain McFee put it at the Oakland Ferry Landing, by the foot of San Francisco’s busy Market Street. He placed a sign next to it that read, “Keep the Pot Boiling.” Word got around quickly, and by Christmas the kettle had raised enough money to feed the poor. The success of the San Francisco campaign spread to other American cities. In 1897, the Salvation Army used kettles in the Boston area. Nationwide, enough money was raised that Christmas to feed 150,000 people. The red kettles spread to New York City too. In 1901, kettle proceeds allowed The Salvation Army to host a huge sit-down Christmas dinner for the destitute in Madison Square Garden. That tradition continued for several years. Over the decades, The Salvation Army’s red kettle collections have raised millions of dollars for the organization’s work. Each year, The Salvation Army serves more than 4.5 million people during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays. Throughout the U.S. and across around the world.
Time Travel Therapy for Dementia in Virtual Reality Oxford, United Kingdom Digital Health & Medical Technologies VRTU (pronounced virtue) produces Virtual Reality (VR) content specifically tailored to provide caregivers and patients therapeutic resources to combat symptoms of dementia. Dementia encompasses a set of disorders that affect the brain and cause progressive decline in cognition. Affecting almost 47 million people worldwide, dementia not only causes cognitive defects, such as memory loss and linguistic difficulties, but also has socio-psychological effects such as isolation, depression, and low self-esteem. Reminiscence Therapy (RT) is a form of dementia treatment that involves prompts and discussions about past experiences and events. It aims to reactivate old memories in order to enhance cognitive functions and emotional wellbeing of people with dementia. Research has found RT to cause marked improvements in both memory and mood of dementia patients. Recently, several elder care facilities around the world have taken RT further by constructing past scenes from the 1950s and 1960s in real life sets. This approach has been hugely popular amongst both patients and caretakers and has resulted in improved mental health as well as happiness and communicative ability of people with dementia. However, physical reconstructions are expensive, difficult to implement, unable to cater to patient diversity, and only available in some care homes with sufficient resources. VRTU takes a unique approach to RT by using computer modeling and 360° camera technology to recreate past scenes in VR. Compared to physical constructions, VRTU's approach is more cost-effective and convenient, allowing caregivers to access therapeutic tools from anywhere and choose from a variety of reminiscent experiences depending on patients backgrounds and preferences. Through innovative uses of VR, VRTU aims to make the practice and delivery of RT cheaper and more effective for nursing homes and memory clinics, and democratize access to the research-proven benefits of RT to more dementia patients.
The Importance of Local Knowledge in Crime Control From WikiEducator Jump to: navigation, search This is lesson three. Local knowledge refers to knowledge of one’s locality such as the people and their habits, criminals, premises, and general information. KNOWLEDGE OF USEFUL PEOPLE Doctors, nurses, midwives, religious leaders, pawnbrokers, market women, lorry drivers, bus conductors, letter writers, cycle repairers, tailors, watchmakers, goldsmiths, known criminals, conservancy labourers, beggars, night watchmen, prostitutes, Local inhabitants, Prominent politicians, etc. Workshop, store sheds, brothels, vacant and unoccupied houses, clubs, gambling houses, cinemas, bars, chophouses, warehouses, brothels, vacant and unoccupied houses, clubs, gambling houses, church houses, uncompleted buildings fitting shops, abandoned vehicles etc. Boundaries of your beat, Neighboring beat, Location of telephones, Position of hydrants, Names of roads, Bus routs, Lorry parks, Rail services, (time of arrival and departure) bungalows of community leaders, Important telephone numbers and motorcars index numbers communication centers Telephone numbers of useful persons and that of telephone boots.
Reclaim our Water Rights, Reclaim our Food Sovereignty The dramatic rise of global food prices in the first half of 2008 to as high as 75% to 85% from their 2006 levels, severely affected not only the more than 800 million already hungry and impoverished people in the world but also sent 50 million more into poverty. The devastating social impact of the crisis also underscores the vulnerability of poorer countries to food price and supply volatilities – a phenomenon that has been recurring within the present context of globalization and increased economic integration among countries. But more significantly, the global food price explosion of 2008 revealed the reduced capacity of developing countries to secure their food supply, particularly their staple grains, as a consequence of decades of neo-liberal policy making that have made them increasingly dependent on the international food market for their food security. The reason why global rice stocks were at their 30-year low in 2008 is not merely attributable to weather disturbances in food exporting countries nor to short-term factors such as the boom in agrofuels use but to a more fundamental restructuring of the economies in the Third World that reoriented their agriculture production to exports, to the detriment of domestic food production. Farmlands were converted to plantations of high value crops for exports and to industrial estates, further reducing food crop outputs. In consequence, while population steadily grew, domestic rice production has failed to meet rising consumption, leading to sharp gaps in supply and thus to dramatic increases in rice imports.
An Anthology in Thirty Volumes. 1917. Character of Constantine By Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) From ‘The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’ THE CHARACTER of the prince who removed the seat of empire, and introduced such important changes into the civil and religious constitution of his country, has fixed the attention and divided the opinions of mankind. By the grateful zeal of the Christians, the deliverer of the Church has been decorated with every attribute of a hero and even of a saint, while the discontent of the vanquished party has compared Constantine to the most abhorred of those tyrants who by their vice and weakness dishonored the imperial purple. The same passions have in some degree been perpetuated to succeeding generations, and the character of Constantine is considered, even in the present age, as an object either of satire or of panegyric. By the impartial union of those defects which are confessed by his warmest admirers, and of those virtues which are acknowledged by his most implacable enemies, we might hope to delineate a just portrait of that extraordinary man which the truth and candor of history should adopt without a blush. But it would soon appear, that the vain attempt to blend such discordant colors and to reconcile such inconsistent qualities must produce a figure monstrous rather than human, unless it is viewed in its proper and distinct lights, by a careful separation of the different periods of the reign of Constantine. 1 The person as well as the mind of Constantine had been enriched by nature with her choicest endowments. His stature was lofty, his countenance majestic, his deportment graceful, his strength and activity were displayed in every manly exercise, and from his earliest youth to a very advanced season of life he preserved the vigor of his constitution by a strict adherence to the domestic virtues of chastity and temperance. He delighted in the social intercourse of familiar conversation; and though he might sometimes indulge his disposition to raillery with less reserve than was required by the severe dignity of his station, the courtesy and liberality of his manners gained the hearts of all who approached him. The sincerity of his friendship has been suspected; yet he showed on some occasions that he was not incapable of a warm and lasting attachment. The disadvantage of an illiterate education had not prevented him from forming a just estimate of the value of learning; and the arts and sciences derived some encouragement from the munificent protection of Constantine. In the dispatch of business, his diligence was indefatigable; and the active powers of his mind were almost continually exercised in reading, writing, or meditating, in giving audience to ambassadors, and in examining the complaints of his subjects. Even those who censured the propriety of his measures were compelled to acknowledge that he possessed magnanimity to conceive and patience to execute the most arduous designs, without being checked either by the prejudices of education or by the clamors of the multitude. In the field he infused his own intrepid spirit into the troops, whom he conducted with the talents of a consummate general; and to his abilities, rather than to his fortune, we may ascribe the signal victories which he obtained over the foreign and domestic foes of the republic. He loved glory as the reward, perhaps as the motive, of his labors. The boundless ambition which, from the moment of his accepting the purple at York, appears as the ruling passion of his soul, may be justified by the dangers of his own situation, by the character of his rivals, by the consciousness of superior merit, and by the prospect that his success would enable him to restore peace and order to the distracted empire. In his civil wars against Maxentius and Licinius he had engaged on his side the inclinations of the people, who compared the undissembled vices of those tyrants with the spirit of wisdom and justice which seemed to direct the general tenor of the administration of Constantine. 2 Had Constantine fallen on the banks of the Tiber, or even in the plains of Hadrianople, such is the character which, with a few exceptions, he might have transmitted to posterity. But the conclusion of his reign (according to the moderate and indeed tender sentence of a writer of the same age) degraded him from the rank which he had acquired among the most deserving of the Roman princes. In the life of Augustus we behold the tyrant of the republic converted, almost by imperceptible degrees, into the father of his country and of human kind. In that of Constantine we may contemplate a hero who had so long inspired his subjects with love and his enemies with terror, degenerating into a cruel and dissolute monarch, corrupted by his fortune or raised by conquest above the necessity of dissimulation. The general peace which he maintained during the last fourteen years of his reign was a period of apparent splendor rather than of real prosperity; and the old age of Constantine was disgraced by the opposite yet reconcilable vices of rapaciousness and prodigality. The accumulated treasures found in the palaces of Maxentius and Licinius were lavishly consumed; the various innovations introduced by the conqueror were attended with an increasing expense; the cost of his buildings, his court, and his festivals required an immediate and plentiful supply; and the oppression of the people was the only fund which could support the magnificence of the sovereign. His unworthy favorites, enriched by the boundless liberality of their master, usurped with impunity the privilege of rapine and corruption. A secret but universal decay was felt in every part of the public administration; and the Emperor himself, though he still retained the obedience, gradually lost the esteem of his subjects. The dress and manners which towards the decline of life he chose to affect, served only to degrade him in the eyes of mankind. The Asiatic pomp which had been adopted by the pride of Diocletian assumed an air of softness and effeminacy in the person of Constantine. He is represented with false hair of various colors, laboriously arranged by the skillful artists of the times; a diadem of a new and more expensive fashion; a profusion of gems and pearls, of collars and bracelets, and a variegated flowing robe of silk, most curiously embroidered with flowers of gold. In such apparel, scarcely to be excused by the youth and folly of Elagabulus, we are at a loss to discover the wisdom of an aged monarch and the simplicity of a Roman veteran. A mind thus relaxed by prosperity and indulgence was incapable of rising to that magnanimity which disdains suspicion and dares to forgive. The deaths of Maximian and Licinius may perhaps be justified by the maxims of policy as they are taught in the schools of tyrants; but an impartial narrative of the executions, or rather murders, which sullied the declining age of Constantine, will suggest to our most candid thoughts the idea of a prince who could sacrifice without reluctance the laws of justice and the feelings of nature, to the dictates either of his passions or of his interest. 3 The same fortune which so invariably followed the standard of Constantine seemed to secure the hopes and comforts of his domestic life. Those among his predecessors who had enjoyed the longest and most prosperous reigns, Augustus, Trajan, and Diocletian, had been disappointed of posterity; and the frequent revolutions had never allowed sufficient time for any imperial family to grow up and multiply under the shade of the purple. But the royalty of the Flavian line, which had been first ennobled by the Gothic Claudius, descended through several generations; and Constantine himself derived from his royal father the hereditary honors which he transmitted to his children. The Emperor had been twice married. Minervina, the obscure but lawful object of his youthful attachment, had left him only one son, who was called Crispus. By Fausta, the daughter of Maximian, he had three daughters, and three sons known by the kindred names of Constantine, Constantius, and Constans. The unambitious brothers of the great Constantine, Julius Constantius, Dalmatius, and Hannibalianus, were permitted to enjoy the most honorable rank and the most affluent fortune that could be consistent with a private station. The youngest of the three lived without a name and died without posterity. His two elder brothers obtained in marriage the daughters of wealthy senators, and propagated new branches of the imperial race. Gallus and Julian afterwards became the most illustrious of the children of Julius Constantius the Patrician. The two sons of Dalmatius, who had been decorated with the vain title of censor, were named Dalmatius and Hannibalianus. The two sisters of the great Constantine, Anastasia and Eutropia, were bestowed on Optatus and Nepotianus, two senators of noble birth and of consular dignity. His third sister, Constantia, was distinguished by her pre-eminence of greatness and of misery. She remained the widow of the vanquished Licinius; and it was by her entreaties that an innocent boy, the offspring of their marriage, preserved for some time his life, the title of Cæsar, and a precarious hope of the succession. Besides the females and the allies of the Flavian house, ten or twelve males to whom the language of modern courts would apply the title of princes of the blood, seemed, according to the order of their birth, to be destined either to inherit or to support the throne of Constantine. But in less than thirty years this numerous and increasing family was reduced to the persons of Constantius and Julian, who alone had survived a series of crimes and calamities such as the tragic poets have deplored in the devoted lines of Pelops and of Cadmus. 4
• 5 Easy Steps To Build Websites Using HTML How to build websites using HTML Hyper Text Markup Language, commonly referred as HTML. It is the primary language which is used for formatting website pages. HTML is used at the back of all internet web pages. All the high-end websites use HTML for basic formatting of their pages. HTML designs vary from website to website. But, the general idea/format remains the same. In this article, we’ll be guiding you about how to build websites using HTML and applying HTML design. • Step 1- Selecting an editor You need to be careful in selecting the proper editor for HTML. HTML is a programming language so it needs a proper editor. Although it can also work with Notepad, notepad++ and word processor (if you save the extension with .html). It is not advisable to do so. Why? Because many of the features which are in a professional editor are not present there. You can also use online editors which are pretty good. Editor selection is important because you need to edit the content again and again and look for the result in the browser. • Step 2- Browser selection While HTML is the native language of most browsers. However, there may be some features which may run on some and not others. So, keeping in mind the requirement, choose your browser accordingly. Also, make sure to include common tags which are found in every browser. So that, your webpage runs on every browser and consequently the website you design as well. It is essential that you have a universal design and format to reach the maximum number of clients possible. • Step 3- Understand the format HTML has a predefined format. It goes like this: 1. At first, the tag which declared document type comes i.e., <!Doctype HTML> 2. Second, <html> tag is used. 3. Third, <head> tag is used to define the header of the page. 4. Fourth, <body> tag is issued to declare the start of the body of the page, where the main content is. 5. Fifth, use a number of tags for different purposes, for example,is used for paragraph, is used for new line, is used to make a table, and so many others. 6. Sixth, formatting can be done using tags such as <u>, <b> and others. 7. Seventh, you can also give links to other pages or to specific sections on your own page using the tag <a href>. 8. It is of primary importance to note that in HTML, all the starting tags have ending tags as well. So, hieratically, if you start with <html> it would be the last tag of the document, where your page will end like </html>. Similarly, <head> tag will end before <body> as </head>, because it closes the header for the document. </body> tag will most probably be the second last tag of your document and so on. Always remember to close a tag you have opened, otherwise, it will result in an error. • Step 4- Elements of HTML There are many elements of HTML. Such as text boxes, radio buttons, list boxes, combo boxes and so many others. They can be easily found in the toolbar of professional editors. These toolbars come in handy when designing the format of HTML pages, you just have to drag and drop into desired spot. No need to write their code. It is also important to note that the latest version of HTML is HTML5. Which is popular now a days and being used by many popular browsers. HTML and HTML5 are basically the same thing. Just that there are few tags which are introduced in HTML5. Also, HTML5 does not provide support for some older tags of HTML4 or earlier versions. • Step 5- Running the script When you are suing a dynamic website which uses a database. Websites like flight reservation and bookings, online shopping, net banking,, etc. where user has to enter data. To program those websites, JavaScript is mainly used. JavaScript can be used with HTML in a rather simple way. By using a tag called d Leave a Reply
What does material mean? Definitions for materialməˈtɪər i əl Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word material. Princeton's WordNet 1. material, stuff(noun) the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object "coal is a hard black material"; "wheat is the stuff they use to make bread" 2. material(noun) "the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography" 3. fabric, cloth, material, textile(noun) 4. material(noun) things needed for doing or making something "writing materials"; "useful teaching materials" 5. material(adj) a person judged suitable for admission or employment "he was university material"; "she was vice-presidential material" 6. material(adj) concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests "material possessions"; "material wealth"; "material comforts" 7. material(adj) derived from or composed of matter "the material universe" 8. material(adj) directly relevant to a matter especially a law case 9. material(adj) "material needs"; "the moral and material welfare of all good citizens"- T.Roosevelt 10. corporeal, material(adj) having material or physical form or substance "that which is created is of necessity corporeal and visible and tangible" - Benjamin Jowett 11. substantial, real, material(adj) having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary "the substantial world"; "a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical"; "most ponderous and substantial things"- Shakespeare 1. material(Noun) Asphalt, composed of oil and sand, is a widely used material for roads. 2. material(Noun) Text written for a specific purpose. We were a warm-up act at the time; we didn't have enough original material to headline. 3. material(Noun) A sample or specimens for study. 4. material(Noun) Cloth to be made into a garment. You'll need about a yard of material to make this. 5. material(Noun) A person who is qualified for a certain position or activity. Joe Manchin is a great governor, and I also believe he is presidential material. 6. material(Adjective) Having to do with matter. This compound has a number of interesting material properties. 7. material(Adjective) Worldly, as opposed to spiritual. Don't let material concerns get in the way of living a good life. 8. material(Adjective) 9. Origin: From material, from materialis, from materia "wood, material, substance" from mater "mother". Displaced native andweorc (from andweorc). Webster Dictionary 1. Material(adj) consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; physical; as, material substance or bodies 2. Material(adj) 3. Material(adj) 4. Material(adj) pertaining to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. See Matter 5. Material(noun) the substance or matter of which anything is made or may be made 6. Material(verb) to form from matter; to materialize 1. Material Material is anything made of matter, constituted of one or more substances. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air, water and any other matter are all examples of materials. Sometimes the term "material" is used more narrowly to refer to substances or components with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. In this sense, materials are the parts required to make something else, from buildings and art to airplanes and computers. Material is also used to refer to a group of ideas, facts, information or data, that may provide the basis for or are part of some piece of work. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary 1. Material ma-tē′ri-al, adj. consisting of matter: corporeal, not spiritual: substantial: essential: important, esp. of legal importance: (phil.) pertaining to matter and not to form, relating to the object as it exists.—n., esp. in pl., that out of which anything is to be made.—n. Materialisā′tion.—v.t. Matē′rialīse, to render material: to reduce to or regard as matter: to occupy with material interests.—ns. Matē′rialism, the doctrine that denies the independent existence of spirit, and maintains that there is but one substance—viz. matter—thus professing to find in matter (monistic or philosophical materialism), or in material entities (atomistic materialism), or in material qualities and forces (scientific or physical materialism), a complete explanation of all life and existence whatsoever; Matē′rialist, one who holds the doctrine of materialism: one absorbed in material interests, who takes a low view of life and its responsibilities.—adjs. Materialist′ic, -al, pertaining to materialism.—adv. Matē′rially.—ns. Matē′rialness, Material′ity.—Material being, existence in the form of matter; Material cause, that which gives being to the thing; Material distinction, a distinction between individuals of the same species; Material evidence, evidence tending to prove or to disprove the matter under judgment; Material fallacy, a fallacy in the matter or thought, rather than in the logical form; Material form, a form depending on matter; Material issue (see Issue).—Raw material, stuff as yet unworked into anything useful. [Fr.,—L. materialismateria.] Suggested Resources 1. material Song lyrics by material -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by material on the Lyrics.com website. British National Corpus 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'material' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #737 2. Written Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'material' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1528 3. Nouns Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'material' in Nouns Frequency: #185 1. Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of material in Chaldean Numerology is: 3 2. Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of material in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7 Sample Sentences & Example Usage 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Great men are they who see that the spiritual is stronger than any material force, that thoughts rule the world. 2. Mo Elleithee: Out of that meeting we came home with these boxes that have been sitting in a back room at the Florida Democratic Party offices, that's just old Jeb Bush material. No one else has this material. 3. Lao-Tzu: The good man is the teacher of the bad, And the bad is the material from which the good may learn. He who does not value the teacher, Or greatly care for the material, Is greatly deluded although he may be learned. Such is the essential mystery. 4. Benjamin Hautecouverture: It is plausible that certain (terrorist) organisations could attack transports of nuclear material or civilian installations and try to steal radioactive material, there is a black market where such material is available coming from central and eastern Europe. 5. Lana Wachowski: The summer is built around familiarity, many cultural critics who shape awareness for films are obsessed with sequels and derivative material. They wildly crave it. That kind of environment is hostile to originality. It only makes space for derivative material and rejects originality. I think Warner Bros. was uncomfortable with that environment. Images & Illustrations of material Translations for material From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary • مادةArabic • матэрыялBelarusian • материалBulgarian • materialCatalan, Valencian • materiálový, materiální, hmotný, materiálCzech • materiale, materiel, stofDanish • Material, materiell, Stoff, RohstoffGerman • υλικός, ύφασμα, καίριος, ουσιώδης, υλικόGreek • ŝtofo, materialoEsperanto • significativo, materialSpanish • مطلب, مادیPersian • merkittävä, materiaali, aineisto, raaka-aine, olennainenFinnish • matériau, matière, tissu, matériel, étoffeFrench • mianachIrish • adhbharScottish Gaelic • significativa, significativo, materialGalician • חומרHebrew • anyag, materiális, anyagiHungarian • materialeItalian • 題材, 人材, 資料, 生地, 物質, 素材, 布, 材料Japanese • 材料, 물질, 재료, 物質Korean • corporeus, verba scriptoris, materiaLatin • wereldlijk, grondstof, materiële, materiaal, wereldlijke, materieel, naaigoedDutch • stoff, materiell, materiale, tøyNorwegian • materiał, materialnyPolish • material, tecido, significativo, terreno, panoPortuguese • material, materială, stofă, pânză, materie, material textilRomanian • материал, важный, материальный, вещество, материя, тканьRussian • materijal, материјалSerbo-Croatian • material, materia, materiell, världsligSwedish • матеріалUkrainian • 物質, vật chấtVietnamese • stöfikVolapük Get even more translations for material » Find a translation for the material definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these material definitions with the community: Word of the Day Please enter your email address: Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "material." 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Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Linked to Low Antioxidant Intake macular degeneration antioxidant intakeLow antioxidant levels in eye tissue are directly correlated to incidence of macular degeneration. A small study found a relationship between low intake of antioxidants and advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Macular Degeneration is an eye disease associated with aging. Many middle-aged and elderly individuals seek to prolong good vision and prevent eye disease. Lutein and Zeaxanthin This study looked at low intake of antioxidants with specific focus on lutein and zeaxanthin. Antioxidants fight free-radical damage. They protect the eyes and body from damage due to free radicals. Their intake was measured by the amount of fruits and vegetables consumed. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids especially important for vision. They are found in some brightly-colored produce and other foods such as eggs. Carotenoids give fruits and vegetables their color. Advanced ARMD Linked to Low Antioxidant Levels This study compared 72 “wet” neovascular ARMD patients to 62 healthy controls. The researchers found that those with advanced ARMD were twice as likely to have low antioxidant intake. The two key eye carotenoids were markedly less than in the controls. This study links a poor diet to poor macular health. Wet Macular Degeneration (10% of the cases of macular degeneration) is due to the body growing new blood vessels in the retina, probably to supplement the existing insufficient nutrient supply. These new blood vessels are weak, and tend to leak which can cause acute loss of vision if not treated, typically through eye injections. In addition they distort the spacial position of other retinal cells. Editor’s note: The eyes are the second most physiologically active part of one’s body next to ones brain. They require possibly up to 25% of the nutrients we take into our body to maintain healthy vision. The macula, responsible for central vision, is yellowish in color due to the concentration of carotenoids. Numerous peer review studies to date show ARMD to be a nutritionally responsive disease. Adequate nutrition throughout life helps stave off many eye diseases. In the aging individual, poor nutrition, compromised circulation and less efficient absorption of nutrients can often be the root cause of common eye diseases such as ARMD. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, plus supplementation of key nutrients can prolong good health in the eyes and throughout the body. Study: “Neovascular age‐related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake” in Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 80(4):368 – 371 · August 2002
October 28, 2010 2 People Can Learn To Cooperate Intuitively, But Larger Groups Need To Communicate 2's company, but 3's a crowd Two people can learn to cooperate with each other intuitively "“ without communication or any conscious intention to cooperate. But this process breaks down in groups of three or more. A study by members of the University of Leicester's School of Psychology and Department of Economics set out to explain how two people learn to cooperate without even knowing that they are interacting with each other. In larger groups, explicit communication is needed to coordinate actions. Professor Andrew Colman, Dr Briony Pulford, Dr David Omtzigt, and Dr Ali al-Nowaihi carried out the study, due to appear in the journal Cognitive Psychology. The research, funded by the British Academy, has helped to explain the mechanisms of intuitive cooperation. The researchers conducted a series of laboratory experiments with groups of various sizes and developed a mathematical model of the intuitive learning process. Experimental participants received financial gains or losses after pressing one of two buttons on a computer, unaware that the outcome depended not on their own choice but on their neighbour's. It turned out that after many repetitions of the game, gains gradually exceeded losses in groups of two but not in three-person and larger groups. Professor Colman said: "Here's a simple example that shows the basic idea. Every morning, Alf chooses whether to give his son raisins or cheese sticks to snack on during the day. Similarly, Beth chooses between popcorn or peanuts for her daughter's snack. The children are friends and always share their snacks with each other at school, although their parents know nothing about this. Alf's son is allergic to peanuts and gets ill if he eats any of his friend's peanuts, and Beth's daughter is allergic to cheese and gets ill if she eats any of her friend's cheese sticks. The upshot is that although each parent's snack choice has no effect whatsoever on his or her own child's wellbeing, in each case one option leaves the other parent's child well and its parent happy, whereas the alternative option makes the other child ill and upsets its parent. "The choices of Alf and Beth govern each other's fates and, in the game of life, while two people may 'develop an understanding' or work intuitively together "“ this scenario is easily distorted once a third person becomes involved. Without effective planning and ground rules, even the best of working relationships between two people can become undone once a third is involved. On the Net:
yaghanThe Yaghan of Southern Patagonia supposedly had a body temperature 1 degree above other humans.They wore little clothing and lived in an unforgiving environment. They had knowledge of fire. They made masks and painted themselves for ritual purposes.They participated in religious rape smoking ceremonies influenced by psychedelics. Their culture is all but lost as there are few who speak their language and are considered full blooded.One famous Yaghan was Jemmy Button who was captured and traveled across the pond and back again with a Charles Darwin. There is not enough information published about this amazing group of humans other than a handful of photos and web pages.When these cultures become on the verge of extinction, then nearly all is forgotten. Now we have the ability to discuss and contribute to their history before it’s lost forever.Join the discussion here. Below are some photos of The Yaghan ,Selknam and Kawashka people.They really have this Asian or even Melanesian look. Was Thor Heyerdahl right?
how do IPOs work? WTF: How Do IPOs Work? Few things create as much excitement in the business world as Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), when shares of hot companies are sold to the public, often for huge amounts. But as billions change hands, some have questioned where the money goes. how do IPOs work? Each year, there’s an average of about 100 IPOs in the United States, according to a paper hosted by the Securities and Exchanges Commission (SEC). There were twice as many in 2013, however: 222 companies raised a total of $54.9 billion, according to Fox Business, making it the best year for IPOs since the dot-com bubble burst in 2000. According to the Motley Fool, a financial blog, 29 of these companies doubled their value following the IPO, with six of them doubling in value on the very first day of trading. How it works Clearly, IPOs can be valuable for both the company involved and investors. This is how they work: A privately held company, owned by individual people (usually founders and early investors), decide to raise money by selling shares of the company to the public. They file a prospectus, a detailed document that describes the state of the company, including financial statements about the company, a list of risk factors, and a description of the company’s business model, among other things, according to a guide to IPOs by the SEC. The company then works with an investment bank which acts as an underwriter, which means that they value the company, set the share price, and take on the risk of distributing the company stocks. This underwriter, which receives a percentage of money raised through a fee, works with groups of investors, who are then invited to buy shares of the company at the initial offering price. If they choose to participate in the IPO this way, they can either hold on to the shares if they anticipate an increase in the company’s value, or sell it along with the underwriter. When the IPO occurs, often with much fanfare, shares are then sold to the general investing public on a stock exchange such as the NASDAQ or the New York Stock Exchange. Why do an IPO? For the company offering shares, it provides cheap capital from a diverse base of investors, makes acquisitions of other companies easier through share offerings, and offers a publicity boost. There are also some disadvantages, however, such as the monetary cost (anywhere from $250,000 to $1 million, according to attorney office Lewis & Kappes), potential information revealed to competitors through the prospectus, and pressure from stockholders to increase earnings. IPOs can be a very exclusive exercise, as an elite group of investors associated with the underwriters are privy to information about the company before the public. A famous example of this is the Facebook IPO, labeled by most experts as an unmitigated disaster. After a last-minute, downwards correction of Facebook’s potential revenue, investors in the know were able to place bets against the company’s stocks. Knowing that the stock was overpriced, they shorted in massive quantities, leaving regular retail investors losing as much as $630 million, according to Bloomberg. The reverse of this situation is also common, however: underwriters frequently undervalue the initial price of the stock, according to Joe Nocera at the New York Times, allowing their clients to buy undervalued stock before the IPO, then cashing in as the price rises. Firms then make massive quantities – far above the underwriter commission fee – by demanding kickbacks from clients. The most famous example of this is Goldman Sachs’ alleged undervaluing of in 1999 – the lawsuit over which the bank finally settled in September 2013. We measure success by the amount of understanding we deliver. If you could express it as a percentage, how much fresh understanding did we provide? Do you have any questions about IPOs? Tweet us at @curiousmatic. Ole Skaar
Pacific Northwest Thunderbird – Voices of the Wind Haidi Thunderbird Dancer Haida Thunderbird”painting from the Haidi Tribe, Pacific Northwest • Years ago an old man named Too-lux, who was the south wind, was traveling north, and met an old woman named Quootshooi, who was a giantess and he asked her for food, and she gave him a net, telling him she had nothing to eat and that he must try for fish. He succeeded in trapping a grampus. He was about to cut it when the old woman cried out to him to use a sharp shell in stead of a knife, and to split the fish down the back. Not heeding what she said he cut the fish across the side, and was taking off a slice of blubber, when the fish immediately changed to a great bird, which in flying completely obscured the sky and with its wings shook the earth. “This Thunderbird flew to the north, and alighted on the top of a saddleback mountain near the Columbia river. Here it laid many eggs, a whole nest full. The old woman followed and began to break the eggs and eat them. From these sprang the first Chehalis and Chinook tribes. Returning, the Thunderbird found the eggs broken; and now regularly the bird and Too-lux (the south winds), go forth in search of the old woman.” In the Pacific Northwest Sound region, the Native Americans affirm that a girl, just reaching womanhood, during a certain month must not go out of doors if the southwest wind is blowing. If she does, the wind is offended that he will send the Thunderbird to make thunder and lightning. A thunderstorm it rare in this district, but when it occurs they attribute it to disobedience. Anything that is supposed to have been touched or possessed by the Thunderbird has supernatural value in the eyes of the coastal Pacific indigenous. It is claimed that a Makah, who had been very ill, was reduced to a skeleton, and was considered past recovery. One day he managed to crawl to a brook near by. While there he heard a rustling which so frightened him that he hid his face in his blanket. But peeping out he saw a raven not far away, apparently endeavoring to eject an object from its throat. According to this man the bird got rid of a bone about three inches long. The Makah secured this, believing it to be the bone of the Thunderbird. He was assured by the medicine-woman that it was a medicine sent him by his Tah-mahna-wis, or guardian spirit, to cure him. It is a fact that the patient rapidly grew better, and soon was entirely well. • A Quaintness Indian professes to have obtained a feather from the Thunderbird. He says he saw the bird alight, and, creeping softly up, he tied to one of his feathers to a buckskin string, and fastened the other end to a stump. When the thunderbird flew away, it left the feather, which was forty fathoms long! No other native has ever seen the feather, for the owner is careful to keep it concealed: but his acquaintances gravely state that doubtless he has it, “for he is very successful in catching the sea otter. According to the Makahs one of the principal homes of the Thunderbird is on a mountain back of Clyoquot, on Vancouver Island. Here sits a lake which are many fossil bones, and these are the remains of whales killed by Thunderbirds. At a display of fireworks in Port Townsend a number of rockets, on bursting, showed fiery serpents. These the native spectators insisted, betokened the Thunderbirds, and offered large amounts for pieces of the animal. Among the Northwest Indians there is a performance in honor of the Thunderbirds. It is termed the Thunderbird Dance, “Klale Tahmah-na-wis.” Concerning its origin the Nittnat Indians have the following legend: “Two men had fallen in love with the same woman, but she would not give preference to either. There upon they began to quarrel. One of them, with more sense than the other, said: ‘Do not let us fight about that woman. I will go and see the Chief of the Wolves and he will tell us what is to be done. But I cannot get to his house except with a strategy. Now the wolves know we are at variance, so do you take me by the hair and drag me over these sharp rocks, which are covered with barnacles. I shall bleed and pretend to be dead, and the wolves will come and carry me away to their house.’ This was done, but when the wolves were ready to eat him and he jumped up, and astonished them by his boldness. The chief wolf was so pleased with the bravery of the man that he taught him the mysteries of the Thunderbird performance.” The Native Americans who take part in the ceremonies seek the secluded depths of the pine forests. They hoot like owls, howl like wolves, paint their bodies black, scarify their limbs to cause profuse bleeding (in remembrance of the man dragged over the stones), pound on drums to represent thunder, flash pitchwood torches to produce lightning, and whistle sharply in imitation of the wind. Candidates for initiation are put through an ordeal, and it is claimed by trappers and other adventurers that the shaman, develops strong mesmeric power. The Makahs usually occupy five days in secret dances, during which the courage of the initiate is proved. Among the Clallams the initiate is thrown into a hypnotic sleep. This Magic organization extends from the Columbia river to Alaska. Some of the details of the ritual, are not permitted to be known, symbolisms are lofty and the purpose high. The society is powerful, and although the government officers and the missionaries have endeavored to combat superstition, yet this dance of the tribes—the Klale Tah-mah-na-wis exists today in all the phases it has been nurtured for hundreds of years. Sources: Edwin L. Sabin, in Self Culture Magazine, Nov., 1899.; Daniels Stevans Encyclopedia 1903. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Chronica Prophetica translated from the Latin by Kenneth Baxter Wolf Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a This curious Latin chronicle was written in April 883 by an anonymous Christian historian close to the court of Alfonso III of Asturias (Spain). It contains lists of Christian and Muslim rulers in Spain, a highly pejorative "life of Muhammad"* that depicts him as a quintessential false prophet, and lots of speculation about the End of Time, which the author sees as intimately tied to the demise of the Islamic emirate of Córdoba. The fact that Asturian armies at the time were taking advantage of Umayyad weakness and raiding deep into Muslim territory accounts for the overly optimistic estimates of the imminent Christian domination of the peninsula. A generation later, the tables would be turned with the accession of Abd ar-Rahman III, the greatest of the Andalusian rulers. Remember that the medieval Spanish "era" system of dating requires subtracting 38 years from the "era" dates to determine the corresponding "CE" year. *This depiction of Muhammad is one of the earliest Latin (as opposed to Greek or Syriac) Christian depictions of Muhammad and Islam. There are three other extant versions as well as a reference to one other that we know was part of the library of the monastery of Leyre (Navarre) in the year 850. The anonymous author of the text was writing for a Christian audience with the intention of demonizing Islam and its founder. The Asturian editor who decided to include it in the Prophetic Chronicle no doubt figured it would help justify the much anticipated but ultimately fanciful victory of the Christian armies over the forces of the Cordoban Caliphate. The word of the Lord was made known to Ezekiel, saying: "Son of man, set your face against Ishmael and speak to them saying: 'I gave you power over other peoples, I multiplied you, I strengthened you, and put in your right hand a sword and in your left hand arrows so that you would destroy peoples and they would be leveled before your face like straw in the face of fire, and so that you would enter the land of Gog on foot and kill Gog with your sword and put your foot on his neck and make them slaves and tributaries to you. But because you forsook your Lord God I will turn you about, I will forsake you, and I will surrender you into the hand of Gog and in the territory of Libya you and all of your multitude will perish by his sword. Just as you did to Gog, so he will do to you. After you have held them in servitude for 170 years, Gog will in turn do to you what you did to him.'" In era 249 the Goths left their region. After seventeen years, in era 266, they came into Spain and dominated it for 383 years. In era 753 they were expelled from their kingdom. The Goths and the Moors are descendents of Japheth. From Ham came Philistim and Nimrod who, after the flood, was the first to build the city of Babylon and excluded Asshur, son of Shem, from the land of Shinar. Then fleeing, Asshur built the cities of Ninevah and Boot. Abraham and his descendents were born from the line of Shem. Certainly Gog is to be understood as the people of the Goths and just as Ishmael is written above to signify all of the race of the Ishmaelites when the prophet says, "Set your face against Ishmael," so Gog represents all of the people of the Goths. They took their name from the place of origen from whence they came. And the same chronicle of the Goths affirms that the people of the Goths came from Magog, when it says: The sons of Japheth claim to be the most ancient people of the Goths, whose origin is from Magog and claim to be named from the similarity of the last syllable," that is, Gog. And [there is more from the prophet Ezechiel tying it together. Because the prophet said to Ishmael: "You will enter the land of Gog on foot and you will kill Gog with your sword and you will make them slaves and tributaries to you." Now this is known to have come to pass. The land of Gog refers to Spain under the rule of the Goths, into which the Ishmaelites entered on account of the sins of the Gothic people and cut them down with the sword and made them tributaries, as it is clear in the present time. The invasion of the Saracens into Spain [occurred] on the third day of the ides of November, era 752 [November 11, 714 CE] with Roderic ruling among the Goths, in the third year of his reign. We can determine the date of their invasion with certainty because everyone knows that they invaded in the third year of Roderic's rule. So that we may be certain which year it was, let us consult the Chronicle of the Goths where it says that Witiza was anointed in his kingship on the eighteenth day before the kalends of December, era 752 [November 14, 714 CE], from which time 170 years have passed up to today in era 921, the seventeenth year of Alfonso's rule in Oviedo. And we find Muhammad to be in the thirty-second year of his reign in Cordoba. But the same prophet said again to Ishmael: "Because you forsook your Lord God, I will forsake you and surrender you to the hand of Gog and you and all your people will fall victim to his sword. After you have afflicted them for 170 years, he will give retribution to you as you gave to him." Christ is our hope that, when in the very near future, the 170 years have passed, the audacity of the enemy will be reduced to nothing and peace will be given to the holy church of Christ. The Saracens themselves have foreseen their destruction approaching in prodigies and signs in the stars, and have said that the kingdom of the Goths will be restored by our present prince. Also, this our prince, the glorious lord Alfonso, is foretold by the revelations and demonstrations of many Christians to be on the verge of ruling over all of Spain in the near future. Thus under the protection of divine clemency, the borders of the enemy shrink daily while the boundaries of the church of God grow. And to the extent to which the dignity of the name of Christ is fulfilled, the derisive calamity of the enemy wastes away. The Saracens perversely think themselves to be descended from Sarah. In truth, they are Agarenes from Hagar and Ishmaelites from Ishmael. This is their origin: Abraham bore Ishmael. Ishmael bore Quotede. Quotede bore Nabit. Nabit bore Alhumesca. Alhumesca bore Eldano. Eldano bore Munher. Munher bore Escicib. Escicib bore Iemen. Iemen bore Udad. Udad bore Adnan. Adnan bore Ma'add. Ma'add bore Nizar. Nizar bore Moldar. Moldar bore Indaf. Hindaf bore Mudrika. Mudrika bore Umeje. Umeje bore Kinana. Kinana bore Malik. Malik bore Fihr. Fihr bore Ghalib. Ghalib bore Luayy. Luayy bore Murra. Murra bore Kilab. Kilab bore Qusayy. Qusayy bore Abd al-Manaf. Abd al-Manaf bore two sons, Hashim and Abdiscemiz. Hisham bore Abd al-Muttalib. Abd al-Muttalib bore Abd Allah. Abd Allah bore Muhammad who is thought by them to be a prophet. Abdiscemiz, Hisham's brother, bore Umeje. Umeje bore Abolhaz. Abolhaz bore Haccam. Haccam bore Marwan [I, Umayyad caliph of Damascus]. Marwan bore Abd al-Malik. Abd al-Malik bore Hisham. Hisham bore Muawiya. Muawiya bore Abd ar-Rahman [I of Andalus], Abd ar-Rahman bore Hisham, Hisham bore al-Hakam, Al-Hakam bore Abd ar-Rahman [II]. Abd ar-Rahman bore Muhammad [I]. Muhammad bore al-Mundhir, and Abd Allah. The heresiarch Muhammad rose up in the time of the emperor Heraclius, in the seventh year of his reign. At that time Bishop Isidore of Seville excelled in Catholic doctrine and Sisebut held the throne in Toledo. A church in honor of the blessed Euphrasius was built over his tomb in the town of Ildai [Andujar]. Furthermore in Toledo the church of the blessed Leocadia was enlarged with a high roof of wonderful workmanship by order of the aforementioned king. Muhammad's beginnings were these. As he was an orphan he was put under the charge of a certain widow. When, as an avaricious usurer, he traveled on business, he began assiduously to attend assemblies of Christians, and as a shrewd son of darkness, he began to commit some of the sermons of the Christians to memory and became the wisest among the irrational Arabs in all things. Aflame with the fuel of his lust, he was joined to his patroness by some barbaric law. Soon after, the spirit of error appeared to him in the form of a vulture and, exhibiting a golden mouth, said it was the angel Gabriel and ordered Muhammad to present himself among his people as a prophet. Swollen with pride, he began to preach to the irrational animals and he made headway as if on the basis of reason so that they retreated from the cult of idols and adored the corporeal God in heaven. He ordered his believers to take up arms on his behalf, and, as if with a new zeal of faith, he ordered them to cut down their adversaries with the sword. God, with his inscrutable judgment (who once said through his prophet: "For behold I will raise up the Chaldeans, a bitter and swift people, wandering over the breadth of the earth, to possess the tents that are not their own, whose horses are swifter than evening wolves, and their appearance like the burning wind, reducing the land to emptiness as a demonstration to the faithful") permitted them to inflict injury. First they killed the brother of the emperor who held dominion over the land and in recognition of the triumph of victory, they established the Syrian city of Damascus as the capital of the kingdom. The same false prophet composed psalms from the mouths of irrational animals, commemorating a red calf. He wove a story of spider webs for catching flies. He composed certain sayings about the hoopoe and the frog so that the stench of the one might belch forth from his mouth and the babbling of the other might never cease from his lips. To season his error he arranged other songs in his own style in honor of Joseph, Zachary and even the mother of the Lord, Mary. And while he sweat in the great error of his prophecy, he lusted after the wife of a certain neighbor of his by the name of Zaid, and subjected her to his lust. Her husband, learning of the sin, shuddered and let her go to his prophet, whom he was not able to gainsay. In fact Muhammad noted it in his law as if from divine inspiration, saying: "When that woman was displeasing in the eyes of Zaid, and he repudiated her, he gave her to his prophet in marriage, which is an example to the others and to future followers wanting to do it that it be not sinful." After the commission of such a sin, the death of his soul and body approached simultaneously. Sensing his imminent destruction and knowingthat he would in no way be resurrected on his own merit, he predicted that he would be revived on the third day by the angel Gabriel, who was in the habit of appearing to him in the guise of a vulture, as Muhammad himself said. When he gave up his soul to hell, they ordered his body to be guarded with an arduous vigil, anxious about the miracle which he had promised them. When on the third day they saw that he was rotting, and determined that he would not by any means be rising, they said the angels did not come because they were frightened by their presence. Having found sound advice--or so they thought--they left his body unguarded, and immediately instead of angels, dogs followed his stench and devoured his flank. Learning of the deed, they surrendered the rest of his body to the soil. And in vindication of this injury, they ordered dogs to be slaughtered every year so that they, who on his behalf deserved a worthy martyrdom here, might share in his merit there. It was appropriate that a prophet of this kind fill the stomachs of dogs, a prophet who committed not only his own soul, but those of many, to hell. Indeed he accomplished many sins of various kinds which are not recorded in this book. This much is written so that those reading will understand how much might have been written here. In the third year of the reign of Roderic over the Goths of Spain on the third day of the Ides of November in the year 752 era [November 11, 714 CE] the Saracens entered Spain. Walid, the amir almuminin, son of Abd al-Malik, was ruling in Africa, in the hundredth year of the Arabs. The year in which Abu Zubra entered [Spain], his commander Muza remained in Africa and conquered the lands of the Moors. The next year, Tarik entered Spain. Three years after Tarik engaged in battle with Roderic, Musa ibn Nusayr invaded and destroyed the kingdom of the Goths. Concerning king Roderic, the cause of his death remains unknown up to the present day. The Arabs took control of the region along with the kingdom. All of the beauty of the Gothic people perished through both panic and the sword because they had not performed appropriate penance for their sins. And because they forsook the precepts of the Lord and the laws of the sacred canons, the Lord forsook them so that they would no longer retain their beloved territory. And those who had always overcome enemy assaults aided by the right hand of the Lord, were laid low by the judgment of God. Overcome by so few, they were reduced to almost nothing, with many living in humiliation. The city of Toledo, victor of all peoples, succombed as a victim to the triumphant Ishmaelites, and deserved to be subjected to them. Thus Spain was ruined for its disgusting sins, in the 380th year of the Goths. When the above-mentioned King Rodrigo of Spain, had been defeated and yet no one had found any evidence of him being killed, a messenger visited all the cities and fortifications of the Goths, instructing them to prepare themselves with arms for war and for seven years war raged violently between the Goths and the Saracens. After these seven years, messengers rushed about among them, imposing a firm pact and an immutable agreement: that they were to tear down all of the cities and inhabit fortifications and villages and all of the inhabitants of the land were to be assembled under the pact of their king and elect counts from their own regions. Each of the cities that they conquered were to be restricted to inhabitants from among their own people. Those people conquered were to become servants of arms (servi armis). The aforementioned Musa ibn Nusayr entered Spain and ruled 1 year, 3 months Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ruled 2 years, 6 months. Ayyub ruled 1 month. Al-Hurr ibn Abd ar-Rahman ruled 2 years, 10 months. As-Samh ibn Malik ruled 2 years, 9 months. Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abd Allah ruled 1 month. Udhrah, who was put in place of Ambasah, ruled 1 year, 1 month . Yahya ibn Salamah ruled 2 years, 6 months. Hudjifah ibn al-Ahwan ruled 6 months. Uthman ibn Abu Nasah ruled 4 month. Al-Haytham ruled 10 months. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Ashjai ruled 1 month. Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abd Allah ruled 1 year, 10 months. Abd al-Malik ibn Qatan ruled 2 years, 8 months. Uqbah ibn al-Hajjaj ruled 4 years, 5 months. Abd al-Malik ruled 1 year, 1 month. Abu al-Khatar Husam ibn Dhirer ruled 1month . Thuabah ibn Yazid ruled 1 year. These governors [duces] had short reigns with one succeeding the other, as designated by the Amir Almuminin, who also terminated some by death. Their combined reigns lasted 27 years, 11 months. Here are the kings who ruled in Spain who were from Banu Umayyad [Beniumeje] of the Ishmaelites. Yusuf ruled 11 years [746-56 CE]. Abd ar-Rahman [I] ruled 33 years [756-788 CE]. Hisham [I] ruled 6 years, 6 months [788-96 CE]. Al-Hakam [I] ruled 32 years, 1 month 796-822 CE]. Abd ar-Rahman [II] ruled 32 years, 1 month [822-52 CE]. Muhammad [I] ruled 32 years [852- ]. All of the [reigns of the] Arabs of Spain [add up to] 168 years, 5 months. They [that is, the Saracens] will remain until St. Martin's Day, the third day of the Ides of November; in seven months they will have completed 169 years, and the one hundred seventieth year will have begun, the year when the Saracens will have completed [their allotted time], according to the above noted prediction of the prophet Ezechiel. [At that time] we expect vengeance against our enemies to come and the salvation of the Christians to begin. Omnipotent God commands this so that just as the unclean universe was deemed worthy to be ransomed from the power of the devil by the blood of His Son, Our Lord Jesus Christ, so in the coming year he will order his church to be snatched from the yoke of the Ishmaelites. He who lives and rules forever and ever. Amen. The Northmen [Lothomani] entered Spain in era 880 [842 CE] on the second day of the Kalends of August. They came again later in era 896 [858 CE] in the month of July, and there was killing in Lisbon. Era 751 [713 CE]. The Saracens conquered Spain before the time of Pelayo. They ruled the same for five years [before Pelayo's accession]. Pelayo, the son of Vermudo, grandson of Rodrigo, king of Toledo. He accepted the kingship in era 756 and ruled for eighteen years, nine months, and nineteen days [718?-737 CE]. He was the first to enter into the rugged mountains under the cliff and cavern of Aguseba. From Pelayo up to era 966, under the rule of Alfonso, son of Ordono, are 211 years. Fafila, his son, ruled 2 years, 7 months, and 10 days [737-39 CE]. Alfonso [I], son-in-law of Pelayo, ruled 19 years, 1 month, and 2 days [739-57 CE]. Fruela [I], his brother, ruled 12 years, 6 months, and 20 days [757-68 CE]. Aurelio ruled 6 years, 6 months [768-74 CE]. Silo ruled 9 years, one month [774-83 CE]. Mauregato ruled 5 years, 6 months [783-88 CE]. Vermudo [I] ruled 2 years, 6 months. [788-91 CE]. After lord Aurelius, Alfonso [II] the Great and Chaste, who founded Oviedo, ruled 51 years, 5 months, and 16 days [791-842 CE]. Then Nepotianus, kinsman of Alfonso ruled [ ] years [842 CE]. Afterward, Ramiro [I] ruled for 7 years, 9 months, 19 days [842-50 CE]. Ordono [I], his son, ruled 16 years, 3 months, and one day [850-66 CE]. He attacked Albailda. Alfonso [III], son of Ordono, accepted the kingship on the second day of the Ides of February, era 964. He ruled 44 years, 8 months [866-910 CE]. This one destroyed Ebrellos. Garcia, son of Alfonso, ruled 3 years [910-14 CE]. Ordono [II] ruled 8 years, 2 months [914-24 CE]. Fruela [II], his brother, ruled 1 year, 7 months [924-25 CE]. Alfonso [IV], son of Fruela, ruled 5 years, 10 months [925-30 CE]. Sancho, son of Ordono, ruled [ ] year. After that, Alfonso gave up his rule and turned to the Lord. Ramiro, brother of Alfonso, became king on the eighth day of the Ides of November, era [ ] [930 CE].
Religious Freedom Top: Christ Church, National Historic Landmark photo by Pat Doster, NC Bottom: The Maddox Window at Christ Church photo by Dorothy Maddox Bishop, GA. In the Old World of Great Britain in the 1600's, religious struggles were well underway between Protestants and Catholics and it moved to Maryland which was founded by a Catholic hoping to establish an enclave in the colonies. George Calvert promised King James a proprietary colony dedicated to religious freedom. For a time, it was successful even as there was near civil war in England over religion. Religious Toleration Act In 1649, the Maryland Provincial Assembly had granted legal equality to all who profess Jesus Christ to be the Son of God. The "Act Concerning Religion" was a compromise between the Catholic proprietor, Lord Baltimore, and the Puritan-dominated assembly. This lasted only five years. A rebellion overthrew the Lord Proprietor's governor and the Toleration Act was restored only after intervention by King Charles in 1658. Charles I was beheaded just a year later. Like England, the climate in the colonies was one of intolerance. Elsewhere, women were tried and hanged for "witchcraft." Maryland is proud to be a province where there was more religious tolerance at the time than most anywhere in the world--but it was not remain that way. The Official Church of England In 1689, Protestant rebels petitioned the Crown to take over the province and they got their way. King William declared Maryland a Royal Colony and insisted the official Church of England--the Anglican Episcopalians--get much more prominence. The bad part of that is that tolerance ended and Catholics were largely persecuted for a hundred years until the American Revolution ended British rule. Maddoxes were Anglican Christ Church at Chaptico in St. Mary's County is one of Maryland's finest landmarks still standing--and still with a congregation of worshippers! W. N. Hurley, Jr., author of "Maddox-A Southern Maryland Family" has researched Christ Church and the Maddox connection there. The first structure was built on the site in 1642 and the King and Queen Parish established in 1692. The present building was erected in 1736 with the addition of the tower in 1913. This window (at left) in Christ Church commemorates the earliest Maddox's. The dates don't match birth records we show today but the Window illustrates that the Maddox family was a supporter of the church. Hurley notes the surrounding churchyard is the final resting place of a number of Maddox family members. There are many with unmarked stones and others which cannot be read. He says Samuel Maddox, who was a member here for years, may well be buried here, even though there is no physical evidence. The stained glass window demonstrates what Christ Church meant to the Maddox family. This Landmark church has much more history--shocking history--as did other churches. When then British came to battle the Americans once again during the War of 1812, they sacked the church and committed outrages on the those buried there.
Jon Kolko on How Culture Impacts Design Problem Solving In Chapter 6 of 17 designer and educator Jon Kolko shares why understanding culture is fundamental to understanding design. He notes design is subjective, qualitative, and contingent on larger cultural context. Taking design in a problem solving context, he notes the challenges different cultural settings present using more scientific methods. Culture challenges the problem solving process and a design approach must be flexible enough to incorporate cultural differences. Save videos for later by signing up or logging in
Supply and demand are foundational concepts in understanding economic theory Price: $30 USD Question description Scenario One Supply and demand are foundational concepts in understanding economic theory. Whether you are a coffee drinker or not, you have been tasked to examine the impact of supply and demand when dealing with the coffee retail industry. A few companies probably come to mind. Pick a major coffee retailer, and then contemplate what has been happening to both the supply and demand for this product. Next, analyze the following scenario that deals with what happened in the coffee industry at the beginning of the last decade: • Based on this analysis, how were coffee retailers faring in the marketplace? Scenario Two In this next scenario, start your discussion by examining the differences between the definitions of the macroeconomics and microeconomics. Next, discuss how the concepts of supply and demand relate to (1) microeconomics and (2) macroeconomics. For you to demonstrate understanding of supply and demand from the perspective of microeconomics versus macroeconomics, pick 2 of the 10 scenarios below and discuss the following questions: • Is the scenario a macroeconomic or microeconomic example of supply and demand? • Is this impacting supply or demand? • Is this example going to experience a shift or a movement of supply or demand? • As a result of this change, what happened to equilibrium price and quantity? The 10 examples for you to consider are as follows: 1. After Hurricane Katrina, what happened to the price of fish? 2. After the development of the microchip, what happened to the price of computers? 3. After the government raised tariffs on imported cheese, what happened to the price of domestic cheese? 4. Polyester suits have become trendy again. What happens to their price? 5. Internet auction sites are becoming more popular, and people are using them more and more. 6. A new health report came out that said red wine lowers cholesterol. 7. The government raises taxes. 8. Inflation increases. 9. Immigration laws are relaxed. 10. The government increases spending. How you charge for all this? Tutor Answer (Top Tutor) Studypool Tutor School: University of Virginia Studypool has helped 1,244,100 students Ask your homework questions. Receive quality answers! Type your question here (or upload an image) 1819 tutors are online Brown University 1271 Tutors California Institute of Technology 2131 Tutors Carnegie Mellon University 982 Tutors Columbia University 1256 Tutors Dartmouth University 2113 Tutors Emory University 2279 Tutors Harvard University 599 Tutors Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2319 Tutors New York University 1645 Tutors Notre Dam University 1911 Tutors Oklahoma University 2122 Tutors Pennsylvania State University 932 Tutors Princeton University 1211 Tutors Stanford University 983 Tutors University of California 1282 Tutors Oxford University 123 Tutors Yale University 2325 Tutors
How 3D Printing Will Change Life As We Know It The production of the first fully functioning 3D printer in 1984 has since brought about the beginning of a new industrial revolution; products designed and created by using 3D technology and printing. Although currently the 3D printing market is still in its early days, it has already brought about substantial changes in engineering, aerospace and medical industries. What is 3D Printing? These by printing layer upon layer of materials to create a three dimensional object. Use of 3D rendering services software, you can create any design of any object for the 3D printer to create. Because of the ability to create different objects like, shapes, and the use of various materials, colours, it is a very versatile technology with many different uses that could eventually change the way millions of objects around the world are produced. The impacts of 3D printing on medicine Already, 3D printing technology has been used to create synthetic skin, prosthetic limbs, heart valves, and even fully functional human organs. Technology trend experts predict that through the use of 3D printing, healthcare has the opportunity to improve so drastically that within the next 50-75 years, human life expectancy will increase. Because the cost of printing and manufacturing health care equipment is expensive in some poverty stricken areas in the world, the use of 3D printing to provide medical equipment for developing countries may well have an impact on and improve world poverty and world health in the future. The impact on international outsourcing and trade With the way that 3D technology is rapidly developing at the moment, it is very possible the in the future companies will be able to manufacture items that they currently have to outsource from other areas of the world. For example, shoe manufacturing companies who currently buy stock from China may, in the future, no longer need to outsource shoes from China as they will be able to use 3D printing technology to print shoes. Cars and other vehicles In the US, designers are currently working on creating 3D printed cars, with some having already been created and are fully functional. This technology could have a massive impact on the automobile trade in the future, with benefits to customers such as dramatically reduced car prices, and being able to find car part replacements with more ease and at much cheaper prices than at present.
Senior Training Warming up for Running • Posted on: 26 July 2006 • By: Jane C This article explains why warming up and stretching is important for runners and outlines how to do both properly. Why warm up before running? By warming up before any exercise you increase blood flow to muscles and other soft tissues, an important factor in avoiding damage to ligaments, muscles and tendons, including sprains and strains-common sports injuries. Your routine should include cardiovascular exercises to increase your heart rate gradually and stretches to prepare muscles and increase flexibility.
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Sunday, September 25, 2011 Cheating Neutrinos Jumped The Starting Gun: Physics Ref Failed To Notice Reuters reported on Friday night that a team of Italian scientists had detected some neutrinos travelling faster than the speed of light. As a physics student myself, my first reaction was: Hell NO. Freaking impossible. In fact I was soon joined by many professional physicists who'd also expressed their reservations on the matter. It simply doesn't make sense. Carl Sagan once said that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." If your experiment seems to break the laws of physics, especially one that is so fundamental and has been proven experimentally over and over again, then chances are you know you've made a mistake than a discovery. What happened was that a team of physicists created neutrinos at CERN in Geneva. Neutrinos are massless particles that travel at the speed of light (prior to this ground-breaking news). In a fraction of a second, some of them entered a detector called OPERA in Italy where they were recorded. When the scientists calculated the speed of the neutrinos that came, they found the neutrinos got to Italy about 60 nanoseconds faster than a photon (light particle) would. 60 nanoseconds. That's 0.000000060, doesn't seem to make that much of a difference but hey, it threatens to dismantle one the most fundamental laws of physics. So it's only natural for all other physicists to regard this news with a lot of skepticism. Moreover, plenty of other scientists are using the Supernova that happened in 1987 as an example to refute this faster-than-light claim. Supernova (SN) 1987A was a supernova in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a nearby dwarf galaxy. It occurred approximately 168,000 light-years from Earth, close enough that it was visible to the naked eye. When a star dies it releases multiple blasts of particles, including neutrinos. So when SN 1987A exploded neutrinos and photons went out in all direction and some of them headed to our Earth. The paper quotes a fractional difference between neutrino speed and that of light of (2.48 ± 0.28 (stat.) ± 0.30 (sys.)) x 10-5 The neutrinos from SN1987A traveled so far (168,000 light-years) that had they been moving 0.0000248 meter/second faster than light, they would’ve arrived here almost four years before the light did. However, the light got here only three hours later than the neutrinos. And the lag could be explained by accounting the time it takes for the explosion to eat its way out of the star’s core to its surface. So it's not about neutrinos moving faster than light; it's about why light didn't arrive early. But still, the researchers are not at fault, and in fact they are asking for criticism on their work. The work has yet to be properly published or peer reviewed, let alone scrutinized or replicated by the scientific community. At the time the Reuters report appeared, the researchers hadn't even uploaded their draft paper to Arxiv, the pre-print repository. And hence this can't yet be presented as 'fact', but that's exactly what mainstream media like Reuters chose to do with their headline, "Particles found to break speed of light". Nature News posted a similar headline, "Particles break light-speed limit" and declared "Neutrino results challenge cornerstone of modern physics." And these sortta headlines give rise to this kinda brainless comment on Facebook. This just gives me one more reason to dislike mainstream media. info: 11/09/22/faster-than-light-travel-discovered-slow-down-folks/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+DiscoverMag+(Discover+Magazine) No comments: Post a Comment Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...
MapCarte 334/365: 2012 Presidential election by Chris Howard, 2012 MapCarte334_howardThe choropleth technique is a standard thematic mapping approach which is flexible and relatively easily understood by map readers. The principle is simple…where enumeration areas have a greater relative magnitude, they get shaded darker and vice versa. There’s some simple design rules for choropleths such as ensuring you’re using normalized data, that is, data that equalizes for population or some other denominator which is important to ensure we see areas symbolized properly in relation to others. It’s also important to set up the shading scheme with colours that connotate some quantifiable difference between areas. We naturally see shades of any hue in this way (e.g. light to dark red or light to dark blue). That’s not to say we can’t get a little creative with the choropleth which is what Chris Howard has done here with his map of the 2012 Presidential election result in the USA. Howard uses a diverging colour scheme with a mid purple where the Democrats and Republican’s shared a pretty even vote. The colour moves towards a strong blue for areas that have a strong Democrat share and to red for a strong Republican share. This is a standard approach where you have a dataset that tends around some mean, average or key value. He goes further though and creates a version of the value-by-alpha technique created by Roth, Woodruff and Johnson. The original value-by alpha technique assumed a black background and the general idea is to use a layer of transparency across the top of the standard choropleth that modifies what we see according to a second piece of information. For the results of the election, transparency is used to encode the population density. The alpha layer is highly transparent where the population density is highest, and near black where it’s at its lowest. This has the effect of highlighting the areas that have more voters. Howard has simply created a version against a white background with increasing white added to the alpha layer where there are lower population densities. We therefore see a set of muted colours that decrease their importance in visual perception…in line with the very nature of such areas in voting terms. Fewer people just don’t contribute as many votes. It creates a beautiful map with a wide range of colours but one that is perfectly understandable. Howard also goes further by adding a layer of populated places that sits in the map and just gives a subtle highlight to the major cities, helping them stand out a little. He also changes the colour of the County borders to either a red or blue to show the predominant vote in that area. Choropleths can seem rather boring despite their utility. By thinking a little about how you might be able to develop the visual message you can end up with some very attractive thematic maps that invite perhaps a little more interest. MapCarte 121/365: Wahlland by Moritz Stefaner, 2013 Click the image to view the online web map Following the mapping of elections has become almost as much of a spectacle as the elections themselves. Media outlets seem to fall over themselves trying to provide more detailed and expansive coverage than their rivals. Over the course of the last decade we’ve seen countless ways to map the detailed voting patterns as they are announced and the map takes shape. Proportional symbols, choropleths, a variety of cartograms and three-dimensional techniques have all been used in recent years.The map presented here hasn’t been widely used and takes a different graphical approach altogether. Made as a web map and published by the online arm of German newspaper Die Zeit (The Times), the Wahlland map shows the Germand Bundestag elections of 2013. The electoral districts of Germany are arranged by their voting behaviour using a very abstract approach that is based on similarity of lifestyle, preference and attitude rather than geography. Each district is represented by a series of triangles arranged almost like a coxcomb chart over each district. Each segment maps the results (by size) for the party represented (by colour). Rather than simply mapping voter numbers the size maps the relative difference to the average result of that party overall. Only parties that are above average are mapped and the districts are arranged so that more similar districts are clustered. It’s a novel approach to mapping multivariate statistical data that shows not only the salient information of the results but in a way that adds value and provides some sense of the underlying geography and patterns being revealed. Which districts voted like each other? Are they geographically proximal or distant? The design goes beyond by providing a very helpful legend (hidden until required) and also allows data to be seen through hovering over each segment. The map can be filtered by state or by party so the clusters are easily viewed and the subtle background shading works to anchor the eye to a cluster and give a hint as to the overall quantity of vote for a party. Geography is thrown to the wind but this is a novel and well crafted alternative to more traditional forms of mapping elections that is visually eye-catching and performs well. Even the way it draws is neat, smooth and easy on the eye.
Powered by Max Banner Ads Flaring vs. Green Completions Green Completions vs. FlaringFlaring of gas wells is one of those processes connected with natural gas development that most people find rather fascinating, but many don’t well understand. Even fewer have heard of what is already gradually replacing flaring and will soon totally replace it; something called green completions. Questions, therefore, abound. The majority of these questions center on why flaring or green completions are necessary. Here’s why. The water used during the process is held in the formation, after a well is hydraulically fractured. NaturalGasNOW.org is published from the Marcellus Shale region where the shale is so dry the shale starts to imbibe this water. If left in the formation too long, the water absorbed into the rock will cause it to swell–think of a dry sponge sitting in a pool of liquid. The pathways for the natural gas to move are cut off as the rock swells; the overall production of the well diminishes. The well is opened up to allow water to flow back to surface so it is not imbibed. However, natural gas also surfaces with the water. Venting natural gas directly into the atmosphere is not an option because natural gas or methane (CH4) is a known greenhouse gas. Moreover, under certain weather conditions, natural gas can concentrate in a single area creating a hazardous situation. Therefore, a method is needed to control this surfacing gas. Flaring is commonly used in situations when no pipeline line is available to flow the gas to sales. During the process of flaring, the rising gas and water are effectively separated and the gas is burned off. Through combustion of natural gas, CO2 and H2O are created but CO2, though a greenhouse gas like CH4, is less impactful on the environment and poses no hazard. Green Completions vs. Flaring Green Completions vs. Flaring If a pipeline is available to take gas to sales, the natural gas is not flared off. instead, it is separated from the water and put it to a pipeline (see above). This method is called “cleaning up into sales” in industry parlance, “reduced emissions completions” to regulators and “green completions” to others. Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin, in 2012, observed 67% of wells already sent methane to sales. Northeastern Pennsylvania gas companies have also been using this technique ever more steadily. Here is an example of the portable equipment often used in the field. Green completions system Portable Green Completions System by Fracmaster USA What makes this method a greener alternative to flaring is that no unnecessary green house gases of any kind are emitted while the well flows back its water. Gas companies also prefer this method of green completions for the simple reason that it captures more natural gas to sell. Here’s the basic process compared to flaring: More detailed discussions of green completions can be found here and here. Print Friendly, PDF & Email 12 thoughts on “Flaring vs. Green Completions 1. I’m confused. What sense does it make to drill a well without a pipeline nearby to get it to market? Drilling a well prior to this induces flaring AND the well must still be capped waiting for the pipeline to reach the well. Thus the flared gas is wasted and the gas still in the well just sits there not making any money for the company. • Frank; they will drill some wells before putting pipelines because drilling is the only way t0 know for sure what is in the shale and how much will come out. They are called test wells. Once they know just what is in the ground and what is coming out, they can them put in the proper pipelines and processing facilities. That is why they are doing green completions in areas like eastern Pa where they now have enough lines in place. 2. Nice article. Another advancement is taking well head gas and putting it on a mobile LNG Liquifaction system. Dresser-Rand and GE both have units that are hitting the market now. In deep south Texas, in the Eagle Ford, there is not pipeline readily available. The units will allow landowners and production companies to realize returns on a valueble asset that is being flared. 3. Alarge number of wells are being drilled, flared, then shut in primarily to lease acres by production as leases are nearing experation and operators have large amounts of cash tied up in exorbitant sign on bonus’s. 4. Pingback: Methane Emissions Claims Don't Pass the Smell Test - Natural Gas Now 5. Pingback: Fracking Falsehoods: Saying It's So Doesn't Make It SoNatural Gas Now 6. Pingback: Global Warming Brought on by Hydroelectric Power?Natural Gas Now 7. Great informative article and responses. Drilling schedules (and lease expirations) also dictate to some extent why wells are drilled and then capped. The other issue with pipelines is the increasing difficulty to get landowners to agree to pipelines crossing their properties at reasonable prices. It only takes one holdout to bring a pipeline project to a halt…it’s a long process. 8. Pingback: Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader Conflict of Interest Shows Again?Natural Gas Now 9. Pingback: Cabot Reduces Methane Emissions 85% As Production Soars Leave a Reply Powered by Max Banner Ads
(805) 693-8100 Lyme Disease - A Combined Therapy Approach Why Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)? Oxygen kills the Lyme organism. Studies have demonstrated that the Lyme spirochete cannot survive in an oxygen partial pressure of 160 mm Hg. When the patient enters a hyperbaric chamber breathing pure 100% oxygen, the spirochete is exposed to partial pressure over 320 mm Hg. This is more than 2 times the lethal dose of oxygen required to kill the lyme spirochete and its co-infections. HBOT will not only kill the organisms but it will repair the tissue damage caused by the migrating spirochete, thus alleviating many of the symptoms. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been shown to reduce pain significantly, modulate the immune system, increase energy, alleviate sleep dysfunction, and reduce cognitive impairment. It is viewed by many as the most effective therapy available for Lyme disease. These facts are supported by the research done by Dr. William Fife at Texas A&M University. Read about Texas A&M University’s pilot program to assess the possible benefits of HBOT in mitigating chronic Lyme symptoms. What is Lyme disease? Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease that is caused by the bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi, which is transmitted to humans via a tick bite. Other bacteria called co-infections can also be transmitted by the tick and should also be tested for. The first symptoms of Lyme disease can include a bull’s eye rash (occurs only 50% of the time), fever, flu-like symptoms, migraines, fatigue, muscle and joint pain. If the disease is diagnosed at this stage, it can be easily treated with a 3-4 week course of antibiotics. If Lyme disease is not diagnosed during this initial 2 week phase the organisms will migrate through all organs and tissue including the brain and spinal cord. The damage caused by these migrating organisms produce immune system dysfunction, nervous system abnormalities, inflammation in the brain, cognitive disorders, sleep disturbances, personality changes and cardiac problems in addition to the symptoms seen in the initial phase of the disease. When the disease reaches this stage it is very hard to treat. The standard course of therapy is IV antibiotics for long periods of time. Most often this will result in temporary improvement but symptoms often return when antibiotic therapy is stopped. How is Lyme diagnosed? Lyme disease (the great pretender) can be hard to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to those of many other illnesses including; multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, depression and arthritisThe Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends the ELISA test (which is only 50% accurate) to identify the lyme antibodies followed by the Western Blot Test (which can also produce false negatives). These are the tests that most doctors use. Therefore it is important to know that a negative report from these two tests doesn’t mean there is no infection. Lyme literate doctors usually request a complete Lyme panel that includes the IFA (Immunofluorescent Assay), Western Blots and PCR. They will also send them to laboratories that do the proper testing as not all labs do. Nirvana offers a combined therapy approach. In addition to HBOT, Nirvana offers patients with Lyme disease two other valuable tools to assist in the healing process, EWOT and far infrared sauna therapy. People who find an effective treatment protocol will inevitably find their bodies becoming overwhelmed with large amounts of toxins, but lack an effective means of removing these toxins from the body. As a result, despite the continuation of a mediocre and ineffective detoxification protocol, they still continue to feel bad. Combining HBOT with EWOT and infrared sauna therapy can facilitate the removal of these toxins and speed up the healing process. ( EWOT (Exercise with Oxygen Therapy aka Oxygen Multistep Therapy) can help: Breathing pure 100% medical grade oxygen while exercising can boost the immune system and detoxification functions and activate healing within the body. One of the common symptoms of Lyme is “brain fog”. Brain fog is a commonly used phrase that sums up feelings of confusion, forgetfulness, lack of focus and lack of mental clarity. EWOT increases oxygen flow to the brain acting at the cellular level to stimulate the mitochondria in the cell. This revitalizes the cell and causes the cell to detoxify. Toxins and cellular waste will exit your cells and enter your blood and lymph within 3 minutes at a pulse over 110 bpm. Detoxification with Infrared Sauna: Because oxygen kills the Lyme organism, HBOT and EWOT both release toxins from the dead spirochetes into the body. These toxins cause severe pain and discomfort to the person (Herxheimer reaction). Infrared sauna as part of a combined therapy approach helps the body remove these toxins and diminishes the pain and discomfort ten times better than a normal sauna. It is a very important part of Nirvana’s approach to helping patients with Lyme disease. reports, "Detoxification is just as equally important in healing from Lyme Disease as an effective treatment protocol is. Those treating their Lyme Disease know that toxins released from dead spirochetes flood their bodies once they [the spirochetes] are killed. Though this debilitating experience is a great indication of an effective treatment protocol, the process itself occurs many times throughout treatment. As a result, toxins build up in the body, and the process of removing them becomes too much for passive or non-aggressive detox methods. Infrared saunas compensate or pick up the slack by helping to bring the over all toxin load down in an incredibly efficient manner." Return to Information & Case Studies: Investigational Indications Sign up for our newsletter

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