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Resources for Teens and Pre-teens Teenager and pre-teens are at risk for diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. Vaccinations during the teenage years are important for two reasons: (1) some childhood vaccines wear off as one gets older, and (2) some vaccines work better when given during adolescence. There are many opportunities for vaccination. Ask about vaccinations during regular health check-ups, sports physicals, or camp physicals. Watch the following 30-second video from a cervical cancer survivor and discover why the HPV vaccination is important.
Falconry in the UAE on December 18, 2013 The art of falconry can trace it's routes to some 4 thousand years to the asian and arabian cultures where falconry was once practiced as a source of gathering food long before the advent of gunpowder and guns. Brought back to Europe in the middle ages with the numerous Christian crusades, falconry soon became the sport of the kings and queens and the very wealthy. At the turn of the 20th century it made its way to the Americas and now is practiced as a largely recreational pastime throughout the world but it's routes have not been forgotten and even today the sport of falconry is woven into the very tapestry of arabian life. It is ironic that in a culture whose routes have been based on falconry now finds itself in a situation whereby hunting is mostly banned and overhunting has caused the decline to many of it's prey species. Fortunately they are afforded protection is most areas and if nothing else falconers are also conservationists and today great efforts are being made to save their prey species. In the gulf this is primarily the desert hare and houbara bustard. Other species are hunted such as the stone curlew or Keruwaan as it is known locally. Nowadays the hunting with falcons in the gulf countries is largely practiced by wealth sheikhs and arabs who travel to distant countries like Morocco, Pakistan and eastern former Russian sovereign countries. With many countries now warring and unsafe to travel in, this has created competition amongst the sheikhs to buy up large tracts of land in those countries where the houbara migrate to in order to protect their hunting. This being said, falconry is still practiced in the GCC countries but with increasing difficulty and irregularity. This has paved the way for falcon race competitions by the government of some arab countries lead by the UAE. While not hunting, it does provide a reason to once again own a falcon but instead of hunting they are used to competitively race against each other. The reward is a huge prize pool of prizes including cars and cash. Recent Posts • Red and Black Grouse March 30, 2014 • Houbara Bustards In The UAE March 04, 2014 • The Al Ain Air show February 05, 2014
Date of Award Document Type Degree Name Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) Leadership Studies First Advisor Patrick Pauken The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand how natural mentoring helps at-risk African-American male adolescents avoid high-risk behaviors. Natural mentors are people with whom mentees have natural relationships outside of their immediate family, such as community members, teachers, ministers, extended family members and coaches. The participants were two current and two former at-risk African-American male adolescents who were either currently living in, or formerly lived in, high-risk environments. Participants had experience with a natural mentor-mentee relationship and were interested in talking about their experience. The present study’s mentoring relationships consisted of three male-to-male relationships and one male-to-female relationship. Several characteristics of natural mentoring impacted the mentees in this study. Mentees related examples of mentors’ caring behavior, understanding, comfortable conversations, unconditional support, and commitment to the relationship. When natural mentors display these characteristics in relationships with at-risk African-American male adolescents, the mentees voluntarily assist in changing their attitudes and behaviors and enhance their chances of living more meaningful and productive lives. Concept of a Natural Mentor and Effects of Natural Mentoring relationships were the two themes that emerged from the interviews of participants. The Concept of a Natural Mentor revealed that natural mentors are people who naturally assist in others’ times of need. The concept of being a natural mentor is wrapped up in commitment and selflessness. Natural mentors’ commitment focuses on their relationships with at-risk African-American male adolescents, their willingness to allow mentees to make mistakes without judging them, and the flexibility given to mentees to make their own decisions. The second theme to emerge was the Effects of Natural Mentoring relationships. Natural mentoring relationships allow mentees to adapt concepts and ideals that allow them to successfully mature into productive adults. Natural mentoring builds resiliency in mentees and helps them avoid at-risk behavior and overcome the fear of failure. Mentees who are successful have natural mentors in their lives that help them with emotional support and encourage them to learn adult behaviors and responsibilities while developing social skills. Among the leadership lessons taught and learned were servant-leadership, character building, meaning making, and the transferability of natural mentoring to formal mentoring relationships. More research is encouraged on the nature of caring relationships and the ethic of care among men, the continuity of natural mentoring relationships across generations, and resiliency and the fear of failure among at-risk adolescents.
The Lifted Veil Test \| Mid-Book Test - Easy Buy The Lifted Veil Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. What causes Latimer's love interest to think that he loves her? (a) Nothing, she has no clue. (b) The poems that he writes for her. (c) Him fainting the first time they met. (d) The songs that he sings to her. 2. What happens when Latimer's father agrees to take him shopping? (a) His mother shows up instead. (b) His father is late. (c) His father never comes. (d) Alfred meets him instead. 3. Where did the bond between Charles and Latimer come from? (a) The attractiveness of both boys. (b) A shared illness. (c) The intellect shared between them. (d) The community of feeling. 4. Who is described as handsome, confident, and extremely friendly, and evidently did not feel any rivalry with Latimer? (a) Pierre. (b) Mr. Filmore. (c) His father. (d) Alfred. 5. Why did Latimer's time in Switzerland end? (a) He died. (b) He contracted a severe illness. (c) His half-brother died. (d) He finished school. 6. What final piece of evidence does Latimer need to see before he decides if his visions are really true? (a) The patch of rainbow light in the shape of a star on the pavement. (b) The row of trees and multi-colored birds. (c) The storm clouds. (d) The bridge and archway. 7. What does Latimer decide to do about his first vision in regards to his third vision? (a) Nothing at all; he really did not believe in them. (b) If his vision of Prague turned out to be true, he would kill Alfred. (c) If his vision of Prague turned out to be true, he would ask her about her feelings. (d) Ignore them and let fate lead the way. 8. Who is the author of The Lifted Veil? (a) Maya Angelou. (b) William Faulkner. (c) Robert Louis Stevenson. (d) George Eliot. 9. What does everyone buy Bertha for her birthday? (a) Gold. (b) Books. (c) Jewelry. (d) Furs. 10. During his death, Latimer thinks of what natural images? (a) Ocean, sharks, and storm clouds. (b) Earth, fields, a brook, the rain, and morning light. (c) Mountains, rivers, and valleys. (d) Rainbows, fish, and trees. 11. Who is the only person that Latimer falls in love with throughout his life? (a) Mrs. Archer. (b) A servant. (c) Mrs. Filmore. (d) Bertha. (a) Runs from the house. (b) Laugh. (c) Question his mental state. (d) Cry. 13. Why was the narrator's childhood happy? (a) Because the narrator's mother was dead. (b) Because the narrator received a horse as a present. (c) Because the narrator did not have supernatural powers yet. (d) Because the narrator lived near the mountains. 14. Who leaves the room during Latimer's vision of Prague? (a) Bertha. (b) Alfred. (c) His father. (d) The servants. 15. What does Latimer remember Prague being like? (a) A cold and dark place. (b) A patch of rainbow light on the pavement, transmitted through a colored lamp in the shape of a star. (c) A city that brings only fear and hatred. (d) A long row of trees with muiti-colored birds in the branches. Short Answer Questions 1. Who enters the room during Latimer's vision of Prague? 2. When will Latimer's story be told? 3. What will the narrator die from? 4. When the narrator rings the bell during the last moments of life, who comes in to help? 5. What happens after Latimer returns to the room after washing his face? (see the answer keys) This section contains 569 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page) Buy The Lifted Veil Lesson Plans Follow Us on Facebook
News of a Kidnapping Test \| Mid-Book Test - Easy Buy the News of a Kidnapping Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. Of the noted men that turn themselves in after Decree 3030, what is the biggest influence that causes them to surrender? (a) The fear of execution. (b) A sign from the Holy Infant. (c) The women in the family. (d) The fear of extradition. 2. In Dr. Guerrero's state with his wife kidnapped, what does he decide to do? (a) See a psychotherapist. (b) Move in with his family for support. (c) Close his practice for the time being. (d) Concentrate on his work even more. 3. How many guards are there for Maruja, Beatriz, and the other woman held together in one room? (a) Three. (b) Five. (c) Two. (d) Four. 4. Who handles the negotiations for Escobar? (a) Don Pacho. (b) Manuel Perez. (c) Guido Parra Montoya. (d) Juan Gomez. 5. What does the Extraditables' lawyer want for his clients in terms of treatment? (a) Political treatment as the guerrillas get them. (b) Amnesty. (c) Minimum punishment if they turn themselves in. (d) A safe security prison. 6. How does Luis Guillermo Pérez, Marina's son, confirm her identity? (a) By her hands. (b) By her eyes. (c) By her well-known high cheekbones. (d) By her teeth. (a) The men are known to be hotheads and make further trouble. (b) Both men suffer from chronic health issues. (c) There is no one fighting for their husband and son's lives. (d) They are not in a position to give the Extraditables what they want. 8. How do the kidnappers learn Beatriz's identity? (a) Through a radio announcement. (b) Maruja tells them. (c) Marina tells them. (d) From a television news report. 9. What sign of mental stress, previously seen in Marina, does Maruja now display? (a) lnsomnia. (b) Migraines. (c) Hallucinations. (d) Eating disorder. 10. The Santos family learns Pacho is in the northern part of Bogota. How do they know this? (a) Pacho talks of clues in a minicassette sent to the family to prove he's alive. (b) Hernando's friend recognizes Pacho's voice coming from an abandoned house. (c) Guido Parra slips during a negotiation with the Notables. (d) Pacho reads a headline from a local edition newspaper on a minicassette to prove he's alive. 11. How do the guards prevent Maruja from learning about the retaliation for the Priscos' death? (a) The guards take away the radio and television. (b) New guards are brought in that know nothing about the past. (c) The guards do not allow television and radio for a week. (d) The guards stop bringing in the newspapers. 12. Who is the first to be kidnapped in the string of related abductions? (a) Francisco Santos. (b) Marina Montoya. (c) Diana Turbay. (d) Melina Guevara. 13. Who is allowed to visit Marina and Beatriz in January? (a) Alberto Villamizar. (b) Guido Parra. (c) Rafael Pardo. (d) A doctor. 14. How do the Prisco brothers play a role in the gang life? (a) They are accused of assassinations and being the brains behind the current abductions. (b) They are the masterminds behind the drug cartel to the U.S. (c) They are the only ones who know where Escobar resides. (d) They are in charge of all the hostages during their imprisonment. 15. What does President Gaviria make clear to Maza Márquez about rescue missions? (a) No armed rescue missions without family consent. (b) No rescue missions without safety of arms. (c) Plans for a rescue mission should begin right away. (d) There will be no rescue attempts at any cost. Short Answer Questions 1. What is Manuel Perez famous for? 3. What does Beatriz do to busy herself while being held hostage? 4. Who is retrieved safely through a rescue mission? 5. When is the first person freed? (see the answer keys) This section contains 637 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the News of a Kidnapping Lesson Plans Follow Us on Facebook
Explain the favorable variance, Financial Accounting Question: The manager of Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream is told that the direct material quantity variance for cherries in Cherries Garcia Ice cream is favorable. What could explain this favorable variance? Is this favorable variance good news for the company? Posted Date: 4/1/2013 2:55:11 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Explain the favorable variance, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Explain the favorable variance, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Explain the favorable variance Discussions Write discussion on Explain the favorable variance Your posts are moderated Related Questions Q. Estimate the systematic risk of the new investment? The beta of the comparator company will be utilized to estimate the systematic risk of the new investment. No un-gearing Function to return the phase of a complex number 1. What is Annuity kind of cash flow? 2. What do understand by Portfolio risk? 3. What do you understand by 'Loan Am VED Analysis: VED i.e. Vital, Essential and Desirable analysis is a technique employed for spare part inventory analysis and is broadly used in the automobile industry particul The Major Assignment Business Case Study is about American Cable Communications' proposed acquisition of the firm Air Thread Connections. The case study is available from the folde
Nursing diagnosis, Biology Nursing Diagnosis 1. Nursing diagnosis are judgements or conclusions reached by you after analyzing the data base that indicate a potential or actual human need that you as a nurse can address. 2. It is a description of current and potential problems of client that can be alleviated by nursing interventions. Actual problem or potential problem and factors that produced the problem. It is a statement of a client's actual potentials and factors that produced the problems. So you have to identify the factors which actually produce the problems in individual client/child. While making diagnosis you may come across following problems. Posted Date: 10/27/2012 3:31:30 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Nursing diagnosis, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Nursing diagnosis, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Nursing diagnosis Discussions Write discussion on Nursing diagnosis Your posts are moderated Related Questions Q. What are the main divisions of white light according to the electromagnetic spectrum? Which are the two mainly efficient colors for photosynthesis? The color divisions of th Boiling Point There are certain properties of solutions which are directly connected with vapour pressure and one of it is boiling point. You must have observed that water bo Organisms of the so-called HACEK group, (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella species, Kingella kingae) which are part of the upper MOD E OF HORMONE ACTION THROUGH EXTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS - The molecules of amino acid derivatives, peptides or polypeptide (protein) hormones bind to specific receptor molecul What is Non specific defence Non specifi c: These relate to the physical barriers like skin and mucous membrane. They form the first line of defence against entry of mic Planning of Nursing Care Promote nonnal urinary pattern or releive excess fluid Administer medication as prescribed Protect the children from secondary infecti
Museo Nacional Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna The Museo Nacional Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna was created by government decree in 1947, but was not inaugurated until 1957. Since then it has been a unit of the Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos. Its objective is to give information about the life and work of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and his times, encouraging historical research, knowledge and reflection about Chile in the nineteenth century. The museum is located on the site where the villa of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1831-1886) used to be. However, of the original building, built around 1871, only the external pavilion remains, which contained the study, library and archives of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna. It was declared a National Monument in 1992. The museum houses an interesting collection of objects (paintings, sculptures, furniture, books, manuscripts, photographs, clothing, household utensils, etc.) which belonged to this important personage and his family. The museum has a specialized library of Chilean and world history comprising more than 10,000 volumes, including, amongst others, the bibliographic sources of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and the libraries of his son-in-law, Luis Orrego Luco, and his grandson Eugenio Orrego Vicuña, who promoted the founding of the museum. The museum also has scale models, slideshows and interactive CD ROM, amongst other facilities. Cultural outreach activities such as conferences, fora, book launchings, seminars, and art exhibitions also take place here. It is located at Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 94, Providencia, Santiago. The museum and the library are open to the public from Tuesday to Saturday from 9.30 to 13.00 hrs and from 14.00 to 18.00 hrs. The telephone number is (56-2) 222 96 42 and Fax: 222 96 42. The email is and the website is 3481 veces ¿Te gustó el articulo? Compártelo Share on FacebookTweet about this on TwitterGoogle+Email to someone
Aleksandar Ribner (1894–1945) Aleksandar and Jelena Ribner on summer vacation, Dobrna, July 1936 '© Miroslav Ribner Aleksandar and Jelena Ribner on summer vacation, Dobrna, July 1936 © Miroslav Ribner Aleksandar Ribner was born in Hotiza (in present-day Slovenia) in 1894, and his wife, Jelena (née Cigler), was born in Domašinec (now in Croatia) in 1898. Both birthplaces were located in the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Aleksandar Ribner served as a noncommissioned officer in the Austrian Army and fought in World War I. In Čakovec, a small provincial town in what today is Croatia, Aleksandar and Jelena Ribner met each other and married. The Ribners’ firstborn, a daughter, died in 1930. In 1929, their son, Miroslav, was born. Aleksandar Ribner worked for a bank, and Jelena was employed as a stenotypist in a law office. The family regularly vacationed in Slovenia, at the health resorts of Rogaška Slatina or Dobrna, where the photograph of the couple on a park bench was taken. The Ribners spoke Croatian at home, and the parents also spoke Hungarian and German. The family was not very religious, and the Ribners went to synagogue only on the Jewish High Holy Days. After the outbreak of war, Čakovec was occupied by Hungary. Until the spring of 1944, the family's life remained relatively unaffected. In April 1944, however, the father, mother, and son first were placed in a transit camp in the Hungarian town of Nagykanizsa and then deported from there to Auschwitz. Jelena Ribner was sent directly to the gas chamber, while Aleksandar and Miroslav were selected by the SS for forced labor in the Buna/Monowitz concentration camp. There they both had to work for I.G. Farben, and father and son were housed in the same barracks in the camp. In January 1945, still together, they were forced to take part in the death march. After various stops along the way, Miroslav Ribner finally ended up in Buchenwald, where he was liberated. Then he returned to Yugoslavia. Aleksandar Ribner did not survive the death march. (GB; transl. KL) Photo panel of Aleksandar Ribner Miroslav Ribner, oral history interview [Serbo-Croatian], December 8, 2007. Archive of the Fritz Bauer Institute, Norbert Wollheim Memorial.
Sentence Examples • Prussian timber is scribed on the sides near the middle. • From such causes the physical conditions of a large part of Asia, and the history of its population, have been very greatly influenced by the occurrence of the mass of mountain above de Iiima- scribed, which includes the Himalaya and the whole tayan elevated area having true physical connexion with that boundary. How would you define scribed? Add your definition here. comments powered by Disqus
Aicardi syndrome is a very rare disorder that was first identified by Dr Jean Aicardi, a French neurologist in 1965. The characteristic features of the disorder are infantile spasms, absence of the corpus callosum, either partial or complete, mental retardation, and lesions or lacunae of the retina or optic nerve. There are thought to be less than 500 sufferers of Aicardi syndrome in the world. Aicardi is not thought to be hereditary. Instead it is thought to be caused by a mutation of the X chromosome. To diagnose Aicardi, which usually occurs in the third to fifth months of a child's life the following are looked for: There is no cure for the syndrome, but symptoms can be managed with drugs.
A twentieth century philosopher, Brand Blanshard was dedicated to clear, concise writing, the defensive of rationalism, and the power of reason. Shunning moral relativism and subjectivity, he outlined an objective standard of morality which centered around the use of reason. "In our own country freedom has given us the priceless privilege of thinking and speaking as we will. How have we used it? We have produced some work that will live. We have also produced mountains of vacuous fiction, formless poetry, expensive but cheap drama, self-indulgence splashed on canvas, music that deafens and deadens us to silence as well as sound, violence in the streets, violence reaching out at us from boxes in our living rooms. Our educational levels have fallen." 1 Blanshard was born in Fredericksburg, Ohio, on August 27, 1892. His father was a minister named Francis Blanshard, and his mother was Emily Coulter; both of his parents were Canadian born. A year after his birth, his mother died in a fire in Toronto. His father's health deteriorated rapidly after his wife's death, and he finally succomed to illness in 1904. Afterwards, Blanshard and his only sibling were raised by his grandmother, Orminda first in Grand Rapids, then in Edinburg, Ohio. His earliest education in Edinburg was in a small wooden schoolhouse in town. Afterwards, his grandmother moved them to Bay View, Michagan, which was relatively rural. There, Blanshard worked as a golf caddy, a dishwasher, and finally a ticket taker in a local theater. In that job, he was able to hear various speakers as well as enjoy productions of theater. In his teenage years, he also began to sharpen his debating skills in school and worked a junior reporting job as well. Soon after, Orminda moved again, this time to Detroit. Educational oppotunities in the city were much better, and Blanshard excelled in the sciences and languages. He played baseball and developed his debating skills further. After graduating from high school in Detroit, he attended the University of Michigan, where he majored in Greek. He was not satisfied with his course of study, however. Desiring to come to some conclusions about religious matters, he took a philosophy course. He quickly became immersed in the subject matter, and during his junior year he applied for a Rhodes scholarship and was accepted. At Oxford, he did wonderfully, becoming acquainted with T.S. Eliot. War loomed over Germany as Blanshard travelled there. He left, but Oxford had changed while he was away. Everyone was leaving to join the war, the Blanshard did as well. He wound up serving in Bombay. He travelled throughout Asia, going to China, Japan, and Singapore during his service. In 1916, he went back to India, and viewing the effects of war on the culture there had a great impact on him. After his service, he went to Columbia in 1917 to study there. He received a master's degree after a year of study. Afterwards, he married Frances Bradshaw, who also went to Columbia, and was drafted into the Army. Serving in France during the war, he eventually became a teacher in a school for soldiers. Then, he went back to Oxford to study with Horace W. B. Joseph. Blanshard desired a degree from an American school, so he went to Harvard University to obtain his doctorate. After graduation, he began teaching at the University of Michigan. His time there nearly broke him, but he was able to pull himself from it by writing The Nature of Thought. It dealt with the gap between reason as a philosophical notion and its psychological application. He left to teach at Swarthmore in 1925 and remained there for 20 years. He was later named president of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 1941 and a member of the Board of Officers in 1943. The following year, Blanshard left to teach at Yale. In 1952, he left for Scotland to deliver a series of lectures from which several of his works are derived. Here, he fully developed his positions on reason and its effects on human life in terms of various contemporary theories and their applications in politics, religion, and ethics. He continued to lecture after this initial groundbreaking series and to teach at Yale until his retirement in 1961. His wife died five years later, and he remarried in 1969. He died in 1987. List of Works The Philosophy of Brand Blanshard Blanshard's work, extending back to the Enlightenment tradition, asks the question: "What is thought?" Basically, he conceived of the universe as a coherent whole that is governed by a set of provable natural laws. He did not, however, connect thought to the objects of the natural world. The only point on which he called himself an idealist, in Reason and Belief, was when he stated that immediate sensory objects are mind-dependent. 1 Brand Blanshard. Four Reasonable Men. As taken from http://progressiveliving.org/brand_blanshard.htm
Importance of name. Padmasana is one of the meditative postures, and it resembles a shape of a lotus. In Sanskrit padma means lotus. Sometimes it is also called Kamalasana. Hatha Pradipika says: Vamorupari daksinam ca caranam samsthapya vamam tatha daksorupari,pascimena vidhina dhrtva karabhyam dradham/ angusthau,hradaye nidhaya cibukam nasagramalokayet etadvyadhivinasakari yaminam padmasanam procyate// Scriptures based methodology Fixing the right foot on the left thigh and the left (foot) on the right thigh, the big toes are to be held by both hands –arms crossing behind the back, the chin to be fixed on the chest, and the tip of the nose to be gazed at. This is known as Padmasana which destroys (all ) diseases of Yogis . Sitting with the legs extended together. 1. Fold the right leg and place it over the left thigh. 2. Fold the left leg and place it over the right thigh. 3. Place both the hands on the respective knees and sit straight by gazing on the nose tip. 5. Stretch the left leg. 6. Stretch the right leg Salient points: 1. Keep the heels in touch with the lower abdomen. 2. Keep the knees in touch with the ground and if necessary press them down gently by hands. People suffering from sciatica and stiff knee joints should seek guidance of a Competent teacher 1. Improves better circulation in the lower limbs. 2. Helps to correct postural defects. 3. Improves digestion and relieve constipation. 4. Wards off mental and physical fatigue. 5. It is useful in higher practices like Pranayama and Meditation. 6. Improves memory, concentration. Leave a Reply
Regular Exercise Cuts Cellular Aging by 9 Years News ID: 1405374 Service: Science aging cells TEHRAN (Tasnim) - Despite their best efforts, no scientist has ever come close to stopping humans from aging. But a new research revealed that one may be able to slow a type of aging that happens inside the cells. "Just because you're 40, doesn't mean you're 40 years old biologically," Exercise science professor Larry Tucker said. "We all know people that seem younger than their actual age. The more physically active we are, the less biological aging takes place in our bodies." Telomeres are the protein endcaps of our chromosomes. They are like our biological clock and are extremely correlated with age; each time a cell replicates, we lose a tiny bit of the endcaps. Therefore, the older we get, the shorter our telomeres. All Stories
MOVIES : Dearest of Diaries : A new documentary sheds light on the life of Anne Frank and those near to her--and on the unnerving parallels between her world and ours. February 18, 1996\|Kristine McKenna \| Kristine McKenna is a frequent contributor to Calendar Cultures create myths and fables because they need them; thus was born the real-life fable of Anne Frank. A Jewish girl who kept a diary during the two years her family spent hiding in an Amsterdam attic before her death in a Nazi concentration camp in 1945, Frank fulfilled a complex collective need when her diary was published in 1947. Putting a single face on the vast horror of the Holocaust, Frank served as a reminder of the quiet acts of heroism that were part of that high-water mark of evil, and quickly metamorphosed into a symbol of the indomitability of the human spirit. Still reeling from the nightmare orchestrated by Hitler, the world latched onto Frank as a way to begin to approach this most formidable of questions: Why does mankind occasionally elect to devour itself? Frank blossomed into nothing short of a sensation when her diary was adapted into a successful Broadway play in 1955 by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, a play that was in turn transformed into George Stevens' equally popular 1959 film, "The Diary of Anne Frank." Translated into 54 languages and with sales hovering around 25 million copies worldwide, her book is an established part of most high school educations, and today hers is a story we pretty much feel we know. However, as can be seen in "Anne Frank Remembered," an Oscar-nominated documentary directed by British filmmaker Jon Blair opening Friday, there's much about Frank that was left unexamined. Before Blair's exhaustively researched film, the story of Anne Frank pretty much began and ended in that Amsterdam attic. Here for the first time we learn the story of the Frank family in the decades preceding the Holocaust, and what befell them after they were discovered in hiding. We learn that Anne died in the typhus epidemic that killed thousands of prisoners in the winter of 1944-45 in Bergen-Belsen, a concentration camp near Hanover, Germany, and that hers was probably one of countless bodies bulldozed into a mass grave by British troops after they liberated the camp in 1945. Overall, Blair presents a much tougher telling of the Anne Frank story than we're used to. "The war wasn't so far in the past when the Hackett play and Stevens' film came out, and at that point the only way you could tell these stories was to slightly sanitize them," Blair says during an interview in a Hollywood hotel. "And Anne Frank--and this is particularly true in the United States--managed to convey a slightly softened telling of the Holocaust that allowed people to start to look at it. "I would add, however, that this isn't the only reason she was embraced by the culture. I think her book survived because it works on so many different levels. First, Anne was a hugely talented writer with an ability to evoke the experience of being an adolescent. The rows with her mother, the emergence and subsequent disappointment of her romance with Peter, her feelings for her father, her own emerging sexuality--these are generic subjects that transcend the wartime experience. At the same time, her diary shows a concern for events taking place beyond the four walls where she's hiding, so the thing also works as a narrative of wartime events. And finally, it works as a record of what went on inside those four walls. All these stories are powerfully told with an intuitive understanding of how to tell a good story." Republished last year in a definitive edition that restored diary entries omitted from the original, Frank's diary is also the subject of Lawrence Graver's recently published book, "An Obsession With Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary." A chronicle of the travails of Levin, the writer who played a key role in the publication of Frank's diary in America in 1952 and whose obsession with it essentially derailed his life, Graver's book also examines the conflicted stewardship of the legacy of Anne Frank and the way it has been positioned in the culture. Graver's book is a fascinating exercise in revisionist history that's indicative of an evolving view of the Holocaust. "Public perception of the Holocaust has changed, and I think 'Schindler's List' played a big part in that," Blair says. "There's a much greater awareness among survivors that if they don't tell their story now they're going to be lost to history, so there's a great deal of new information coming to light right now." (Much of this information is being collected by Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, a project launched by Steven Spielberg that's attempting to record first-person accounts from all living Holocaust survivors. The resulting archive will be available for scholarly research at institutions in Los Angeles, New York, Washington and in Israel.) Los Angeles Times Articles
Zinc Gluconate - Understanding Its Valuable Health Benefits to the Body Zinc gluconate is a chemical compound derived from gluconic acid. It is used to change or maintain the acidity or the basicity of foods. It is the most popular and widely used form of delivering zinc as a valuable dietary supplement to those who need it. It is also used as ingredient in cleaning agents because of its ability to dissolve mineral deposits especially those in alkaline solutions. Gluconic acid is naturally found in various fruits and honey, in wines and in kombuchea tea. It is also synthetically manufactured through the fermentation action of glucose by the Aspergillus niger bacteria. Those taking antibiotics should beware because taking zinc gluconate may interfere with the absorption of antibiotics. You should only take zinc gluconate after your antibiotics medication has been completed. Previous research show that lozenges containing zinc gluconate was believed to shorten the duration of cold symptoms due to the reduction of inflammatory cytokines, protein molecules that are released by the nervous and immune system. The study showed that a patient can derive maximum benefits if the lozenges are taken immediately at the first sign of the symptoms. Zinc, the base chemical of zinc gluconate, is a kind of metallic element that is widely distributed in nature and is important for our general well-being. The recommended daily dose of 15 mg of zinc metal is supplied by a normal diet. Zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and development and to a less efficient immune response. Previous studies show that a high concentration of iron can adversely affect zinc absorption in adults when these trace minerals are given in solution form. However, when both iron and zinc are given through the diet, this effect is not observed. Zinc salts are used in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Zinc sulphate was initially used, but found out that gluconate is better tolerated by patients. Previous studies have also shown that zinc gluconate, given at regular doses of 200 mg per day, which is equivalent to 30 mg of zinc metal significantly reduces the incidence of inflammatory acne lesions after one month of treatment. A high incidence of acute lower respiratory infection is usually associated with malnutrition and a weak immune system. Since zinc deficiency leads to an impaired immune system and that zinc supplementation can improve the situation, it was thought that zinc deficiency can lead to a high incidence of acute lower respiratory infection. This was the subject of a study which was jointly conducted by the All India Medical Sciences and the Johns Hopkins University, where it was found that a regular dietary supplement of zinc gluconate significantly reduced the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children.
Saturday, January 30, 2010 Random facts... I imagine you are all familiar with the Isaac Newton quotation: "If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." Two interesting things about this statement: 1. Newton was paraphrasing an earlier sentiment by Bernard of Chartres: “We are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more than they, and things at a greater distance, not by virtue of any sharpness of sight on our part, or any physical distinction, but because we are carried high and raised up by their giant size.” quoted in John of Salisbury, The Metalogicon (1159). and 2. Some science historians (such as John Gribbin, whose book The Scientists is an absolutely fantastic read) have suggested that the comment was not so much an assent to humility, but rather a jibe at Robert Hooke (whose Micrographia firmly established the field of microscopy). Hooke liked to look at everything he could under the microscope, including oily films, like the kind you sometimes see in puddles that reflect rainbow colored rings. Several years later, Isaac Newton would describe these rainbow colored rings, with only passing mention of Hooke's work, and the rings would come to be known as "Newton's rings". Foment ensued, with Hooke writing to Newton, praising him, but subtly hinting that he wanted proper recognition. Newton replied in a letter containing the famous quote, that also claimed Descartes deserved most of the credit, not Hooke. Since Hooke was a stooped man with a bit of a hunchback, Gribbin and others have proposed that Newton's use of "the shoulders of Giants" comment was meant to be sarcastic, with Newton implying that not only was Hooke a physically diminutive man, but a "mental pygmy" (The Scientists p. 164) as well. Without receiving much of the credit, Hooke seems to have contributed to some of Newton's other achievements as well. For example, Hooke proposed: "That all bodies whatsoever that are put into a direct and simple motion, will so continue to move forward in a streight line, till they are by some other effectual powers deflected..." before Newton claimed it as his 1st law of motion. 1 comment: 1. i happened to have stumbled on this; it made for an interesting tid-bit. thanks ;) -shelly
The C++ Programming Language - Design & Evolution C++ Developer Subscribe to C++ Developer: eMailAlertsEmail Alerts newslettersWeekly Newsletters Get C++ Developer: homepageHomepage mobileMobile rssRSS facebookFacebook twitterTwitter linkedinLinkedIn Top Stories In my last article (XML-J, Vol. 1, issue 3) I made the case for using custom classes derived from XML Schemas to represent XML documents in C++ applications. That article focused primarily on the problems of generating XML documents from program objects, and explained how custom classes have significant advantages over standards like DOM and SAX in terms of performance, object orientation and maintainability of source code. Here I'll describe a unique methodology for parsing XML data into C++ classes that provides all the object-oriented benefits detailed in the first article, with increased performance (compared to traditional generic XML parsers). The Problem with Conventional Parsers C++ programmers have been dealing with parsing technologies for years. Most of you remember writing simple language parsers in school, and probably wrote the basic syntax parser in too... (more) What Is Boost? Boost Your C++ Programming With The Boost Libraries For C++ programmers all over the world, Boost and the Boost libraries have become indispensable. Weighing in at 60 C++ libraries, Boost is a large collection of peer-reviewed code covering a wide range of domains. But why should you care about that? Well, because Boost can quickly become indispensable for you too. It all started in 1998 when Beman Dawes, a member of the C++ Standards Committee, founded Boost as a proving ground for new C++ libraries. C++ and the C++ Standard Library had just become standardized in ISO/IEC 14882-98, but that didn't mean that the work was done. So a community was formed and right from the start Boost managed to attract luminaries who shared the idea that Open Source C++ libraries were key to the future success of C++ and that they needed to be proven in the field before being proposed for inclusion in the standard. Today the success ... (more) Taking the Leap - C++ containers vs C# Collections While moving from C++ to C# means giving up template-based containers, that doesn't mean you can't effectively organize your data. And like C++, C# collections have some unique benefits. The concept of computerized arrays has been around almost as long as computers themselves. It allows a program to deal with large quantities of data almost as simply as dealing with a single unit of data. It underlies almost all sorting algorithms. C++, like most other languages, has built-in language support for arrays. In C++, arrays are always one-dimensional - but you can allocate arrays of arrays to counter that fact. The name of an array is almost always converted into a pointer to its first element, and most array operations work equally well on pointers. For nonrectangular arrays, C++ works equally well with arrays of pointers - allocating and freeing the odd-shaped array ca... (more) JNI Programming In C/C+ If you're familiar with the Java Native Interface (JNI), as this article presumes, you know that it's tailored primarily for C and C++ programmers. Compile-time support for JNI in these languages comes straight from the Sun specification, and is frankly a work of art. The architects of the JNI had a terrifying three-part task: to tame the hydra of platform-specific issues inherent in so-called "native" code, provide a way to use native code in Java, and to do so in as "portable" a fashion as possible. The ubiquity and standardization of C and C++ made them the natural choices for preferred native languages, and their affinity to Java is apparent to anyone who has programmed to the JNI. If you're familiar with IBM's e(logo)Server iSeries machine, you know it supports a wide range of programming languages, including: C (in several incarnations) C++ (quite recently) RP... (more) XML for C++ Developers To newcomers to the XML world, it might seem as if XML and Java are somehow connected at the hip. There are certainly synergies between the two technologies, largely because they've come of age at the same time. Consequently, many of the new developments in XML are first implemented in Java, and we're now seeing new Java developments leveraging the standardization of XML. In the real world, however, most new code is still written in C++ and often involves interaction with existing applications. XML-Enabling Existing Applications Many organizations now face the task of XML-enabling existing applications as quickly as possible. Some of these projects are trying to achieve better application integration, while others are just trying to achieve buzzword compliance. Whatever the motivation, you'll find that most of the information you read in journals and online sources t... (more) SOA Helps Build C++ Popularity The software development community may remember 2008 as the year that C++ regained respect as a robust development platform. With the recent shift to multi-core processors and the accelerated adoption of service orientated architecture (SOA) standards like Service Component Architecture (SCA), C++ developers soon will be able to harness significant improvements in performance and integration. While developers often think of developing new applications on Microsoft's .NET or a variety of Java platforms, C++ remains one of the most widely deployed development languages for mission critical applications. The reason for this is simple; C++ continues to be better for many use cases, and software developers want to be able to use the 'right tool for the job.' In addition, because of recent releases of servers leveraging multi-core chips and new developments in SOA, many ... (more) C++Builder Still Kicking Embarcadero Technologies has just released a new 64-bit C++Builder solution - a linear descendent of Borland's C++ Builder created more than 15 years ago. It's supposed to offer a faster way to create high-performance native Windows 8 and Mac OS X PC and laptop applications as well as Intel-based mobile apps from a single C++ codebase, helping developers clear the hurdle of building apps for multiple platforms without compromising on performance or user experience. Given the recent diversification of client devices it'll get even more useful next year when it supports iOS (using Delphi) and then Android ARM mobile devices too. Later it'll move into cars and TVs. The widgetry saves time and money. C++ of course remains the leading development language across all operating systems. Most of the leading commercial client and server software today is written in C++, stu... (more) SCO Another Inch Closer to Trial C++ Developer The Utah district court, Judge Ted Stewart, a new face, presiding, has set November 23 for a status conference in the matter of SCO v Novell, the case over who owns Unix that the appeals court sent back to be heard by a jury. Novell is expected to do what it can to delay the case from getting on the docket. It could ask for a stay because it wants to appeal to the Supreme Court, a motion it made to the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver and got turned down so fast heads are still spinning. It could also try for a stay pending arbitration in Switzerland over what, if anything, gave to United Linux, the consortium that briefly tried to create a common Linux code base. Since it’s right before Thanksgiving maybe one or the other will have something to be grateful for. ... (more) Netbook Apps SDK Betas C++ Developer on Ulitzer Intel has put out its promised beta SDK for Windows (C and C++) and Moblin (C) developers working on future Atom-based netbook apps and ports. It can be downloaded at Intel couldn't help but repeat the forecast that netbook units shipped should top 50 million by the end of the year. Intel said that with the beta SDK, developers can submit their applications for validation and, once validated, begin to take advantage of the program's revenue-generating opportunities in 2010 when an app store, pre-installed on netbooks, is supposed to launch. Like Apple, developers will get 70% of the money. Intel is offering incentives for developers to begin submitting applications by offering a chance to win prizes including a smart car or a vacation. Intel expects most applications will be written for Moblin. It also expects ... (more) C++ Apps Play a Role in Enterprise SOA Strategy Rogue Wave announced the results of a global survey of software developers to determine the role C++-based applications will play in their future IT plans. Given that service-oriented architecture (SOA) spending is expected to grow 60 percent per year, Rogue Wave conducted the survey to determine how C++ applications figured into SOA migration plans. The survey revealed that while most companies using C++ applications are enthusiastic about the future plans for existing C++ applications, there is no consistent approach to migrating those apps to an SOA. According to the research: Most companies are committed to enhancing their C++ apps78 percent have no concerns about the long term C++ development strategy63 percent will keep enhancing C++ apps for the long term and 36 percent are integrating with heterogeneous appsWhile one-quarter plan to replace one or more C++ ... (more)
domingo, diciembre 02, 2007 ¿Tu ISP es tu enemigo? Testéalo Un paper que lleva por título "Detecting packet injection: a guide to observing packet spoofing by ISPs" (de la Electronic Frontier Foundation) propone una serie de pruebas destinadas a validar si tu ISP te está interfiriendo o degradando tus comunicaciones. Parece ser "jugoso" y entretenido a la vez, les copio la primer parte del artículo, la cual plantea el problema marco: "Certain Internet service providers have begun to interfere with their users' communications by injecting forged or spoofed packets - data that appears to come from the other end but was actually generated by an Internet service provider (ISP) in the middle. This spoofing is one means (although not the only means) of blocking, jamming, or degrading users' ability to use particular applications, services, or protocols. One important means of holding ISPs accountable for this interference is the ability of some subscribers to detect and document it reliably. We have to learn what ISPs are doing before we can try to do something about it. Internet users can often detect interference by comparing data sent at one end with data received at the other end of a connection." No hay comentarios.:
Youre here: Home » Funny Jokes » Computer Jokes » How does a Gopher... Jokes Categories Category: Funny Computer Jokes Clean jokes, funny jokes, free jokes, and clean computer jokes and humor about computers, computer geeks, Bill Gates, and more. How does a Gopher... A group of computer geeks who prided themselves on their intelligence set out to have a contest of wits. Each person in turn asked a question and anyone who volunteered an answer that was wrong dropped out. If no one could answer, the questioner himself had to answer, and if he was wrong, he dropped out. Each dropout had to put $5 into the pot. Eventually the matter boiled down to Thompson and Brown, and the erudition of each one boiled up so that both were held even for half an hour. Finally Thompson said, "How does a gopher dig a hole without leaving a mound of dirt at the lip?" Brown thought about that and said, "I can't answer that. However, since it's your question, you had better answer it." Thompson said coolly, as he reached for the accumulated pile of bills. "Easy. The gopher starts at the bottom of the hole and that's where he leaves the dirt." "Hold on," said Brown heatedly, grasping Thompson's wrist to prevent him from taking the pot. "How does the gopher get to the bottom of the hole in the first place?" "That's your question," said Thompson as he took the money. Previous Computer Joke \| Computer Jokes Index \| Next Computer Joke Email this joke to a friend Privacy Policy Copyright © 1999-2008 eDigg.com. All rights reserved.
Monday, November 12, 2007 Why do I Need Filters and Spyware? Email filters and anti-spyware are almost always included in an e-mail bundle from ISP companies. Filters are involved in a procedure that get rids of all Spam e-mails that mightiness come up into your inbox. This includes those e-mails from online pharmaceutics wanting you to purchase miracle ointments, and depository financial institution fraud e-mails. Filters also get rid of e-mails that mightiness incorporate viruses or computing machine worms. They are able to make this through a procedure of organising electronic mails according to specific criteria. Generally, they make this for incoming messages, but it can also be used for outgoing mail as well. Users can make their ain "manual" filters, by choosing the criteria, but generally most e-mail programmes have got their ain automatic Spam filter function. Businesses utilize them as they are also able to protect their employees and their information engineering assets. Anti-Spyware is an further protection to an e-mail filter. Spyware is computing machine software system that steals personal information from computing machines without the user knowing. Anti-spyware counteracts this. Spyware is not a type of virus or worm, as those self-replicate. It works concerns computing machines for commercial gain. It derives entree to the computing machine through misrepresentation and other software system vulnerabilities. They come up in through other software system by either "piggybacking" or tricking users into installing them, similar to a Dardan horse. For example, you browsing the nett and then a pop-up window looks asking you to put in new anti-spyware, which is actually the spyware itself. Anti-spyware is created to barricade these, as well as take spyware. The other issue with spyware is that it will slowly eat away at a user's bandwidth. It makes this as it directs the information it have gathered back to the spyware's place for the hacker. As it utilizes up the bandwidth, computing machine memory and other system resources, it do the computing machine to clang or cause basic system instability. For e-mails, the anti-spyware is protection to halt users' personal information being portion of the information collected. They forestall hackers from accessing personal and company information from e-mails that are being sent. With anti-spyware and filters, you protect both incoming and out going e-mails from hackers. They also forestall your computing machine from being contaminated with any viruses that e-mails coming in mightiness bring. It halts your bandwidth from being taken up from eternal Spam being downloaded from your inbox. Overall, investing in e-mail bundles that incorporate these two systems is going to profit you and your company in the long run. Employing ISP companies with these as portion of their bundles will be a valuable resource, as then the fuss of updating the system is taken off of your shoulders as well. 1 comment: douchrti said... Great Article. Users need to be reminded that AntiVirus, AntiSpyware and a reliable Firewall is a must if online.
There are three relating styles: kinesthetic, visual, and auditory. Kinesthetic oriented people respond to touch and act on how they feel. Kinesthetic people like to engage in affectionate roughhousing, as well as being held for long periods of time. Kinesthetic persons often use terms such as these in conversation: * “I just felt as if…” * “I’ll handle it.” * “I feel like we really connected.” * “Take it easy.” Physical contact and feelings are their primary love language. Kinesthetic people often feel overwhelmed or feel picked on in a verbal conflict. When communicating with a kinesthetic oriented person, a soft touch on the arm means you care, you’re interested, and you’re listening. Often the kinesthetic person will touch you as they are speaking as well. In the work field, a handshake is often offered and expected by a kinesthetic person. Not only is a handshake proper and a sign of respect to the kinesthetic person, but it is also a personal connection. In addition, they may put their arm around your shoulders while walking and talking. This is how they communicate and connect. Kinesthetic people are hard to motivate, however, because they often can’t get past how they’re feeling in the moment. They are very emotionally driven and often let their emotions control their actions. Kinesthetic oriented persons also react to gut instincts and tend not to base decisions on reason or logic. Kinesthetic Relating in Love Relationships In a relationship with a kinesthetic oriented person, if you don’t touch them often, they may not feel loved by you. They may feel rejected and not even know why. If your loved one is saying things like, “You never touch me,” or “You never cuddle with me anymore,” their love tank may be empty. Fill it up with some meaningful and long snuggles on the couch, a big bear hug or a nice back massage. Then keep their hearts filled by giving them the touching, hugging, and snuggling they are thirsting for. Understanding the Three Different Relating Styles It’s important in all relationships, including your spouse, children, siblings, friends or co-workers, to understand the different relating styles, as well as how to communicate effectively using them. For the visually oriented person, using picture words is the best way to communicate. The best gifts for the visually oriented person are tangible gifts, or one’s they can actually “see” such as: * Books * Cards or notes * Flowers When speaking to the visually oriented person, look them directly in the eye and expect to be “examined” by them as well. Be aware of your body language and facial expressions, as they’ll be determining if they trust what you’re saying based on those two elements. For the auditory oriented person, communicating in soft tones and positive affirmations says you care and are interested in them. The best gifts for the auditory oriented person are: * Music * Audiobooks * Concerts Verbal communication is very important to the auditory oriented person. They process issues or problems by talking them out. If the auditory oriented person doesn’t hear the words “I love you” frequently enough, they may not feel loved. How to Tell Which Type of Person You’re Dealing With Knowing how to determine someone’s relating style is important and can usually be determined in the first few minutes after meeting for the first time. If the person looks you directly in the eye or seems to “look you up and down,” they’re visual. If they do most of the talking right away, they’re most likely an auditory type of person. If they touch you on the arm or reach for a handshake immediately, they’re kinesthetic. Just knowing these few characteristics will help you strengthen your current relationships and start off on the right foot when getting to know someone new. On Staying Motivated Life has a way of interfering us while we are going after our dreams. It distracts us from pursuing things that really matter and even convinces us that nothing really matters. It can attract us to adopt a defeatist attitude – lacking on enthusiasm and interest – ultimately sapping out our sense of purpose. But there are ways to stay motivated, no matter how you feel about everything around you. These are not easy, far from that, but are nevertheless very helpful in keeping yourself fired with motivation. Develop the attitude of interest. Find the thing you are most passionate about. The happiest people, they say, are those people who do the things they love the most. It is not coincidental that they are the most motivated people as well. After all, passion and motivation go hand in hand. They are closely intertwined to create a person who is full of zest about everything. Nearly every successful people are very passionate about what they do. Why do you think Lance Armstrong, despite of having been diagnosed with terminal cancer, went on to win 7 consecutive Tour de France trophies? It is not only because he refused to give in to life’s cruel joke, but because he is also very passionate about cycling. We are not saying that it has to take some forceful circumstances in our lives before we find the thing we are most passionate about. In most cases, this very thing is right at the tip of your nose. You just don’t want to see it, to accept it. Find the thing that can spark and sustain your enthusiasm. Then channel all your energies towards that thing. This sparks motivation, productivity and satisfaction. But what do you do when you are stuck with things that you are not truly passionate about? In times like this, when passion is lacking and your zeal is at its all time low, interest will suffice. Be interested in everything you do, no matter how boring, tedious or nonsensical it may seem. Find meaning in everything. Take the time to be engrossed, to be interested. Otherwise, your life will seem and feel like a living hell. Maintain an elevated level of energy. The mere act of smiling at yourself can recharge your energy. Having no energy almost always ensure that you won’t feel as motivated as you need. Always take the time to recharge yourself – sleep, eat, breathe, relax, and rest. Do whatever it takes to always keep your energy high, if not sustained. Act like it. Translate positive emotions into actions. If you are not feeling positive about anything, try to act like it. Sometimes, despite of lacking motivation, you can still feel motivated when you deliberately act with enthusiasm. Effective Anger Management Help Situations which provoke anger often cause people to lash out. Using physical or verbal aggressions, individuals act on impulse. These negative impulsive reactions produce negative consequences and usually results which are later regretted. It is easy for an angry person to lash out but it is not quite so easy to find positive results from such behavior. Lashing out doesn’t resolve problems, rather causes more problems. In the end an individual will realize that their rash behavior didn’t solve a thing. Effective anger management help will teach the individual to control their anger and restrain from lashing out. Different people have different styles of relating to others. There are three identified styles of relating and auditory relating is one of these. The other two are visual and kinesthetic. The auditory relating style refers to those people who respond to and are stimulated by what they hear. Auditory persons learn more effectively by hearing rather than by seeing. Using audio, as well as reading aloud, is a great way to teach the auditory oriented person. The auditory oriented person best responds to expressions of love in the form of words of affirmation and compliments. The best gifts for an auditory person are: * Music * Audiobooks * Concerts * Anything that involves the use of their hearing sense Auditory Relating in Relationships The auditory person loves the sound of their voice! He can sit and chat for hours and he feels loved when this happens. Auditory people are sensitive to another’s tone of voice and can be easily offended when given criticism or correction. Therefore, using softer tones and beginning criticism or correction with positive affirmations is the best way to communicate with auditory people. Auditory Relating and Conflict An auditory person processes issues by talking things through; unless it’s something big, then they usually prefer quiet time. In addition, the auditory person likes to have the last word and usually gets it. Plus, they tend to be good at debating and getting others to talk as well. Auditory persons are sensitive to the sounds of nature and often find peace when walking through the woods, by a crackling fire or strolling by a running river. Add these types of activities to a great conversation and you’re speaking their love language. The easiest way to identify an auditory oriented person is by listening to their expressions. They often use phrases like: * “Hear me out.” * “Listen to what I’m saying.” * “I didn’t hear that clearly.” * “We need to talk.” * “I can tell by your tone…” Tips for Working with an Auditory Oriented Person If your boss is an auditory oriented person, she’ll expect you to communicate through meetings, instead of email or memos. She may even find email or memos to be offensive or less meaningful than a phone call or meeting. In addition, if you need to address a problem or issue, you will want to begin the conversation with positive affirmations about what you like about a person or the project before you get into the issue. An auditory person will then be more open to receiving your ideas and won’t be so quick to put up any walls. Auditory oriented people tend to be more sensitive to breathing sounds, sighs and grunts, and often read into these noises as if something’s wrong. If you often make heavy sighing sounds, for instance, you may often be asked, “What’s wrong?” every time you take a deep breath. Once you communicate to the sensitive person that nothing’s wrong, eventually they’ll get used to your breathing sounds. Communicating to an Auditory Type Person Once you learn how to identify an auditory person, relating to them will be easier. Here are the main points to remember once you’ve determined you’re dealing with a person who relates via sound: 1. Be sensitive when speaking. 2. Use appropriate tones of voice. 3. Begin criticism or correction with positive affirmations. In addition, they like to hear compliments and the words “I love you” repeatedly. These are things the auditory person never tires of. In fact, if you don’t compliment them or say “I love you” often enough, the auditory person may begin to feel unloved. If you’re in a marriage with an auditory type person and they are constantly saying, “You don’t love me” or “You never say you love me,” you’re probably not speaking their love language. To help with communication and make them feel loved, speak adorning words more frequently. Communication is a lot easier when we know and understand our loved ones relating style, whether it is auditory, visual or kinesthetic. Now that you can identify an auditory oriented person, you will be able to express your love for them easier and relate to them using their love language. 1. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) 2. Tracheostomy 3. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy 4. Maxillary or maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) Knowledge is Power Treatment for Sleep Apnea It is important to note that there are two major goals for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. First, it is aimed at restoring regular breathing especially during sleeping hours. Second, treatment for sleep apnea is basically intending to relieve basic symptoms like daytime sleepiness and loud snoring during sleep. It is also a delight to most sleep apnea sufferers that available treatment for the condition could also significantly help treat medical problems that are directly linked to the sleeping disorder. Such diseases include hypertension, diabetes, and heart ailments. Basic treatment options against sleep apnea include mouthpieces, breathing devices, lifestyle changes, and surgery. There are still no regulatory approved medicines that are specifically for sleep apnea treatment. As mentioned, the best first step to attain an effective treatment for the sleep disorder is to approach a sleep specialist or doctor and discuss the most suitable treatment option available for you. Mouthpiece for sleep apnea is often called oral appliance. It could specifically help sufferers of mild sleep apnea. Such instruments are usually recommended to people who snore very loudly, whether they have sleep apnea or none. Orthodontists and dentists could custom-make plastic mouthpieces to treat sleep apnea. The object would help adjust the lower jaw as well as the tongue so that airways could be kept open even during sleep. However, a patient may not be spared from any pain or discomfort caused by the device. Periodic visits to the doctor would be necessary. There are specific breathing devices available for treatment of sleep apnea. Severe cases in adults could call for the use of CPAP or continuous positive airway pressure. It is a special machine that uses a mask so it could fit over the nose and the mouth. It would gently blow air into the throat. This air would press against the airway wall. Air pressure would then be adjusted so that narrowing of the airway would be prevented and blockage problems could be eliminated. CPAP is ideally setup and installed by a technician. To treat sleep apnea effectively, you would also be asked to brace several lifestyle changes, especially habits and daily activities. Here are some of the common changes. Rule out intake of alcohol and sleeping pills as such substances could make it harder for the throat to remain open during sleep. Second, lose weight especially if you are obese or overweight. Third, be used to sleeping on the side instead of on the back as doing so could help keep throat open for breathing. Stop smoking. And lastly, keep nasal passages wide open all night through nose sprays and allergy medicines. The last treatment option is the least liked by sleep apnea sufferers. Surgery is performed to further widen a person’s breathing passages. Such an operation usually comprises of shrinking, stiffening, and removing excess tissue located in the throat or mouth as well as resetting the lower jaw. In some cases, tonsils are also removed. There are several treatment options for sleep apnea. If you fear undergoing surgical procedures and if you dislike using breathing devices and mouthpieces, there is one more option left. It is not intake of medicines since there is still no approved pill or injection for sleep apnea treatment. It would help a lot if you would try to change or improve your lifestyle. You may need to do several alterations or changes to your habits and daily activities so you could attain the relief and improvement you need. First, try to change your sleeping position. If you always been used to sleeping on your back, this time, learn to sleep on your side. Most sleep apnea patients admit lying on the back when sleeping. This position could narrow airway passages due to impact of gravity. Try rolling over into your side and see the improvements not just in sleep apnea but also in loud snoring problems. Second, try to avoid drinking alcoholic beverages not at least four hours before bedtime. As you know, alcohol could make your muscles more relaxed. This way, your throat and airway muscles could squeeze and narrow the air passage, which would lead to sleep apnea. Also avoid medicines (for your other ailments) that could induce sleep as they bring about the same effect as alcohol to the muscles. It would be better if you would approach your doctor about possible alternatives or strategies you could use so you could adjust your medicine intake, if it could not be helped. Third, start losing excess weight if you are obese or overweight. You would notice that even the slightest weight loss could bring about great heaps of improvements of symptoms. As you know, weight loss could reduce snoring, at times eliminating it completely. A research conducted in 200 has found that sleep apnea sufferers who lose weight by about 10% of total current weight could expect to experience up to 26% decrease in risks of sleep apnea development. Fourth, start quitting smoking. Many smokers are arguing about the helpfulness of eliminating the habit for treatment of sleep apnea. If you have been into smoking, you would certainly deal harder to stop smoking. Specific studies have shown that smoking could worsen sleep apnea. Start reducing your smoking habits now. You do not need to stop it suddenly. You could begin by subtracting a stick of cigarette each day to your average daily cigarette-stick intake. Fifth, keep the nasal passages always open especially at night. You could use allergy medicines and nose sprays to do so. You could also try out nasal strips that are available over-the-counter. You need to make sure your nose and mouth are in good condition before you sleep. If you have runny and stiff nose, such strip products could also spell a great difference. Last but not the least, sleep beside your bed partner. This way, you could always monitor how you are doing. Listen to their accounts. They may be complaining about your very loud sleep and their anxiety from thoughts that you are stopping breathing during your sleep. You could have your partner wake you up whenever manifestations of sleep apnea are surfacing. Hugging your partner while sleeping could also be a good way of how you could adopt sleeping on side position. Anger management groups are designed in various ways. Some anger management groups are set up for the sole benefit of the individual who has the anger problems. Although this problem affects many people, they need to address it themselves, to help them own up to their anger and uncover details about themselves. This individual might also attend an anger management group for families. If their anger is spilling over onto a family, definitely the family members are being affected and also need help and support. There are also anger management groups for couples. Sometimes a couple may have issues with anger. It may actually involve both individuals, who each need to work out their problems. Anger management groups for children are in place. Designed perhaps differently, these groups or programs are put in place to offer encouragement to children with behavioral problems caused by anger. There are all sorts of anger management groups. Then there are anger management camps and retreats. These are designed to offer affected individuals time away from their normal environment. Incorporating fun and interesting activities with anger management support, this group setting provides necessary tools for dealing with anger-related issues. There are anger management camps for girls and boys. Then there are separate programs for girls or boys. These camps are also designed to accommodate different age groups; 12-17 is a typical age group. Although designed different from a normal support group, these camps are really anger management groups. With a growing need for anger management in society today, anger management groups are becoming popular, even in areas such as the workplace. Larger schools may offer support groups for children suffering with anger-related issues, either individually or at home. Pastoral care organizations offer anger support groups for people within their congregation who need encouragement and understanding when dealing with anger problems. Thousands of people are benefiting from anger support groups. For anyone who is attempting to work through anger issues on their own, it would be to their benefit to locate an anger management support group in their area. Attending a group such as this would make an immense difference in their lives and the lives of all those around them. Attending an anger management group might prevent anger from turning into violence. If ignored, it can result in a number of problems, many of which are too serious they may not look like they have been caused by a seemingly simple sleep disorder. But the truth is, sleep apnea is not as simple as people think. On regular occasions, it can be troubling, but in some instances, it can be life-threatening. Not knowing the dangers of sleep apnea can place a person at a heightened risk, so it pays to be aware of them. The dangers There are two main effects of sleep apnea, both of which may result in dangerous conditions and events. 1. Poor quality of sleep. People with sleep apnea have shallow sleep and experience frequent waking. They are therefore deprived of the therapeutic and restful sleep the body needs to restore the lost energy and refresh the mind. The following morning, they wake up feeling tired, annoyed, and restless. The sleep disturbance caused by sleep apnea also often leads to excessive daytime sleepiness. Some may fall asleep while doing their regular routines like eating or talking. However, it can be dangerous if they are caught driving. Researches have tallied a number of car crashes among people with sleep apnea, confirming they are more prone to car accidents than other drivers and motorists. Lack of concentration, which normally results in poor performance at work and in school, is also observed from people with sleep apnea. They may also have memory and learning difficulties. People with sleep apnea may as well experience psychological problems such as anxiety, irritability, mood and behavior changes, and depression. Gain weight may also be apparent since lack of sleep essentially boosts the appetite. 2. Oxygen deprivation. Many people are unaware that sleep apnea interrupts a body function as important as oxygen saturation. Oxygen is vital in the body and when absent, it creates a strain in the cardiovascular system. This happens because as oxygen level drops due to breath pauses, the cardiovascular system, which is responsible in delivering oxygen through the blood, tends to work harder. The effect of which is high blood pressure, a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and heart attack. In fact, studies showed that people with sleep apnea are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular problems, especially those with untreated sleep apnea. Another study said that sudden death due to irregular heart rhythm during sleeping hours is more likely to happen among people with sleep apnea. Such death usually occurs in waking hours among people without the sleep disorder. There are two sure ways to counter the dangers of sleep apnea—having oneself checked and treated. As it seems, this sleep disorder is more damaging and serious than what others seem to think. It can make everyday life a little troubling and, worse, can claim life in the most subtle ways. With sleep apnea, there is no room for taking chances. So if you think your body shows sign of the sleep disorder, see a sleep specialist at once and undergo treatments.
Tuesday, November 17, 2015 This week we’re traveling to the Indian subcontinent. It’s in such countries as Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, that we’ll find the subject of this week’s post; the Sloth Bear. You would think that with a name like Sloth Bear he'd be lazy, but he’s not. So why is he called a Sloth Bear? Many years ago, a member of the British museum classified this unusual animal as a sloth. The disheveled look of its fur and its long claws were the reason why he was thought to be a member of the sloth family. Then, in 1810, a live Sloth Bear was brought to the museum. Members of the museum realized that this mammal was actually a bear, and it was reclassified as such. However, the name Sloth Bear stuck. Here is a picture of those long claws. The Sloth Bear’s claws can grow as long as four inches. This unusual bear is typically a loner and it can weigh anywhere from 175 to 300 pounds. The male bear is larger than the female. Furry ears and a white marking on their chest are striking identifiers. They are a unique bear in that their diet consists mostly of insects, termites being a favorite. A specialized lower lip helps them slurp up termites like a vacuum. Also, they use their long claws to break up termite mounds to get at those delicious bugs. Although termites are at the top of their menu, Sloth Bears are considered omnivores, which means they will eat just about anything. I have read that their diet adjusts to change of seasons. During the rainy season they eat fruit. At one time Sloth Bears were plentiful. Now they are considered vulnerable by the IUCN. Hunted for medicinal purposes, their populations are now fragmented into protected areas. International trade is prohibited and has helped to protect existing populations. Unlike many other bear species, the Sloth Bear does not need to hibernate. This is probably due to the fact that they live in a warm climate, and food is available to them all year long. A female Sloth Bear typically has two cubs at a time. In the below video taken at the Brookfield Zoo, in Illinois, you will meet a mother and her two babes. Just like any youngsters, these two are playful and inquisitive. Take note of the mother’s lower lip, which is specialized for eating termites, and also watch for how the mother carries her cub on her back. I also have another video from Arkive.org., which I want to share with you. I was so surprised to see how the Sloth Bear in this video scratched his back against a tree. It reminded me of Baloo in the movie The Jungle Book. I'm sure you'll enjoy it as much as I did. Video credit: www://arkive.org IUCN= International Union for Conservation of Nature If you want to learn more about the Sloth Bear, visit the following sites, which are just a few of the sites I visited to research this bear for you: My sincere thanks to Arkive.org for some of the pictures, the video and some of the information. I do hope you’ll stop by again next week. Jeanne E. Rogers, Award Winning Author The Sword of Demelza and The Gift of Sunderland Middle Grade Fantasy Where Endangered Animal Heroes Roam the Pages!
Mar 06 Print this Post Why Collaborate? Teachers Collaborating Why collaborate? That is the question. Let me focus in a bit on a more specific question. If you, in a middle and a high school, were given the opportunity to meet regularly with your peers why would you want to? What could all the Science teachers in grades 6 through 12 meet about if they had one or two hours a week, two to three times a month to meet? What would Math, Social Studies, and Language Arts (English) teachers do if they could meet two to three times a month? What would you do with the Special Education, Art, PE, Music, Band, Choir, Media Productions, and Counselor during those meetings? It has to start with the why. Why do teachers need time to collaborate? In my experience and training the reason I collaborate with my peers in Professional Learning Communities or PLC’s is to improve student learning. That’s it. Not raise test scores but to improve learning. Here are some ideas that I thought of after talking with a couple of my colleagues in my school district: Topics we could address at these regular collaboration (otherwise known as PLC) meetings could include power standards, core standards, TPEP (the new WA State teacher evaluation model), tech integration or 21st century teaching, lesson planning or study, looking at student work, AfL, vertical planning and alignment, talking about kids, discipline, school climate, bullying, and evaluating student data ACROSS the content areas in the areas of literacy (which include reading and writing). Here are some concerns and ideas raised by other educators in my district: “It seems without a doubt that the most powerful collaboration opportunities might be in working together across content areas.Â However, it is also very challenging to make this consistently meaningful for teachers and their students. ” “To get more teachers on board, I think we might need to find a way to solicit more ideas on meaningful collaboration.Â We also need some creative ideas on scheduling–alternating common and individual planning periods, early release, whatever.” Areas to consider: “Furlough compensation, Data/evidence gathering for evaluation, Work on transitioning to common core state standards/assessments, Looking at student work/data for improved student learning, and Exploring instructional frameworks to improve teacher practice.” These are all great conversations to be having. If you have any input on these matters I would love to hear from you. How do other educators around the world collaborate and what value do they find in collaboration. I’m a strong believer in deprivatizing our work and I feel that collaboration is the way to do that. Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger... Be Sociable, Share! Permanent link to this article: http://www.educatoral.com/wordpress/2012/03/06/why-collaborate/
Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World Some questions about the Great Sea Situated at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea has been for millenia the place where religions, economies, and political systems met, clashed, influenced and absorbed one another. Ranging from prehistory to the 21st century, The Great Sea is above all the history of human interaction across a region that has brought together many of the great civilizations of antiquity as well as the rival empires of medieval and modern times. Interweaving major political and naval developments with the ebb and flow of trade, David Abulafia explores how commercial competition in the Mediterranean created both rivalries and partnerships, with merchants acting as intermediaries between cultures, trading goods that were as exotic on one side of the sea as they were commonplace on the other. In the Q&A below, we get just a taste of what to expect from this hefty tome. Q. What role did Greek mythology and Homeric poetry play in creating a lasting conception of the Mediterranean? A. The seas described in Homer’s Odyssey are a strange amalgam of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, of east and west. Circe the sorceress seems to live in the east, where the sun rises, while Scylla and Charybdis are often identified with the straits between Sicily and mainland Italy. Despite those muddles, Homer does provide fascinating testimony to knowledge of the seas among the Greek colonists in Ionia (what is now eastern Turkey), whose dialect was the basis of Homeric Greek. He knew about Phoenician sailors and was not very complimentary about them. Above all, he placed Odysseus’ kingdom at the western limits of Greece, on Ithaka, which he portrayed as an island where it was natural to know how to handle boats. What we see is a dawning conception of the extent of the Mediterranean and of the importance of the sea to the early Greeks. Q. Beyond the historical, military significance of the Mediterranean, what happened culturally that we tend to overlook? A. The Mediterranean has been a meeting-place of many different ethnic and religious groups, inhabiting its shores and islands – in remote antiquity, Greeks, Etruscans, Phoenicians, in later centuries Jews, Christians and Muslims. Gathering in the port cities around the Mediterranean, such as ancient Marseilles, medieval Palermo and Alexandria, modern Livorno and Smyrna, these groups have interacted not just at the level of high culture but in everyday life. On the one hand you have the transmission of medical and astronomical knowledge from east to west in the Middle Ages, often via Muslim and Christian Spain, and on the other hand you have the peaceful interaction of traders and sailors doing business and respecting one another in the great ports of the Mediterranean. Often they were able to cross the boundaries between warring competitors for control of the sea, moving between Christian and Muslim lands under the protection of local rulers. Q. Americans and Europeans have vastly different conceptions of the Mediterranean Sea, with most Americans thinking of the Sea and its shores primarily for its appeal as a tourist destination. What role, if any, has the Mediterranean had in shaping the United States? A. The American involvement in the Mediterranean at the start of the nineteenth century is a fascinating story – not just an episode but something that decisively altered the Mediterranean world. By defeating the rulers of the Barbary regencies (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli), who detained their trading ships and sailors and demanded extortionate sums of money for their release, the American navy helped clear the Mediterranean of the five-century long scourge of piracy. This was the first foreign war of the United States after independence, and it was now that the US Navy came into existence. In the twentieth century, the strategic significance of the Mediterranean in the Cold War brought the USAF to Wheelus airfield in Libya and the conflict between Israel and its neighbors has also brought the US Navy into the Mediterranean. Strategically, the Mediterranean has remained important to the US, as we see from the latest events in Libya. Q. Will the Mediterranean continue to play a key role in the Global Economy of the 21st century? A. Much depends on the relationship between northern and southern Europe, and between Europe and North Africa. With the Greek economy in desperate straits and the Italian and Spanish economies under severe strain, and with the Arab countries in turmoil, there is a big question mark over the assumption that rapid economic growth will continue in the region. One solution may be to build closer bonds between northern and southern Mediterranean countries, including free trade concessions to Tunisia and Libya. Tunisia possessed the strongest economy in Africa and it would be a disaster to ignore its great economic potential. Another question arises over Chinese investment and involvement in the Mediterranean, which has begun to accumulate. So we are looking at a particularly uncertain future. David Abulafia is Professor of Mediterranean History at Cambridge University and the author of The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. View more about this book on the Recent Comments There are currently no comments. Leave a Comment
Wednesday, November 16, 2005 Jewels of the Indian Ocean A Visit to a Remote Hot Spot on Planet Earth- Reunion Island. Talk about remote! La Reunion is just about the anti-pode of Flagstaff, Arizona. I visited there November 1 to 3, 2005 on a Private Jet Trip called "Jewels of the Indian Ocean". Rising 10,000 feet out of the sea, the volcano is an additional 11,000 feet below sea level. After taking a spectacular helicopter ride over the active part of the island, we landed in a "cirque" near the little town of Cilous. These cirques are spectacular features and the small group who hiked with me heard about my initial musings on their formation. I first pointed out to our small group to notice the volcanic layering that could be seen in the walls of rock around Cilous. It is always better to begin geology talks with something that everyone can see because eventually geologists must talk about things that can only be envisioned from the past. The layering of rocks leads to the story of how the island grew by successive eruptions of lava. I then mentioned that Reunion is a mountain that is over 6000 meters high if you include the underwater portions of the volcano that are not visible to us. The next thing to discuss was how the volcano behaved through time. Beneath the vent, a large magma chamber exists and this is where the lava originates. As eruptions to the surface proceed, the magma chamber becomes emptied and a void is created within the earth directly below the volcano summit. This can cause the top of the volcano to collapse creating a caldera. I then talked about the importance of caldera forming events from many well-known volcanos around the world. However, the cirques on Reunion have a particular shape to them that suggests that they are not just simply calderas. It looked to me as if groundwater processes were very active in shaping the cirques. It was important to say "shaping" the cirques rather than "creating" them because they may have originated as smaller collapse calderas, that were subsequently enlarged and reshaped by the later groundwater processes. These groundwater processes may include a process known as sapping, whereby water running out from between the layers of lava, undercuts overlying layers. These overhung layers then collapse and the collapsing proceeds up to the top. This semi-circular shape to the cirques looks a lot like sapping has been at work. I refered back to the present climate of Reunion. we heard that this was the place where in March, 1952, a single 24 hour rain storm left 73 inches of rain! With its abundant rainfall, there is lots of groundwater that could run out of the ground starting the sapping process. It's nice to include other topics in geology talks, like climate, weather, and people. Seeing Weird Limestone Features in Rural Madagascar - Tsingy I will give you a few words geologically about the tsingy in Madagascar. In other parts of the world this type of erosion is known as karst. That is a region in the old country of Yugoslavia that also has a lot of limestone terrain and the name of that region gives the name to the feature. Karst or tsingy can only form in areas where the limestone is very pure without interbeds of shale or sandstone. The purity of the limestone will allow it to erode this way - if there was shale or sandstone within the limestone, the pillars would not form. Limestone is soluble in rain water, which means that it gets eaten away chemically by water. When rain falls on this limestone, the water reacts with the limestone and creates a weak acid called carbonic acid. This acid water sits in subtle depressions on the rock surface and eats away at it. This causes the depression to become deeper through time. In Madagascar, this vertical deepening is extreme and if you look at the tsingy closely, you'll notice that the pillars of limestone are just those areas in between vertical depressions. I noticed on our boat beach that some of the tsingy pillars had holes in their bases - that would be were the acidic waters ate through connecting two depressions. The mushroom shaped tsingy on a boat trip we took were formed on their top surfaces the same way as above but the skinny base was formed along the tide line in a different manner. The salt water from the sea played an important role in forming these pedestals. When salt water creeps into the limestone at water line, it grows salt crystals inside the rock. As these salt crystals grow, they physically pry apart the rock components, eroding them much faster in this horizontal zone where the salt water seeps in. That is how the mushroom shaped rocks formed. A trip to Madagascar is amazing!
Page 1 Human Body Part II Name: _______________________ Period: ____ Respiratory System Functions •Moves _______________ from the ______________ environment into the ________________________ •Removes _________________________ and ________ from the body Respiration: •The process in which ______________ and ______________ undergo a complex series of ______________ reactions inside cells to produce ______________ •Breathing is the movement of ____________________________________ •Respiration _________________________________ that fuels _________ and other cell processes Removing Carbon Dioxide •Respiration produces ___________and ___________and the body eliminates this through your ___________ The Path of Air •As air travels from the outside environment to the lungs, it passes through the ____________________________________________________ Nose •Lined with ___________which are tiny hair-like extensions that can move in a _________________________________________ •Air ___________the body here •Has ___________which ___________particles and keeps your nose lining from ________________________________ •The ___________ •Both the ___________and ___________connect to the pharynx Trachea •The ___________ •Lined with ___________and ___________ •Normally only ___________travels through this Bronchi and Lungs •Bronchi –the ___________________that ___________air into the lungs •Lungs –the main ___________of the respiratory system •Alveoli –tiny ___________of lung tissue that are specialized for the movement of ___________between ___________and ___________ 2 Gas Exchange •1. Air enters an ___________ •2. ___________passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the ___________wall into the ___________ •3. ____________________ and ___________pass from the ___________into the ___________ Muscles for breathing -When you ___________, the diaphragm moves ___________and pressure in the lungs ___________ -This causes the ___________to move ___________ -When you ___________, the diaphragm moves ___________and the pressure in the lungs ___________ -This causes the ___________to move ___________ Breathing and Speaking •Larynx –the __________________, is located in the ____ part of the ___________underneath the ___________ •Vocal cords –___________of connective tissue that produce your voice, ___________across the opening of the ___________ Excretory System Excretion •This is the system in the body that collects ___________produced by cells and ___________the wastes from the body •Kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra are the structures that eliminate urea, water and other wastes Terms to know •Urea -- a ___________that comes from the breakdown of ___________ •Urine –a watery ___________that contains ___________and other wastes •Ureters –two ___________tubes that ___________urine from ___________to the ___________ •Urinary bladder –a sack-like ________________ organ that _________ urine •Urethra –small tube that ___________urine Kidneys •The ___________organs of the excretory system that ___________wastes by this process: •1. Blood flows from an ___________into a ___________in the kidney 4 •2. Blood is ___________and urea, water, glucose is ___________ •3. Water and glucose are ___________________ into the ___________ •4. The remaining liquid is called ___________ Homeostasis •Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the body’ s internal environment ___________and ___________of harmful levels of ___________ Other Excretion Organs •Lungs, Skin and the Liver –Lungs –When you ___________carbon dioxide and water are removed from the body –Skin –sweat glands in the skin remove ___________and ___________in __________________________________ –Liver –___________down wastes before they can be ___________ The Immune System Barriers in the Body •The skin, breathing passages, mouth and stomach trap and kill most _________________that you come in ___________with Inflammatory Response •When body cells are ___________they release ___________and _________ from the blood vessels into nearby tissue •The ___________white blood cells then ___________the ___________ and break them down •When you get a ___________, it is helping your body fight ________________________ Immune System •The cells react to each kind of ___________with a ___________targeted __________________________ at that pathogen •Lymphocytes are the ___________that can tell between different kinds of pathogens Reminders… •Pathogens = ____________________________________________________ –They are spread by human beings, soil, food and water, objects, and animals Lymphocytes •There are two major kinds of lymphocytes •___________ •Major function is to identify ___________and __________________ one kind of pathogen from another 6 •___________ •Major function is to produce ___________that help destroy pathogens (produce _________________________________) How they work •1. ___________recognizes a ___________and divides over and over. This produces ___________ T cells that also recognize the virus’ ___________ •2. Some T cells attack the _________________________cells of the respiratory system that contain the ___________. These T cells destroy the _______________ cells and the ___________ •3. Other T cells activate ___________to produce antibodies ___________ the virus’ antigens •4. Antibodies then bind to ___________on the viruses they _____________________. The viruses _____________ together and are destroyed by ___________ •1. Antigens = molecules that the immune system __________________ either as ___________of your body or as coming from ___________your body •2. Antibody = ___________that help destroy pathogens •_________________________________________________________ (AIDS) is a disease caused by a ___________ that attacks the ______________ system •Caused by the __________________________________________________ (HIV) which is the only kind of ___________that can attack the immune system ___________and destroy ___________ •Spread through body fluids (___________,___________) Immunity •The body’ s ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease •There are two types: –1. ___________= your own immune system produces antibodies in ___________to the ___________of a pathogen –2. ___________= When antibodies that fight the pathogen come from another ___________versus their own body •Helps you gain ___________immunity •It is the process by which _______________ ________________are put into a person’ s ___________ •They usually consist of ___________that have been _______________ 8 •A chemical that kills _______________ or slows their _____________ without ___________________________body cells •Cannot ___________ ___________illnesses only ________________ Noninfectious Diseases •Diseases that are ___________caused by ________________________ (pathogens) in the body –Examples: Cardiovascular disease, allergies, diabetes, and cancer • Removes _________________________ and ________ from the body • Breathing is the movement of ____________________________________ • Moves _... 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Ezekiel 19: A Lament for Israel’s Princes (14 verses, 2:05 to read) What I am about to READ The Lord gave Ezekiel a lament to sing at Jerusalem’s funeral. The people in Babylon would hear it, and they would know that the funeral was not far off. Verses 1, 14: “A lament”—A lament is a funeral dirge. Before the event takes place, Ezekiel writes a funeral hymn for fallen Judah and Jerusalem. 2: “What was your mother? A lioness!” Many years before, when Jacob blessed his son Judah, he called him “a lion’s cub” (Gen. 49:9). Jesus is also referred to as “the Lion of the tribe of Judah” (Rev. 5:5). So referring to the people of Judah as lions is nothing new. 3: “He became a young lion.” From the description that follows, this is King Jehoahaz, who was carried off into captivity in Egypt. Jehoahaz was a wicked king who ruled during the last days of Judah’s life. He was the third to the last king before Jehoiachin. Pharaoh Neco of Egypt conquered Judah and took Jehoahaz into captivity. See 2 Kings 23:31–34 5: “She took another of her cubs and made him a young lion.” This is a reference to Jehoiachin, who, as the following verses reveal, was taken into captivity to Babylon. Jehoiachin surrendered to Babylon, and Nebuchadnezzar took him into captivity in Babylon. See 2 Kings 24:8–13. 10-14: The picture of the vine illustrates the same thing as the pictures of the lions. The Lord had planted Israel in Canaan and had blessed it there. It became strong, and the wood of its vine was tough enough and large enough to serve as a ruler’s staff. Israel towered above the nations in power, wealth, and honor. But it rebelled against the Lord who had blessed it. It was thrown down by a foreign king from the east. Nebuchadnezzar would shrivel Israel, strip off its riches, and plant it in Babylon, a desert country. In the end, fire spread from rebellious and burning King Zedekiah to the rest of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, who chose to flee to Egypt because they had killed Gedaliah, the governor appointed by Babylon. Once again Ezekiel puts the Lord’s grace on display. The Lord had raised up lions who could have ruled the nations but who instead were destroyed by them. God wanted nothing other than to bless His people. But when they rebelled, the only song left to sing was a lament. The same is true for the world. God has richly blessed us in Christ, and He will continue to bless us into eternal life. But if we rebel, this song has already been prepared for our funerals. Sub Cruce, Pastor Kevin Zellers, Jr. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
secular argan tree The Argan Forest, a natural barrier against desertification A species endemic to Morocco, the argan tree represents the solution to a major ecological concern. Bordering the desert in the south west of the country, the argan forest helps to prevent desertification. It constitutes the ultimate natural barrier against the encroaching desert. The tree’s roots can reach a depth of 30 meters which allows it to draw water from the fresh ground water preserves and to benefit from low precipitation. The argan tree’s root system ensures a balanced ecosystem, fights against desertification and slows wind and heavy rain erosion. Shaded and maintained soils around Argan trees have an outstanding fertility permitting the settlement of flora and wildlife in an otherwise deserted environment. A survival artist under extreme climate conditions Not only can the argan tree withstand severe drought, it resists as well the chergui, a hot and dry wind which forms in the Sahara and travels down from the Atlas Mountains. This powerful wind raises the temperature to around 50°C and dries out all vegetation in its path. When hit by the chergui, the argan tree strips itself from its leaves and goes into survival mode. The Argan Tree, useful yet endangered Called by Berbers “the tree of the thousand virtues” it is indeed completely used, from roots to leave, latter provide food for livestock. The argan tree’s timber serves as building material. Wood and fruit nut-shells are also used as a source of fuel for fireplaces. The Argan forest has been overexploited until the mid-nineties, when Moroccan Ministries and international NGOs drew the local population's attention to the possibility of taking advantage of the Argan oil, extracted out from the Argan nuts. Argan Oil, from the Moroccan Desert to Hollywood The tree’s kernels are used to produce an extra-virgin oil with amazing properties. Several trees are necessary to yield as little as one liter of argan oil. The extracted oil is known for its multiple benefits. It feeds, nourishes, maintains, treats and heals local populations. Though unknown outside of its local production area of North Africa until the 1990s, it is today the subject of much attention. Dubbed “liquid gold” Argan oil is a day and night skin care, a soothing after-shave, and even tastes good drizzled on a salad. It’s everywhere, from Oscar-night celebrity gift bags to top-hairdressers in Paris and Tokyo. It strengthens and makes skin and hair soft without being greasy. It’a easy to use and all natural, hand made and fair traded. The Argan Forest: World Biosphere AND Cultural Heritage The Argan Forest is classified UNESCO Biosphere (1999) and Cultural Heritage of Humanity (2014). Furthermore, Argan Oil is the only African product to have received the European Union's label of Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in order to preserve traditional knowledge and collective rights for the members of womens' cooperatives. This label protects Argan oil against imitations and guaranties their quality and authenticity. The argan tree’s ecosystem therefore provides work as well as nutrition for both the livestock and the local population of south-west Morocco. As a source of local economic development, it has helped counter the rural migration and pauperization of the population by allowing it to continue living in a desert region with limited resources all while preserving and promoting local culture.
How to render a game character using OpenGL ES In this post, you will render your first 3D model on an iOS device using OpenGL ES. The steps to render a 3D model on a screen are as follows: 1. Initialize an OpenGL ES Context. 2. Setup a rendering loop. 3. Create OpenGL objects and load Character data. 4. Create the transformation space. 5. Update the framebuffer. Our objective is to render a robot on an iOS device screen. This post will be a hands-on project. You will be able to code along as you learn, so download this empty XCode template project. The project contains the skeleton for the C++ methods which you will implement. The project also contains the data for the character which will be render on the screen. The file name is Robot.h Things to know Before we begin, I suggest for you to take a look at these posts. Although you do not have to, it will give you a good idea of what is going on throughout the code. Initialize an OpenGL Context Rendering requires the initialization of a graphics context. In iOS devices, a graphics context is allocated and initialized with the creation of an EAGLContext object. To initialize an OpenGL ES context on an iOS device, open up the file name Locate the viewDidLoad method and type what is shown on Listing 1: Listing 1. Initialize an OpenGL Context - (void)viewDidLoad [super viewDidLoad]; //1. Allocate a EAGLContext object and initialize a context with a specific version. self.context = [[EAGLContext alloc] initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES2]; //2. Check if the context was successful if (!self.context) { NSLog(@"Failed to create ES context"); //3. Set the view's context to the newly created context GLKView view = (GLKView )self.view; view.context = self.context; view.drawableDepthFormat = GLKViewDrawableDepthFormat24; //4. This will call the rendering method glkView 60 Frames per second //5. Make the newly created context the current context. [EAGLContext setCurrentContext:self.context]; //6. create a Character class instance //Note, since the ios device will be rotated, the input parameters of the character constructor //are swapped. character=new Character(self.view.bounds.size.height,self.view.bounds.size.width); //7. Begin the OpenGL setup for the character Line 1 in the listing 1, allocates memory for the EAGLContext object, it then initializes the context by calling the initWithAPI method. The method initWithAPI initializes and returns a newly allocated rendering context with the specified OpenGL ES version 2.0. The context is then checked if it was successfully created (line 2). If so, the newly created context is set as the current context with the method setCurrentContext (line 5). The current context is also set to the iOS view's context (line 3). The view is then asked to update 60 Frames per second (line 4). Our robot is implemented using C++ classes. The main class in our project is called Character. This class contains several methods which are in charge of loading data into the OpenGL buffers and updating the framebuffer. Our first task is to simply create an instance of our Character class (line 6). The constructor receives the width and height of the screen. Next, we call the method SetupOpenGL() (line 7). This method will create the OpenGL buffers and load the 3D model data. Setup a rendering loop In order to update our framebuffer, we need a function that is constantly being called by our application. In file, locate the glkView() method and type what is shown in Listing 2. iOS devices provide a method called glkView. The glkView method is called whenever the contents of the iOS view needs to be updated. In our case, we have set it to be updated 60 Frames Per Second. We will implement the glkView method to update the framebuffer by calling the Character's draw() method (line 3). Listing 2. Setting up the drawing routine //1. Clear the color to black glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); //2. Clear the color buffer and depth buffer //3. Render the character Create OpenGL objects and load Character data There are multiple ways to load data into OpenGL Buffers. In this tutorial, we will load data using the glBufferSubData function. For rendering efficiency, we will make use of Vertex Array Objects. Let's review the 11 steps required for rendering. They are: 1. Generate a VAO (glGenVertexArrays): Informs OpenGL to create a VAO. 2. Bind the VAO (glBindVertexArray): Informs OpenGL to bind a VAO. 3. Generate a VBO (glGenBuffers()): Informs OpenGL to create a Buffer. 4. Bind the VBO (glBindBuffer()): Informs OpenGL to use this buffer for subsequent operations. 5. Buffer Data (glBufferData() or glBufferSubData()): Informs OpenGL to allocate and initialize sufficient memory for the currently bound buffer. 6. Get Location of Attributes (glGetAttribLocation()): Get location of attributes in current active shader. 7. Get Location of Uniform (glGetUniformLocation()): Get location of Uniforms in currect active shader. 8. Enable (glEnableVertexAttribArray()): Enable the attribute locations found in the shader. 9. Set Pointers (glVertexAttribPointer()):Informs OpenGL about the types of data in bound buffers and any memory offsets needed to access the data. 10. Draw (glDrawArrays() or glDrawElements()): Informs OpenGL to render a scene using data in currently bound and enabled buffers. 11. Delete (glDeleteBuffers()): Tell OpenGL to delete previously generated buffers and free associated resources. We will implement these steps in the method setupOpenGL(). This method will be in charge of creating a VAO and loading data into the OpenGL buffers. Open up file Locate the setupOpenGL() method and type what is shown in listing 3. The vertices of the robot geometry are found in an array _> robotvertices[]> in the Robot.h file. Listing 3. Loading data into buffers void Character::setupOpenGL(){ //load the shaders, compile them and link them loadShaders("Shader.vsh", "Shader.fsh"); //1. Generate a Vertex Array Object //2. Bind the Vertex Array Object //3. Generate a Vertex Buffer Object glGenBuffers(1, &vertexBufferObject); //4. Bind the Vertex Buffer Object glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBufferObject); //5. Dump the data into the Buffer /* Read "Loading data into OpenGL Buffers" if not familiar with loading data using glBufferSubData. glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(robot_vertices)+sizeof(robot_normal), NULL, GL_STATIC_DRAW); //5a. Load data with glBufferSubData glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(robot_vertices), robot_vertices); glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(robot_vertices), sizeof(robot_normal), robot_normal); //6. Get the location of the shader attribute called "position" positionLocation=glGetAttribLocation(programObject, "position"); //7. Get the location of the shader attribute called "normal" normalLocation=glGetAttribLocation(programObject, "normal"); //8. Get Location of uniforms modelViewProjectionUniformLocation = glGetUniformLocation(programObject,"modelViewProjectionMatrix"); normalMatrixUniformLocation = glGetUniformLocation(programObject,"normalMatrix"); //9. Enable both attribute locations //10. Link the buffer data to the shader attribute locations glVertexAttribPointer(positionLocation, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid ) 0); glVertexAttribPointer(normalLocation, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid)sizeof(robot_vertices)); /Since we are going to start the rendering process by using glDrawElements We are going to create a buffer for the indices. Read "Starting the rendering process in OpenGL" if not familiar. / //11. Create a new buffer for the indices GLuint elementBuffer; glGenBuffers(1, &elementBuffer); //12. Bind the new buffer to binding point GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, elementBuffer); //13. Load the buffer with the indices found in robot_index array glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(robot_index), robot_index, GL_STATIC_DRAW); //14. Unbind the VAO //Sets the transformation We first start by creating and binding a Vertex Array Object as shown in line 1 & 2. An OpenGL Object is then created and binded to the binding target GL_ARRAY_BUFFER (lines 3 & 4). The character is then loaded using the glBufferSubData function as shown in line 5. The locations of the attributes and uniforms are then obtained as shown in lines 7 & 8. The attributes locations are enabled and the buffer data is linked to the attribute locations as shown in line 10. Since we are going to start the rendering process by using glDrawElements(), we need to create a new buffer for the indices of our robot geometry. Recall that rendering with glDrawElements is more efficient than rendering with glDrawArrays. With glDrawElements you provide a set of indices that will guide OpenGL through the primitive assembly stage. These set of indices reduce any redundant vertex connection that may occur if using glDrawArrays. The indices of the robot geometry are found in an array _> robotindex[]> in the Robot.h file. Lines 11-12 show the creation and binding of the new index buffer. Line 13 shows the data from _robotindex array loaded into the buffer. Finally, the Vertex Array Object is unbind as shown in line 14. Set up transformation space The data found in file Robot.h describes the geometry of our character. However, this data describes the character's geometry in its own unique coordinate space (also known as model space). In order for the character to be seen on the screen, it needs to be converted through multiple coordinate spaces. They are as follows: • World Space Transformation. • View Space Transformation. • Perspective Projection Space Transformation. Open up file Locate the setTransformation() method and type what is shown in listing 4. Listing 4. Setting up the coordinate transformations void Character::setTransformation(){ //1. Set up the model space //Since we are importing the model from Blender, we need to change the axis of the model //else the model will not show properly. x-axis is left-right, y-axis is coming out the screen, z-axis is up and GLKMatrix4 blenderSpace=GLKMatrix4MakeAndTranspose(1,0,0,0, //2. Transform the model space by Blender Space modelSpace=GLKMatrix4Multiply(blenderSpace, modelSpace); //3. Set up the world space //4. Transform the model space to the world space //5. Set up the view space. We are translating the view space 1 unit down and 5 units out of the screen. cameraViewSpace = GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(0.0f, -1.0f, -5.0f); //6. Transform the model-World Space by the View space modelWorldViewSpace = GLKMatrix4Multiply(cameraViewSpace, modelWorldSpace); //7. set the Projection-Perspective space with a 45 degree field of view and an aspect ratio //of width/heigh. The near a far clipping planes are set to 0.1 and 100.0 respectively projectionSpace = GLKMatrix4MakePerspective(GLKMathDegreesToRadians(45.0f), fabsf(screenWidth/screenHeight), 0.1f, 100.0f); //8. Transform the model-world-view space to the projection space modelWorldViewProjectionSpace = GLKMatrix4Multiply(projectionSpace, modelWorldViewSpace); //9. extract the 3x3 normal matrix from the model-world-view space for shading(light) purposes normalMatrix = GLKMatrix3InvertAndTranspose(GLKMatrix4GetMatrix3(modelWorldViewSpace), NULL); //10. Assign the model-world-view-projection matrix data to the uniform location:modelviewProjectionUniformLocation glUniformMatrix4fv(modelViewProjectionUniformLocation, 1, 0, modelWorldViewProjectionSpace.m); //11. Assign the normalMatrix data to the uniform location:normalMatrixUniformLocation glUniformMatrix3fv(normalMatrixUniformLocation, 1, 0, normalMatrix.m); Let's start by setting the character's space to an identity Matrix (line 1). This simply means that the model is set at the origin of its coordinate system. Normally, this would be enough to represent the model space of a character. However, the model was created in a modeling software known as > Blender> . Unfortunately, the coordinate systems of > Blender> and > OpenGL> are different. Thus, we need to transform the model space by a Blender's transformation matrix (line 2). Let's also set the World space to an Identity Matrix (line 3). We are going to transform our model's space to the world's space by simply multiplying their spaces. The new space is now called Model-World Space (line 4). The View Space, represented by the camera will be set without any rotations but translated 0.0,-1.0,-5.0 units along the x,y and z-axis respectively (line 5). The Model-World Space will be transformed by the View Space. The resulting space is now called * Model-World-View Space* (line 6). Our final transformation involves converting the Model-World-View Space to a Model-World-View-Projection Space. However, We must first construct a Projection-Perspective space with a field of view of 45 degrees. A near and far clipping distance of 0.1 and 100.0, respectively (line 7). Now we are able to transform the Model-World-View Space to Model-World-View-Projection Space as shown in line (8). Our final task is to provide the data in the Model-World-View-Projection Space to our uniform locations found in the shaders (line 10). The Shaders will use this data to properly transform the character's model space to screen space. Update the framebuffer Finally, we are ready to implement the draw() method. This method will update the framebuffer 60 Frames Per Second and will be called by the method glkView(). Open up file Locate the Draw() method and type what is shown in listing 5. The first task is to set the Shader program which will be used (line 1). Next, bind the Vertex Array Object (VAO) which contains our OpenGL rendering states (line 2). This was specified in listing 3. The rendering process is then started by calling glDrawElements() (line 3). Finally, the VAO is unbind. Run the project and you should see a robot on the screen of your iOS device. Listing 5. Rendering routine void Character::draw(){ //1. Set the shader program //2. Bind the VAO //3. Start the rendering process glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, sizeof(robot_index)/4, GL_UNSIGNED_INT,(void*)0); //4. Disable the VAO Final Result Once you run the project, you should see a cute little robot rendered on the screen of your iOS device. Source code The final source code can be found here. So, do you have any questions? Is there something you need me to clarify? Did this project help you? Please let me know. Add a comment below and subscribe to receive our latest game development projects. In newer Xcode versions, you may get this error while running the project demos: "No such file or directory: ...xxxx-Prefix.pch" This error means that the project does not have a PCH file. The fix is very simple: In Xcode, go to new->file->PCH File. Name the PCH file: 'NameOfProject-Prefix' where "NameOfProject" is the name of the demo you are trying to open. In the OpenGL demo projects, I usually named the projects as "openglesinc." So the name of the PCH file should be "openglesinc-Prefix" Make sure the file is saved within the 'NameOfProject' folder. i.e, within 'openglesinc' folder. Click create and run the project. Harold Serrano Computer Graphics Enthusiast. Currently developing a 3D Game Engine.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Kinetics of Rigid bodies 1. Jan 7, 2012 #1 The rotor of an electric motor of mass 200 kg has a radius of gyration of 150 mm. Calculate the torque required to accelerate it from rest to 1,500 rev/min in 6 seconds. Friction resistance may be neglected. 2. Relevant equations ƩMO = Iα I = 1/2 (mr2 I am really really stuck here, I don't know what equations I need to use, if this were a straight line question I would use v = u + at, but it isn't so that is wrong 3. The attempt at a solution All I have so far is this I = 1/2 (mr2 I = 0.5 * 200 * 0.152 I = 2.25 kgm2 Really lost. I just need some pointers please. Kind regards 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution 2. jcsd 3. Jan 7, 2012 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper Gold Member In calculating I, the radius of gyration is not the radius of a disk. You can look up the formula for it, which is [itex]r = \sqrt{I/m} [/itex] (and note how it is derived). You can find the angular acceleration α using the kinematic equations of rotational motion (watch units). 4. Jan 8, 2012 #3 Brilliant, those are the words I didn't know to find the equation I couldn't find of variables I couldn't relate. Found them all. Thank you
ZocdocAnswersHow do pigmentation and a nevus differ? How do pigmentation and a nevus differ? My eye doctor just told me that I have a ""nevus"", which I don't exactly understand. What is the difference between having a 'nevus' in your eye, and just having a spot of excessive pigmentation? She also mentioned that there is a risk of cancer - how likely is that? "Nevus" is the technical medical word that is commonly called 'mole' in every day English. A nevus is simply a collection of pigmented cells, called melanocytes, below the skin of the body or the external lining of the eye. Therefore, there is no difference at all between having a 'nevus' and having a 'spot of excessive pigmentation' as they are exactly the same thing. Although almost all nevi are benign, rarely they can transform into melanoma, a serious form of cancer. Therefore any nevus that has irregular borders, that is growing rapidly, that has elevation, that has multiple colors in it or that is large in size should be evaluated closely to make sure that it is not a melanoma. As always the diagnosis and the management of your particular condition will require a physical examination by your personal physician. Setting up an office visit with your primary care doctor might be advised.
Carbon tax profile for the State of Hawaii (Kiana Kobayashi; previous version byWinnie Alston) % change 1990-2007 Fossil fuel CO2 emissions, in millions of metric tonnes[1] Fossil fuel CO2 emissions, in millions of short tons[2] Population, in millions[3] Per capita CO2 emissions, in short tons Per capita CO2 emissions in Hawaii in 2007, 20.5 short tons, were slightly lower than the U.S. average, 21.0 short tons per capita.[4] The state's energy policy emphasizes sustainability and reducing its dependence on imported oil. In 2007, Hawaii ranked 48th in energy production and 42nd in CO2 emissions from generating electric power.[5] A carbon tax of $30 per short ton of CO2 (about $0.30 per gallon of gasoline, or about $0.03 per kWh of coal-fired power) would have raised about $719.4 million in 2007 (about $553 per person), assuming a 10% reduction in emissions. For comparison purposes, in 2007 the state General Excise and Use Tax (GET), the largest source of state tax revenue, generated about $3.56 billion (55% of tax revenues)[6] , individual income taxes generated about $1.7 billion (36.9%), and taxes from public service companies generated $111 million (< 3%).[7] So a carbon tax of $30 per short ton of CO2 (assuming a 10% reduction in emissions) could have replaced all of the following state taxes: banks, conveyance, corporate income, inheritance and estate, insurance premiums, liquor and permits, tobacco and license, and all others except GET and individual income. Or, the carbon tax could have replaced 22% of the GET tax [7] or about 42% of the individual income tax.[8] The GET is a seller-based tax of 5% assessed on the gross income of most businesses operating in the State of Hawaii. The tax is effectively borne by consumers as sellers pass the charge to buyers; there is no legal requirement that sellers disclose the tax to consumers [7]. The GET is the means by which the state maximizes an indirect tax on the tourism trade at each level of purchase and sale. Unlike mainland states, Hawaii has no neighbors to serve as energy resources, and therefore, is heavily dependent on imported oil, which produces 90% of the state's energy[9] . Close to nine-tenths of Hawaii’s energy comes from petroleum. Hawaii uses small amounts of coal and very little natural gas. Hawaii’s main industry is tourism, and the State economy is not energy intensive. Due in large part to heavy jet-fuel use by military installations and commercial airlines, the transportation sector is the leading energy-consuming sector, accounting for over one-half of the State's total energy consumption [5]. Fortunately, Hawaii has a wealth of sustainable, yet untapped, natural resources that could potentially decrease its dependence on fossil fuels: wave energy (Hawaii has some of the most powerful waves per square meter in the world), biomass technology, wind, solar, and geothermal [10] . The state also has significant economic incentives to protect its natural resources and adopt sustainable energy policies. In 2007 the legislature passed HB226, Act 234, climate change legislation which mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.[11] [12] Carbon offsets 1. ^ From EPA, “State CO2 Emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 1990-2007”, linked from here. 2. ^ Used for conversion. 3. ^ 2007 population from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 population from U.S. Census Bureau, 4. ^ U.S. population of 301.6 million in 2007 from U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. carbon emissions of 5.757 billion tonnes (or 6.346 short tons) of CO2 from EPA's 2010 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 5. ^ Energy Information Administration. Hawaii state profile and quick facts, 6. ^ An introduction to the General Excise Tax (GET), State of Hawaii Department of Taxation, 7. ^ State of Hawaii, Economic Data Book, 8. ^ Hawaii revenue sources for FY 2006 and 2007; 9. ^ Hawaii energy strategy 2000 summary, 10. ^ A copy of Hawaii’s greenhouse gas policy can be found here: 11. ^ Hawaii energy policy, 12. ^ The text of HB226, Act 234,
Poorism diminishes tragedy of poverty Among travel fads such as food-centric vacations and eco-tourism, one new trend stands out for its blatant disregard and lack of respect for local residents. Slum travel, or “poorism,” is an alarming and hopefully short-lived travel fad where tourists “play poor” in some of the world’s most poverty-ridden cities. Despite arguments that these tourists boost the local economy, poorism does not solve the issue of poverty. Investors should concentrate on building the local economy, not romanticizing the idea of poverty. Mollie Berg \| Daily Trojan Mollie Berg \| Daily Trojan According to The New York Times, the term “poorism” comes from a combination of the words “poverty” and “tourism.” Tourists seeking “authentic” experiences pay for guided tours of real-life slums or the opportunity to stay in a stylized shantytown. Yet, this voyeuristic fascination with how the other half lives is nothing new. Even in the late 1800s, people were curious as to how others experienced poverty. Jacob Riis’ book, How the Other Half Lives, provided a portrait of life in the tenement buildings of Manhattan’s Lower East Side. Unlike the current fascination with poverty, this book helped spark social change and encouraged progressive reform. Unfortunately, this current fascination with poverty does not have such progressive tinged roots. According to United Press International, this poorism trend most likely stems from media’s idealized representation of slums and the widening wealth gap in the United States. The article cites movies and documentaries that present a romanticized view of poverty, such as Slumdog Millionaire and Favela Rising. Additionally, the widening wealth gap in the United States means that the well-to-do rarely come in contact with the impoverished. This growing concentration of wealth, which the Occupy Wall Street movement drew attention to, contributes to this curiosity to experience poverty. The more removed people are from the issue of poverty, the easier it becomes to romanticize the concept. Investors capitalize on this trend by tailoring tours and hotels to suit tourists’ idea of poverty. The Emoya Luxury Hotel and Spa, in Bloemfontein, South Africa, offers a shantytown for guests who want to play poor for the night. The hotel’s website, seemingly without irony, invites tourists to “[stay] in a Shanty within the safe environment of a private game reserve. This is the only Shanty Town in the world equipped with under-floor heating and wireless internet access!” Yet, this faux-shanty experience is not the worst of the poorism industry. The Reality Tours and Travel company offers Slum Tours of Dharavi, India. According to Smithsonian Magazine, Dharavi is the largest slum in Asia, with more than a million people living in tightly packed conditions. The Reality Tour claims its mission is to dispel stereotypes and promote understanding; the tours, however, undeniably depict poverty as a spectacle. As the Times Now panel moderator described in the Smithsonian, slum tourism “is a clear invasion of somebody’s privacy,” and reduces impoverished people to spectacles. As the article later describes, these people have little choice in the matter. They barely have the resources to sustain themselves, let alone prevent outside agencies from arranging slum tours. This tourism is not confined to so-called “Third World countries.” According to United Press International, Louisiana became a poorism destination following the devastating Hurricane Katrina in 2005. These slum tours routinely take advantage of struggling communities for the benefit of rich tourists. Instead of breaking down barriers between tourists and locals, it encourages outsiders to view the slums as yet another tourist attraction. The people living in real-life poverty become mere actors on a stage. Even though tourists might feel compassion or sympathy for the people they encounter, these slum tours are an inadequate way of truly helping the destitute. Rather than merely witnessing inequality and poverty, tourists should focus on sustainable tourism that produces lasting, positive impacts on the local community. Though poorism and slum tours undoubtedly generate profit, most of the money flows away from the communities begin exploited. Even the “green” enterprise of eco-tourism does not provide lasting benefits for locals. In Eco-Tourism: An Ecological and Economic Trap for Third World Countries, author Anita Pleumarom explains that tourism can actually increase a community’s debt burden by creating an economy based solely on tourism. Though tourism encourages areas to improve infrastructure, such as roads, these developments mainly benefit tourists. Pleumarom describes over-reliance on tourism as “a new bubble economy … emerging in villages,” and instead advocates for community-based tourism projects. Poverty alleviation must come from grassroots initiatives, not a dependence on foreign dollars. In order to make a positive impact, the focus should be on making an area a desirable place to visit, not creating a spectacle from poverty. Poorism neither builds up the local community nor treats impoverished people with respect. This parasitic industry is clearly part of the problem, not the solution. Even though there is no single solution to poverty, microfinance and community-based projects provide a viable option. Microfinance provides small loans to promising enterprises in impoverished communities. These loans allow individuals to build their business and bolster the local economy in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, programs such as World Vision are designed to help a community build the infrastructure it needs to succeed create a local economy. Unlike tourism-based economies, which rely on foreign money, these funds help communities become self-sufficient. Vacations are an ideal time to experience new cultures, exotic cuisines and breathtaking scenery, but these experiences should not infringe upon the dignity of others. The slum tourists who fail to see the irony in the poorism industry are contributing to the romantic notion of poverty, not helping to alleviate it. Veronica An is a sophomore majoring in narrative studies. Follow us on Twitter @dailytrojan
IESS:2047 Land IESS Land India is the seventh largest country in the world with a total land area of 3.28 million square kilometres. Of this total land area, 1.5 million square kilometres is uncultivated and 0.9 million square kilometres is characterized as wasteland. It is evident that energy sources have large implications on land. While major hydel projects lead to large reservoirs, atomic power plants require large buffer zones. The debate on implication of energy pathway on land in India, is particularly significant with regard to renewal energy. Solar and wind power require large land area, and if India is develop these resources manifold, the policy planners must know what would its impact be on land requirement. Even bio-fuels have large requirement of land, but the current policy is one of utilising wastelands for jatropha plantation. The IESS, 2047 has incorporated the land use numbers for different energy supply sectors. When a user chooses a combination of energy demand and supply levels, he basically makes a choice as to how energy demand is anticipated, and met, between now and 2047. This is his chosen pathway, and the tool aggregates the implications thereon, one of which being the land area footprint of the chosen pathway. The present version of the Tool, however, does not go into details such as land required for coal mining, or CO2 sequestration, or oil/gas production. An in-depth exercise on these aspects would need a large data collection endeavor which is beyond the scope of this exercise, as it would require data on underground and surface mining, onland and offshore production of oil and ags etc, which are highly probabilistic. The use of this output, is to inform the footprints of different energy sectors on land for a comparison. It could either allay exaggerated concerns of land implications of a particular energy source, or call for policy action on how to mitigate the impact. One example is that of offshore wind, which could supply power more efficiently than onland wind farms, without any footprints on land. The tool could be further developed to provide details of land use by demand sectors as well.The present construct of the Calculator being energy supply dominated, the land use of demand sectors has not been taken into account. It may be borne in mind that there would be no footprints on land by imports of fuel/energy. There would be land use by power plants, but not on fuel supply. Therefore, while the current debates are not expected on imports versus land implication, but this is an aspect to be borne in mind when using the land data generated by IESS, 2047. It is, however, an important aspect of the analysis for several reasons. Firstly, energy assets are long duration ones – power plants have a long life, and may even be permanent by way of R&M of the older plants. Secondly, energy footprints are environmentally unhealthy. Therefore, the siting of the assets have to be done carefully, keeping the urban plans in mind. Thirdly, as India’s population grows, and so does urbanization, there will be dearth of land. These reasons call for optimum energy strategy keeping long term implications of energy pathways on land in mind. IESS Land On clicking the ‘land implications’ tab on the webtool interface, the user is directed to the section of the webtool dedicated to displaying the footprint of the user’s chosen pathway. It enables one to compare the land footprint of one’s chosen pathway with the ‘least effort’ pathway (All level 1’s). To facilitate comparison and easy understanding, the tool also helps the user understand the land implications of his chosen pathway by comparing it in multiples of the ‘least effort’ scenario, the area of certain states of India and as percentages of India’s land and wasteland area. The land area for different sectors of the IESS, 2047 have been estimated on a ‘per-power unit’ basis, E.g: Land area required per megawatt generated by a combined cycle gas turbine plant with cooling towers, land area required per megawatt of a PV crystalline solar source, land area required per megawatt of a biomass electricity power plant etc. Details of sector specific land data can be looked up in the land sections of the specific sector sheets in our excel model. Click here to find an example of the pathway in the IESS,2047 which has the least possible land area. You could explore the same pathway’s impact on energy security and GHG emissions! Land Area for the IESS, 2047 tool doesn’t include the land area for cultivation under crops, and forests, though their outputs has been used to generate bio-fuels and electricity in all the pathways. It only includes area under wastelands considered for bio-feedstock cultivation. Area for renewable power capacities and thermal capacities may/may not encompass farmlands, forests, and other topographies in addition to wastelands. It can be derived from the IESS, 2047 that the land area required for bioenergy is the greatest, renewable sources of energy come next, followed by conventional sources of energy. However, the tradeoff between using land area and gaining on other aspects like energy security of the country and a decrease in emissions can be explored by the user.
Victorian era row houses In Gaslight: Dependency and Secrecy —Dave Kehr, Chicago Reader In this month's movie, Gaslight (Cukor, 1944), Charles Boyer's character, Gregory Anton, sets out to enact a well-planned strategy of deceit, in order to gain the possessions of a famous opera singer. He almost succeeds because his wife, Paula, is such an easy victim of his treachery. Her vulnerability comes from being a female ingenue, having grown up in the opera singer's (i.e., her aunt's) London household. The setting for the movie is London during the Victorian era, the era symbolized by the reign of British monarch Queen Victoria and its highly moralistic and strict social code of conduct. In particular, the story's cultural context is upper class society, within which the women of the time were especially dependent on their husbands and staff to manage all aspects of their lives. In fact, according to a description of the lives of women in British culture ("Women in the Victorian era", 2017, Mar 31; Buckner, & Francis, 2006), women did not have the right to vote, sue, or own property. . . . When a Victorian man and woman married, the rights of the woman were legally given over to her spouse. Under the law the married couple became one entity where the husband would represent this entity, placing him in control of all property, earnings and money. Further, women of all social classes lacked education, but according to Pickard (n.d.), women in the upper classes lacked many other skills as well. In the upper classes it was assumed that a girl would marry and that therefore she had no need of a formal education, as long as she could look beautiful, entertain her husband’s guests, and produce a reasonable number of children. ‘Accomplishments’ such as playing the piano, singing and flower‐arranging were all‐important. This aspect of British culture has been shown recently in the Netflix series, "The Crown," where Queen Elizabeth II in conversation with the Queen mother, asks why her parents did not provide a proper education for her. She rightly felt disadvantaged in her leadership role as monarch, and thus hired a tutor to help direct her to information on historical and legal issues that would help her to understand and converse with leaders of other countries with whom she interacted. Paula Anton, played by Ingrid Bergman Paula Anton, played by Ingrid Bergman Paula Anton does not question whether important people in her life are acting in her best interest. She was born into a culture that influenced her to trust her husband to fill the role that society defined. However, Gregory Anton is a different person from those in her prior relationships who had established her sense of trust in others. He is motivated toward greed, yet places no value at all on the person who can help to make his life more meaningful. The notion that some people are motivated by desire to achieve, and that some of those are less restricted by a moral conscience, or less constrained by guilt than others is an aspect of culture and of humanity that goes back a long way. Anton is shown as motivated to achieve, but at the expense of what might be a wonderful relationship with his beautiful and loving wife. His incentive, therefore, is not just survival but something else that many of us do not understand. An example that we can understand are different perspectives related to the Academy Awards. For most of us the Oscars are just fun, but movie studios have a different perspective and different incentives. Winning can mean prestige and millions of dollars (Farrow, 2017, Feb 24). Therefore, advertising and other means of influence are used to garner attention and attraction for a studio's latest release in order to maximize its investments. For us, in order to understand completely the activities surrounding the Academy Awards, we must take on different perspectives to understand particular mindsets. This is true in general about organizations and individuals as well, that "getting into other shoes" to think about a life event may help to understand and reconcile differences, or to raise suspicion. For Paula Anton, a different perspective would simply never enter her mind. The Mindset of women as dependent In the case of mindsets in the Victorian era, the limitations for women didn't begin there, of course, but go back to the beginning of recorded history. Thus, by the Victorian era these collective ideas had become part of a societal concept whereby expectations for knowledge and understanding, for some women, might actually have succeeded in curtailing their curiosity about the world around them. One may speculate that Ingrid Bergman's character, Paula, will be especially naive about the world from her station as adopted ward of her aunt, who may have sheltered her immensely in her upbringing. Thereby, she has been "primed" in her world view to expect certain behaviors from others. The research of Williams, Huang, and Bargh (2009), using "priming" methodology, demonstrates that though the process of scaffolding in Paula's early life experiences, social culture will significantly and unconsciously influence her goal pursuits, decision-making, and actions as an adult. We learned from the example of Soviet montage theory in Battleship Potemkin (1925), that images in film are attractive and fast-moving, to which our eyes are naturally attuned, and that paired with images we find either attractive or repulsive, they can play on the ways that our minds and emotions naturally work. In research on such unconscious influences, those which we have no control over—influences that happen "naturally and instantaneously"—Bargh (1999) looks at advertisements designed to prime people, e.g., for actions to buy or to vote. The relevant psychological principle involved in these messages is "priming." Whatever we do—walk down the street, watch television, or talk to another person—the objects, people, sights, sounds, and smells we experience trigger various concepts in our minds. Once something that we perceive has activated a mental concept, the concept stays active for a while. During this period, it can affect our thoughts and decisions, even if they are entirely unrelated to whatever activated the concept in the first place. For example, the priming effect of negative advertising in political campaigns is well-understood. Consider the negative advertising in the current race to fill the 6th District seat of Tom Price, newly-confirmed Secretary of Health and Human Services. We all strongly disapprove of such tactics that are aimed at damaging the reputations of opponents. We believe that advertising a candidate's qualifications would be much better without all the vilification, but politicians do this because it works. Even so, faced with this, we think that we are able to control the input in such a way that it will not affect our judgment, but some of it goes on without our active acknowledgment "A healthier respect for the power of those influences and a humbler attitude about our own degree of control would make us more likely to try to counteract them" (Ibid.). Secrecy and withholding information In fact, completely withholding information has possibly more effect on our choices and behavior than overtly directing information to enter our minds (Bargh, 1999). If secrecy prevents people from obtaining information that would cause different behaviors, then the manipulation is just as great as unconscious influence. Yet, this is a far more powerful form of control than anything researchers have found in other types of messages that alarm us. Windows of Wells Fargo Bank on Shattuck Ave destroyed during UC Berkeley attack Secrecy goes hand-in-hand with the creation of a "culture of fear." Sociologist Frank Furedi suggests that today's culture of fear did not begin with the 9/11 attacks (Duffy, 2005). Panics were set up long before and had gained widespread attention—for everything from the dangers of nuclear attack and Communism, to global warming and oil production, to what we eat, to vaccines and super bugs. Not the realities, but our fears and perceptions of risk, ideas about safety, and controversies over our health, the environment and the uses of technology, have little to do with science or empirical evidence. Rather, they are shaped by cultural assumptions about human vulnerability and escalated by sensationalist news. Typically, the realities are much more complex and require experts to explain. I suggest that the initial withholding of information about former President Obama, his background, alternate names, education records, Michele's thesis, etc. set fear ablaze for many people whose long-held understanding about American ideals were put in jeopardy. Decisions were made that in retrospect, however, may have been the best. Who can possibly know now? But it seems to me that transparency might have been a better choice, especially in such an important and revolutionary election. In order to allay fears and possibly endear himself to the larger population, not only to Democrats, Obama might have been more forthcoming at the outset, e.g., presenting himself through hardships as Abraham Lincoln did—that he studied law by candlelight, or aspired to grow through adversity in his life. However, whether anticipating the public reaction or not, the PR engine of the DNC surely found that secrecy was a far more powerful and de-stabilizing element than political strategies of the past. Now we see President Trump hiding information, therefore exhibiting the same kind of behavior for which he criticized former President Obama. President Trump's refusal to disclose information, hiding his tax returns, once again incites fear of what is unknown. For many, I expect, hiding his tax returns is a violation of public trust and a departure from the institutionalized behavior of prior presidents—violating long-held understanding about America's leadership. One may also argue that confusing information is simply a different way of hiding information and has a similar de-stabilizing effect. President Donald Trump uses computer-based media to disseminate his own messages, ostensibly for allowing transparency, but in actuality it is principally for bashing his opponents on their decisions and activities and distracting from his own. President Trump's disparaging communication on the campaign trail led most to believe he had no chance to win. However, it appears that in some cases, people are so desperate for jobs, and for reducing the violence and sense of helplessness created by the prior economic crises, the decaying of cities and the demise of industries, that they can overlook his failure of civility and political correctness if his election can improve the fractured state of the nation. I expect that, for many, President Trump offers temporary hope that an aggressive, action-oriented, personality can make a positive difference. But, as the campaign ended, the meaningless and evasive, sometimes false, yet frightening messages continue, while the uncertainty escalates around him. Does this mean that he is hiding his true strategies? I suggest that, if his intentions are honorable, he simply needs to stay on message—any message that provides understanding that progress is in the works and not World War III. Does his behavior have nothing to do with withholding information, because there is no real information there at all to withhold? Secrecy is the strategy of Gregory Anton in order to keep Paula away from his true intentions, To keep her from people, information, and at the same time, hide his own activities, is fear-mongering. However, he has the power of the legal system as well as Victorian society behind him in doing whatever he needs to do to control and influence his wife's mental stability. The Power of community We can surely relate to Paula and all of these aforementioned powerful influences, and yet she might be dead if not for the meddling and interference from a nosy neighbor and a detective with a personal interest. Suburban US neighborhood Suburban US neighborhood The literature on cults and more recently, on terrorist cells, reveals the importance of environment in the ability to go unnoticed. Hawdon and Ryan (2009) predicts community characteristics likely to provide the anonymity required for the development of terrorist activity in developed nations. In the case of Paula Anton, her community came to her rescue in spite of restrictions imposed on her by her husband and her larger societal context. Bottom line, it helps to be a busy-body in your neighborhood and to pay attention to others around you. Lives may be saved in the process. We will continue this look at community involvement in our film next month. Disclaimer: Articles represent the views of their authors. Movies on My Mind and its editors do not take responsibility for statements, either fact or opinion, made by contributors. Bargh, J. (1999, Jan 29). The most powerful manipulative messages are hiding in plain sight. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 45 (21), B6(1). Retrieved from Bargh, J. A. (2002). Losing consciousness: Automatic influences on consumer judgment, behavior, and motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 29 (2), 280-285. Buckner, P., & Francis, R. (Eds.). (2006). Rediscovering the British world. Calgary, Alb.: University of Calgary Press. Cusk, R. (2017, Feb 15). The Age of rudeness. The New York Times. Retrieved from Duffy, M. (2005). The Sum of our fears. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from Farrow, R. (2017, Feb 24). To win Oscars, movie stars and studios sometimes go to extreme measures. NBC Today Show. Retrieved from Filler, D. (2003). Terrorism, Panic and Pedophilia. Virginia Journal 0f Social Policy and the Law, 10 (Jan). Hawdon, J. & Ryan, J. (2009). Hiding in plain sight: Community organization, naive trust and terrorism. Current Sociology, 57 (3), 323-343. Kehr, D. (1985). Gaslight. Chicago Reader. Retrieved from Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The Role of images in advertising (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Picard, L. (n.d.). Education in Victorian Britain. The British Library. Retrieved from Shane, S., Mazzetti, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2017). WikiLeaks releases trove of alleged C.I.A. Hacking documents. Retrieved from Sides, J. (2012, Apr). 20 Years later: Legacies of the Los Angeles riots. Places Journal. Retrieved from Williams, L., Huang, J., & Bargh, J. (2009, Dec). The Scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39 (7), 1257-1267. Retrieved from Women in the Victorian era. (2017, Mar 31). Wikipedia. Retrieved from Leave a Reply
The science of civil war: What makes heroic strife FOR the past decade or so, generals commanding the world’s most advanced armies have been able to rely on accurate forecasts of the outcomes of conventional battles. Given data on weather and terrain, and the combatants’ numbers, weaponry, positions, training and level of morale, computer programs such as the Tactical Numerical Deterministic Model, designed by the Dupuy Institute in Washington, DC, can predict who will win, how quickly and with how many casualties. Guerrilla warfare, however, is harder to model than open battle of this sort, and the civil insurrection that often precedes it is harder still. Which, from the generals’ point of view, is a pity, because such conflict is the dominant form of strife these days. The reason for the difficulty is that the fuel of popular uprisings is not hardware, but social factors of a type that computer programmers find it difficult to capture in their algorithms. Analysing the emotional temperature of postings on Facebook and Twitter, or the telephone traffic between groups of villages, is always going to be a harder task than analysing physics-based data like a tank’s firing range or an army’s stocks of ammunition and fuel. Harder, but not impossible. For in the war-games rooms and think-tanks of the rich world’s military powers, bright minds are working on the problem of how to model insurrection and irregular warfare. Slowly but surely they are succeeding, and in the process they are helping politicians and armies to a better understanding of the nature of rebellion. SCARE tactics One of the best-known projects in this field is SCARE, the Spatio-Cultural Abductive Reasoning Engine, developed at the United States Military Academy at West Point by a team led by Major Paulo Shakarian, a computer-scientist-turned-soldier. SCARE operates at the most militarily conventional end of the irregular-conflict spectrum: the point where an army of guerrillas is already in being and is making life hard for a notionally better-armed army of regular troops. That, of course, has been the experience of American forces in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan. Major Shakarian and his team have analysed the behaviour of guerrillas in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and think they understand it well enough to build reliable models. Their crucial insight is the local nature of conflict in these countries. In particular, bombs directed at occupying forces are generally planted close to the place where they were made, and on the territory of the bombmaker’s tribal kin or co-religionists. That is not a surprise, of course. Kin and co-religionists are the most reliable allies in wars where different guerrilla groups may not always see eye to eye about objectives, beyond the immediate one of driving out foreign troops. But it does give Major Shakarian and his team a convenient way in. Using the co-ordinates of previously bombed sites, data from topographical and street maps, and information on an area’s ethnic, linguistic and confessional “human terrain”, SCARE is able to predict where guerrillas’ munition dumps will be to within about 700 metres. That is not perfect, but it is close enough to be able to focus a search in a useful way. Moreover, SCARE’s focus should soon become more precise. Major Shakarian’s latest trick is to include data on phone-traffic patterns in the calculations. An upgraded version of the program, employing this trick, will be created next month. All of which is useful for dealing with a conflict once it has started. But it is better, if possible, to see what may happen before things get going. And for that, America’s navy has a project called RiftLand. RiftLand is being developed on the navy’s behalf by Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, a professor of computational social science at George Mason University in Virginia. It is specific to the part of East Africa around the Great Rift Valley (hence the name). That this area includes Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Somalia and Uganda, each of which has been the scene of present or recent civil strife, is no coincidence. But the ideas involved could be generalised to other parts of the world, with due alteration for local conditions. Broadly, RiftLand works by chewing its way through a range of data collected by charities, academics and government agencies, and uses these to predict where groups of people will go and with whom they may clash in times of drought or armed conflict. Dr Cioffi-Revilla gives the example (though he will not name names specifically) of a tribe of nomadic herders known for sharing its notions of veterinary medicine with others. This tribe, the model predicts, will reckon it safer to cross the lands of groups who also rely on keeping their animals healthy. Another point is that tribes who own a radio or mobile phone will steer clear of roads after news reports of government atrocities against their kin. A third is that much of the movement of herdsmen can be predicted from satellite data on the condition of pasture lands, modified by knowledge of what Dr Cioffi-Revilla calls “the complex network of IOUs” between tribes: which are currently hostile to one another, and who owes whom favours. Hostile sentiments The sort of conflict dealt with by RiftLand—a war of all against all in countries where central government is light or non-existent—has been particularly characteristic of this part of Africa in recent years. Further north, where states are stronger, urban insurrection of the sort seen at the beginning of the Arab spring is a more common threat. Politicians faced with such uprisings may thus be interested in yet another piece of software, known as Condor, which has been developed by Peter Gloor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr Gloor is certainly not in the business of saving the jobs of Middle-Eastern dictators. He is actually a consultant to the Christian Democratic Union, Germany’s largest political party. But all politicians in power, whether democrats or dictators, share a distaste for demonstrations and protests on the streets. Condor works by sifting through data from Twitter, Facebook and other social media, and using them to predict how a public protest will evolve. It does so by performing what Dr Gloor calls “sentiment analysis” on the data. Sentiment analysis first classifies protesters by their clout. An influential Twitter user, for instance, is one who has many followers but follows few people himself. His tweets are typically upbeat (containing words or phrases such as “great”, “fun”, “funny”, “good time”, “hilarious movie”, “you’ll love” and so forth), are rapidly retweeted, and appear to sway others. In a nod to the methods developed by Google, Dr Gloor refers to this process as “PageRanking for people”. Condor, then, is good at forecasting the course of existing protests. Even better, from the politicians’ point of view, would be to predict such protests before they occur. Not surprisingly, several groups of researchers are trying to do this too. Aptima, a firm based in Woburn, Massachusetts, is one. Its program, called E-MEME (Epidemiological Modelling of the Evolution of MEssages) uses sentiment analysis to see how opinions and states of mind flow across entire populations, not just activists. It employs data from online news sources, blogs and Twitter, and attempts to rank the “susceptibility” of certain parts of the populace to specific ideas. According to Robert McCormack, the project’s chief technologist, E-MEME can determine things as different as which places in Egypt contain people who will care a lot about a border incident with Israel, and which parts of a country most need water in times of drought. The Worldwide Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (W-ICEWS) project, led by Lockheed Martin, a large American defence contractor, goes even further. According to Lieutenant-Colonel Melinda Morgan of the office of the secretary of defence, in Washington, who is the government’s liaison officer for the project, it can crunch great quantities of data from digital news media, blogs and other websites, and also intelligence and diplomatic reports. It then uses all this to forecast—months in advance—riots, rebellions, coups, economic crises, government crackdowns and international wars. Colonel Morgan calls this process “social radar”. Conflict forecasters are even joining the open-source bandwagon, in an attempt to improve their software. Last August IARPA, an American-government technology-development agency for the intelligence services, started the Open Source Indicators programme. This finances developers of software that can “beat the news”: forecasting political crises and mass violence in a reliable way. The programme’s manager, Jason Matheny, is now considering the proposals that have come in so far. These range from tracking Wikipedia edits to monitoring traffic with roadside cameras. The only proposals Mr Matheny will not consider are those designed to forecast conflict in America itself (the CIA is not supposed to spy on people in the United States), and those that rely on monitoring particular individuals, whether in America or elsewhere. Guerrillas in the midst Rather than just foretelling the future, however, the best technology should concentrate on shaping it. W-ICEWS offers a bit of that. It has a “what if” capability, which allows users to change the inputs and see how things might develop differently given different events in the real world. But Venkatramana Subrahmanian of the University of Maryland proposes something more specific. The Temporal-Probabilistic Rule System, a program his team has developed using $600,000 of American-army money, looks at 770 social and political indicators and uses them to predict attacks by Lashkar-e-Taiba, a guerrilla group based in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. If it works, this process might be applied, using a different set of indicators, to other groups of rebels. The crucial point about Dr Subrahmanian’s model is that it not only predicts attacks, it also suggests how they might be countered. Dr Subrahmanian is understandably cagey about the details, but he does give one example: if an attack requires complex co-ordination between group members, the software might recommend “stoking paranoia” by forging false communications between them. On April 2nd President Barack Obama announced a $10m bounty on Lashkar-e-Taiba’s leader, Hafiz Saeed. It would indeed mark the coming of age of civil-strife software if that bounty, or another like it, were one day claimed on behalf of a group of programmers half a world away. Article source: Powered by Facebook Comments Leave a Reply
In May 1895, a low-key but intriguing advertisement appeared in British local newspapers. Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser, 2 May 1895 Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser, 2 May 1895. British Newspaper Archive. What could this ‘death microbe’ be? Did it refer to the lethal pathogens such as anthrax and tuberculosis that had been identified within the past two decades? Announcements of newly isolated bacilli regularly reached the general population through the press (in 1889, someone in Paris even claimed to have found one for smallpox), and it was through the same medium that patent medicine sellers capitalised on the idea that science now had the key to ending disease. The best known germ-vanquishing remedy, Radam’s Microbe Killer, arrived in the UK from the US in 1889, using a striking visual metaphor of Death succumbing to the medicine’s might. Deadly bacteria made inroads into literature too – just a year before the above advert was published, Rudolph de Cordova’s short story The Microbe of Death featured a murderous doctor who deliberately infected his victim with anthrax. With microbes in the cultural ether, it is not surprising that advertisements referred to them, but it turns out that the one above was promising a lot more than a cure for TB. A story had been circulating that one Dr Wheeler of Chicago had discovered another bacillus. The new bug wasn’t a germ of disease, however; it was the ‘grand master microbe of all’ – the very embodiment of Death itself. Murderers and omnibuses could still bring an untimely end to your existence, but even the most uneventful life would at last succumb to the Death Microbe. Find the means to destroy it, and people could potentially live forever. According to early reports, Dr Wheeler had experimented on animals and discovered that once the death bacillus was eliminated, no known disease could take hold. He was developing a treatment that would literally kill Death. The fact that we are all still popping our clogs willy-nilly is sufficient proof that he didn’t succeed, but for a few weeks his supposed findings attracted tongue-in-cheek musings about how the human race would cope with immortality. Overall, the newspapers did not take Wheeler’s discovery very seriously. The population, speculated one commentator, would grow so quickly that people would be forced to roam the seas in houseboats. Undertakers, gravestone masons and life insurance companies would become redundant and, without the prospect of eternal hellfire to keep us all in check, morality would go to the dogs. Another problem was that people would still grow old; the comic periodical Fun asked: What are we to do in 2,500 A.D., with all the toothless grumbling old crones occupying not only the chimney corners, but every easy chair in the country? The ‘Death Microbe Killer’ adverts from the Free Medical Press ran for a few months then fizzled out, but they did inspire a science-fiction comic, Extracts from the Diary of the Last Man, in the 22 May 1895 edition of Judy: The London Serio-Comic Journal. The hero responds to the ad and buys up ‘several thousand gross’ of the Death Microbe Killer, which allow him to survive for thousands of years and go through 402 marriages before deciding to ‘remain a widower for a century or so, just for a bit of a change.’ His implied eventual demise comes at the pincers of a gigantic futuristic crab. Judy - Panel from Death Microbe comic Judy - Death Microbe 2 The discovery of the death microbe did not have a lasting impact on medicine, no doubt because it was completely made up. As The Spectator pointed out, the story originally appeared on 1 April, and was probably a prank put out by Dalziel’s News Agency. Because papers tended to lift interesting items from other publications, it continued being replicated after April Fool’s Day and the fictitious Dr Wheeler enjoyed fleeting fame before sinking back into non-existence. A similar story popped up again the following year, with the microbe now taking the dignified name of bacillus mortis, but the means of vanquishing it remained elusive. Perhaps that was for the best. As one journalist pointed out, such a remedy could well be redundant ‘in a world where three score years and ten have often been found long enough to drink the cup of existence to the dregs.’ ‘The Small-Pox Microbe,’ The Star, Guernsey, 26 October 1889 ‘The Microbe of Death’, Lincolnshire Echo, 1 April 1895 ‘There is bad news today for the undertakers…’ Birmingham Daily Post, 2 April 1895 ‘Getting Rid of Death,’ The Spectator, 6 April 1895 ‘Frivolets’, Fun, 23 April 1895 ‘Extracts from the Diary of the Last Man’, Judy, 22 May, 1895 ‘The Microbe of Death’, Dover Express, 30 October 1896 Look here!BOOK NEWS: Caroline Rance’s historical novel, Kill Grief, a story of addiction and love in an 18th-century hospital, is out on Kindle on 13 April. Pre-order now for £1.99! Leave a Reply
Thursday, January 21, 2010 Writing in Professional Context 2 Name : Tantri Raya Rimbi NPM : 07211210427 Class : 5C English language is a compulsory subject that is taught from elementary school until senior high school in Indonesia. One of the language skills that should be mastered by the students is speaking. Many students find difficulty in speaking English. Some factors are their fear of making mistakes, being laughed by their friends and lack of confidence of their own abilities. Therefore, a teacher should help the students in solving this problem by motivating them to speak. For this reason, the teacher can use effective methods that encourage students to take part actively in the class. The teaching learning process is not only involving the teacher and the students, but also between the students and the other students. There is a method that can be used by the teacher to improve the students’ skill in speaking English. It is doing some games which are interesting and inviting the students to be curious. The teacher can search many games from many sources as his guide in teaching English skills, especially speaking. According to the reasons above, I decided to compose this paper by giving its title: “Improving speaking skill by a connective game”. Theoretical Background For a start, speaking is interactive and requires the ability to co-operate in the management of speaking turns. It also typically takes place in real time, with little time for detailed planning. In this circumstances, spoken fluency requires the capacity to marshal a store of memorized lexical chunks. And the nature of the speaking process means that the grammar of spoken language differs in a number of significant ways from the grammar of written language. Hence, the study of written grammar may not be the most efficient preparation for speaking. No wonder speaking represents a real challenge to most language learners. Speaking is a skill, and as such needs to be developed and practised independently of the grammar curriculum. Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It, like the other skills, is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words. Speaking is so much a part of daily life that we take it for granted. The average person produces tens of thousands of words a day, although some people – like auctioneers or politicians – may produce even more than that. So natural and integral is speaking that we forget how we once struggled to achieve this ability – until, that is, we have to learn how to do it all over again in a foreign language. Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational or psychological role. According to Chris Crawford, the requirement for player interaction puts activities such as jigsaw puzzles and solitaire "games" into the category of puzzles rather than games. Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games. Data Finding The games in this section offer a reason for speaking, and thus they can give learners a confirmation and confidence resulting from the successful use of the language or a warning signal on the unsuccessful use of the language. Some games give the learners considerable support in the language needed for the game, and other games offer a stimulus and context, but no specific language focus or support. Although some games are likely to cause the learners to focus on a particular language point, this section primarily offers practice in fluency rather than in grammar practice. In these games the learners might make mistakes in their use of the language. As a general principle it is better not to interrupt the speaker but to wait until he or she has finished before first responding to the content, and only then pointing out a mistake in the formal use of the language, if you think it necessary to do so. A better way might be for you to note the mistake and to give focussed practice on that point at another time. There are some connective games that can be used by the teacher to improve the students’s speaking skills. One of the games is connecting two pictures. Two Pictures Family Connect Language Imagining and explaining connetions between pictures, objects or words Preparation You will need two pictures big enough for all the learners to see, each showing a single object, person or place.  Take two seemingly unrelated pictures and ask the learners to suggest a connection between them. Some learners will suggest very reasonable connections. Some learners will suggest crazy connections. In one sense, the latter are more useful since more people will pay attention and think about them! Learner 1: He is going to the bank to get some money. Learner 2: He is going to the bank to steal some money.  If you wish, organise acompetition to find the most reasonable connection and the craziest connection.  This game may be played in groups or with the whole class. Variation 1 Three words Preparation (optional) Bring 3 objects to the lesson.  Show the class three objects or write three nouns on the board, for example: pencil, ball, table.  Invite learners to find as many things as possible which connnect them, for example: The pencil and ball are on the table. She does her homework on the table and she uses a pencil. Then she plays table tennis on the table and uses a table tennis ball. Data Analyzing Playing such this game seems easy, but I have analyzed about this game, and I found some difficulties in playing it. First, if I want to play this game, I have to search some pictures and consider whether the pictures are connected each other. According to the picture above, there is a man who is bringing a case and he wants to go to a place. Another picture describes the place that is proposed by the man. There is a bank picture. Those are connected each other. If I want to find other pictures which relates to the man picture, I can use other pictures, for example: an office picture, and a school picture. The second, I have to think whether the students know about the pictures exactly. I should use the clear pictures in order to make the students see clearly and they do not confuse what the pictures are. The third, I should consider whether the students will get challege in doing this game, because the students usually like the challenge in their learning. I found the difficulties in preparing this game. However, I should also think about advantages and disadvantages. Everyone likes playing the games, because they can find the challenge and its fun as long as or after playing it. The advantages of playing connective game are effective in improving speaking skills for the students. First, the game makes the students more creative in making sentence to say. They can imagine any activities that they will do if they bring the cases and want to go to some places, especially the bank. They can reveal their ideas and make it as good as possible. The second, the game makes the students more interested in learning English. They can learn pleasantly although they study in the class. The third, the students can increase their vocabularies by making many different sentences for the pictures. The last, the students learn to analyze the pictures and try to express anything after they saw the pictures. They can analyze something pleasant, and it can stimulate their mind. The disadvantages of the game do not affect more for the students. First, I need more space to put the pictures in the class, because I have to use big enough pictures in order to be seen by the students. The second, I need more time in doing the game, because the students need more time to think about the pictures and express their ideas. After analyzing the game, I got much more advantages that will be got by the students than the advantages. Except the pictures, there is another object that can be used in playing connective games. I can use a pen and a book, then I command the students to make a connection between that two things. So, if I want to play many games to improve the students’ speaking skill, I can find and use many objects as its devices. Using the game in learning English is one of the effective methods that can be used by a teacher or other people. Some games give the learners considerable support in the language needed for the game, and other games offer a stimulus and context, but no specific language focus or support. Although some games are likely to cause the learners to focus on a particular language point, the game above primarily offers practice in fluency rather than in grammar practice, because I discussed about the speaking skill. Thornburry, Scott.2005.How to Teach Speaking.Malaysia:Stenton Associates,Saffron Walden,Essex,UK. Wright, Andrew, David Betteridge, Michael Buckby.2006.Games for Language Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. No comments: Post a Comment
china absolute tours logo Legend of Guanyin in China In Chinese folk legend, Guanyin(Chinese: 观音; pinyin: Guānyīn) literally means "observing the sounds" (Guanyin, commonly known in English as the Goddess of Mercy, would always observe all the sounds of the earth; boast great mercy and compassion to the ordinary persons; help the needy and relieve the distressed), who was born on the nineteenth of the second lunar month, achieved enlightenment on the nineteenth of the sixth lunar month and achieved nirvana on the nineteenth of the ninth lunar month. It is generally accepted that Guanyin originated as the Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara from India, which is her male form, whose image has remolded according to people’s own understanding and wishes around China. Guanyin was originally male and dwelled on an Indian Mountain. When he came to China, he gradually became a female and was called “Goddess Guanyin”. In Buddhist scriptures, Guanyin has vast magic powers and is capable of saving people by listening to their voices and liberating them from sufferings. As a result, people contribute their piety to Guanyin. However, most of them are concerned with their practical benefits and expect Guanyin, whose image precisely meets such psychology, to assist solving their present problems instead of waiting to get salvation after death, which can be considered as the common characteristics of religious beliefs among the Chinese. Image of Children-Sending Guanyin Thousand Armed Guanyin Performance Image of Children-Sending Guanyin Thousand Armed Guanyin Performance Representation of Guanyin in China The images of Guanyin are diversified in different regions of China. She has been often depicted as a beautiful lady, including Thousand Armed Guanyin（千手观音）, Children-Sending Guanyin（送子观音Guanyin appears as an image of holding a child on one of her arms）, and so on. Another frequent image of Guanyin is that she usually holds a lotus blossom or a willow twig. Famous Guanyin in China Guanyin is enshrined from the Potala Palace (布达拉宫, Budala Gong) of Tibet in the West to Putuo Mountain（普陀山， Pu Tuo Shan） of Zhejiang Province in the East Sea (Potala and Putuo are all named after the pronunciation of the dwelling of Guanyin). Guanyin statue in Potala PalaceGuanyin statue in Putuo Mountain Guanyin Statue in Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet Guanyin Statue in Putuo Mountain, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Story of Guanyin One famous story about the show-up of Guanyin（观音现身）dates back to Tang Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Wenzong(唐文宗, 827~840A.D.). It is known that the capital of Tang Dynasty is Chang’an(Xi’an nowadays), a great city in the west of China, a city that turns its face to the empires of Inner Asia. Emperor Wenzong has a special hobby of eating clams, ordered clams for three of his five meals, each and every day. However, based on the geographic position of Xian, it was a great barrier to bring clams from the sea to the imperial palace. Such a delicacy the emperor ate was through the bitter labors of thousands. To ensure the freshness of the clams, every day in the dim light before dawn, clams would be gathered by the ocean fishermen of Zhejiang and then packed by porters in cold seaweed, wet sand and ice, then rapidly loaded on relay mounts that sped the Imperial highway. Obviously, it is a great sacrifice of the labors only to please the emperor’s eating preference. Day after day, the laborers suffered a lot from the process of hard work; many of them are living in misery, until one incident shocked the entire palace. One day, the Royal chef discovered an unusual clam in grand size. The clam was enormous-twenty times the usual shell,-surely an imperial clam meant for the Imperial Palate. As the Clam Shell Opener stepped up to pry the shell apart, however, he found the shell sealed like iron; the clam was as tight as a rock crevice on the slope of Mount Tai. Emperor Wenzong heard about this and commanded the opener to let him take a closer look. All of a sudden, as if by signal, the clam began to open automatically. The emperor gasped at what he saw. There, standing inside, was a finely detailed, miniature, astonishingly sweet statue of the Goddess of Mercy, the Bodhisattva Guanyin, exquisitely carved. What surprised him most is what Guanyin said by her lovely expression, “The laborers have to make great efforts for your own pleasure; both harass the people and waste money”. Then the Emperor realized that Guanyin –the Buddhist Goddess-who hears even the smallest call for mercy from even the tiniest voice in the empire-had taken pity on the boat men, the fisher folk, the portage men and relay riders, even the royal cooks-all who served his royal taste and royal whim. He realized that the purpose that Guanyin show up in the grand clam is to warn him; she would watch over mankind in times of fear and danger. (Partly Refer to "In the Realm of the Gods: Lands, Myths, and Legends of China" ) Toll Free: 1-888-414-0686 (US & Canada) 0-808-189-0371 (UK) 1-800-982-536 (AU) Intl. Call: Tourist Complaint Hotline: 96118
Origin and historical Origin and historical development In the early 1920s appeared in the United States, catalog sales, driven by wholesale companies. This sales system, revolutionary for its time, is a catalog of photos illustrating the products to sell. This allows better reach people, because there is no need to attract customers to the stores. This allowed the stores to reach customers in rural areas have, that by the time this arrangement was developed there was a large mass of people assigned to the field. In addition, another important point to note is that potential buyers can choose the products in the comfort of their homes without the assistance or pressure, as the case of a seller. The catalog sales took accelerated with the advent of cr cards in addition to determining a relationship of anonymity between you and the seller.In the early 1970s came the first commercial relationships using a computer to transmit data, such as purchase orders and invoices. This exchange of information, although not standardized, brought with it improvements in manufacturing processes in the private sector, including companies in the same sector. In mid-1980, with the help of television, a new form of mail-order, also called direct sales. Thus, the products are shown with more realism, and the dynamics that can be displayed by highlighting its features. Direct selling is concrete and usually by phone with cr card payments. In 1995 members of the G7/G8 countries the initiative created a global marketplace for SMEs, in order to accelerate the use of electronic commerce between companies around the world.
Why Data Analytics Valuations Prev Next Taxonomy of Knowledge and Insight More than twenty four centuries ago Plato defined Knowledge as "justified true belief". Since then researchers have shown ways our mind can fail to recognize the falsity of some complex concepts even after checking Plato's conditions. According to Plato Knowledge implies an absolute degree of verity or trustworthiness conceivable only ex-post or in some other very limited cases. However, for the modern corporation even partial Knowledge could have tremendous value if the degree of verity could be correctly estimated. Since Knowledge is built in a step by step process involving sampling, codification, and confirmation the degree of verity can be estimated before the process is finished. Insight is the verified justification of Knowledge. It results thru a process of abstraction and ex-post verification over the full range of underlying Knowledge. It allows us to forecast the Knowledge and build the frame of scientific discovery. Insight Discovery Fundamentals We can help you estimate the degree of Knowledge and discover the Insight using some of the most modern techniques of data science, econometrics, and epistemology.
Guglielmo Marconi, radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, radio inventor C008/3508 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 50.4MB Downloadable file size: 5.8MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937), Italian physicist and inventor of the radio. Marconi patented his radio system in Britain, established the Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in London in 1897. In 1899 he made the first transmission across the English Channel and, in 1901, the first trans-Atlantic transmission. In 1909 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He later developed short-wave radio and established a global radio telegraph network. Photograph published in 'La Telegraphie Sans Fil' (Wireless Telegraphy, 1914), by the French geophysicist Alphonse Berget (1860-1934). Keywords: 1900s, 1914, 20th century, alphonse berget, black-and-white, communication, communications, designing, equipment, european, experimenting, french, guglielmo marconi, historical, history, human, italian, la telegraphie sans fil, lab, laboratory, machine, monochrome, nobel laureate, nobel prize in physics, people, person, radio, research, researching, surname m, technological, technology, telecommunication, telecommunications, telegraph, wireless, wireless telegraphy
Assistive Technology The Assistive Technology project I completed was an eye-opener. While I knew that many tools existed to support those with disabilites, I hadn’t expected to find such an overwhelming number of tools and resources. I became more and more interested in the tools that were specific to my computer and operating system that I use at school and at home. Knowing that I have had students in the past with both hearing and vision disabilities, I wondered how many times I could have used the tools that were already available on the computer. In just a short amount of time, I learned that Windows 8.0 has the following tools that are readily available. On-screen Notification On-screen notification helps hearing-impaired people be aware of the status of their computer. On-screen notification replaces sounds with visual cues or text captions to indicate that activity is happening on the computer. As a result, system alerts are noticeable even when they are not heard. For example, when you select one object with your keyboard, the object is highlighted. When you move the pointer to one object with your mouse, the introductory text of the object is displayed. Narrator is a screen reader that reads what is displayed on the screen aloud and describes events like error messages. Speech Recognition Speech Recognition enables you to control your computer by voice. Using only your voice, you can start programs, open menus, click buttons and other objects on the screen, dictate text into documents, and write and send e-mails. Everything you do with the keyboard and mouse can be done using only your voice. Microsoft Magnifier is available to help visually impaired people use the computer more comfortably. Magnifier is a useful utility that enlarges the entire screen or part of the screen so that you can see the words and images better. Accessibility Features. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2014, from Accessibility in Windows 8. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2014, from Assistive Technology: Resource Roundup. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2014, from Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Mir-2: The Once-and-Future Station A schematic of the final Mir-2 design circa 1993. DOS-8 is the large module just above the central junction. Image source unknown, believed to be NPO Energiya. Click for a larger view. What it was: The next in in the long line of increasingly large and sophisticated Soviet space stations that stretched from Salyut 1 in 1971 to Mir in 1986. Details: Mir is the least-heralded of the major space firsts. Sputnik-1 and Yuri Gagarin rightly retain their fame, and of course the United States can answer with Apollo 11. Yet of the “big five” goals of the early manned space programs (the fifth being the still-yet unclaimed manned Mars landing) Mir fulfilled one: the first “real” space station. There had been other stations before, as far back as Salyut 1 and Skylab in the early 1970s, but they were not what was envisioned when an orbital outpost had first been seriously discussed in the late 1950s. Unlike the earlier single-piece stations Mir was the first “building” in space, in the literal sense of the word, constructed out of multiple components sent up over time and joined to make a functional whole. Salyut 7 had had one experimental module (TKS-4) attached after launch, but Mir was the real thing. The station was built around the so-called Base Module (DOS-7), the ultimate version of the DOS framework derived from Vasili Mishin’s civilian Salyuts and Vladimir Chelomei’s Almazes. While it was being built the Soviets also built a backup base module, DOS-8, in case something went wrong with the first one. From the beginning, though, they were also making plans for what to do with the backup if DOS-7 and its launch went as planned. When they did, DOS-8 definitely became the centrepiece of a second space station. At first Mir-2 was to have been “just another Mir”, which is not too surprising considering that they shared the same design for the core module. The only major difference between the two was the addition of a truss extending from the end of the station, greatly increasing its length, for solar panels and other equipment. But in 1982 Leonid Brezhnev died and was replaced by Yuri Andropov; in the United States, Ronald Reagan had become president the year previous and four months after Andropov’s takeover the US leader initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov chose to fight fire with fire, and the Soviet space program was re-oriented to deal with the newly perceived threat. Mir-2 began to change. There were actually several major redesigns of the station before 1993. One was still fairly close to the original Mir, in that most of its modules were designed to be lifted by Proton rockets and so had to stay in the 20-tonne range. But the station’s solar panels and a larger core module were designed with Energia in mind, and could range up to ninety tonnes. In fact the Energia’s first test payload the space weapon testbed Polyus, which was hurriedly cobbled together from several pieces of equipment, was in part based on a test article of the proposed Mir-2 core. The truss was also turned into a long docking tunnel meaning that one more manned ship or supply craft could visit this version of Mir-2 as compared to the original. While that design went a fair distance, by the end of the 80s Mir-2 had grown again into what was formally called the Orbital Assembly and Operations Center but generally referred to as “Mir 2.0”. The first two designs had belonged to the Fili Branch of TsKBM, which is to say largely the Almaz design bureau that had been taken from Vladimir Chelomei after the death of his Politburo supporter Andrei Grechko. This version of the station was entirely NPO Energia’s baby and so under the close watch of Valentin Glushko. The largest version of Mir-2, with its dual keels. Public domain image via NASA. The new design was similar in appearance to the largest of all the American designs for their space station Freedom, the dual-keel arrangement proposed by McDonnell-Douglas in 1986; Mir 2.0 was to have been constructed around a rectangle made of four trusses. After the launch of DOS-8, Energia rockets would do the rest of the work: a 90-ton core module, then the truss and solar panels, then three more launches carrying three more 90-ton modules. The modules and the solar panels would be attached to a cross-beam on the truss, while various pieces of equipment would be balanced around the rectangle to balance tidal forces as the station orbited Earth. By the time Mir 2.0 was getting really underway though, the ground had shifted again. Andropov and his successor Konstantin Chernenko were gone, replaced by Mikhail Gorbachev. The US and the Soviet Union had begun reducing their nuclear arsenals with the INF Treaty, Eastern Europe had cut ties with the Soviet Union, and the USSR itself was in an economic collapse. Now Mir-2’s design started heading in the other direction. “Mir 1.5” was once again based on the DOS-8 block. Dedicated Energia launches were no longer in the picture, so smaller modules in the seven tonne range were assumed now. The real twist was that now DOS-8 was to be launched sometime around 1994 along with the second flight of the Soviet shuttle Buran—its first manned mission. Using the orbiter’s robotic arm, DOS-8 would be maneuvered to join up with the original Mir station; a power module and a biotechnology module would be launched and automatically docked later. When those were all in place, some two years later, DOS-7 would be detached and allowed to deorbit. The newly hatched station would then be built up with additional modules (including a second biotech lab) and a long cross-truss on which to attach solar panels and some equipment, the latter brought by another flight of Buran. This version of Mir-2 would see the second Soviet shuttle (supposedly to be named Burya) arrive every six months to swap out the biotechnology modules, returning their manufactured goods to Earth. Then the USSR came apart completely. Toward the end of 1993 Mir 1.5 was no longer going to begin its life attached to the original Mir. It was down to just four modules at this point, and would hold a crew of two. By this point, except for the cross-truss, it was largely the same model as Mir, made better primarily by the experience of building the first station. What happened to make it fail: By then the Soviet Union itself had come apart, and the Russian economy was approaching its nadir, contracting something like 40% in the first half of the 90s. Meanwhile, the American space station Alpha was in very severe trouble. In March of 1993 the new President Bill Clinton had told NASA to look at bringing Russia into the space station effort (which, while primarily American, was also being supported by the ESA, Japan, and Canada). On November 1 of the same year NASA and the Russian Space Agency agreed to merge Mir-2 and Alpha into the International Space Station. What was necessary for it to succeed: In a sense it did. The third piece of the ISS was the Russian module Zvezda, which is in fact the well-travelled DOS-8 block. Altogether there are five Russian pieces to the ISS as of this writing and, while most of them are newly designed for this station, one more beyond DOS-8 has its roots in the older project: the Rassvet module is built on the repurposed hull of the SPP module which was to have powered the final redesign of Mir 1.5 prior to its folding into the international effort. For that matter, the ISS is due to be decommissioned sometime after 2020. In 2008, Roscosmos informed the US that they intend to detach some of their modules—both already in space and planned to be attached to the ISS between now and then—starting in the late 2010s and use them as the core of a new station, OPSEK (“Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex”, in Russian). One of the modules to be detached is DOS-8, and the designs of OPSEK seen to date bear a family resemblance to Mir’s once-proposed descendant. LK-700: The Soviet Union’s Other Road to the Moon LK-700 spaceship MTKVP: Glushko’s Opening Gambit Schematic views of the MTKVP as first originally proposed (above) and as redesigned (below) in the first attempt to satisfy the Soviet military’s desire for a Space Shuttle analog. Image ©Mark Wade of astronautix.com, used with permission. For much more detailed (but unfortunately not free) images, visit buran.ru. What it was: A fairly sophisticated 1973-76 attempt to square the circle between the ballistic capsules favoured by Russian spacecraft designers and the Space Shuttle analog being demanded of them by the Soviet military. It would have been an elongated lifting body with a rounded triangular cross-section and small folding tail stabilizers. As designed it would have had a payload to LEO of roughly fifteen percent more than the US Space Shuttle. Surprisingly little information about this craft is available for something that was at the forefront of Soviet space development for nearly two years, and what there is is contradictory: the author even found four different names for it (MTKVP, MTKVA, MTC-VP, and MTK-AM) let alone a raft of inconsistencies in the project’s details. Much more than other False Steps posts this is an attempt to synthesize what’s available and may not be completely accurate. One presumes that only further discoveries in Soviet archives are going to bring this one into proper focus. Details: As discussed previously, the Soviet space program went through a radical reorientation between 1974 and 1976, as Vasili Mishin was removed as its head, the N1 rocket was cancelled, and the N1-L3 lunar landing mission was scrapped. While the new head Valentin Glushko was well aware that he was expected to focus on a reusable space plane and space stations in low Earth orbit, for eighteen months he entertained the possibility that he could satisfy the military and military-friendly backers who had allowed him to take over while still retaining the dream of a Russian Moon base (or, to be more precise, Glushko’s vision for how this would be done, Zvezda). The key difference he wanted was a big rocket booster that he could also use for Moon projects. Accordingly, what he supported was an effort to develop a reusable transporter without engines. This could be put on top of the booster, unlike the US orbiter, which needed clearance for its engines and had to be laterally mounted on the side of its rocket-and-fuel-tank stack. While initially conceived as a cylindrical body for cargo with a separable ballistic capsule on top for the crew return, it soon evolved into the MTKVP (“Reusable Vertical Landing Transport Craft” in Russian). In this new version of the craft the cylinder was replaced with a triangular prism with rounded edges. It tapered gently toward one end, where the crew cabin—now permanently attached to the vehicle—was located, while a single orbital maneuvering engine and small thrusters were placed at the other wider end. The aft end also sported two small winglets, which were folded up during launch and in orbit, but descended to give the MTKVP (in combination with its body shape, which was aerodynamic at hypersonic speeds) a bit of controllability. All told it had about 300 kilometers of cross-range capability, which in usefulness was its major negative compared to the American Space Shuttle. The booster which it would have topped was a variation on the largest rocket in Glushko’s proposed RLA series, the RLA-150 Vulkan. Dubbed the RLA-130V, it was a recognizable ancestor of the Energia rocket. The Vulkan’s upper stage was removed and replaced with the orbiter. That sat on top of a a large liquid-fuelled core (LOX and LH2) in the centre and six liquid-fuelled boosters around it; these burned LOX and syntin, an artificial hydrocarbon fuel developed by the Russians with better performance than kerosene. In contrast to the Shuttle, which lost its external fuel tank but had recoverable boosters, the launch vehicle would have been completely expendable. The main body of the MTKVP was dominated by an aft cargo bay, which like the American orbiter was protected by two long bay doors which could be opened to space. As it didn’t have to lift engines and full-fledged wings to orbit, it was to be capable of carrying some 30 tonnes of cargo to orbit, and bring back 20: more than the Space Shuttle, despite the disadvantage of being launched from higher-latitude Baikonur instead of Cape Canaveral. The MTKVP would have been about thirty meters long; some sources say 37 but this likely includes the mating adapter to its booster. In all it weighed 88 tonnes, which if you add on the 30 tonnes of cargo means the RLA-130V would have been lifting 118 tons to orbit—and if you noticed that that is similar in lift to the Saturn V and N1, congratulate yourself for finding the hidden Moon rocket. Image of the MTKVP coming in for landing, vertically. Image source and copyright status unknown, please contact the author if you know. Click for a larger view. Once it dropped below subsonic speeds, to Mach 0.75 at a height of 12 kilometers, it would demonstrate its other major difference from the Shuttle. The V in its name stood for “vertical” (in Russian, anyway) and instead of coming in roughly horizontally to a landing strip, it would deploy parachutes and descend vertically. At the last moment it would fire retrorockets on its underside and settle to ground on skid landing gear. So unlike the US’ orbiter it didn’t need a landing strip, and in fact didn’t need a prepared landing site at all. As long as the ground was flat—a common condition in much of the former Soviet Union—it could land pretty much anywhere. The first flight of the MTKVP was proposed for 1980. What happened to make it fail: The Soviet leadership—even Dmitri Ustinov, who had been one of his main supporters in his push to take over TsKBEM and transform it into NPO Energiya— made it abundantly clear to Glushko that they were not going to give him his Moon base, and that furthermore that they would not accept anything less than a close copy of the Space Shuttle. The psychology of the second part of this decision is interesting. Interviews with the various players since the fall of the Soviet Union have established that in the years following the Moon race the Russians had a bit of an inferiority complex toward American space technology. Though their spacecraft designers could see no advantages to the Space Shuttle as compared to expendable systems like Soyuz and Proton, there ensued a battle between those who felt that their analysis should be read at face value and those who were sure that they were missing something. While the first of these approaches held the field for a while, the political and military people calling the shots became progressively more paranoid about what the Shuttle would be able to do and that the USSR was simply failing to see. Dmitri Ustinov in particular changed his tune after hearing from a shuttle enthusiast at NPO Energiya and from KGB Chief Yuri Andropov—one of the key believers in a hidden military purpose for the US’ orbiter. For their part, the spacecraft designers had realized there were a number of problems with MTKVP that they were not sure they could solve. Many of them could have been cracked: for example, it would have had to withstand 1900 Celsius on re-entry rather than the maximum 1500 of the Shuttle, but the tiles they later developed for Buran were within striking distance of this. Nevertheless two issues seem problematic even today. First, as it was designed to land virtually anywhere flat, there was always going to be the problem of how to get the MTKVP back to Baikonur for the next launch. Its low cross-range capability meant that it couldn’t always make it to an airstrip where railways or roads could be used to transport it, let alone something like the enormous Antonov An-225 used to carry Buran: it was by many measures the largest aircraft ever built and needed long, special-purpose runways. Furthermore the lack of cross-range capability made it hard to get the MTKVP back to Soviet territory in case of an emergency. The Space Shuttle could, if absolutely necessary, land in places as widely scattered as Gander in Newfoundland, Banjul in Gambia, and Guam. Russian insistence on secrecy ruled out this sort of emergency landing. Paradoxically, the USSR was both too big and too small—there wasn’t the necessary infrastructure in many places up-country where the MTKVP might land, and it was unable to be underneath every possible place where a crippled mission might want to land. Accordingly even as the MTKVP was being designed there was a portion of NPO Energiya working on something much closer to the Shuttle, the OS-120—which even had on-board rocket engines, meaning it was an even more slavish copy of the US orbiter than Buran turned out to be. It seems to have begun as a “due diligence” project, with Glushko far more interested in MTKVP because that approach would allow him his big booster. As pressure from the Shuttle advocates in the military increased, however, Igor Sadovksy (one of Korolev’s long-time engineers going back to the 1950s, and the man in charge of the OS-120) synthesized the two approaches by moving the engines off the orbiter and onto the rocket stack: in other words, the Energia superheavy launcher and the Buran shuttle. This gave Glushko his big booster and a way to satisfy the military and political forces pushing for a winged shuttle. On January 6, 1976 he approved the proposal, and work on MTKVP and the RLA-130V stalled and eventually stopped; in the future he would refer to this day as “Bloody Sunday”, as he realized it also meant the death of his Moon base plans for the foreseeable future. Buran’s huge costs would see to that. Glushko’s Zvezda base was allowed to move forward in a desultory fashion until 1978, but were cancelled outright then when Buran fell behind schedule and NPO Energiya was forced to work on it almost exclusively. What was necessary for it to succeed: There are actually a few different avenues that could have led to the MTKVP flying. A somewhat less-successful US Space program would have helped assuage the Soviet inferiority complex at the time and given them the confidence to go ahead with something more different from the American shuttle, rather than quite literally building an orbiter in which they did not see (but merely suspected) an advantage. The other way to keep it a going concern is to note one of the reasons Glushko submitted to “Bloody Sunday”. A movement was afoot by engineers who had worked on the N1 to propose the revival of that rocket to the Soviet leadership, and they were preparing to make their pitch in February of 1976. The MTKVP was relatively agnostic about the rocket on which it could be perched: there’d be no real difficulty in designing it to sit on top of an N1. Glushko’s pride couldn’t allow the resurrection of his rival Korolev’s dream booster after having advocated against it for more than a decade, so in part he chose to scrap the top-mounted orbiter in favour of a laterally-mounted Shuttle analog because there was no way to attach one to an N1. Give Vasili Mishin a successful flight of an N1 (perhaps due to a little more luck with the last failure in November 1972) and Mishin probably could have headed off the coup of 1974. The switch away from a Moon base and toward a Shuttle-of-sorts would have probably happened anyway, and the same engineers who developed MTKVP under Glushko would have been in place in this scenario. All other things being equal, they’d have ended up with a similar design, and would have had a boss who wasn’t beholden to the military people who wanted Buran. Under those circumstances we could have seen an MTKVP (or something quite like it) flying on Korolev’s superheavy instead of Glushko’s mooted replacement. Chief Designers 1: Valentin Glushko (This is the first in a set of profiles I’ll be mixing in with the usual material every now and then. In the history of space missions that never happened about a dozen names appear over and over: a half-dozen Soviets, three or four attached to the American program, and a couple elsewhere in the world. Most of them have one or more character flaws worthy of the best fictional characters. Two are quite famous—Wernher von Braun and Sergei Korolev—but the rest are of varying degrees of obscurity. If you want to know about what might have been, you need to know about them, and as the USSR called theirs “Chief Designers” that’s what I’ll call them here.) Valentin Glushko as a younger man. Valentin Petrovich Glushko was the pre-eminent Soviet rocket engine designer of the 20th century and, from 1974 until his death in 1989, the head of NPO Energiya—de facto head of the Soviet space program. Glushko was born on September 2, 1908 in Odessa (part of what was then the Russian Empire and is now Ukraine). Inspired by the novels of Jules Verne he became interested in space as a teenager and started a seven-year correspondence with Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. After attending Leningrad State University, he began work with their Gas Dynamics Laboratory. In 1932, the GDL was melded into Sergei Korolev’s Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GRID, the first professional rocketry group in the world) to form the Reaction Engine Scientific Research Institute (RNII). In 1938 Stalin’s Great Purge swept across the USSR and Glushko was one of the millions of people caught up in it. While under interrogation by the NKVD he was made to denounce his co-workers, including Korolev. Glushko was sentenced to eight years in prison, but was sent to a relatively benign engineering work camp to continue with his rockets. Korolev was sentenced to the infamous Kolyma slave labour mines and nearly died from starvation and torture. He was released more than a year later and sent to work in a similar engineering camp, and even managed to work professionally with Glushko until the mid-1960s, but it’s likely that their later falling out—and its effect on the course of the Soviet space program—was at least in part due to these events. During World War II Glushko continued his imprisonment and work on rockets, primarily ones to assist airplanes on short takeoffs. He was formally released in August 1944, and in December of the same year he was named the head of a new design bureau, OKB SD (soon renamed OKB-456). As one of the Soviet Union’s foremost experts on rockets he was sent to Germany at the end of the war to investigate their rocketry program, which had shot far ahead of any other in the world in the preceding few years. While in Germany he helped to get the German V-2 engine factories back to work—under Soviet control—and was part of a small official Russian delegation observing Operation Backfire, a test firing of a British-seized V2 at Cuxhaven (Korolev came along unofficially, hidden amongst the Russian soldiers who accompanied them). In October of 1946, the Soviet Union all but kidnapped all Germans in the Soviet Zone involved with the V-2 and brought them to the USSR. There they were sent to work on a Russian copy of the V-2 (the R-1)and—more importantly—teaching their captors how to develop this kind of rocket indigenously. Glushko was put in charge of building the Russian version of the V-2 engine, the RD-100. By 1951 the Germans were sent home and under Glushko the Russians built the next stage in V-2 engine development, which the Germans had designed: the ED-140. This in turn led to the RD-105 and RD-106 (neither of which was very successful) and then, from the standpoint of history the most important, the RD-107. This engine was developed and working properly by the end of 1955. Since 1950 Sergei Korolev had been coordinating a project to build and fly the world’s first ICBM, the R-7, and Glushko’s RD-107 (and the related RD-108) was the engine selected for its three stages. After two failures, the third launch of an R-7 was successful on August 21, 1957. Six weeks later Sputnik I was on top of one and the Space Age began. An R-7 derivative using Glushko’s engine was not only later used for putting Yuri Gagarin in orbit, it’s still being used to put people into space on Russian rockets more than fifty years later. Every manned Russian spacecraft has been pushed into orbit by Glushko’s RD-107s or a derivative of it. This period of triumph came to an end in late 1961. Bearing in mind that the R-7 was a missile first and a satellite launcher second, it wasn’t very good for what was supposedly its primary job. It used liquid oxygen as a fuel oxidizer, and since that needs to be stored at cryogenic temperatures the time it took to launch one was too long. Against the R-7 Vladimir Chelomei had put up the UR-100 missile, which used the room-temperature propellants nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH; these could be loaded in a missile and left for months, and let one be launched on a few minutes’ notice. Soviet leaders considered it more successful than what Korolev and Glushko came up with to counter it, the R-9, and built far more of them. As a result, Glushko came around to the anti-LOX, storable propellant camp just as OKB-1 were settling the initial design of the N1 and refused to go along with Korolev’s intention of using liquid oxygen with kerosene and liquid hydrogen for the fuel. Glushko felt that it would be impossible to develop large engines that used those propellants, while Korolev was of the opinion that nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH were too toxic—they were dangerous for personnel to handle, and a pad explosion involving them would make for an environmental disaster. The two fell out completely over the disagreement and never worked together again. The N1 went ahead (arguably to its detriment) with engines by Nikolai Kuznetsov’s OKB-276, while Glushko went ahead with his own ideas. For Vladimir Chelomei he developed the engine for the UR-500 ICBM, a variation of which became the Proton launch vehicle. This was tapped for Chelomei’s abortive moon program in 1964-65, and for the longer-lived Zond program; it helped contribute to its failure by going through some terrible reliability problems until 1971. After that, though it became the satellite launcher of choice for the Soviet Union and even Russia in the present day. Besides that success, though, Glushko’s remaining career became a wonderland of alternative launchers, spacecraft, space stations, and even a lunar base. When the N1 began drifting into trouble, he started developing the massive RD-270 engine for Vladimir Chelomei’s alternative Moon rocket, the UR-700. It never went anywhere due to lack of funding, and Glushko evidently decided to solve the problem by political decapitation. Korolev had died at the start of 1966 and been replaced by his lieutenant, Vasili Mishin, OKB-1 being renamed TsKBEM at that time. Fairly or not, Mishin was blamed for the long series of failures in the Soviet space program from 1966-1974, and Glushko finally managed to convince the relevant Soviet officials (Leonid Brezhnev, Minister of Defense and Politburo member Dmitri Ustinov, and the Minister directly responsible for TsKBEM Sergei Afanasyev) that Mishin should be relieved and his bureau and Glushko’s amalgamated under him. Glushko near the end of his life, after successfully turning around the Soviet space program. From 1974 to 1989 Glushko was the top man in the Soviet space program, and it can fairly be said that he got it back on track in the late 1970s and mid-80s, but even then the political gyrations and declining finances of the USSR kept many of his projects in the realm of fantasy. In the eighteen months between his takeover and early 1976 he proposed the Zvezda program to begin a Soviet Moon base, backed with a super-heavy derivative of the Proton called Vulkan that could lift an astonishing 230 tonnes to orbit. When told to stop this and work on a copy of the American space shuttle, he switched over to the Energia rocket (and planned to work back up to the Vulkan by adding more strap-on boosters to it) and the associated Buran shuttle. Paradoxically, to do so he had to back down from earlier insistence on storable propellants: Energia used LOX, liquid hydrogen, and kerosene much as Korolev had wanted two decades before Glushko’s biggest rocket flew. Some sources say that the 1973 death of nine people in the explosion of a Kosmos rocket (which uses similar, but not identical, fuel as a Proton) ultimately changed his mind at a time when he was under pressure from his own bosses to make the switch. True to form, the RD-170 engine he developed to burn those fuels for Energia led to derivative engines still being used today. Also in the plus column, the Mir space station was arguably the Soviet Union’s biggest achievement in space after Yuri Gagarin, but the Mir-2 follow-up fell to the same problem as Energiya/Buran: the economic and then political collapse of the Soviet Union. He passed away on January 10, 1989, in Moscow, at the age of 80. Energia: The Last Big Rocket
The Paca (Paca Cuniculus) is a species of rodent in the family Cuniculidae. Nocturnal, feeding on fruit or roots. Like the Capivara it´s originally found in nearly all Brazil. Pacas are found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Pacas live in tropical rain forests primarily but are also found in a wide variety of forest habitats, including mangrove swamps, deciduous and semi-deciduous forest, upland scrub dense, narrow and growth along river banks. Both species of Paca mainly eat fruit but their diet changes throughout its and range based on the seasons. Other foods include roots, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers. In the wild, Pacas are herbivores. It is characterized by its harsh and bristly coat, red with white spots. The legs are strong and end in large claws. It has four toes on front paws and five on the back. Its tail is tiny. Species: * Lowland Paca, Cuniculus Paca * Mountain Paca, Cuniculus Taczanowskii
Smoothed slabs of limestone, observed and recorded by different methods, reveal sedimentary structures with different degrees of success. Sedimentary structures only dimly visible in ordinary light are made conspicuous by transmitted infrared. Fluorescent dyes penetrate defects in the rocks and reveal little of primary structures. Carbonates respond so uniformly to X-rays that structures are not revealed. Transmitted infrared is thus preferred for carbonates. You do not currently have access to this article.
46 terms New Imperialism: 19th - 20th Century Balance of Trade Nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries A state, or country, that has both defined borders and territory; composed principally of the same type of people, organized either by race or cultural background Spheres of Influence Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly David Livingstone Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) Henry Morton Stanley British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his African expeditions; he, additionally, helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. Berlin Conference King Leopold II King of Belgium; he was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (1865-1909) Jan van Riebeeck The Dutch man who helped settle the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 (came on the behalf of the Dutch East India Company) White natives of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans The Great Trek Many Afrikaners migrate inland due to British occupation of coast and abolition of slavery, because the Afrikaners had a lot of slave. Region of Southern Africa originally founded by Afrikaners; became a source of interest for the British following the discovery of gold and diamonds Orange Free State A province in central South Africa that was colonized by the Boers Cecil Rhodes British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. Zulu Nation A group of Afrikaners in South Africa who were taken over by the Dutch The Boer Wars A three year war fought between the British and the Boers - after the English had won, they created the South African Union. Ferdinand de Lesseps Suez Canal A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. British East India Company Sepoy Rebellion The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs. Robert Clive Durbars Ceremonies Rammohun Roy Indian intellectual who rose to top of East India Company and established Hindu College of Calcutta in 1816 which offered Western language and subjects but also reconciled them with Hindu tradition; founded society which reformed Hindu customs based on earliest Upanishads including child marriages, caste system, and widow restrictions Indian National Congress Taiping Rebellion The most destructive civil war, which took place in China, before the twentieth century; a Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Treaty of Nanking British Opium Wars The Chinese emperor appointed Commissioner Lin to end the opium trade in 1839. Britain continues to inject opium into China, so China cuts off all trade with Britain. Britain responds by using force to open China's seaports in 1840. Canton System Served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country; indirectly started the Opium Wars with Britain British traders from Hong Kong Treaty of Tianjin Opened and legalized opium trade, making more ports open to Britain. After the treaty was registered by the Chinese, the British took Beijing in 1860. Boxer Rebellion John Hay The Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. Patriotic Chinese militant group who killed foreigners and Chinese Christians Emperor Guang Xu Emperor who in 1898 led reforms to westernize Chinese government; later imprisoned by aunt Empress Ci Xi Aunt of the emperor, strongly against reform, she imprisoned the emperor and ended his attempts at reform, ruled for 50 years over China Emperor Pu Yi The last Emperor of China. He was put on the throne at the age of 3 and was more of a head figure than actual ruler. Chinese Republic The government form that came after the dynasties fall in China and gave rights to the people. Yuan Shikai Sun Yat-Sen Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.
Restless legs syndrome tied to high blood pressure in women restless leg, numbness, tingling, hands, feet, stock, 4x3 (CBS) Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs to counteract unpleasant sensations. A new study suggests that middle aged women with the syndrome may experience something even more unpleasant - heart failure or stroke that results from elevated blood pressure. For the study - published in the Oct. 10 issue of the journal Hypertension - researchers surveyed more than 65,000 nurses, asking if they experienced any common symptoms of RLS, as well as inquiring about their blood pressure. The researchers found that 33 percent of women who experienced frequent (more than 15) RLS episodes each month had high blood pressure, compared with only 21 percent of women who had no RLS symptoms. "We cannot say from this study that restless legs syndrome causes blood pressure to rise," study co-author Dr. Salma Batool-Anwar, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School, told WebMD. "But we did see a significant relationship between the severity of (RLS) symptoms and prevalence of hypertension." In an accompanying editorial in the same journal, Dr. Domenic Sica, professor of medicine and pharmacology at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, suggested that the lack of sleep that often accompanies the syndrome doesn't allow the body to "calm" itself at night. "If you don't sleep, you never have enough rest to bring your blood pressure down at night, which is what it's supposed to do," Sica told HealthDay. "Blood pressure is supposed to drop about 20 percent at night." What's the take-away message for women with restless legs syndrome? The study's authors say women with the syndrome should consult their doctor. "The risk of hypertension can be substantially reduced by following a healthy life style, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and keeping optimal body weight," study co-author DR. Dr. Xiang Gao, an assistant professor of medicine at the Harvard Medical School, told HealthDay. " Up to 15 percent of the population has restless legs syndrome. Symptoms include unusual crawling or tingling sensations, pain, and an urge to move that can last an hour or more. There is no known cure for the syndrome, but warm baths, stretching exercises, massages, and some medications can help relax the muscles. Hypertension increases a person's risk for chronic kidney disease, heart attack and failure, and stroke. WebMD has more on restless leg syndrome.
If someone accuses you of being perfidious, you should probably be offended — it means underhanded, treacherous, deceitful — even evil. If you betray people often, you're perfidious: traitors are extremely perfidious. Besides betrayal, this word implies lying and maybe other kinds of awful behavior, like stealing and taking bribes. Everyone tries to avoid perfidious people. Perfidious is kind of an old-fashioned word, but being perfidious will never go out of style, unfortunately. Definitions of perfidious “the perfidious Judas” punic, treacherous not true to duty or obligation or promises Sign up, it's free!
Printing comoany Printing Glossary Printing Glossary Accordian fold: Series of parallel folds in paper resembling an accordian. Adobe Acrobat: Software that lets you view and print Adobe PDF files. (See also "PDF") Adobe Illustrator: Software package used to create illustrations. Adobe Photoshop: Software package used extensively for photographic enhancements. Adobe Type Manager: Application that ensures accurate screen representations of Postscript fonts. Against-the-grain: Folding paper at right angles to the grain is problematic because it often causes cracking. Agate: Unit of measurement used in newspapers to calculate column space. 14 agate lines equals one inch. Anti-aliasing: Technique used in imaging applications to alleviate the jagged appearance of graphics produced on low-resolution devices such as computer monitors. Neutral colour is interpolated between two colour planes. Ascender: That part of the letter which rises above the body of the letter. ASCII: (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Represents characters with numbered code. Authoring: The layout, design and output of multimedia documents. Backing up: In press work, the reverse side of the sheet. Baseline: Horizontal line upon which all characters in a given line stand. Batch processing: Execution of a single or sequence of commands on multiple files. Bit-depth (or resolution): The amount of colour information available for each pixel in an image, also known as colour resolution. Common pixel depths range from 1 to 24 bits per pixel. Bitmap: Also called raster images, bitmaps use a grid of pixels to represent graphics. Bleed: Describes print that extends beyond the boundary of the printed sheet or page. Blind embossing: An impression made with a stamping die, without the use of ink or foil. BMP: (Windows bitmap) Image format on DOS and Windows platforms and applications. Format can be 1 to 24-bit depth and may be RLE-encoded for compression. Book papers: General term for coated and uncoated stocks. Burning: Photographic term referring to the addition of exposure to selected areas of a print. Computer term referring to the placing of files on a CD-R or CD-RW disk. Calliper: The thickness of a sheet measured with a micrometre. Camera-ready: Documents which are ready for the printing process without any further design or typesetting work. Can Copy: (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) This agency administers copyright permissions and royalty collection between publishers and institutions such as the University of Lethbridge. See the U of L CANCOPY license information. Cast coated: Highest gloss coating available with high ink absorption qualities. Cerlox binding: Removable plastic ring binding coil. Choke: The opposite of "spread" in plate making. When two colours butt up against one another, the darker colour area "chokes" the lighter colour, which is enlarged. CMYK: (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) Colour model based on the light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper. Cyan, magenta, yellow and black create secondary colours when combined. Coated cover: Coated stock for creating cover and packaging material. Coated paper: Paper with a matte or glossy smooth finish that aids image enhancement. Colour key: Pre-press colour proofing method using film overlays. Colour management systems: Digital database that defines colour space used by a digital input and output device. Ensures colour accuracy of output. Colour matching: Precise colour matching of original to the output in either traditional or digital darkrooms. Colour separation: Photographic process separating film into the four colours used to print cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks. Also known as CMYK. Condensed type: Narrow version of a regular typeface. Contact sheet: Also known as a gang proof, photographic negatives are aligned directly on photographic paper and exposed to light to provide one sheet containing all images. Continuous tone: Any photography, drawing or illustration that has a complete range of tones, i.e. it has not been screened. Corner-stitch: Single staple in top left corner of pages. Cropping: Precise sizing of a photographic or digital image, selecting a portion of the total image area. Deckle edge: Irregular, ragged edge on the outer edge of papers. Descended: That part of a lower case letter which falls below the body of the letter. Device driver: Software that enables a host computer to communicate with a hardware device. Die-cutting: Special cutting device for punching holes or slits in covers, etc. Digital image: Image that is scanned (digitized by a scanner) to a computer-readable format. Dithering: A technique to mix two or more colors together in a dot pattern to create the illusion of additional colors. Dodging: Photographic term referring to the subtraction of exposure to selected areas of a print. Dots: halftone Minute, symmetrical subdivisions of the printing surface formed by a halftone screen. DPI: (dots per inch) Also known as printer resolution Ñ is usually proportional to image resolution (ppi). The more dots per inch, the finer the resolution we have. Drum scanner: High resolution scanner able to digitize reflective or transparent images. Dummy: A rough form of any document. Duotone: An image reproduced with two colors. Dupe: Short form which describes duplicate versions of film negatives. DVD CD-ROM: with additional storage capacity. Developed to play full length feature films using MPEG compression. Dye-sublimation printing: CMYK printing using ink ribbons for proofing output to high-quality paper. Dylux: Pre-press positioning proof. Ellipses: Three dots (...) that indicate an omission. Elliptical dot: A halftone dot shaped like a football rather than the conventional square dot shape. Elliptical dot provides a smoother gradation of tones. Em: Short form for em-quad. Em-quad: In handset type, a metal space that is the square of the type body size. The name comes from the fact that in early fonts the letter M was cast on a square body. Em-space: A space the width of an em-quad. Emboss: Engraved or raised image in paper. Emulsion: Sensitized silver halide coating on acetate base of film able to recreate images when exposed to light. En: Short form for en-quad, half the width of an em. EPS (encapsulated PostScript): The graphics file format of the PostScript language. extended: Also called expanded. Typeface letters are "stretched" horizontally. Fine printing: Associated with offset printing method. Suggests full color publications using specialty stocks. Finishing: Applying final size and binding specifications to printed sheets of paper. FLASH: Macromedia software application used to create Internet content. Flexography: A relief printing process using rubber or plastic plates which is widely used in the packaging industry. Foil: Metallic or pigment leaf used to stamp designs on a surface. Folio: Page number. Also refers to a sheet of paper when folded once. Font: A particular style and size of type including all of the associated characters. Format or formatting: Computing term to describe font style, layout, margins, etc, in documents. Term is also used to describe the layout of a physical hard drive or floppy disk. Four-color process: Also known as CMYK. (See CMYK) FPO (for position only): Low-resolution image file used for layout purposes prior to creating film. FTP (file transfer protocol): A method to transfer computer files over the Internet and networks. Gamut: Range of colors that can be displayed or printed. Gatefold: Folding method whereby three panels fold into themselves. GCR (grey component replacement): Black ink replacement of neutral colors throughout an image in a colour separation (CMYK image) GIF (graphical interface format): Image compression format which creates small file sizes. Maximum 8-bit depth. GIF 89a (graphical interface format): Indexed-colour GIF files allowing transparency. Gigabyte (gig, GB, Gbyte): Computer storage amount. A gigabyte is made up of roughly 1,000 megabytes. Grain: Refers to paper fiber direction. Folding occurs easily along the grain but must be forced if at right angles to the grain Grayscale mode: Image mode which uses up to 256 shades of gray. Grid: Refers to cross-ruled transparent grids over which all parts of a page will be assembled. Gripper: The mechanical "fingers" which hold the paper onto the impression cylinder of the printing press. Gutter: Blank space where two pages meet, or the space between columns of type. Halftone: Screening of image with a series of different sized dots to provide the appearance of continuous tone on a printed piece of paper. (See also "LPI" and "continuous tone") HSB (hue, saturation, brightness): Colour model based on human perception of colour. Hyperlink: A programmed link between items of information. Hypertext: Describes a program that provides multiple pathways through text. Illustrator: Adobe application used to create illustrations and drawings. Image resolution: The number of pixels displayed per unit length of an image usually measured in pixels per inch. (See also "PPI") Image setter: Digital typesetters that process postscript files used to output photo-sensitive film for printing. Imposition: The arrangement of pages for printing. Indexed colour mode: Colour palette of at most 256 colours to represent image data. Indicia: A special permit which takes the place of a stamp. Ink holdout: A paper characteristic that keeps ink on the surface and prevents it from being absorbed. Too much absorption causes the printed image to lack sharpness. Inkjet printing: Wet inks are sprayed through fine nozzles onto the paper surface. Internegative: Negative created from transmission copy as an intermediate step to reproducing the original. IP address: A 32-bit number that identifies each sender or receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet. ISO (International Standards Organization): Organization responsible for establishing industry standards for film emulsion. Jaggies: Occurs when bitmapped images are displayed on a low-resolution monitor, or printed on a low-resolution printer, or when the image is enlarged. Anti-aliasing techniques can alleviate the problem. JAZ cartridge: High-capacity removable disk with up to two gigabytes of storage space. JPEG (Joint Professional Experts Group): Lossy image compression format for utilizing millions of colours on the web. 24-bit colour depth. Justified type: Lines of type that align on both the left and right. Kerning: Adjustment of spacing between letters. Keyline: The outlines or areas or objects. Kilobyte (K, KB, kbyte): Computer storage amount. A Kilobyte is made up of roughly 1,000 bytes. Kraft: A sturdy paper made from sulphate pulp, commonly used for wrapping. L.C. (lowercase): Small letters of a font. LAB (luminanceAB) colour mode: Precise mathematical formula for describing image colour space. Used in colour management systems. Laid paper: Paper having a series of parallel lines which simulate the look of handmade papers. Laminate: Encases a single imaged sheet in a protective plastic material. Often used for posters and flyers. Laser printing: Uses a combination of toner and laser heat to fix images to paper. Lay down sequence: In CMYK printing, the sequence in which the colors are printed. Leader: A row of dots, periods or dashes used to lead the eye across the page. Leading (pronounced "ledding"): Metal type term for space between lines of type. Legibility: Type that is composed and spaced for maximum speed of perception. Letterpress: Printing method using a raised area. Ligature: Two or three characters joined on one body. Line spacing: Phototypesetting term for leading. Lithography: Printing process whereby the image area is separated from the non-image area by means of chemical repulsion. Logo: Identification image. Logotype: Often referred to as logo. Identification image which includes letters. Lossless: Describes an image-compression method that retains all image detail (See "LZW compression") Lossy: Describes an image-compression method that reduces image detail in order to create a smaller file size. Low resolution: A display system or printer which is unable to produce fine detail. LPI (lines per inch): Also known as screen frequency. Refers to the number of dots used to produce halftones for printing. (See also "halftones" and "screen frequency") LZW compression: A lossless image compression method that does no discard detail from the image. Images are compressed by creating commonly recurring data bits. Macromedia Director: An application enabling users to create presentations combining images, video and sound. Magenta: Also referred to as process red -- one of the CMYK process colors. Make-ready: Press preparations prior to printing a job. Masking: Hiding an area that should not show during the image creation process. Match print: Proof printed on customer selected paper Megabyte (meg, MB, Mbyte): Computer storage amount. A megabyte is made up of roughly 1,000 kilobytes Metallic inks: Inks containing bronze or aluminum powders in a varnish base. Midtone: Gray or middle tonal range of an image - the area closest to 50% white and 50% black Moire: Undesirable patterns that sometimes occur when reproductions are made from halftone proofs due to incorrect screen angles. Monitor resolution: Pixel setting of the monitor. Default resolution of Mac monitors is typically 72 dpi. Default resolution of PC monitors is typically 96 dpi. Monotone: Reproduction in one colour only. Montage: Single image created from a compilation of several images. MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group): Data compression method for full-motion video. Multiple master: A font manipulation system devised by Adobe in which a basic master font can be altered by the designer. Neg: Short form for film negatives. Network printer: Printer connected to a network so that many computers can access it. Offset printing or lithography: Transfer of an image from a printing plate to a special rubber sheet and finally onto paper. OLE (object linking and embedding): Allows users to create documents that integrate tools and information from a variety of sources. On-demand publishing: Customized books or documents created digitally or conventionally. Opacity: Paper quality which prevents type or images printed on one side from showing on the other side. Also refers to the covering power of an ink. Optical disk: In computing and optical recording (CD or optical disk) is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data in the form of pits and lands on one of its flat surfaces. Overprinting: Also called surprinting. One color is printed on top of another. Overrun: Printing a quantity in excess of what is ordered. Typically printers specify that they will supply 10% more or less than the requested quantity. Padding: Glue applied to a group of sheets to form a note pad. Path: A digital selection of an image area usually stored in an alpha channel. Also referred to as "clipping path". PDF (portable document format): A file type containing embedded information. Created by Adobe, PDF is ideal for portability and screen viewing because pages display the same way that they were created Perfect binding: Glued pages with wrap-around paperback cover. Photo CD: Kodak image compression file format using YCC data, a colour encoding metric developed by Kodak. Photo Shop: Adobe software package used extensively for photographic enhancements. Pica: Measuring unit typically used in typesetting. One pica is approximately 1/6 of an inch. PICT: Apple's format for displaying 72 dpi bitmapped graphics. PICT data is one element of an EPS file, allowing PostScript data to be viewed on screen. Pixel: A small area defined on a computer screen. The on-screen image is made up of thousands of individually coloured pixels. Plate: Used in the offset printing process to transfer image to paper. PMS (Pantone matching system): Print industry colour matching system. PMT (photo mechanical transfer): Black print contact sheet made from negative film. PNG (portable network graphic): File format developed as an alternative to GIF for use on the worldwide web. PNG preserves all colour information using a lossless compression scheme. Point: Sub-measurement of pica. There are 12 points in a pica and 72 points in an inch. Point size is commonly used to denote the size of a particular font. PPI (pixels per inch): Describes the number of pixels an image contains. The more pixels per inch, the finer the resolution. Pre-flighting: Checking files for colour fit (trapping), fonts, positioning, registration and accuracy. Pre-press: All working steps leading up to the printing process. Pressure sensitive paper: A sticky label stock with removable protective backing. Primary (or additive) colours: Consist of red, green and blue. Addition of all 3 wavelengths yield white. (See also "RGB") Print driver: Software needed to set parameters for document printing. Printing inks: Inks used in reproduction of images and text on a press. Process printing: CMYK printing of halftones from two or more plates to produce other colours and shades. PS (PostScript): A printer language file which may be printed without opening the native application. Quark Xpress: Publishing software package used in printing facilities and design houses. QuickTime: A video file format developed by Apple. RAM: Refers to random access memory used by computers for temporary storage of data. Raster: A bitmap image consisting of a matrix of pixels. Ream: A measurement unit for paper, usually 500 sheets. Registration marks: Usually depicted by a cross in a circle to ensure perfect alignment when printing more than one ink. Removable media: Refers to portable mass storage devices such as Iomega Zip, JAZ, SyQuest, and floptical disks. Resolution: The number of dots or screen pixels used to create an image. The more dots, the higher the resolution, the better the image. Higher resolutions increase file sizes. RGB (red, green, blue): colour mode which uses a large percentage of the visible colour spectrum (primary colours). RGB images must be translated to CMYK to print. RIP (raster image processor): Converts postscript files to raster (bitmap) images for printing on output devices. RLE (run-length encoding): Bitmap compression for 4- and 8-bit bitmaps. Compression is lossless - it does not discard detail from the image. RTF (rich text format): Text file able to retain font and formatting information. Saddle-stitch: Booklet style stapling with two staples. Sans serif: Type without serifs. Scoring: Creasing paper mechanically so that it will fold more easily. Scratch disk: Portion of existing hard disk space reserved by an application for use as temporary working space. Screen: Usually a reference to a printed screen resolution. (See also "halftone" and "LPI") Screen frequency: A reference to a printing press screen resolution. (Common frequencies are 85 lpi for newsprint and 133-150 lpi for fine printing). (See also "halftone" and "LPI") SCSI (small computer systems interface): Interface to transmit digital data and to connect computers to peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc. (Pronounced "scuzzy") Serifs: The opening and closing cross strokes that appear in the letterforms of some typefaces. Shadow: Dark tonal range of an image. Sheet-fed: Paper is fed to a printing press using sheets, rather than on a roll or web. Spiralastic: Spiral, plastic, coil binding that winds through a series of punched holes in the document. Spread: A pair of facing pages. Spreading: When two colours print next to each other, the lighter colour is spread a tiny amount to eliminate the possibility of white space occurring due to imperfect registration. Stet: A proofreader's mark that indicates copy marked for correction should be ignored. Stripping: Term for placing different negatives on a masking sheet prior to making printing plates. Tape binding: Cloth binding (usually black) applied to the spine of a document during or after the copying process. Thermal binding: Process that bakes a pre-glued wrap-around cover onto the loose pages of a book forming a permanent binding. Thermography: Special powder application to offset printing. Paper is transferred through a special thermal heater unit which creates raised, glossy ink. Thumbnail: A very small, rough rendition of a larger image. TIFF (tagged-image file format): Image format used to exchange files between applications and computer platforms. Supports LZW lossless compression. Format can be 1 to 32-bit depth. Tooth: Refers to the rough texture of a paper's surface. Trapping: Two colours which print next to each other are overlapped a tiny amount to eliminate the white space between them. (See also "choke" and "spread") Typeface: A selection of a particular type style comprised of a number of fonts. Typography: Skilled level of typeface choice with spacing, impact and readability considerations. UCR (under colour removal): Replacement of colour inks with black ink in shadow and neutral areas of a colour separation. Reduces "muddiness" due to excessive ink coverage. Uncoated paper: Stocks with a non-smooth surface and high ink absorption. Uppercase: The capital letters of a type font. Van Dyke: Another name for a pre-press proof or dylux proof. Varnish: A clear coating ink that gives a gloss or matte finish to printed pieces. Vector graphics: Consist of lines and curves. Vellum: Designates a strong, toothy paper finish. Web-fed: Refers to presses that accept paper on rolls. Weight: The variation of a letterform. Also refers to the weight of 500 sheets (a ream) of paper. Widow: A single work left hanging at the end of a paragraph. Word mark: Logo comprised of words only. Wove paper: An uncoated paper that has a uniform surface. Wrap-around: A book jacket cover with front, back and flap designs. Often referred to as a "dust-cover". WYSIWYG: (pronounced "wizzywig") Generally means that what you see on your monitor is what you'll get when you print a hard copy. X-height: The height of the body of lowercase letters, without the ascenders and descenders. ZIP disk: A "Zip" disk, not to be confused with a "zip file", is a high-capacity, removable disk with a 100-250 megabyte capacity. ZIP file: A zip file is a normal file in compressed format. You can zip any number of files into one zip file. PKZIP, WINZIP, or STUFFIT can be used to compress and decompress these files. All prices on this website are in Canadian Dollars (CAD)
6 Risk Factors of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Also known as LGS, this syndrome affects younger children (starting between ages two to six) and is a rare form of epilepsy, according to WebMD. This results in frequent seizures of varying forms, adds the source. WebMD also notes the condition is especially difficult to treat, however research is ongoing. There can be other symptoms related the syndrome, such as learning difficulties and development delays, it adds. Here are six possible explanations for the medical problem… 1. Lack of Oxygen DoveMed.com notes that a reduced oxygen supply to a baby, also referred to as perinatal hypoxia, can be a risk factor for LGS. Other sources break down the reasons why an infant may not be getting sufficient oxygen immediately before and after birth – for example, a traumatic birth could temporarily cut off air supply to a newborn, killing off some essential brain cells. Infants can also experience a higher risk of perinatal hypoxia if the mother smokes, the mother has anemia, or there’s a traumatic brain injury, according to BirthInjuryGuide.org. Next »
A state that has failed the people Understanding the role and power of the state and why its priority is supporting corporate power over the interests of the majority Most of the major problems and issues we face – here and in the rest of the world – boil down to a few simple propositions: • • the majority are powerless, lacking a decisive say in their workplaces, communities, towns and cities • • democracy is now a sham, a shell despite the efforts of generations of struggle to make it work • • policies are shaped and determined by market forces, the major corporations and banks that are driven by profit • • the economic and political system as a whole is unstable, rapidly losing legitimacy, and has entered a dangerous phase. There is little doubt that humankind could, redeploying existing resources and technologies, build affordable housing, improve health care, tackle disease and meet the dramatic challenges presented by runaway climate change. So what is preventing us from doing just that, from living in a society that works for all? Real (and some imaginary) barriers stand between the majority and society’s ability to find sustainable, democratically-arrived at solutions. The obstacles are actually to be found inside ‘the system’. So what is ‘the system’? Can we pin it down? Can we identify where the power to make decisions in society lies? It is really important to do this so that we know what we are up against and what strategies and plans will help us turn things round or, better still, right side up. When people talk about the ‘system’ more often than not they mean the way politics works (or doesn’t). But it is reasonable to suggest that the ‘system’ also includes the way the economy operates because without the production of food, clothing and shelter society would not function. Taken together, the political system and the economic system form the heart of, and shape, a social system as a whole, which goes by the name of capitalism. The present political process may be rejected and held in contempt by many people for a variety of reasons but this is the arena where binding and enforceable decisions are made on a daily basis that affect our lives and our futures. This is where laws are made, wars declared and banks bailed out, to list just a few functions of what is referred to as the state (see end of chapter). So what is the nature of this political process? In the UK, there is no single document that brings together the constitution of the country, the rules which set out how the state is supposed to work and how it relates to the people. Nevertheless, it is possible to show how government works and how it interacts with other bodies like the legal system, the police, the armed forces, intelligence agencies, the Parliaments of other nations within the UK, local government and things like the BBC or the Arts Council. Taken as a whole, these bodies represent more than government – they represent a state system of rule with its own turbulent history. As we drill down deeper into the system, the crisis of democracy outlined in Chapter 1 can equally be seen as an historic crisis of the present. How citizens are ruled over and decisions taken by others that shape our lives and futures is at the heart of the matter. In the UK, the state’s nature and form has changed over many centuries, during which it made the transition from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary, capitalist type of state with a constitutional monarchy. This process has frequently been tumultuous, despite the attempt by conservative historians to paint a picture of smooth, inevitable, evolutionary progress that has more or less finished. The revolt of the barons in 1215, leading to Magna Carta which established the principle of the rule of law and the beginnings of accountable rule led to civil war before it was enforced. In the 16th century Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries and broke the power of the church as landlords with their own courts and laws. Then, in the 17th century, the people were decisive in the Civil War against the absolute monarchy of Charles I. They flocked to the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell and defeated the king, who was executed for crimes against the nation. For an all-too-brief period, England was a republican commonwealth. The political revolution of 1688 finally consolidated parliamentary sovereignty. The great struggles for the vote that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 1920s, the fight for free trade unions, for a welfare state, for a free health service and many other episodes are examples of where the state’s power has been challenged both from within and from below. These immense, sometimes openly revolutionary struggles – which are only a fraction of our shared social history – in themselves show the importance of the state for people of all classes who have struggled for control, influence and for access to the levers of power itself. Why? Because it is through the institutions of the state that political power is organised and put into effect throughout society, by force when and where it is considered necessary. Significantly the state, as we shall see in Chapter 3, creates the framework for capitalism to place profit and providing for shareholders above all other considerations. Mystifying the state Mystification of the nature of the state is common in part because the state assumes the form of a neutral body, acting as a kind of umpire, seemingly standing above society and yet with immense power over its citizens. The absence of a codified constitution, which virtually every other country possesses, adds to the problem of identifying the ‘state’ as such. This problem is magnified by the fact that state power is not to be found in any single place but is in practice expressed through the actions of officials and politicians operating in an ensemble of institutions that together constitute the state. Of course, these institutions are often at odds with each other. The Supreme Court, for example, ruled in January 2017 that the executive did not have the power to trigger Article 50 to exit the European Union without the approval of Parliament. These institutions and their relation to the people exist within a constitutional framework that in the UK is scattered in various pieces of legislation, rulings, precedents, customs and even traditions. It is a very British constitution that enables the ruling classes to duck and dive, adapt and manoeuvre as circumstances demand. Historically, the state has come to perform some key roles and today: • • provides a framework for economic activity (e.g. currency, company law) • • makes decisions and acts in the name of the ‘people’, the ‘nation’ etc. • • funds and organises the education of future generations of the workforce • • moderates conflicts between social classes and other interests • • secures and defends the territory claimed by the UK state • • maintains political relations with other states • • establishes and sustains a framework of law that is applied uniformly • • facilitates the creation of infrastructure like transport • • reserves to itself the lawful use of physical force within and without its territory (through the police, armed forces etc) • • contributes significantly to the dominant narrative and vision of society – that there is no alternative to capitalism, that democracy and free markets are equivalents etc. (see Chapter 4) Professor Bob Jessop, who has made a lifetime study of the state and its role in society, notes that ruling in the “common interest or general will” is weighed down with contradictions because it is “always asymmetrical, marginalizing or defining some interests at the same time as it privileges others. There is never a general interest that embraces all possible particular interests.” Next: Rise of the corporatocracy … Over to you If you are a supporter and are logged in you can comment below; alternatively Email your comments Share This:
How the charge light works This is about the red charge light on the headlight shell just behind the speedometer. I like to look at it this way: the red indicator is a 6V incandescent light that is connected between the battery and the generator. This light bulb burns at its rated value when there is 6 V across its terminals. That is why it lights up when the generator is not generating. It then, effectively, is connected to +6V from the battery and 0 V from the generator, so it lights up. When the engine is running fast enough and the generator puts out +6 V, the indicator has +6 V on one end and +6 V on the other: no voltage difference, so it doesn’t light.However, if the generator output does some power, but the voltage isn’t adequate, the voltage difference across the indicator will be smaller than 6 V. It might burn softly, but it will be very hard to see. This is typical for light bulbs: if connected to half their rated Voltage, they burn at 1/4 power, and thus approximately 1/4 light output. Do the math: if connected to 1/3 the voltage, it will burn at 1/9th power. It will be very hard to see, especially when there is ambient light, as on a sunny day.From this one learns: the red light will indicate that you are using battery power, for example, when you are about to start the engine and have the key pressed in. It will indicate a major failure in the charging circuit of your bike. It will NOT indicate discharge during riding the bike when the generator/regulator is “just not up to it.” You might be slowly depleting the battery and the indicator will not light.
Prostate cancer research Monday 21 July 2008 8:30AM (view full episode) Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death among men. In this programme we take a look at some recent research and talk to specialists about their latest investigations into new treatment options for the disease. Norman Swan: Good morning and welcome to the program. This morning on the Health Report: the prostate and men's problems. There are all sorts of new ways for urologists to core out enlarged prostates from the inside and a recent review of the evidence for these techniques - mostly using lasers - has suggested that at the moment they might not be worth the added expense. Dr Rob Pickard was involved in this analysis of the research on surgery for what's called benign prostatic enlargement. He's a urologist at Newcastle University in the UK. Rob Pickard: All men have a prostate gland and its function is basically to produce the seminal fluid, so obviously when men's reproductive life is over it's a little bit redundant and unfortunately that coincides with its benign enlargement. This causes symptoms such as having to wait for the urine to come, poor urine flow, urinary frequency and having to get up at night. Norman Swan: There has been a controversy about the usefulness of that operation to begin with, that many of the reasons for men's lower urinary tract symptoms are not closely related to the actual size of the prostate, they may be like women, due just to ageing of the bladder and the nerves that control our urinary flow. Rob Pickard: That is certainly correct. Overall irrespective of the cause about 70% of men who have significant symptoms do benefit from a prostate operation. If we do special tests to find out that it is definitely due to the prostate gland, and this is measuring the pressure in the bladder and the flow of urine, then that proportion of men who benefit jumps up to about 90%. Norman Swan: So describe the various technologies, I mean the standard one is what they call a TURP. Rob Pickard: Yes, the key thing is removing the inner part of the prostate gland. Prostate gland surrounds the urine pipe, the urethra at the level at the base of the bladder so as the inner part of it enlarges it pinches the urine tube. The idea is to core out the prostate gland from the inside so these operations are all done through a telescope that's inserted down the urethra, down the urine pipe from the tip of the penis and up to the base of the bladder. Really what differs is the energy source that's used to remove the prostate tissue. In the traditional operation which is TURP which is trans urethral resection of the prostate the tissue is removed with an electrical wire, the current passes through it, heats it up to a very high temperature. The problem with it is that as you cut the prostate gland, as you can imagine it starts to bleed and the characteristics of the electrical current that's used to do the operation don't allow the bleeding to be stopped straight away, you have to pause, stop the bleeding and then cut more prostate out. Norman Swan: So it's pretty tedious? Rob Pickard: Yes and it's about 4%, that's 4 in 100 men who have the operation do lose sufficient blood to need a blood transfusion. Norman Swan: So the other ones are largely based on the laser cutting out the tissue or indeed there's a laser technique which almost imitates what used to be done for prostate surgery which used to be an open operation where the surgeon would almost get their fingers in and hook out the enlarge bit of prostate. Rob Pickard: That is true, so the two main replacements are instead of cutting out pieces you use a much higher energy source to actually vaporise the prostate. Norman Swan: I'm crossing my knees as you speak. Rob Pickard: Yes, it can be. Fortunately all these operations are done under an anaesthetic but it's still pretty slow so these procedures do take longer than a TURP but because the laser vaporises the tissue and stops any bleeding at the same time you don't get so much bleeding. And the other technique as you quite rightly suggest, internally using a laser fibre, the surgeon can actually shell out the prostate from the inside. Now the difficulty there is that obviously that leaves a huge chunk of prostate tissue in the bladder and at the moment that has to be removed by passing an additional instrument through the urethra into the bladder which is actually like a miniaturised tunnel boring type instrument that actually chews up the prostate tissue to allow it to be flushed out the urine pipe. Norman Swan: Now you're bringing tears to my eyes. So now we get to the key part of this interview after you've looked at the randomised trials which have been done of these new technologies to see what the evidence is as to whether these new fancy techniques are actually that much better and worth the extra cost compared to the TURP. Rob Pickard: Yes and generally these techniques produce an equivalent improvement in symptoms to TURP in the short term. Then the other thing you look for is any adverse effects of treatment and that's where these newer treatments do have the advantage of causing less blood loss but the main problem is that the studies are all short term and the prostate does tend to grow back with time. So a proportion of men will need a repeat procedure, now with TURP that's very low but for these newer procedures that's uncertain. The other problem is that the studies that have been done the numbers weren't large enough to detect true differences in things like complications. For example bleeding because it's relative rare, you need large numbers of men to prove that. One of the problems is that particularly in surgery fashions change and developments happen without too much rigorous examination of the effectiveness of the interventions. And that's been particularly the thing with lasers - we like new technologies so we tend to implement it quite quickly. So that provides a sort of driver for change without there being evidence that it's any better. Norman Swan: Dr Rob Pickard is a urologist at Newcastle University at Newcastle Upon Tyne in the UK. And you're listening to the Health Report here on ABC Radio National. Lourenco T et al. Alternative approaches to endoscopic ablation for benign enlargement of the prostate: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 5 July, 2008;337:36-39 Sean P Elliott Endoscopic ablation for benign enlargement of the prostate. Editorial. British Medical Journal 5 July, 2008;337:4-5 Another prostate treatment that's being used ahead of the evidence is for prostate cancer. It's hormone therapy for men whose tumour hasn't spread from the gland and where the man has decided not to have surgery or radiotherapy just yet. It's drug treatment which brings down the levels of testosterone, the male hormone which is known to drive the growth of prostate tissue. Hormone therapy helps in advanced prostate cancer, although as you'll hear from Ann in a moment, its effects on men and their partners are probably underestimated. Anyway, it's been an open question whether so called androgen deprivation therapy is worth having for small prostate tumours which haven't spread and don't seem to be too nasty. That's been looked at by a group of U.S. researchers, one of whom is Dr Robert DiPaola, Professor of Medicine and Director of the Prostate Cancer Program at the Cancer Institute of New Jersey. Now they didn't do a randomised trial, they followed what happened to 20,000 men. Robert DiPaola: Absolutely, in fact this was utilising existing data bases where men who underwent hormone therapy and men who did not utilise hormonal therapy were statistically compared but this was retrospective and the best studies controlled for all of the variables and they do it in a prospective manner - meaning they do it in a randomised fashion, ask the question ahead and then they always randomise so that the people, or the men in the group that don't have the hormone therapy and the group that do have the hormone therapy in that setting would have the same other variables or factors. Norman Swan: But you're trying to shut the door after the horse has bolted because doctors are regularly using this, at least in the United States and to some extent in Australia, therefore you're playing catch up? Robert DiPaola: Exactly and we've had a number of statisticians that's part of the analysis to look at the variables that could alter the end result as to whether or not there would be a survival advantage to the use of hormonal therapy in this setting when a man chooses not to undergo local therapy. Norman Swan: And your findings? Robert DiPaola: And what we found is that in the low to moderate risk group there was not an improvement in survival by the use of hormonal therapy as primary androgen deprivation therapy in these men. In the higher risk group it was less clear and it had a trend towards some improvement in patients who had more aggressive disease. Norman Swan: Could it also go to the issue which is around the huge debate about PSA testing, prostate specific antigen testing, which is enormously controversial, at least here in Australia, that in fact localised prostate cancer, lower risk prostate cancer is in fact a different disease that might not have ever gone anywhere and that we are uncovering two different phenomena and therefore it's not surprising that the treatment for prostate cancer that's going to kill you is different from prostate cancer that might not have gone anywhere and be otherwise unnecessarily treated? Robert DiPaola: Absolutely, I agree. And the thing that we're also seeing with hormonal therapy as more studies are done is the long term side effects that I mentioned earlier. Norman Swan: Professor Robert DiPaola is Director of the Prostate Cancer Program at the Cancer Institute of New Jersey. Llu-Yao G L et al. Survival Following Primary Androgen Deprivation Therapy Among Men With Localized Prostate Cancer. JAMA July 9, 2008;300;2:173-181 Well this seems like the right time to give you another chance to hear Ann's story. Ann is not her real name, nor is Richard her husband's. It's about the enormous impact hormonal treatment for prostate cancer has had on her, him and their relationship and how they seem to have been left high and dry by the medical system. When we first played it, there was an enormous response from women and men echoing Ann's experiences. And in case you wonder as you listen, Ann did seek and get her husband's agreement to do the interview. Ann remembers well the first day she had to confront Richard's diagnosis. Ann: Yes, I definitely remember that. It was about a year and a half ago, it was at the doctors and he told us that it was quite serious and that he had a Gleason score of 9 out of the highest score of 10. I hadn't been there the first time but we were then discussing what treatment my husband should have. Norman Swan: How old is your husband? Ann: He's 68. Norman Swan: And he had known about the fact that he had prostate cancer beforehand and this was like a follow up visit for more information? Ann: Yes, and he went to the first one on his own and then I went with him to the next one. Norman Swan: And you didn't think much of it until you'd gone to the doctor this time? Ann: Well he told me but I don't think I really understood the seriousness of it and I really didn't understand what the treatment was going to do. Neither of us really understood - my husband is a very thorough person and he'd been doing a lot of research on it but he couldn't find a lot of information. As far as the treatment goes there doesn't seem to be a lot of research done in that area. Norman Swan: So what did the doctor tell you the treatment was going to be? And just to explain a Gleason score of 9 is high, most men diagnosed with early-ish prostate cancer would have a Gleason of around about 6, 9 is pretty high and pretty serious. Ann: Yeah, he was at a stage T3c they call it. Norman Swan: So what did the doctor say was going to happen? Ann: The doctor said that he advised brachytherapy, external radiation therapy and then androgen deprivation therapy. Norman Swan: So brachytherapy is where they put radio active seeds inside the prostate gland and external radiation therapy is more traditional radio therapy from a big machine outside and androgen deprivation therapy is where they give you drugs to counteract the effects of testosterone? Ann: That's right, the brachytherapy he had was to do with rods going in, they didn't leave seeds in. Norman Swan: So it's fairly major stuff. Ann: It was major stuff and it was very quick. Norman Swan: So when you heard the doctor saying your husband Richard was going to have all this what were you thinking? Ann: I didn't understand any of it, I didn't understand the implications for me or for my husband. There was just all this talking and this man, he is very good, he did a very good job but he talked very quickly. I was left reeling and I think my husband was left reeling, I can't really speak for him. Norman Swan: But something made you write to me. Ann: Yes, what made me write to you was the reaction during the androgen deprivation therapy and after that. The effect it had on my husband and consequently on our relationship but particularly on my husband, it was just terrible. No one had prepared us for it and the consequences of it and also we were totally, both of us totally felt I think that we were, I don't want to say spat out, it felt that at the time, but we were just lost. I just had nowhere to turn, no one to go to, I tried a support person, a support group, that gentleman was very kind but my husband didn't want anything to do with a support group. And this man told me that 70% of the calls he gets are from the wives or partners of the men who've had androgen deprivation therapy. He was quite cheery actually, my husband wasn't. Norman Swan: So what happened, let's go back to when he started the therapy and the changes you saw and what effect it had? Ann: Well he's a very logical person and one of his strengths is his ability to get right to the nut of a problem. He's a really bright person and suddenly he became not only yelling at me because we're very close, we've always been a very close couple, he started yelling and feeling that he was absolutely useless and his masculinity was under attack and he'd been assaulted almost. That's how it appeared to me but he also couldn't reason and he was illogical and irrational and anything I would say would be twisted and turned into something completely different. It was weird, even a simple thing, we've always got some toast for each other if one of us is getting toast and we'd butter it for the other person and suddenly that became an attack on his masculinity. Norman Swan: The fact that you were buttering his toast? Ann: Yes that I thought he couldn't do it for himself and everything I said was met with an outburst of you don't think I can do this. Whereas he could always do lots of things and I've never questioned his ability to do things or anything. I mean he's such a competent person and suddenly he just seemed to think he couldn't do anything or that I thought he couldn't do anything. But more than that it was actually trying to talk with him, we've always talked a lot together and I could have said maybe you're upset because of the androgen deprivation, something like that, and suddenly it would be turned into this completely different thing that he would use words that I wouldn't have said, and repeat it back to me that I'd said this and I'd said that, and I hadn't. It was really terrible. Norman Swan: So the man you had been living with had changed? Ann: Yes, absolutely changed and still has to a degree. Norman Swan: Why were you putting it down to the androgen deprivation therapy rather than just the trauma of all this radiotherapy and having cancer and so on? Ann: Well I think it was that too but the androgen deprivation therapy made him feel, and he told me this, made him feel no longer a sexual being, those were his words, he no longer feels like he's a sexual being. And he just felt that he had no sexual drive anymore and it's not to do with all this stuff, you know all the research I've done, people talk about erectile tissue and stuff but while that's incredibly relevant it's also the lack of libido and the lack of sexual drive that the men no longer feel any interest in no feeling. It's like he's half dead really. Norman Swan: And obviously it has profoundly affected your sex life between you? Ann: That's one area but it's profoundly affected our relationship, not based on sex it's based on how he perceives himself now and how he's distanced himself. And it would seem from the research that I've done, the little bit that's around, there's an Israeli woman, it seems to be nurses who do this sort of stuff, this is not unusual. It's not unusual that the relationships that people had suddenly become ah, the men just change, they don't want to be close anymore, I don't think they can be close and I'm not talking about sexually here necessarily, I'm talking about emotionally. Norman Swan: You're talking about intimacy. Ann: Intimacy, emotional the whole thing. Norman Swan: When you spoke to him about it what did he say? Ann: Well that's when he'd get so upset, he used to sob, it was terrible. Norman Swan: Did you seek help? Ann: Well he wouldn't, I wanted to go and see the GP but he just hit the roof about that and I hit the roof and wanted him to see a psychologist but he wouldn't. Because he's regarded as highly intelligent and others around him, you know the doctor felt that he could manage that himself. With time the outbursts have gone but now there's just a lack of closeness or a removal, an emotional removal. Norman Swan: So there's been in your view an irrevocable change? Ann: Well I hope not, perhaps, I don't know, that's relationships isn't it I guess. Norman Swan: Did you feel that you were told about this before the androgen deprivation therapy? Ann: No, that's why I wrote to you because I just feel I had to turn somewhere. What I felt was, and I was trying to find people I could contact to help, to get some information but what I found was that there was just nowhere to turn, there must be people, women and couples, all over Australia, forget Australia - all over the western world where this is happening, who were just isolated couples trying to sort this stuff out themselves. And I just thought this can't go on, this androgen deprivation and prostate cancer is one of the largest, it's going to be and is one of the worst cancers that's going to attack men. And the way I see it, if it's as prevalent as it's going to be you can't just have couples in diminished relationships without some sort of support because otherwise it's just going to be some sort of malaise in our society. You can't have men and women and particularly men just feeling their roles are completely undermined and I'm talking about a societal issue - you can't just have this happening, it's horrible and it's just wrong. Norman Swan: Have you been able to get help even for yourself through this? Ann: I have a very, very good GP and I talk to her sometimes but my husband wants to, it's a very private thing for him he doesn't want me to talk to anyone apart from National Radio. The other thing too Norman is that part of the research that I read said that any of the research that has been done is done when they're speaking to the men and I can tell that that's the case, they don't talk to the women so the men might crack hardy or something like that. And the other thing that really concerned me is that most of the women they do interview say that after a year or something that their relationships are unsatisfactory, they regard their marriage as unsatisfactory and I don't want that for me. Norman Swan: When they say unsatisfactory, it is going beyond sex, it's the full package of intimacy that you were talking about? Ann: Exactly and that's what I don't want for my relationship even though that's probably what's happening but I want to change my mindset about that, I want to have a different outlook about that. Norman Swan: He must be quite depressed? Ann: Well he says he's not always, I don't know, sometimes he is and sometimes he's not, he buries himself in his things and his interests. Norman Swan: I mean listening to you talking when you say I don't know, I get the impression just listening to you that the relationship you've had before is that ten years ago you probably would have known, but you don't know now. Ann: Even two years ago I would have known. When I say I don't know I mean I'll suggest that to him and he would say no. And then other days he might be obviously depressed or he'll put things down not to that, he'll put it down to something else but I suspect he's very depressed. Norman Swan: Do you have days when you despair? Ann: I have had but we've got to deal with it. Norman Swan: What about your kids, your children? Ann: I don't have children no, that's the important thing too that our relationship was very strong. Norman Swan: Have you managed to speak to any other women in the same situation? Ann: Well my husband has asked me not to speak to anyone as I say apart from National Radio so no, in fact my friends, nobody knows I'm coming on this show, they'll get a surprise if they listen. And it's important, my husband you know he doesn't want me to divulge things so much that people recognise it's him. Norman Swan: I mean I'm curious as to why he was prepared to let you talk on national radio albeit under a pseudonym and using a pseudonym for him. He obviously thought there was a story to be told. Ann: I haven't discussed that much either, we're the sort of couple who respect each other's will to do something so he would never - I mean if this is what I want to do, then this is want I want to do. And also I guess he does want me to do something about it because he said to me, I wasn't going to ask him about this because I feel it was from my perspective, but he just said to me the other day is there anything you want to know from me before you do this. Norman Swan: So what did you ask him? Ann: Oh I just wanted to know theoretical things really, just double check on the information about the Gleason score and stuff and I did also want to know how he could put into words, into shorter words, how he was feeling and he came up with this particular - I no longer feel like a sexual being which to me is a pretty important thing to feel, it's pretty basic. Norman Swan: Let's rewind the clock to that first consultation, or at least the first one that you had with the doctor. And the doctor said look, here are the options, now let's imagine the doctor had said, I've no idea what the doctor actually said, but let's imagine that the doctor said you can have external beam radio therapy that has these side effects in terms of irritations of the colon and bladder and so on and brachytherapy and it has that and there's a risk of impotence and so on. And we also have this hormone therapy which may or may not extend life, it looks as though it does but these are the side effects and let's say for example that the urologist or the cancer specialist had said well, women say this about this kind of therapy so it's not to be taken lightly, here is what people have said about it. Do you think you would have proceeded with it? Ann: Well I've asked my husband if he would have proceeded with it and he says he still would because he wants to live, it's the quality of life that is the problem. If that had been said to me about this is what women say and oh, that would have made such a huge difference for me. I mean I would have been able to have then had something to go by. Norman Swan: It would have set your expectations and prepared you? Ann: Yes at least and given us more food for thought because we couldn't find any information. You know people talk about incontinence and things like that and mercifully my husband doesn't have that as he said when I was telling him, we were talking about coming on air and he said there'd be men who are in much worse positions than he is because he at least doesn't have those side effects. He just has the emotional, well it's physiological too, side effect but there'd be men who have that plus the business of incontinence and urinary problems and everything else. As my husband said there must be men around here who are in a complete mess and where do they get support, where do the partners get support? Where do the partners get support to help their husbands because really in our case too, I'm the only person he has spoken to and who has seen the depth of the despair - no one else sees it. We, as the women involved, we're not trained, we are not equipped to deal with the impact. I mean some might be, I wasn't. We have a close relationship; heaven knows what it must be like when you haven't had a good one. Norman Swan: Do you think your relationship will survive this? Ann: Yes. Norman Swan: What's your advice then for women who are listening who might be going through the same process? Ann: I just don't know, I've tried every avenue so I don't know where to go from here, that's the thing and I don't know where other people go from here. Maybe their husbands are less traumatised, I don't know, this is one of the reasons I came on here because I just thought even if there's some woman you know just cooking in the kitchen in Hobart or something and listening to the radio and knows that somebody else has gone through this, or is going through it then maybe that's the beginning of something. I don't know I tried contacting the Prostate Foundation, there just didn't seem to be much response there, they are concerned about saving lives and heaven knows that's really important but I think if men are fearful of this, so they don't go for tests because they're fearful, but the thing is what they fear is the reality, it's true. Norman Swan: So you've talked a lot about him and his response and your relationship but you actually haven't spoken a lot about you. Tell me what life's like for you? Ann: Confused. There are two ways to look at it, I see it as an opportunity to learn more about myself but just coping day by day basically. Norman Swan: Are you sleeping? Ann: I wasn't during all the outbursts and I used to get up very early in the morning, about 3 or 4 in the morning and get on the web to try and find someone or somewhere to help, trying to get some literature, trying to find research papers and stuff. I had to take some action, to try and get some knowledge. Norman Swan: Ann's story, when we first played that we got a big response as I said and some support groups claim to actually help women and men in this situation who are on androgen deprivation therapy so if you're in that situation don't take no for an answer, just ask the local oncology groups who you might get support for in this specific circumstance and demand proper informed consent. I'm Norman Swan and you can hear the Health Report again tonight after the 8 o'clock news or download a podcast by going to our website. Dr Rob Pickard Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne Dr Robert DiPaola Professor of Medicine and Director of the Prostate Cancer Program Cancer Institute of New Jersey Dr Norman Swan Brigitte Seega
What does up-country mean? Definitions for up-country Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word up-country. Princeton's WordNet 1. interior, midland, upcountry(adverb) of or coming from the middle of a region or country "upcountry districts" 2. up-country(adverb) to or in the interior of a country or region "they live upcountry" Chambers 20th Century Dictionary 1. Up-country up′kun-tri, adv. toward the interior.—n. the interior of a country.—adj. away from the seaboard. 1. Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of up-country in Chaldean Numerology is: 6 2. Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of up-country in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9 Sample Sentences & Example Usage 1. Mehmet Murat ildan: 2. Sonia Rodriguez: He is the only who focuses on this country. I am interested in what someone is going to do for this country, not another country, we think that (Marco) will do the best work for this country. 3. Margaret Hilda Thatcher: 4. Mehmet Murat ildan: 5. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: The budget seeks to protect the average Nigerian and you know that the key is that we focus on diversification of the economy, this budget points to the fact that this country is a non-oil country and I think we want Nigerians to begin to think of the country in that way. Images & Illustrations of up-country Find a translation for the up-country definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these up-country definitions with the community: Word of the Day Please enter your email address: Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "up-country." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 24 Sep. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/up-country>. Are we missing a good definition for up-country? Don't keep it to yourself... Nearby & related entries: Alternative searches for up-country: Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support.
The Best Way to Administer B12 Shots Vitamin B12 shots are prescribed to patients who are suffering from B12 deficiency. According to WebMD, being deficient in B12 can turn into anemia, which can leave a person feeling weak or tired. A deficiency in B12 is typically caused by mal-absorption of the vitamin. B12 shots can help to increase the levels of the vitamin in people who cannot benefit from oral supplements. How to Inject B12 Shots Typically, B12 intramuscular shots are administered by health care workers. In the event that a patient is to self-inject, following the proper procedures is crucial to ensure that the vitamin is being absorbed properly. When self-injecting vitamin B12, you'll need the vial of medicine, a clean, new needle, and rubbing alcohol and cotton pads. It is best if the vial of B12 is at room temperature. The vial can be rolled between the hands gently to increase the temperature, according to Cincinnati Children’s website. Before inserting the needle, clean the top of the vial with an alcohol-soaked cotton swab. Remove the cap of the new needle. Pull back the plunger of the syringe to allow air to enter the needle. Enter as much air as the amount of medicine needed. Insert the needle into the bottle, and push the plunger to release the air into the vial. Turn the vial and needle upside down, so that the needle is pointed upward and vial of medicine is upside down. Then pull the plunger on the needle back until the medicine is slightly above the proper dosage. If air bubbles are present, gently tap on the needle until they move to the top of the needle. Gently push the plunger in until any air is back into the vial and the medicine is at the proper dosage. Because Vitamin B12 shots must be injected intramuscularly, it is necessary to find a large muscular area that can be injected. The most ideal locations are the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. When self-injecting, the thigh quadrant is the easiest to inject. Before inserting the needle into the thigh, wipe the area with alcohol first. Holding the needle straight, like a pencil, push the needle in far enough to be in the muscle. Holding the needle with one hand, gently draw back the plunger, checking for blood. If there is blood, do not inject the medicine, but start over instead. If no blood appears, gently push the plunger in until the medicine is fully injected. Remove the needle and wipe the area clean with a cotton ball and alcohol. Safely dispose of the needle, and use a new needle every time. Related Searches Promoted By Zergnet You May Also Like Related Searches Check It Out This Is the Beauty Routine of a Yelp Sales Manager Submit Your Work!
Goddess Alive! Goddess Celebration and Research Mobile Phone-friendly Edition Cretan Musings Cretan Musings Much published material on the Goddess in Crete concentrates, with some justification, on the Minoan period (approx. 3500-1100 BCE), which represents the flowering of the Minoan culture throughout the Bronze Age. However, this sophisticated culture did not just spring up out of nowhere. Prior to the Minoan period was the Neolithic, beginning about 7000 BCE and continuing until the pre-Palatial period at the beginning of the Bronze Age in 3500 BCE. The earliest settlers on Crete arrived about 9000 years ago, probably by people arriving by sea from Anatolia (modern day Turkey and further east). Their economy was already based on farming, with domesticated animals and cultivated crops, and they spun and wove cloth. They lived in villages in the open, often on low hills such as Kephala hill at Knossos and Phaistos, and sometimes for part of the year in caves.They built simple rectangular houses of sun-dried mudbrick, and buried their dead in caves and rock shelters, most notably in ‘The Gorge of the Dead’ at Zakros, which continued into Minoan times. Rock shelters at the Gorge of the Dead at Zakros The Kato Chorio Neolithic GoddessThey made stone vessels and stone and bone tools, and lived in small social groups, that researcher Costis Davaras (“Guide to Cretan Antiquities” – Eptalofos, 1976) believes were matrilinear. They were evidently already Goddess-celebrating people, as some figurines have been found, made in stone and clay. The most famous of these is the beautiful figurine 15cm (6in) high, found at a settlement near Kato Chorio, north of Irepetra in east Crete (now in Heraklion Museum). She has a beak-like nose, clearly-defined breasts and arms, and her legs curled around each other in a serpent-like way. She is at once awesome and homely, and remains one of the best-known icons of the Goddess from the Neolithic period. A reproduction of her sits in our house in Makriyalos, guarding the building when we are not there. However, what is not so well known is a stunning Goddess figure from the Neolithic period (dated to approx. 4500-3200bce), found at Pegadia (Poseidonia) on the island of Karpathos, the neighbouring island to the east of Crete that lies between Crete and Rhodes. It is thought that the same people who first landed on Crete in the Neolithic period also landed on Karpathos, so there was a strong familial link between the two islands. The Karpathos GoddessThe Karpathos Goddess (now on display in the British Museum) is much larger than the Kato Chorio figurine, being 66cm (2ft 2½in) high, but it also shares a beaked nose and well-defined breasts. It also has a distinctive pubic triangular marking, representing its genitalia, and unlike the Kato Chorio Goddess there are no legs (there seem to have been none originally, not broken off). It was carved from local grey limestone without the use of metal tools, only stone hammers, stone blades and abrasives. Dyfri Williams (“Masterpieces of Classical Art” – British Museum Press, 2009) says that there is a light incision representing the eyebrows, that shows that the eyes and other features may originally have been painted. He suggests that she was probably a sacred object, used in a ‘cult’ context, rather than as an offering in a tomb, and that she may have represented a Goddess rising from the earth or sea. He concludes that she “remains essentially unparallelled: a truly remarkable representation of what is surely a divine mediator in the human world, whether as mother-Goddess or love-Goddess”. These two Goddess figurines from the Neolithic period, one from Kato Chorio on Crete and one from Karpathos, are rare remaining examples from this remote period that tell us that the inhabitants of these southern Aegean islands from the very beginning were Goddess-celebrating peoples. They reach out to us across a vast distance of time, and still speak to us as directly as when they were first carved.
Border Song (III) by Lu Lun 塞下曲 (卢纶) Wild geese fly high in moonless night; The Tartars through the dark take fight. Our cavaliers after them go; Their swords are soon covered with snow. This poem vividly depicts an intense scene of fighting with only twenty characters. The first part describes the enemy’s fleeing helter-skelter, while the last part describes the Tang troops’ brave pursuit and attack. When connected together, the whole poem is like a lively tableau: in a pitch-dark night when the sky was overcast and snowflakes were falling thick and fast, the Khitan invaders who knew that they had lost the battle wanted to seize the opportunity to flee, but didn’t expect to startle the soundly sleeping wild geese. The wild geese flied high with fear, notifying the Tang troops who were watching closely. The officers and men took up their bows and broadswords. Lightly equipped on horse back, they began to chase the enemy in spite of the snow. Their bodies, horses and even weapons were covered with snowflakes. They couldn’t attend to all these things and made up their minds to wipe out the fleeing enemy. The Tang troops in this poem represented the winners. However, they didn’t relax their vigilance. It should have been time for stopping fighting and taking a rest at night, but the officers and men were prepared at all times to brandish their weapons and go into the battle. Marching and fighting in such a dark night with whirling snow would be very difficult. Yet the officers and men full of indomitable spirit and militancy. The poem didn’t describe the scene of fighting which would be more horrible. The poet left this inevitable outcome for us to imagine, and it made the poem pregnant with meaning. Add a Comment
KMOX is reporting that the Fred Weber Sanitary Landfill has a history of landfill gas issues, in that concentrations of methane periodically exceed regulatory limits. In this instance, the owners of the landfill informed property owners and tenants within 1000 feet of the monitoring wells of the problem. Methane is odorless and colorless, and is the byproduct of the decomposition of waste. In high concentrations it is very flammable. Methane is a common landfill gas, along with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Home > Encryption, Privacy Laws > How could Apple help bypass an iPhone Pin? How could Apple help bypass an iPhone Pin? The FBI have apparently asked Apple to create two assistive technologies : Passcode Tapping All password systems are vulnerable to guessing attacks, and as the BBC article mentions, there are only 10000 possible combinations of a 4 digit pin, and even if you tapped them out every couple of seconds, that’s less than 6 hours of time spent to try EVERY possible code – it would take much less time if the code starts with, say number 1. If the passcode is 8 numbers, then there are 100,000,000 combinations – that’s 578 days spent trying a different code every 2 seconds – quite a lot of tapping. This makes the FBI’s request that Apple invent a mechanism to bypass the need to use the screen more obvious. We’re pretty sure that the touchscreen on the iPhone returns the touch coordinates to the processor over a ribbon cable so interfacing with that and inserting “fake touches” into the communication stream would not seem complex. I would expect it’s technically possible to achieve this goal of the FBI – to enter codes without physically touching the screen. Passcode Guessing To their other request, to disable the limited number of incorrect pin entries – most authentication systems disable themselves after a few incorrect attempts – mostly by erasing the cryptographic data to prevent further attempts. This mechanism is exactly to prevent people guessing your passwords. Authentication systems are usually built in such a way as they don’t say “you can’t try again”, it says “there’s no point trying again“. An analogy would be if you were trying to guess a combination bicycle lock, and after 10 tries, the bicycle disappeared. It’s that permanent. Authentication systems are usually designed to completely and irrevocably erases the data you’re asking for, to make further guessing pointless. The FBI’s request that Apple modify the phone to disable this self-destruct feature becomes obvious then, given that after 10 attempts or so the target phone is going to erase all the data they are trying so hard to obtain. Whether this is indeed possible depends on how Apple have implemented this feature in the 5c phones – There are two usual ways, hardware assisted, and software. The software option involves having the lockout code simply stored somewhere accessible – on a PC system for example it might be stored on the user’s hard disk, or on a phone, in the flash memory which stores the OS. Storing the lockout code like this means it’s technically vulnerable to attack – someone could modify that code and just disable the attempt counter. Sure – you have to reverse engineer the code, but that’s “minion work” and well within the means of experienced programmers. If the iPhone 5c implemented the counter code in software, then if a new version of the OS can be installed on the phone, the guessing counter could be bypassed. To stop hackers disabling the attempt counter, hardware assisted methods exist – and the most common example would be the PIN for your credit card. There’s still software running which counts the number of attempts etc but it’s running within the tiny chip on the card – Getting at the software on that chip is formidably difficult – you can’t just read and modify the software as it’s stored in a tamper-proof way. You’d have to very delicately disassemble the plastic card to get to the chip, then chemically etch the metal/epoxy case off the chip (decapping), and generally get involved at the silicon transistor level – and the creators of the chip designed it specifically to thwart you. Chip-level reverse engineering is almost magic and there are companies who specialize in it, for investigation, or to reverse-engineer obsolete silicon so it can be recreated – but the chip manufacturers know this and design features to make this kind of reverse engineering extremely difficult, or even impossible. And in this case, we’re not only wanting to get at the on-chip software, we need to modify it – something that I’ve never heard done. My conclusion by the fact Apple’s defence is not “we can’t” – it’s “we won’t”, is that they are not using hardware protection in the 5c. Given that it would appear possible that the OS on a locked iPhone can be replaced through the disaster recovery process, abit only with an OS digitally signed by Apple, it would seem entirely technically possible for Apple to create a custom version of their OS, locked to this phones hardware ID, digitally signed so it can’t be modified or used on any other physical phone, with the necessary timeout, guessing attack, and pin interface features. The only question left, is what happens if they make it? As other writers have suggested, if they do this for the FBI, they are really not going to be able to decline the same request from any other legal authority – world wide. And that’s the slippery slope Tim Cook seems to be trying to avoid. On the positive side though – I suspect the iPhone 6 models with their hardware enclave will be immune from this kind of attack. Categories: Encryption, Privacy Laws Tags: , , 1. No comments yet. 1. No trackbacks yet. 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The habit of locking knees Most people lock their knees. It has been researched that this habit creates a huge impact on blood circulation and supply of oxygen to the brain. A sense of fatigue can occur for extended time if standing in this position. Why do we do it? Guess guess…? Weakened glutes and lower back muscles due to excessive sitting are said to be the main causes. True in part. From my experience I see people with a bit of a belly entering this position quite naturally. This is because of the tilting forward of the pelvis. The core muscles are disengaged therefore the whole weight is on the knees. That’s one of the main reason of knee pain and osteoarthritis. Through juicing we reduce the internal swelling and inflammation in the guts so we can re establish the natural standing posture which sees the knees slightly bent. Other links Can standing up straight for a long period cause fainting? To your Health Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Get 10% with discount code save10 now. Stuck with your academic or business paper? We are here to Help Evaluation of Survey Research Studies Qualitative Analysis: Cluster Randomized Trials (CRT’s) Cluster randomization refers to the research methodology frequently applied in educational, social sciences and health services, implementation research, and public health research. This method uses a cluster of individuals like medical practitioners, and then randomly assigns them distinctive intervention arms. Because CRT’s methodological features are quite distinct, ethical challenges arise. For instance, identifying a subject for the CRT in hefty community-based public health Cluster randomized trials is a difficult task. This is because randomization units, outcome measurements, and interventions are different. This is because some participants have “gatekeepers” to help them decide whether or not to participate in CRT’s. Problem statement CRT’s pose distinctive ethical issues chiefly because; outcome measurements, randomization units, and interventions may sometimes be dissimilar. Informants identified that gatekeepers and need for consent in order to participate in medical CRT’s is the main challenge they are facing. Legitimacy issues on whether consent should be acquired via authorities such as social groups or municipalities brought about uncertainties regarding gatekeeper authority scope. Research questions In addition to ethical issues surrounding CRT’s, the following are also listed as being the main research question. Firstly, CRT ethics review processes and secondly, the need of having comprehensive ethics guidelines for conducting CRT’s. McRae et al. lists the three as its main exploration questions, but no clarity is given thus making the research hard to understand. Information obtained Informants are concerned of biasness arising from consent approvals in order to be a CRT participant and intervention types should have a relation to the consent approvals. This may aid in reducing ethics related issues such as risks in privacy loss. Informants also state that ethics review processes have had both good and bad impacts on the conduction of CRT’s. They state that availability of guidelines would be helpful to researchers and their ethics committees. They also see a need in reduction of jurisdiction limitations so as to make their work easier. Research design Contact with potential informants was done via email by senior members who are chosen because of their experience in the CRT field. The email included consent to participate together with the purpose of the study, and the study design method. Potential informants who are willing to participate were interviewed via a telephone call, and details of the interview sent to them by mail though only after a verbal consent was obtained. Sample, population, participants Initial study was to be conducted on twenty five potential subjects, but four declined, and one informant’s data was cast-off due to its insufficiency in quality analysis and transcription. In the end, twenty experienced researchers in CRT were used. They were based in different places, ten in Europe, six in USA, four in Canada while five were self-proclaimed statisticians. Eleven of the informants are in the primary care field, three in public health, and six in hospital based care. Data analysis Individual informant’s interview transcripts were imported to qualitative data analysis softwares, and then later on a content analysis approach was adopted so as to categorize the responses. This is quite hard to understand as the information sounds too technical. Behavioral interventions of CRT’s lead to biasness as the participants may change their behaviors due to information given during consent negotiation. The study does not recognize this as a limitation, but it is a huge disadvantage. The study was conducted on experienced CRT researchers, who are English speakers, and have only worked in developing countries. The participants retorted the main questions of the study. The answers are categorized as follows: Need for informed consent, roles of cluster gatekeepers, potential benefits and risks involved, experiences with the ethics review process, and the development of CRT ethics guidelines. The informants only highlighted difficulties in the ethical review process of CRT’s, consent issues from gatekeepers. Relations between harms, benefits and distributive justice issues have been left out. Quantitative Analysis: Understanding the impact of Video Quality on User Engagement. Video quality has a huge impact on the user’s engagement; this is because internet video distribution is a mainstream and internet traffics are mostly composed of videos. Users are now going for quality as compared to availability. This is being stimulated by the ever reducing cost of internet content delivery, and the advent of new subscription models. Problem statement The main points of discussion are types of video content, user engagement, and video quality metrics. Research questions Questions under scrutiny are: by how much does a poor video quality reduce a user’s engagement? , Do different quality metrics vary in the intensity at which they affect a user’s engagement, and does the quality metrics impact differ across granularities of user’s engagements and beyond content genres? Information obtained User engagement in relation to quality impacts brought about three data types which support the research. Firstly, different contents types are being offered to users. Secondly, different engagement timescales are grouped per view. For instance, a single video being watched and “per viewer” meaning, a user’s aggregate of all videos they are to watch, and thirdly, quality metrics capture different features of observed, video quality being rendered, rate at which a video is encoded, how much and how often the user experiences buffering events. Research Design Quantitative analysis done indicated an interaction between quality metrics and play time as being very complex. The relation was named as being linear, and black-box regression models are avoided as the regression buffer ratio was only from 1-10%. Buff ratio has the sturdiest quantitative impact on live, long VoD, and short VoD respectively. Sample, population, participants Data was collected from five previous affiliates. They appear in the top 500 most recognized sites. These sites serve a large amount of video content thus enabling them provide a representative view on the internet video quality and user engagement. Data collection and data analysis The data collected was organized into three types of content categories. Long Video on Demand contents, Short Video on Demand contents, and live contents. The data was then analyzed by calculating play time for all categories. The findings that are presented were as a result of an iterative process which included many false statistics and misinterpretations. There is a need for a complimentary analysis for long Video on Demand cases as it was realized that correlation co-efficiencies for an average bitrate are weak, but information gain was high. Context is an important factor in the impact caused by the video quality of a user. There is the importance in backing statistical analysis with controlled experiments, and domain-specific insights so as to replicate observations made. The importance has made it easier to view a user’s behavior and a video player’s optimization capabilities than it was before all of the above. Content providers still worry whether typical video observations can be applied to events of high impacts like the Olympics. The findings of this research still are not a clear explanation on whether video quality impacts are related to a user’s engagement or a user’s attention span. Discussion of findings Video Quality Impacts on user engagement (VQI engagement), and CRT research share some common similarities, and some great differences in their objectives of the study. Both CRT’s and VQI user engagement study was aimed at finding answers on specific matters. They both in the same way conduct their studies with human beings as subject matters, and, also, in addition to that, they both acquire subjects consent before conducting their studies. However, even though they both strive to achieve a definite specific answer to their questions, they both have some similarities between them. CRT researchers used phone calls to conduct their study while Video quality impact on user engagement researchers used internet sites to conduct theirs. Video quality study used multiple false statistics and assumptions while CRT’s used real statistics to conduct their study. This specific point has huge implications on both studies. There’s a huge factor of randomness in video quality impacts on user engagement, but CRT’s are more specific and straight forward even though some of their findings also have a chance of randomness. When it comes to their limitations, CRT limitations are mostly due to bias acts on the informant’s side while Video quality impacts on user engagements list their limitation as being due to false statistics caused by assumptions. In conclusion, Video impact on user engagement findings has still not proven to be completely true while findings of the CRT study have found answers to their study.
Skip to main content Afternoon Shift Walkable Cities: Revolution at a leisurely pace Previous Next Since the creation of the automobile, the way Americans think about travel has stayed relatively static. Where cities were once hyper-dense areas abuzz with ambulation, the 1920s brought with them widening streets and sprawling suburbs. Pedestrians became obstacles, moving stop signs that halted the flow of traffic, fodder for the ever-present sound of car horns. The automobile shaped our cities, our towns, our mindsets. As such, Americans walk less and drive more than any other industrialized nation. Somewhere near the beginning of the last century, the car drove itself into the forefront of our collective consciousness, applied its parking brake, and took up permanent residence. But, there's change (and terrible puns) afoot. Communities of all sizes are working with their Departments of Transportation to create more walkable neighborhoods, real estate brokers are measuring quality of location by measuring pedestrian friendliness and sites like went from being a small startup to being a Mecca for both renters and buyers. While it may not be a full-on walkers' revolution, it's definitely a great place to start. But, what does "walkability" actually mean? How do we define what makes a city or neighborhood walkable? Melody Geraci, Deputy Director of the Active Transportation Alliance, and WBEZ architecture blogger Lee Bey join Steve Edwards on Afternoon Shift to take an in-depth stroll through the definitions and applications of walkability. Get the WBEZ App
Blogs Blogs Genetics Blogs Newest Most Active I was just thinking about this questions yesterday. Being a scientist, the comment was made that when you love science, you love the exciting and you love the tedious. So, I have my five things... 1. Make it personal. I start by listening to the student and what gets them excited and what they are fearful of in that environment. For example: I have a Math student who loves basketball. He hates math and is very athletic. I ask him "what would you do to increase your free-throw percentage from 52% to 91%?" His response, "I would do anything!" But, he is bad at math on paper, so we come up with a way for him to track his free-throws, shooting percentage, overall efficiency, etc and he calculates these items. 2. Use Analogies. After listening to my student, I start putting all my questions in form that they will understand and love. The student starts forming their own questions because they have learned how to think rather than have a blank... read more 1. What is a chromatid? 2. How many chromatids are present in humans during metaphase II? 3. Do map units (m.u.) equal the physical distance between two genes? Are they similar? 4. The l allele on the X - chromosome is recessive lethal and located 20 m.u. from the w allele for eye color. (w=white eyes w+=red eyes). If a female fly (w+ l/w l+) is crossed with a wild type male fly. What percentage of sons will die? What percentage of living sons will have white eyes? 5. a------------------b------------c 7.5mu 5.5mu How many double crossovers would you expect to see in 1,000 progeny? If you observed 2 double crossovers what is the interference? 6. R=round r=wrinkled G=yellow g=green If a round yellow plant is testcrossed... read more Heyo! So far the Fall has been pretty good, a bit light as compared to the Spring, but most tutoring doesn't take place until after the first exam has passed or is just about to happen. Things are picking up and I am going to make good on my plan to have people meet me. If you are interested in a lower hourly rate and are willing to travel to meet me, (within the city) let me know! I will tell you what borough I'll need you to meet me in that day and where exactly. Examples so far have been the Barnes & Noble on Union Square, the Student Union in Queens College, and the Graduate Center (CUNY) right across from the ESB. Looking forward to meeting new people and exploring more parts of the city this Fall. Cheers, Chris Hello all, My name is Kelsey, and I'm new to the world of tutoring. Although I am new to tutoring, I am excited to begin this new adventure and am proficient in Biology, Chemistry, Psychology, Genetics, Organic Chemistry, and ACT Science prep. I am a recent graduate of Arizona State University where I earned a BS in Biological Sciences with a concentration in Genetics, Cells, and Developmental Biology. My future endeavors include returning to school for an MS in Genetic Counseling. I look forward to working with anyone who needs a little extra help in any of my qualified areas! -Kelsey I’m not good at this! I don’t like it! Why do I have to do this? Were these questions my students were asking the other day? No, these were things I was saying at the gym yesterday. I hate to exercise. I’m definitely not good at it. I’m definitely not very highly motivated. Yet, I go there 4 times a week, because I know it is good for me, and I don’t like how I feel when I don’t go. Now, occasionally, a student will ask me these same questions and I admit, until I actually heard myself complain at the gym yesterday, I was sympathetic, but I didn’t get it. I love math. I love science. I find it interesting and I do well in it. Why wouldn’t I want to learn more? Why wouldn’t I practice more? For every question I felt positive about in math/science, I could hear my negative response if I was thinking about that answer in terms of the gym. So, OK, I get it, math-science, not your thing. But I guarantee you that working consistently on something, even if you do not like... read more Genetics is a tough subject, but there's a few examples of everyday cats that everyone can recognize that will help remember some of the more esoteric vocabulary terms. First lets think of a Siamese cat. Siamese cats are have gray-white bodies, and black feet, faces, ears, and the tips of their tails are also black. Why? Second lets think of Calico cats. Calico cats are generally white-appearing cats with black and orange solid spots. Why? If you don't recognize those cats immediately, its probably time for a Google image search, but lets move into the explanations: Siamese cats have black at the "ends" of their extremities and bodies. What would create color in a cat but only at the periphery? And what is different about the ends of our own bodies? Ever notice, especially in cold weather, that your fingers and toes are the first to feel numb? Blood flow into the extremities is more limited than throughout the main body cavity, and obviously the... read more Many students enter college with the intention of gaining acceptance to medical school. Many, however, lack adequate knowledge of the admissions process, which hampers their odds of success. In the 2007-2008 application season, for example, 42,231 individuals applied to one or more of 126 allopathic programs. Ultimately, only 18,036 of these applicants had matriculated into a medical school. That is a success rate of only 42.7%! Given the competitive nature of the application process, you'll need every advantage possible in order to maximize your own odds of acceptance. I've been through this difficult process myself, and having gained admission to UF College of Medicine, I'd like to offer my advice to future applicants. In this series of blog posts, I will explain the basics of the process and point out where individuals are most likely to fail. The medical school application process is very competitive compared to what it once was and has changed from even a decade ago. You'll... read more I love to use analogies when I'm teaching in the classroom or when I'm tutoring. Analogies help students to better picture the concept I'm explaining and to retain it for years. An example of one of my analogies would be to compare no-dominance in genetics to two very polite people trying to get through the door simultaneously so that each invites the other to enter first and politely refrains from pushing through the door. The result is that the two polite individuals enter hand in hand like no-dominant traits (rw) that cause a blending effect, so a red and a white flower when crossed would form pink offspring. On the other hand, codominant traits fit the analogy of two pushy people trying to shove others out of the way as they enter the door first. This fight for dominance forms offspring that have both the dominant traits (RW) so a red flower and a white flower would form offspring that are red with white splashes or white with red splashes. Genetics Blogs RSS feed
Antidiuretic medicine, Medicinal plants, Diabetes, Andhra Pradesh. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder caused by absolute insufficient or inefficient insulin secretion and it is characterized by increased blood glucose levels. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus or insulindependent diabetes, or early-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, ketone-prone diabetes: It can occur in any age but mostly seen in young adult. It is an immune mediated disease resulting from immunological destruction in β-cells of pancreas which leads to insufficient production of insulin. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus or non-insulin dependent or adult-onset diabetes: It is most common type affecting elderly and obese caused either by insulin resistance or deficient insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia. It accounts for more than 80% of total case of diabetes and affects 18% of the population above 65 years of age, usually occurs in obese individuals. These individuals have normal or even greatly elevated insulin levels Gestational Diabetes mellitus: This type first recognize during the time of pregnancy where hyperglycemic condition develops in women who doesn’t have diabetes result from an insufficient insulin supply to meet tissue demand for normal blood glucose regulation. This problem usually clears up after birth of child, but have higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly emerging medical problem. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), more than 371 million people across the globe have diabetes and this figure is predicted to increase to over 550 million by 2030.Traditional medicines derived mainly from plants play major role in the management of diabetes mellitus .Interest in herbal drugs is growing due to their efficiency, low toxicity and absence of side effects. Review Result & Discussion In the view of above advantages the present review provides profile of 92 plants belongs to 81 genera and 51 families used to treat diabetes. For each species of medicinal plants scientific name, common name, family and the parts of the medicinal plant used to treat Diabetes mellitus are provided. The most dominant families in the study were Apiaceous, Euphorbiaceous, Leguminosae each 4, Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae, Myrtaceae, each 3, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, poaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Zingiberaceae each 2, remaining families have each one single species. Depending upon the plant parts used leaf is 30, followed by root, fruit 15, and whole plant 14, and seed 12, bark 7, tuber 3, and flower 2, and husk, pulp, rhizome, stem, wood each one. Currently, many countries face large increases in the number of people suffering from diabetes. The World Health Organization estimated that about 30 million people suffered from diabetes in 1985 and the number increased to more than 171 million in 2000. It is estimated that the number will increase to over 366 million by 2030 and that large increases will occur in developing countries, especially in people aged between 45 and 64 years. In spite of the presence of known antidiabetic medicine in the pharmaceutical market, remedies from medicinal plants are used with success to treat this disease. Ethnomedicinal plants Used for antidiabetic in Andhra Pradesh Scientific Name Common Name Family Plant Part Used Reference Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Ambrette seeds Malvaceae Root 10, 35 Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd Red catechue Mimosaceae Stem, bark 46 Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. and McCann (1932) Brittle tiger orchid Orchidaceae Plant 41 Acacia Arabica (Lam.) Willd. Indian gum arabic Leguminosae Seeds 5,10,24,33, 35,38, 39, 47, 59 Acalypha alnifolia Poiret’s Copperleaf Euphorbiaceae Leaf 50 Anacardium occidentale L Jidi mamidi Anacardiaceae Leaf 31,33,37,39 Andrographis peniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. King of bitter Acanthaceae Whole plant 1,10,12,24,25,43,47 Annona muricata L custard apple Annonaceae Leaf 31,37,35 Annona squamosa L Sugar apple Annonaceae Leaf, Bark 1,6,10, 24,27, 31,35, 39 Annona reticulate L Custard apple Annonaceae Leaf 25 Asparagus racemosus Willd Satavari Asparagaceae Plant 25,49 Asteracantha longifolia Kulikhara Acanthaceae 28 Azadirachta indica A.Juss., 1830 Neem Meliaceae Leaf, bark, seed, fruit 1,4,10,18,24, 25,36,37,49 Balanites roxburghii Pianch Desert date Zygophyllaceae. 5,47 Barleria prionitis L Porcupine flower Acanthaceae Leaf, root 38 Bombax ceiba L Cotton tree Bombacaceae Root 28,44 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Buganvilla Nyctaginaceae Leaf 31,39 Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb. Gray Nicker Caesalpiniaceae Seed 17,39,51 Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton Jilledu Asclepiadaceae Root 43 Capsicum annum L Chilli pepper Solanaceae Fruit 24 Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Jack bean Leguminosae Seed 31 Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Green tea Theaceae Leaf 24,39 Casearia esculenta Roxb Holy Fruit Tree Flacourtiaceae Fruit 24,31 Caralluma attenuate Wigh Kallimulaiyaam Apocynaceae Whole plant 3 Capparis deciduas (Forssk.) Edgew. Kerda Capparaceae Whole plant 33,38,51 Cassia auriculata L Tanner’s cassia Leguminosae Flower 24,39 Corallocarpus epigaeus Benth and Hook.f Nagadonda Cucurbitaceae Fruit 12,28,30 Coffea Arabica L Coffee Rubiaceae Seed 25 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Duseratiga Menispermaceae Root 43 Coriandrum sativum L Coriander Apiaceae Seed 31 Costus speciosus (J.Konig) C.Specht[ Keukand Costaceae Leaves, rhizome 24,28 Commelina communis L Asiatic dayflower Commelinaceae Leaf 3 Curcuma pseudo montana Graham Hill turmeric Zingiberaceae Tuber Curcuma longa L Turmeric Zingiberaceae Tuber 1,43 Cucumis sativus L Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Fruit 1,13 Cuminum nigrum L Cumin Apiaceae Seed 25 Cyamospsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taub. Guar plant Fabaceae Fruit 24 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durva grass Poaceae Whole plant 28 Daucus Wild carrot Apiaceae Root, Leaf 36,49 Carota L Datura quercifolia Kunth Oak-leaf thorn-apple Solanaceae Seed 49 Datura metel L Devil’s trumpet Solanaceae Bark, leaf 5,32,47 Dillenia indica L Elephant apple Dilleniaceae Fruit 28 Dioscorea dumetorum Quinim Dioscoreaceae Plant 25 Eclipta alba L False daisy Asteraceae Leaf 10,31 Enicostemma littorale Nelagolinidi Gentianaceae Whole plant 39 Eugenia jambolana Lam Jambolan Myrtaceae Seed, pulp 12, 24, 25, 51 Euphorbia antiquorum L Bomajemudu Euphorbiaceae Leaves 3, 12, 32,36, 38, 50 Euphorbia prostrate Aiton Prostrate sandmat Euphobeaceae Leaf 11,39 Eupatorium odoratum (L.) King and H.E. Robins. Bitter Bush Asteraceae Root , leaf 5,47 Ferula assa-foetida L Devil’s Dung Apiaceae Whole plant 5,47 Ficus bengalensis L Indian banyan Moraceae Bark , Leaf 5,47 Ficus religiosa L Raavi Moraceae Fruit 2,12,27,43,47,49 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Guacima Sterculiaceae Bark 43 Gymnea sylvestre R. Br. Podapatri Asclepiadaceae Leaf 2,17,25,28,33,37,39,46,49,51,52 Helicteres isora Godratada Sterculiaceae Root 2,17,38 Heliotropium indicum L Naga banthi Boraginaceae Leaf 39,49 Hedyotis biflora L Kaddok nakalinga Rubiaceae Whole plant 49 Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br Indian Asclepiadaceae Root 5,12,21,24,25,47 Hordeum vulgare L Barley Poaceae Fruit ,seed 5, 39,41,47 Hugonia mystax L Modirakanni Linaceae Root 43 Hybanthus enneaspermus Ratna purusha Violaceae Whole plant 9,15 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Black creeper Apocynaceae Leaf 15 Indigofera arrecta Hochst Fabaceae Leaf 38 Jatropha curcas L Pedda nepalamu Euphorbiaceae 5,42,47 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers Miracle Leaf Crassulaceae Leaf 1 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Varagogu Lythraceae Leaf 49 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Soft bollygum Lauraceae Fruit 25 Limonia acidissima L Wood-apple Rutaceae Root 38 Mangifera indica L Mango Anacardiaceae Leaf 5,24,25,28,33,38,39,49 Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Champak Magnoliaceae Flower 25 Mentha spicata L Spear mint Lamiaceae Whole plant 25 Memecylon scutellatum (Lour.) Hook. and Arn. Gumushu Melastomataceae Fruit 25 Momordica charantia L Bitter gourd Cucurbitaceae Fruit 1,16,17,24,26,33,36,38,39,50 Moringa oleifera Lam. Drumstick tree Moringaceae Fruit 25 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Dulagondi Leguminosae Seed 39 Murraya koeningii (L.) Spreng Karepaku Rutaceae Leaf 1,2,25,37, 45 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Pink water-lily Nymphaeaceae 48 Ocimum gratissimum (L) Nimmathulasi Lamiaceae Leaf 5,47,50 Ocimum sanctum Linn Tulsi Lamiaceae Whole plant 17,24,25,49,51 Pandanus odorus Mogali Pandanaceae Root 39 Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn Kodo millet Poaceae Seed 23,28,38,39 Picrorrhiza kurroa Kutki Scrophulariaceae Rhizome 3 Piper nigrum L. Miriyalu Piperaceae Whole plant 25 Plantago ovate Forssk. Desert Indianwheat Plantaginaceae Husk 31 Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. Sarpagandhi Apocynaceae Root 46,47 Rubus fruticosus Blackberry Rosaceae Bark 1 Saccharum officinarum L Cheruku Gramineae Root 31 Strychnos nux-vomica L Mushti Clusiaceae Wood 43 Spinacia oleracea L Spinach Amaranthaceae Leaf 1 Swietenia mahagoni (L)Jacq West Indian mahagony Meliaceae Seed 49 Syzygium alternifolium Manchimogi Myrtacea Fruit 4,25,34 Syzygium cumini (L.) Nerudu Myrtacea Seed 1,2,17,27,31,36,39,49,60 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder. It is predicted that the number will increase to over 366 million by the year 2030 and also this number will increase in developing countries. In the present review an attempt has been made to investigate the antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Andhra Pradesh, India. This review article may be useful to the professionals, scientists and scholars working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop antidiabetic drugs. Hence medicinal plants are the best alternative for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The attributed antihyperglycemic effects of these plants are due to their ability to restore the function of pancreatic tissues by causing an increase in insulin output or a decrease in the intestinal absorption of glucose. Hence, treatment with herbal drugs has an effect on protecting -cells and smoothing out fluctuation in glucose levels. In general, there is very little biological knowledge on the specific modes of action in the treatment of diabetes, but most of the plants have been found to contain substances like glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. that are frequently implicated as having antidiabetic effects. The research for alternate remedies (from the plant kingdom) for diabetes mellitus will continue all over the world as the disease poses many challenges not only to the physician but also to the researcher.
Skip to content Read 10 pages of Modern C++ design. Realised that it needs more knowledge about templates. Started with reading the book : C++ Templates, The Complete Guide 2002.chm Function templates function template syntax: template <typename a1,....> funnction declaration or definition using T 'typename' introduces type parameter historical alternative to typename is 'class'. templates are generated once for each type for which it is used process of replacing template types with concrete types is called instantiation. use of function template triggers the 'instatiation'. templates are compiled twice: 1. once for checking the syntax of the template. 2. second time to check the operations mentioned are valid for the type used for template instantiation. template parameters are determined by the arguments passed at the call time. no automatic type conversion is allowed. Function templates have two kinds of parameters 1. template params - declared in angle brackets, N no. of them can be declared, no default template arguments can be specified. e.g.: template <typename T> // T is template param 2. call params - declared in parenthese after function template name foo(T p1, T p2) //p1,p2 are call params call params deduced from template params, so they are related. function template argument deduction when template return type cannot be deduced from template and call params then needs to be explicitly mentioned. template argument deduction does not try to determine the return type another method to just declare one type and then let the compiler deduce the rest. template <typename RT, typename T1, typename T2> inline RT max (T1 const& a, T2 const& b); // OK: return type is double, T1 is deduced as int and T2 is deduced as double. overloading function templates->overloading resolution revisited not part of every function call -- calls to functions thru function ptrs -- calls to member functions thru ptr to member functions not subjected to resolution as they are determined at runtime. function like macros cannot be overloaded and hence not subjected to reso Task for today: 1. chk the tower of hanoi problem 2. chk two design patterns and make notes abt them
Tag Archives: c-130 aircraft History of the C-130 Aircraft: Part II history of the c-130 The C-130 Hercules is a marvel of modern military warfare, reconnaissance, and research capacity. It has been an icon of both imagination and military might since the mid-1950s, and it has survived through many different administrations. So, you must ask yourself, “What makes the C-130 a needed resource, and how have its capabilities changed over time?” What’s the Purpose of the C-130? The C-130 Hercules was originally designed to provide tactical deliveries of both supplies and troops to hostile areas. However, engagements in differing landscapes and the demands of modern warfare resulted in changes in the tactical usefulness of the C-130. For example, it became what some might describe as a spy base during its days as an electronics reconnaissance aircraft, providing radar imaging and housing antenna equipment in “faux underwing fuel tanks,” reports MilitaryFactory.com. Meanwhile, its usefulness grew more intriguing as different variations were created to meet the needs on the ground. While Lockheed Martin built, the original C-130 with dirt runways and dense jungles in mind, modern uses of the C-130 range from military missions to humanitarian efforts The C-130 is capable of a maximum payload of 44,000 pounds, and even those in charge of its ordering at the Pentagon seem to have difficulty letting it go. In 2005, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld attempted to kill the C-130J program, but the Air Force presented such high costs associated with ending the program, to the tune of more than $1.1 billion, Rumsfeld allowed the program to continue. history of the c-130 aircraft How Has the C-130 Changed Over Time? Since 1998, the C-130J has been the most recent configuration of the first aircraft’s design, marking the latest of a whole lineup of different shapes. In some cases, you may not have even realized the plane before your eyes was a C-130 due to post-manufacturing changes made to the aircraft by the purchaser. Civilian uses of the C-130 were listed under different names, including the L-100. However, remarkably, the C-130 has still changed how the modern world lives and functions. It has not been the star of Hollywood shows, but the aircraft has become a trademark of sorts in airshows and civilian applications too. At other times in the far reaches of the world, the C-130 is the go-to choice for restocking the National Science Foundation’s research station at the South Pole and is frequently used by International Air Response, providing safe, efficient, and effective emergency and non-emergency aerial services. Only time will tell how the C-130 evolves into the 21st century. Within a few years, it could face pressures from Congress to end production, or continued lobbying may make this aircraft the choice of the military for the next 100 years. However, the global brand of the C-130 means the opportunities and expectations are endless, and no one knows how the aircraft will shape the future of civilization. In the interim, the existing C-130s will need diligent maintenance, cost effective repair, and overhaul to keep their usefulness in both military and civilian situations. If nothing else, the amazement felt when seeing this behemoth of an airplane take to the skies cannot be overstated. So, the next time you see a huge military-style aircraft soaring overhead, think about what it means to innovation and the history of a world connected by the power of flight and invention. Need MRO services for the 54H60 C-130 Aircraft Propeller system? Contact us today.
A sober crowd makes drinking seem more risky People were more likely to underestimate their own level of drinking, drunkenness, and the associated risks when surrounded by other drunk people, a new study shows. Those people also felt more at risk when surrounded by people who were more sober. The study finds that while drunk and in drinking environments, people’s perception of their own drunkenness, the excess of their drinking, and the long-term health implications of their drinking behavior were related to how their own drunkenness ranked in comparison to others around them. “This has very important implications for how we might work to reduce excessive alcohol consumption,” says Professor Simon Moore from Cardiff University. “We could either work to reduce the number of very drunk people in a drinking environment, or we could increase the number of people who are sober. Our theory predicts the latter approach would have greatest impact.” These ‘no-go’ neurons tell brain to stop drinking The study is the first to examine how people judge their own drunkenness and the health consequences of their drinking, while intoxicated, and in real world drinking environments. Previous research only investigated participants while they were sober and in non-drinking environments, relying on the memory of participants to make comparisons between their drinking and that of others. Also, it was previously unclear whether people compared their own levels of intoxication to how intoxicated others actually were or how intoxicated they believed them to be. “Researchers have historically worked under the assumption that those who drink most alcohol incorrectly ‘imagine’ everyone else also drinks to excess,” says Moore. “It turns out that irrespective of how much someone has drunk, if they observe others who are more drunk than they are, they feel less at risk from drinking more.” ‘How drunk are you right now?’ The researchers tested the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 1,862 individuals, selected from different social groups, who were on average 27 years old. Alcometer tests were conducted between 8pm and 3am on Friday and Saturday evenings in four locations near large numbers of premises that served and sold alcohol. Gender and location information were used to divide participants into eight reference groups—one group for each gender in each location, based on the assumption that drinkers would compare themselves to others of the same gender in the same location. Individual BrAC levels were ranked within each reference group. Why smoking and drinking often go together To investigate the relationship between rank and people’s judgments, a sub-set of 400 participants answered four additional rank-based questions about how they perceived their level of drunkenness and the potential health consequences of their drinking: “How drunk are you right now?” “How extreme has your drinking been tonight?” “If you drank as much as you have tonight every week how likely is it that you will damage your health / get liver cirrhosis in the next 15 years?” Respondents with a BrAC of zero were not included in the rank-judgement analyses. On average, people perceived themselves as moderately drunk and moderately at risk, although their BrAC exceeded standard US and UK drink driving limits (35 micrograms of alcohol in 100 milliliters of breath). Men on average had higher BrAC levels than women. Making safe choices The knowledge that people’s decisions on whether or not to drink more may be influenced by their environment and their observation of others around them should inform future alcohol harm-reduction strategies, according to the researchers. However, factors that influence drinkers’ choices about whether or not to keep drinking are complex and only a few may lend themselves to intervention. This study was observational, so it can increase our understanding of possible links between perceived drunkenness and drinking environments, but it cannot show cause and effect because other factors may play a role. An experimental study would be needed to show a cause and effect. The study may be limited by the assumption that people in the same environment who are drinking influence each other, even though most of the people within the eight groups studied here are unlikely to have a social relationship. The researchers suggest further investigation into the influences of more immediate social groups on drinking perception. The study appears in BMC Public Health. Source: Cardiff University The post A sober crowd makes drinking seem more risky appeared first on Futurity. Source: Futurity
Paving The Road To A Life Of Healthy Eating If you are continually worn out, consider what you eat. Proper nutrition is essential for energy production. The following article offers many tips to help you feel and look great. Many people do not consume enough protein, and it is an essential part of a healthy diet. One of the best sources of protein are lean red meats, such as steak. Pork and chicken are great ideas. Protein is a very important nutrient that aids with muscle growth and makes you full quicker. Be sure you read the labels on your food, so you know what’s in them. Even though something is low in fat, that does not make it good for you. It is important to avoid processed foods when you are trying to lose weight. Labels should always list ingredients in terms you can understand. If the label is rife with artificial ingredients, don’t buy the product. Switch from processed white bread and flour to whole grains. Target whole wheat and grain products as better sources of fiber and protein, as opposed to refined products. While helping to lower your cholesterol levels, the whole grains will also work to make you feel full for a longer period of time. You can know if your food is considered whole grain by checking the ingredients list on the packaging. Get some of your protein from sources other than meat. There are many other sources of protein. Try eating things like soy, tofu, nuts and beans for a good source of nutritious protein. These versatile types of protein are easily incorporated into dishes. To keep from getting worn out with any one food, mix up your protein rich foods. Instead of depriving yourself of your favorite foods, choose nutritious alternatives that are similar in style and texture. Learn which foods are healthy by studying their nutritional information. Recently, restaurants have begun providing a nutrition guide. This makes it easier to make smart choices. You should ensure that you are getting enough selenium in your diet. Selenium is a trace mineral that works as a potent antioxidant to increase your skin’s elasticity and fight off the signs of aging. Selenium also counteracts free radicals, and helps the skin resist the negative effects of ultraviolet rays. Selenium can be found in higher concentrations in foods such as wheat germ, eggs, brown rice, tuna, Brazil nuts and garlic. Take a homemade lunch to school or work. By packing your own meals, you won’t have to rely on eating out, or eating unhealthy. All you need is a few minutes to make multiple meals. Eat lots of broccoli! One of the most beneficial super foods out there, one serving has your daily dosage of vitamin K. Even better, it has twice the daily recommended value of vitamin C. Both of these vitamins help reduce cancer risks and build strong healthy bones. To boost nutrition, try making steamed broccoli instead of boiled or microwaved. When thinking about a nutritional diet, include a minimum of eight ounces of daily lean meats. This can help you reach your daily protein and iron requirements. Other good meat to try are bison, venison, and other lean cuts. Making your own smoothies is a fun, simple way to prepare a tasty treat. Did you know that it’s possible to make your favorite smoothies even more tasty and better for you? Add some flax seed oil to a smoothie or perhaps some cocoa powder, which is rich in antioxidants. These can give you the nutrients that you need while providing antioxidants as well. Do you wish to cut down on red meat? If that’s the case, try it as a condiment. Meat can be used as a spice by adding small amounts of it to vegetables and grains. This flavors the dish subtly but satisfyingly. Chinese ad Mediterranean cultures do this and have reduced their heart disease-related incidents. Good health and an overall sense of well-being can be achieved by consuming a nutritious, balanced diet. Your appearance, vitality and energy levels will all be enhanced if you pay attention to what goes into your body. One of the best ways to increase the nutritional quality of your diet is by reducing the amount of refined sugar that you eat. You should look out for unhealthy items like fruit juice and soda. These beverages often have a high sugar content, which is unhealthy for you. When you reduce the sugars in your diet, you will loose weight faster. You will increase your well-being and your appearance. You need to use your calorie allowance on good, healthy foods. Your system will react better consuming 1,800 calories of produce, whole grains and protein than eating 1,800 calories work of sweets. The foods that you consume are an important choice, but portions need to be considered as well. Canned salmon is great to eat if you want to try something different that is healthy. It has loads of minerals that your body needs, without a ton of fat or carbs. make sure you have a lot of options to keep your diet exciting. A great nutritional tip is to cut out sugar from your diet and start using an artificial sweetener. By avoiding sugar, you can limit your risk of heart conditions and other medical concerns. Instead, try using an artificial sweetener such as Splenda or Stevia. These alternatives will taste exactly the same. Diabetics have lots of challenging nutrition needs. It is possible to tackle them by eating with regularity in order to maintain proper blood sugar levels. Specifically, diabetics should limit fat intake and fortify their diet with raw foods, whole grains and low-fat dairy foods. Diabetics need to eat on schedule every day. Berries, pears and peaches taste great when pureed and are a healthy snack. It makes a tasty spread for baked chips and is great for dipping pretzels. Try incorporating different kinds of fruits in your diet so it does not become mundane. Vegetables, in any of their forms, are a great food choice. Veggies fill you up and give you vitamins and other nutrients your body needs while they do it. Incorporate as many vegetables into your diet as possible. Look for creative ways to add vegetables into your meals. When you are trying to get your kid to eat new food, describe what it feels like. Letting them know what the texture is like, for example, might make them curious enough that they’ll want to take a bite. Stock your freezer with lots of frozen vegetables. They thaw quickly and can be tossed in with meat dishes or served as a healthy side. Keeping things frozen allows you to have things on hand at any time without fear of spoilage. Try to avoid grains for awhile and concentrate on other foods. In both prehistoric and ancient history, human beings survived on meats, vegetables, nuts, fruits, and beans. Grains were not produced until much later, so they haven’t been around long. You could feel better by not eating them. For a tasty side dish to any meal, consider broccoli. It has phytochemicals that fight cancer, and has fiber, vitamins and minerals. Steaming or microwaving helps contain nutrients during cooking. It’s not great as a gray mush. When you are making food, the healthiest methods you can use are baking, grilling, broiling, and roasting. If you need butter to prepare your foods, try substituting it with cooking spray instead. Whenever you brown beef, be sure to strain and rinse with hot water. This helps get rid of the extra fat on your beef. Make better dairy choices. Although dairy products offer many nutrients such as potassium, vitamin D, protein and calcium, you should opt for fat-free or low-fat products. Milk should be skim or low-fat to reduce calories without sacrificing nutrients. Soy milk is also great, especially if you cannot process lactose. Many kinds of cheese have large amounts of saturated fat, so try consuming the reduced-fat varieties. A lot of expert nutritionists argue for taking land based meats out of your diet and replacing them with fish. Fish has omega-3 fatty acids, this healthy fat is beneficial to the cardiovascular and circulatory systems. There are hundreds of different kinds of fish that can be eaten, so choose a few of which you prefer the taste of the most and have them for dinner every so often. If you are trying to increase your nutrition, eat foods that are natural. Processed foods may harm you. Focus more on fresh produce and vegetables and meats that are lean. Avoid the junk food aisles to hold back temptation. When possible, stay away from any snack items that contains large percentages of fats, particularly saturated ones. Oils can actually contain even more saturated fat than meats. Some oils can contain even more saturated fat than is in animal products. You can boost your body’s levels of fat by eating too many saturated fats in your diet. Products can claim to have no cholesterol — but still raise your cholesterol levels in the blood. Make your lifestyle changes incrementally to avoid a big shock. Gradually make the changes that you need to, in an effort to help your body adjust. Begin with the things you can easily change, including eliminating fried foods and soft drinks from your diet. Once you have accomplished this, you can move on to harder things. Another B vitamin of importance is pantothenic acid. For metabolism to work, it’s a must. Enzyme activity also depends on it, as does the process of creation in certain compounds. Meats and whole grains are great pantothenic acid sources. Changing your diet is quite a huge change, it can really help to have someone on your side. This person should be a mentor that has changed things in their life and who can level with you. Having a support person is an important part of effectively losing weight. Eat your meat. Consuming high-quality protein on a daily basis is important for strong muscles. One of the best sources of protein is meat. Chicken, pork, or beef – the choice is yours. They can all help to meet the nutritional needs of your muscles. It is recommended to consumer ten ounces of meat daily. Banish sweets, pastries, soft drinks and biscuits from your home if you are seeking a simple and effective way to quickly lose weight. Consider stocking your house with healthy snacks, such as fresh vegetables, whole wheat baked goods and fruits. If you want to improve your nutrition, choose natural foods. Processed foods are not good for the body. You need to focus on eating lean fresh meats and healthy fresh produce. If you have trouble resisting processed foods in grocery stores, stay away from the isles that hold these tempting items. Eat legumes and beans in order to boost protein and decrease the amount of meat you eat. Black beans are excellent for Cuban dishes, or replace the meat in your favorite taco recipe with seasoned lentils. Many Mexican foods contain fiber filled beans without the need for meat, such as burritos and quesadillas. It’s common to start to lose motivation, when this happens, take time to reflect on why you made the decision to be healthier. Reasons for healthy eating are different for each person, but getting back to your original motivation can help re-set the counter, so to speak, and get you fired up again. Making proper choices in nutrition can make a big difference in energy levels, and it can make your day more productive. The above tips have been shown to be effective in improving the nutritional content of one’s diet, so do not delay in putting them in action. That way, your body will get the fuel it needs to carry you through each day with ease. Eliminate sugary sodas in favor of water. Most sugary drinks, like soda, contain extremely high levels of corn syrup. Citric acid, found in some sodas, can deteriorate the enamel of your teeth. The high sugar content of corn syrup also encourages bacteria to grow on and between your teeth. Fine Food
First page Back Continue Last page Overview Text When we analysed the correlation between the temperature and velocities using the Wavalet coherence transform (WCT) we found that: ●There is a strong correlation between velocities at frequencies that match that of the duration of the upwelling events which bring cold water (4-12 days). ●This makes sense because although the more stationary 1 h oscillation may be considered a major driver of flushing in Toronto Harbour, its back and forth sloshing movements bring water in and out of roughly the same temperature, while upwellings bring cold hypolimnetic water.
National Center for Home Food Preservation logo photo collage of various fruits and vegetables Making Jams and Jellies Types of Jellied Products Jelly, jam, preserves, conserves and marmalades are fruit products that are jellied or thickened. Most are preserved by sugar. Their individual characteristics depend on the kind of fruit used and the way it is prepared, the proportions of different ingredients in the mixture and the method of cooking. Jellies are usually made by cooking fruit juice with sugar. (Some are made without cooking using special uncooked jelly recipes.) A good product is clear and firm enough to hold its shape when turned out of the container, but quivers when the container is moved. When cut, it should be tender yet retain the angle of the cut. Jelly should have a flavorful, fresh, fruity taste. Jams are thick, sweet spreads made by cooking crushed or chopped fruits with sugar. Jams tend to hold their shape but are generally less firm than jelly. (Recipes are also available for uncooked jams.) Preserves are small, whole fruit or uniform size pieces in a clear, slightly gelled syrup. The fruit should be tender and plump. Conserves are jam-like products that may be made with a combination of fruits. They also contain nuts, raisins or coconut. Marmalades are soft fruit jellies containing small pieces of fruit or peel evenly suspended in the transparent jelly. They often contain citrus fruit. Other fruit products that are preserved by sugar but not jellied include butters, honeys and syrups. Fruit butters are sweet spreads made by cooking fruit pulp with sugar to a thick consistency. Spices are often added. Honeys and syrups are made by cooking fruit juice or pulp with sugar to the consistency of honey or syrup. top ^
24 October 2010 Role of Art Renaissance art will always stand alone in function and purpose. Of course it was a catalyst for artistic method and style. It was a period that provided the advancement that the art world had long needed. Paintings gained depth from the discovery of linear perspective and other visual cue techniques. Sculptures returned to a Roman naturalistic style, bringing more life to all the figures. And architecture moved from Gothic styles back to Romanesque, with rounded arcades and a more horizontal orientational. Overall, architecture was more simplified and restrained. As for the role of Renaissance art, there are several. First and foremost, the architecture seemed more practical. It served a more general purpose. Paintings were more for a specific population, that is, usually a work commissioned by a family for their home or church. Artists did not paint just to sell or hang their works in a museum. Sculptures, however, were both for the populous and for specific persons/families. Statues were erected in public forums, like those in ancient Rome. But statues and other sculptures were also made for specific churches or households. As for art in today's society, architecture is still very practical and mostly simplified. Architecture is hard to compare because we do not view it the same as art it was in the Renaissance. Our architecture is meant mostly to serve a purpose or function, not necessarily to decorate an area. However, in recent years there has been a resurgence in designing extravagant buildings, but mostly in cities like Hong Kong, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. So the practice is not dead entirely, and perhaps its being revived. Modern attitude towards paintings is mostly for artists to create works for others to buy. Not often are artists commissioned to do work. It's mostly a freelance trade, and each artists is hoping to be recognized for his/her talents by hanging their works in galleries. Most of the art that we use for personal collections, however, are art replicas, or prints of famous paintings. There is also a desire for what I like to call "feel good" art, which are replica paintings of artists like Thomas Kinkade. Much like van Meegeren's forgeries, there is aesthetic value(1), but the art is not worth anything. This is vastly different from the Renaissance art, which was original, and not only had aesthetic value but also value because of the artistic merit. Sculptures are still used in similar ways, and viewed similarly as well. It's not uncommon for a city to commission a sculpture to honor a former president, other political figure, war heroes, or even local heroes. Public statues in modern era and the Renaissance served a very similar purpose. Abstract art, however, has emerged to be a another means of public art. The use of abstract art to decorate empty space in a forum was unheard of in the Renaissance, mostly because the technique wasn't around. But today we often find abstract art to be pleasing and appropriate to fill empty space. It accents our environment and serves similar purpose as the statues the modern and Renaissance era. One major difference in art today from the Renaissance is the use of public art in general. It may not be completely recognizable to those who do not have the proper sensitivities to art, but public art is a major part the current art culture. Artists like Banksy use public art as a way to speak out against propaganda. Other artists like Maya Lin use it as a way to make a name, and like the use of statues, use it to honor war heroes . And then artists like Richard Sierra, who are world renowned, are commissioned to create public works because of their name. Art still serves similar roles today, and it forever will as long as it is meant to be enjoyed and viewed by mass amounts of people. Artists do not want their works kept quiet. They are mostly proud of their abilities and recognition if the best thing for their careers. They want to create works that will garner income for them, after all, hasn't that always been the goal of artists. It may be something one loves to do, but anyone who has no career besides art needs it to be a source of income. Renaissance art stands alone in its purpose because of the change it brought to the art world. But as long as the public finds value in artistic ability, arts most fundamental purpose will always remain the same. (1) I am not comparing Kinkade's artistic ability to Vermeer's, just the similarity that to some extent Kinkade has aesthetic value. No comments:
was successfully added to your cart. Health Tips 6 Causes of Fluid Retention in the Body & How to Avoid Them By \| Eating Healthy, Health Tips, Weight Loss \| No Comments Fluid retention is associated with accumulation of water in the tissues. It is due by an imbalance in the level of the fluids in your body. The human body is made up of complex systems which constitute hormones which determine the liquid level in the body. Excessive consumption of water cannot cause a problem in the body because the hormones work in such a way they lead to the elimination of the fluids through urine or sweating. There are several causes of fluid retention in the body. Common causes of the fluid retention in the body include the following: Insufficient intake of water will make the body start retaining more water as a way of surviving. The retention of water leads to swelling of tissues. Excessive sodium intake If you consume a lot of sodium, you will end up increasing the retention of water in your body. The body tries to balance the sodium levels by retaining more water which can be used to dilute the sodium. Vitamin B6 deficiency Lack of vitamin B6 in the body lead to retention of more body fluid. For you to increase your levels of vitamin B6 in the body, you should increase your intake of bananas, potatoes, tuna, sunflower seeds, chicken, and pistachios. Magnesium deficiency Magnesium plays a crucial role in the overall health of the body. If you have low levels of magnesium, you may end up suffering from fluid retention. Some of the richest sources of magnesium for you to eat include spinach, nuts, avocado, dried fruits and whole grains. Potassium deficiency Deficiency of potassium leads to improper functioning of organs and fluid imbalance. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of water balance in the body. Processed foods Most processed foods are high in sodium and sugar. They are the main causes of fluid retention in the body. There are several effective ways you can apply to get rid of fluid retention in the body. They include the following tips: 1. Consume more vegetables and fruits. Fruits and vegetables are rich in flavonoids. The flavonoids are effective in eliminating excess water from the body. 2. Exercise regularly You should exercise regularly to boost circulation in the legs. The compression of the muscles in your body allows the veins to excel fluids from the body through urine as well as sweat. You can as well reduce swelling by elevating the legs to the rest position. The elevation leads to acceleration of fluid movement from the body. 3. Reduce the intake of salt High intake of salt is associated with more fluid retention in the body. You can lower your fluid retention levels through reducing the amount of salt you consume. 4. Avoid showering with too hot water to prevent dehydration If you showed using too hot water, there are high chances you will prevent dehydration. Always try to regulate the temperature of the water you use to take showers each day. 5. Avoid wearing tight clothes Tight clothes can impair circulation. You will help your body in getting rid of excess fluids if you can change your clothes that fit loosely. Belly Fat Study Establishes that 90% of American Men are Overfat By \| Health Tips \| No Comments Overweight. Obese. Fat. There are already so many words to describe this condition. Do we really need to add another? In short, yes. Yes we do. Each one word has different connotations, and overfat is no different. In this case, the word overfat implies a person has excess fat specifically around their waistline. What is Overfat? Being overfat isn’t limited to obese people. It can include non-obese individuals weighing within the healthy body mass index (BMI) range. According to the Frontiers of Public Health journal, 76% of the population of the world may be overfat. These statistics gets more alarming when it comes to findings among the most developed nations; where up to 50% of children and 90% of adult males may be overfat. Conventional means of assessment, such as calculating BMI or measuring weight on a scale, are not effective in determining whether you are overfat. A more effective method is measuring your around your waistline at the belly button level and then comparing that number to your height. If your waistline is longer than half your height, then you are likely overfat. Before jumping to conclusions though, you should tell your primary care provider about your concerns and have them determine the truth. This is a common condition; even some military personnel and professional athletes fall into this category. The overfat pandemic is most prevalent in the United States and other English-speaking countries such as New Zealand, and Greece and Iceland. Developing countries have followed suit as well since they are progressively following the diet habits of developed countries. A study led by Australian health expert Philip Maffetone established that 90% of American men are overfat. American women are not faring very well either, with 80% of women falling into this category. Health Concerns Associated with Being Overfat As previously mentioned, being overfat is not limited to those who are obese. This is the reason why the majority of the population falls under this category. To be considered overfat, there needs to be excess fat stored in the abdominal area of your body, also known as abdominal adiposity. This is the worst area to accumulate fat because, unlike fat stored in other areas of your body, it can wrap around your vital organs. Being overfat increases your risk of morbidity, which makes you prone to chronic diseases like • stroke • cancer • heart disease • type 2 diabetes • osteoarthritis and gout • gallbladder disease • pulmonary disease • high blood pressure Further health risks: • sleep apnea • high cholesterol levels • overall reduced quality of life The fact that 90% of American men are overfat may be shocking, but what’s more disturbing is that most of them don’t know they are overfat. The focus of the public has been obesity and as such, many people don’t know that overfat is even a condition they could be suffering from, let alone how dangerous it is. What’s more, many people who aren’t considered overweight by BMI standards might not have any of these concerns even on their radar. Regardless of your weight, it’s vital to your health that you maintain a healthy, balanced diet. If you’re not yet overfat, this will help prevent you from getting the condition, and if you’re already dealing with it, a healthy diet can help reverse the effects. Excellent habits that healthy people have Excellent habits that healthy people have We all know people that have great health and always seem to be full of energy and enthusiasm. The truth is that a lot of people fail to realize that there is a huge connection between the overall and health of a person and certain habits that most of them have in common. In this article we are going to be talking about those habits and how they can make you enjoy a healthier lifestyle too. We are only going to mention the habits that 99% of healthy people seem to have in common. This is going to prove to allow you to feel motivated to keep those habits as part of your daily checklist. Healthy people always keep an eye on their general health This is a very important habit and that means that healthy people always take the time to consider the importance of keeping their general health in check. They are always looking for ways to challenge their bodies and see if they are still able to perform as well as they did a week ago. This is definitely the kind of habit that you want to have in your life. Always monitor the way that your endurance and your stamina are currently performing. Also be on the lookout for a lower level of energy as this could be a sign that something is not right with your body. Keep track of your health and you will always have an advantage by knowing when your body is not working as it should. They keep track of what they eat No one is saying that you have to become a crazy obsessed person that counts every calorie on a daily basis, but if you want to be a healthier person, you need to start considering the fact that you will be able to get the best results in your overall health if you always watch what kind of foods you eat. Healthy people are very aware of the difference between eating a hamburger or a pizza and eating a fish fillet with vegetables or a chicken breast with mashed potatoes. The important thing to keep in mind with this advice is that you should always have a good idea of what kinds of food you can eat in order to keep your body as healthy as possible. They try new habits that work If there is something that healthy people often do, is to evolve and adapt to the kind of changes that they find to be beneficial for their health. You should be on the constant lookout for new thigs that you can do in order to keep your health at optimal levels. It could be a new supplement, a new exercise or even a new way of resting or meditating. The healthy person is always looking for new ways to make their body stronger and healthier. They never quit and they work hard for their results The healthy person is not just someone who is able to exercise and watch what they eat. The healthy person is also someone who knows that it takes a lot of hard work and dedication to lose the weight they want to lose and have the body they want to have. When you are faces with any kind of challenge and you feel that it’s becoming too difficult for you. The best way to get through this is to remind yourself that those obstacles are there so that only a few people can cross them. The question is, if you really have what it takes to be one of those people? You need to build your mental toughness in order to overcome any of those obstacles. There are many things that a person can do in order to maintain their health at optimal levels, but the habits that we just mentioned seem to be essential and always present in all the successful people we have been able to read bout or interview. There are many individuals out there who wish they had a better looking body and they wish they could run faster and have energy to perform all kinds of physical tasks without feeling tired and drained in just a few minutes. Keep your mind focused and always remember that the only way to reach your goals is to work very hard in order to make sure that you can earn the right to get to the finish line. All great things are difficult and they all require hard work and dedication.
See more Thought articles on AOD. Powered by Share this page on Article provided by Wikipedia ( => ( => ( => Thought [pageid] => 37080 ) => Girl with a Book by "José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior Thought refers to "ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of the process of thinking. Though thinking is an activity considered essential to humanity, there is no consensus as to how we define or understand it. Because thought underlies many human actions and interactions, understanding its physical and metaphysical origins, processes, and effects has been a longstanding goal of many academic disciplines including "linguistics, "psychology, "neuroscience, "philosophy, "artificial intelligence, "biology, "sociology and "cognitive science. Thinking allows humans to make sense of, interpret, represent or "model the world they experience, and to make predictions about that world. It is therefore helpful to an organism with needs, objectives, and desires as it makes "plans or otherwise attempts to accomplish those goals. Etymology and usage[edit] A Pensive Moment (1904), by "Eugene de Blaas The word thought comes from "Old English þoht, or geþoht, from stem of þencan "to conceive of in the mind, consider".[1] The word "thought" may mean:[2][3] Huike Thinking, a portrait of the "Chán patriarch "Dazu Huike attributed to the 10th-century painter Shi Ke Definitions may or may not require that thought Definitions of thought may also be derived directly or indirectly from theories of thought. What is most thought-provoking in these thought-provoking times, is that we are still not thinking. "The Thinker by "Rodin (1840–1917), in the garden of the "Musée Rodin The phenomenology movement in philosophy saw a radical change in the way in which we understand thought. Martin Heidegger's phenomenological analyses of the existential structure of man in "Being and Time cast new light on the issue of thinking, unsettling traditional cognitive or rational interpretations of man which affect the way we understand thought. The notion of the fundamental role of non-cognitive understanding in rendering possible thematic consciousness informed the discussion surrounding "Artificial Intelligence during the 1970s and 1980s.[12] Phenomenology, however, is not the only approach to thinking in modern Western philosophy. Philosophy of mind is a branch of "philosophy that studies the nature of the "mind, "mental events, "mental functions, "mental properties, "consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in philosophy of mind, although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not involve its relation to the physical body.[13] The mind-body problem[edit] The mind-body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship that exists between "minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes.[13] The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body. Human perceptual experiences depend on "stimuli which arrive at one's various "sensory organs from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in one's mental state, ultimately causing one to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how someone's "propositional attitudes (e.g. beliefs and desires) can cause that individual's "neurons to fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted "epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of "René Descartes.[14] Functionalism vs. embodiment[edit] The above reflects a classical, functional description of how we work as cognitive, thinking systems. However the apparently irresolvable mind-body problem is said to be overcome, and bypassed, by the "embodied cognition approach, with its roots in the work of "Heidegger, "Piaget, "Vygotsky, "Merleau-Ponty and the pragmatist "John Dewey.[15][16] This approach states that the classical approach of separating the mind and analysing its processes is misguided: instead, we should see that the mind, actions of an embodied agent, and the environment it perceives and envisions, are all parts of a whole which determine each other. Therefore, functional analysis of the mind alone will always leave us with the mind-body problem which cannot be solved.[17] A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an excitable "cell in the "nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical "signaling. Neurons are the core components of the "brain, the "vertebrate "spinal cord, the "invertebrate "ventral nerve cord, and the peripheral nerves. A number of specialized types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the "sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and cause "muscle contractions and affect "glands. "Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Neurons respond to "stimuli, and communicate the presence of stimuli to the central nervous system, which processes that information and sends responses to other parts of the body for action. Neurons do not go through "mitosis, and usually cannot be replaced after being destroyed,["dubious ] although "astrocytes have been observed to turn into neurons as they are sometimes "pluripotent. Man thinking on a train journey. "Graffiti on the wall: "'to think for myself' became less favorable". Psychologists have concentrated on thinking as an intellectual exertion aimed at finding an answer to a question or the solution of a practical problem. Cognitive psychology is a branch of "psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as "cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing. It had its foundations in the "Gestalt psychology of "Max Wertheimer, "Wolfgang Köhler, and "Kurt Koffka,[18] and in the work of "Jean Piaget, who provided a theory of stages/phases that describe children's cognitive development. Cognitive psychologists use "psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response. They study various aspects of thinking, including the "psychology of reasoning, and how people make decisions and choices, solve problems, as well as engage in creative discovery and imaginative thought. Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of "algorithms—rules that are not necessarily understood but promise a solution, or "heuristics—rules that are understood but that do not always guarantee solutions. "Cognitive science differs from cognitive psychology in that algorithms that are intended to simulate human behavior are implemented or implementable on a computer. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships. In "developmental psychology, "Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the study of the development of thought from birth to maturity. In his "theory of cognitive development, thought is based on actions on the environment. That is, Piaget suggests that the environment is understood through assimilations of objects in the available schemes of action and these accommodate to the objects to the extent that the available schemes fall short of the demands. As a result of this interplay between assimilation and accommodation, thought develops through a sequence of stages that differ qualitatively from each other in mode of representation and complexity of inference and understanding. That is, thought evolves from being based on perceptions and actions at the sensorimotor stage in the first two years of life to internal representations in early childhood. Subsequently, representations are gradually organized into logical structures which first operate on the concrete properties of the reality, in the stage of concrete operations, and then operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties, in the stage of formal operations.[19] In recent years, the Piagetian conception of thought was integrated with information processing conceptions. Thus, thought is considered as the result of mechanisms that are responsible for the representation and processing of information. In this conception, "speed of processing, "cognitive control, and "working memory are the main functions underlying thought. In the "neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, the development of thought is considered to come from increasing speed of processing, enhanced "cognitive control, and increasing "working memory.[20] "Positive psychology emphasizes the positive aspects of human psychology as equally important as the focus on mood disorders and other negative symptoms. In "Character Strengths and Virtues, "Peterson and "Seligman list a series of positive characteristics. One person is not expected to have every strength, nor are they meant to fully capsulate that characteristic entirely. The list encourages positive thought that builds on a person's strengths, rather than how to "fix" their "symptoms".[21] "Id", "ego", and "super-ego" are the three parts of the ""psychic apparatus" defined in "Sigmund Freud's "structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life is described. According to this model, the uncoordinated instinctual trends are the "id"; the organized realistic part of the psyche is the "ego," and the critical and moralizing function the "super-ego."[22] The unconscious was considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his "psychoanalytic theory a "sentient force of "will influenced by human desire and yet operating well below the perceptual "conscious mind. For Freud, the unconscious is the storehouse of instinctual desires, needs, and psychic drives. While past thoughts and reminiscences may be concealed from immediate consciousness, they direct the thoughts and feelings of the individual from the realm of the unconscious.[23] For "psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all that is not conscious, rather only what is actively repressed from conscious thought or what the person is averse to knowing consciously. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. If a person feels pain, all he can think of is alleviating the pain. Any of his desires, to get rid of pain or enjoy something, command the mind what to do. For Freud, the unconscious was a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of "psychological repression. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects—it expresses itself in the "symptom.[24] A ""thought bubble" is an illustration depicting thought. Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact. Scholars in this "interdisciplinary area are typically either "psychologists or "sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the "individual and the "group as their "units of analysis.[25] Despite their similarity, psychological and sociological researchers tend to differ in their goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate "academic journals and "professional societies. The greatest period of collaboration between sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following "World War II.[26] Although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines.[27] The "collective unconscious, sometimes known as collective subconscious, is a term of "analytical psychology, "coined by "Carl Jung. It is a part of the "unconscious mind, shared by a "society, a people, or all "humanity, in an interconnected system that is the product of all common experiences and contains such concepts as "science, "religion, and "morality. While "Freud did not distinguish between an "individual psychology" and a "collective psychology," Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the "personal "subconscious particular to each human being. The collective unconscious is also known as "a reservoir of the experiences of our species."[28] In the "Definitions" chapter of Jung's seminal work Psychological Types, under the definition of "collective" Jung references representations collectives, a term coined by "Lucien Lévy-Bruhl in his 1910 book How Natives Think. Jung says this is what he describes as the collective unconscious. Freud, on the other hand, did not accept the idea of a collective unconscious. See also[edit] 1. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Etymology of Thought". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-05-22. 2. ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition, 2001, Published by Random House, Inc., "ISBN "978-0375425998, p. 1975 3. ^ Webster's II New College Dictionary, Webster Staff, Webster, Houghton Mifflin Company, Edition: 2, illustrated, revised Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999, "ISBN "978-0-395-96214-5, p. 1147 4. ^ Caianiello, E. R (1961). "Outline of a theory of thought-processes and thinking machines". Journal of Theoretical Biology. pp. 204–35. Retrieved June 27, 2013. 5. ^ "Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking" by Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander, 2013, Basic Books, "ISBN "978-0465018475 6. ^ 7. ^ "ThoughtForms – The Structure, Power, and Limitations of Thought: Volume 1 – Introduction to the Theory" by Peter Baum, 2013, Aesir Publishing, "ISBN "9780988489301 8. ^ 9. ^ Ap Dijksterhuis; Ap and Nordgren; Loran F. (2006). "A Theory of Unconscious Thought". Perspectives On Psychological Science (PDF chapter). 1–2. pp. 95–109. Retrieved June 27, 2013. 10. ^ "The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature" by Steven Pinker, 2008, Penguin Books, "ISBN "978-0143114246 11. ^ Martin Heidegger, What is Called Thinking? 12. ^ Dreyfus, Hubert. Dreyfus, Stuart. Mind Over Machine. Macmillan, 1987 13. ^ a b Kim, J. (1995). Honderich, Ted, ed. Problems in the Philosophy of Mind. Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14. ^ Companion to Metaphysics, By Jaegwon Kim, Gary S. Rosenkrantz, Ernest Sosa, Contributor Jaegwon Kim, 2nd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, "ISBN "978-1-4051-5298-3 15. ^ Varela, Francisco J., Thompson, Evan T., and Rosch, Eleanor. (1992). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. "ISBN "0-262-72021-3 16. ^ Cowart, Monica (2004). Embodied Cognition. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 27 February 2012. 17. ^ Di Paolo, Ezequiel (29.10.2009 12:43 Duration: 1:11:38). "Shallow and Deep Embodiment" (Video). University of Sussex. Retrieved 27 February 2012. Check date values in: \|date= ("help) 18. ^ Gestalt Theory, By Max Wertheimer. Hayes Barton Press, 1944, "ISBN "978-1-59377-695-4 19. ^ Piaget, J. (1951). Psychology of Intelligence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 20. ^ Demetriou, A. (1998). Cognitive development. In A. Demetriou, W. Doise, K. F. M. van Lieshout (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology. pp. 179–269. London: Wiley. 21. ^ Schacter, Daniel L. (2011). Psychology Second Edition, "Positive Psychology". New York. 584 pp. 22. ^ Snowden, Ruth (2006). Teach Yourself Freud (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 107. "ISBN "978-0-07-147274-6. 23. ^ Geraskov, Emil Asenov (November 1, 1994). "The internal contradiction and the unconscious sources of activity". The Journal of Psychology. Retrieved April 17, 2007. 24. ^ The Cambridge companion to Freud, By Jerome Neu. Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 29, "ISBN "9780521377799 25. ^ Social Psychology, David G. Myers, McGraw Hill, 1993. "ISBN "0-07-044292-4. 26. ^ Sewell, W.H. (1989). Some reflections on the golden age of interdisciplinary social psychology. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 15. 27. ^ The Psychology of the Social, Uwe Flick, Cambridge University Press, 1998. "ISBN "0-521-58851-0. 28. ^ Jensen, Peter S., Mrazek, David, Knapp, Penelope K., "Steinberg, Laurence, Pfeffer, Cynthia, Schowalter, John, & Shapiro, Theodore. (Dec 1997) "Evolution and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. (attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome)". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 36. p. 1672. (10). July 14, 2007. 29. ^ "How do animals think?". Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 30. ^ "Yes, Animals Think And Feel. Here's How We Know". National Geographic News. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 31. ^ Gopnik, Alison. "How Animals Think". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 32. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey. "What Are Animals Thinking? (A Lot, as it Turns Out)". Time. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 33. ^ Safina, Carl (2015). Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel. Henry Holt and Company. "ISBN "9780805098891. Retrieved 29 June 2017. 34. ^ Jamieson, Dale. What do animals think? (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2017. 35. ^ Linden, Eugene. "Can Animals Think?" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2017. Further reading[edit] External links[edit] ) )
A Bad Day Turns Good: A Short Discourse On Energy And Its Transformations : 13.7: Cosmos And Culture Energy is one of those words easier to use than to define. And the way physicists think of it is quite inspiring. NPR logo A Bad Day Turns Good: A Short Discourse On Energy And Its Transformations Energy is one of those words that we think we understand until we start thinking about it. Time is like that too. Saint Augustine famously said of time: “If no one asks me I know. If I wish to explain it, I know not.” The New Oxford American Dictionary says of energy: “1. The strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity; 2. Power derived from the utilization of physical and chemical resources, esp. to provide heat or to work machines; 3. The property of matter and radiation that is manifest as a capacity to perform work.” So, energy is not a thing, it’s a property of things. The last definition requires us to define “work,” since this is not the usual meaning of the word. Here is an example. Your car breaks down in the middle of the road and needs to be pushed out of the heavy traffic. You need to apply a force on it to make it move. This force, making the car move, is performing or “doing” work. For that to happen, you need to spend energy. And where is your energy coming from? From your muscles. And the energy in your muscles? From metabolizing food. Food, in turn, needs to be planted by someone and, to grow, it needs energy from the Sun. (Cattle does too, but let’s say you’re a vegetarian.) And what about the Sun’s energy? It comes from nuclear fusion processes at its core that transform hydrogen into helium at a staggering rate of about six hundred billion pounds per second. Ultimately, the protons that are fused in the Sun’s interior are responsible for making your car move. I know this knowledge doesn’t help you while you’re out there pushing your car under dozens of blaring horns, but at least you know you didn’t do it alone. You and the solar protons did it together, as a team. In the example above, as you pushed the car you imparted some speed on it and did some work, moving it from a state of rest to a state of motion. This energy of motion is what we call kinetic energy, as I’m sure you remember from school. So, we can say that work is equivalent to the change in the car’s kinetic energy from zero (zero velocity) to its final value (moving car). Everything that moves can do work. Let’s continue with your car saga to see how that goes. You and the solar protons are busy pushing your car out of the way when an unhappy soul driving on the wrong way hits you head on. Fortunately, he was going slowly and no one got hurt. But the collision bashed your fender in; the kinetic energies of the colliding cars was used up deforming the fender. This is not your day. And it's going to get worse. Screaming, you leave the car and go in search of a public phone. (You also forgot your cell phone at home…) As you walk under a building, a kid on the fourth floor decides to test the law of gravity and let go of a water balloon. Bulls-eye! The balloon splashes right on your head. “Another one, you %$#^&@#!!!” you yell, thinking that at least it was only water. It could have been much worse. You can hear the kid laughing his head off behind the window. Using physics as relaxation therapy, you think about what happened. As the boy suspended the balloon out the window, it wasn’t moving. But as soon as he let go, it started to fall, gaining speed from gravity’s acceleration. Gravity is doing the work here: the higher the balloon, the higher its impact energy. If the boy had been on the fortieth floor, the impact would have been much more violent. Here, potential energy, the stored capacity to do work, is converted into kinetic energy. As the balloon hit the ground (or your head) all it had was kinetic energy; no more potential to keep falling. A spring, too, can store potential energy: as you release it, it moves into its relaxed position. In fact, some of the kinetic energy was used to rupture the balloon, some to move the air around it making noise, etc. Energy is a slippery mistress, always transforming itself. You finally find a public phone (they hardly exist anymore…) and, of course, it’s out of order. You raise your fist to the sky and curse the gods, thinking of Job. You look down, and can’t believe your eyes: a beautiful woman, smiling at you. “Hi, would you like to use my cell phone?” Incredulous and drenched, you accept. As you call your insurance company, you imagine the electric charges moving around in the cell phone’s battery, negative attracted to positive. The attraction creates a current that feeds the phone, making it work. Chemical energy turning into kinetic energy, charges in motion, the secret behind much of electronics. You look at the pretty girl and ask, shyly, “can I buy you coffee? There’s a Café across the road.” To your surprise, she says yes. Immediately, another kind of energy transformation occurs in your body, as your heart starts pumping faster. As you two sit down, you want to say, “Did you know that matter can turn to energy and vice-versa? I read it in this awesome blog on NPR, 13.7. Actually, we are energy and energy connects us to the rest of the Universe!” But you decide not to. Instead, you say, “You’re a life saver, really.”
Aristotle's View on the Polis Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 312 • Published : April 28, 2006 Open Document Text Preview Aristotle is known for his ideas and beliefs in Nichomachean Ethics. Aristotle sates the individual should be thought of and taking care of first. If we are to take care of the few individuals, then the whole society should be taking care of. Aristotle uses politics and ethics together to explain the good life. People generally disagree as to the nature and conditions of happiness. Some people believe that happiness is wealth, honor, pleasure, or virtue. Aristotle thinks that wealth is not happiness because wealth is just a monetary value, but can still be used to gain some happiness. Not directly of course, money can only buy a person objects that can bring them happiness for a short period of time. Just like wealth, honor is not happiness, because honor focuses more on the people, rather then the honoree. Pleasure is not happiness, because "the life of gratification" is "completely slavish", since most of the people in the polis decided to live their life based on the way animals live. The people are punished for things not accepted and reward for actions excepted. The last is virtue, and virtue is not happiness either, since one could be virtuous and not use it. Instead, Aristotle says that happiness is a combination of the four. Thus, Aristotle describes the good life by saying that, "the happy person is one who expresses complete virtue in his activities, with and adequate supply of external goods, not just for anytime but for a complete life". Aristotle believes that virtues are states of character. Aristotle presents his idea of moral and intellectual virtue out of the fact that they can only be achieved through excellence or virtue. Virtue is referred to as all of the characteristics that are required for a human being to carry out its proper function. Moral virtue consists of character traits like courage, generosity, temperance, justice, and so on. It is the kind of excellence having to do with the relationship between the rational part... tracking img
Business Law Cases Solved Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 1314 • Published : January 25, 2011 Open Document Text Preview Chapter 1 Introduction to International and Comparative Law United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, 1994. FACTS: Plaintiffs, Ecuador residents, filed suit in Texas over alleged environmental damage in Ecuador. Plaintiffs pray for money damages, an injunction to clean up, and a court-administered trust fund. Defendants bring motions to dismiss. ISSUE: Should the court decline to exercise jurisdiction based on the doctrine of comity of nations? LAW: Section 403(3) of the Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States sets out numerous factors in deciding whether comity of nations deference should be applied. EXPLANATION: The alleged activities and harm occurred in Ecuador; plaintiffs all reside in Ecuador; defendants are not Texas residents; the Republic of Ecuador has objected to the court’s jurisdiction and would probably not enforce any judgment it issued; and jurisdiction would interfere with Ecuador’s sovereign right to control its own environment. ORDER: The case is dismissed under the doctrine of comity of nations. Case 1-2. SEI FUJII v. STATE United States, Supreme Court of California, 1952. FACTS: A California law made land purchased by a Japanese who was ineligible for citizenship escheat to the state. ISSUES: (1) Does California’s alien land law violate the UN Charter? (2) If it does, is the UN Charter automatically applicable? (3) Does the California law violate the US Constitution? HOLDING: The law violates the UN Charter and the US Constitution. The UN Charter is not self-executing, but the US Constitution is. LAWS: (1) At the time, there was no US-Japan treaty giving Japanese the right to own land in the US. (2) The UN Charter requires nations to promote human rights (including non-discrimination based on national origin). (3) Treaties (such as the UN Charter) are part of American law and must be observed. (4) Treaties do not supersede inconsistent local laws unless they are self-executing. (5) To determine if a treaty is self-executing, one looks at the intent of the parties. That is, for a treaty provision to be operative without the aid of implementing legislation, it must appear that its authors meant to prescribe a rule that, standing alone, would be enforceable in the courts. (6) The US Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment prohibits racial discrimination. EXPLANATION: The UN Charter provisions on human rights set out goals and aspirations, not self-executing provisions. They were not meant to become rules of law. This is in contrast to the rules in the Charter dealing with rights and privileges of the officers and employees of the UN, which signatories are required to observe. American states are bound to observe the US Constitution. The California law, which is based on racial discrimination, violates the US Constitution. ORDER: The land does not escheat to California. United States, Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 1997. FACTS: Plaintiff, Matimak, a Hong Kong company, seeks to sue Khalily and D.A.Y., two New York corporations, in a US federal court. Matimak seeks to invoke the federal court’s diversity jurisdiction in US Code, title 28, § 1332(a)(2) to hear civil disputes between “citizens of a State and citizens of a foreign state.” The district court dismissed plaintiff’s suit on the grounds that it was not the citizen of a foreign State, because Hong Kong was not at the time recognized as being a foreign state by the United States government. ISSUES: (1) Is Hong Kong a state? (2) Is Matimak a citizen of the United Kingdom? (3) Does US Code, title 28, § 1332(a)(2) allow stateless persons to sue in a US federal court? HOLDINGS: (1) No. (2) No. (3) No. LAW: (1) As a general rule, a foreign state is one that is formally recognized by... tracking img
E-mobility: what is and how to develop it In Energy E-mobility is nowadays one of the greatest challenges of our planet. All fields of contemporary industry actually want to be “green”: public opinion is now increasingly aware of the importance of safeguarding the environment of our world , especially for generations to come. Even larger companies seem to have realized it and are looking for solutions to contribute to this general trend. E-mobility is one of the solutions they are aiming to. Mobility is a fundamental value of contemporary society, especially in urban areas. In the last 50 years, vehicles have allowed greater flexibility to people, making easier for them to choose where to work or to live, ensuring greater accessibility to primary services such as schools, hospitals, shopping areas and so on. However the automotive industry has certainly been one of the main contributors to world pollution. Today’s mobility has to be sustainable in terms of safety and performances but, above all, in terms of environmental implications. Nowadays Governments are focusing on this concept and “clear mobility” became a key factor in their policies: they are aiming to adopt programs and measures to substantially reduce carbon emissions of private and commercial vehicles in order to achieve the global goal of reducing gas emissions in the next years. These are the reasons why the design and development of environment-friendly vehicles, such as electric vehicles is one of the main challenge of our society. What is e-mobility and why is it so important to safeguard the planet for the future? What is e-mobility Electric mobility, or e-mobility, refers to all the vehicles using electric power as the main source of energy instead of traditional fossil fuels and oils. Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and even vehicles using hydrogen fuel are part of this classification. A hybrid car has an internal combustion engine, an electric motor and a rechargeable battery. The battery is plugged in an electric source and it is the primary source of energy but these vehicles are also equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE), which can be used to recharge the battery or to move the vehicle when the distance exceeds the battery operating time. E-mobility is not a new concept as these technologies has existed for about 15 years. However, high costs, the lack of capillary charging networks and a poor battery capacity have so far made this type of vehicles very uncommon on the market. Today the general aim to produce environmental friendly and efficient vehicles that use innovative solutions in areas such as batteries in order to make electric vehicles an efficient alternative to traditional vehicles. History of e-mobility: a story began a long time ago Cars have a central role in e-mobility, but actually, changing into electric cars was not so easy for automotive companies. They started developing electric-powered cars in the middle of 19th century – they considered them the cars of the future. However this concept was set aside later, to produce other types of easier- to- produce cars. Global issues on oil supply and oil crises together with environmental issues, such as the climate changes experienced in the 20th century, have spurred again the auto manufacturers to find new solutions in the production of vehicles. Why e-mobility: what are the benefits of electric mobility? Electric mobility is a very good alternative to safeguard the environment as traditional vehicles are one of the main responsible for Co2 emissions and air pollution. Central governments now agree that Co2 emissions are a major cause of global pollution and intend to issue regulations and lows to minimize this impact. Subsidies to environment-friendly vehicles, such as electric cars are part of this program. Moreover, the United States and the European Union agree that investing in e-mobility can lead to an important economic growth: • E-mobility development means a reduction of costs for oil supply in the transportation sector. • Competition among car makers will lead them to design more energy- efficient vehicles which will offer better performance. • New technologies imply new employment opportunities because for skilled professionals. What are the next challenges for electric mobility? Even if e-mobility sector is developing quickly, there is no doubt that a use of these vehicles on a global scale is still faraway. There are some important aspects that should be focused on: • Electric vehicles today are not very cheap and this often dissuades customers from buying them, but in fact these costs are attributed to the high costs that research and development carry ; • Battery improvement – as the overall performance of the car of the future will depend on its battery’s performance; • Massive collaboration among the major players as a single entity cannot offer the progress required. A collaboration amongst all the entities, stakeholders and with the central government is going to needed; • Customers should be educated and informed about electric vehicles and the advantages that the use of this type of vehicles might produce. Electric vehicles and car-sharing: the importance of this connection Car-sharing has been increasing a lot in the recent times. This happens thanks to the affordable fees, the ease of finding cars available, the use the mobile apps to manage them and, above all, the difficulties to use the private cars in the city centers. Before talking about the existing connection between electric vehicles development and car-sharing, let’s go to understand what car-sharing is. What is car sharing? Car-sharing is a new type of mobility, which has increased a lot over the last years in city centers of the western world. It is estimated that, only in Italy, this mobility system is grown by 35% in the last six month, getting 4,2 million bookings. Usually these kind of cars allow to access the restricted traffic zone of the city center and also include parking fees. Moreover, car sharing is favorably viewed by city governments, because it is a way to reduce traffic jam and carbon emissions, but what actually is car-sharing? Car sharing is a service allowing the customer to book the first, closest available car and to return it at the same point or in a different location. The payment fee will depend on the length of time the customer used the service. The main concept is not to own a car but simply to use one. Why car sharing is connected to e-mobility and why this connection is important? Car sharing users are usually a very homogeneous social group, aged between 30 and 40, who does not own a car. Introducing electric vehicles in car-sharing is an easy way to introduce these kinds of vehicle to customers and to educate them to their advantages. It can be a great opportunity especially for people who don’t have yet their own car or who cannot afford it. In this way, they can understand that these vehicles are not just environmentally-friendly but that they can also be part of a part of their everyday life and they are easy to use. Moreover, car-sharing is a way to safeguard the environment and, at the same time, to contain the high costs that electric cars can have for private users. European commission: The European Union initiatives according to e-mobility Environmental issues are leading the European Union and its Member States to introduce new policies to reduce greenhouse emissions; in particular, they aim to a 20% reduction by 2020, compared to 1990 levels. The goal is to improve the air quality and to introduce decarburization in transport. A possible answer to this problem is to invest in e-mobility. This is the reason why the European Union now considers it like a priority. The European commission initiatives for e-mobility In order to reduce its dependence on oil and to fulfill the goals set by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector as a measure to contrast climate change, the European Commission has issued a document aiming to develop the sustainable mobility and to encourage the use of the green alternatives to traditional fuel in all EU countries, The plan wants to promote the building of new refueling stations for alternative fuels, such as LPG, methane and bio fuels and to increase the number of electric charging stations all over Europe which are very few at the moment. The end goal is to install at least 800,000 charging points by 2020. Moreover, the European Commission set also a recharge standard for all European countries and declared that hybrid cars are inefficient in terms of emission reductions. This is the reason why they havn’t been included in the alternative mobility category and amongst the measures to encourage this sector’s development. Finally, the European Union actions to e-mobility development also include the adoption of various types of incentives to encourage the purchase of electric vehicles and to stimulate the upgrade of the electricity distribution networks. What is the future of e-mobility? According to some studies, all cars sold in Europe by 2025 will be electric or hybrid. It means that automotive market will require new technologies and improvements to keep pace with change. A new approach to vehicle design is required, involving a closer collaboration between manufacturing and design teams. The approach to electric mobility might differ depending by the continent: while Asia probably will tend to produce completely electric vehicles, due to its great issues connected to pollution, Europe could probably keep the hybrid gas engine, due to the road conditions and the recharging network which is still very poor. In America the hybrid vehicle market could still increase. Electric vehicles of the future will have simpler technologies and smaller engines. These advancements will eventually reduce the cost of these vehicles, so that many more people will be able to afford them. A challenge for the future: e-mobility quick charging As we mentioned before, customers nowadays still don’t have a great will to replace their traditional vehicles with an electric one. One of the main issue is connected to the required charging time and to the battery capacity, which is still too poor, especially for long distances. Improve charging times is one of the challenge for e-mobility of the future. Luckily something is changing and technology is now making giant step in recent times to make electric vehicles a real alternative to traditional mobility systems. Researchers are still at work to produce macrocells and battery packs that can provide high performance at interesting costs: we are sure there will be important changes in this sector in the next future. Recommended Posts Contact Us Not readable? Change text. captcha txt Start typing and press Enter to search Photovoltaic panelshydrogen fuel
The ‘I’ Newspaper on the Invention of Star Trek-Style ‘Tractor Beam’ The I newspaper today reported that Asier Marzo, an American doctoral student, now a research assistant at Bristol uni, has invented a tractor beam using sound which can be built by anyone with a 3D printer. The article by Tom Bawden runs Fans of Star Wars and Star Trek were given a huge boost last year when a doctoral student in America developed the first sonic tractor beam capable of pulling an object towards it by using sound waves. But alas its use was confined to fancy labs with expensive equipment. Now, thanks to that same individual – who has since become a research assistant at the University of Bristol – it has become far more accessible, at least to anyone with 3D printing technology. The tractor beam has long been a staple of science fiction, used in a series of Star Trek episodes to capture and tow other space ships, while the Death Star’s tractor beam memorably catches the Millennium Falcon in Star Wars. A do-it-yourself handheld acoustic tractor beam will now become widely available, according to a new paper published in the journal Applied Physics Letters. “Previously we developed a tractor beam, but it was very complicated and pricey because it required a phase array, which is a complex electronic system,” said Asier Marzo, the researcher behind the developments. “Now, we have made a simple, static tractor beam that only requires a static piece of matter,” he said. “We can modulate a simple wave using what’s called a metamaterial, which is basically a piece of matter with lots of tubes of different lengths. The sound passes through these tubes and when it exits the metamaterial it has the correct phases to create a tractor beam.” With an effect that is determined by the shape of the tubes, the research team focused on optimising the design to allow fabrication with common 3D printers, ensuring it could be constructed by home hobbyists. (The I, 4th January 2017, p. 23). I think the pseudoscientific explanation for the tractor beams in Star Trek is that they use gravitons – the subatomic particles that carry the force of gravity – to pull other ships and objects towards them. In an early episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation Wesley Crusher is shown having invented a handheld tractor beam. I think it’s in the episode ‘The Naked Now’. There are some very clever things now being done with sound. There was a piece on The One Show or perhaps the Beeb’s pop science programme, Bang Goes The Theory, where they showed how sound waves could be used to levitate a series of small objects. I have a feeling it was the discovery of acoustic levitation back in the 1990s or early 2000s that inspired one episode of Far Scape, ‘Taking the Stone’ where Chiana joins a group of alien thrill seekers. These young people get their kicks from leaping off a cliff above an alien echo chamber while humming. If they get the tone right, the sound waves resonate and break their fall. If they don’t, they plunge to their deaths. I can’t imagine that ever catching on as sport in real life, but you never know. Tags: , , , , , , , , , , Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Many people experience sleep problems. For some, this is a sporadic occurrence while others struggle with this problem nightly. It does not take much to develop poor sleep habits, but it takes work to unlearn these habits and improve your sleep. However, before you can fix your sleep, you need to understand how sleep works. There are three components to sleep that people need to be aware of. Two are “sleep forces” and one is a “wakeful force.” The first sleep force is Sleep Drive. From the moment you wake up, you begin to build sleep drive, which will make you fall asleep the following night. Thus, the longer you are awake, the more sleep drive you build. This is why several things that people do to “make up sleep” after a bad night do more harm than good: 1. Going to bed early : This means you had less time during the day to build sleep drive. 2. Sleeping in: This also leaves less time to build sleep drive for the following night. 3. Taking a nap: Once you fall asleep, all of you sleep drive is released, and after you wake up, there will not be enough hours for you to adequately build sleep drive. 4. Resting all day: The more active you are, the more sleep drive you build. Taking it easy all day will lead to weaker sleep drive. The other sleep force is Biological Clock. This is the mechanism that dictates your body’s optimal time to be awake and asleep. You can help your Biological Clock by setting and sticking to a consistent routine. Preferably, this routine corresponds to your ideal time to be asleep. Going to bed and waking up at the same time helps teach your body when it should be asleep and when you should be awake. To illustrate how important this is, know that moving your regular sleep time by two hours is equivalent to jetlag, and you should expect to experience the symptoms associated with jetlag. Nevertheless, your body’s sleep systems can be overridden by the “wakeful force,” which is your Arousal System. Have you ever been very sleepy while driving, but were able to keep yourself awake? Can you imagine being able to stay awake had you been sitting on the couch watching television instead of driving? This system allows you to stay awake despite sleepiness when there is an emergency. However, if this system is disrupted, it can interfere with sleep on a regular basis. Thus, when trying to fall asleep, it is not only about taking care not to intervene with the sleep forces, but you also need to turn off the arousal system. The two main ways that arousal is activated is: • Conditioned Arousal: Ever experience being so sleepy you cannot keep your eyes open, but the moment you get into bed, you are wide awake? This happens when you spend a lot of time in bed being unable to sleep or do wakeful activities in bed, like working or watching TV. To turn off this arousal when going to bed, you need to break this association by teaching your body that the bed is for sleep only. • Cognitive Arousal: Ever get into bed and the only thing that you can think of is how are you ever going to be able to fall asleep and what you need to do to make yourself sleep? If this happens, try engaging in relaxation exercises to still your mind. If you cannot, get out of bed, so that you can have these thoughts somewhere else and stop associating them with being in bed. Understanding how sleep works prepares you for more targeted sleep interventions, which we will tackle next week! Stay tuned! Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Posted by: Ticktock \| September 15, 2008 HOLLOW EARTH: A Monument To Ignorance! Most Cincinnatians don’t know about the legacy of bad pseudoscience that one of our local “scholars” seared into the pages of world history, but nearly two centuries ago, John Cleves Symmes Jr. and his his absurd Hollow Earth theory was nearly as popular and widespread as creationism is today. The fact that most people today have never heard of “Hollow Earth” gives me hope for humanity. When I brought up the deeply flawed Hollow Earth theory at the Phil Plait lecture this past weekend, I was pleasantly surprised to hear the old man sitting next to me tell me about the concrete hollow globe memorial to John Symmes Jr. in the Cincinnati suburb Symmes township. The old man mockingly declared the thing pictured to the left “a monument to ignorance”. Exactly! Well played, sir. Well played. The Hollow Earth theory started innocently enough. The concept was the brainchild of astronomer Edmond Halley (you know him as the comet guy!). Halley theorized that there must be (possibly inhabitable) concentric inner spheres with luminous atmospheres spinning at different rates within the crust of the Earth. Halley was attempting to explain certain mysteries of magnetism and also the northern lights. Other scholars elaborated on Halley’s theory, including the Swiss mathemetician Leonard Euler, who imagined a vast inner sun providing heat and light for an advanced civilization that lives there. It wasn’t long after Halley and others theorized about Hollow Earth that some of the first ever science fiction fantasy novels were published about it, starting with the satirical Neils Klim’s Underground Travels written by Ludvig Holberg. Holberg’s book started a series of books invoking strange utopian lands with odd creatures and customs. A typical Hollow Earth novel was Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery by the pseudonymous Captain Adam Seaborn, which purported to tell the true tale of a journey to an inner earth. Symzonia obviously contains in it’s title a reference to John Symmes Jr., a veteran of the war of 1812 who insisted that there were large holes at Earth’s north and south poles, and that if you entered these holes you would descend into an inner planet. At the time, the arctic was a vast mystery in a post-exploration era, so it is no surprise that these theories existed. Such legends and mysteries typically come at the confusing early stages of natural curiousity: aliens were popularized after flight and space travel, bigfoot followed the fossil discoveries of early hominids, and JFK and 9/11 government conspiracies respectively followed Watergate and lies about WMD. Symmes lectured across the country about his theory. He was either mocked and ignored or earnestly believed. Yet, few really listened to his ideas until his disciple Jeremiah Reynolds petitioned the government to mount an expedition to Antartica. Though the explorers didn’t find a utopian colony or an inner earth, they did come back with a true concept of Antartica’s continental scale. Quite a discovery in the name of pseudoscience! Reynolds is also famous for inspiring Herman Mellville’s Moby Dick novel after his tale of a whale called Mocha Dick (insert porn joke here). Cyrus Teed developed his belief in Hollow Earth after being electrocuted. In fact, he believed in cellular cosmogony – that we live inside a concave hollow Earth and that a night/day sun floats in the middle of a thick atmosphere. In Teed’s imaginary world, gravity does not exist but is caused by centrifugal force. It is said that our cartographic observations work equally well whether the Earth is convex or concave, so Teed was able to manipulate others using misleading scientific evidence. Teed later developed a messiah complex, changed his name to Koresh, and started a utopian cult in Florida called Estero. Any part of that sound familiar? Hollow Earth inspired Jules Verne’s Journey to the Center of the Earth and Edgar Allen Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. There are also Tarzan novels and Oz novels that are set in Hollow Earth. In Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, Henry Gale, the wizard of yellow brick road fame, crashlands on an inner Earth to rescue his niece and Dorothy. Those of you familiar with LOST will instantly recognize that Henry Gale is the moniker that “others” mastermind Ben gives himself when he is captured by the castaways. He uses a hot air balloon crash as his alibi too. Not to add too much to this obvious red herring, but the writers named one of the characters in Hurley’s nuthouse Leonard Simms, a name oddly similar to the subject of this post. Some people today still believe in Hollow Earth and are planning expeditions there. In fact, they claim to see the Symmes Holes on satellite images. Some of these people believe that Lemurian descendants of Atlantis live there, others believe that it is where the lost tribes of Israel live, others insist that you’ll only find UFO-flying nazis down there. All these people are delusional. Besides there not being one bit of concrete evidence for Hollow Earth, there are obvious reasons why such a an idea falls flat. First, every volcano is a glimpse into Earth’s core of molten iron. Second, magnetism can best be explained by the dynamo theory, a sloshing molten core caused by the Coreolis Effect. Third, Phil Plait explained in yesterday’s post that gravity would compact a heavy outer crust rendering the idea impossible. Hollow Earth theory also raises many more assumptions than would fit comfortably within ockham’s razor. To top it off, there are no holes at the poles, there is no evidence of an inner sun nor a mechanism for such a sun, and the idea of an inner Earth contradicts every observation ever made since the inception of geology. For more on the science and history of Hollow Earth check out the amazing book on the subject by David Standish. 1. An even better resource is Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman’s “Good Omens”. 2. Soon to be a geologist’s dream site… Through our site you will be able to: 1. Submit your own rock outcrops to our database. 2. Find outcrops submitted by other users based on outcrop location or lithologies. 3. Discuss your experiences through the blog. 4. Upload pictures 5. Check out the Geology Links 3. Hehehe, it’s funny that this theory has managed to last this long, and still be regarded by some as fact. I like the term you used in the beginning of your post “pseudoscience”. I think as long as people have imaginations, these types of things will exist, and it’s very interesting to read different theories, and hear different stories regarding hollow earth. I was actually googling hollow earth blogs, and that’s how I came across your post. I’ve been intrigued by the whole idea after watching this independent sci fi movie, and getting into the whole theory of hollow earth. It’s called Chronicles of Hollow Earth: The Next Race, it’s quite neat. It deals with these superhumans called Ghen who enslave mankind from hollow earth. Kind of strays from the basic hollow earth theories, but interesting nonetheless! If you guys are interested, check out 🙂 4. Fringe, for anyone that’s seen it, is all about pseudoscience. I wonder if the hollow earth theory will pop up there. Matt – I haven’t heard of that movie before, is it any good? 5. hmm its been a little while since i posted this. i totally forgot about it, hehe. hey delicatante, to answer your question. yes, the movie was very good. lol, and if u happen upon this posting again, i highly recommend ordering the dvd off the website! 6. That monument is in the city of Hamilton. I’ve driven by it more times than I can count having grown up there. 7. I find it interesting that you call creationism a myth since no one really knows for sure either way. Personally i don’t know who put us here but someone did. evolution doesn’t hold water scientifically. I sure would like to know how the first substance ever came into existance. Pretty sure something didn’t evolve from nothing. 8. Evolution doesn’t attempt to explain the origins of existence, it simply describes the change of species over time based on geologic, genetic, and observable evidence. There are scientific hypotheses on the origins of simple life, some of which can be replicated. One thing on which I’m positive, based on the available evidence, a supreme being didn’t make a man out of mud and a woman from the man’s rib 6000 years ago. Creationists are Bible literalists. They don’t just believe in a supreme creator, they believe that this creator told a man to build a boat with two of every species (even though that would be physically impossible). And how is it any different to make a man out of mud than it is to make a one-celled organism out of the primordial ooze. If you ask me, starting with a one-celled organism seems far more realistic and probable, given the amount of time the Earth has been spinning around the sun. And what about Australopithecus “Lucy”… did God make her ancestors out of a male rib too? The bible creation story is a myth, just like all the other creation stories. 9. Ummm there really is no proof of a thick earth of crust and magma. The incans and the Mayans were much smarter than us and they believed it. Oh and the best scientists of the 20th century believed this theory. German and nazi scientists. The furthest we have dug into the earth is 7.6 miles into it. So we have no visual evidence of a non hollow earth Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
The Nineteenth Century Garden Indusry Pioneered Mail Order Sales For most of the nineteenth century the farms scattered around the country became home to most Americans. After 1880 opportunities for employment drew many farmers to the city. Thus for decades the garden industry had to employ mail order catalogs to attract its rural customers. Northtrup seed catalog Northern Grown seed catalog of 1892 Bess Gedney Chistiansen wrote in her article “A Brief History of Seed Catalogs” that the second half of the nineteenth cnetury became the golden age of mail order. “Originally concentrated in the Northeast the industry found an insatiable demand for seeds, nursery stock such as fruit trees, and agricultural and gardening advice. Just as rural families could order household items such as furniture, pens, and musical instruments from a catalog, so could a farmer send away for whatever he needed [for the garden].” Of course, the seed and nursery catalogs grew in number and in size. By the end of the century, the catalog was almost a book, with essays, instructions, advertising, and illustrations along with the listing of seeds and plants for sale. For decades the mail order catalog had been the company’s primary sales tool. W. Atlee Burpee once said, “The catalog is the silent salesman.”
You are currently browsing the archive for the Technology category. (See also: Half-precision floating-point format ) In case you had not gotten the news yet, the Go playing program AlphaGo (developed by the Deep Mind division of Google) has beaten Lee Se-dol who is among the top two or three Go players in the world. Follow the link below for an informative informal video describing AlphaGo and the victory. Science magazine has a nice pregame report. One of my friends showed me his new gaming computer and said that the GPU could do 1.3 teraflops (1.3 trillion floating point operations per second) which is about 500 times faster than my home computer, so I thought, “Imagine how quickly we could search a game tree.” So I started looking around the internet for a super-great GPU chess engine and found basically nothing!! Turns out that the amount of memory per thread is too low, the size of the L1 cache is too small, and the alpha-beta pruning algorithm is not quite parallel enough for GPUs to play chess well. Here is a nice graphic of the L1 access time for a few CPUs and GPUs. In the paper “Parallel Game Tree Search Using GPU” (2011), L’ubomír Lackovic improved the tree search speed by a factor of two to three by using a GPU instead of the more traditional CPU based tree search for Czech draughts (similar to American Checkers). His tests were based on the ATI Radeon 4890 GPU, the Nvidia GTX460 GPU, and the quad-core processor Intel i5 750 CPU. I had hoped for more speed. In “Large-Scale Parallel State Space Search Utilizing Graphics Processing Units and Solid State Disks” (2011), von Damian Sulewski invented and test several algorithms for search, reviewed game theory algorithms, and applied GPU processing to several games including “Nine Men’s Morris“. Sulewski used an Intel Core i7 CPU 920 with an NVIDIA GeForce 285 GTX GPU to run his tests. He reported that the GPU was faster by a factor of three to twelve as long as sufficient RAM was available. If the computer ran out of RAM and had to use disk storage, then the GPU performance degraded significantly. He states, “The observed speed-ups of over one order of magnitude have been obtained (plotted in bold font), exceeding the number of cores on most current PCs. Note that this assertion is true for the dual 6-core CPUs available from Intel, but not on a dual Xeon machine with two quad-core CPUs creating 16 logical cores due to multi-threading. Nonetheless, better speed-ups are possible since NVIDIA GPUs can be used in parallel and the Fermi architecture (e.g. located on the GeForce GTX 480 graphics card) is coming out which will go far beyond the 240 GPU cores we had access to. For larger levels, however, we observe that the GPU performance degrades. When profiling the code, we identified I/O access as one limiting factor. For example, reading S8,8 from one HDD required 100 seconds, while the expansion of 8 million states, including ranking and unranking required only about 1 second on the GPU.” So GPU’s are not the silver bullet for games yet. Robin Hanson gave a very interesting TED talk about a possible technological singularity based on AI and robotics. I outline his talk below and add a few ideas from Hanson’s 1998 article “Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes“, Ray Kurzweil’s essay (2001) and book (2005), and Bill Joy’s Wired article (2000). History of Economic Growth Rates Hanson’s “Great Eras” graph illustrates major economic revolutions and their effect on growth rates on a log-log scale. Humans doubled their population about every 200,000 years until the agricultural age started 10,000 years ago.1 In the agricultural age, human population and production doubled every 1000 years. Then the industrial revolution occurred and our world economy started doubling every 15 years. Both revolutions increased the growth rate by a factor of 50 to 200. (Kurzweil extends this pattern of revolutions into both the past and the future.) What if a third major economic revolution occurred? How could it occur? For the past 10,000 years, human economic growth has been based on land, capital, and labor. For the past 200 years we have increased world productivity by population growth, education, and by creating bigger/better tools. Intelligent robots could reproduce more quickly than us, transfer knowledge faster, and they would be their own tools. Robots or artificial intelligences would be so extremely productive that we could experience an economy where our production doubled every month. The amount of stories, art, television, games, science, philosophy, and legal opinions produced would be phenomenal. Hansen suggest a path to a humanistic robotic world created by this third economic revolution. Artificial intelligence might first be created by mapping the human brain and up-loading human brains into computer hardware. The most productive human individual minds uploaded into computers would proliferate the fastest and thus would dominate. They would be immortal and they would be able to travel across the world quickly and cheaply. Humans would not be able to compete and perhaps we would all retire. The uploaded human minds would live in a beautiful virtual reality. Hansen describes a society of virtual minds. The most productive minds would acquire or create the most computer resources. Their software personality emulations would run the fastest relative to real-time. He speculates about the structure of this virtual society which includes a caste system, their working habits, and the virtual worlds that the different castes would inhabit. 1This estimate is from “Long-Term Growth As A Sequence of Exponential Modes” and is based on “Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution” Hawks et al. (2000) andOn the number of members of the genus Homo who have ever lived, and some evolutionary implications” Weiss (1984). Here’s a link to the video. The tiny “Alien” skull below is printed in less than three minutes. I love this graph. For the complete article, click here.
"At the cosmic dinner party, intelligence is the loudest thing in the room." Through the study of animal communication, my colleagues and I have developed a new kind of detector, a “communication intelligence” filter, to determine whether a signal from space is from a technologically advanced civilization or not. Most previous SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) efforts have looked for radio transmissions with a narrow band of frequencies or for optical signals that blink very rapidly. From what we know about astrophysics, such transmissions would be clearly artificial, and their discovery would indicate technology capable of transmitting a signal over interstellar distances. SETI efforts generally throw away wideband radio signals and slower optical pulses, whose provenance is less obvious. Although those signals might well be from intelligent beings, they might also originate in natural sources of radio waves, such as interstellar gas clouds, and we have lacked a good way to tell the difference. One aspect of human linguistics that emerged from early statistical studies of letters, words, and phonemes is known as Zipf’s Law, after the Harvard University linguist George Zipf. In English text, there are more e’s than t’s, more t’s than a’s, and so on, down to the least frequent letter, “q.” If one lists the letters from “e” to “q” in descending order of frequency and plots their frequencies on a log-log graph, one can fit the values with a 45-degree line—that is, with a line with a slope of –1. If one does the same thing with text made up of Chinese characters, one also gets a –1 slope. And the same is true with the letters, words, or phonemes of a conversation in Japanese, German, Hindi, and dozens of other languages. Baby babbling does not obey Zipf’s Law. Its slope is less than –1 because the sounds spill out nearly at random. But as children learn their language, the slope gradually tilts up and reaches –1 by about the age of 24 months. Most linguists used to suppose that Zipf’s Law was a characteristic of human languages only. So we were quite excited to find that, upon plotting the frequency of occurrence of adult bottlenose-dolphin whistles, that they, too, obeyed Zipf’s Law! Later, when two baby bottlenose dolphins were born at Marine World in California, we recorded their infant whistles and discovered that they had the same Zipf’s Law slope as baby human babbling. Thus baby dolphins babble their whistles and have to learn their communication system in a way not dissimilar from the way baby humans learn their languages. By the time the dolphins reached the age of 12 months, the frequency of occurrence distribution of their whistles had reached a –1 slope, as well. As a test of our approach’s ability to separate astrophysics from an intelligent signal, we turned to an example from radio astronomy. When stellar pulsars were discovered by astronomers Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish in 1967, they were dubbed “LGMs” for “little green men.” Since these radio sources pulsed so regularly, some scientists initially speculated that they could be the beacons of very advanced extraterrestrials. So we re-analyzed the pulses from the Vela Pulsar with the help of Simon Johnston of the Australia Telescope National Facility and obtained a Zipf slope for the pulsar signals of about –0.3. This is inconsistent with any language as we know it. In addition, we found little or no conditional probabilistic structure within the pulsar signals. And indeed pulsars are now known to be natural remnants of stellar supernovae. Information theory could thus easily distinguish between a putative intelligent signal and a natural source. Autoria e outros dados (tags, etc) Pesquisar no Blog
All About Sources There is a lot of information on preparedness found on the web. Some of it is fabulous and frankly some of it is flat-out wrong. In one of my recent posts, I described the importance of seeking out good sources when you look for preparedness information. Here are some questions that you can ask yourself to determine how much to trust any source. 1) Does the website cite sources? I often share my own personal stories on my blog, and there isn't a better source than myself when it comes to my own experiences. But when it comes to reporting news, giving safety information, etc., I feel that I have a serious responsibility to give you accurate, up-to-date information. So I often turn to other, more-knowledgeable sources. No single writer is going to know everything about everything. Eventually, they'll read or use other resources. Watch for clarification from the writer about which elements of their writing are their own opinion and when it is coming from an outside resource. When that happens, they should tell you what their resource is. Even better, look for links and source lists included with each relevant post. 2) Do they cite credible sources? Don't just look for cited sources, but look at what those sources are. You can learn a lot from just a glance. If you can't tell about the source in a glance, then click on the links and follow them to the original location. I do this with every website that I read regularly. It doesn't take long to learn if the writer is using trusted, less-trusted, or sub-culture resources. For example, if you were reading a list of first aid tips and looked under and saw a reference to, it might indicate that what you read there deserved much more scepticism than if it stated 3) Does the writer (and the resources they cite) use multiple and primary sources? Articles, news reports and blogs are much more credible when the authors verify their information by using multiple and primary sources. I often compile information for my posts using multiple sources in order to give you accurate information. I try to make sure that my sources come from places that use information that is verified in this way. Multiple sources means that several people or news agencies independently report the same/similar information. A primary source means that the person who had the experience is the one giving the information - not my mother told me that her neighbor said . . . I read a recent article online that had to be retracted just a few days later because it's single source didn't stick by their information once under pressure. The mistake was that the writers of the article used only a single source and that single source was a secondary source (not primary) meaning they were sharing an experience someone else told them about. 4) Is this information consistent across many other sites? Check out the information you read by searching for other sites that verify the same information. Usually a single source is not enough. It is better to find two or three opinions that back up what you have read. And again, pay attention to the credibility of those back-up sources. 5) What is the bias? EVERY writer has a bias. Make sure you read enough to know what that bias is. 6) Do they openly acknowledge the relationship between themselves and any advertising on their page? A lot of online sources openly advertise on their pages. They don't hide that they profit from doing so. Usually any advertising is clearly labeled as such. I get particularly concerned, though, when writers advertise products without publicly making disclaimers about their possible bias or profit because of advertising kickbacks. A recent example of this was a blogger who discussed a product and claimed it was the superior one available and most cheaply purchased at recommended website. A little research on my part soon made it clear that the link was to the blogger's own retail website, which wasn't disclosed and was quite difficult to discern. Think of it as a major conflict of interest. Because of the lack of disclosure in this situation, I will be less likely to trust that writer's product recommendations in the future. It just takes a little research to find similar advertising conflicts, but it's definitely worth your time, especially when you are trying to purchase reliable products for reasonable prices. Hopefully you can use these questions to help you determine the trust-worthiness of the writing that you read. It's good to apply a healthy dose of skepticism and always keep your guard up. Remember, that even the most trusted sources make mistakes sometimes. When you are paying attention to sources, you can proceed with more confidence about the information that you have received. You have just read the article entitled All About Sources. Please read the article from Bednars 8 About more. And you can also bookmark this page with the URL : Post a Comment Copyright © 2013. Bednars 8
Video EEG Monitoring Video EEG monitoring (VEEG) is used to simultaneously monitor behavior and electrical brain activity, especially to capture epileptic seizures or interictal epileptic activity. Epidural or subdermal electrodes are used for identification of brain activity in general and parenchymal electrodes can be used for more precise localization and characterization of focal activity in various brain areas. The VEEG can also be used as a safety monitoring tool to identify epileptic adverse effects of medications and epileptic activity in models of other brain diseases, such as AD. Chemical challenge with convulsive agents, under VEEG, can further identify changes in threshold of epileptic activity induced by medications or models of brain diseases. Ekstein D., Dhamne S., Muller P., Loddenkemper T., Pascual-Leone A., Jensen F., Rotenberg A. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation suppresses PTZ-induced seizures in rats. Epilepsy Currents 2011 11:1 SUPPL. 1.
Chemical elements PDB 101d-1f5m PDB 1f6j-1kdh PDB 1kfo-1o3l PDB 1o5m-1to3 PDB 1uhj-1zpz PDB 1zw9-2fkk PDB 2fpr-2j9m PDB 2ja5-2qfe PDB 2qgd-2wb9 PDB 2wbb-3biy PDB 3bm9-3eki PDB 3en9-3hvo PDB 3hzw-3lbz PDB 3ld5-3ot3 PDB 3oyp-4de3 PDB 4dey-9est Element Bromine, Br, Halogene About Bromine General. - Bromine is an element which closely resembles chlorine in all its relations. Discovered by Balard in 1826, it has since then been found to be, indeed, very widely distributed, but it is met with in much smaller amount than chlorine. Its compounds occur in small quantities in sea-water, and are contained, therefore, in the residues left on the artificial or natural evaporation of this. From the residues which are obtained by the latter process, and which, in Germany, chiefly occur near Stassfurt, bromine is obtained and sent into the market. Bromine is a dark, brown-red liquid, transparent only in thin layers and having a density 3.1. It boils at 60°, and even at room temperature possesses a considerable vapour pressure. Bromine, therefore evaporates very quickly even under ordinary conditions; and as its vapour has a very unpleasant smell and a strong corrosive action on the mucous membrane, care must be observed in working with it. Bromine solidifies at - 7° to - 8° to a dark-coloured, crystalline mass. The vapour of bromine is very heavy. If a small bulb filled with bromine be broken, or if, by means of a pipette, a drop of bromine be placed at the bottom of a large, empty bottle, it is seen that the brown-yellow vapour produced remains at the bottom and sways heavily when the bottle is moved. Only after standing undisturbed for a considerable time does the bromine vapour slowly ascend into the upper parts of the bottle, in accordance with the general law of the diffusion of gases, which states that equilibrium occurs only when the partial pressure of each gas or vapour present has become equal throughout the whole space. If the same experiment be repeated in a bottle filled with hydrogen, diffusion takes place much more rapidly; and by performing two parallel experiments with air and with hydrogen side by side, the great difference in the height of the bromine will be perceived even after 5 to 10 minutes. This appears remarkable, since the difference of density as compared with hydrogen is much greater than that compared with air, and, therefore, the work to be performed against gravity is also greater. That, nevertheless, bromine vapour and hydrogen mix more quickly is due to the fact that diffusion proceeds more rapidly in hydrogen because, in this case, the mutual friction of the gases is less. The velocity of diffusion obeys, to some extent, though by no means exactly, the same law as the velocity of effusion, and is, in the case of hydrogen, about four times as great as in air. From determinations of the density of bromine vapour, its molar weight has been found to be 160, or five times as great as that of oxygen. Bromine vapour is, therefore, 5.5 times as heavy as air. Since the combining weight has been found to be half as great (the exact figure being 79.96), the composition of bromine vapour is represented by the formula Br2. At very high temperatures, the molar weight becomes somewhat less. Since similar relations are found and have been more fully investigated in the case of iodine, we shall discuss this phenomenon at that point. Bromine dissolves in water, forming a yellow to brown coloured liquid, which possesses the smell of bromine and can be used in place of pure bromine when only a small quantity of the substance is required. The solution, saturated at room temperature, contains about 3 per cent of bromine. If the water contains saline compounds of bromine in solution, more bromine is dissolved, readily decomposable compounds of bromine being formed which, in most of their relations, behave like free bromine. These relations, also, will be discussed more fully under iodine. From the aqueous solution of bromine (bromine water) there separates out, on cooling, a solid hydrate which behaves quite similarly to chlorine hydrate. Bromine History Chronologically Bromine was first isolated by Carl (Karl) Jacob Lowig, the Heidelberg University student (and, later, Heidelberg professor and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen's successor in Breslau), working Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry of Prof. Leopold Gmelin, at the University of Heidelberg. Gmelin realized that this intensely deep dark-red liquid with an unpleasant smell was an unknown substance and encouraged Lowig to produce more of it so they could study it in detail. However Lowig's work delayed too long. In the mean time, Balard who was working in a pharmacy school in Montpellier, studying the brown seaweed Fucus in 1826 published his paper describing the new element. Initially Balard suggested the name muride, from the Latin word "muria" for brine. But the French Academy of Science, in turn, presuming that this name could create a confusion with Acidum muriaticum, which was actually HCl, and its salts - muriates, proposed (Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac) the name brome from the Greek word bromos meaning stench to indicate its strong irritating odor. This name had been accepted everywhere. Bromine Occurrence Bromine is never found in its elemental form naturally, but in compounds with other substances, known as bromides and which are used as the raw material to produce commercial brominated products. Bromine crustal abundance is 1.6x10-4% by mass, the total quantity is estimated as 1015-1016 tons. Mostly Bromine occurred as bromide salts (NaBr, KBr, and Br2) in very diffuse amounts in magmatic rocks as a permanent satellite of chlorined salts with concentrations 0.03% Bromine in halite (rock salt NaCl), up to 0.3% Bromine in potassium salts, such as sylvite and carnallite. The most recoverable form of bromine is from soluble salts found in seawater, salt lakes, inland seas, and brine wells. Sea water contains bromine in about 65 part per million (ppm) but Br is found in much higher concentrations (2500 to 10000 ppm) in inland seas and brine wells. Bromine migrates in easily soluble forms, forming hard rocks such as bromyrite or bromargyrite is a natural mineral forms of silver bromide AgBr, embolite Ag (Cl, Br) and iodembolite Ag (Cl, Br, I). The minerals are formed in oxidizing zones of sulphide silver-bearing deposites in dry arid regions. Br is abundant in nature as bromide salts or as organobromine compounds, which are produced by many types or marine organisms. There are 7x10-4% of bromine in terrestrial plants and 1x10-4% in animal organisms. Bromine is found in various secretion liquids, such as tears, saliva, perspiration, milk, bile). Healthy human organism contains from 0.11 to 2.00 mg% bromine. Radioactive 82Br helped to trace the limited Bromine absorption by thyroid, medulla and pituitary gland. Bromides injected into human or animals bodies strengthen inhibitory process in brain-cortex, normalize nervous system which has been harmed by inhibitory process overwork. Being kept in the thyroid bromine competes with iodine essentially influencing metabolism process. Chemical Elements © Copyright 2008-2012 by
Monday, March 7, 2011 Choices of degradable Plastic Films !! Choice of degradable Plastic Film When selecting a degradable plastic from various types of technologies, you have to pick the one that fits your needs. For example, if you wanted a plastic to degrade in the sun as you grow crops in the Sunbelt and want the plastic to degrade by the end of the growing cycle, then a photodegradable plastic would be your best choice. It would not be the best choice, for trash can liners as there is no sunlight in the landfill’s quickly buried layers of trash. Photodegradable Plastic Film The photodegradable plastic needs constant exposure to the sun in order to degrade. The downside to this technology is that while degrading, it begins to break apart and in some cases little pieces of plastic blow away. One has to closely monitor the degradation process and not let it go beyond the breaking apart level. It has to be stored away from any sun or UV rays. It cannot be recycled. The degradation process may not continue once the degraded plastics are tilled into the soil. Thus away from the light photodegradable plastic product is actually not biodegradable. Thermal Based Technology for degradable Film Thermal based plastic has an additive put into it as it is being extruded making it to degrade when exposed to high temperatures. This is the key to how it works. Without high temperatures, it might take longer for it to degrade. With variable temperatures in landfills, this needs to be considered. It could degrade when stored in hot garages or warehouses. It cannot be recycled. Oxo Biodegradable plastic film Oxo Biodegradable plastic is polyolefin plastic to which has been added very small (catalytic) amounts of metal salts. These catalyze the natural degradation process to speed it up so that the plastic will degrade when subject to environmental conditions to produce water, carbon dioxide and biomass. The process is shortened from hundreds of years to years and/or months for degradation and thereafter biodegradation depends on the micro-organisms in the environment. Bio-based or Starch based Biodegradable Plastic Bio-based or starch based plastic is made from corn, soy, and potatoes. This form of biodegradable film meets the ASTM standard for compost-ability as it degrades at least 60% within 180 days or less. The heat, moisture, and aeration in a compost pile are vital to this type of biodegradable film working well. Bio-based plastics have moisture problems. If you toss a half-empty cup of coffee into a can liner made with some starch-based products, you might have the bottom of the bag giving away! Landfills do not aerate the trash coming in and hence would take longer time degrading under conditions of limited access to oxygen, water, and during the winter or in colder climates. This technology is currently very costly. It cannot be recycled. Anerobic Bio-degradable Film Maverick Green is an additive-based biodegradable film that is formulated to degrade when buried or put into a landfill. It interacts with the biota in the landfill, which in turn enables it to degrade. These microorganisms metabolize the molecular structure of the plastic, breaking it down into humus and then into either carbon dioxide and water or methane and water. This process is done anaerobically (without oxygen). This ability sets it apart from other biodegradable plastics that require oxygen. In the layers of garbage, oxygen would be in limited supply. This product does not produce or leave any toxic residue harmful to living organisms in land or water. It can be recycled and reused in post consumer plastic. No comments:
Incubus and Succubus Enlarge picture Incubus hovering over the body of a sleeping woman, c. 1865. Courtesy Fortean Picture Library. Incubus and Succubus (religion, spiritualism, and occult) Female (succubus) and male (incubus) demon lovers that, in the Middle Ages, were believed to visit innocent people in the night to seduce them. Those so attacked would wake to feel a heavy weight on their chest, which would turn out to be the incubus or succubus demon. It was believed that malformed children, and even twins, were the result of a union between a woman and an incubus. The Latin for "nightmare" is incubo, the literal meaning of which is "to lie upon." (From this we get the modern English word "incubator.") The incubus and succubus were related to nightmares; in fact, a visit from one of the creatures was regarded as a nightmare. In the Middle Ages the concept was widely discussed. The initial idea of these two demons may have first arisen from the myths of ancient gods and goddesses seducing humans, but it was the sexually titillated inquisitors at the witch trials during the persecutions that made it seem as if such creatures were almost commonplace. Many times the demons would assume human shape. It was thought that the same demon could appear as a male or a female. In that way, it could impregnate a woman— first it would appear as a succubus and take semen from a man, and then it would reappear as an incubus and deposit it in a female. Thomas Aquinas said, in his Summa Theologiae (1266-73), "If sometimes children are born from intercourse with demons, this is not because of the semen emitted by them, or from the bodies they have assumed, but through the semen taken from some man for this purpose, seeing that the same demon who acts as a succubus for a man becomes an incubus for a woman." However, there were cases that seemed to throw some doubt on the whole theory of demon visitation. A medieval nun said that she had been attacked by her bishop, Bishop Silvanus. The bishop, however, pointed out that it was obviously an incubus in his form who had tried to seduce her. The convent accepted the bishop's explanation. Nuns seemed especially susceptible to incubi attack. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, in Daemonialitate et Incubis et Succubis (1754), told of a nun who would regularly disappear into her cell after dinner. Another nun heard low voices and the sounds of lovemaking through the thin partition between their rooms. Boring a hole in the wall, she saw the nun making passionate love with a "comely youth." After all the other nuns had been allowed to witness the scene, the miscreant was approached. Under threat of torture, she admitted that she had "long been indecently intimate with an incubus." In most of the earlier accounts of copulation between incubi and women, or succubi and men, there was mention of the intense pleasure brought about by this union. But later, toward the end of the fifteenth century, the authorities seemed to realize that attacks should not be made to sound attractive and, after torture, descriptions began to include talk the incubi possessing large, rough penises that emitted ice-cold semen. The Malleus Maleficarum (1486) made three classifications: (i) those who submit voluntarily (to incubi) as witches; (ii) those brought against their will by witches to sleep with incubi; (iii) those assaulted against their will. As the witch trials gained in fervor, the inquisitors came to expect that a witch would have had relations with an incubus, and each witch was tortured until she confessed to that misdeed. Since women were regarded as far more licentious than men, it was supposed that incubi outnumbered succubi by nine to one. St. Anthony was said to have been sorely tempted by female demons. According to St. Athanasius's Life of Anthony (c. 361 CE), "The devil, unhappy wight, one night even took upon him the shape of a woman and imitated all her acts simply to beguile Anthony." St. Hippolytus was once visited by a nude woman (c. 230 CE), but when he threw his chasuble over her to hide her nakedness, she turned back into what she really was—a corpse that had been animated. In the Salem Witch Trials there was suggestion of succubi when Bridget Bishop was charged. She had been a tavern keeper who had two ordinaries, one at Salem Village and the other in Salem Town. The main charge against her seems to have been that she wore a "red paragon bodice" and had a great store of lace. She was also said to retain her youthful appearance despite her advancing years. Various decent, upright, married men of the Puritan community testified that her "shape" had visited them and plagued them in their sleep! On June 10, 1692, she was hung on Gallows Hill.
Evolved Dogs Understand Language People often think the only difference separating humans from the many evolved animals out there is language. Perhaps this explains the compelling urge to “translate” to a dog through baby-talk. Most do not realize, though, that language is actually one thing humans and animals all have in common. Furthermore, this speech is just one aspect of how the human and canine species communicate. Body language is easily recognized, as it is the primary method of communication in the wild. It is through these behaviors an evolved dog understands human language, and on a level most do not realize. A lot of what humans know comes from books, or maybe, “truths” passed down from parent to child. Since this is simpler, common knowledge is decidedly heard and not learned. Tradition has proved hard to overcome, but as science evolves, so too does the public opinion. This is the case for language and what owners believe about their dogs. Everything currently known has been known for decades, some of it, centuries. “A dog only has a five-minute memory span.” Intelligent knowledge shows man that dogs have a learning capacity much faster than infants. Who is to decide upon the quality of a dog’s memory? If they are to become house-broken within 6 months and fully trained within a year, why are they so demeaned? If they forget everything five minutes after the fact, they would be too difficult to live with, and definitely not something to be a household pet. Even though the evolution from wolf to dog has been forced, their understanding of the human language comes from an innate encoding of Schema, which are known to be either learned or inherited. The presumed less-intelligent animal is instinctively knowledgeable with a “collective conscience.” From the very beginning, dogs are given senses more complex than any human. For instance, a dog’s sense of smell is claimed to be thousands of times stronger than a human’s; a dog is even crawling within a short couple days after birth. The ability to do these things and survive in the wild all depends on the ability to learn, and learn quickly. Understanding the environment around one’s self is the same proponent used in figuring out a person’s intentions through vocal interpretation. Just like a cub recognizing different calls their mother makes; an alarm for danger is different from a grunt of reprimand. If the cub has no ability to differentiate, has no ability to understand language, the cub would be cast out of the group. Evolution would not allow the less-intelligent gene to continue. A vital question one should ask: what would a researcher classify intelligence as? Some psychologists believe intelligence is too complex to be quantified. If there is a measure, it should take into account all the different senses, all the different abilities, and amplitude of more than academic subjects taught in school. One type of intelligence is athletic ability, and another is of relation to comprehension. Dogs are a pack animal. To live in a pack, social learning is inevitable. Most, if not all people, have seen a dog mimic the words, “I love you.” Some people have seen their dogs analyze a movie, understand it, and project emotion similar to what a human would feel. To communicate with an animal is a multi-dimensional concept. Body language, as well as verbal speech, must be understood by a modern wolf since it was the wolf that evolved with intelligence specific to this. Many people are ostracized for having conversations with their dogs, but this behavior is not abnormal. What is abnormal, or counter-productive, is talking to the dog as if they are incapable of comprehension. Genetics aside, dogs will be unintelligent if taught not to think. The actual words in the syntax of sentences may not be an important or functional part of canine understanding, but our vocal patterns and body language are. An evolved dog understands the human language in more ways than one, and it is often the human who does not have the understanding of the dog. Editorial By Lindsey Alexander Animal Planet
Diseases Due to Smoking Posted by misbah aja Rabu, 04 September 2013 0 komentar Lung Cancer Lung cancer could be a reason for cancer death tertinggi.Hampir ninetieth of individuals with carcinoma couldn't be saved as a result of if it's acute, simply it'll unfold to the encircling tissues like the liver, spine, and brain vessels through the most darah.Penyebab carcinoma is cigaret smoke . hot substances will cause cancer, however the quantity of cases is comparatively little. Death is usually not caused by issue respiratory attributable to swelling of cancer, however the position of the lungs within the vascular system that produces straightforward the cancer unfold throughout tubuh.Penyebaran metastases (cancer) to the brain and alternative essential elements of the cause kematian.90% of patients die inside three years when diagnosing. Persistent cough or chronic cough respiratory shallowly respiratory disorder pain Fatigue gruffness Weight loss is tough to swallow food or liquids There ar 4000 chemicals in smoke that cause cancer rokok.Diantaranya are: benzo pyrenes, vinyl chloride, nitroso-nor-nicotine Main threats cigaret Brain: stroke, brain chemistry changes Mouth and throat: lip cancer, mouth, throat, and larynx Heart: weakens arteries, increasing the chance of coronary failure Chest: muscular structure cancer Lung cancer, emphysema, asthma, chronic impeding respiratory organ unwellness Liver: cancer Stomach: peptic ulceration, viscus cancer, exocrine gland and colon, abdominal blood vessel dilation Kidney and bladder: cancer Male reproduction: spermatozoon harm, impotence Reproductive women: cervical cancer, physiological state Legs: gangrene attributable to blood coagulation Member of the planet Health organization began negotiations to tighten international rules regarding smoking. title: Diseases Due to Smoking written by misbah aja Rating Blog 5 dari 5 Hopefully this article useful to you. If you want to quote, be it in part or whole of the contents of this article please include dofollow links to http://healthylivingcenterr.blogspot.com/2013/09/diseases-due-to-smoking.html. Thank you stop reading this article. 0 komentar: Posting Komentar
Friday, February 5, 2010 Migraines: Dilation/Constriction of Blood Vessels A migraine begins when, for some reason, blood vessels in the brain constrict temporarily. When that happens, the amount of blood and oxygen flowing to the brain drops. So the brain sends a message: "Hey guys, we need some more blood and oxygen here!" That causes other blood vessels to dilate. When those blood vessels expand, they become inflamed, throb, and cause the pounding pain. Because it involves changes in blood vessels, a migraine is a referred to as a vascular headache. Vascular theory Cortical_spreading_depression Migraines begin when blood vessels in the brain contract and expand inappropriately. This may start in the occipital lobe, in the back of the brain, as arteries spasm. The reduced flow of blood from the occipital lobe triggers the aura that some individuals who have migraines experience because the visual cortex is in the occipital area. When the constriction stops and the blood vessels dilate, they become too wide. The once solid walls of the blood vessels become permeable and some fluid leaks out. This leakage is recognized by pain receptors in the blood vessels of surrounding tissue. In response, the body supplies the area with chemicals which cause inflammation. With each heart beat, blood passes through this sensitive area causing a throb of pain. The vascular theory of migraines is now seen as secondary to brain dysfunction. Serotonin and Blood Vessels Serotonin is a type of neurotransmitter, or "communication chemical" which passes messages between nerve cells. It helps to control mood, pain sensation, sexual behavior, sleep, as well as dilation and constriction of the blood vessels among other things. Low serotonin levels in the brain may lead to a process of constriction and dilation of the blood vessels which trigger a migraine. Triptans activate serotonin receptors to stop a migraine attack. Neural theory When certain nerves or an area in the brain stem become irritated, a migraine begins. In response to the irritation, the body releases chemicals which cause inflammation of the blood vessels. These chemicals cause further irritation of the nerves and blood vessels and results in pain. Substance P is one of the substances released with first irritation. Pain then increases because substance P aids in sending pain signals to the brain. Unifying theory Both vascular and neural influences cause migraines. 1. stress triggers changes in the brain 2. these changes cause serotonin to be released 3. blood vessels constrict and dilate 4. chemicals including substance P irritate nerves and blood vessels causing pain Magnesium is a dietary mineral that helps regulate blood vessel size, serotonin function, and nerve activity in the brain, among other functions. Magnesium deficiency is thought to be at least one important factor in migraine attacks. Many studies suggest that magnesium might be a common denominator in both the vascular and the neural theories of migraine. • In support of the vascular theory, magnesium deficiency results in blood vessel constriction and adding magnesium to the diet leads to the opening (dilation) of blood vessels. • In support of the neural theory, magnesium deficiency has been linked with the production and release of substance P12-a biochemical that contributes to the inflammation of nerves and headache pain. Recent studies indicate that having lower than normal levels of the mineral magnesium can influence serotonin and nitric oxide release, blood vessel size, and inflammation. It’s also thought that people with mitral valve prolaspe have lower than normal levels of magnesium. Several studies have shown that magnesium depletion plays a critical role in blood vessel size. It seems not only to cause blood vessel constriction but to make blood vessels more sensitive to other chemicals that cause constriction and less sensitive to substances that cause blood vessels to dilate. Studies have also shown that magnesium depletion seems to help release serotonin from its storage sites. It also helps make blood vessels in the brain more receptive to serotonin and thus clears the way for serotonin to cause constriction of blood vessels. Replacing magnesium has been shown to have a very positive effect on migraine symptoms in some people. So, it’s good to know the causes of your migraines (keep a migraine journal ! ), and find natural ways to deal with those issues. Making Migraines a Thing of the Past Migraine and Headache Relief with Shiatsu Anonymous said... Excellent topics, I really like this topics. Can you please publish more articles? After long searching I found this online that, the best chiropractic clinic helps people in Lawrenceville GA with back pain, neck pain, headaches. Call their office and speak to any one of their friendly staff to make an appointment for a FREE consultation. lawrenceville chiropractor Anonymous said... Why would ginkgo biloba be recommended for migraine relief when it expands the blood vessels, and expansion of the vessels is what caused the migraine in the first place? Anonymous said... this article states that the constriction THEN dilation of blood vessels cause migraine. So is one to believe that keeping the blood vessels at a constant size would help avoid migraines? Patrick Judge said... anonymous said expansion of the vessels is what caused the migraine in the first place? wrong, theres a constricted area that happens first, when that stops the theres a rush of chemicals in response to that area and other areas its all explained in the first paragraph,
Acne refers to a skin condition where pores on the skin contain blackheads, whiteheads and/or pimples. In severe cases, plugged pores can result in lumps, cysts or nodules. Teens and Acne. While most teens exhibit only mild forms of Acne, even these mild breakouts can cause untold heartache. 'I can't go the prom?'; 'I can't go on my date?'; 'I can't go to school like this?' These statements are indicative of low self-esteem and/or diminished self-confidence. In a teen-world where 'perfection' is propagated by both the media and one's peers, being 'disfigured' by facial blemishes has a massive psychological impact on many teens. Especially in severe cases. Of course they are NOT disfigured, they simply have a skin condition common to teens due to the hormonal changes naturally occurring within their bodies. Growing up has its challenges. Treating Acne • On main
Cultural Etiquette Some tips on the common etiquettes practiced by Nepali people that are useful to visitors. 1. The form of greeting in Nepal is “Namaste” performing by joining both palms together. It literally means “the divine in me salutes the divine in you”. 2. As a mark of respect Nepalese usually take their shoes off before entering someone’s house or place of worship. 3. Food or material that has been touched by another person’s mouth is considered impure or “jutho” and, therefore, is not accepted unless among close friends or family (Tip: “waterfal” from shared drinking vessels!) 4. Avoiding touching things with your feet and avoid using the left hand to give or take objects 5. Traditionally, women dress conservatively. To be respectful to the local customs, cover your shoulders and legs, ladies! 6. As a part of the tradition, some Hindu temples do not allow non Hindus to enter. 7. Leather articles are prohibited inside some temple areas. 8. Walking around temples or stupas is traditionally done clockwise. 9. Ask permission before photographing subjects. 10. Public displays of affection are considered scandalous. 11. Nodding of head means “Yes” while shaking of head means a “No. A slight dangling of head from left to right means “OK”.
(Jackson, T and Webster, R. 2016. Limits Revisted.) Our review of Limits Revisited “There is unsettling evidence that society is tracking the ‘standard run’ of the original [Limits to Growth] study, which leads ultimately to collapse.” Limits Revisited was launched by the APPG (All- Party Parliamentary Group) in the House of Commons last Wednesday which showed current environmental and economic trends are alarmingly close to those modeled in the 1972 Limits to Growth, published by the Club of Rome. The two most significant challenges for the future of global civilization include: • 1) Overconsumption of resources It is suggested that many resources will reach their peak extraction within the next few decades but it also explains that it is not absolute resource depletion that will occur but the quality of resources which decline with increasing extraction. Additionally, lower quality resources will result in increased costs of extraction and overall economic decline. • 2) Breaching of critical planetary boundaries Of the nine planetary boundaries described in the 1972 Limits to Growth, four are considered to have been breached and are either within the ‘zone of uncertainty’ or beyond that, the ‘danger zone’. Once crossed, it is considered that irreversible damage has altered the future of these ecological systems. The boundaries crossed include: biodiversity loss, damage to phosphorous and nitrogen cycles, climate change and land use. Our proximity to the remaining margins is growing increasingly narrow. The 1972 Limits to Growth sold over 12 million copies and engaged readers in the debate between whether human intelligence and technological advances could overcome the issue of resource depletion and an exponentially growing population. In their recent launch, the APPG hope to re-inspire the global population to consider the future of the planet and energize policy makers and governments to urgently acknowledge the devastation that humans are having on the environment, mirroring the prediction made four and a half decades ago.
Design/Permits/Installation/Inspections- we do it all. Fire Alarms A monitored fire alarm system detects the presence of smoke and fire by identifying environmental changes associated with combustion. When system devices, such as smoke or heat detectors that may be mounted on a wall, ceiling or in ductwork, determine that there is indeed a fire, local annunciators will sound and a signal is sent to EMERgency24 via the control panel to initiate the dispatch of fire fighters. A quick dispatch of emergency responders greatly increases life-safety, plus there is a significant reduction of property damage. On the contrary, if an alarm system is not monitored, a fire will continue to double in size every 60 seconds until someone sees smoke billowing out of the eaves and calls the authorities. Fire Alarm System Components Control Panel The control panel is the “brain” of the alarm system. When a detection device of any kind is activated the signal is transmitted to the control panel, which in turn activates an audible sounding device, and the communicator reports the alarm signal to EMERgency24. When an alarm system is installed, the business owner is asked to select a secret password that will arm or disarm the system from a keypad, usually located near an entry door. It is recommended that home/business owner choose a new type of keypad control panel designed to help reduce false alarms and dispatches. Based on a standard called CP-01-2000 developed by the Security Industry Association, the new generation of Keypad control panels takes aim at user error by building in extra precautions that will minimize unwarranted dispatch of emergency responders. Annunciators/Notification Devices These are devices like bells, sirens or lights that activate when alarm system sensors detect activity within a protected area. These are intended to prompt evacuation of the commercial structure. Detection Devices Most smoke detectors operate by either optical detection (photoelectric), by a physical process (ionization) or a combination of the two technologies to increase sensitivity to smoke. Ionization Smoke Detectors are more suitable for detection of fast-flaming fires with combustion particles. Photoelectric Smoke Detectors are better suited to detect slow, smoldering fires. Each type of detector can detect both types of fires, but their respective response times will vary. Because protected buildings normally contain a variety of combustibles, it is often very difficult to predict what kind of particulate matter will be produced by a developing fire. Due to the innumerable combustion profiles that are possible with various fire loads and ignition sources, Albuquerque Low Voltage with the local authority will select the type of detector best suited for a particular application in a specific area of a protected structure.Pull Stations A pull station is an active fire protection device, usually wall-mounted, that initiates an alarm on a fire alarm system. In its simplest form, the user activates the alarm by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the handle in the activated position, sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel. Alarm Transmission Modes Signals from an alarm system are transmitted to EMERgency24 by telephone, air waves or Internet communications. Telephone: Telephone lines are the most common medium for transmitting alarm signals, however, an alarm system can be compromised by burglars or local outages to phone service. Airwaves: Airwaves include transmitting alarm signals via radio and/or cellular waves. Internet: Some systems transmit signals from the alarm panel to EMERgency24 using DSL, cable modems or broad band connections. Type logo
Number of defects - control chart, Operation Management Number of Defects - Control Chart Sometimes the attribute of concern is the number of defects (c) in an item rather than the number of defective items in a sample: for example, the number of flaws per square metre of cloth. In this situation the concept of counting non-defects, for comparison with the number of defects found, is meaningless. Such a process typically conforms to the Poisson distribution, of mean value ¯c and standard deviation √ (¯c) and the control limits are determined as: Warning limits = ¯c ± 1.96 √ (¯c) Action limits = ¯c ± 3.09 √ (¯c) Posted Date: 3/16/2013 1:57:37 AM \| Location : United States Related Discussions:- Number of defects - control chart, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Number of defects - control chart, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Number of defects - control chart Discussions Write discussion on Number of defects - control chart Your posts are moderated Related Questions 1. Describe how you think the hotel's management will: (a) make sure that the way it manage the hotel is appropriate to the way it competes for business; (b) implement any change i Benchmarking - Performance and Productivity Measures Benchmarking is the practice of comparing business practice and in particular performance between companies. It has become Assume that you own a very upscale restaurant (think shearwater at the hotel Del Coronado or the grant grill at the us grant hotel). Business has fallen off greatly at your restaur Rose considers herself a relatively conservative investor and the score from her investor profile questionnaire categorizes her as an "income and moderate growth" investor. S Compare the skills of an engineer and an engineer manager 1. A workstation must produce 400 units an hour. It takes 24 minutes to receive the necessary material for production from the previous workstation. Output is moved between worksta Describe the importance of learning curves in a services-based operation and how they can be used to increase organization efficiency. Please provide a specific example. A company is considering whether to replace a machine. The old machine costs $90,000 and is being depreciated at 10% per annum using the straight line method. It is written down va Types of Process Designs The basic type of production system and the finished goods inventory policy to be used must be decided at the earliest stages of process planning. The
Get Rid Of Anxiety By Knowing Its Control Measures Anxiety is a common disorder which in turn leads to adverse problems like apprehension, fear, worrying and nervousness. These disorders will make the person to feel and behave in an incontrovertible way. Since, mild anxiety seems to be unsettling and vague whereas severe anxiety seems to be extremely debilitating which have an adverse impact on regular life. People usually experience a universal state of fear or worry before tacking some difficult situation like examination, interview, test and recital. These feelings can be easily identifiable and considered normal. Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorder: The symptoms of anxiety disorder differ on the kind of disorder, however general symptoms includes: Problems with sleeping Shortness of breath Muscle tension Heart palpitations Sweaty or cold hands or feet Feelings of fear, panic as well as uneasiness Kinds Of Anxiety Disorders: There are numerous types of anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Panic Disorder: People who are suffering from this kind of disorder will surely have the feelings of terror which strike repeatedly or suddenly without any warning signal. The other sings of panic attack are chest pain, feeling of choking, sweating, palpitations and many others which creates a person to feel like they are having heart attack. Specific Phobias: A specific phobia creates deep fear of specific situation or object like flying, snakes, heights and many others. The measure of fear is typically adverse to the situation and might create the person to neglect everyday common situations Social Anxiety Disorder: It is also known as social phobia which involves devastating worry as well as self-consciousness regarding daily social situations. The fret usually make the sufferers to get fear of outside community or fearing in what way they will create discomfiture to their lives. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: This disorder deals with unrealistic, excessive tension and worry, although is there is nothing or litter to incite the anxiety. What Are The Major Reasons For Anxiety Disorders? The actual cause for anxiety disorders is not known till now however anxiety disorder is similar to other kinds of mental illness which ends up in poor upbringing, personal weakness and a character flaw. Similar to other brain illnesses, the adverse anxiety disorder is also created due to the problems taking place in the functioning of the brain connection which in turn regulate fear as well as other emotions. Numerous studies have shown that long lasting or severe stress can alter the way of information transmission taking place between the nerve cells present in the brain. Other than that, people will anxiety disorders may also experience some changes in the brain structures which control memories connected with strong emotions. Prevention Measures For Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders can be easily prevented by getting the consultation of pharmacist or doctor before taking herbal or over the counter medications. Furthermore, you must also reduce the intake of products which comprises of cola, energy drinks, chocolate, coffee and tea. Mostly anxiety disorders adversely affect several millions of adolescence, childhood and early adulthood. It occurs highly in women compared to the men. Worry destroys your peace of mind so do not let the anxiety to rule you instead you try to overcome the problem by considering the physiotherapy treatment or psychiatrist.
Box Full of Waste Food(71818) Credit: Nick Saltmarsh The Food We Waste Facts and Tips to help reduce Food Waste Love Food Eating can be just a necessary everyday process. You eat to live. You grab a slice of toast before rushing out to work. If you're lucky you may have time for a bowl of porridge but certainly not a fully cooked breakfast. It's the same at lunchtime when you grab a sandwich. By the time you arrive home in the evening the thought of cooking a proper nutritious meal is far from your mind. You prefer a quick take-away or a pizza. What happens to whatever is left because you're really too tired to eat? It's classed as food waste and thrown away without a second thought. However,when the weekend arrives and you have more time, a meal can also be a great way to socialize. Preparing a meal for friends is a good way to relax. But, if you're not used to cooking for others, getting the quantities right is difficult. What happens to the food that's left over? It's food waste again and thrown away. And so the cycle continues. Hate Waste Five facts about Food Waste Have you ever thought about the amount of food that is thrown away in your street, your village, your town, your country? Multiply what you throw away and it's a frightening figure. Fact One You will waste one-third of all your food purchases. That equates to over £400 per year. With the increasing costs of food shopping that figure will rise dramatically. Fact Two Only 19% of waste food is genuine waste such as vegetable peelings or tea bags. Fact Three You waste 45% of all salad-type foods. Fact Four You waste 31% of bakery foods. Fact Five You waste 26% fruit. Landfill Sites The majority of this food waste ends up in a landfill site where methane gas is generated. It's not a healthy situation and can be avoided with a bit of planning and thought. Five Tips to help Reduce Waste Tip One Instead of buying on a whim, plan your weekly menu before you shop. Decide how much fruit, vegetables and salad items you think you'll need for the week. You may not be too accurate at the start but with discipline you will improve. The thought of not wasting money will act as an incentive and the money you save can be for a special treat in the future. Tip Two It's a good idea to eat before you shop for food. By arriving at the supermarket feeling satisfied will help you to focus on the week's menu rather than grabbing a variety of foods that you think you might eat! Tip Three Look carefully at the dates on foods. 'Use by' dates are the ones to take note of. Look at the back of the freezer where dates may be further in the future. Tip Four Avoid buying pre-packed foods, where possible. Salad [lettuce], for example, already chopped will not keep as long as a whole lettuce. Similarly, buy loose vegetables in small quantities. They are cheaper than pre-packed foods. As well as your food keeping for longer, it will cost less so you are in a Win-Win situation. Tip Five Take your own recyclable shopping bags to save wasting more plastic bags that will inevitably end up in the landfill site. Save Money and Save the Environment So, next time you want to dash out to buy food, think waste-waste of food, waste of money. Remember the slogan,' Love Food, Hate Waste', and consider your valuable contribution to our environment. Food Waste Container Credit: eliduke Bin bursting with Waste Landfill Site(71811)

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