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Home / Children / Child development WHY do children have speech defects?
WHY do children have speech defects?
Why do children have speech defects?</a>
Modern children often suffer from differentSpeech defects: stuttering, indistinct diction, ingestion of individual sounds, difficulty in pronunciation of sounds and words. Sometimes this is due to physiology, for example, congenital articulatory changes in the speech apparatus.
But most often the problems and difficulties of pronunciation are associated with the development of the child, his psychological state.
Congenital pathologies can be corrected by contactingTo specialists. But if problems with speech are associated with the child's mental development and psychological state, then much depends on adults, their behavior and knowledge of the developmental features of their child.
Parents - formalists: exactingness breeds fear
One of the most common causesIncorrect speech development - too demanding and strict parents. The child is peculiar to be naughty, indulge, commit rash acts. This is his nature, which it is difficult for a toddler to "overcome". Having done something that Mam and Dad may not like, the prankster begins to worry, worry. Anxiety before the upcoming "disassembly" grows into fear. When the time comes for an explanation with relatives, the baby, worried and worried, begins to "choke" (a strained emotional state causes a rapid pulse, the lips begin to dry, the tongue starts to dry). Wrong breathing is the first sign and symptom of difficulty speaking. So there is a stammer.
Loving parents - the promoters of infantilism
Too much attention in some familiesIs given to the children. This can be caused by different reasons. A child can be a long-awaited first-born or, conversely, late in an aging parent. The son or daughter of overly loving parents become general favorites, spoiled and capricious. Their behavior resembles the behavior of young children, even if they are already 15 years old. Infantile children are whiny, their moods often change. They not only behave as small, but also talk as small. They are characterized by lisping and "childish" intonations.
Parents workaholic - conniving method of education
Many problems with speech in children would beAre warned if parents who live their work and everyday misfortunes often engage in their children. This applies not only to those who spend too much time at work, but generally all parents who do not (for various reasons) pay attention to their children.
Speech therapists say that many speech defects are easierPrevent than cure. It is enough to listen to the child, to be interested in his problems, worries, to find out the reasons for his fears. After all, the development of speech is directly related to the development of the child's personality, with his psychological state.
Talk with children
Children learn to speak, imitating adults. Therefore, you need to talk with them all the time, be able to listen, teach to listen to another. Talk with children not in a hurry, as if by the way. Talk slowly, affectionately, often calling different objects, calling the subject different synonyms. Proverbs and sayings, beautiful comparisons and metaphors are used in conversation with the child.
Do not get too hung up on the sounds thatTo the kid yet do not work out. Otherwise, you will make the child feel embarrassed and feel imperfect. Moreover, do not repeat "clumsy" words behind it. If the child (intentionally or not) pronounced the word incorrectly, repeat the word again, but it is already correct. Unconsciously, children imitate adults, and the baby will strive for correct pronunciation.
The main thing is to have patience on the way to master the child's correct speech.
WHY do children have speech defects? Was last modified: June 21st, 2017 By Xueraold
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How To Choose An Instrument & Find A Music School For Your Musically Talented Child?
If you are the parent of a young child and debating what instrument they should start, the process is a little different than choosing an instrument for yourself. Age and size are a factor! Some children are ready to begin piano or violin when they are as young as three years old. For others, five or six is the ideal time to begin.
Attention, Ability and Interest Level are the determining factors for age
Cello and guitar can also be started early, usually around age five or six. Violin, cello and guitar all have small sizes for the very young beginner. Piano lessons provide a solid foundation for any further musical studies.
Wind instruments are usually held off until age seven to nine, as they involve larger reaches and breathing issues (although sometimes trumpet will work with a younger child).
So how does a parent decide which instrument for their child? First make sure you introduce your child to the sounds of the instruments. Take your child to piano recitals and to hear the orchestra, listen to recordings, and watch YouTube videos of classical musician together. Also, listen to your children if they tell you they prefer the piano over the violin or vice versa. Talk about the roles of different instruments in various ensembles.
Think about whether your child will be starting an instrument in school (usually fourth grade) and if you want a head start. Consider the fact that most section leaders in school orchestras or wind ensembles started their instruments much earlier than fourth grade with private lessons. Many children begin two instruments. Over time, one instrument becomes their main instrument and one their secondary (less practiced but still appreciated and often played at school or just for fun).
Once you have decided what instrument to play, find a reputable music school! You will need an experienced professional musician to teach you. Find someone you can connect with. This person will be your musical mentor. Practice as much as you can and enjoy bringing music into your life.
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Paranormal Perception Crew (PPC)
Experiments and Methods:
Ganzfeld Experiment – (from the German word for “entire field”) is a technique used in the field of parapsychology to test individuals for extrasensory perception (ESP). It uses homogeneous and unpatterned sensory stimulation to produce an effect similar to sensory deprivation. The deprivation of patterned sensory input is said to be conductive to inwardly generated impressions. The technique was devised by Wolfgang Metzger in the 1930’s as a part of his investigation into the gestalt theory.
Gestalt Theory - was the outcome of concrete investigations in psychology, logic, and epistemology. The prevailing situation at the time of its origin may be briefly sketched as follows. We go from the world of everyday events to that of science, and not unnaturally assume that in making this transition we shall gain a deeper and more precise understanding of essentials. The transition should mark an advance. And yet, though one may have learned a great deal, one is poorer than before. It is the same in psychology. Here too we find science intent upon a systematic collection of data, yet often excluding through that very activity precisely that which is most vivid and real in the living phenomena it studies. Somehow the thing that matters has eluded us.
Kirlian Photoraphy - refers to a form of photogram made with voltage. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who in 1939 accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a source of voltage an image is produced on the photographic plate. Kirlian's work, from 1939 onward, involved an independent rediscovery of a phenomenon and technique variously called "electrography", "electrophotography" and "corona discharge photography." The Kirlian technique is contact photography, in which the subject is in direct contact with a film placed upon a charged metal plate. The underlying physics (which makes xerographic copying possible) was explored as early as 1777 by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (see Lichtenberg figures). Later workers in the field included Nikola Tesla; various other individuals explored the effect in the later 19th and early 20th centuries. Kirlian said that the image he was studying might be compared with the human aura. An experiment in evidence of energy fields generated by living entities involves taking Kirlian contact photographs of a picked leaf at set periods, its gradual withering corresponding with a decline in the strength of the aura. In some experiments, if a section of a leaf was torn away after the first photograph, a faint image of the missing section would remain when a second photograph was taken.
Spirit Photography - is a type of photography whose primary attempt is to capture images of ghosts and other spiritual entities, especially in ghost hunting
Fear Cage – A confined or localized area with unhealthy and high levels of electromagnetic radiation due to the presence of a large amount of electrical devices, unshielded electrical cables, or power junctions. Individuals with a sensitivity to EMF can experience sensation of anxiety, paranoia, nausea, feeling of being watched, headaches, and sometimes hallucinations.
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Dating the Book of Acts
Reading Time: 4 minutes
Acts is the second of a two-volume work, with part one being the gospel of Luke. In fact, many Biblical scholars often refer to these two texts as a single unit: Luke-Acts.
As the above passage tells us, Luke carefully investigated “everything from the beginning” in order to create an accurate account. Sir William Ramsey determined that Luke recorded 32 countries, 54 cities, and 9 islands without committing a single error. It is clear that the author was successful in providing an accurate and detailed description of the life of Jesus and the start of the Christian church.
Understanding when the book of Acts was written allows us to determine when many other New Testament books were composed. Unfortunately, Biblical writings do not always contain clear chronological markers, and there is a range of opinion on when Acts was written. Despite this, we can be fairly confident that it was composed in the early to mid-60s.
Here’s are a few ways that scholars are able to reach that conclusion:
Chronological Indications in Luke-Acts
One of the most helpful indicators for dating Acts in this time frame actually comes from what the text does not say. Scan the chapter headings in your Bible and you’ll quickly see how much content Luke devoted to events surrounding both Jerusalem and the Apostle Paul.
The fact that Acts makes no mention of the fall of Jerusalem (which happened in A.D. 70) or the death of Paul (somewhere between 62 and 67) leads us to conclude that these events hadn’t happened yet.
John F KennedyImagine reading an account of John F. Kennedy that covered his family, his upbringing, and his election but made no mention of the Cuban missile crisis or his assassination in Dallas, TX. You would quickly conclude that the book was written before these things occurred. Similarly, the fact that Luke does not include information on the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple or the death of Paul shows us that prior to both of these events.
Similarly, Acts also contains information which would be rather anachronistic if the account was written much later than A.D. 62. For instance,
For instance, details in Acts indicate that Judaism is still considered a legal religion, which was not the case after a failed attempt by the Jews to remove themselves from Roman rule in A.D. 66. The “Great Revolt” of this time period is what led to the destruction of the Temple and Jewish religious/political life in A.D. 70.
Despite the fact that Luke was not inclined to record the date of his writings, the omitted and included details give us enough information to be confident in dating the composition of Acts in the early to mid-60’s.
Why It Matters
Knowing who wrote the book of Acts and when it was written assists us greatly in understanding the book’s purpose and content. We often use information regarding the cultural and political climate in which New Testament authors wrote to focus on important themes within a particular work.
For example, if we were certain that the author wrote during a time when the early church was experiencing great persecution, we could be more likely to pick up on portions of the text that aim to encourage Christians enduring such persecution.
By knowing the approximate date and understanding the historical events associated with that time period, we can more accurately determine the purpose for books in the New Testament.
Perhaps more importantly, however, is that an early date of composition indicates that New Testament writings are both accurate and reliable. In general, scholars are less inclined to give credence to a text that is written hundreds of years after the events that it records. Too much time between an event and the written record often allows error and embellishment to creep in.
Acts, however, can be shown to have been written about 30 years after the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. We have established that Luke was written prior to Acts, and can put this gospel even closer to the actual events. Even though we cannot be 100% certain, it is also believed that the gospel of Mark predates that of Luke, giving us an even earlier written account about the life of Christ.
As believers, we know the New Testament to be the inspired and trustworthy Word of God. Understanding when the gospel accounts were written can give you a starting point to demonstrate their reliability to someone who may be skeptical about their claims regarding Jesus.
These methods for dating the book of Acts can be a helpful way to navigate that conversations and gently and respectfully “make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you” (1 Peter 3:15).
Note: This article originally appeared on the Blue Letter Bible blog as Acts: When it Was Written and Why it Matters.
Clayton Kraby
Written by Clayton Kraby
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KDE System Guard
by Phil Hughes
Figure 1. KSysGuard's Graph Display
With the System Load tab selected (the default), you see the graphs. Selecting the Process Table tab (Figure 2) gives you a detailed view of each running program. Across the bottom, you can a process count and some statistics on memory and swap usage. Mainly, though, the graphs are the things of interest to users.
Figure 2. The Process Table Tab Offers More Details
The first graph in Figure 1 shows CPU Load. It is a percentage graph that shows what percentage of the CPU is being used over time. Primarily of interest is the total percentage being used, but the information is displayed in three colors. Right-clicking on the graph and selecting Properties allows you to configure characteristics of this graph. Picking the Sensors tab shows you the meaning of the colors.
Figure 3. The Sensor tab displays what the colors in the CPU Load graph represent.
The majority of what is being shown in the Physical Memory graph is in blue, which represents time your application program is using. Orange, in contrast, is the time the Linux operating system is using. If, for example, you were performing a lot of disk writes, this percentage could go up. Yellow is labeled as nice, which essentially means time being used by a program that said it wasn't that important.
The next graph in Figure 1 is labeled Load Average. My graph varies between about 1.2 and 1.8, which tells me the average number of programs waiting to run. Typically, this number should be relatively small; less than one is common. I happened to be copying a CD at the time I looked at the graph, though, so there was a lot of system activity.
By looking at these first two graphs, you can get an idea of why your system might be slow. If the load average number is around one, for example, but the CPU load is near 100%, it means a program is running that is using all of the CPU resources. Thus, a faster CPU would improve performance. On the other hand, if the CPU load is low but the Load Average is higher--let's say two or more--then the bottleneck is likely to be a storage device, such as a disk drive.
The Physical Memory and Swap Memory graphs need to be looked at together. Physical Memory means the RAM in your system. Swap Memory is space allocated on your hard disk that is used to save program code and data not currently needed in RAM. Swap is used only when your system runs out of physical memory, because it is much slower.
If physical memory is full and swap is being used, you may benefit from adding more RAM to your system. In fact, for most work, adding RAM is the cheapest and easiest way to increase system performance.
The Physical Memory graph displays information in three colors, much like the CPU Load graph. Right-clicking on the graph and selecting Properties brings up the details. Click on Sensors to see the meaning of each color. Application Memory (blue) is the space being used by running programs. Cached Memory and Buffered Memory are dynamic pools used to decrease the number of disk accesses that must be done. In a healthy system, most of the physical memory is used up by the total of these three items because that is more efficient. The real indication that more RAM would be beneficial for your system is when most of the physical memory is being used as application memory.
Figure 4. The Sensor tab displays what the colors in the Physical Memory graph represent.
This is the basic introduction to what KDE System Guard can tell you about your computer. For the more advanced user, the Process Table tab allows you to see what each program is doing. For the geeks out there, it is a clean way to display the same type of information that you get from running the top command.
Comment viewing options
I see pretty good a article, great job - that`s the stuff !
Good Luck
Regards from extra mamuski
Extra Mamuski (not verified) - Fri, 2005-10-07 07:40.
Great article!
Excellent article and howto you guys! I use KDE System Guard even in other window managers like XFCE and IceWN to see what apps are running and which ones are bloggging down the memory. It's a handy app and IMHO much better than the one found in Windows XP.
Trinette Rani (not verified) - Sun, 2005-09-25 20:58.
Thanks for the explanation.
Thanks for the instruction.
Dim - F (not verified) - Wed, 2006-10-11 11:13.
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Landmark Green Signal for "Designer" Baby
British authorities have given a couple from northern England the go-ahead to use fertility treatment to create a test-tube baby in order to cure their son, who is seriously ill with a rare genetic disorder.
A frozen five-celled seed of a human embryo
Three-year-old Zain Hashmi suffers from a rare and potentially fatal blood disorder, thalassemia. Children with thalassemia cannot make enough haemoglobin, and their bone marrow cannot produce sufficient red blood cells.
He needs a simple bone marrow transplant to cure him, but so far no suitable donor has found who matches Zain's genetic profile. His parents, Shahana and Raj Hashmi from Leeds now hope to use the test tube sibling's blood from his or her umbilical cord to cure Zain.
The decision was made by Britain's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) on Friday after three hours of intense debate.
IVF techniques and stem cells called into play
The go-ahead for the procedure called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis will mark the first time that the HFEA allows the use of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) to select an embryo which is a close genetic match for a sibling in order to treat him.
Using IVF techniques, a cell will be removed from the specially selected embryo and examined to confirm that it is disease-free and a good tissue match. If it is suitable, the embryo will be implanted in the mother's womb.
Once the baby is born, doctors take stem cells from the umbilical cord, which can regenerate bone marrow, and inject these into the sick child.
The Hashmis are expected to start treatment at the Park Hospital's Centre for Assisted Reproduction in Nottinghamshire immediately.
Critics lash out at HFEA's decision
But the going will be anything but easy for the HFEA which already finds itself in the eye of a storm of controversy. The decision is also expected to provoke a fresh debate on the medical and ethical implications of genetic pre-selection.
Critics and campaigners have condemned the ruling on ethical grounds and expressed fears that this the HFEA is taking the dangerous path to "designer" babies.
Opponents ask whether people should be allowed to manufacture a child in order to serve the medical needs of a older brother . They question how far science is allowed to go.
Many are also against the discarding of embryos created during the process that are not suitable.
Baby not a "designer" one says HFEA
But the HFEA stands by its decision and says that it approves applications only after rigorous screening of the ethical and medical implications of the treatment and the welfare of the children.
It does not believe that the recent decision will set a precedent because the treatment will only be approved in very rare circumstances and under strict controls.
The HFEA has also denied that the test-tube baby would be a "designer" one. "The child has not been selected for any characteristics at all", HFEA deputy chair Jane Denton told Reuters.
Only chance to cure Zain
But despite the uproar, the Hashmis and the doctors attending to Zain are jubilant.
Doctors treating Zain point out that his sibling-to-be could provide the only way to save the little boy's life.
Dr Simon Fischel of the Park Clinic says, "This is the one opportunity the Hashmis have in changing the quality of life and perhaps even saving the life of their little boy, Zain, so for them specifically it is very important."
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Palmyra - lost forever?
The terror organization "IS" has been destroying one cultural monument after another in the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra. Experts wonder whether the temples and triumphal arches could be rebuilt in the future.
Majestic columns, expansive roads, enormous ruins - the ancient Syrian oasis city of Palmyra is one of the world's most famous examples of Roman architecture. For decades, Palmyra attracted thousands of tourists; untold numbers of researchers have studied it. Yet today, no one knows exactly what remains of the ancient commercial metropolis. Since May, the desert settlement has been in the hands of the terrorist organization "IS," who have been systematically destroying the city's temples, triumphal arches and burial towers.
A loss that worries historians and achaeologists around the world. "Palmyra is a unique place, because it symbolizes openness to the world and cultural diversity, and was part of a trading route that connected China, Persia and the Mediterranean," says Markus Hilgert, director of the Berlin's Museum of the Ancient Near East. "Palmyra is also meaningful for us because it is so well preserved. Therefore, the loss of its beautiful and prominent architectural monuments is extremely painful."
Syrien Palmyra Baaltempel
Palmyra's Bel Temple
Well researched ruins
At the beginning of this week, IS terrorists blew-up a nearly 2,000-year-old Arch of Triumph (above). Over the past several months they have also destroyed the important Bel and Baalshamin temples as well as several burial towers. "I am very pessimistic about the future of Palmyra," said Abdulkarim Mamun, director of Museums and Antiquities in Damascus, in a recent interview.
Markus Hilgert also fears that IS could potentially destroy the entire archeological site. Nevertheless, he does not want to give up on Palmyra. Its ruins are comparatively well researched. And since there are numerous photographs and very exact documentation of the site, Hilgert believes that a rebuilding, or reconstruction of at least some of the structures may be possible. "One day we will be able to see more clearly just how bad the destruction is, and what we can do with the fragments that remain on site," says Hilgert.
Syrien Grabtürme Palmyra IS Sprengung Tombs
The burial towers of Palmyra
Different possibilities for reconstruction
There are several possible approaches to reconstruction. Original fragments secured on site could be used: a historical reconstruction like that currently being undertaken on the Berlin Palace - the former residence of the German Emperor, torn down following the Second World War - could be conceivable. "We will certainly be in a position to pursue such measures in Palmyra," says Hilgert. "However, that can only happen if the political situation calms and we can get an overview as to what the actual scale of the destruction is."
Currently, scientists are discussing whether 3-D models can be created from extant 2-D photographs. The use of 3-D printers is also being considered. "We are in a phase in which the basic technology already exists," says Hilgert. "But it has to be adapted to the needs of science and reconstructive archeology." The Near East antiquities expert is confident that such technology will soon be used not only in Europe and the USA, but also in the countries of the Middle East where so many cultural artifacts are being destroyed today.
Measures for the preservation of cultural heritage
Despite the fact that the scale of destruction remains unknown, Hilgert makes the case for thinking about which preventative or reconstructive measures could be taken. "We aren't helpless, we have the means, we can research and create infrastructures. More than anything we have a moral obligation to do so - because we were only able to gain our knowledge of the site by working with our Syrian colleagues. That is why it is so important that we share that know-how with them, so that these treasures are not lost forever."
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Jersey Flag
The Channel Islands and the Great War
Guernsey Flag
The Mobilisation of the French Reservists in Jersey: August 1914
By Ian Ronayne
In July 1870, Napoleon the Third, the ailing French Emperor, was goaded into rashly declaring war on his Prussian neighbours. At the time, it was not an unpopular decision. Whilst Paris went into raptures over the prospect of at last bringing these "upstart" Germans to heel, the French army confidently began to mobilise for what was expected to be a glorious war of conquest.
Unfortunately, it soon became clear that not all was going to plan. The mobilisation, which was planned to swiftly bring the maximum number of men to the border with Germany, turned out to be a shambles. Soldiers recalled to the colours were being shunted around France in search of their Regiments, whilst exasperated officers on the frontier waited with growing despair for the arrival of their allocated units. "Have arrived in Belfort", one general telegraphed to his superiors, "Cannot find my brigade, cannot find my divisional commander. What shall I do? Don't know where my regiments are". As it turned out, this was no way to commence a war with one of the most formidable armies ever assembled. It was quite understandable therefore, that within six weeks, the Prussian army and its German allies had surrounded, captured or killed ninety percent of the French field army, and paved the way for an inevitable crushing victory in 1871.
When the debris of defeat finally settled, one outcome was a steely determination that the chaos of mobilisation would not be repeated next time - with most having no doubt there would be a next time. Accordingly, the deficiencies of 1870 were meticulously analysed, and a number of sweeping changes instigated to prevent them occurring again. One of the key provisions was laws that established a true universal military service.
Under the "Three Year's Law" of 1913, all nineteen-year old able-bodied Frenchmen were liable to start a military service that would last for the next twenty-eight years. The first three of these were served with the Active Army, in a full-time capacity. At the end of this period, they were released from the army but retained for the next eleven years as a member of the Active Army Reserve. At the age of thirty-three they became a member the Territorial Army: part-time soldiers intended for more static duties. Seven years with the Active Territorial and seven with the Territorial Reserve followed, until at last, at the age of forty-eight, a man was released from his obligations to "La Patrie".
Given these demands, it was practical - and undeniably reasonable - for most men to carry out their military service with a regiment based in their immediate region. In the event of a mobilisation order being issued after they had served their first three years, they were legally obliged to report for duty at their regimental depot prior to being despatched to the front. This obligation was extended to those French nationals living or working outside of the country, with severe penalties awaiting those who disobeyed.
Farm workers
Farm workers in late 19th Century Jersey
(Societe Jersiaise)
By the summer of 1914, a sizeable population of French nationals were living in the Channel Island of Jersey. For the most part, they worked in the Island's agricultural industry, which had developed a considerable export market based on its cattle, and more significantly, the Jersey Royal potato. Needing to supplement local labour, the Jersey farmers had turned to nearby Brittany where there existed a willing pool of impoverished agricultural workers. Not surprisingly, once in Jersey, they were expected to work long hours and put up with fairly basic living conditions. In his memoirs, Edward Le Brocq recalls that: "On the farm a 'domestique' was nearly always a Frenchman. He had a pretty rough time of it; getting up early to milk the cows, working all day, go to bed late." But this did not seem to deter them coming - or staying in the Island: by 1911 there was some 5,610 French nationals present, representing almost eleven percent of the population . Of course, given that their principle purpose was manual labour, a considerable number of these would have been men within the Military Service age bracket; ready for the call up, if and when the need arose.
It was four o'clock on the afternoon of Saturday the 1st August 1914 when the first poster appeared in Paris announcing the French government's decision to mobilise their army. In view of the deteriorating situation in the east, and the obvious signs of German belligerence, they could wait no longer. Whilst Parisians crowded round to take in the momentous news, the order was being telegraphed out to communities throughout France and the wider Empire. French embassies and consulates throughout the world were also to be notified: the war that everyone expected - and many longed for - was starting.
In Jersey, there was a palpable sense of anxious anticipation amongst the French community. The threat of war had increased considerably over the last few days, leading to the Island's Militia being called out on the 30th July - as a precaution "in view state of feeling amongst the European Powers". To many French it seemed only a matter of time before their government's order to mobilise was issued; others were more sanguine, trusting that it would all blow over. On the afternoon of the 1st August, both camps were represented in the crowd of foreign nationals gathered outside the offices of the Jersey Evening Post in St Helier's Charles Street waiting for the news to arrive - and hoping it wouldn't. It had been a warm day in the Island, and when by five o'clock nothing was heard, most were glad to slope off and celebrate with a cooling drink.
But any elation was premature. Just after six that evening, the office telegraph flickered into life, and the widely anticipated mobilisation order arrived. Recognising the gravity of the news, it was relayed without delay to the home of the Island's "Consul de France."
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The Type of History: Collection, Inheritance, and Past
The Type of History: Collection, Inheritance, and Past
The main reason we appearance a lot like our parents or brothers and sisters will be defined because of the sensation of inheritance. Inheritance means power of an individual to transport its very few or all genes to another grammar and punctuation checker When inheritance arises, many of the genes get transferred from a age group to a different with minimal variations. These different versions are mostly as a result of crossing throughout over the meiotic means of cell phone division. Thee different versions for a great magnitude are necessary to cause history. A further trend triggering history of assorted group is assortment that could be often natural or unnatural. So, as a way to have an understanding of these reasons that generate evolution, we need to recognize the track record right behind the theory of evolution. ( Fisher, 2001) The leader in Evolutionary Genes is Charles Darwin who suggested the blending concept of inheritance to spell out how history essentially occurs. He explained natural option operation in which the variable establishing the evolutionary process may be the natural environment in the unnatural collection procedure, human mediation is extremely important. As reported by Darwin, just about every parent is involved with transmitting its genes. Hence, when mother and father are allowed to inbreed, the genes blend and rise to a organism that is a blend of the two dads and moms. This is therefore, the standard knowledge of the evolutionary hypothesis.
Healthy collection as mentioned previously, necessitates the effect of the atmosphere to the reproduction fee and growth and development of types. In terms of occasion, organisms typically replicate considerably less in the moments should there be a scarcity of food items within the surroundings. The actual existence of possible predators supplying on your specific kinds also pinpoints the surviving of the species. Some organisms can deal with the harsh environmentally friendly illnesses or can get away from the conditions by their enemies when living in exactly the same ecosystem. They will do so by adjusting to the earth by modifying their body functions in terms of occasion for protective functionality. This is called progress. These kinds of organisms typically develop within the surroundings in order to survive in the region with tough enviromentally friendly circumstances.( Fisher, 2001)
Development improves the possibilities of surviving on the varieties. Evolution has additionally been proven to occur with the hereditary or genic quality. A precise diversity which can be top-notch in general is interbred with an assortment of a lesser level of quality, can boost the superior quality or conditioning on the young getting generated by their go across. This young is top-quality in nature as the predominant exceptional genes get transferred to it which often inhibits the recessive genes. So, the mother or father with reduce top quality is usually in ways stopped from finding extinct or obtaining their genes 100 % wasted. As opposed to this, man-made option would include the go across reproduction of superior quality organisms as a way to result in a 3rd high-quality of offspring that is to be top-quality by nature. Hence, a completely new kinds is said to be progressed when this happens to compensate with the negative aspects of every parent or guardian. You could do only from the process or skill of inheritance by way of the escalating offspring. (Futuyma, 2009).
Consequently, it might be determined that history offers growth to more recent species along with reduces the extinction of kinds within the surroundings. With all the functions of Charles Darwin, it is important to know how evolution relates to range, adaptation and difference. Other than this, additionally it is imperative that you know the hypothesis of natural inside the situation of history and also the conditions. The community is just about the important aspects figuring out if an organism will advance or get extinct. Also, in the event the progress takes place with the hereditary level, it often offers rise to modern group that will be associated with a top-notch characteristics when compared to their fathers and mothers.
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Religion In Indonesia
Circle frame.svg
Religion in Indonesia (2010)[1]
Islam (87.2%)
Christianity (9.9%)
Hinduism (1.7%)
Buddhism (0.7%)
Confucianism and others (0.2%)
Indonesia religions map
Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.[2] The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.[3] The government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).[4][5][6] Although based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 non-official religions in Indonesia.[7] Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.[8] Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal.[9] In the 2010 Indonesian census, 87.18% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis more than 99%,[10]Shias 0.5%,[11]Ahmadis 0.2%[12]), 6.96% Protestant, 2.91% Catholic, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Confucianism, 0.13% other, and 0.38% unstated or not asked.[1]
Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.[13]
The Maritime Silk Road, connecting India and Indonesia
Historically, immigration from India, China, Portugal, Arabia, and the Netherlands has been a major contributor to the diversity of religion and culture within the country.[14] However, these aspects have changed since some modifications have been made to suit the Indonesian culture.
Prior to the arrival of the Abrahamic faiths of Islam, Christianity and Judaism, the popular belief systems in the region were thoroughly influenced by Dharmic religious philosophy through Hinduism and Buddhism. These religions were brought to Indonesia around the 2nd and 4th centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi, bringing their religion. Hinduism of Shaivite traditions started to develop in Java in the fifth century AD. The traders also established Buddhism in Indonesia which developed further in the following century and a number of Hindu and Buddhist influenced kingdoms were established, such as Kutai, Srivijaya, Majapahit, and Sailendra.[15] The world's largest Buddhist monument, Borobudur, was built by the Kingdom of Sailendra and around the same time, the Hindu monument Prambanan was also built. The peak of Hindu-Javanese civilisation was the Majapahit Empire in the fourteenth century, described as a golden age in Indonesian history.[16]
Islam was introduced to Indonesia in the fourteenth century.[14] Coming from Gujarat, India, Islam spread through the west coast of Sumatra and then developed to the east in Java. This period also saw kingdoms established but this time with Muslim influence, namely Demak, Pajang, Mataram and Banten. By the end of the fifteenth century, 20 Islam-based kingdoms had been established, reflecting the domination of Islam in Indonesia.
The Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Indonesia, notably to the island of Flores and to what was to become East Timor.[17]Protestantism was first introduced by the Dutch in the sixteenth century with Calvinist and Lutheran influences. For the Dutch, economic benefit rather than religious conversion were paramount and missionary efforts avoided predominantly Muslim areas such as Java. The Dutch East India Company regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.[18] Animist areas in eastern Indonesia, on the other hand, were the main focus Dutch conversion efforts, including Maluku, North Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua and Kalimantan. Later, Christianity spread from the coastal ports of Borneo and missionaries arrived among the Torajans on Sulawesi. Parts of Sumatra were also targeted, most notably the Batak people, who are predominantly Protestant today.[19]
Significant changes in religion aspect also happened during the New Order era.[20] Following a purported coup in 1965 officially blamed on the Communist Party of Indonesia, around 1/2 million were killed in an anti-communist purge.[21] Following the incident, the New Order government had tried to suppress the supporters of PKI, by applying a policy that everyone must choose a religion, since PKI supporters were mostly atheists.[20] As a result, every Indonesian citizen was required to carry personal identification cards indicating their religion. The policy resulted in a mass religion conversions, topped by conversions to Protestantism and Catholicism (Christianity).[20] The same situation happened with Indonesians with Chinese ethnicity, who mostly were Confucianists. Because Confucianism was not one of the state recognised religions, many Chinese Indonesians were also converted to Christianity.[20]
State recognised religions
Ganting Grand Mosque in Padang, West Sumatra. Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population.
Sunni Islam
The history of Islam in Indonesia is complex and reflects the diversity of Indonesian cultures.[22] There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century.[23] By the 15th century, the spread of the religion accelerated via the missionary work of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (also known as Sunan Gresik, originally from Samarkand) in Sumatra and Java as well as Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho, from China) in north Java. Islam in Indonesia is in many cases less meticulously practised in comparison to Islam in the Middle East region.[24] The majority of Indonesian Muslims practice Sunni Islam of Shafi school of jurisprudence.[10]
After the resignation of Suharto, political parties were again permitted to declare an ideology other than Pancasila. Several Muslim parties formed with Shariah as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party came in 6th place in the Indonesian legislative election, 1999. However, in the Indonesian legislative election, 2009, the Crescent Star Party ranked only 10th, while parties characterised by moderate and tolerant Islamic interpretations had more significant success, such as the Prosperous Justice Party coming in 4th with nearly 8% of total votes
The earliest history of Ahmadiyya in Indonesia dates back to the early days of its second caliph, when, during the summer of 1925, roughly two decades prior to the Indonesian revolution, a missionary of the Community, Rahmat Ali, stepped on Indonesia's largest island, Sumatra, and established the movement with 13 devotees in Tapaktuan, in the province of Aceh.[25] The Community has had an influential history in Indonesia's religious development,[26] yet in modern times it has faced increasing intolerance from religious establishments in the country and physical hostilities from radical Muslim groups.[27] There are an estimated 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims, spread over 542 branches across the country.
The Government of Indonesia officially recognises the two main Christian divisions in Indonesia, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as two separate religions.
A Church in Bukit Doa Getsemane Sanggam, Ambarita, Samosir, North Sumatra
Protestantism is largely a result of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[28][29][30] The Dutch East India Company regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.[31] Although these two branches are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.[32] The Batak Protestant Christian Church, founded in 1861 by German Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, is the largest one.[33]
Protestants form a significant minority in some parts of the country. Statistically, 7% of the total population declared themselves Protestant in a nationwide census conducted in 2010. For example, on the island of Sulawesi, 17% of the citizens are Protestants, particularly in Tana Toraja regency in South Sulawesi province and Central Sulawesi. Furthermore, up to 65% of the ethnic Torajan population is Protestant. The Batak from North Sumatra is also one of the major Protestant groups in Indonesia. Christianity was brought by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen who is known as apostle to the Batak people and started the Huria Kristen Batak Protestant church in Indonesia. Chinese Indonesians are also significant part of the Protestant population, scattered throughout Indonesia with the majority concentrated in major urban areas. In 2000 approximately 35% of ethnic Chinese were Christian, however there is continuous increase among the younger generation. In some parts of the country, entire villages belong to a distinct denomination, such as Adventist, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Lutheran, Presbyterian or Salvation Army (Bala Keselamatan) depending on the success of missionary activity.[34] Indonesia currently has 2 Protestant-majority provinces, which are Papua and North Sulawesi, with 60% and 64% of the total population respectively.[35] In Papua, the faith is most widely practised among the native Papuan population. In North Sulawesi, the Minahasan population centred around Manado converted to Christianity in the nineteenth century.[36] Today most of the population native to North Sulawesi practice some form of Protestantism, while transmigrants from Java and Madura practice Islam. The practitioners mostly live in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, North Maluku, Maluku (province), West Papua (province), Papua (province).[]
Roman Catholicism
Catholicism arrived in Indonesia during the Portuguese arrival with spice trading.[37] Many Portuguese had the goal of spreading Roman Catholicism in Indonesia, starting with Moluccas (Maluku) in 1534. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneer Christian missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, visited the islands and baptised several thousand locals.[38]
During the Dutch East Indies (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) era, the number of Roman Catholicism practitioners fell significantly, due to VOC policy to ban the religion. Hostility of the Dutch toward Catholicism is due to its history where the Protestant Dutch gained their independence after the Eighty Years War against Catholic Spain's rule. The most significant result was on the island of Flores and East Timor, where VOC concentrated. Moreover, Roman Catholic priests were sent to prisons or punished and replaced by Protestant clergy from the Netherlands.[37] One Roman Catholic priest was executed for celebrating Mass in a prison during Jan Pieterszoon Coen's tenure as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. After the VOC collapsed and with the legalisation of Catholicism in the Netherlands starting around 1800, Dutch Catholic clergy predominated until after Indonesia's independence.
Other than Flores, Central Java also have significant numbers of Catholics. Catholicism started to spread in Central Java when Frans van Lith, a priest from The Netherlands came to Muntilan, Central Java in 1896. Initially, his effort did not produce a satisfying result, until 1904 when four Javanese chiefs from Kalibawang region asked him to give them education in the religion. On 15 December 1904, a group of 178 Javanese were baptised at Semagung, Muntilan, district Magelang, Central Java, near the border of province DI Yogyakarta. In Java, next to Javanese, Catholicism also spread to Chinese Indonesian.
As of 2006, 3% of all Indonesians are Catholics, about half the number of Protestants at 5.7%. The practitioners mostly live in West Kalimantan, Papua (province) and East Nusa Tenggara. The province of East Nusa Tenggara where the island of Flores and West Timor located is notable as the only province in Indonesia where Catholics are majority (about 54.56% of total population).[]
Besakih temple in Bali
Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a tone distinct from other parts of the world.[39] For instance, Hinduism in Indonesia, formally referred as Agama Hindu Dharma, never applied the caste system. It also incorporated native Austronesian elements that revered hyangs, deities and spirits of nature and deceased ancestors. The Hindu religious epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, are expressed in uniquely Indonesian wayang puppetry and dance. In many areas on Java, Hinduism and Islam have heavily influenced each other, in part resulting in Abangan and Kejawen traditions.[40]
All practitioners of Agama Hindu Dharma share many common beliefs, mostly the Five Points of Philosophy: the Panca Srada.[41] These include the belief in one Almighty God, belief in the souls and spirits and karma or the belief in the law of reciprocal actions. Rather than belief in cycles of rebirth and reincarnation, Hinduism in Indonesia is concerned more with a myriad of local and ancestral spirits. In addition, the religion focuses more on art and ritual rather than scriptures, laws and beliefs.[39] Balinese Hinduism also holds to the concept of Tri Hita Karana, nurturing and maintaining a harmonious relationship between human and God, human and human, human and nature.[42]
As of 2007, the official number of Hindu practitioners was 10 million,[43] giving Indonesia the fourth largest number of Hindus in the world. This number is disputed by the representative of Hinduism in Indonesia, the Parisada Hindu Dharma. The PHDI gives an estimate of 18 million.[44] Of this number, 93% of the practitioners are located in Bali, the majority of the population of which is Hindu. Besides Bali, Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Kalimantan and Sulawesi also have significant Hindu populations; most are Balinese who migrated to these areas through government sponsored transmigration program or urbanised Balinese attracted to cities in Java, especially the Greater Jakarta area. Central Kalimantan has a 15.8% Hindu population. The Hindu variant of Kalimantan is identified as Hindu Kaharingan, although this native Dayak belief may be more correctly categorised as Animism, rather than Hinduism.[]
Sikhs are typically registered as Hindus because the Indonesian government does not recognise Sikhism as a religion.
The Buddha statue at Borobudur temple, Magelang, Central Java.
Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia, arriving around the sixth century.[45] The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires based on Buddhist culture were established around the same period. Indonesian archipelago has witnessed the rise and fall of powerful Buddhist empires such as Sailendra dynasty, Srivijaya and Mataram Empires. The arrival of Buddhism was started with the trading activity that began in the early of first century on the Silk Road between Indonesia and India.[46] According to some Chinese source[], a Chinese traveller monk on his journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based on Sumatra. The empire also served as a Buddhist learning centre in the region. A number of historical heritage monuments can be found in Indonesia, including the Borobudur Temple in Yogyakarta and statues or prasasti (inscriptions) from the earlier history of Buddhist empires.
Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s, Pancasila was reasserted as the official Indonesian policy on religion to only recognise monotheism .[47] As a result, founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. He was also backed up with the history behind the Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient Javanese texts, and the shape of the Borobudur Temple.
According to the 2000 national census, roughly 1% of the total citizens of Indonesia are Buddhists, which takes up about 2 million people.[45] Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, although other provinces such as Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan also have a significant number of practitioners. However, these totals are likely high, due to the fact that practitioners of Confucianism and Taoism, which are not considered official religions of Indonesia, referred to themselves as Buddhists on the census.[45]
A Chinese temple of Sanggar Agung, in Surabaya, East Java
Confucianism originated in China and was brought to Indonesia by Chinese merchants, as early as the 3rd century AD.[4] Unlike other religions, Confucianism evolved more into loose individual practices and belief in the code of conduct, rather than a well-organized community religion with a firm theology--it was more like a way of life or social movement than a religion. It was not until the early 1900s that Confucianists formed an organisation, called Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan (THHK) in Batavia (now Jakarta).[4]
After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, Confucianism in Indonesia was affected by several political conflicts. In 1965, Sukarno issued Presidential Decree No. 1/Pn.Ps/1965, recognising that six religions are embraced by the Indonesian people, including Confucianism.[4] In 1961, the Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia (PKCHI), a Confucianist organisation, had declared that Confucianism is a religion and Confucius is their prophet.
Under the New Order regime of Suharto, anti-China policy became a scapegoat method to gain political support from the masses, especially after the fall of the Indonesian Communist Party, which had allegedly been backed by China.[4] In 1967, Suharto issued controversial Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967, which effectively banned Chinese culture, including documents printed in Chinese, expressions of Chinese belief, Chinese celebrations and festivities, and even Chinese names. However, Suharto knew that the Chinese Indonesian community had a lot of wealth and power even though it consisted of only 3% of the population.[48]
In 1969, Statute No. 5/1969 was passed, restoring the official total of six religions. However, it was not always put into practice. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs issued a directive asserting there are only five religions, excluding Confucianism.[4] On 27 January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting decided that Confucianism is not a religion. Another Minister of Home Affairs directive in 1990 re-iterated the total of five official religions in Indonesia.
Therefore, the status of Confucianism in Indonesia in the New Order regime was never clear. De jure, there were conflicting laws, because the higher law permitted Confucianism, but the lower law did not recognise it. De facto, Confucianists were not recognised by the government and they were forced to become Christians or Buddhists to maintain their citizenship. This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. Civics education in Indonesia taught school children that there are only five official religions.[4]
Following the fall of Suharto in 1998, Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as the country's fourth president. Wahid rescinded Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 and the 1978 Minister of Home Affairs directive. Confucianism once again became officially recognised as a religion in Indonesia. Chinese culture and Chinese-affiliated activities were again permitted. However, after the implementation of Otonomi Daerah (Regional Autonomy), provinces and regencies were permitted to control their own administrative procedures. In 2014, there are again administrative districts that only permit five possible religious affiliations on the national identity card, a restriction that they have programmed into their computer databases.
Other religions and beliefs
Kebatinan (Javanese beliefs)
Nyai Roro Kidul, the Goddess of the Southern Sea according to Javanese Kejawen and Sundanese Wiwitan religion
Kebatinan or Kejawen (Javanese beliefs) or Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (Believer of One Supreme God) is an amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic -- especially Sufi -- beliefs. The beliefs is rooted in Javanese history and spiritualism with the tendency to syncretise aspects of different religions in search of the common ground. This loosely organised current of thought and practice was legitimised in the 1945 constitution and, in 1973, when it was recognised as Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (Indonesian: Believer of One Supreme God) that somewhat gain the status as one of the agama, President Suharto counted himself as one of its adherents. The Kebatinan or Kepercayaan have no certain prophet, sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherents internalised transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with others and with the supreme being. As the result there is an inclusiveness that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognised religions, at least in their identity card, while still subscribe to their kebatinan belief and way of life.
Subud is an international spiritual movement that began in Indonesia in the 1920s as a movement founded by Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo. (The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia.) The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the latihan kejiwaan, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force".
Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000.[49]
Nias tribesmen moving and erecting a megalith. ca. 1915.
Animism has existed since Indonesia's earliest history, around the first century, just before Hindu culture arrived in Indonesia.[50] Furthermore, two thousand years later, with the existence of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and other religion, Animism still exists in some parts of Indonesia. However, this belief is not accepted as Indonesia's official religion as the Pancasila states the belief in the supreme deity, or monotheism.[50] Animism, on the other hand, does not believe in a particular god. The government of Indonesia often views indigenous beliefs as adat (custom) rather that agama (religion) or as a variant of a recognised religion.[51] Because the government do not recognise animism indigenous tribal belief systems as official religion, as a result followers of various native animistic religions such as Dayak Kaharingan have identified themselves as Hindu to avoid pressure to convert to Islam or Christianity. Several native tribal beliefs such as Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Torajan Aluk To Dolo, and Batak Malim -- although different from Indian influenced Balinese Hinduism -- might seek affiliation with Hinduism to survive, while at the same time also preserving their distinction from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by Balinese. In many cases, some of the followers of these native beliefs might convert to Christianity or Islam, at least registered as such on their Indonesian identity card (KTP), but still uphold and perform their native beliefs.
There are an estimated several hundred Jews in Indonesia, mainly expatriates in the Jakarta area who conduct religious services at home. Some tiny local Jewish community exist in Indonesia, mostly those whom rediscovered their ancestral roots and convert back to Judaism.[52] There are small unrecognised Jewish communities in Manado, Jakarta and Surabaya. Like many Jews in the then Netherlands East Indies, some of whose forebears had moved there as early as the 17th century, they suppressed their faith. An early Jewish settlement in the archipelago was through the Dutch Jews who came along for the spice trade. In the 1850s, about 20 Jewish families of Dutch and German origins lived in Jakarta (then Batavia). Some lived in Semarang and Surabaya. Several Baghdadi Jews also settled in the island. Prior to 1945, there were about 2,000 Dutch Jews in Indonesia. Some Jews even converted to Christianity or Islam during the Japanese Occupation, when Jews were sent to internment camps, and the War of Independence, when Eurasians were targeted. In 1957, it was reported around 450 Jews remained, mainly Ashkenazim in Jakarta and Sephardim in Surabaya. The community decreased to 50 in 1963. In 1997, there were only 20 Jews, some of them in Jakarta and a few Baghdadi families in Surabaya.[53]
Jews in Surabaya maintained a synagogue for many years, with sporadic support from relatives and co-religionists residing in Singapore. Beth Shalom closed in 2009 after radical groups protested against Israel's assault on the Gaza Strip.[52] Soon afterward, it was designated a heritage site by the Surabaya government, but it was demolished in May 2013 without warning, as part of a mysterious real estate deal.[54]
Since 2003, Shaar Hashamayim synagogue has been serving the local Jewish community of some 20 people in Tondano city, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi. Currently it is the only synagogue in Indonesia that provides services.[52]
In 2015, the first official Jewish center, Beit Torat Chaim, was inaugurated by the Religious Affairs Ministry of the Indonesian government. It is located in Jakarta and will be led by Rabbi Tovia Singer.[55]
Although there is no specific law that bans atheism, legal cases in which atheists have been charged with blasphemy for publicly expressing atheist points of view have raised the issue of whether it is de facto illegal to do so according to Pancasila, the state ideology. Some clerics invoke first Pancasila principle to argue that it is indeed illegal, while legal scholars say that that principle was adopted as a compromise between secular nationalist, Muslim and non-Muslim founding fathers, and not intended to ban atheism. Nonetheless, atheists as a group tend not to express their atheism publicly for fear of prosecution.[56][57] In 2012, atheist civil servant Alexander Aan was sentenced to thirty months in prison for writing "God doesn't exist" on his Facebook page and sharing explicit material about the Prophet Mohammed online,[58][59] sparking nationwide debate.[60] Alexander's lawyers speculated that there were only 2,000 or so atheists in Indonesia, but stated that it was difficult to estimate due to the threat of imprisonment for open atheism.[60]
Although the Indonesian government recognises a number of different religions, inter-religious conflicts have occurred. In the New Order era, former president Suharto proposed the Anti-Chinese law which prohibits anything related to Chinese culture, including names and religions.[61] Nevertheless, positive form of relations have also appeared in the society, such as the effort from six different religious organisations to help the 2004 Tsunami victims. Subud is a religion founded in Indonesia.[62]
Between 1966 and 1998, Suharto made an effort to "de-Islamicise" the government, by maintaining a large proportion of Christians in his cabinet.[63] However, in the early 1990s, the issue of Islamisation appeared, and the military split into two groups, the Nationalist and Islamic camps.[63] The Islamic camp, led by General Prabowo, was in favour of Islamisation, while General Wiranto was in the Nationalist group, in favour of a secular state.
During the Suharto era, the Indonesian transmigration program continued, after it was initiated by the Dutch East Indies government in the early nineteenth century. The intention of the program was to move millions of Indonesians from over-crowded populated Java, Bali and Madura to other less populated regions, such as Ambon, Lesser Sunda Islands and Papua. It has received much criticism, being described as a type of colonisation by the Javanese and Madurese, who also brought Islam to non-Muslim areas.[13] Citizens in western Indonesia are mostly Muslims with Christians a small minority, while in eastern regions the Christian populations are similar in size or larger than Muslim populations. This more even population distribution has led to more religious conflicts in the eastern regions, including Poso and Maluku communal violence since the resignation of President Suharto.
The government has made an effort to reduce the tension by proposing the inter-religion co-operation plan.[64] The Foreign Ministry, along with the biggest Islamic organisation in Indonesia, Nahdatul Ulama, held the International Conference of Islamic Scholars, to promote Islamic moderation, which is believed to reduce the tension in the country.[64] On 6 December 2004, the "Dialogue On Interfaith Cooperation: Community Building and Harmony" conference was opened. The conference, attended by ASEAN countries, Australia, East Timor, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea was intended to discuss possible co-operation between different religious groups to minimise inter-religious conflict in Indonesia.[64] The Australian government, represented by the Foreign Minister Alexander Downer, supported the dialogue by co-hosting it.
On the issue of Ahmadiyyah Muslim community, Indonesia has failed to act and uphold their human rights. Several Ahmadi mosques were burnt in 2008.[65] 126 Ahmadis have become refugees within their own country in the past 4 years.[66][67]
There is however, indications that religious conflicts regarding erection of place of worships have more to do with business interest than in religious issues.[68] For example, dispute over a Bethel Injil Sepenuh Church (GBIS) in Jakarta was due to land dispute dating back to 1957, while the Indonesian Christian Church (GKI) Taman Yasmin dispute in Bogor was due to municipal government plan to turn the church's area into business district. The Taman Yasmin Church in Bogor has been upheld and protected by Supreme Court of Indonesia, but the mayor of Bogor refused to comply the court ruling.[68][69]
Census data regarding religion
Religion was a census variable in the 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Indonesian census and in various intercensal surveys. Due to deemed divisiveness, 1961 census data regarding religion was not published. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. The U.N. Demographic Yearbook 1979 only lists data collectively for all Christians. In 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.[70]
Religion Data in Indonesia Census
(Population in millions and Percent)
1971[71][72] 1980[73][74] 1985[75] 1990[75][76][77] 2000[75][78][79] 2005[75] 2010[1]
Islam 103.58 87.51% 128.46 87.94% 142.59 86.92% 156.32 87.21% 177.53 88.22% 189.01 88.58% 207,18 87.18%
Protestant 8.74 7.39% 8.51 5.82% 10.59 6.46% 10.82 6.04% 11.82 5.87% 12.36 5.79% 16.53 6.96%
Catholic 4.36 2.98% 5.14 3.13% 6.41 3.58% 6.13 3.05% 6.56 3.07% 6.91 2.91%
Hindu 2.30 1.94% 4.76 3.26% 3.18 1.94% 3.29 1.83% 3.65 1.81% 3.70 1.73% 4.01 1.69%
Buddhist 1.09 0.92% 1.60 0.98% 1.84 1.03% 1.69 0.84% 1.30 0.61% 1.70 0.72%
Confucian[80] 0.97 0.82% 0.95 0.58% 0.57 0.32% 0.41 0.20% 0.21 0.10% 0.12 0.05%
Other 1.69 1.42% 0.24 0.11% 0.30 0.13%
Unstated 0.14 0.06%
Not asked 0.76 0.32%
Total[81] 118.37 146.08 164.05 179.25 201.24 213.38 237.64
Note: the drop in the Catholic population between 1990 and 2000 was due to the secession of East Timor in 1999.
See also
2. ^ "Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia". Swipa. Retrieved 2006.
3. ^ "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2006.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Yang, Heriyanto (2005). "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 10 (1). Retrieved 2006.
5. ^ Hosen, N (8 September 2005). "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 36 (3): 419. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000238. Retrieved 2006.
6. ^ Sugana, Marsha (6 October 2011). "Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP)". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2012.
7. ^ Margareth S. Aritonang (7 November 2014). "Government to recognize minority faiths".
8. ^ "Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom", 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia, United States Department of State, 26 October 2009, retrieved 2013, The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials are not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups are often unable to obtain KTPs as a result.
9. ^ "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" (PDF). Retrieved 2017.
10. ^ a b http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-sunni-and-shia/
11. ^ There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% of the total Muslim population. See: Reza, Imam. "Shia Muslims Around the World". Retrieved 2009. approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya
12. ^ There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. See: "International Religious Freedom Report 2008". US Department of State. Retrieved 2014.
13. ^ a b "Transmigration". Prevent Conflict. April 2002. Retrieved 2006.
14. ^ a b "Indonesian Religions". Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Theology and Religion (PHILTAR). St. Martin's College. Retrieved 2006.
15. ^ "The Period of Hindu Kingdoms". Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Bangkok, Thailand. 2006. Retrieved 2006.
16. ^ Pariwono, John I.; Abdul Gani Ilahude; Malikusworo Hutomo (December 2005). "Progress in Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Oceanography. The Oceanography Society. 18 (4): 8. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2005.04. Retrieved 2006.
17. ^ "East Asia" (PDF). OMF International. September 2003. Retrieved 2006.
18. ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824
19. ^ Goh, Robbie B.H. Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 80. ISBN 981-230-297-2. OCLC 61478898.
20. ^ a b c d Bertrand, Jaques (2004). Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52441-5. OCLC 237830260.
21. ^ Kahin, George McT. and Kahin, Audrey R. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: The New Press, 1995.
22. ^ cf. Bunge (1983), chapter Islam.
24. ^ "Indonesia - Bhineka Tunggal Ika". Centre Universitaire d'Informatique. Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 2006.
25. ^ Ahmad Najib Burhani (18 December 2013). "The Ahmadiyya and the Study of Comparative Religion in Indonesia: Controversies and Influences". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 25. Taylor & Francis. pp. 143-144.
27. ^ Fatima Zainab Rahman (2014). "State restrictions on the Ahmadiyya sect in Indonesia and Pakistan: Islam or political survival?". Australian Journal of Political Science. Routledge. 49 (3): 418-420. doi:10.1080/10361146.2014.934656.
28. ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 28, 62.
29. ^ Vickers 2005, p. 22.
32. ^ "Indonesia - (Asia)". Reformed Online. Reformed Online. Retrieved 2006.
35. ^ "Number of Population by Religion Year 2005". Ministry of Religion of Indonesia. Board for Statistics Center 2005. 2005. Archived from the original (Indonesian) on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2006.
36. ^ "History - Colonialism & Independence". North Sulawesi Tourism. Retrieved 2006.
37. ^ a b "Indonesia - Christianity". U.S. Library of Congress. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006.
38. ^ Vermander, Benoit. "Francis Xavier and Asia: the road to cultural inventiveness". Academic director of Taipei Ricci Institute. International Study Commission. Retrieved 2006.
39. ^ a b cf. Bunge (1983), chapter Hinduism.
40. ^ Lidde, R. William (1 August 1996). "The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation". Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 55 (3): 613-634. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2646448. doi:10.2307/2646448.
41. ^ Suryani, Luh Ketut (2004). "Balinese Women in a Changing Society" (abstract page). Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 32 (1: Special issue Women and Society): 213-230. doi:10.1521/jaap. 1546-0371. Retrieved 2006.
42. ^ Bali Tri Hita Karana
43. ^ Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - US State Department
46. ^ Flanagan, Anthony (2006). "Buddhist Art: Indonesia". About. Retrieved 2006.
47. ^ cf. Bunge (1983), chapter Buddhism.
48. ^ Michael Richardson. "Native Groups Seek Wealth Shift - Voluntary or Not : Indonesia Pressures Chinese". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 November 2006. Retrieved 2006.
49. ^ Hunt 2003, p. 122.
50. ^ a b "Animism". PHILTAR. PHILTAR. Retrieved 2006.
51. ^ Schiller, Anne (1996). Schieman, Scott, ed. "An "Old" Religion in "New Order" Indonesia: Notes on Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation" (PDF). Sociology of Religion. Oxford University Press. 57 (4): 409-417. ISSN 1759-8818. OCLC 728290653. doi:10.2307/3711895. Retrieved 2011.
52. ^ a b c Hussain, Zakir (18 February 2013). "Indonesia's Only Synagogue Struggles to Find Wider Acceptance". Straits Times. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2013.
53. ^ "The Jewish Community of Indonesia". The Databases of Jewish Communities. Museum of the Jewish People. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2006.
54. ^ "Java's Last Synagogue Torn Down". Retrieved 2014.
55. ^ Serebryanski, Yossi (August 28, 2015). "Jews of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 2016.
56. ^ Osman, Salim (7 February 2012). "Is Atheism illegal in Indonesia?". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2017.
57. ^ "Row over Indonesia atheist Facebook post". BBC News. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 2012.
58. ^ "Indonesian Atheist Jailed for Prophet Mohammed Cartoons". The Jakarta Globe. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 2012.
59. ^ Syofiardi Bachyul Jb (14 June 2012). "'Minang atheist' sentenced to 2.5 years in prison". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 2012.
60. ^ a b Kate Hodal (3 May 2012). "Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012.
61. ^ Effendi, Wahyu (28 June 2004). "Pembaharuan Hukum Catatan Sipil dan Penghapusan Diskriminasi di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2006.
62. ^ Distinct Religious Movements and their Countries of Origin retrieved 18 October 2012
63. ^ a b "Intergroup Relations". Prevent Conflict. May 2002. Retrieved 2006.
64. ^ a b c "Transcript of Joint Press Conference Indonesian Foreign Minister, Hassan Wirajuda, with Australian Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer" (Press release). Embassy of Republic of Indonesia at Canberra, Australia. 6 December 2004. Retrieved 2006.
65. ^ "Indonesia protesters torch mosque of 'heretical' Muslim sect". The Jakarta Post. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 2012.
66. ^ "Displaced Ahmadis losing hope for normal life". The Jakarta Post. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 2012.
67. ^ [1] Archived 29 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
68. ^ a b "Business interests blamed for church rows". The Jakarta Post. 24 August 2011.
69. ^ Holtz, Michael (24 August 2011). "Indonesian mayor seeks to ban church construction". Associated Press.
70. ^ Suryadinata, Leo; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris (2003). Indonesia's population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape. Indonesia's population. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 103-104. ISBN 978-981-230-218-2. Retrieved 2011.
71. ^ Demographic Yearbook 1979 (Population census statistics) (PDF) (31 ed.). New York: United Nations. 1980. p. 641 Table 29. Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence: each census, 1970-1979. ISBN 978-0-8002-2882-8. OCLC 16991809. Retrieved 2011.
72. ^ C.I.C.R.E.D. cites SUSENAS TAHAP KEEMPAT - Sifat Demografi Penduduk Indonesia [National Survey of Social and Economic Fourth Round - Demographic Characteristics of the Population]. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics). 1969. for Table III.10 of "The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year", p. 31. However, due to inaccessibility of the data source for verification and data collection proximity to census year 1971, referenced 1969 data is not included in this article's table. The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year (PDF). C.I.C.R.E.D. 2. Jakarta: Lembaga Demografi (Demographic Institute), Universitas Indonesia. 30 September 1973. pp. 31-32. LCCN 77366078. OCLC 3362457. OL 4602999M. Retrieved 2011. The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87.1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). The rest are Hindu (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.1%) and other religions which are not included in the above classification.
73. ^ Aritonang, Jan S.; Steenbrink, Karel A. (2008). A history of Christianity in Indonesia. Studies in Christian mission. 35. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 216. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1. OCLC 228370027. Retrieved 2011.
74. ^ Unable to find online data for Sensus Penduduk 1980 (Penduduk Indonesia: hasil sensus penduduk. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik, 1980). Unable to find online version of Buku Saku Statistik Indonesia 1982 [Statistical Pocketbook Of Indonesia 1982]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Biro Pusat Statistik. 1983. OCLC 72673205. , which contains 1980 census data.
75. ^ a b c d Cholil, Suhadi; Bagir, Zainal Abidin; Rahayu, Mustaghfiroh; Asyhari, Budi (Aug 2010). "Annual Report on Religious Life in Indonesia 2009" (PDF). Max M. Richter, Ivana Prazic. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Center for Religious & Cross-cultural Studies, Gadjah Mada University: 15. ISBN 978-602-96257-1-4. Retrieved 2011 . Cites BPS-Statistics Indonesia for intercensal population survey 1985, census 1990, census 2000, and intercensal population survey 2005
76. ^ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2001). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 (3 ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-8047-4480-5. Retrieved 2011. The 1990 census recorded 156.3 million Muslims in Indonesia, 87.2 per cent of the population and the largest Muslim population of any nation in the world. This was a steady percentage, having been 87.1 per cent in 1980. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) totalled 17.2 million, 9.6 per cent of the population, whereas in 1971 the figure was 7.5 per cent and in 1980 it was 8.8 per cent. So Christianity was still growing. In the large cities of Central Java in particular, Christians constituted nearly 20 per cent of the population. The rising tide of religiosity was also reflected in the much smaller communities of Hindus (3.3 million, 1.8 per cent of the population in 1990) and Buddhists (1.8 million, 1.0 per cent of the population).
77. ^ The 1990 census recorded 87.21% Muslims, 6.04% Protestants, 3.58% Catholics, 1.83% Hindus, 1.03% Buddhists and 0.31% as "Others". Population of Indonesia: Results of the 1990 Population (Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik, 1992), p. 24, as cited by Intan, Benyamin Fleming (2006). "Public religion" and the Pancasila-based state of Indonesia: an ethical and sociological analysis. American University Studies: Theology and Religion. 238. New York, NY: Peter Lang. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8204-7603-2. Retrieved 2011.
78. ^ "Special Census Topic 2000 Round (1995 - 2004)" (XLS). Demographic Yearbook (Spreadsheet). New York: United Nations. 2b - Ethnocultural characteristics. 30 June 2006. ISSN 0082-8041. OCLC 173373970. Retrieved 2011 |contribution= ignored (help)
79. ^ "Indonesia". The World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 October 2011. People and Society. ISSN 1553-8133. Retrieved 2011. Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
80. ^ In 1979, Soeharto retracted official recognition of Confucianism. Hence Confucianism appears in the 1971 census data, but not in 1980 or 1990. In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorize Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. This is not listed as a separate category in the U.N. data. Utomo, Ariane J. (March 2003). "Indonesian Census 2000: Tables and Reports for AusAID Explanatory Notes" (PDF). Prof. Terence H. Hull. The Australian National University: 7. Retrieved 2011. The six categories for religion were Islam, Catholicism, Protestant, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Other. The decision to have a separate category for Confucianism (Kong Hu Cu) occurred during the enumeration process itself, hence it was not printed in the actual form of the L1. The data on the number of Confucians is only available for certain provinces. However, the number seems much smaller than expected due to the abrupt process of including it in the questionnaire.
81. ^ Totals and lefthand column per year are in millions of persons.
• Bertrand J, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004, 278 pages, ISBN 0-521-81889-3. Retrieved 22 October 2006
• International Coalition for Religious Freedom. (2004). "Indonesia". "Religious Freedom World Report". Retrieved 6 September 2006
• Llyod G and Smith S, Indonesia Today, Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001, 343 pages, ISBN 0-7425-1761-6
• Shaw, E. "Indonesian Religions". "Overview of World Religions". Retrieved 8 September 2006
• Bunge, F.M. (ed.) (1983). Indonesia: A Country Study. US Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006.
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Advice For Matrix: How to Study for your Exams
“Study hard during the year, and study smart towards your final exams”
Passing your final exams (and passing them well!) is not an easy task, but it is certainly not impossible. It requires careful planning, hard work and discipline.
We often find ourselves having little time to study for our finals if we have not allocated time and planned for the exams in time. We have found that the best way to prevent poor performance in your finals is to study hard during the course of the year, and study smart during exam time. What does this mean? It means that during the year, you read over each chapter over and over again until you understand the material. This will involve you asking your teachers and friends for help on concepts that you may not understand. Never be scared to ask for help when you need it. Remember, no man is an island and no one starts off being an expert!
An important part of studying hard, but efficiently, is drawing up a time table. In drawing up your time table, it’s always important to start form the future and work backwards. For example, if you want to be done with the syllabus for a particular subject by August, you then count how much time you can spend on a chapter. For example, if the Accounting syllabus has 20 chapters, and you want to be done with accounting by August, it means that you have 7 months (from January) to cover the 20 chapters. This means that you have 28 weeks to do 20 chapters, which then means you should spend approximately 1 and a half weeks on each chapter. Following this approach will ensure that you are not pressed for time when exams approach.
Another aspect of studying hard involves doing past questions. At the end of each month, make sure you do past exam questions on the topics that you covered in that month. This will ensure that during exams you have time to revise the material. Remember that doing questions not only help you asses where you are in terms of your level of preparedness, but also help you with mastering how to answer questions in the exam. In an exam, it is not just about knowing what the answer to a question is only, but how you present your answer is very important as well.
Studying smart during exam time involves you working on your weak areas. During the year (while studying hard!), you will have come across concepts that you don’t understand. Concepts that you think you are weak at. During exam time, you spend most of your time going over these concepts, while revising the concepts that you are already comfortable with. This approach will increase your chances of being fully ready for the exam.
Lastly, another important aspect is spending time working on how to answer questions. This will involve you going through a full exam paper and timing yourself. Practicing this skill will help you not to run out of time when you are writing your exams. As you are practicing using past exams, pay careful attention to how the memo presents the answers. Remember, how you present your answers to exam questions is very important!
One Reply to “Advice For Matrix: How to Study for your Exams”
1. “An important part of studying hard, but efficiently, is drawing up a timetable”… I think a majority of us miss it here. we do not draw a timetable that goes into that much detail and only at the end do we realise that we have a lot of work to cover.
I always visit this website for motivation to keep studying, honestly, I never leave discouraged.
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noun, plural scutella
[skyoo-tel-uh] /skyuˈtɛl ə/ (Show IPA)
Botany. the shieldlike cotyledon of certain monocots.
Zoology. a small plate, scutum, or other shieldlike part, as on the thorax of insects or the feet of birds.
noun (biology) (pl) -la (-lə)
the last of three plates into which the notum of an insect’s thorax is divided
one of the scales on the tarsus of a bird’s leg
an outgrowth from a germinating grass seed that probably represents the cotyledon
any other small shield-shaped part or structure
Plural scutella
A shieldlike bony plate or scale, as on the thorax of some insects.
The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.
Read Also:
• Scutes
noun, Zoology. 1. a dermal bony plate, as on an armadillo, or a large horny plate, as on a turtle. 2. a large scale. noun 1. (zoology) a horny or chitinous plate that makes up part of the exoskeleton in armadillos, turtles, fishes, etc scute (skyōōt) n. A thin platelike structure.
• Scutiform
adjective 1. being in the shape of a shield; shield-shaped. adjective 1. (esp of plant parts) shaped like a shield scutiform scu·ti·form (skyōō’tə-fôrm’) adj. Having the shape of a shield.
• Scutter
verb (used without object), noun, British Dialect. 1. scurry. verb, noun 1. (Brit) an informal word for scurry
• Scuttle
noun 1. a deep bucket for carrying coal. 2. British Dialect. a broad, shallow basket. verb (used without object), scuttled, scuttling. 1. to run with quick, hasty steps; scurry. noun 2. a quick pace. 3. a short, hurried run. noun 1. Nautical. a small hatch or port in the deck, side, or bottom of a […]
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Central Padre Island, Texas is the site of a convergence of littoral drift which causes shell and sand from the entire coast to accumulate in the convergence area. Shell material is then concentrated on the beach by aeolian deflation of finer grained terrigenous sand which blows inland to contribute to the extensive infilling of Laguna Madre by wind-tidal flats, and perhaps ultimately to contribute to the aeolian sand plain of the mainland. Ancient shell beaches of the Pleistocene (?) Ingleside Complex of the mainland shore of Laguna Madre bear great similarity to the modern shell beaches of Padre Island suggesting that the general coastal configuration and wind patterns were similar to modern patterns at the time of their formation. It must be concluded that some large carbonate accumulations can occur solely as the result of a sorting process in an area of great terrigenous sediment supply.
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Mathematics, a limited science
A guy buys a chocolate that costs 1$, and another guys buy another chocolate that costs 1$ and you’d think they both have 2 chocolates, but they don’t.
‘2 chocolates’ means nothing as the chocolate one bought and the chocolate the other bought are not necessarily the same. They might be of different brand, they might have different composition, different expiration date and so many other ‘what-ifs’. Yet we use the same currency for both…
It becomes even more absurd when you say ‘2 guys’. There aren’t any 2 guys. Each one is quite different from the other and cannot be categorized as the same.
You hear a guy whining about his break-up and another joins in and asks “how long were you together?” And the guy says “3 months…”. “It isn’t that much” the other says. “I broke up after 2 years.” And you have the impression that each hour, day, month that one spent with his girlfriend is the same as the other, and that those two girlfriends were the same, and that the couples loved each other the same, and so many other assumptions. And so the one with the 3 months would hurt less or something, one would think. And that is mathematical thinking. But it isn’t truth.
Mathematics measures quantity that is supposed to be the same, yet it isn’t. There just aren’t two same apples anywhere. And it completely omits quality. To work, it must assume everything is the same. And a person who thinks everything is the same is utterly stupid. Much like those guys who demand from millions to pay for ‘collective’ bank depts that few have benefited from. The stupid will compare you to and treat you like they’d treat the average or the worst. They’ll never get to know you. They’ll say and do the darnedest things that will leave you wondering how come they do them.
Mathematics applies in atoms and other particles that are almost identical but it doesn’t apply to broader life. Unless you only associate with people who have thoroughly become robots -as that is the goal of some- you will never know 2 people, you will never have 2 friends, boyfriends, girlfriends. Many or few friends wont be of much significance either. And each moment with them will be different than the other.
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Solid Advice When Trying Fight Off Those Allergies
Many people suffer from allergies all across the world. While there are many different causes for allergies, the treatments are all more or less the same. This article can help you overcome some of the most common allergy woes.
When it's nice outside, you might want to open your windows so you don't have to spend a lot of money cooling the air. But, doing so could exacerbate your allergies. For the best results, make sure your air conditioning unit is equipped with a special HEPA filter, to cut down the number of allergens inside your home. The HEPA filter is a great way to ensure that you can breathe easily in your own home.
For animal lovers out there who also suffer from allergies, it's best if you select some type of pet with shorter hair. Certain types of fur or hair can be less or more problematic for allergy sufferers. Additionally, do not have your pets sleep on your bed if you want to keep your allergies under control.
Think about getting rid of your carpet. Pollen and dust tends to gather on carpets. If you are able to afford it, you might consider changing out wall to wall carpet for tile, laminate or wood flooring. That will create a major difference in the number of allergens you breathe in every day. If you can't, vacuum every day.
Look at what time you are experiencing your allergies. Pollen is most oppressive between 5 and 10 o'clock in the morning, and therefore you should try not to be outside during that block of time. Try to keep it short and don't exert yourself if you do have to go outside during those hours.
People who battle the effects of allergies have many all-natural options to choose from. Allergic reactions to comment allergens may be controlled by natural remedies. You will be able to achieve reductions in itchy eyes, sneezing and breathing issues.
If your child suffers from allergies to foods, travel can be made easier by packing some of his "safe foods" for the trip - especially if you will be in a foreign country. When you are in an unfamiliar place, it can sometimes be difficult to find or read nutrition labels and ingredients - making it much easier to accidentally trigger a reaction from common ingredients, such as nuts and soy.
You can avoid one type of allergy attack by keeping your car clean, as well as keeping it closed! Shut all the vents and run the air-conditioner to block out allergens. Allergen build-up in the upholstery and seats can be avoided if you remember to vacuum them regularly. Without doing this, you can see an increase in your attacks.
If you are always suffering from the same allergy symptoms, you might want to consider targeting these symptoms, rather than attempting to fend off the allergic reaction to begin with. Thus, someone who is plagued by dry eyes ought to keep eye drops on hand. As another example, those with scratchy throats can carry throat lozenges or mints.
Have an exterminator visit your home on a regular basis if insects are a problem. Droppings from rodents, cockroaches and other critters, can seriously aggravate your allergy symptoms. A professional exterminator is usually your best bet for getting rid of vermin.
When pollen is high, do not open your windows. Although allowing fresh air into your home is desirable, try not to do so when the pollen count is elevated during the day. Pollen count is usually highest between 10:00 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon. After 3pm, open the windows in your home to get the stuffy air out.
Do not be alarmed if allergy testing shows that you have allergic reactions to several different things. It is not uncommon for individuals to touch, eat or inhale allergens every single day without experiencing an allergic episode. With the exception of extreme cases, allergies may not be detected for years if obvious symptoms do not appear.
Now that you've reached the end of this article, you have a good grasp of how to take control of your allergies. Use these tips to get some much-needed relief. You don't have to continue suffering without action. You can make a change!
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Of Mice and Men summary
Of Mice and Men Summary
Lennie and George are migrant workers during the Great Depression. When the novel opens, they're on their way to work on a ranch in Salinas, California. Instead of going straight to the ranch, they camp by the river for the night and talk about their dream of one day having their own ranch.
• George has to look out for Lennie, whose mental disability makes him both childish and generous. Curley, the boss' son, quickly takes a disliking to Lennie, in part because Lennie is bigger and stronger. Curley's wife, a lonely, neglected woman, likes hanging around the bunkhouse where the men live.
• George and Lennie make friends with Candy, an aging "swamper" who lost his hand in a work-related accident and now works as a kind of janitor. Candy promises them $350 if they let him join them on the ranch they plan on buying. All three men are amazed to find their dream within reach.
• Things soon take a turn for the worse. Candy allows his dog to be shot, Curley gets his hand crushed when he picks a fight with Lennie, and Lennie, not knowing his own strength, accidentally breaks Curley's wife's neck while petting her hair. Fearing a lynch mob, George does the merciful thing and kills Lennie himself.
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Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS dDiabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the b-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on target tissues. Deficient insulin action results from inadequate insulin secretion and/or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action. Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycemia. Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia,weight loss,sometimes with polyphagia, and blurred vision. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also accompany chronic hyperglycemia. Acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints; and autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Patients with diabetes have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, and cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension and abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism are often found in people with diabetes. The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad etiopathogenetic categories (discussed in greater detail below). In one category, type 1 diabetes, the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Individuals at increased risk of developing this type of diabetes can often be identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune pathologic process occurring in the pancreatic islets and by genetic markers. In the other, much more prevalent category, type 2 diabetes, the cause is a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. In the latter category, a degree of hyperglycemia sufficient to cause pathologic and functional changes in various target tissues, but without clinical symptoms, may be present for a long period of time before diabetes is detected. During this asymptomatic period, it is possible to demonstrate an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism by measurement of plasma glucose in the fasting state or after a challenge with an oral glucose load. The degree of hyperglycemia (if any) may change over time, depending on the extent of the underlying disease process (Fig. 1). A disease process may be present but may not have progressed far enough to cause hyperglycemia. The same disease process can cause impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) without fulfilling the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes. In some individuals with diabetes, adequate glycemic control can be achieved with weight reduction, exercise, and/or oral glucoselowering agents. These individuals therefore do not require insulin. Other individuals who have some residual insulin secretion but require exogenous insulin for adequate glycemic control can survive without it. Individuals with extensive b-cell destruction and therefore no residual insulin secretion require insulin for survival. The severity of the metabolic abnormality can progress, regress, or stay the same. Thus, the degree of hyperglycemia reflects the severity of the underlying metabolic process and its treatment more than the nature of the process itself. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND OTHER CATEGORIES OF GLUCOSE REGULATIONdAssigning a type of diabetes to an individual often depends on the circumstances present at the time of diagnosis, and many diabetic individuals do not easily fit into a single class. For example, a person with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may continue to be hyperglycemic after delivery and may be determined to have, in fact, type 2 diabetes. Alternatively, a person who acquires diabetes because of large doses of exogenous steroids may become normoglycemic once the glucocorticoids are discontinued, but then may develop diabetes many years later after recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. Another example would be a person treated with thiazides who develops diabetes years later. Because thiazides in themselves seldom cause severe hyperglycemia, such individuals probably have type 2 diabetes that is exacerbated by the drug. Thus, for the clinician and patient, it is less important to label the particular type of diabetes than it is to understand the pathogenesis of the hyperglycemia and to treat it effectively. Type 1 diabetes (b-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) Immune-mediated diabetes. This form of diabetes, which accounts for only 5–10% of those with diabetes, previously encompassed by the terms insulindependent diabetes, type 1 diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes, results from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction
Section on gestational diabetes diagnosis revised Fall 2010. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-s064 © 2012 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.
Although only a minority of patients with type 1 diabetes fall into this category. Patients who are not obese by traditional weight criteria may have an increased percentage of body fat distributed predominantly in the abdominal region. Addison’s disease. may retain residual b-cell function sufficient to prevent ketoacidosis for many years. it usually arises in association with the stress of another illness such as infection. This form of diabetes frequently goes undiagnosed for many years because the hyperglycemia S65 DIABETES CARE. In this form of diabetes. Some forms of type 1 diabetes have no known etiologies. Some of these patients have permanent insulinopenia and are prone to ketoacidosis. Autoimmune destruction of b-cells has multiple genetic predispositions and is also related to environmental factors that are still poorly defined. Idiopathic diabetes. There are probably many different causes of this form of diabetes. Although the specific etiologies are not known. These patients are also prone to other autoimmune disorders such as Graves’ disease. of those who do.. there is little or no insulin secretion. **in rare instances. of the b-cells of the pancreas. and patients do not have any of the other causes of diabetes listed above or below. celiac sprue. type 2 diabetes. and pernicious anemia. but it can occur at any age. lacks immunological evidence for b-cell autoimmunity. Also. Although patients are rarely obese when they present with this type of diabetes. Some patients. Immune-mediated diabetes commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence. encompasses individuals who have insulin resistance and usually have relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency At least initially. autoimmune destruction of b-cells does not occur.Position Statement Figure 1dDisorders of glycemia: etiologic types and stages. the presence of obesity is not incompatible with the diagnosis. and autoantibodies to the tyrosine phosphatases IA-2 and IA-2 b. These HLA-DR/ DQ alleles can be either predisposing or protective. Markers of the immune destruction of the b-cell include islet cell autoantibodies. Ketoacidosis seldom occurs spontaneously in this type of diabetes. SUPPLEMENT 1. vitiligo. and obesity itself causes some degree of insulin resistance. may present with ketoacidosis as the first manifestation of the disease. particularly children and adolescents. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Vacor toxicity. these individuals do not need insulin treatment to survive. One and usually more of these autoantibodies are present in 85–90% of individuals when fasting hyperglycemia is initially detected. previously referred to as non–insulin-dependent diabetes. autoantibodies to insulin. Type 2 diabetes (ranging from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to predominantly an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance) This form of diabetes.g. which accounts for . *Even after presenting in ketoacidosis. autoimmune hepatitis. Others have modest fasting hyperglycemia that can rapidly change to severe hyperglycemia and/or ketoacidosis in the presence of infection or other stress. myasthenia gravis. with linkage to the DQA and DQB genes. the rate of b-cell destruction is quite variable. This form of diabetes is strongly inherited. but have no evidence of autoimmunity. these patients can briefly return to normoglycemia without requiring continuous therapy (i. Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese. “honeymoon” remission). An absolute requirement for insulin replacement therapy in affected patients may come and go. such individuals eventually become dependent on insulin for survival and are at risk for ketoacidosis. and it is influenced by the DRB genes. type 1 diabetes presenting in pregnancy) may require insulin for survival. At this latter stage of the disease. most are of African or Asian ancestry. even in the 8th and 9th decades of life.. the disease has strong HLA associations. being rapid in some individuals (mainly infants and children) and slow in others (mainly adults). or adultonset diabetes. as manifested by low or undetectable levels of plasma care.e. patients in these categories (e. JANUARY 2012 . VOLUME 35. and is not HLA associated.diabetesjournals. autoantibodies to GAD (GAD65).90–95% of those with diabetes. Individuals with this form of diabetes suffer from episodic ketoacidosis and exhibit varying degrees of insulin deficiency between episodes. and often throughout their lifetime. Still others. particularly adults. when seen.org C-peptide.
cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis will also damage b-cells and impair insulin secretion. more so than is the autoimmune form of type 1 diabetes. Insulin resistance may improve with weight reduction and/or pharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia but is seldom restored to normal. encephalopathy. glucagonoma. Such drug reactions fortunately are rare. however. There are also many drugs and hormones that can impair insulin action. Thus. insulin promoter factor (IPF)1. The most common form is associated with mutations on chromosome 12 in a hepatic transcription factor referred to as hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1a. the genetics of this form of diabetes are complex and not clearly defined. Other specific types of diabetes Genetic defects of the b-cell. The metabolic abnormalities associated with mutations of the insulin receptor may range from hyperinsulinemia and modest hyperglycemia to severe diabetes. Drug. Similarly. suggesting different phenotypic expressions of this genetic lesion. HNF-1b. Acquired processes include pancreatitis. The former has characteristic facial features and is usually fatal in infancy. Some individuals with these mutations may have acanthosis nigricans. Diabetes occurs in patients with congenital rubella. Abnormalities at six genetic loci on different chromosomes have been identified to date. Any process that diffusely injures the pancreas can cause diabetes. This implies a mechanism other than simple reduction in b-cell mass. Certain toxins such as Vacor (a rat poison) and intravenous pentamidine can permanently destroy pancreatic b-cells. Alterations in the structure and function of the insulin receptor cannot be demonstrated in patients with insulinresistant lipoatrophic diabetes. the production of mutant insulin molecules with resultant impaired receptor binding has also been identified in a few families and is associated with an autosomal inheritance and only mildly impaired or even normal glucose metabolism. although most of these patients care. Cushing’s syndrome. A second form is associated with mutations in the glucokinase gene on chromosome 7p and results in a defective glucokinase molecule. lactic acidosis. and pancreatic carcinoma. trauma. Certain viruses have been associated with b-cell destruction. Excess amounts of these hormones (e. Several forms of diabetes are associated with monogenetic defects in b-cell function. cortisol. leading to an A-to-G transition. or toxin-induced forms of diabetes. insulin secretion is defective in these patients and insufficient to compensate for insulin resistance. glucagon. and hyperglycemia typically resolves when the hormone excess is resolved. the classification is unclear because the sequence or relative importance of b-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance is unknown. If extensive enough. Somatostatinoma. There are unusual causes of diabetes that result from genetically determined abnormalities of insulin action. They are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The risk of developing this form of diabetes increases with age. Infections. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas. diabetes is not part of this syndrome. An identical lesion occurs in the MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy. They are referred to as maturityonset diabetes of the young (MODY) and are characterized by impaired insulin secretion with minimal or no defects in insulin action.Diagnosis and Classification develops gradually and at earlier stages is often not severe enough for the patient to notice any of the classic symptoms of diabetes. This generally occurs in individuals with preexisting defects in insulin secretion. increased plasma levels of glucose are necessary to elicit normal levels of insulin secretion. stimulates insulin secretion by the b-cell.org DIABETES CARE. in turn. the metabolism of which. growth hormone. hormone-. These forms of diabetes are frequently characterized by onset of hyperglycemia at an early age (generally before age 25 years). and stroke-like syndrome). adrenocarcinomas that involve only a small portion of the pancreas have been associated with diabetes. VOLUME 35. pancreatectomy. With the exception of that caused by cancer. glucokinase serves as the “ glucose sensor ” for the b-cell. including HNF-4 a. The less common S66 forms result from mutations in other transcription factors.g.243 in the tRNA leucine gene. Endocrinopathies. Hyperglycemia generally resolves after successful removal of the tumor. in certain instances. Examples include nicotinic acid and glucocorticoids.. Whereas patients with this form of diabetes may have insulin levels that appear normal or elevated. It is often associated with a strong genetic predisposition. and NeuroD1. Glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Thus. and lack of physical activity. Point mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been found to be associated with diabetes and deafness The most common mutation occurs at position 3.and aldosteronoma-induced hypokalemia can cause diabetes.g. Pancreatic fibrosis and calcium stones in the exocrine ducts have been found at autopsy. severe insulin deficiency.diabetesjournals. respectively) can cause diabetes. Several hormones (e. the higher blood glucose levels in these diabetic patients would be expected to result in even higher insulin values had their b-cell function been normal. this syndrome was termed type A insulin resistance. These drugs may not cause diabetes by themselves. Genetic defects in insulin action. In the past. such patients are at increased risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications. but they may precipitate diabetes in individuals with insulin resistance. The list shown in Table 1 is not all-inclusive. Patients receiving a-interferon have been reported to develop diabetes associated with islet cell antibodies and. Nevertheless. damage to the pancreas must be extensive for diabetes to occur. it is assumed that the lesion(s) must reside in the postreceptor signal transduction pathways. JANUARY 2012 . acromegaly. Many drugs can impair insulin secretion. obesity. However.or chemical-induced diabetes. Therefore. Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy may be accompanied by abdominal pain radiating to the back and pancreatic calcifications identified on X-ray examination. and such traits are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Women may be virilized and have enlarged. The resultant glucose intolerance is mild.. by inhibiting insulin secretion. epinephrine) antagonize insulin action. but reflects the more commonly recognized drug-. infection. Leprechaunism and the RabsonMendenhall syndrome are two pediatric syndromes that have mutations in the insulin receptor gene with subsequent alterations in insulin receptor function and extreme insulin resistance. pheochromocytoma. while the latter is associated with abnormalities of teeth and nails and pineal gland hyperplasia. and its frequency varies in different racial/ethnic subgroups. cystic ovaries. at least in part. Because of defects in the glucokinase gene. Genetic abnormalities that result in the inability to convert proinsulin to insulin have been identified in a few families. In such cases. It occurs more frequently in women with prior GDM and in individuals with hypertension or dyslipidemia. SUPPLEMENT 1.
Others F. have HLA and immune markers characteristic of type 1 diabetes. Diazoxide 7. insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1. HNF-1b (MODY5) 6. Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 4.Position Statement Table 1dEtiologic classification of diabetes mellitus I. In addition. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes 1. Others E. Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 8. This definition facilitated a uniform strategy for detection and classification of GDM. In this category. Somatostatinoma 7. Pheochromocytoma 5. Hemochromatosis 6. Others B. Nicotinic acid 4. NeuroD1 (MODY6) 7. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas 1. Dilantin 10. of itself. Others IV. GDM has been defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. optic atrophy.org DIABETES CARE. Turner syndrome 4. Wolfram syndrome 5. Friedreich ataxia 6. glucokinase (MODY2) 3. Lipoatrophic diabetes 5. Klinefelter syndrome. b-adrenergic agonists 8. Type 1 diabetes (b-cell destruction. Acromegaly 2. Gestational diabetes mellitus Patients with any form of diabetes may require insulin treatment at some stage of their disease. Genetic defects of b-cell function 1. Others H. Chromosome 20. SUPPLEMENT 1. Pancreatitis 2. Chromosome 17. hypogonadism. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes. These include the chromosomal abnormalities of Down syndrome. Anti-insulin receptor antibodies 3. Type A insulin resistance 2. Prader-Willi syndrome 11. “Stiff-man” syndrome 2. this syndrome was termed type B insulin resistance. Neoplasia 4. Chromosome 2. Chromosome 7. Endocrinopathies 1. The stiff-man syndrome is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterized by stiffness of the axial muscles with painful spasms. there are two known conditions. Thyroid hormone 6. HNF-1a (MODY3) 2. Patients usually have high titers of the GAD autoantibodies. Mitochondrial DNA 8. Such use of insulin does not. Glucocorticoids 5. Hyperthyroidism 6. HNF-4a (MODY1) 4. g-Interferon 11. Myotonic dystrophy 9. Vacor 2. Porphyria 10. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes 1. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes. thereby blocking the binding of insulin to its receptor in target tissues. patients with anti-insulin receptor antibodies often have acanthosis nigricans. Other syndromes are listed in Table 1. MODY4) 5. the definition applied whether or not the condition persisted after pregnancy and did not exclude the possibility that unrecognized glucose intolerance may have antedated or begun concomitantly with the pregnancy. Immune mediated B. Additional manifestations include diabetes insipidus. As the ongoing epidemic of obesity and S67 care. Gestational diabetes mellitus For many years. Infections 1. Aldosteronoma 8. Other specific types A. Pentamidine 3. Thiazides 9. Wolfram’s syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insulin-deficient diabetes and the absence of b-cells at autopsy. Congenital rubella 2. Although most cases resolve with delivery. Anti-insulin receptor antibodies are occasionally found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. and others are likely to occur. Type 2 diabetes (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance) III. but its limitations were recognized for many years. Cytomegalovirus 3. Klinefelter syndrome 3. Genetic defects in insulin action 1. VOLUME 35. JANUARY 2012 . Many genetic syndromes are accompanied by an increased incidence of diabetes. Leprechaunism 3. Others D. Huntington chorea 7. Down syndrome 2. Drug or chemical induced 1. and approximately one-third will develop diabetes. classify the patient. in some cases. and neural deafness. Others G. coxsackievirus B. Glucagonoma 4. Chromosome 13. cytomegalovirus. Idiopathic II.diabetesjournals. In the past. and Turner syndrome. However. Chromosome 12. Others C. Anti-insulin receptor antibodies can cause diabetes by binding to the insulin receptor. and mumps have been implicated in inducing certain cases of the disease. Trauma/pancreatectomy 3. Cystic fibrosis 5. Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy 7. Cushing’s syndrome 3. these antibodies can act as an insulin agonist after binding to the receptor and can thereby cause hypoglycemia. As in other states of extreme insulin resistance. adenovirus. usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) A.
6 mmol/l) to 125 mg/dl (6. to lower their risks. Hence. it is reasonable to consider an A1C range of 5. These people were defined as having impaired fasting glucose (IFG) [fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels 100 mg/dl (5.6.0 to .4% should be informed of their increased risk for diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease and counseled about effective strategies.100 mg/ dl) (5. and hypertension. Other analyses suggest that an A1C of 5.7–6. IFG and IGT are associated with obesity (especially S68 abdominal or visceral obesity). and certain pharmacological agents have been demonstrated to prevent or delay the development of diabetes in people with IGT. The group did note that those with A1C levels above the laboratory “normal” range but below the diagnostic cut point for diabetes (6. A large prospective study found that a 5.6 mmol/l). However. Analyses of nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that the A1C value that most accurately identifies people with IFG or IGT falls between 5. As was the case with FPG and 2-h PG. As with glucose measurements.7% has modest sensitivity (39-45%) but high specificity (81-91%) to identify cases of IFP (FPG . incidence of diabetes in people with A1C levels in this range is more than 10 times that of people with lower levels (4–7). indicating the relatively high risk for the future development of diabetes. Receiver operating curve analyses of nationally representative U. receive a diagnosis of overt. while an FPG of 100 mg/dl (5. the World Health Organization (WHO) and many other diabetes organizations did not adopt this change in the definition of IFG.S. personal communication). dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol.S. SUPPLEMENT 1.5%) are at very high risk of developing diabetes.8 mmol/l) to 199 mg/dl (11.0 to . Prospective studies indicate that people within the A1C range of 5. recommended that high-risk women found to have diabetes at their initial prenatal visit. To maximize equity and efficiency of preventive interventions. After deliberations in 2008–2009.7% is associated with diabetes risk similar to the high-risk participants in the DPP (R.6 mmol/l) or IGT (2-h glucose .6 mmol/l) corresponds to an A1C of 5. 140 mg/dl) (R. Structured lifestyle intervention. such an A1C cut point should balance the costs of “false negatives” (failing to identify those who are going to develop diabetes) against the costs of “false positives” (falsely identifying and then spending intervention resources on those who were not going to develop diabetes anyway).7% is less sensitive but more specific and has a higher positive predictive value to identify people at risk for later development of diabetes.5%).to eightfold) higher than incidence in the U. an A1C cutpoint of 5. using standard criteria (Table 3). risk is continuous. depending on the population studied and the diagnostic tests employed) are complicated by GDM.9 mmol/l) [IFG] 2-h PG in the 75-g OGTT 140 mg/dl (7. including the American Diabetes Association (ADA).7–6. or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) [2-h values in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140 mg/dl (7. population as a whole (8). diabetes. IFG and IGT should not be viewed as clinical entities in their own right but rather risk factors for diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease. data (NHANES 1999-2006) indicate that an A1C value of 5. personal communication). care. so that as A1C rises. wherein the mean A1C was 5. the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG).4% *For all three tests. When recommending the use of the A1C to diagnose diabetes in its 2009 report. VOLUME 35. yet are higher than those considered normal.0% have a 5-year cumulative incidence of diabetes that ranges from 12 to 25% (4 –7). an FPG of 110 mg/dl (6. diabetes has led to more type 2 diabetes in women of childbearing age. In addition. resulting in more than 200. the most appropriate A1C level above which to initiate preventive interventions is likely to be somewhere in the range of 5.8 mmol/l) to 199 mg/dl (11.2) recognized an intermediate group of individuals whose glucose levels do not meet criteria for diabetes. such as weight loss and physical activity. As A1C is used more commonly to diagnose diabetes in individuals with risk factors. defining a lower limit of an intermediate category of A1C is somewhat arbitrary. They can be observed as intermediate stages in any of the disease processes listed in Table 1. Compared to the fasting glucose cutpoint of 100 mg/dl (5.0%. an international consensus group with representatives from multiple obstetrical and diabetes organizations.5–6%. JANUARY 2012 .diabetesjournals.5 and 6.6 mmol/l). the continuum of risk is curvilinear. Indeed. not gestational.6 mmol/l) to 125 mg/dl (6.7 to 6.000 cases annually. Individuals with IFG and/or IGT have been referred to as having pre-diabetes. the potential impact of such interventions to reduce mortality or the incidence of cardiovascular disease has not been demonstrated to date.4% as identifying individuals with high risk for future diabetes and to whom the term pre-diabetes may be applied if desired. which is appreciably (three.9% (SD 0. linear regression analyses of these data indicate that among the nondiabetic adult population.0 mmol/l) [IGT] A1C 5.7% cutpoint has a sensitivity of 66% and specifi city of 88% for the identi fi cation of subsequent 6-year diabetes incidence (10). It should be noted that the 2003 ADA Expert Committee report reduced the lower FPG cut point to define IFG from 110 mg/dl (6. the risk of diabetes rises disproportionately.4% (R. Approximately 7% of all pregnancies (ranging from 1 to 14%.org DIABETES CARE. evidence from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).9% (9). in part to ensure that prevalence of IFG was similar to that of IGT.9 mmol/l)]. Ackerman. extending well into the normal ranges.T.1 mmol/l) corresponds to an A1C of 5. personal communication).1 mmol/l) to 100 mg/dl (5.T. the International Expert Committee (3) stressed the continuum of risk for diabetes with all glycemic measures and did not formally identify an equivalent intermediate category for A1C.T.Diagnosis and Classification Table 2dCategories of increased risk for diabetes* FPG 100 mg/dl (5. For these reasons. The Expert Committee on Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1. Individuals with an A1C of 5.5% range fails to identify a substantial number of patients who have IFG and/or IGT. Ackerman. CATEGORIES OF INCREASED RISK FOR DIABETESdIn 1997 and 2003.6%. indicates that preventive interventions are effective in groups of people with A1C levels both below and above 5. it will also identify those at higher risk for developing diabetes in the future. Finally.6. Ackerman. aimed at increasing physical activity and producing 5–10% loss of body weight. as the risk of diabetes with any measure or surrogate of glycemia is a continuum. the number of pregnant women with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes has increased.0 mmol/l)].5 – 6. However. extending below the lower limit of the range and becoming disproportionately greater at higher ends of the range. the 6.
A1C assays are now highly standardized so that their results can be uniformly applied both temporally and across populations. just as an individual with a fasting glucose of 98 mg/dl (5. and less day-to-day perturbations during periods of stress and illness. interventions should be most intensive and follow-up should be particularly vigilant for those with A1C levels above 6.0%. criteria 1–3 should be confirmed by repeat testing. an International Expert Committee. These include the FPG and 2-h PG. patients with severe hyperglycemia such as those who present with severe classic hyperglycemic symptoms or hyperglycemic crisis can continue to be diagnosed when a random (or casual) plasma glucose of $200 mg/dl (11. and A1C. *In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia. including greater convenience.0 mmol/l) (cdc website tbd). such as sickle cell trait. 2-h PG.* OR 2-h plasma glucose $200 mg/dl (11. In addition. the limited availability of A1C testing in certain regions of the developing world. the first Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus revised the diagnostic criteria. using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. For conditions with abnormal red cell turnover. such as the development of type 1 diabetes in some children. These studies demonstrated glycemic levels below which there was little prevalent retinopathy and above which the prevalence of retinopathy increased in an apparently linear fashion. re fl ecting average blood glucose levels over a 2. as are the diagnostic thresholds for FPG and 2-h PG (3). there is not full concordance between A1C and either glucose-based test. such as obesity and family history. The diagnostic test should be performed using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized or traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial reference assay.0 mmol/l). since it correlates well with both care. The established glucose criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes remain valid.to 3-month period of time. a random plasma glucose $200 mg/dl (11.diabetesjournals. depending on level of A1C and presence of other risk factors. particularly since the A1C is already widely familiar to clinicians as a marker of glycemic control.5% identifies one-third fewer cases of undiagnosed diabetes than a fasting glucose cut point of $126 mg/dl (7. SUPPLEMENT 1. personal capacity to engage in lifestyle change.1 mmol/l). the glycemic values above which retinopathy increased were similar among the populations. with a threshold of $6.4 mmol/l) may not be at negligible risk for diabetes. must be balanced by greater cost.Position Statement Accordingly. The deciles of the three measures at which retinopathy began to increase were the same for each measure within each population. microvascular and. in S69 DIABETES CARE. In 1997.org/prog/index3. the diagnosis of diabetes has been based on glucose criteria.1 mmol/l) is found. There is an inherent logic to using a more chronic versus an acute marker of dysglycemia. recommended the use of the A1C test to diagnose diabetes. A1C may not be signi fi cantly elevated despite frank diabetes. However. The test plays a critical role in the management of the patient with diabetes. such as anemias from hemolysis and iron deficiency. who should be considered to be at very high risk.1 mmol/l) during an OGTT. However. macrovascular complications and is widely used as the standard biomarker for the adequacy of glycemic management. Table 2 summarizes the categories of increased risk for diabetes. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DIABETES MELLITUS dFor decades. Prior Expert Committees have not recommended use of the A1C for diagnosis of diabetes. The test should be performed as described by the World Health Organization. and overall health goals. after an extensive review of both established and emerging epidemiological evidence. VOLUME 35. Evaluation of patients at risk should incorporate a global risk factor assessment for both diabetes and cardiovascular disease.1 mmol/l). A1C is a widely used marker of chronic glycemia. in part due to lack of standardization of the assay. life expectancy. however.org Table 3dCriteria for the diagnosis of diabetes A1C $6. an A1C assay without interference from abnormal hemoglobins should be used (an updated list is available at www. Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h.* OR FPG $126 mg/dl (7. Point-of-care A1C assays are not sufficiently accurate at this time to use for diagnostic purposes. and the incomplete correlation between A1C and average glucose in certain individuals. The diagnostic A1C cut point of 6. However. Screening for and counseling about risk of diabetes should always be in the pragmatic context of the patient’s comorbidities. JANUARY 2012 .* OR In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis. and ADA affirms this decision. the diagnosis of diabetes must employ glucose criteria exclusively. Additionally. Just as there is less than 100% concordance between the FPG and 2-h PG tests. either the FPG or the 75-g OGTT. However. the A1C cut point of $6.5%. in rapidly evolving diabetes.0 mmol/l) for FPG and confirmed the long-standing diagnostic 2-h PG value of $200 mg/dl (11. the A1C has several advantages to the FPG. These analyses helped to inform a new diagnostic cut point of $126 mg/dl (7. using the observed association between FPG levels and presence of retinopathy as the key factor with which to identify threshold glucose level. since fasting is not required. Moreover.5% is associated with an inflection point for retinopathy prevalence. It is likely that in such cases the health care professional would also measure an A1C test as part of the initial assessment of the severity of the diabetes and that it would (in most cases) be above the diagnostic cut point for diabetes.7% may still be at risk. individuals with A1C levels below 5. Moreover.ngsp. In their recent report (3).5%. the A1C can be misleading in patients with certain forms of anemia and hemoglobinopathies. which may also have unique ethnic or geographic distributions. Analyses of NHANES data indicate that. evidence to suggest greater preanalytical stability. The Committee examined data from three cross-sectional epidemiologic studies that assessed retinopathy with fundus photography or direct ophthalmoscopy and measured glycemia as FPG. assuming universal screening of the undiagnosed. html). These advantages. The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay. For patients with a hemoglobinopathy but normal red cell turnover. to a lesser extent.
Perhaps more important than which diagnostic test is used. when two different tests are available in an individual and the results are discordant. The decision about which test to use to assess a specific patient for diabetes should be at the discretion of the health care professional. Admittedly.g. The diagnosis of GDM is made when any of the following plasma glucose values are exceeded c Fasting: $92 mg/dl (5. in most circumstance the “nondiabetic” test is likely to be in a range very close to the threshold that defines diabetes. the second value will be below the diagnostic cut point. Additional well-designed clinical studies are needed to determine the optimal intensity of monitoring and treatment of women with GDM diagnosed by the new criteria (that would not have met the prior definition of GDM).14). is that the testing for diabetes be performed when indicated. It is important to note that 80-90% of women in both of the mild GDM studies (whose glucose values overlapped with the thresholds recommended herein) could be managed with lifestyle therapy alone. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes GDM carries risks for the mother and neonate. As with most diagnostic tests. with the intent of optimizing gestational outcomes for women and their babies. FPG.000 pregnant women) multinational epidemiologic study. and postchallenge glucose each measure different physiological processes. On the other hand. and that wider application of a more convenient test (A1C) may actually increase the number of diagnoses made. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study (11). the diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed.0 mmol/l). taking into account the availability and practicality of testing an individual patient or groups of patients. FPG and A1C) are available for the same patient. It is preferable that the same test be repeated for confirmation. and the diagnosis is made on the basis of the confirmed test. These diagnostic criteria changes are being made in the context of worrisome worldwide increases in obesity and diabetes rates. In the setting of an elevated A1C but “nondiabetic” FPG. change over time. since there will be a greater likelihood of concurrence in this case. The group recommended that all women not known to have diabetes undergo a 75-g OGTT at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Admittedly. That is.org DIABETES CARE. For example. SUPPLEMENT 1. there are scenarios in which results of two different tests (e. The healthcare professional might opt to follow the patient closely and repeat the testing in 3 – 6 months. with plasma glucose measurement fasting and at 1 and 2 h. Table 4dScreening for and diagnosis of GDM Perform a 75-g OGTT. and neonatal outcomes continuously increased as a function of maternal glycemia at 24-28 weeks. and 2-h plasma glucose measurements that conveyed an odds ratio for adverse outcomes of at least 1. obtained in close temporal approximation. the IADPSG.. Additionally. there are few data from randomized clinical trials regarding therapeutic interventions in women who will now be diagnosed with GDM based on only one blood glucose value above the specified cutpoints (in contrast to the older criteria that stipulated at least two abnormal values). somewhat more likely for FPG. fetal. based on the IADPSG statement (12). There is discouraging evidence indicating that many at-risk patients still do not receive adequate testing and counseling for this increasingly common disease. or for its frequently accompanying cardiovascular risk factors. and most likely for the 2-h PG. Such discordance may arise from measurement variability. at 24-28 of weeks gestation in women not previously diagnosed with overt diabetes. if the two different tests are both above the diagnostic thresholds. an international consensus group with representatives from multiple obstetrical and diabetes organizations. Thus. a test result diagnostic of diabetes should be repeated to rule out laboratory error.. The OGTT should be performed in the morning after an overnight fast of at least 8 h. developed revised recommendations for diagnosing GDM. even within ranges previously considered normal for pregnancy. a large portion of the population with type 2 diabetes remains unaware of their condition. After deliberations in 2008-2009.75 compared with women with mean glucose levels in the HAPO study.diabetesjournals. it is also possible S70 that when a test whose result was above the diagnostic threshold is repeated.1 mmol/l) c 1 h: $180 mg/dl (10.g.8%. unless the diagnosis is clear on clinical grounds. such as a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis. Barring a laboratory error. The current diagnostic criteria for diabetes are summarized in Table 3.0 mmol/l) c 2 h: $153 mg/dl (8. are outlined in Table 4. the likelihood of greater postprandial glucose levels or increased glycation rates for a given degree of hyperglycemia may be present. In the opposite scenario (high FPG yet A1C below the diabetes cut point). it is conceivable that the lower sensitivity of A1C at the designated cut point will be offset by the test’s greater practicality. FPG and A1C). care. JANUARY 2012 . demonstrated that risk of adverse maternal. or because A1C. if a patient meets the diabetes criterion of the A1C (two results $6. not two. the group developed diagnostic cutpoints for the fasting. primarily because only one abnormal value. if the A1C is 7. The frequency of their follow-up and blood glucose monitoring is not yet clear but likely to be less intensive than women diagnosed by the older criteria. the diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed. such patients are likely to have test results near the margins of the threshold for a diagnosis.0% and a repeat result is 6. In this situation. there was no threshold for risk. Further research is needed to better characterize those patients whose glycemic status might be categorized differently by two different tests (e. This is least likely for A1C. 126 mg/dl or 7. However. Current screening and diagnostic strategies. the test whose result is above the diagnostic cut point should be repeated. The ADA recognizes the anticipated significant increase in the incidence of GDM to be diagnosed by these criteria and is sensitive to concerns about the “medicalization” of pregnancies previously categorized as normal.5 mmol/l) These new criteria will significantly increase the prevalence of GDM. including ADA. Since there is preanalytic and analytic variability of all the tests. 1-h. These results have led to careful reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria for GDM. 25. or vice versa. is sufficient to make the diagnosis. VOLUME 35. Expected benefits to their pregnancies and offspring is inferred from intervention trials that focused on women with more mild hyperglycemia than identified using older GDM diagnostic criteria and that found modest benefits (13.Diagnosis and Classification practice. For most complications. a large-scale (. that person should be considered to have diabetes.5%) but not the FPG ( . augmented hepatic glucose production or reduced glycation rates may be present.
Metzger BE. Anderson GB. Chaovarindr U. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.. Benjamin SM. Thorp JM. Combined measurement of fasting plasma glucose and A1C is effective for the prediction of type 2 diabetes: the Kansai Healthcare Study. Tuomilehto J. Fowler SE.Position Statement References 1. N Engl J Med 2008.20:1183–1197 2. 13. Kitzmiler JL.S. Harita N. Casey B. Sciscione A.32: 644–646 7. Pradhan AD. 12.org DIABETES CARE. Hayashi T. Schmidt MI. Diabetes Care 2009. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moss JR. Steffes M. Dudley TK. Catalano P. Dyer AR. Hadden DR. Omori Y. Lowe LP. Robinson JS. Diabetes Care 1997.346:393–403 10. Buchanan TA. Persson B. Endo G. Kahn R. Bennett P. Diabetes Care 2010. Kadowaki T.30: 371–377 9. 1997–2003. Diabetes Care 2009. Tichet J. Peaceman AM. Rouse DJ.diabetesjournals. N Engl J Med 2002. N Engl J Med 2009. Lachin JM. Buse J. Knowler WC. N Engl J Med 2005. Shaw J. adults.33:676–682 Landon MB. Hod M. JANUARY 2012 S71 . Dyer AR. Carpenter MW. Engelgau MM. Knowler WC. Geiss LS. Ohe K. Coustan DR. Hamman RF. Leiva A. Jr.361:1339–1348 Crowther CA. Walker EA. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) predicts future drug treatment for diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study using routine clinical data in a Japanese university hospital. Lain KY. Zimmet P.19:1175–1180 5.358:1991– 2002 Metzger BE. Olsen MK. Lowe LP.149:196–204 8. Alberti KG. Eschwege E.32:1327– 1334 4. Barrett-Connor E. Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Jeffries WS. Catalano PA. Hod M.29:1619–1625. SUPPLEMENT 1. Yoneda T. Defronzo R. McPhee AJ. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus2. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Shimazaki T. Droumaguet C. Nakamura Y.120: 720–727 6. Palmer J. Ramin SM. Kitzmiller J. Trimble ER. Gabbe SG. Lebovitz H. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Am J Prev Med 2006. Sacks DA. Edelman D. Rizza R. Charles MA. International Expert Committee. Thom E. Spong CY. Harris AC. VOLUME 35. J Gen Intern Med 2004. Persson B. Simon D. Sato KK. Saade G. Damm P. Gregg EW. randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. Kambe H. Oats JJ. Rifai N. Tolosa JE. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Harper M. Use of HbA1c in predicting progression to diabetes in French men and women: data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) Diabetes Care 2006. 14. Ohyama Y. Changes in incidence of diabetes in U. Caces E. A multicenter. Nathan DM. Saudek C. Stern M. Pan L. Cadwell B. the DESIR Study Group.352:2477–2486 11. Sorokin Y. care. Am J Med 2007. Wapner RJ. McIntyre HD. Kubota K. Ridker PM. Buring JE. Varner MW. McCance DR. Hiller JE. Nathan D. Hemoglobin A1c predicts diabetes but not cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic women. Genuth S. Translational Research 2007. Oddone EZ. Lernmark A.26:3160– 3167 3. McIntyre HD. Rogers MS. the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Oats JJ. Balkau B. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003.
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What Was the British East India Company?
British merchant ships in Calcutta Harbor, probably loading cotton, silks, and spices.
British Ships in Calcutta Harbor, c. 1860. Hulton Archive / Getty Images
Question: What Was the British East India Company?
The British East India Company (BEIC) was a chartered, joint-stock company based in London. British merchants and investors formed the company in order to enter the spice trade in the East Indies (now Indonesia), but actually ended up concentrating its efforts on the Indian subcontinent. Queen Elizabeth I granted the BEIC charter in 1600; it continued to exist until 1874, although it lost power over the British Raj in India in 1858.
The BEIC began as a simple investment mechanism through which merchants and members of the nobility could pool their money and send ships to Asia in search of valuable cargoes of spices, silk, tea, and other goods. Over time, it developed into a quasi-governmental entity in its own right, with control over a large area and a large private army.
The BEIC's ascent to power wasn't entirely smooth. In 1689, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb sent a fleet to attack the Company's base at Bombay after trade negotiations between the parties broke down. The Mughals sacked the BEIC fort, and in 1690, British envoys had to prostrate themselves before the Emperor and beg his forgiveness for their trespasses so that the BEIC could continue to operate in India.
On June 23, 1757, the British East India Company's army defeated a joint force of the French and the Nawab of Bengal's troops at the Battle of Plassey (Palashi).
The battle effectively ended French efforts to establish trade in India. This victory marked the beginning of direct Company rule in Bengal, which expanded to cover much of the Indian subcontinent over the following century. In some areas, the British formed alliances with local leaders or appointed puppet rulers; in others, Company officials ruled directly.
Some local rulers put up effective resistance to the BEIC's armies. Among the last and most successful were Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, who resisted through four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Mysorean independence finally ended in 1799, when Tipu Sultan was killed in battle.
In the end, Indian soldiers within the BEIC army (called "sepoys") brought down the mighty Company. Sparked by rumors that the new rifle cartridges issued to them contained pork and beef tallow, an affront to both Hindus and Muslims, the Indian soldiers rose up in the Indian Revolt of 1857, which soon spread across India.
Although the BEIC eventually crushed the uprising and exiled the last Mughal emperor to Burma, the unrest was too much for the Home Government in London. In the "Government of India Act 1858," the British Crown assumed control of the Indian subcontinent and the BEIC's armies. Queen Victoria became Empress of India. The Company was relegated to managing the tea trade until 1874, when it was dissolved entirely.
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You are here: Home / Public Health / II. The Human Health Impact Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Animal Populations / C. Reduced efficacy to related antibiotics used in human medicine
C. Reduced efficacy to related antibiotics used in human medicine
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
vph08_purple_bacteria.jpgEnterococci are members of the normal gut flora for most warm-blooded animals, including humans. However, they are sometimes problematic nosocomial infections in hospital settings where the use of antibiotics is believed to contribute to the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant genes in this organism. Vancomycin is considered the treatment of choice for many resistant organisms, so the emergence and subsequent spread of VRE became a significant public health concern.
Before the 1990s, it was thought that VRE were present only in hospitals where vancomycin had been used for many years15. However, epidemiological and molecular studies have shown that the use of avoparcin in farm animals can result in carriage and dissemination of VRE by these animals and in humans in close contact with these animals15, 16. Because of public health concerns about resistance to these glycopeptide antibiotics, avoparcin was banned in Denmark in 1995, in Germany in 1996, and eventually by all EU member states15. Subsequent reduction in prevalence of VRE in poultry, swine and humans in the later years were reported17.
Although vancomycin is frequently used in the hospital setting in the USA, avoparcin was never used in livestock and poultry in the US. This may be the reason why, in spite of the relatively high rates of VRE in U.S. hospitals, there is less evidence of a community reservoir for VRE in this country18.
Antimicrobial resistance due to a particular antibiotic used in food animals may result in reduced efficacy of most or all members of that same antibiotic class, some of which may be extremely important for human medicine. This occurs because of the similarity of the antibiotic’s related structural components, which causes cross-recognition and cross-resistance for all or most of the antibiotics within the same antibiotic class. An example is the emergence and spread of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitals following the extensive use of avoparcin in animals, a glycopeptide antimicrobial agent that is structurally similar to vancomycin. Another example is virginiamycin resistance cross-reacting with resistance to the human streptogramin, quinupristin-dalfopristin14.
Streptogramin Resistance:
Streptogramins were developed for use in animals at a time when there was no interest in using this class of antibiotics for human medicine. Virginiamycin had been used subtherapeutically for growth promotion in livestock and poultry since 1974. However, after using virginiamycin in animals for many decades, researchers went back and re-visited the streptogramin class of antibiotics and developed quinupristin-dalfopristin for human usage. It was very disheartening in 1999 when this newly licensed human antibiotic was immediately met with AMR in Enterococcus faecium due to many years of using virginiamycin in animals.
The Avoparcin-Vancomycin Story
vph08_chem_structure.jpgAvoparcin is a glycopeptide antibiotic in the same antibiotic class as vancomycin. Although structurally related, these two antibiotics differ in usage and application. Vancomycin is clinically important for humans and often serves as a drug of last resort for Gram-positive infections. Avoparcin, however, was used in animals as a growth promotant in Europe and elsewhere (but not in the US). Strong evidence later linked vancomycin resistance in human pathogens with subtherapeutic usage of avoparcin in food animals, which led to the banning of the use of avoparcin in the EU in 1997.
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Puppy Vaccines Assure Wagging Tails and Wet Noses
When the pet doctor injects a vaccine into your puppy, it "teaches" the pup's immune system what a disease organism looks like. But the vaccine contains only weak or dead versions of the organism, so the puppy's immune system learns to recognize it, but without the danger of serious infection.
Later in life, if the organism ever attacks, the puppy's immune system is already prepared to fight it off because of the vaccine.
When a puppy receives a puppy vaccine, his body forms antibodies that can fight that particular disease. With the antibody already in the puppy's system, it will have a better chance of fighting off the infection.
Puppies should receive their puppy vaccines beginning when they are under the age of four months. Your vet will know which vaccines to give, and in what order.
It's also important to give booster shots. These keep the puppy vaccines current. You need to do this so that your puppy's immunity continues to be strong. Some vets have a reminder system, and will phone you or send out a postcard to let you know when it's time for booster shots. However, it's good if you also keep your own records of all shots, medical treatments and puppy vaccines, so you'll know when it's time.
If you have questions about the puppy vaccines, be sure to ask your vet for more information. Your vet will know which vaccines your puppy should receive, no matter when or where you purchased or adopted your pet. When you adopt or purchase a puppy, remember to ask if he has received any of the puppy vaccines. Some breeders and pet shelters are very responsible and make sure that the first puppy vaccines have already been given.
It's also important to keep in mind that giving puppy vaccines is not successful 100% of the time. Some puppies have weaker immune systems. This means that a puppy can come down sick with a disease even if he has received all the proper puppy vaccines at all the right times. If your puppy seems to be ill, even if he has received all his vaccines, don't hesitate to contact your vet.
It is very important for the health of your puppy that, in addition to receiving all his puppy vaccines, you also need to keep a careful eye on how your puppy is feeling and acting.
This will help you keep your pet alive, healthy and happy for many years to come.
Learn great ways to use puppy toys for training and socializing your new pup. Make sure you're on the right track wnen training your dog. Also, go and get the free eBook of puppy coloring pages for your kids.
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What is Anxiety?
Millions of Americans suffer from anxiety symptoms every year. Anxiety has caused people to experience issues on the job, struggles in relationships, impaired social functioning, and difficulties engaging in hobbies and activities. In severe cases Anxiety can result in extreme isolation and fear of leaving the home.
Anxiety is rooted in fear and we respond by seeking control resulting in excessive worry and irritability.
There are various types of Anxiety including:
1. Panic attacks
…. which feel like heart attacks. Symptoms may include:
heart palpitations
shortness of breath
unusual sweating
chest pain
numbness or tingling sensations
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms or have gone to the hospital thinking you are having a heart attack and are told you had a panic attack, it is recommended to seek therapy for anxiety treatment.
Sometimes there are obvious triggers to panic attacks such as seeing something that triggers anxiety, or worrying about something often that triggers anxiety. Other times people report that it “comes out of the blue.” Regardless of knowing the trigger or not, therapy is the best form of anxiety treatment.
2. Social Anxiety/Social Phobia
Clients come into my office often reporting that they have “social anxiety” meaning that they experience anxiety symptoms (such as ones listed above) moreso or only in social situations rather than all of the time.
I have treated many clients who have this complaint who are able to come out of treatment and feel more comfortable around others, perform better on the job, make and keep friendships and ultimately feel happier.
3. Specific Phobia
You often hear people say things like “I’m afraid of snakes” or it could be spiders or bridges or anything and everything. People usually struggle with phobia to some degree. It becomes a clinical problem when it starts to interfere with your life and are engaging in avoidance behaviors and experiencing significant anxiety symptoms. If you find yourself being held back in life by specific fears, anxiety treatment can help you to overcome those phobias and begin to live a “normal” life again.
4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
I’m Anxious about everything! GAD is marked by excessive worry – even about little things that are of no big significance but you can’t seem to stop worrying about it! People with GAD also find themselves having a hard time sleeping, concentrating on things and feeling pretty cranky most of the time. It is a difficult diagnosis because often people want to stop being this way, but struggle with the HOW!?
How do you treat Anxiety?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a recommended treatment modality for the various forms of anxiety. The therapy intervention focuses on changing one’s thoughts in order to change one’s mood. The theory behind CBT is that after an event occurs and before an emotional response happens, there is a thought. It is believed that it is not the actual event that leads to unpleasant emotions, but rather the thought that is triggering the unwanted feelings.
Imagine that we have about 50,000 thoughts a day. Now imagine if the majority of those thoughts were negative!!! Or maybe the thoughts are stuck things about bad events of the past, or worried about the future. That’s a lot of negativity!!! Cognitive Behavioral Therapy uses specific techniques to help you to transform your thinking and behaviors to a healthier, happier, YOU!
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by Jeff Davis
Consider the plight of Tantalus, a mythical Greek king and son of Zeus who revealed certain information the gods wanted to keep secret. The punishment divined for his transgression involved standing in a pool of fresh water for eternity, which flowed away each time he bent over to drink from it. Branches thick with fruit tempted him, only to move out of reach each time he stretched for it. The word tantalize is the legacy of this Greek king, "To tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view but continually keeping it out of reach."
Now consider the photojournalist, a reporter who conveys information not through words, but through images. Many news events, from routine items like traffic accidents and scheduled meetings of governmental bodies to dramatic cases of enormous tragedy are routinely excluded from photographic newsgathering, usually by law enforcement officials. These photographers, whose professional reason for being is to document visually what occurs in life, are tantalized by sometimes being prevented, on a regular basis, from documenting what is happening in their communities.
Reporters whose dispatches are written or spoken have the opportunity to use second-hand information while covering a story. If the reporter was not an eye witness to the event, a credible and complete report can be compiled through interviews and exchange of information.
Photojournalists don't have this luxury. By necessity, the photojournalist must actually view the scene, as the event happens, to gather the news product before distribution of the information is possible. For the ethical news organization, there are no re-takes on news events. Henri Cartier-Bresson, a pioneer photojournalist who has shaped the field described it:
"But for photographers, what has gone, has gone forever. From that fact stem the anxieties and strength of our profession. We cannot do our story over again once we've got back to our hotel. Our task is to perceive reality, almost simultaneously recording it in the sketchbook which is our camera."
Journalism has been described as "the first draft of history," and as such the historical record will be entirely incomplete whenever a photographic record does not exist. Edward Steichen was in charge of the U.S. Navy photographic unit during World War II, an element that produced over a million negatives of the Navy's effort during the war. Steichen observed:
"Any photograph that is made—the very instant it is completed, the very instant the button is pressed on the camera--becomes a historical document. Its use as such will depend largely on historians."
(In a cruel twist, almost the entire collection of these Navy photographs has never been seen. The unit carefully packaged, cataloged and cross referenced the negatives, shipped them to Washington, D.C., and they have never been seen since.)
A 1936 farm labor dispute in Salinas, California received extensive photographic coverage from newspapers and newsreel companies. A historian later noted:
"But perhaps the most lasting legacy of the Salinas images was the way they verified the importance of on-the-spot news photography. . . . The function of news photographers at Salinas had simply been to provide the look and feel of events the public could not witness, and what print reporters, no matter how fluent, could never hope to adequately convey."
The issue of personal feelings and the photographer's desire to do his/her job are not important; this is not an attempt to make life easier for news photographers because they are frustrated by not getting their way wherever they go. A larger issue is raised due to the unique requirements of access necessary for photographic documentation of the news. If photographers are arbitrarily denied access to newsworthy events, there is nothing to publish. If there is nothing to publish, government officials (the police impeding access) have essentially imposed a prior restraint on publication--not in the same vein as the classic Pentagon Papers case, but in a more subtle, before the fact fashion.
In short, unnecessary restrictions placed on photographic newsgathering are a form of prior restraint.
There has always existed an adversarial relationship in this country between the government and the press. Thomas Jefferson's famous thought on the press, "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter," did not prevent him from complaining bitterly about the press when he served as president.
Illustrating news events has been important ever since the technology to accomplish illustration existed. Prior to the advent of photography, newspapers illustrated news stories with woodcuts, produced as an artist's view of an event he witnessed, or an interpretation from a witness or news account.
After the invention of photography, editors quickly realized the value of photographs to document the news. Due to the mechanical nature of the photographic process, news photos would be accepted and believed as an accurate view of a distant event.
Film maker Andre' Bazin saw the development of photography as a radical event in history:
"The objective nature of photography confers on it a quality of credibility absent from all other picture-making. . . . Between the originating object and its reproduction there intervenes only the instrumentality of a nonliving agent. For the first time an image of the world is formed automatically, without the creative intervention of man."
Starting in 1842,woodcuts were made using photographs as a source, and on March 4, 1880 the New York Daily Graphic published a photograph of a squatter's camp using the halftone process. This technological innovation, still used today, permits the accurate reproduction of photographs at high speed by turning continuous-tone photographs into a series of dots.
Television's evolution over the last 50 years from World's Fair oddity to ubiquitous presence has increased the importance of image-dependence of news coverage. The needs for the visual news gathering processes of television and still photography are, for the most part, identical. There are some differences, but for the purposes of this discussion, photography refers generally to both print and television imaging.
There are certain situations where photographic newsgathering is strictly controlled, and are not germane to this discussion. The issue of cameras in courtrooms, both at the state and federal levels, is a separate topic, and will be touched on only to state that there has been an incredible increase of photographic coverage nationwide in courtrooms in the last ten years, with no adverse effect on the court system. In addition, restrictions on photographing military installations and activities, as covered by parts of the Espionage Act (18 U.S. Code section 795) and related acts will not enter into the discussion. These laws are very specific, usually relating to military installations, and while they are tangential to this issue, they are nonetheless outside the scope due to unique distinctions in the law.
When speaking with working photojournalists, anecdotal reports indicate that police agencies at all levels, acting either independently or at the direction of other government officials, habitually work to prevent access to news situations to photojournalists.
News Photographer magazine, the journal of the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA), routinely caries stories of photographers who have been arrested while attempting to cover news events. In a survey of the last five years of the monthly publication, over 50 cases of arrest were documented in the magazine. The NPPA is the largest group of professional photojournalists in the U.S., with over 8000 members, but this reporting of arrests cannot be considered complete for a nationwide total, which is unknown.
A survey in 1987 reported that 24% of the working photojournalists responding had been barred from an open governmental meeting, and 6% had been arrested for crossing a police line. In an interesting breakdown, the author reported that male photojournalists were more often barred from government meetings than were female photojournalists, and that television photographers were kept out of meetings most often. This strengthens the argument that denial of access is arbitrarily applied.
Three examples of the problem: two photographers were arrested on April 21, 1993, as they looked to find a vantage point to photograph the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas two days after it burned to the ground. The pair, both veteran photographers, from the Associated Press and the Houston Chronicle, reportedly did not cross any police line, resist arrest or fail to cooperate in any way. They were arrested at gunpoint, held incommunicado for over eight hours, their film was confiscated without a search warrant or subpoena, and were required to post the maximum bond after being charged with a misdemeanor offense. It can only be concluded that officials were sending a message to other photographers in the area to comply with restrictions, regardless of their legality or rationality.
In Iowa, when a corporate plane crashed near Dubuque in April, 1993, killing the governor of South Dakota and seven other people, law enforcement officials removed news photographers from the scene as soon as they were identified as news photographers, permitting them an access point only if they stood on a public highway some three-fourths of a mile from the scene. Even when the photographers had permission from adjacent landowners, and were more than 300 yards from the scene using telephoto lenses, they were removed under threat of arrest. And while professional photojournalists were prevented from recording the activity, neighbors of the farm where the crash occurred were allowed to remain on the scene, sometimes standing within the crash site, and were not prevented from taking photographs.
One state Senator in the Iowa Legislature tried to ban the use of telephoto lenses by photographers covering the Senate chamber in 1993. The Senate already severely limits the locations photographers may shoot from, and the Senator rationalized his proposal by saying that he didn't think someone should be photographed without their knowledge, and that "it's disruptive." He did not explain how it would be disruptive for someone to be photographed without their knowledge, but he did equate the ban on telephoto lenses to the already existing ban on flash equipment.
That actual arrests are not more common relate to the common sense of most photographers who will go to great lengths to avoid arrest, and when confronted with the threat of arrest will back down or find some other way to cover the event. The conventional thinking in newsrooms is that if a photographer is arrested, he/she was not effectively doing the job. As a result, police routinely, and as we will see wrongly, deny access to working photojournalists at newsworthy events.
The fact that some journalists (reporters) are admitted, while other journalists (photographers) are excluded, or when photographers are excluded from areas where members of the public are allowed, is evidence that photojournalists are being prevented from exercising a specific civil right--the First Amendment right to engage in the freedom of the press. The U.S. Supreme court has not provided us with definitive rulings on the issues presented here, but a case can be complied from some Court rulings, and by a collection of cases from lower courts.
We will see that courts have:
1) Determined that the loss of First Amendment freedoms results in an irreparable injury to an individual.
2) Newsgathering does have limited First Amendment protection.
3) Newsgathering, when protected under the First Amendment, cannot be arbitrarily restricted due to type or category of media.
4) Government officials cannot seize the work product (film or video tape) of news photographers.
5) Law enforcement officials cannot assault photographers to prevent them from engaging in news gathering.
6) Restricting photographers from locations where the public or other journalists are allowed is not permissible.
In short, journalists have a right to gather the news, news photographers are journalists, and news photographers cannot be excluded because they report with a camera instead of a pen. News photographers should not be physically prevented from doing their job, and when their work product, in the form of film or videotape is seized, the government official seizing the film is preventing publication.
To support the specific links in the chain, we first turn to a 1976 case, Elrod v. Burns, a labor dispute involving the Cook County Sheriff's office, where the Court held:
While this was not a press case, it is clear that the Court is cognizant of a time factor when dealing with First Amendment issues. In addition, this case is often cited in press cases to support the concept of irreparable harm.
The arrow of time cannot be restrung if a court later determines an error was made. And while the press freedom issue is paramount and immediate in this concern, part of the "irreparable injury" is the loss of historical documentation resulting from this type of control.
The Court has also explicitly stated that the press has a limited First Amendment right to gather the news. In Branzburg v. Hayes Justice White said in the Court's opinion:
"We do not question the significance of free speech, press, or assembly to the country's welfare. Nor is it suggested that news gathering does not qualify for First Amendment protection; without some protection for seeking out the news, freedom of the press could be eviscerated."
In Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia Justice Stevens in a concurring opinion said,
"Today, however, for the first time, the Court unequivocally holds that an arbitrary interference with access to important information is an abridgement of the freedoms of speech and of the press protected by the First Amendment. . . . I agree that the First Amendment protects the public and the press from abridgement of their rights of access to information about their government."
There has been a longstanding battle over what protection should exist for the press, and where the limits are for newsgathering. In this paper, we are concerned with limits that are understood to be fairly settled: access where the public is permitted, access where other news media representatives are allowed, and reasonable access to newsworthy events (accidents, crimes and disasters, for example).
The last situation has the most tenuous base, and this is not a call for unlimited access to plane crash sites or crime scenes for photographers. Officials have a necessary and legitimate basis for protecting crime and accident scenes, or preventing injuries at a chemical spill, for example. However, it is becoming increasingly common for police officials to deny any access to scenes, and to remove photographers to locations where any type of newsgathering is impossible.
There have been many cases where officials have attempted to restrict access to certain reporters or media outlets that they, for some reason, disapprove of. These cases have routinely been settled in favor of the media.
The Quad City Community News Service was a so-called "underground newspaper," and was an irritant to the police department in Davenport, Iowa. The police denied a reporter from the paper access to police department records that were routinely available to other media outlets. The U.S. District Court held in 1971 that this was an obvious denial of equal protection.
"No showing merely of a rational relationship to some colorable state interest suffices to justify a classification between media permitted access to the reports and others which are not so permitted. Any classification which serves to penalize or restrain the exercise of a First Amendment right, unless shown to be necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest is unconstitutional." [Emphasis in original]
While officials cannot discriminate based on the type of media outlet, neither can they dictate individuals from those media outlets that they will admit to open meetings.
In a 1973 case, Borreca v. Fasi , the mayor of Honolulu prevented a reporter from the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, who had been on the city hall beat for two years, from attending a regularly scheduled press conference in the mayor's office. It was found that there was no reason, other than the mayor's objection to the content and tone of this reporter's stories to exclude him from the press conference. The decision held:
"The limitations that may be placed by state action on this right of access are determined by a balancing process in which the importance of the news gathering activity and the degree and type of the restraint sought to be imposed are balanced against the state interest to be served. Where the First Amendment rights are involved, the asserted state interest must be compelling and the proposed state action must be the least restrictive means available for the asserted government end."
In both these cases, the state must have a "compelling interest" in restricting access to open information or meetings.
While government officials cannot legally restrict access in most cases, neither can they seize film or video tape from a photojournalist after an event has occurred.
A 1989 case in Des Moines, Iowa found that police improperly seized video tape from an individual who had recorded a street fight where a man was fatally stabbed.
The photographer was an amateur who was not employed by any news organization. He was in the 'downtown loop' area intending to photograph and later sell any newsworthy footage to various local television stations. He saw a fight going on, and videotaped the stabbing. After police arrived, he informed them he had recorded the crime, and the police seized the tape as evidence. Lambert said the police repeatedly assured him he would be provided a copy of the tape, and police never produced a search warrant for the evidence. After the victim died that same day, police informed Lambert he would not get his tape back, or a copy of it. That same day Lambert reached agreement to sell the tape to a local television station, and the station joined in the suit to get the tape back.
The decision, handed down just 30 days after the event by the Federal Judge for the Southern District of Iowa has several interesting points.
First, he states that Lambert need not be a professional photojournalist "It is not just news organizations, such as WHO-TV, that have First Amendment rights to make and display videotapes of events--all of us, including Lambert, have that right."
In addition, "There is clearly a threat of irreparable harm to Lambert if he does not promptly get his videotape back. Lambert has a right to use the tape under the United States Constitution. . . . Defendants' refusal to provide him with a copy of the tape threatens him with irreparable harm, which increases with each passing day."
Judge Vietor states that, "Government cannot unlawfully seize property of a citizen in violation of his basic constitutional rights, and then continue the violation by not returning the property. . . . Prior restraint rarely can be accommodated by the Constitution."
Judge Vietor has made the complete argument that for governmental officials to prevent the publication of visual images is unconstitutional prior restraint.
If officials cannot seize film and video tape after it is shot, they also cannot physically prevent news photographers from doing their job.
WSB-TV in Atlanta ran a series of stories in 1988 on allegations that a sheriff had used inmate labor on private construction projects. A physical altercation later resulted between the sheriff and the reporter and cameraman. Most of the decision revolved around the precise rules governing summary judgement, but the last paragraph summed up the issue of restraining newsgathering:
". . . The November 6th incident was but one episode in the ongoing effort of defendant to thwart or impede plaintiffs in gathering and reporting news relating to rumors of the sheriff's use of inmate labor on his private property, an interference with plaintiffs' first amendment rights which would violate 42 U.S.C. sec. 1893."
There are many instances reported in News Photographer magazine, and told by individual photojournalists where police officials have detained photographers for a time, until an event is over, and then released them without charges. Other times police or fire officials have stood in the way, placed hands over lenses, or physical restrained photographers from shooting scenes or events. Clearly, this is an impermissible activity.
Much of the preceding evidence affects news photography by inference--since photojournalism is part of journalism, news photography is also included. A number of cases exist where courts have expressly ruled on the rights of photographers to gather the news.
Schnell v. Chicago was a class action suit by a group of photojournalists who covered the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago. Officers of the Chicago police department interfered with photographers covering riots in ways ranging from holding them for several hours in the back of squad cars to smashing their cameras and beating them with batons. The seventh circuit court held that,
"There can be no conclusion but that the complaint sufficiently alleges that constitutionally protected activity was and continues to be interfered with by the named defendants and that the defendants have the duty and power to prevent any future interference."
In addition to the interference, the court said that singling out photographers is likewise not permissible, stating that there is "no meaningful difference between news photographers as a class and news media personnel."
Connell v Hudson involved a photographer for a local paper covering a traffic accident in Hudson, New Hampshire. He was forced to move several times under orders from a police officer, finally being literally run off of the street under the officer's harassment. Connell ended up shooting his photos from the second story of a house, with the owner's permission. He was spotted in the window, and ordered not to photograph the scene and to leave the building. When he refused, he was arrested for disturbing the peace.
The U.S. District court was clear in it's conclusion,
". . . The Court declares that David Connell's rights, protected from government intrusion by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, were violated by the Town of Hudson police when they ordered him to stop taking pictures from positions that did not interfere with police activity."
One of the key factors in these situations is the definition of "interference with police activity." In many cases, photographers can be arrested for an offenses such as Disobeying a Lawful Order. In these cases, when a police officer tells a photographer to do something, whether the order is legal, or even reasonable, the photographer can be arrested for even questioning the order--a classic Catch 22.
This was the case in Leiserson v. San Diego when a passenger jet crashed and a television photographer was found filming the crash site. He was ordered to leave the site, and was pursued and removed to a location where he could not view the crash location. In an attempt to get back to the crash, he was arrested for failure to obey a lawful order of a police officer. The interesting point, and one that was ignored by the trial judge, was that in California news photographers are granted expanded access to crash scenes by statute.
The judge dismissed this argument by saying that the police officers could not be expected to be knowledgeable about an obscure provision in the law. The photographer did not obey the order of the officer because he believed it, rightly, to be not lawful. While the photographer was correct, he was still convicted.
Much the same case was found in State v. Lashinsky, a case in New Jersey where the photographer was arrested and convicted with interfering with a police officer. The conviction was upheld on appeal, but in a stinging dissent Justice Pashman of the New Jersey Supreme Court grabbed the issue by the horns.
"The majority emphasizes that defendant became embroiled in a heated exchange with Herkloz [the police officer] which both directly and indirectly interfered with the carrying out of Herkloz's duties. . . ."
What the majority fails to emphasize, however, is that the argument erupted after and as a direct result of Herkloz's order that defendant move on. A command that is unreasonable when uttered does not become reasonable simply because a newsman will not abide by its terms. . . . In effect, the majority has ruled that a newsman acts illegally if he stands up for his rights and refuses to accede to an arbitrary, and hence, unlawful, request." [Emphasis in original]
We have seen that it is clear that newsgathering is protected, to some degree, by the constitution. In addition, governmental officials cannot restrict the type or method of newsgathering, nor can they restrain photographers if they have been properly admitted at a location or seize their film after the fact. It has also been held for some time that the loss of First Amendment freedoms results in "irreparable injury" to an individual, whether professional or amateur.
This leaves us with a problem. If the outlines of the problem are known, and the law is reasonably settled, why is there still such a problem with governmental interference in photographic newsgathering, and what can be done about it?
Michael Sherer, who teaches in the Department of Communication at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, has published a paper outlining a method using the federal civil rights statute 42 U.S. Code section 1983 to force governmental agencies to respect the First Amendment rights of photojournalists. This section of the code was previously cited in the WSB-TV opinion. Under this section, two essential elements must be present:
The first consideration, acting under color of state law, is easy to meet in most cases of overbroad restrictions. The media is controlled by well established criminal and civil laws when dealing with members of the public. Areas such as trespass and libel have established histories, and these are not areas where prior restraint questions apply. The major problem with restrictions leading to prior restraint enter when photographers are dealing with breaking news or government bodies. In these cases, the people preventing newsgathering and, by extension, publishing, are officials of government, therefore acting under "color of state law."
We have seen where newsgathering, and by extension, news photography, has a limited constitutional protection, and several of the cases previously cited have specifically mentioned the First Amendment rights of journalists being abridged.
The press should become more active in educating law enforcement personnel on the topics we've discussed. I'm not optimistic that this education will be accepted. A secondary form of education is for courts to protect and apply these rights when they have been violated. Chiefs of Police and City Managers will educate their people when courts have brought judgements against them.
Sherer sums it up best:
". . . photographic newsgathering must take place at the scene of breaking news events. Without a right of photographic access, there will be no visual record.
"Getting to the scene of a breaking news story presents a myriad of problems for the news photographer, not the least of which is convincing law enforcement officials of the value of granting news photographers reasonable access to these events. Any means within the law,including using the law itself to help promote and protect a news photographer's right of reasonable access to a newsworthy event, should be considered."
Unfortunately, it will not do a photographer any good to be standing nose-to-nose with a state trooper while an airplane burns over a hill, and try to describe the nuances of constitutional theory and practice. Action on educating governmental officials must be a constant, unrelenting process if photographic access to newsworthy events is to be protected.
Photographs can define events, shape attitudes, and provide a collective memory. But only if someone is there to take them.
Borreca v. Fasi 369 F.Supp. 906
Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665
City of Oak Creek v. Ah King 436 N.W. 2d 285
Connell v. Town of Hudson 733 F.Supp. 465
Elrod, et al. v. Burns et al. 427 U.S. 347
Lambert v. Polk County, Iowa 723 F.Supp. 128
Leiserson v. City of San Diego 229 Cal. Rptr. 22
Near v. Minnesota 283 U.S.697
Quad-City Community News Service v. Jebens 324 F.Supp. 8
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia 448 U.S. 555
Schnell v. City of Chicago 407 F.2d 1084
State of New Jersey v. Lashinsky 404 A.2d 1121
WSB-TV v. Lee 842 F.2d 1266
Associated Press Story. "AM-Armed Cult" April 21, 1993
Associated Press Story. "XGR-Camera Ban" February 11, 1993
Bazin, Andre'. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image" The Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth-Century Photography. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1979
Becker, Karen E. "To Control Our Image: Photojournalists and New Technology" Media, Culture and Society. July, 1991
Boot, William. "Covering the Gulf War: The Press Stands Alone" Columbia Journalism Review. March/April, 1991
Boylan, James. "How Free is the Press?" Columbia Journalism Review. September/October, 1987
Cartier-Bresson, Henri. "Introduction to the Decisive Moment (1952)" The Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth-Century Photography. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1979
Dow, Caroline. "Prior Restraint on Photojournalists" Journalism Quarterly. Spring, 1987
Evans, Harold. "I, Witness" American Photographer. January, 1992
Frost, Dan. "Death Watch, Should TV Cover the Gas Chamber" Columbia Journalism Review. March/April, 1991
Hirsch, Mark. Interview With Chief Photographer of the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald. April 20, 1993
Iorito, Sharon. "How State Open Meeting Laws Now Compare With Those of 1974" Journalism Quarterly. 1986
Kaplan, Davad A. "Live, From San Quenton . . ." Newsweek. April 1, 1991
Klerman, David. "Is the Military Throttling the Media?" USA Today. January, 1991
Koch, Adrienne and Peden, William. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Random House. 1944
Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography. New York: The Mueseum of Modern Art. 1981
News Photographer Magazine. Issues from 1988 through 1993
Sherer, Michael D. "A survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law" Journalism Quarterly. Summer/Autumn, 1987
Sherer, Michael D. "Civil Rights Protection for Photographic Newsgathering" Communications and the Law. September, 1991
Sherer, Michael D. "The Problem of Trespass For Photojournalists" Journalism Quarterly. Spring, 1985
Steichen, Edward. "Photography: Witness and Recorder of Humanity (1958)" The Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth Century Photography. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1979
Street, Richard Steven. "The Battle of Salinas: San Francisco Bay Area Press Photographers and the Salinas Valley Lettuce Strike of 1936" Journal of the West. April, 1987.
Teeter, Dwight L. "The First Ammendment at Its Bicentennial: Necessary But Not Suffcient?" Journalism Quarterly. Spring, 1992
Thompson, Mark. "With the Press Pool in the Persian Gulf" Columbia Journalism Review. November/December, 1987
Webster's Clear Type Dictionary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. 1976
Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1979
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Goshen County, Wyoming
Map of Wyoming highlighting Goshen County
Location in the state of Wyoming
Map of USA WY
Wyoming's location in the U.S.
Founded 1911
Seat Torrington
- Total
- Land
- Water
2,232 sq mi (5,781 km²)
7 sq mi (18 km²), 0.31%
- (2000)
- Density
5/sq mi (2/km²)
Goshen County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of 2000, the population is 12,538. Its county seat is Torrington6.
History Edit
Goshen County was organized in 1911.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,781 km² (2,232 sq mi). 5,764 km² (2,225 sq mi) of it is land and 18 km² (7 sq mi) of it (0.31%) is water.
Adjacent countiesEdit
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 12,538 people, 5,061 households, and 3,426 families residing in the county. The population density was 2/km² (6/sq mi). There were 5,881 housing units at an average density of 1/km² (3/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 93.83% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.86% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. 8.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 5,061 households out of which 28.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.70% were married couples living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the county the population was spread out with 24.20% under the age of 18, 9.40% from 18 to 24, 24.30% from 25 to 44, 24.80% from 45 to 64, and 17.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 98.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,228, and the median income for a family was $40,297. Males had a median income of $27,713 versus $17,584 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,965. About 9.70% of families and 13.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.30% of those under age 18 and 12.50% of those age 65 or over.
Populated places Edit
City Edit
Towns Edit
Census-designated places Edit
External linksEdit
Coordinates: 42°05′N 104°22′W / 42.09, -104.36
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Goshen County, Wyoming. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
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Adhesions in the pelvis.
spikes - a unique fusion of connective tissue in the form of thin or thick formations.They have the ability to glue together various bodies or create blockage of the lumen inside the body.
Adhesions in the pelvis are associated with pelvic.
- spikes fallopian tubes and ovaries;
- ovarian adhesions with the uterus or uterine ligaments;
- spikes of internal female genitals with a large gland or intestines.
Causes of adhesions in women
There are several reasons that contribute to the emergence of adhesions.
1. Surgery via laparotomy.The most common surgical procedures, after which adhesions are formed is an appendectomy, myomectomy via laparotomy, resection of the ovaries.The possibility of adhesions depends on the individual patient's abdominal cavity concrete.
2. external endometriosis is also a frequent cause of adhesions.In this disease, the endometrium, which is placed in the peritoneum, in particular time emits a small amount of blood in the peritoneal cavity, which contribute
s to the adhesion.
3. inflammation of the uterus may be one of the causes of adhesions.When inflammation of the sexual organs of women observed in the allocation of the abdominal cavity fluid, which can stick together to form organs and adhesions in the pelvis.The symptoms of the inflammatory process can be pronounced or asymptomatic.Therefore, every woman should remember about the need for regular visits to a gynecologist.
4. abortion and IUDs can cause inflammation or infection of the uterus that leads to the formation of adhesions.
Adhesions in the pelvis - symptoms
Often a woman does not even realize that she has adhesions in the pelvis.Symptoms may be absent or mild.Sometimes worried aching or recurrent abdominal pain.Multiple adhesions can cause significant pain and degradation of women.Sometimes, because of adhesions can occur inflammatory process, as adhesions cause congestion, which leads to inflammation.
Adhesions in the pelvis, the symptoms are not always visible, can have quite serious consequences.The most common problem faced by a woman in the presence of adhesions, is the inability to get pregnant, that is, there is infertility.Adhesive compound shift bodies and break contact between the uterus and its appendages.In the formation of adhesions in the fallopian tubes, worsening their permeability and motility, which may also make it impossible to fertilization.Also increases the risk of ectopic (tubal) pregnancy.Adhesions in the ovaries prevent the process of ovulation, thereby reducing the possibility of pregnancy.
Therapies adhesions
Many women after diagnosis interested in the question how to treat adhesions ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes to be able to get pregnant and have a baby.
There are both non-operational, and surgical methods to get rid of adhesions.At the initial stage of the disease is possible to use absorbable and anti-inflammatory therapy.A good effect has physiotherapy.The methods that are used in physical therapy, allow to soften the ligaments and make them more flexible, thereby eliminating the inflammation and pain.
With a large number of adhesions and untreated for a long time, conservative methods are ineffective to eliminate adhesions.In this case, use surgical intervention by laparoscopy.This operation is the dissection of adhesions using microinstruments and an optical device that is introduced into a small basin.The operation lasts about 40 minutes, the recovery period is about two days.
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Vision Paper
Olivia Johnson
New 300
Vision Paper
The traditional form of journalism, newspapers, will not exist in a few years. However, for the other forms such as the digital aspect, there are a number of possibilities and realms that the field can go in. This is where modern technology comes in and can really make online journalism a vibrant and interactive space. The amount of new ways to convey messages is uncanny and really has bridged the generational gap, being able to reach an array for people from all walks of life. Everything from push alerts to 360 cameras and augmented reality have really given the audience something to look forward to when viewing the news. Also, the numerous ways the news can be distributed, from cell phone applications to videos on a tablet to crawlers on TV screens there are endless opportunities for journalists and media outlets to captures the audience’s attention. If the industry was able to capitalize on the numerous mediums being used another way than advertising then it could revitalize the entire business. Most importantly the outlets would be able to report the news more accurately and timely than previously done.
One of the ways the media industry can rebrand itself and gain some more credibility is by getting access to places that it has traditionally not been able to see easily or cheaply. This can be done through photography and videography on drones. Drones can reach heights that reporters can’t without helicopter access or paying someone that knows how to use a drone to fly. If media outlets had easier access to drones they could cover breaking news such as traffic jams or natural disasters faster and easier than they currently can. It would also be tremendously cheaper and they would be the owner of their content instead of buying footage from a third party. In addition to the price, media outlets would be able to give the public a better understanding of situations because of the proximity and the aerial view that could be obtained from using a drone. With drones the risks are minimal; permission and training are the obstacles that are preventing the wide use of drones in the industry. Once this hurdle is crossed a new form of reporting will take place. Maybe drones will fly over a fire and a journalist will do a live or voice over of the scene for web and live packages. The possibilities are endless.
Augmented reality is another possibility for the industry when reporting on the news. With augmented reality a person can be in their home or office and dually be in another reality, as opposed to being completely immersed in a fake or recorded universe. In this augmented world, a person can be taught how to fix appliances live from a plumber somewhere else or experience their children being in the room with them that are in actuality far away. It would be very interesting how the media could use this new space to incorporate the news. What if a person woke up in the morning and saw a cloud hanging over their bed to inform them that there was going to be inclement weather? What if people could experience morning show interviews with politicians or a celebrity right in their living room? This could take interactivity with news to the next level. There would no longer be a middle man of sorts when it comes to the people and the news, both would be one in a sense. HoloLens is the product that allows for this kind of experience and although it is not currently available for the masses to use. Once it is, it can be a great platform for the media to use to have interactive informational experiences for their audience. Who wouldn’t want to have a live interview in their home or know the weather as soon as they woke up in the morning or have someone demonstrate how to make a new food recipe in their kitchen while still being in the present and the comfort of their own home or office? It truly is the best of both worlds and I think the industry should capitalize on this experience for the public.
As for virtual reality, this can be used for online digital reporting and has been used by non-journalists, but could be extremely beneficial to the industry. With virtual reality, people are able to explore difference places and truly get immersed in what they are doing and where they are. This can be used for reporting because a person can be engulfed in a natural disaster such a Katrina and really get an understanding of what is happening on the ground. It is one thing for someone in New York to see the flooding that took place on the news in Dallas, but it is another thing for people to be able to wade in the water with the survivors and be able to walk into an abandoned home and empty store. This would really bring the news to life and make it more realistic for millions of people around the world. Recently, something like this was done for 9/11 by people in France and it was beneficial to new generations of people who were too young to really understand the gratitude of the event and for people that were not born yet. However, the experience had a negative effect on some people that participated in it. Some people felt that it was too real, especially people that lived through 9/11 and had first-hand experience of the devastation that it caused. They couldn’t handle an interactive virtual reenactment of what went on in the Pentagon and the Twin Towers. It to an extent traumatized them, but creators of the game did not understand prior to how such a detailed and graphic game could impact victims and their families. This is partly because they were from another country and weren’t directly impacted from the experience themselves. To them, it was probably a cool and a unique way to portray the event, but to the people that have lived through the experience they did not feel that way. If journalists could use this model not for a game, but for online use when covering anniversaries of Pearl Harbor or the killing of Osama Bin Laden they could really give people a different perspective on the event. This would also drive traffic to news sites that do not traditionally get a lot of attention from the public. In addition to that it would give the people a versatile experience and if it is too much for them they have the option to not participate or stop after a few minutes.
360 cameras are another new technology is the field. These cameras allow the user to capture images in a panorama kind of way, inclusive of a number of different angles and views. The camera gives photographers and videographers an array of different images that they would not be able to get otherwise. Journalists can use this to capture some of the world’s greatest wonders like reporting on the Grand Canyon or Niagara Falls. More specifically journalists that cover travel and want to give their audience a different view than what is currently on google images can use this camera as a way to do it. With the camera, the sky, the mainland, the water and the people filming can be captured. In addition to that, all the pictures can be synced to create a cohesive set of images for different perspective viewing. This camera can truly change the way people see images and if reporters can use this during their nightly reports or online or even as snippets on social media they can enhance the viewers experience and even encourage people to take a trip. The downside to these cameras is the cost. They can range from hundreds of dollars to thousands and for media outlets to spend this amount of money on a device would be a lot. In addition to the cost, having people learn how to operate the device can also be a burden. 360 cameras are not easy to use and rendering for some of the cameras can be a nightmare, however once the cost is paid and people learn how to use them it can be a wonderful asset to reporting.
Sensors can enhance the way investigative journalists report on the news. By using sensors they have more control over props they use to get information such as robots and toy cars. These devices have cameras on them and can be controlled by the person operating it using sensors. The investigative reporting industry is in a decline and if getting information for the people could be collected in a better, easier, cheaper fashion than these sensors could revitalize the industry. Other kinds of sensors like those on digital monitors can collect data that major companies can use. However, journalists could use these monitors to collect data as well. They can collect information about the people in the region that surround the monitor. Journalists can also use the data to cater to the needs of the people such as tracking what they use the monitor for and what kind of information they are interested in when it comes to news etc. The only problem with these types of sensors is that some unsuspecting users may feel that their privacy is being invaded. Especially since they are using the monitors for one reason, but the information is being collected, distributed and used is for another purpose. The legality of this is also still in question. Despite this, sensors of all kind can benefit the media industry and the people that depend on it for their news.
In recent years, there have been a number of science fiction ideas that have come true like tablets, mixed reality and sensors. These new technologies can not only be to the benefit of the people, but also to journalists. Journalists could use these technologies to make their reporting better and like the new mediums of the past like radio and television it can enhance and increase viewership. In a time where people no longer look to journalists to get their news this could bring back some of those people that have been lost along the way. It could also bring back the credibility that has been lost in the industry over the years due to a lack of accurate reporting and notable biases. It is the job of the industry to be malleable and encompass new mediums to report the news, to inform and to an extent entertain the people. The future of the media is endless if anticipated and used wisely.
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Now 700 Canadian geese have been rounded up and killed so that they would not collide with planes.
To begin with, those birds were living on federally protected land, the Jamaica Wildlife Refuge. Why was an airport ever built so close to such a sanctuary? That was not a very practical thing to have done at all. While it is very possible that birds can, and have, had collisions with planes, it is just as possible and likely that there could be near collisions on the airport runways between planes, which would have nothing to do with birds, but would be human error.
In 1977, there was a tragic collision between two passenger planes on a runway in the Canary Islands. It was human error and no birds were involved there. Over 500 people were killed due to human error.
Is it the goal of the government to destroy the Jamaica Wildlife Refuge? There must be another, more humane, way to reduce the threat of plane-bird collisions other than killing them The skies must be safe for both people and birds.
John Amato
Fresh Meadows
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Photos by Robert Stridiron/RHS NEWS
Photo courtesy of the Nassau Council Police Department
Photos by Suzanne Monteverdi/QNS
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A brief history of ELM
Vortical structures are commonly found in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Vortices -or coherent structures of potential vorticity (PV)- play an important dynamical role in these environments. When both the Froude and Rossby number are small, the atmosphere and oceans exhibit a quasi-`balanced' state in which the full motion can approximately be derived from the PV distribution alone.
The quasi-geostrophic (QG) fluid model is the simplest `balanced' model containing the dominant features of stratification and rotation operating in the atmosphere and oceans. It combines geostrophic and hydrostatic balance. Hence, while the PV distribution is three dimensional, the motion is constrained to remain parallel to stratification surfaces, i.e. is layerwise two-dimensional. Moreover, in absence of dissipative and diabatic effects, which are often weak, PV is materially conserved.
Despite the simplicity of the QG model, accurate direct numerical simulations still require long time to be performed. For that reason mostly, even the problem of two-vortex interaction is little known. For uniform-PV volumes, vortex interactions still depend on 6 parameters: the volume ratio between the two vortices, the PV ratio, the height-to-width aspect ratios, the vertical offset and the horizontal offset. The comprehensive study of such a large parameter space using direct numerical simulation is arguably impossible. One needs to use a simpler, approximate approach.
This has been made possible with a new model, called the `quasi-geostrophic ellipsoidal model' (ELM) which represents vortices as uniform-PV ellipsoids while filtering high-order non-ellipsoidal deformations. This approach greatly simplifies the problem since a vortex is fully described by its centroid position and a 3*3 `shape'-matrix in which only 5 variable coefficients are independent. ELM is a finite Hmailtonian system that reads
where X is the centroid position of a given ellipsoid, B is a 3*3 matrix in terms of which the equation of the ellipsoid reads
H is the Hamiltonian of the system (i.e. its energy devided by 4*pi) , S is the "flow matrix" and kappa is the strength of the vortex (volume intergral of its PV scaled by 4*pi).
To read more about the derivation see the reference document linked from the ELM main page.
To see vortices interacting, see the galleries linked from the ELM main page.
back to ELM main pageback to ELM main page
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Scientists Find New Clue To Treat Moldy Corn Poisoning
A disease that destroys brain cells in horses, moldy corn poisoning or equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), is currently a death sentence. But promising new research findings may someday improve the odds.
ELEM is caused by corn contaminated with the fumonisin-producing fungus, Fusarium moniliforme. The toxin is insidious—only a small amount makes horses sick. While the animals appear healthy, they suffer irreversible damage.
Scientists at USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), in collaboration with Emory University, found that the fungi's toxin interrupts the way a horse's liver, kidney, and lungs make a special kind of fat known as sphingolipid. The toxin also causes an inappropriate fat intermediate (sphinganine) to accumulate and other necessary fats to be depleted.
The ARS researchers are based at the agency's Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center in Athens, Ga. They found that another fungus, Isaria sinclairii, produces a compound called ISP-I or myriocin that temporarily reduced the sphinganine accumulation in mice with no ill effects. If confirmed by other studies, the myriocin discovery might lead to treatments.
Animals exhibiting neurological effects of fumonisin poisoning can't be saved. But for other members of the herd exposed to contaminated food, the downward spiral of sphinganine overproduction could be stopped. The results of the preliminary studies in mice are being published in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.
ARS and Emory scientists have received a patent on a technique to detect fumonisin poisoning in an animal's tissue, serum, and urine. It's based on changes in sphingnine.
Fumonisin poisoning is not common in the United States, but it does happen. In 1995, 38 horses in Kentucky and Virginia died from it. The Food and Drug Administration is considering setting guidance amounts to protect both humans and livestock, following long-term exposure studies.
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CEPA eprint 1335 (EVG-045)
Linguistic communication: Theory and definition
Glasersfeld E. von (1977) Linguistic communication: Theory and definition. In: Rumbaugh D. M. (ed.) Language learning by a chimpanzee. Academic Press, New York: 55–71. Available at http://cepa.info/1335
Table of Contents
Language and speech
What is communication?
The restoration of purpose
From sign to symbol
The semantic aspect of syntax
The recognition of language
Until about 20 years ago, there seemed to be no urgent need to specify very rigorously what we meant when we used the word “language.” It was an accepted fact that language belonged exclusively to humans and that there could be no serious contender for that monopoly. Then, in the 1950s, came the “information explosion” and with it the sudden interest in computing machines. Would these machines ever be able to “think” and to handle human language? The suggestion caused a good deal of indignation, and debates tended to become fierce among both laymen and scientists (Taube, 1961; Armer, 1963; Minsky, 1963). The debate may still flare up today, but the fury has diminished. The kinds of task that computers have been celebrated for doing during the intervening years are not likely to threaten man’s monopoly of “thinking.”
However, a different contender has appeared on the scene. The publication of work with chimpanzees by the Gardners (1971), Premack (1971), Fouts (1973), and ourselves (Rumbaugh, von Glasersfeld, Warner, Pisani, Gill, Brown, & Bell, 1973) once more called into question the assumption that Homo sapiens is the only organism that can handle language. Oddly enough, these publications have not stirred up indignation among laymen. On the contrary, there is a great deal of rather benevolent interest in just how well the various chimpanzees are doing. Only among scientists have there been some signs of alarm. But in contrast to the debate about “thinking,” this time attempts are made to define what the contested term means. That is just as well, for if we do not state what it is we are arguing about, we could go on arguing forever. Thus it is important to provide an acceptable definition of “language,” and to outline some criteria by which we can recognize language when we find it.
In what follows I shall try to formulate criterial characteristics of the phenomenon we have in mind when we use the term “language,” and then to suggest how those criteria might be applied to determine whether or not a given organism is using a linguistic system of communication. I would like to point out that, although language also plays an important role in the cognitive development and functioning of individual organisms, we shall be concerned here only with its communicatory function.
Language and speech
The fact that “language” has always implied human language has led to a confusion of two terms, “speech” and “language,” which, although certainly related, are not at all the same. Because human language is presumed to have existed as speech long before the development of other channels such as gesture, hieroglyphs, or ideograms, it was taken for granted that all language had to be spoken. Many linguists thus came to consider “speech” and “language” as quasi-synonyms, and consequently felt justified in studying language by investigating the acoustic, physical manifestations of speech. I am not suggesting that phonology is not an interesting area of study, but the isolation and classification of speech sounds will not get us very far in an attempt to define language. Sapir, one of the fathers of American linguistics stated this point quite clearly in 1921:
A speech-sound localized in the brain, even when associated with the particular movements of the “speech organs” that are required to produce it, is very far from being an element of language. It must be further associated with some element or group of elements of experience, say a visual image or a class of visual images or a feeling of relation, before it has even rudimentary linguistic significance [p. 10].
Yet, in the four decades that followed, linguistics focused mainly on speech sounds and disregarded linguistic function and meaning (see, e.g., Bloomfield, 1933; Greenberg, 1954; Hockett, 1954). This approach was rather like attempting to study computational operations by analyzing transistors and all the electronic devices that flip and flop in a computer, while disregarding the programming. The program in this analogy corresponds to what we call “language,” and the mechanisms that implement it (transistors, etc.) correspond to “speech.” Computational operations can typically be carried out by very different sorts of machines, electric, mechanical, or hydraulic. Electronic machines are preferred mainly because they are faster and because it is much easier to solder wires than to make gears and hydraulic valves. Similarly, the acoustic channel of speech is perhaps the most efficient and practical way to implement a linguistic system for living organisms as we know them, but this does not mean that language must be implemented through speech.
The emphasis on phonology and the concomitant lack of interest in semantics (the very aspect without which a system cannot have communicatory function) sprang from Bloomfield, whose theoretical stance was close to Watson’s stark “behaviorism,” and who held that a science of semantics could begin only when it was reduced to a “mechanistic psychology,” which, in turn, must be reduced to physiology (Ullman, 1959, p. 7; Wells, 1961, p. 274). Clearly, very rigid behaviorists could have nothing to do with what Sapir had called “elements of experience,” “visual images,” or “feelings of relation.” Yet, if language does function as a means of communication, an analysis of it will have to take the direction pointed out by Sapir (1921):
The mere sounds of speech are not the essential fact of language, which lies rather in the classification, in the formal patterning, and in the relating of concepts. Once more, language, as a structure, is on its inner face the mold of thought. It is this abstracted language, rather more than the physical facts of speech, that is to concern us in our inquiry [p. 22].
What is communication??
So long as we speak as ordinary people to other people, we are fairly sure that we know what the word “communication” means. Even when we hear of “communication gaps,” we have a good idea of what is involved. This feeling of confidence evaporates, however, when we begin to read what psychologists, especially animal psychologists, have to say about communication. In their usage, the term “communication” is, as Thomas Sebeok (1975) has said, “an undefined prime.” It is not that attempts at definition have not been made; on the contrary, there have been quite a few. But the trouble is that, to date, these attempts have not helped us to separate what we know is not communication from the manifestations that we feel are communication. When we read, for instance: “Communication can be said to occur whenever the activities of one animal influence the activities of another animal [Alexander, 1960, p. 38],” we do not have to think long to conjure up examples that meet this criterion and are still far from anything we would normally call communication. Alexander’s definition may apply to “interaction,” but it is far too general to isolate events of communication. Under this definition, pushing, pulling, fighting, wounding, and even eating another animal would all qualify as “communication.” Its only useful feature is its implicit stipulation that there must be at least two animals for the kind of transaction we are interested in. That point must be made, as there exists a legitimate use of the term “communication” to describe the interaction within one organism, say, between the eye and the brain, or the brain and the muscle.[Note 1]
The very insufficiency of any attempt to define “communication” in terms of action and reaction draws attention to some of the aspects of the phenomenon that need to be specified. First, as has been clear for a long time (cf. Rosenblueth, Wiener, & Bigelow, 1943; Haldane, 1955) communication is not a mechanical phenomenon, in that the amount of energy involved in the sender’s transmission does not determine what the receiver does. In other words, in communication there is no thermodynamically calculable relationship between the energy change that constitutes the signal and the energy expended as a result of receiving the signal. Instead, in communication there is always an exchange of “information,” and it is the informational character of all communication processes that sets them apart from mechanical or chemical interaction. Of course, the information aspect has to do with meaning, but the connection is not as simple as it may seem to the ordinary language user.
In the more than three decades that have passed since the publication of the pioneering paper by Rosenblueth et al. (1943), the differences between mechanical and informational processes have been made very clear. We now have two complementary theories that allow us to define “communication” unequivocally. On the one hand there is the mathematical theory of communication (Shannon, 1948; Wiener, 1948a, b), which deals with the transmission of signals, their recognition by a receiver, and the code by means of which they are translated into messages. On the other hand, there is information theory (MacKay, 1954, 1969), which deals with the sending and interpreting of messages. In the first, “information” is a purely quantitative concept; in the second, a qualitative aspect is added. Strictly speaking, therefore, what we ordinarily call “meaning” plays a part only in the second theory. The first theory contains only a weak counterpart to “meaning” in the processes of encoding and decoding. Wiener (1948a) gives an admirably clear example of those processes:
If I send one of those elaborate Christmas or birthday messages favored by our telegraph companies, containing a large amount of sentimental verbiage coded in terms of a number from one to one hundred, then the amount of information which I am sending is to be measured by the choice among the hundred alternatives, and has nothing to do with the length of the transcribed “message” [p. 202].
The “encoding” takes place when the telegraph employee gives me the list of one hundred messages, and instead of spelling out my choice, I merely say, “Number 55.” Since there is a fixed, conventional connection between each of the messages listed and some number between one and one hundred, another employee, one say in Honolulu, who receives the code number 55 can at once “decode” it by selecting the printed form number 55 that carries the message I have chosen. Note that there is, of course, a second coding and decoding involved in this transaction, namely the transformation (according to Morse code) of the number 55 into the corresponding electric impulses that do the actual traveling to Honolulu and which, in technical terms, constitute the signal. This second transformation is analogous to the first, since it, too, is done according to a preestablished fixed coding system. In both these transformations the code, i.e., the total set of fixed correspondences, must be known to both the transmitter and the receiver, and it must be the same code at both ends of the channel. The code lists the conventionally established significations of “artificial signs” sometimes referred to as “meaning” (e.g., a certain sequential pattern of impulses means “55,” or the number 55 means “Many happy returns!”) To use the term in this sense is confusing, however, because this sort of “meaning” is always fixed; that is, it must have been agreed on by the code users. Used in this sense, “meaning” would refer in speech, for example, to the rules that govern the conversion of a word or sentence into speech sounds according to the phonetic conventions of the language being used. These rules have nothing to do with what we ordinarily call the “meaning” of a word or sentence. Thus I may have satisfactorily decoded someone’s speech sounds and be quite sure of what he has said to me, yet, at the same time, I may be quite unsure as to what he meant by it.
Thus, decoding a signal and interpreting a message are alike in one respect: In both cases one makes a selection. In decoding, one selects the item (i.e., the message) that has been conventionally linked to the signal at hand. In interpreting, one selects the meaning of the message. The difference is that in interpreting, the possible meanings are not preestablished in a conventionally fixed list. There are several reasons – logical, epistemological, and psychological[Note 2] – why this is so, and they all substantiate the general observation that a message cannot be treated as a detached, independent item the way a signal can. In order to interpret a message, the receiver must take into account a “context,” i.e., aspects of his own present state, aspects of the sender’s state, and above all an implicit or explicit hypothesis as to why the message was sent. Information theory has provided a model by means of which we can approach this very complex process of interpretation (MacKay, 1954, 1969, 1972).
The messages in information theory as well as the signals in the theory of communication are goal directed, in that the source sends them in order to achieve a certain result. This is not to say that there must always be an individual addressee; “to whom it may concern” messages are just as purposive as addressed messages. Finally, it is important to realize that information theory is the more comprehensive of the two models, since it covers not only information conveyed via artificial signs in communicatory messages, but also information obtained via the perception of natural signs that enable the perceiver to make inductive inferences.
The distinction between “natural” and “artificial” signs was made by Susanne Langer (1948, p. 59) on the basis of her logical analyses and independently of the technical theories. I have shown elsewhere (von Glasersfeld, 1974) how closely her ideas match those of the cyberneticist and how necessary her distinction is if we want to define “communication.” Charles Hockett, in his description of human language by means of design features, approaches the characteristic of artificiality by his conditions of “arbitrariness” and “traditional transmission” (Hockett, 1960a, b, 1963; Hockett & Altmann, 1969). An “arbitrary” sign, in Hockett’s definition, is one that has no “iconic” relation (perceptual analogy) to what it signifies, and therefore anyone who does not yet know such an arbitrary sign cannot derive its meaning from the physical characteristics of the sign itself. It can be acquired only by learning, either through “traditional transmission” from the older generation, or, if it happens to be a newly created sign, by agreement with the other users. So far as communication is concerned, however, it is not the arbitrariness of a sign that makes it communicatory but its artificiality. The well-known road sign that consists of a capital Z is certainly “iconic,” in that it is a stylized picture of the curve to which it refers, but it is communicatory because it is artificial (since it is not part of an actual curve) and because it was put there for the specific purpose of warning approaching motorists.
The concept of “purpose” is essential for the definition of communication, and the purpose has to be on the side of the source or sender (Burghardt, 1970; Thorpe, 1972, pp. 46-47). If someone whom I do not want to offend has cornered me and is telling me an interminable story, I may reach the point where I can no longer suppress a yawn. If he notices it, he may, in spite of my efforts to look interested, infer that I am bored. This interpretation, I maintain, must not be called “communication.” It is no different from the inductive inferences we draw from practically everything we perceive; to make such inferences simply requires experience with the phenomena in question. If we see smoke, we infer that there is a fire; if we see a flash of lightning, we infer that there will be thunder (and vice versa); and if someone yawns, we infer that he is either tired, bored, or both. Returning to the example, if the person telling me the boring story happens to be someone whom I do not need to indulge, I may react differently. I may simply say, “That’s the third time you’ve told me that story,” or “Let’s talk about something else.” In either case I would be communicating to him that I would like him to stop boring me. There could be no doubt on my side about the purposiveness of my communication.
The restoration of purpose
For a long time, any mention of “purpose” was considered taboo by many scientists. The reason for this lay in the fact that the concept of purposive action or goal directedness had been tied up with final causes and what was considered to be Aristotelian teleology. It was believed that talk of purpose inevitably entailed the belief that something in the future could determine what was taking place now or had happened in the past. Ayala (1970) has questioned whether such an inversion of the cause – effect sequence was, in fact, what Aristotle had in mind. However that may be, there can be no doubt that the authorities who, in this century, proscribed the use of “purpose” in scientific explanation firmly believed that it involved some such unscientific conception. Ralph Barton Perry (1921), perhaps the most astute behaviorist philosopher, expressed it very clearly:
That a reference to the future as in some sense governing the act, is an essential feature of the traditional conception of purpose appears from the commonest terms of the teleological vocabulary, such as “for the sake of,” “in order to,” “with a view to,” “in fear of,” “in the hope of,” “lest,” etc. [p. 103].
Perry’s attempts to avoid “reference to the future” in his theory of behavior are remarkable because with his formulation of “determining tendencies” (which are based on past experience) he comes so very close to the cyberneticist’s definition of “purpose.” The fact that he did not quite get there was probably due to the lack of a functional model that could demonstrate how an experientially acquired condition or set of conditions could take over the very function that the traditional teleologists ascribed to the future.
Twenty years later, when Hofstadter (1941) published his brilliant analysis, the lack of a functioning model was certainly the reason why he was careful to ascribe descriptive but not explanatory power to his definition of “objective teleology.” It is worth looking at his summary of that definition because it foreshadows with remarkable precision the cybernetic model that was built in the years that followed.
Thus the unitary attribute of the teleological actor is not the possession of end alone, or sensitivity alone, or technique alone, but of all three in inseparable combination. However, it is also true that although they can not be separated in the unitary attribute they may nevertheless be analyzed out independently by the use of a plurality of acts of the same agent [italics in original, pp. 34-35].[Note 3]
If we substitute the modern cyberneticist’s terms (e.g., Powers, 1973) for the three components, we have reference value (for “end”), sensory function (for “sensitivity”), and effector function (for “technique”). We know that in an actual feedback-control system these three components can never be separated because the operation of the system is dependent on their circular arrangement. This arrangement is such that no one point can be isolated as initial “cause” and no one point can be isolated as terminal “effect.” The system operates as a unit and, to use the fashionable term of general systems theory, as “a whole.” Nevertheless, as Hofstadter accurately foresaw, the observer can assess the characteristics of the three components by considering the system’s behavior over time and with regard to different disturbances.
It is surely one of the most intriguing aspects of the intellectual history of Western civilization that whereas functioning implementations of the principle of “negative feedback” had been designed and built since the third century B.C. (Mayr, 1970), the principle itself with all its implications for the behavior of living organisms and the nervous system was formulated only about three decades ago (Rosenblueth et al., 1943). Since then, we have seen the proliferation of “goal-seeking” devices that incorporate purposes in no uncertain terms; but at the same time, we still have influential people who consider “purpose” one of the fictitious “perquisites of autonomous man” a creature whose “abolition has long been overdue” (Skinner, 1971, pp. 13, 191). To rant against the concept of goal-directed or purposive behavior at a time when automatic pilots can keep an aircraft on a preestablished course and missiles can home in on a moving target is hardly a sign of objectivity. With the advent of cybernetics and control systems, the concept of purpose has been given not only scientific but also practical technological validity, in that we can use it to construct functioning mechanisms. That, to my knowledge, is the best validation of a scientific principle we can ask for.
I do not intend to suggest that all the behavior of living organisms must necessarily be purposive. Reflexive behavior, for instance, cannot be classified as purposive because it is, by definition, a linear cause – effect chain not under the control of a closed feedback loop. Hi nde and Stevenson (1970) have suggested that behavior must be analyzed extremely carefully and, above all, with regard to how the consequences of an activity affect that activity. This is a crucial question for the observer who wants to decide whether or not an organism’s behavior is goal directed. But the question is not quite as simple as it seems. In an organism of a certain complexity, no one feedback loop is an independent entity with a constant reference value or “goal.” As MacKay (1966, 1967), Powers (1973), and in an elementary way Miller, Galanter, and Pribram (1960) have indicated, an organism must be viewed as an hierarchical system of control loops, in which the reference value of one unit is itself controlled by another.
The consequences of a communicatory act are important for the sender. It is on the basis of the consequences that he assesses whether or not his message has achieved the desired effect. But that is not the essential criterion for the observer who wants to decide whether or not a sign is to be considered purposive. A general purposiveness is inherent in the artificiality of the sign or signs used, and does not depend on the effect the sign may or may not have on a single receiver. The warning Z sign alongside the highway is a purposive communicatory sign regardless of how many motorists pass it without reducing their speed.
From sign to symbol
If we accept the basic idea that, in order to be communicatory rather than inferential, signs have to be in some sense artificial, [Note 4] we can at once state the first of three criteria for the characterization and recognition of “language.” Although communicatory signs taken alone cannot be considered a linguistic system, they do constitute a prerequisite for such a means of communication. Thus we can say that before there can be “language” there must be a set or lexicon of communicatory signs. The size of the lexicon, i.e., the number of signs it contains, is theoretically irrelevant, provided there are enough discrete and individually differentiated signs to allow for the combinatorial patterning required by my third criterion, which will be explained later.
The second criterion is that these signs be used symbolically. This characteristic was approached by Hockett’s concept of “displacement,” in an attempt to reconcile the manifest freedom of topic provided by human language with the psychological dogma according to which he was trying to explain behavior, including “verbal behavior,” as response to a stimulus. By “displacement” Hockett meant that: “We can talk about things that are remote in time, space, or both from the site of the communicative transaction [Hockett & Altmann, 1969, p. 63].”
We can hardly deny that this is so. But as a criteria! condition this kind of displacement is not quite enough. The reason for the insufficiency is clearly delineated in Hockett’s original explanation: “Any delay between the reception of a stimulus and the appearance of the response means that the former has been coded into a stable spatial array, which endures at least until it is read off in the response [Hockett, 1960a, p. 417].”
This describes what goes on in signaling which, we may say, is always bound to a more or less immediate experiential context, i.e., to things that have happened or are happening. But language allows us to talk not only about things that are spatially or temporally remote, but also about things that have no location in space and never happen at all. The very fact that we can make understandable linguistic statements about space and time, right and wrong, Humpty-dumpty, and the square root of minus one demonstrates rather incontrovertibly that language can deal with items that have nothing to do with “observable stimuli” or with the “referents” of the traditional theory of reference in linguistic philosophy.
In order to become a symbol, the sign has to be detached from input. What the sign signifies, i.e., its meaning, has to be available, regardless of the contextual situation.[Note 5] In other words, symbolic meaning has to be conceptual and “inside” the system. That is precisely what Ogden and Richards (1923) illustrated by means of their famous triangle in which the word is directly tied to a conception only, and such links as it may have to things (i.e., items of perceptual experience) are imputed. In other words, these links are indirect and arise through epistemic connections between the concepts and perceptual experience. Susanne Langer (1948) clearly differentiated the use of symbols from that of signs:
Symbols are not proxy for their objects, but are vehicles for the conception of objects. To conceive a thing or a situation is not the same as to “react toward it” overtly, or to be aware of its presence. In talking about things we have conceptions of them, not the things themselves; and it is the conceptions, not the things, that symbols directly “mean” [italics in original, p. 61].
The role of symbolicity in the characterization of linguistic communication can be illustrated taking as an example the famous “language of the bees.” There no longer is any doubt that the bees’ “dance” constitutes an elaborate system of communication (von Frisch, 1974; Gould, 1975). It has a lexicon of artificial signs, [Note 6] and it certainly has combinatorial patterning and “displacement,” since the messages are made up of distance indication and directional indication, and always refer to items that are themselves remote from the dance site. But precisely because these messages are always produced with reference to a specific target location from which the sender has just returned and to which the recruits are to go, they cannot be said to have symbolicity. To qualify as language, the bees’ dance would have to be used also without this one-to-one relation to a behavioral response (e.g., in comments, proposals, or questions concerning a foraging location), and this has never been observed. In short, a communication system that allows for imperatives only – no matter how sophisticated and accurate they might be – should not be called a language.
The semantic aspect of syntax
The third criterion for the application of the term “language” is combinatorial patterning. This is equivalent to Hockett’s “openness” (Hockett & Altmann, 1969) or “productivity” (Hockett, 1960a, b), which Hockett (1960a) describes as follows:
The language also provides certain patterns by which these elementary significant units (morphemes) can be combined into larger sequences, and conventions governing what sorts of meanings emerge from the arrangements. These patterns and conventions are the grammar of the language [p. 418].
Hockett’s conception of openness or productivity is, of course, closely connected with what linguists call “syntax,” i.e., the conventional rules of the language that govern the sequencing of words. From the communication point of view, however, the crucial aspect as Hockett pointed out is that from the sequences or sentences taken as wholes, meanings emerge that are on a level above the meanings of the individual signs or words that compose the sequence. It is, indeed, this conventional, rule-governed combinatorial meaning that makes possible the theoretically infinite openness of language. Whereas in English sequential order is the main device for the expression of combinatorial meaning, in other languages, such as Latin or German, case- endings or case-specific articles are equivalent devices. The important point is that language has some way to express certain relations between the items designated by single signs or words. This may be achieved by different means in different languages: by rules of sequential order; by prefixes, infixes, or suffixes; or by specific words, such as prepositions, which have relational meaning only. But language as a system of communication is characterized by the fact that such relations are expressed by word combinations.[Note 7]
To sum up this brief description of language as a communicatory system, we can say that it has three indispensable characteristics.
There must be a set, or lexicon, of artificial signs.These signs can be and are used as symbols; in other words, they are used on the conceptual level and without reference to a particular perceptual or behavioral instance of the item they signify.There must be a grammar, that is, a set of conventional rules that govern the formation of sign combinations that have semantic content in addition to the meanings of the individual signs.
The recognition of language
Given the three characteristics described in the preceding sections of this chapter, we can now ask how we can discriminate communicatory behavior from simple interaction, and linguistic communication from nonlinguistic signaling. Clearly it is one thing to set up criteria for language on the basis of theoretical considerations and quite another to specify observable behavioral manifestations that would indicate that these criteria are satisfied. Among the criteria I have discussed, there are two that seem particularly elusive from an observational point of view: the artificiality of signs and their use as symbols.
If we are observing organisms with whom we have not established a system of communication, it will at times be difficult or even impossible to decide whether a particular behavior is being carried out for its own sake (i.e., to reduce an internal or environmental disturbance) or for the purpose of communication (i.e., to reduce a disturbance by the attempt to modify in a nonmechanical way the behavior of another organism that is creating the disturbance). There is, obviously, no neat demarcation line between the two. Any threat gesture, posture, or vocalization that constitutes part of a larger aggressive or agonistic activity chain cannot be said to be a communicatory sign, so long as it has been observed only in conjunction with the other parts of the chain. But when it occurs without the other parts and functionally replaces them, we should give it communicatory status (cf. Tinbergen, 1952). A single observation or even a few isolated sporadic observations will hardly ever be sufficient to decide whether or not it occurs in isolation. Familiarity with the organism, its whole behavioral repertoire, and above all with the kinds of disturbance that bring it into action will be indispensable.
In the laboratory setting, on the other hand, when a chimpanzee spontaneously makes a conventional gestural sign, picks up pieces of plastic and places them on a magnetic board, or presses specific keys in a keyboard for specific rewards there can be no doubt about the artificiality of the signs used or about their communicatory function. Even if, as some suggest, this signing or pressing of keys were due to some form of conditioning by means of reinforcement, there would still remain the fact that the chimpanzee discriminates between different reinforcers and communicates by his choice of a particular sign which one it wants at the moment. If it can be observed that a request, say for a slice of banana, is coupled with an expectation of a slice of banana and therefore will not be satisfied by the window being opened, then the communicatory function of these signs is established. In this connection it should be remembered that several years before the various communication studies with chimpanzees began, Mason and Hollis (1962) demonstrated that nonhuman primates can not only communicate but also create artificial communicatory signs for the cooperative solution of a problem.
To prove that an organism in the wild is using signs symbolically may be very difficult indeed unless the observer can communicate with the organism. A sign is turned into a symbol and thus acquires “symbolicity” when it is used without any connection to a perceptual or behavioral instance of its signification. Delay in time and distance of location are not sufficient. When witnessing a sign for the first time, the observer can never be sure that the sign was not the response to an instance of its referent in the remote past, or that it will not lead to a behavioral response on the part of the receiver in some distant future. On the other hand, the experienced observer who is aware of the theoretical distinctions between the symbolic use of signs and signaling should be able to decide that question at least tentatively on pragmatic grounds. I have no doubt that an observer studying the communicatory dance of the bees, for example (which in its symbolic nature seems to come closer to “language” than anything that has been observed in the great apes), could decide before long whether or not bees display situation-detached, and, therefore, symbolic dancing. It would be necessary only to look for the existence of dance events that are neither directly tied to foraging behavior nor given as imperatives to the recruits. Among nonhuman primates, play has frequently been observed together with specific signs that indicate to the partner that a given act is not to be taken seriously. “The messages or signals exchanged in play are in a certain sense untrue or not meant, [and] that which is denoted by these signals is nonexistent [Bateson, 1972, p. 183].” This definition comes very close to symbolicity. In fact, Piaget has always maintained that play and imitation are crucial elements in the development of symbolic capabilities (see, e.g., Piaget, 1967).
In a laboratory or experimental environment, the issue can be decided much more easily. Once some communication has been established so that the organism can be asked questions, we can test whether or not the subject has a representational conception of a given item. Any novel question concerning the character or use of an item that is not perceptually present at the moment can be answered correctly only if the subject has a sufficiently clear and detailed representation of the item named. That, after all, is what we mean when we speak of conception.[Note 8]
Finally, there is the question of combinatorial rules, or grammar. Once we know at least some of the signs by means of which a given species communicates, it should not be impossible to find out whether combining two or more signs adds something to their meaning and whether these combinations are recurrent and rule governed. The issue, however, has been thoroughly befogged by the general confusion concerning descriptive rules and rules of action. It is one thing to acquire a rule-governed behavior and quite another to isolate and specify the rules that govern it. In early infancy, for example, we all acquire the skill of crawling. As Piaget has shown, up to the age of 5 to 6 years, children invariably give erroneous descriptions of the sequence of arm and leg motions involved in crawling, even when they have just performed it. Only about a third of children aged 8-10 can specify the rules correctly; and even in a test of adults, by no means all subjects gave the correct description (Piaget, 1974, pp. 14-15). So it is with our use of language. Unless we happen to be linguists, “we always operate within a framework of living rules [italics in original, Sellars 1967, p. 315].” That is to say, we operate according to rules to which we have adapted without having formulated them. In this sense we are said to “know” the rules when our performance conforms to them. This is the only way we should speak of rules in the linguistic attempts of nonhuman primates. If they produce a substantial number of novel sign-combinations that conform to the grammar of the language they are using, then they must be credited with rule- governed productivity and “knowledge” of the grammar.
To conclude these notes on how to recognize manifestations of language, I repeat that this recognition will be more difficult and will require a much subtler approach with organisms in their natural habitat than in an experimental situation. The artificiality of signs and thus their communicatory status, may be established only after prolonged observation in the wild. In the laboratory it is a foregone conclusion that the signs are artificial since they are manmade and, as such, not part of the subject’s original behavioral repertoire. The use of signs as symbols by free-living organisms could be established only after a minute examination of their sign repertoire and the activities preceding and following the occurrence of specific signs. In the experimental situation, on the other hand, how the signs are being used can be discovered by certain questions, i.e., by means of the very system of communication to which the subject is being introduced. The question of conformity to grammatical rules of sign combination is a good deal easier to decide. Provided there is a preestablished grammar, there will be no problem in determining whether the subject’s novel combinations are grammatical. With a free-living species, of course, the grammar would first have to be discovered by the observer. That discovery may be difficult since the human observer is necessarily anthropocentric and will always tend to look for a grammar that resembles the grammar of his human language.
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Norbert Wiener (1948b) made this distinction by speaking of “intercommunication” when sender and receiver were two separate organisms, and of “communication” when sender and receiver were two parts of one organism. Since this usage is not likely to become general, I use the term “communication” in the context of this chapter to refer to communication between two organisms.
Logical and epistemological, because if signs are used as symbols, their definition has to be an intensional one, i.e., a more or less subjective construct for both sender and receiver. Since there is no way for one user to match another user’s constructs directly with his own, his interpretation of a message frequently has to take into account inferences drawn from prior communication experience with the particular sender. The “psychological” indeterminacy springs from the fact that one and the same linguistic message can be sent for widely varying purposes.
I am indebted to Thomas Sebeok for having drawn my attention to Hofstadter’s essay.
I deliberately say “in some sense artificial,” because in nonhuman species signs are clearly not invented and agreed on as they are among humans. Nevertheless there are communicatory signs and they are artificial; for an analysis of this artificiality derived from Tinbergen’s (1952) concept of “incipient movement,” see von Glasersfeld, 1974, 1975.
Georges Mounin in a recent book review states that the condition of “displacement” is “not well formulated; one should perhaps speak of messages outside a situation [Mounin, 1974, p. 205, my translation].”
That the signs are produced by dancing and thus cannot be part of the flight they designate makes them artificial, and the fact that they are also somewhat iconic (because direction relative to the sun is indicated by direction relative to gravity or an artificial light) does not affect that artificiality.
Note that relations are always the result of some conceptual operation on the part of the perceiver; they are not inherent in what is perceived but in the way of perceiving. That this is so even with the simplest spatial relations expressed by prepositions was shown by Spencer Brown (1969). One could say, therefore, that any communication system that provides for the expression of conceptual relations (which as such are never perceptually present) must have “symbolicity.” But since this way of arguing involves basic epistemological considerations, I have here chosen the simpler approach to “symbolicity” via the perceptual and behavioral absence of referents.
This point was recently made also by Premack (1975) with regard to his work with the chimpanzee Sarah.
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April 10, 2017
John and Jesus: Historical Dates for Their Birth, Ministry and Death
John the Baptist and Jesus the Christ were instrumental in launching the movement we know as Christianity. There has been, and continues to be, extensive controversy over the key dates in the lives of these two men. More as a matter of curiosity than substance, we would like to know when they were born, when did they start their ministry, and when did they die?
I spent a considerable amount of time researching this topic for my novel. While it is impossible, based on current knowledge, to exactly pinpoint these dates, we can place them within a rather narrow window of history.
It is generally agreed among most scholars that Jesus was born between 6 and 4 BC. According to the biblical record, John was born before Jesus. It would appear they were born a few months apart based on the timing of Mary’s pregnancy versus the gestation of Elizabeth’s baby. They were both born before the death of Herod the Great, the Roman client king of Judea, calculated by most scholars as being in March or April of 4 BC (also a controversial date).
Since it would appear both John and Jesus were born in the same year, this suggests both were born in 6 or 5 BC. Jesus is supposed to have started his ministry when he was between 29 and 31 years old. This gives more credibility to 5 BC.
Was Jesus born on December 25, 5 BC? Unlikely. The selection of this date was made long after the death of both men by early church fathers, allegedly to replace (or displace) a pagan holiday. Given the relationship of the two pregnancies, astronomical and environmental data (including the timing of the harvest), it would appear John was born in March and Jesus was born in late September or early October, 5 BC.
And that is as close as we can get until archeologists find something new to adjust our calculations.
In order for Jesus to be baptized by John (as recorded in the gospels), his ministry must have started before Jesus was baptized. Given the lag time it takes for information to travel in the first century AD, and the time it would take for John to establish his reputation, it is likely Jesus heard about John’s ministry several months after John actually started baptizing in the Jordan River. That puts a constraint on the start date of ~ 27 AD. He had to be active and well known before Herod Antipas had his steamy affair and then married Herodias (who divorced his half-brother to marry Herod). That romp apparently happened about 27 or 28 AD, which fits nicely with a start date for John’s ministry in 27 AD. Given the time it would take to establish himself as a prophet, we can guess -with some conviction - that John likely started his ministry between July and October of 27 AD. For the sake of historical sanity, I picked July of 27 AD.
John was apparently jailed for his opposition to the marriage of Herod and Herodias in February of 29 AD, and beheaded in August of 29 AD. We can also reach this conclusion because we know John was beheaded before Jesus died, and if Jesus died in April of 30 AD then John would have died the prior August.
If we have an approximation for John the Baptist, we also have to fit the ministry of Jesus within the same date constraints. If John was active from July of 27 AD through February of 29 AD, then Jesus must have been baptized before February 29 AD. According to the gospels, Jesus was about 30 when he established his ministry. That puts a constraint of between 26 and 28 AD. If we match John’s ministry with the baptism of Jesus, it would appear he was baptized in 28 AD. He would have been 31 at the time of his meeting with John.
Neither John nor Jesus had a long ministry. John’s demise came when he criticized Herod for marrying Herodias.
The priests, the Sadducees, and the Philistines regarded Jesus as an unwelcome outsider. Indeed, the Gospels are full of challenges directed at him. Jesus made them look incompetent. They were very annoyed when Jesus overturned the money changer tables because he was intruding on their money making scheme. While the Romans do not appear to have been overly concerned about Jesus, the priests did not have to work very hard to convince Pilate that Jesus was guilty of sedition. In addition, if we review the activity described in Luke (which is probably our best reference for elapsed time), and consider the impossibility of travel in the rainy season, Luke describes a ministry that would last 18 - 24 months.
If Jesus was crucified when he went to Jerusalem for Passover, there are two possible dates. Passover started on Monday, April 18, 29 AD and Friday, April 7, 30 AD. By tradition, Jesus was crucified immediately after Passover on Friday. That suggests April 7, 30 AD is the best fit because Passover would have ended Thursday night after sundown, allowing the Priests to pursue the trial without violating Jewish law (yes they could ignore the fact that Friday was preparation day). They also knew they had to act Thursday night because Jesus would likely leave Jerusalem after the close of Passover on Friday.
Both John and Jesus were born in 5 BC. It would appear the ministries of both John and Jesus lasted no more than 20 months. John ~ July 27 AD to February 29 AD. Jesus ~ August 28 AD. to April 30 AD. John was beheaded in August of 29 AD. Jesus was crucified in April of 30 AD.
That’s the best I can do unless we discover additional definitive and reliable information that gives us a better handle on these dates.
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The story behind the Australian Icon - Ned Kelly
Emma Godbold
Ned Kelly Hero, Villain or Victim
You might say that Ned Kelly is a villain, a criminal, thief and murderer, or maybe a hero, a confident, proud and outgoing man, but have you ever considered Ned Kelly to be a victim. Edward (Ned) Kelly was an Irish-Australian bushranger. He was born in June, 1854/55, at Beveridge, Victoria. Ned’s father, John Kelly, was born in Tipperary, Ireland. John was transported to Australia for stealing two pigs. In 1848, after his release, John moved to Victoria, and married Ellen Quinn three years later. However, once again he was convicted of crime, this time he was found guilty of removing the brand from the skin of a calf. He was sentenced to serving six months of hard labor in the town’s abominable jails. Red’s unfair treatment by the police made a big impression on Ned, and was the fuse that lit the flaming fire of Ned Kelly’s life.
Ned Kelly’s first brush with the law occurred on the 15th of October, 1869, when Ned was only fourteen years of age. He was charged for the assault and robbery of Ah Fook, a pig and fowl trader. According to Ned, Annie (, Ned’s sister), and two witnesses; Annie was peacefully sitting on the front verandah, sewing and mending clothes, when she was approached by Ah Fook. Asking for a drink of water, Annie politely returned with a drink of fresh, creek water in her hands. As this event was unfolding, Ned was listening and heard them talking from inside the house, at the sound of his sisters cries for help, he ran to her side. Ah Fook started abusing Annie; and Ned fought back, he was hit three times with a bamboo stick and ran to the bush, where he didn’t return until after sunset. The following day, Ned was arrested for Ah Fook’s high way robbery and locked up over night.
Ned appeared in court the following morning, and was denied trial as there were no present interpreters (even though an interpreter had been used to translate Ah Fook’s case). Ned was held prisoner for four days, he then appeared in court for the second time on the 20th of October 1869. The Victorian police had once again failed to produce an interpreter, Ned was released and all charges dismissed on the 26th of October 1869. However, Sergeant Whelan continued to keep a close watch on the Kelly family and became to be known by his fellow colleagues, as a perfect encyclopedia about the Kelly family. In this situation Ned was unfairly treated by the police and convicted of a crime he never committed. The Irish-Catholics were unfairly treated and therefore, I believe that Ned was a victim of the Victorian Police force.
On the 15th of April, 1878, Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick rode to the Kelly’s house to arrest Dan Kelly. As he arrived at the house, he was informed that Dan was not present, and neither was Ned. Constable Fitzpatrick joined in a conversation with Mrs. Kelly, and spent quite a considerable amount of time talking to other family members. . At the sound of wood chopping, Fitzpatrick left to ensure that they held a licensed and it was a legal action by William ‘Bricky’ Williamson. On his return to the Kelly’s house, Constable Fitzpatrick witnessed two horse men riding to the home of the Kelly’s. Dan Kelly and Bill Skillion, had been out leisure riding in the bush, and were surprised to find Fitzpatrick in their house when they returned. As Fitzpatrick attempted to make the arrest, Ellen tried to interfere by stating that Dan didn’t have to leave if Fitzpatrick didn’t have a warrant to prove his arrest was official. However, Constable Fitzpatrick threatened to blow her brains out if she dared to interfere again.
As this event started to unfold, Dan was becoming increasingly concerned for his family’s safety and started to fight back against Fitzpatrick’s violent threats. Dan stood up and corned Fitzpatrick, he stole his revolver, but didn’t intend on harming him at any point. Fitzpatrick was freed and immediately rode to Benalla to report the event to his fellow police colleagues. He reported that he had been attacked by Ned, Dan, Ellen, William Williamson, and Bill Skillion. Due to this unfair conviction, Williamson and Skillion were arrested, and Ellen was held in custody with her baby Alice. Dan fled to the bush, along with Ned, and didn’t reappear until much later. It has recently been confirmed that Fitzpatrick was a drunk, and a disgrace to the Victorian police. I believe that the way Ned Kelly was treated by Fitzpatrick was appalling, and that is unthinkable to convict someone of a crime that occurred 200 miles away from his location.
Ned Kelly had survived to stand trial on the 19th of October, 1880, before Justice Sir Redmond Barry. The trial was changed to the 28th, where Kelly was presented on the charge of the murder of Sergeant Kennedy, Constable Scanlan, Constable Lonigan, various bank robberies, murder of Sherritt, and resistance to the police at Glenrowan, together with a forever-continuing list of minor charges. At his request, Ned’s picture was taken and he was granted farewell interviews with family members. His mother’s last words to Ned were”Mind you die like a Kelly.” Ned was sentenced to death by hanging. His last wish was for his mother to be released from jail and for his younger sister, Alice, to have the opportunity to grow up as a normal child. Of course this was overlooked and not considered by anyone to be an honorable action.
Ned was hanged on the 11th of November, 1880, despite over 30 000 signatures on a petition to save his life. Ned was informed of his execution time, he simply remarked, “Such is life.” It has always been thought that Ned Kelly and his family, was unfairly victimized by the police. On many occasions, there were also rumors that that the police had planned to shot Ned and capture him without a warrant of arrest. I believe that Ned Kelly deserved to be given a fair trial with a very experienced judge. Ned Kelly was given an unreasonable trial and this mistake has affected many families that still mourn his death today.
In conclusion, I believe that Ned Kelly was a very heroic many who was victimized by the Victorian police ever since he was just a boy. At the vulnerable age of fourteen Ned was charged for highway robbery and locked up for over four days; he was charged for a crime he never committed. He was convicted of wounding Constable Fitzpatrick, event though he was located over 200 miles away from him at the time. Ned, was also given a very poorly conducted trial, of which the outcome may have possibly been very different if he had being granted an official trial. I strongly believe that Ned Kelly was a victim of stereotyping, and that he is an inspiration to all, through his courageous actions, and the way that he always stood up for what he believed in.
Killings at Stringy Bark Creek
Factual Recount
On Friday, the 25th of October 1878, the police were notified of the Kelly’s location in the Wombat Ranges. Two police search parties were secretly dispatched from Greta and Mansfield, and they immediately began their treacherous journey into the bush. The police set up camp on a disused diggings site near two old, ruined miners huts, on Stringy Bark Creek.
At 5pm, Constable McIntyre and Constable Lonigan were at the campfire preparing dinner for their search party. They were suddenly, surprised by the sound of, “Bail up! Throw up your arms.” The four members of the Kelly gang appeared before the pair with guns, and weapons ready and loaded. McIntyre raised his hands above his head and followed the instructions given by Ned. Lonigan turned and ran towards the shelter of the bush, as he went to put his hands on his revolver; he was shot down, chanting, “Oh Christ, I am shot.”
Ned ordered his brother, Dan Kelly, to search Constable McIntyre, and to take possession of all weapons on camp. As Kennedy and Scanlan rode back into camp, McIntyre approached them and asked them to surrender. Kennedy followed the instructions and politely apologized to his group members. Scanlan, on the other hand, ran towards the security and safety of the scrub. The Kelly’s shot him down and he was mortally wounded.
As the situation started to unfold, McIntyre realized that the Kelly Gang intended to kill all members of the Victorian police force. He took the opportunity and made a dash down Stringy Bark Creek on Sergeant Kennedy’s horse. McIntyre galloped through the scrub for over two miles until his horse became overly exhausted. He concealed himself inside a small wombat hole until dark, and then started his journey on foot. McIntyre finally collapsed at Bridge’s creek, only to continue until he reached the home of John McColl. After a grueling twenty mile journey, McIntyre had made it back alive and was the only living witness of this event. He reported the incident to Sub-Inspector Pewtress, and requested for a search party to be released.
Killings at Stringy Bark Creek
Constable McIntyre
To Charlotte Kennedy,
My name is Constable McIntyre. Before I begin my letter, I would like to remind you, that I worked with your father for many years, and that I am greatly saddened by his death. I always admired your father’s bravery, and I am very ashamed of my actions, that occurred down at Stringy Bark Creek.
Your father, Sergeant Kennedy, was a very courageous officer, who earnt a very high rank during his service as a member of the Victorian police. He was notified that the Kelly gang was situated in the depths of the Wombat Ranges. Two days ago, I, along with your father and two other men, secretly set off on a man hunt for the Kelly Gang. As I was preparing dinner with Constable Lonigan, we were surprised by the threatening words, “Bail up, throw up your arms.”
It was the Kelly Gang. I wistfully raised my arms above my head and stared at the ground. My poor college Constable Lonigan tried to run for shelter, as he put his hands on his revolver, he fell to the ground. He slowly bled to death chanting, “Oh Christ, I am shot.” I was left alone with the Kelly Gang; scared, tired and longing for someone to talk to.
I sat there, on that log, waiting for that dreaded moment when Constable Scanlan and your father, would come back to our campsite, to this fearful place of death. At last, that time finally came, as they came riding into camp, I quickly and politely asked them to surrender and briefly explained to them the fragile situation that we were in. Sergeant Kennedy jumped down off his horse following directions, while Scanlan naively ran for cover. He was shot down with a number of bullet holes in his body. Without thinking, I jumped on your father’s horse and made a dash down the creek.
I galloped through the scrub for over two miles until my horse became overly exhausted, and could take no more. I concealed myself in a wombat hole until dark and continued my journey on foot. After a grueling twenty mile journey, I collapsed at Bridge’s Creek. I made it to the home of John McColl; he kindly took me in to town and helped me distribute the important information of the events.
I am an admirer of your father’s actions, and if I had the opportunity to travel back in time, I would save his in the place of mine. I hope you forgive me and try to understand my pain.
Yours Sincerely,
Constable McIntyre
Killings at Stringy Bark Creek
Charlotte Kennedy
To Sir McIntyre,
My father was a brave and courageous man; he stole the hearts of many and was an inspiration to all. On the day when my father ventured out into the bush in search of the cold-blooded killer, Ned Kelly, he left me alone with only his words to comfort me, “ I’ll be home in a few days, don’t worry my dear. I love you.” I believed in him and waited for his return.
On the third day of his exploit, the news of the killings at Stringy Bark Creek had arrived in our town. One of his honored colleagues, Sergeant Baker, arrived on our doorstep with tears in his eyes. “Your father was a dignified figure of our Victorian Police Force; he has passed protecting the people of our community.” I invited the Sergeant in to have afternoon tea with my mother and I, we listened to his brief recount and mourned my father’s death together.
Sergeant Baker told me of your cowardly actions down at Stringy Bark Creek. My dear father might have had a chance to escape from Ned Kelly’s trap if it wasn't for your desperate dash down Stringy Bark Creek. You stole my father’s horse and most likely his life too; I wish you all the best.
Yours sincerely,
Charlotte Kennedy
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2.2 Conditions of Dhabh
Precious Provisions
taught by Yasir Qadhi
Section 2.2: Slaughtering: Conditions
The requirements for the dhabh, or slaugthering, are as follows:
1. The Intelligence of the one who slaughters or niyah: The person must understand what he is doing. If someone were to accidentally slice the throat of an animal, then it wouldn’t be halaal. All of the scholars, except for Shafi’ee, say that this is a prerequisite.
The scholars do not say that you must be baligh (reached puberty) or that you must be in a state of tahaarah. The scholars do not differentiate on gender either.
2. The religion of the one who slaughters: A Muslim, an “original Christian” or a Jew must have slaugthered the animal, by unanimous consensus.
3. The instrument used must meet the following conditions:
1. It should be sharp.
2. It cannot be made from animal’s teeth or claws. Yasir Qadhi believes that this point is often misunderstood. It does not mean that the instrument with which you are sacrificing cannot be made of teeth or claws. In the old days, they would take a chicken and have it clawed/ripped to death and allow it to bleed. Those sick practices have no place in our deen.
If the animal is slaughtered in any other way then it is haraam. That is, if it is electrocuted to death, etc. This raises an important issue: Federal law requires slaughterhouses to stun the animal before slaughtering. We’ll come back to this point later inshaAllah.
4. The vein that has to be cut: mammals have four primary passages: air passage, food passage, two jugular veins. By unanimous consensus: the perfect slaughter gets all four and leaves the spinal cord. By unanimous consensus, if you get the spinal cord as well, the animal is still halal, although it is makruh.
What is the bare minimum that is required for the slaughter? This varies by madhab.
5. The tasmiya (saying bismillah): the different schools of thought all vary on whether or not saying bismillah is fardh or not. We went over all of the proofs as well, but I didn’t include them as there are a ton 😀
1. Ibn AlQayyim, Ibn Taymiyyah and one opinion of the Hambalis: If you do not say bismillah, the meat is haraam
2. Standard Hambali, Maliki and Hanafi: Saying bismillah is waajib. That is, it is obligatory, but if you forget to say it, there is no sin on you.
3. Shafi’ee: Since the Shafi’ees do not consider slaughtering an act of worship, they say that saying bismillah is simply a Sunnah.
So, to quickly sum it up (and add a few fiqh issues not mentioned above):
1. The person slaughtering must be a Muslim, a Jew or an original Christian.
2. The state of the animal about to be cut must be alive. Most likely the chicken in the US is, but the beef is often times dead before it is cut, even though the FDA requires that it be alive.
3. The three madhabs say that Allah’s name must be mentioned. Automatically, all of the meat in North America would be haraam – well, with the exception of kosher meat.
4. Cleansliness of the animal is also important. If the animal was fed najas, then it would be makruh by the consensus of the scholars.
5. Halal and dhabiHa are synonymous. The difference is only a cultural difference we have invented ourselves.
Also, the shaykh added this small list in the Q&A which I thought was very relevant:
The Etiquettes of Sacrificing/Dhabh
1. Feed it.
2. Give it water.
3. Sharpen the blade, but AWAY from the animal!
4. Leave the animal away from other animals. Do not slaughter in front of other animals.
5. Lay it down on the ground (if it’s not a camel) and cause it’s neck to face the qiblah, and slaughter by saying, “Bismillah, Allahu Akbar.”
6. Slaughtering it quickly.
Stay tuned for the next post – it’s very relevant to those of us living in the US – it has to do with alcohol and gelatin, etc 🙂 I was so happy to cover this in the class! That’s one of the things I was really happy about when I took the class – the content was so relevant to our daily lives and simplified things 🙂
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Identification methods of clothing material fiber - InterfacingFabric.com
Home/Blog/Identification methods of clothing material fiber
Identification methods of clothing material fiber
• Hand feeling and visual inspection
The method of hand sensing is to use hand touch and eye observation to judge the type of fiber by experience. This method is simple and does not require any instruments, but need rich experience. In the identification of clothing materials, besides touching and observing, the yarn can be removed from the edge of the fabric for identification.
Feeling and strength: Cotton, hemp feel hard, wool is very soft, silk, viscose fiber, nylon is moderate. When you break it with your hands, you feel that silk, hemp, cotton and synthetic fiber are strong; wool, viscose and acetate fibers are weaker.
Elongation: When stretching the length of the fiber, the elongation of cotton and hemp is smaller; The length of wool and acetate fiber is larger. However, the extension length of silk, viscose fiber and most synthetic fiber are moderate.
Length and uniformity: The length and uniformity of natural fiber are poor, and the length and uniformity of chemical fiber are better. Cotton fibers are slender, soft, and very short in length. The wool is long and curly, soft and elastic. Silk is long and slender and has a special luster. Hemp fibers are gelatinous and stiff.
Weight: Cotton, flax and viscose fiber is heavier than silk. Acrylic fiber and polypropylene fiber is lighter than silk. Wool, polyester, vinylon, acetate fiber are similar to silk.
• Combustion method
• Microscope observation
By using a microscope to observe the longitudinal shape and cross section of the fiber, or in combination with the dyeing method, natural fibers and the chemical fibers can be more accurately distinguished.
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Hidden Stereotyping—Does Google Racially Discriminate?
Sometimes prejudice is obvious. In the past, segregation, poll taxes, and the entire constellation of Jim Crow tactics were active, overt impediments to the progress and well-being of black Americans.
Laws and customs have changed to better reflect inclusive values, but a truly equal-opportunity society is still a distant dream. Many forms of discrimination remain legal—in most states, for example, it is not against the law to fire someone for being gay or transgender. More insidiously, prejudice can wreak havoc in the subject’s own mind without the intervention of another person.
This effect has been documented in the form of “stereotype threat,” in which reminders—even subconscious reminders—of purported difference can actually create that difference; otherwise, in certain cases, performance is the same. The New York Times summarized one such study:
In a 1995 article in The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Professors Steele and Aronson found that black students performed comparably with white students when told that the test they were taking was “a laboratory problem-solving task.” Black students scored much lower, however, when they were instructed that the test was meant to measure their intellectual ability. In effect, the prospect of social evaluation suppressed these students’ intelligence.
The same article explains how stereotypes can negatively affect even those whose stereotypes are “positive”:
[I]n a study published earlier this year in the journal Learning and Individual Differences, high school students did worse on a test of spatial skills when told that males are better at solving spatial problems because of genetic differences between males and females. The girls were anxious about confirming assumptions about their gender, while the boys were anxious about living up to them.
Earlier this month, a new Harvard study illuminated another hidden source of stereotype perpetuation: automatically generated online search advertising. The BBC reported that Googling names associated with black people leads to measurably more crime-related content in the ads accompanying the search results. According to the Guardian, the “research suggests that it’s 25% more likely you’ll get ads for criminal record searches from ‘black-identifying’ names than white-sounding ones.”
Forbes has a disappointing take on the study. Gizmodo asks, “[I]s that Google being racist? Or the people (that would be us) using Google who are racist?” After all, Google’s algorithms respond to user activity—they “adapt ad placement based on mass-user habits,” in the Guardian‘s explanation. But it would be too cynical by half to simply throw up our hands and accept racist ads as “only” a reflection of racist sentiment.
The Guardian draws an analogy between internet architecture and language—both reflect real-world prejudice, but both can be changed for the better:
For centuries people have been attempting to rid language of its “structural racism” by inventing politically neutral dialects. Esperanto, created by the rather wonderfully named LL Zamenhof, has been the most successful of these efforts, designed to transcend nationality and foster peace, love, harmony, all that good stuff. It hasn’t quite got there yet but it has managed to spawn tens of thousands of fluent speakers, as well around a thousand native speakers. It could be said that the technological equivalent of Esperanto is Value Sensitive Design (VSD), a belief that technology should be proactively influenced to take account of human values in the design process, rather than simply reacting to them after afterwards.
The quoted selection seems to regard the idealism behind Esperanto as naive—that is, again, too cynical. Idealism is a great asset in the fight against discrimination.
Do you have questions about workplace discrimination? Contact The Harman Firm today.
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Treatments for Cancer
In India, an estimated 8.8 lakh cancer related deaths are expected by 2020. These numbers are terrifying, and therefore it is important for us to learn about the little things in our everyday life that can be possible causes of cancer. However, for a cancer patient, the most tricky part is to recognize the symptoms of the disease and take immediate steps to prevent it from spreading to other parts of the body.
Read more: How did Guru manage to fight Leukemia, cancer of the blood?
Cancer is treated differently at different stages, depending on the type of cancer affecting our body, such as – lung cancer treatment, blood cancer treatment, breast cancer treatment, stomach cancer treatment, etc. There are some commonly practiced treatments, as well as new alternative cancer treatments. That said, the cost for each type of cancer treatment is quite high, adding significant financial burden to the patient and the family. Therefore it is important for patients and families to understand the health, as well as financial implication before taking a decision on the treatment.
More commonly known as ‘chemo’, it is the use of drugs to treat or kill cancer cells that have already spread in a person’s body. While radiation and surgery can affect cancerous cells only in a certain part, chemo medication has its effects on the entire body. It is often used as palliative treatment, when cancer is in its advanced stages, with the goal to reduce pain or improve the patient’s quality of life.
Radiation is that one word which is most commonly associated with cancer treatment. It uses high-energy x-rays, gamma rays, beams, or protons to damage or destroy cancer cells, and prevent them from multiplying or spreading to other parts of the body. Radiation comes with some side effects, because the rays may also affect other cells in our body. Side effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, skin problems, appetite loss, etc.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a relatively new technique that uses drugs to attack only cancer affected cells. It is similar to radiation, but has different side-effects because it is more specific in it’s target.
Immunotherapy uses one’s own body and immune system to fight cancer. Certain proteins are given to patients, to stimulate their immune system to work harder in order to fight the cancerous cells. In most cases, it is used in a combination with another treatment.
Usually when cancer is found in only one part of a person’s body, it can be removed with one or more surgeries by cutting out the cancerous part, and preventing it from growing and spreading. This technique won’t be efficient if a person has cancer spread in other parts of the body, therefore it might have to be done in combination with another treatment.
These cancer treatments as well as the alternative cancer treatments have their positives and negatives, which your doctor can explain best. But the real problem arises when a person already affected by the disease can’t access proper cancer cure and treatments due to financial constraints. Each of these cancer treatments have a draining effect on the financial position of the sufferer.
Regardless of mediclaims, insurances, or medical loans, majority of the Indian population affected by the disease is not in a position of afford even basic treatment for cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation, let alone surgeries – which would completely deplete a person’s financial savings, even if they have been saving for years. In these situations, people need to look at available alternative cancer treatment or different ways to raise funds for cancer cure, such as crowdfunding, to help them pay for treatment.
By starting a crowdfunding campaign, a patient can mobilize people who are compassionate to help, and request them to donate towards a treatment fund. So if you, or anyone you know has cancer, don’t let them fight alone.
Help save a life!
5 ways to Raise Funds for Cancer Treatment
From doctor’s bills to expensive medications and tests to radiation and chemotherapy, cancer devastates millions of lives every year. Inability to get the financial help for cancer patients often leads to lost hopes, and sufferers just giving up.
But today thankfully, there are newer and more innovative ways to raise funds for cancer treatment, such as crowdfunding, that are not only easier and faster but also come without the long-term implications such as interests on loan.
This World Cancer Day, Impact Guru presents to you a list of 5 ways, you can raise funds for your loved one who is fighting cancer:
Online crowdfunding campaign for cancer patients
There are several online portals for crowdfunding, such as Impact Guru that enables you to use the power of technology to ask people to donate for your treatment costs. All you have to do is create a compelling campaign story, accompanied with audio-visuals, that can be directly aimed at potentials donors, such as cancer survivor networks, and others involved in philanthropy. Once your campaign is put out to the people, anyone who connects with your cause, will donate and help you fight the disease.
A fundraising event for cancer patients
There are various kinds of charity events that you can organize, to have people come together for a good cause. Some ideas for cancer fundraisers are: charity runs for patients on World Cancer Day, musical concerts, bake sales, etc. All you have to do is mobilize the crowd by inviting them to your event. Let them know about the disease, how long you’ve been fighting it, what type of cancer you have, and which treatment can save your life. Not only does it provide financial help for the cancer patient, but it also allows people to be part of a fun activity.
The power of virality on social media
Remember the ALS ice bucket challenge? Within 2 days, everyone was aware of the disease. It became so viral, that celebrities and famous personalities were doing the challenge on social media, and asking people to donate to the cause. That was one of the most successful, viral fundraising activity that ever took place to raise awareness for a disease.
Direct donations from your family and friends
Your family and friends are your closest and most supportive network. Since they know you personally, they will surely step forward to help you raise money for your treatment. These are the people who care for you most and want to see you get better, so don’t hesitate in contacting them for help.
NGOs, private trusts, and government schemes
There are several associations for cancer aid, and cancer survivors, that give financial assistance to people who cannot afford treatment. Aside from that, there are also several government schemes, that help sufferers with grants, to pay for expensive treatments.
We hope this list helps you in case, you are raising funds for someone who is fighting cancer. Being a sufferer of this fatal disease is never easy, and adding to the sorrow is the struggle that families go through to raise sufficient funds for treatment. The most important thing is to not give up hope and to employ these innovative methods in emerging out safe and sound.
Click here and start raising for Cancer treatment.
3 easy ways to fund your medical treatment
When someone in your family falls severely ill, aside from the trauma of the sickness itself, medical expenses and hospital bills can be really damaging to the family. In India, where health and sanitation facilities are not easily accessible or affordable for all, especially in many rural regions, catching a life threatening disease or illness is feared.
The most practical measure to seek help with medical bills is to have medical insurance. But realistically speaking, the greater number of our population may not be able to afford medical insurance. So they resort to other ways, such as applying for loans or asking friends and family for money.
Here are three useful ways to seek financial help for medical treatment:
1.) Medical Loans:
medical fund blog-Loan
As long as there are no previous loans or arrears, with the right documentation and verification process, application for financial help for medical treatment in the form of a loan can be raised with the bank for medical emergencies. Alternatively, one can even take a personal loan from a friend or a family member for little or no interest to get help with medical bills.
2.) NGOs or Private trusts
medical funding blog-NGos
There are many NGOs and private trusts that have been set up solely to provide financial help for medical treatment to people suffering from a certain medical condition. For instance, there are cancer societies, AIDS trusts, associations for the blind, to name a few. Most of these associations have strong networks with philanthropists, and even government networks, who can offer subsidized treatments and schemes for payments.
3.) Crowdfunding
medical fund blog- Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding is another very effective way to raise funds for medical expenses. This method relies on effectively communicating your urgency for funds to a large number of individuals, groups, and organizations, who can be persuaded to contribute even small amounts through online platforms. There are many crowdfunding portals such as Impact Guru, that one can use to set up their campaign and apply for financial help for medical treatment. While it is a newer method, it is growing in popularity owing to its ease of usage and effectiveness of fund utilization.
When a loved one’s life is in jeopardy, and can only be saved through an expensive medical procedure, the need of the hour is to find any way that you can to get medical help and raise money for treatment.
Worried about paying the medical bills? Sign up to get access to financial help for medical treatment.
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Behind Names by Laci Moore
“Behind Names”
By Laci Moore
In Ghana, names can directly reflect who a person is, who they should be, and where they came from. The first name is given based on the day of birth. The spelling or the pronunciation can change depending on the location or the tribe, according to Edwin Brown, a student I met here at the University of Ghana in Legon. The child then waits eight days before he/she is given their middle name and last. The eight days are very significant because the child is considered a visitor, meaning the child can come and go until the eighth day. According to Kwasi Gyasi-Gyamerah, the Resistant Director of CIEE here at the University of Ghana in Legon, there is a difference between the traditional and contemporary naming process in Ghana. Traditionally, in the Akan region, a child is given their middle name based on who they should imitate or who has been successful in life. The last name is not as significant or needed. Contemporary naming practices tend to give a child their father’s last name but the middle name is still more valued.
The naming ceremony is very important to the older generation and less so for younger people. It begins and ends with prayer regardless of the person’s religion. The parents are not as involved as the elders or the uncle is in this ceremony. The grandfather places his finger in a glass of water and then places that on the child’s tongue. This is supposed to be the child’s first taste of the truth. Then the grandfather places his finger in alcohol and then places his finger on the child’s tongue. This is supposed to allow the child to tell the difference between what is good and what is bad, between what is truth and what is not. Then the names are presented to the family by the elder. At the end of the ceremony, cloth and other things are given as gifts to the child. I find that this concept is similar to the Wise Men bringing gifts when Christ was born.
Names are very important in many different cultures, and there are implications attached to names that may not be obvious to people who do not belong to the community. In America, names are determined in many different ways. Some people will post polls on Facebook, look for names in a baby book, or name a child after a grandparent or other relative. In my opinion, names are not as valued or thought about as much in America.
If you would like to learn more about the Akan culture and why names are given, I encourage you to further research this topic. One interesting article can be found here:
Akan names
Works Cited
Kwasi, Adomako. “Truncation Of Some Akan Personal Names.” GEMA Online Journal Of Language Studies 15.1 (2015): 143-162. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 24 June 2016.
What Do These Symbols Mean? – Danya Mason
“What Do These Symbols Mean?”
By Danya Mason
As our group has traveled in Ghana, we have noticed symbols, called Adinkra, everywhere. Whether we are attending lectures at the International House, visiting places like Kakum National Park, or gazing at the beautiful jewelry crafted by local artists, Adinkra are ever present in the rich culture here. Naturally, my curiosity grew on finding the origin, deeper meaning, and the importance people attach to them.
Adinkra symbols emerged in popularity at the end of a war in 1818 between the Asante Empire, located in what is now modern day Ghana, and the Gyaman Kingdom, located in modern day Côte D’Ivoire. Nana Kofi Adinkra was the king of Gyaman, but unfortunately, he was captured by the Asantes for replicating the “Golden Stool”, which represents absolute power descended from the heavens to the Asantes. He was soon killed for this offense, resulting in the Gyaman kingdom becoming an Asante territory. Also, Adinkra means “goodbye” or “farewell” in Twi, a common language spoken in Ghana, so it signified the fall of the Gyaman kingdom and Nana Kofi Adinkra. Since the symbols were already a part of life in the Gyaman kingdom, they soon became integrated into Asante culture.
Adinkra symbols hold great significance to Ghanaians now because they are reflective of Asante history and contain great wisdom of how one’s life should be influenced. Though I have come from a different culture, I have found myself to grow attached to a couple of Adinkra in correlation with my life, which are named Sankofa and Gye Nyame.
Sankofa, which has a direct translation of, “return and fetch it,” is an Adinkra focused heavily on learning from the past. An individual must use past experiences in order to learn from one’s mistakes, form a better future, and gain wisdom.
I found this Adinkra, Sankofa, at Kakum National Park.
I found this Adinkra, Sankofa, at Kakum National Park.
I hold myself firmly to this Adinkra because if I did not have the opportunity to make mistakes in life, I would learn nothing, I would be shallow to those who make mistakes, and I would never have the chance to be enriched with wisdom. The first experience in life that hit me in this way was when I auditioned to be a drill team officer in high school. The first time I auditioned, I failed and did not make it, which hit me like a ton of bricks. I feel that if I had succeeded with becoming a drill team officer the first time, I would see no flaw in myself and have no reason to better myself. As the next year rolled around for auditions again, I had taken extra dance and leadership classes and reevaluated my approach toward the judges at auditions. Fortunately, this led to my success in becoming a drill team officer.
Gye Nyame has a direct translation of, “except God”, which signifies the immortality of God. The deeper meaning is as follows: nobody lived to see the beginning of time, and nobody will live to see the end, except God.
I found this Adinkra, Gye Nyame, at the International House where we attend our lectures.
I found this Adinkra, Gye Nyame, at the International House, where we attend our lectures.
With closer examination of the Gye Nyame symbol, one can see that it shows a person being held inside the hands of God. I have seen this Adinkra in almost every market that sells art and even on the International House building at the University of Ghana. I feel that the strong presence of God in Ghana parallels with the strong presence of God in East Texas. Though I am thousands of miles away from home, the immortality and comfort of God continues to linger.
For more Adinkra symbols, you can visit:
The Transatlantic Slave Trade in West Africa by Danya Mason
Today, our group attended a lecture given by Dr. Kofi Baku, one of the professors at the University of Ghana. We discussed the impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in West Africa, which occurred from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries. The following are important, interesting points that enhanced my knowledge in the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
Why is discussing the Transatlantic Slave Trade so important?
1. It was the last and most prominent slave trade in West Africa.
2. Its destruction affected the largest amount of Africans, which totaled around 12-15 million people.
How did the Transatlantic Slave Trade begin?
This picture shows the flow of goods and human resources throughout the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
1. The Transatlantic Slave Trade began when Europeans wanted to settle into the New World to exploit land and resources.
2. Europeans first utilized natives of the New World; however, many died of sicknesses the Europeans brought over and were also overworked.
3. Also, a fun fact, the first European country to make an agreement to exchange manufactured goods for raw materials and slaves for New World advancement was Portugal.
What was the average annual amount of slaves who safely made it across the Atlantic?
How were slaves obtained?
1. Prisoners of war were heavily recycled, meaning some were forced to fight in wars against their comrades, some were sent to the mines, and the rest were sold as slaves.
2. Slaves were also obtained through criminals and bandits tearing through villages and kidnapping people with intentions of keeping them as slaves.
3. Another way is through judicial process. An example of this is as follows: chiefs had mistresses, and when the mistresses took an oath of office, the chief would force her to confess if other men had been flirting with her, which, at times, was done by force. Once the mistress confessed, the men would be extracted and ordered into slavery.
4. The last way was betrayal, where even a close relative could be sentenced. For instance, if a husband did not have enough money to pay for goods, he could sell his wife into slavery to pay for the goods. Once the wife was taken advantage of and the debt was paid off, she was thrown back to her husband.
Below is a link if further interested in the voyages across the Atlantic.
Lasting Lessons- Erin Hicks, Maggie Mahfood, and Rebekah Provines
We are all sitting around our respective tables tonight, finishing up last minute packing, and getting ready for our four AM flight to Texas. It has been an incredible month in one of the most beautiful places on earth and we are undeniably grateful for the ability to have had this experience. We have been fortunate enough to have spent this month with three terrific faculty members who have invested their time, a precious and limited resource, into our lives, and we are better people for having learned from them. It is with very mixed emotions that we begin our journey home. The past thirty days have taught us:
1. How to truly appreciate art.
2. What it means to be outside of our “comfort zone.”
3. To slow down.
4. How to make the small moments count.
5. How to embrace adventure.
6. What it means to communicate effectively.
7. To respect cultural values different than our own.11418270_10153010524286229_1436893778_n
8. How to navigate public transportation.
9. How to take initiative in planning independent trips.
10. What a true Italian meal tastes like.
11. What good coffee means. Quality over quantity.
12. The great things that we are capable of.
13. How to disconnect from technology.
14. How to connect with the people around us.
15. That home can be a feeling, not just a physical dwelling.
16. How to value people’s individual outlook on every aspect of life.
17. How to get along with a diverse group of individuals.
18. How to live on a budget.
19. How to pursue happiness.
20. What it feels like to be truly content.
21. How to deal with European washing machines.
22. What it means to make friends.
23. About the overwhelming beauty of nature.
24. How to marvel at the history and beauty of mankind.
25. The value of trust and loyalty within the Italian culture.
26. How to love people genuinely.
27. How to accept and cope with the things we cannot change.
28. How to endure a nine hour flight.
29. That travel sparks an untamable curiosity.
30. What wanderlust feels like.
This list is by no means comprehensive, as it is impossible to quantify all that we have learned here. Every single one of us has had a unique experience during our time abroad. There are lessons that cannot be taught in a classroom. This world is big and begs to be explored, and GATE has given us the opportunity to learn and experience something absolutely life changing. We are forever grateful to those who made this experience possible and look forward to carrying its lessons with us for the rest of our lives.
The View- Maggie Mahfood
It is hard to believe that in less than 48 hours we will be back in Texas. We have each had very unique experiences and been taught lessons that we will continue to learn from and reflect on for the rest of our lives. Before I left home someone said to me, “You are going to have an experience that many will only dream of.” This has been undeniably true. Last night we all gathered to have a final dinner together before we leave this place we have grown to love. We each took turns reflecting on the lessons we have learned and sharing memories with each other. It was so hard to specifically define the best moment of this incredible adventure, but after giving it some thought, I knew which experience had been the most impactful for me. Halfway through our trip, we left Florence to spend three days in Rome. On our second day we had the entire morning to ourselves. At this point in the trip, exhaustion was setting in, emotions were high, and morale was low at 6:30 in the morning. However, five of us managed to drag ourselves out of our blissfully air conditioned hotel room and trek to St. Peter’s in Vatican City
st peters 3
Early morning breakfast before heading to St. Peter’s.
We were determined to be some of the first people in line to climb to the top of the cupola on St. Peter’s Basilica. The temptation to complain was high as we climbed 300 steps and had only made it halfway to the top. We completed our climb within a strenuous half hour. Upon stepping out of the stairwell, my breath was taken away and I felt tears of awe fill my eyes; the climb was more than worth it. It was one of the most beautiful things I have ever seen in my life, and pictures cannot do the view any justice.
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An attempt at capturing our view.
Regardless of a person’s religious affiliation or background, the sweeping magnitude of Vatican City is inspiring. It was at the very top of St. Peter’s that I remembered someone telling us that people never asked “How much?” or “How long?” when building the beautiful, historical places of worship that we have seen throughout Italy. The construction of the beautiful churches took resources that, at the time, were scarce and many, many years to complete. It was in that moment that I was amazed at man’s ability to pour out energy into something greater than himself. On top of St. Peter’s in Vatican City, I determined that I would never again ask “How much?” or “How long?” when it came to being a part of something bigger than myself, something special. That bigger thing is different for all of us. If I have learned anything on this trip, it is that people are to be loved and cared about, even when it’s not convenient. Life is to be lived to the fullest, even when we are exhausted. Joy is to be sought after every day and risks are to be taken. We can never hold back and never ask “How much?” or “How long?” when trying to make our world a more beautiful and loving place.
st peters
Post climb | Full of joy
Wheeling My Way Downtown- Jessica Warren
Living with a handicapped parent for most of my life means that I have adapted to look for certain features whenever I visit a new place. I automatically look for ramps at entrances, I always notice whether or not aisles are wide enough for a wheelchair to pass through, and I always look to see if counters are low enough for a person in a wheelchair to reach. I’m often disappointed at home in the United States when I find that a business has not taken into consideration that some people will need to be able to access it from a wheelchair, but here in Italy I have noticed that handicap accessibility is a bit more scarce than at home. Florence is absolutely gorgeous, but unfortunately, not everyone is able to visit some of the beautiful places this city has to offer.
Most museums that we have visited here in Florence and in Rome have taken measures to make their facilities accessible to the handicapped, including equipment such as ramps, elevators, and stair lifts. However, older buildings such as the medieval and renaissance era churches are still inaccessible to people with physical disabilities. The fact that many structures in Italy have not been updated to include handicap accessibility is no surprise. When every inch of a building was designed by a famous renaissance architect, the question of augmenting the structure to add an elevator or other practical (but not so beautiful) element is a difficult one to answer. On the one hand, preserving the antique beauty of Florentine structures is incredibly important from an artistic as well as a historical standpoint. But on the other, not adding wheelchair accessibility to these structures keeps many people from being able to experience them.
one of the six flights of stairs to my apartment in Florence with no elevator or lift
Centuries-old Florentine churches are not the only structures that are difficult to access for the handicapped. Shops and restaurants in the city often have at least one step at the doorway, and sometimes have sales floors or dining rooms that are situated on multiple levels separated by steps. In addition to this, doorways and aisles in stores and restaurants are often much too narrow for a wheelchair to pass through safely. Though handicap accessibility is by no means universal in the United States, more legislation and regulation of businesses means that most apartment buildings will have at least one handicap accessible unit, and doorways of shops are required to be at least wide enough for a standard wheelchair to pass through. Here in Italy, my apartment building and most of the others I have been in have no unit on the ground floor and no elevator. Shops and restaurants in Florence and several in Rome require you to walk down a flight of stairs immediately after stepping through the doorway. These stores and restaurants are full of beautiful and unique items and food, but it is unfortunate that part of the population cannot even get through the doorway. Aside from the actual structures in Florence, the streets of the city are complicated to maneuver for a person who uses a wheelchair. This problem is not necessarily unique to Florence; many cities have uneven or cobblestoned streets. In Florence, though, most of the city has sidewalks for pedestrians, but they are too narrow in most places for two people to stand side by side, and definitely too narrow for most wheelchairs.
The opportunity to live and study in Florence has been incredible and I am extremely grateful that I have been able to do this. Our group has seen so many beautiful sites, rich with history and culture. Florence is a breathtaking city, and I am hopeful that a solution can be found that both meets the needs of handicapped people who wish to explore this city, and preserves the history, culture, and beauty of the city.
Dante at Biennale 2015- BeeBee Hale
If you’ve been keeping up with the blog then you’ve already heard about the incredible art show, Biennale, in Venice that Alexis blogged about. If not, just know that this art exhibition is like no other in that it features just one artist from each of the 89 countries involved. This exhibition only takes place once every few years and to have had the opportunity to see it in person was truly incredible. One piece in particular stood out to me as the artist drew inspiration from Dante’s Divine Comedy.
The work itself is a celestial chart depicting constellations constructed from red and yellow taillights against a black background made to look like the night sky. According to one very helpful exhibition worker this is what the piece means: the use of every day, man-made materials represents humanity and its accomplishments, while placing the taillights in the shape of constellations represents humanity’s constant desire to both figuratively and literally reach for the stars. Each of the three books in Dante Aligh-
IMG_9692ieri’s Divina Commedia- Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso- end in the word ‘stelle’ or ‘stars’ and just like the art piece, this is to call attention to humanity looking toward the heavens to find meaning, purpose, and inspiration. Dante’s Inferno, in particular, deals with the theme of human desire and how if we succumb to our baser desires, we might just end up in hell suffering grotesque, albeit creative, tortures for all eternity. Interestingly enough, the Australian artwork has the word ‘desire’ written in three different languages along the top curve of the circular celestial chart. This is to tie in the common thread of desire throughout all humanity despite cultural differences or boundaries.
One of the greatest things about this trip is that the knowledge we have been gaining in class is very applicable to the places we’ve been visiting. In Dr. Streufert’s class we read selections from Dante’s Inferno and even on a non-school funded trip to Venice, my friends and I saw a modern artwork that was referencing Dante. It just goes to show that everything we are learning about, even if it’s a comedy from the Renaissance period, remains relevant in the art world and is still affecting different cultures and people around the world today.
People and Perspectives- Rebekah Provines
Now that the end of the trip is in sight, I have had time to think back on what I have experienced. I could rattle off all the fun places we, as a group, have been, and all the memories that go with the journey. However, Italy has given me more than just that crazy time we climbed seventy five flights of stairs for the view or the times we ate at our favorite restaurant down the street more than four times in a week. Italy has given me a different perspective on life. It is not just the slow pace of day-to-day life or the great food, but it is the people.
The Italian people have a very innocent way of life and by innocent I mean trusting. I can order a café and a pastry, walk outside, eat it, and they trust that I will pay for it when I finish. In the States, you pay before you receive due to the lack of trust. The people are also very kind as long as you attempt to speak Italian. They will laugh at you in a loving way but then help you find whatever it is that you need. Once you talk to a local for a couple minutes you feel a connection with them that is pure and genuine. I have befriended a lady named Clarissa at the local food market. I love to buy produce from her because she teaches me Italian as I teach her English. She doesn’t speak any English and my Italian is very poor. However, together we have created a friendship.
Another way Italy has changed the way I look at life is through the enriching history. I have seen all the pictures of the Colosseum and the Forum in texts and online, but whenever you have two professors with a never ending wealth of knowledge about ancient Italian history the experience reaches a whole new level. Instead of looking at a rock sticking strait out of the ground, I am learning that it is a Doric column that was once part of the temple of Hera (a Greek goddess). It is simply amazing to look out over an ancient civilization and walk exactly where its citizens did. Italy has been an amazing experience and I know that all the lessons I have learned will help me in my future travels and throughout my life.
Florence: The Original Fashion Capital – Alayna Sims
When you think of fashion, everyone loves to shout out Paris, New York, or even Milan. In all of my years studying fashion, from designing to modeling, those were the names that were written about the most. So, you could imagine my surprise when I was informed that the fashion industry actually has roots planted here in Florence. While we sat in one of the lectures given by Enrica Guidato here at Santa Reparata, I was exposed to so much about the Italian influence of the fashion industry, that it is impossible for me to believe anything else. My favorite part of the lecture was finding out that Coco Chanel was apart of the invention of capri pants! This lecture had taught me to view the industry that I loved more globally rather than locally. I took over two pages of notes, and I feel that this lecture sparked my curiosity to study fashion with more of a global focus now.
Another event that blew my mind was getting to see the costume gallery at the Pitti Palace. Getting to see how fashion has evolved throughout history had made me feel as if I was actually in those time periods!
I thought I had loved fashion before, but being in Florence has given me so much inspiration, that I can’t wait to get back to the states to sketch and design so many new looks! What’s even better than the haute couture is how fashionable the Florentine public is.
Everywhere I turned there was some woman dressed in Miu Miu or some man with a Valentino 3-piece suit with a Louis Vuitton duffel bag. It’s as if all of these people can get designer clothing at dollar store prices! By just people watching, I learned that the Italian people take pride in their appearance just as much as they do…well everything else! You can tell that the Florentines know where they live, and they strut down the streets of Florence with purpose and style, as if the town is their runway. If there is anything I learned about being in Florence, it is that the people wear the clothes, the clothes don’t wear them.
First Impressions vs. Life As a Temporary Local: How My Florentine Experience Has Evolved Over Time by Alia Pappas
Somewhere along the way during our stay in Italy, my GATE friends and I became temporary locals of Florence. Having been here for almost a month now, I’m finding that my perspective of the city that all of GATE 15 now calls home has changed since our plane touched down on May 20th.
Upon our arrival in Florence, my roommates and I remedied our jet lag with a nap in our apartment and then set out to find some dinner. We quickly realized that we didn’t have to travel very far to find it. Turning the corner of our block, we were met with the sight of a piazza sporting restaurants, cafes, and a stunning cathedral that would remain nameless for many days until we became more familiar with our neighborhood and discovered it was called Santa Maria Novella. At this point, we were in the “honeymoon phase” and the pizza that we ate at a restaurant that I now realize caters to tourists seemed like the best we had ever eaten. Our immediate impression of Florence on that first night was that it was a city that was exciting and beautiful, which was only furthered as we walked around the block for gelato and then back to our apartment to the tune of street musicians playing “Beauty and the Beast.” At this point, we were giddy and nervous, and every moment was a lifelong memory waiting to happen and we were eager to receive each one.
Alayna Sims, Becky Dixon, Penny Dutton, and I enjoying our first dinner in Florence next to Santa Maria Novella.
For our first few days in the illustrious Firenze, my roommates and I discovered the city and made a few tourist faux-pas. I remember us searching for tourist destinations with our noses pressed to the pages of maps, jittery at the possibility of pickpockets and trying to avoid annoying waiters beckoning us into their restaurants. In our apartment, I remember being nervous about living without an air conditioner and fearing that the infamous mosquitoes would eat me alive.
The mosquitoes did eat me alive, and Vape (vah-pay), an Italian brand of mosquito repellant, has since become my new best friend. Despite this one negative, however, my extended stay in Florence has opened me up to a plethora of positive experiences and realizations. Meeting locals and discovering more of Florence are the two things that have most helped me to integrate into life in the city. One of the most prominent locals that I have met is actually one of the aforementioned “annoying” waiters that kept trying to persuade my roommates and I to eat at his restaurant. We have had to pass by “the best restaurant in the world” every day, so we have become friends with this waiter, getting high-fives from him on our way to take our midterms. He and other locals have helped me to better understand the Italians’ lifestyle and customs, which I have discovered that I love, especially walking arm-in-arm with friends and enjoying the slower pace of life here.
Becky, Penny, and I walking like Italians through the streets of Siena.
Becky, Penny, and I walking arm-in-arm like Italians through the streets of Siena. We do this all the time in Florence, too!
By exploring the city, I now walk with confidence and, although I remain aware, I am no longer terrified by pickpockets. I have come to rarely need a map and have found many restaurants and grocery stores to frequent. Sometimes, when I am walking to these places I even find myself growing a little annoyed with the lost tourists, but I remind myself to have sympathy for them because I know what it is like to be in their place. One of my shining “local” moments was when one of these tourists asked me for directions and I was able to easily give them.
Although I have grown accustomed to life in Florence, some aspects of it never get old. I still smile when I hear “Beauty and the Beast” outside my apartment, even if I have every note memorized. Florence is still just as beautiful and captivating as ever. When I first arrived here, I thought that every little experience was worth documenting. Today, I think the same. I have learned so much on this trip, such as how to be more accepting, patient, innovative, and caring. I never want to forget this life-changing experience of living in Florence, my home away from home.
My wonderful roommates and I in front of the Duomo. Florence wouldn't be the same without them!
My wonderful roommates and I in front of the Duomo. Florence wouldn’t be the same without them!
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The origins of coffee
The stimulating effect of the coffee bean is thought to have first been discovered in Ethiopia, Africa in the 9th century. Coffee took a journey through Africa into Arabia.
The earliest notable evidence of coffee drinking is from the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. Legend has it, that an ancient mystic observed lively birds pecking at some berries and he proceeded to try some himself! An alternative account depicts a goat-herd, who on seeing his goats energized by the coffee plant, he ate some himself and then rushed to show a holy man in the nearby monastery. However, the holy man cast them into the fire in disgust. Yet when a beautiful aroma arose from the flames, they decided to gather the embers, grind them, and dissolve them in hot water, making the world’s first cup of coffee!
In Yemen, there is evidence that coffee beans were roasted and brewed. By the following century, coffee had reached all the Middle East, after which coffee spread to Italy and into Europe, Indonesia and America.
Coffee also became available no later than the 16th century in England. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael’s Alley in Cornhill.
21 Responses so far.
2. ed hardy says:
Quali parole … Super, ottima idea
3. ed hardy says:
4. Ich denke, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Ich biete es an, zu besprechen.
5. ed hardy says:
6. ed hardy says:
8. Se si dice che sono sulla strada sbagliata.
9. Encuentro que no sois derecho. Escriban en PM, hablaremos.
10. Hat nicht allen verstanden.
11. jahlgren says:
I apologise, but, in my opinion, you are not right. Let’s discuss it. Write to me in PM.
12. kefudge says:
Concesso, si tratta di una notevole risposta
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Mobile cloud computing & applition cloud computing challenge and solution
Mobile Cloud Computing:
Mobile cloud computing is a technology that is a combination of cloud computing & mobile computing. Mobile cloud computing has many advantages such as, it provides flexibility, low cost option, unlimited storage and applications etc.The application in mobile cloud needs computation, multi-media processing and data mining and cloud computing helps in mobile computing by increasing the computing capability.
1- Cloud Computing
Cloud computing delivers computing services over the internet on demand and these services are on pay as you go basis. This technology provides access to the data at any time and from anywhere. Cloud services comprised social networking, such as YouTube, Facebook etc., web mail, such as Gmail, yahoo etc., online file storage, such as i Cloud etc. Cloud services can be rented from the third-party vendor .There are many advantages of cloud computing, such as cost efficient, reliability etc., and disadvantages, such as security concern etc.
2- Mobile Computing
Mobile computing is a technology that allows transmission of data over the internet without needing to be connected to a fixed physical link. The mobile communication offers the reliable communication. This include devices, such as protocols, bandwidth etc This concept is reliant on mobile devices that receive or access the mobility services, such as laptop and smartphone or mobile devices etc. Mobile computing offers various in-built mobile applications in a single device, such as mobile browser, games etc.
Mobile commerce applications do many tasks which involve mobility tasks, such as transactions, messaging and payments through mobile devices. Mobile commerce has many advantages and there are some challenges too, such as security issue, low network bandwidth issue etc.
2- Mobile Healthcare:
Mobile healthcare applications are used for medical treatments etc. Mobile cloud computing applied in medical applications to minimize the drawbacks of traditional medical applications, such as limited storage space, privacy and security etc.
3- Mobile Gaming:
Mobile gaming has several benefits such as, energy saving, increase in gaming speed because of cloud’s processing power. The advantage of mobile cloud gaming is that gamer can play the games without the need of installing the game. It saves the mobile storage space as well as increase processing power.
1- Physical Threat
Challenges: SIM card can be removed from the mobile without the permission of the mobile owner and thus can be used by any person.
Possible solutions: Developers can upgrade the security level at the application level. Developer should add security to sim cards and the personal data should not be store on the cards. On using cloud services, when a mobile device is lost backup service is needed, to facilitate the user to recover their personal information from the cloud. Also, advanced security methods can be used like, voice recognition and fingerprints to protect mobile devices.
2 – Mobile network security threat
Challenges: Dealing with mobile network security threat is a major challenge. The threat could be from the user-side, could be in the mobile network or from the cloud.
Possible solutions: Every mobile user should have their own personalized security configuration so that, only genuine users who can fulfil all the security measures can access data and applications in the cloud. Mobile and cloud services require up-to-date security configuration where cloud providers hold more security levels than mobile network. Finally, there is need to protect the transmission of data between mobile devices and cloud storage.
3- Data Access:
Challenges: The number of data are increasing on the cloud fast. So, dealing with the large no. of data i.e. storing, managing and accessing has become very challenging. This may lead to increase the cost of data communication and processing for users.
Possible solution: Mobile devices users can use local storage as cache to improve the speed and reduce network necessity. As now, user cannot store large data on mobile device, so some data storage management need to apply to determine which data can be cached or used from cloud.
4- Mobile Gaming and Scalability
Challenges: The main challenge is the scalability that can change timely like mobile application stores.
Possible solution: Developers can allow unlimited space through cloud computing and the developers would be free to create any application or game without worrying about scalability of storage space. This will lead to a better experience for users. In the case of a game which is played by millions of users, developer cannot take risk of server crashing or any other issue. The flexibility and scalability is needed on demand so that developer can focus on building the games or applications.
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How does positive thinking work
How does positive thinking work
How does positive thinking work. It says go on when feelings are saying there are no feelings for go, positive thinking is also the intellect taking charge of the situation and willing the best outcome in the situation. The order of the minds central processing system should be facts, faith and feelings. It is the intelligent mind that determines what course of action to take in life. That is the smart way to live alive and to enjoy real success at the same time.
How does positive thinking work
Busy man running with success
How does positive thinking work other than having a strong desire for something.
Positive thinking begins with a conscious desire to pay attention to and recognize the affirmative in any given situation. Once the affirmative, or positive trait, of a situation or thought can be recognized, then the process of positive thinking can be utilized. In essence, the ability to pinpoint and utilize the positive in your thoughts and actions enables you to better reach your goals, realize your dreams and make a positive impact on all of your endeavors.
The actual process of positive thinking works to bring about desired outcomes in both our personal life and our professional life in a variety of ways. By acting in a positive way we naturally draw positive people to ourselves. By believing in positive outcomes we more readily accept them as fact and open ourselves to their reality. By thinking positive thoughts we are better able to see alternate, more advantageous routes to take. By truly accepting a positive way of thinking we are better able to see the path to success and better able to use our know-how to get there.
The basic mechanics of positive thinking are simple. This simple process involves consciously searching for the affirmative in any situation, recognizing the benefits of each positive trait and then employing a can-do attitude to follow through on these positive thoughts.
How does positive thinking work When Knowledge is Power
How does positive thinking work with goal setting
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A Guide to Vitamin B15
Out of all the vitamins available to us today, the most confusing one would be Vitamin B15; it’s known by other names such as DMG, Pangamic Acid and Calcium Pangamate Some of these terms might not be all that new to you, since it was the centre of considerable discussions a few years back. People would have heard of a different story regarding the vitamin if they lived in Europe or Russia; these are the places where Vitamin B15 was discovered. You might recall that some time in the 1970’s, the FDA banned the vitamin in the United States.
Be careful when you conduct researches, since certain online sources like professional websites and amateur blogs has incorrectly understood Vitamin B15, thus mislabelling it. There are websites that claim Vitamin B15 is none other than Pangamic Acid while others states that Vitamin B15 is actually Calcium Pangamate. Certain websites also claim that Vitamin B15 is N, N dimethylglycine (DMG). DMG, Vitamin B15, Calcium Pangamate and Panagamic Acid are terms that some websites use synonymous.
For clarification, we stated a short description of each:
1. Pangamic Acid: is basically an ester derived from dimethyglycine and gluconic acid.
2. Calcium pangamate: Pangamic acid’s calcium salt.
3. N, N Dimethyglycine (DMG): a derivative from amino acid glycine.
Surprisingly, even the geographical location plays a part in the definition of the Vitamin, because it will vary from a certain location compared to the next. Much like when Vitamin B15 is defined as Pangamic acid in the United States, while in Russia calcium Pangamate is synonymous with Vitamin B15.
A Handful of Benefits from Vitamin B15
-Greatly improves the body’s utilisation of oxygen.
-Greatly improves the body’s blood circulation.
-Increases the efficiency of the immune system, thus hastening the immune system’s response.
-Helps in better hormone production.
Aids in stabilising the blood glucose levels.
-Helps improve the liver detoxification of a person as well as the overall liver function.
-Can also take the part of an antiviral, anti-tumour and antibacterial.
Recommended Dosage
This certain dosage of Vitamin B15 is considered as important in the overall metabolism of human physiology. Based on multiple researches conducted by various people, the most common dosage amount would be 125 mg – 2,500 mg a day; take note that they are typically taken in divided dosages all throughout the day. Vitamin B15 can also be take with meals and even on an empty stomach, there will be mo side effects but it’s still highly recommended to take them in between meals. Remember that Vitamin B15 easily breaks down and enters a person’s system, so if you’re aiming for a high dosage we highly recommend that you divide the dosage.
Toxicity of Vitamin B15
Certain research have show that people can have a naturally high tolerance for Vitamin B15. Some people even go for 6,000 mg dosages a day and have experienced no complications, thus testifying to the safety of Vitamin B15.
The Art of Mastering Resources
Advantages Of A Personal Trainer A wellness mentor is an ensured individual who has data on general health , which is incorporated into practice cure and rules. A wellness mentor rouses clients by helping them set destinations and moreover help in measuring the quality and weakness of an individual so that the guide can have the ability to give the best exercises for a man. There are a few wellness focuses, which have fitness coaches, for example, the fitness coaches Berkeley that offers individual instructional courses to its customers. Employing or working with a fitness coach is considered to have several advantages to a person as they educate a person to be responsible this is on account of the individual and their fitness coach will have the capacity to set objectives and rouse the person to concentrate on the set objectives. They similarly help a man to develop an arrangement framework, which the individual will have the ability to take after in the midst of their workout to engage an individual accomplish their health targets, as it is troublesome for a man to work out without a timetable. A fitness coach will likewise have the capacity to give an individual new points of view and thoughts on wellbeing and sustenance, this is on account of the mentor would have concentrated an individual’s body thus they can have the capacity to give an individual nourishment tips in that they can know the best eating routine they can have the capacity to adjust to particularly for people who are on the way to getting more fit.
Overwhelmed by the Complexity of Programs? This May Help
Personal training is personal in that the individual gets personal training from the trainer hence this means that the personal trainer is fully devoted to ensure that the individual gets to meet their fitness goals as personal training means that a single individual gets a session with their personal trainer hence they do not have to worry as compared to a gym where the trainer has to ensure that the client’s needs are met and some may even be left out. Individual preparing likewise permits a person to amplify workout time inside a brief timeframe since working with a fitness coach guarantees that an individual can smolder the greatest number of calories inside a brief timeframe since the mentor focuses on one individual just instead of an exercise center where there are a few people which makes it troublesome for a coach to help every person in their objectives, thus this is the reason most people take additional time in the rec center and lose less calories when contrasted with people who have fitness coaches.What You Should Know About Classes This Year
Questions About Cures You Must Know the Answers To
Method you can use to treat a sprained ankle. Sprained ankle is one of the most common accidents that can occur and it caused discomfort and some pain. A ligament may occur when there is a sudden twist of your leg and it causes a sprained ankle. Those who are affected by sprained ankle are commonly runners and athletes. Situations that causes sprain ankle is when an individual step in an even place or when one takes an awkward step that causes the sore face to move inwards. A tearing and a stretching occurs when the core moves inward and this causes a ligament. How serious the ankle sprain depends on how severe the condition is. Once the injury has been sustained you will see and feel some swelling and bruising around the affected area. As a result of the swelling around the ankle you may not be able to walk with that leg. You will feel some pain around your ankle as a result of the torn ligament. Your situation may get worse any time you try to move your sprained ankle. Your ankle may recover quickly and pain will be reduced if you treat your sprained ankle early enough. The following methods can be used to treat your sprained ankle. Medication is one of the methods that can be used to treat a sprained ankle. You can reduce pain and prevent a swelling from occurring from your sprained ankle by getting some medication from over the counter. Painkillers like Advil, Tylenol, Motrin and others can be used to reduce the pain and swelling. Inflammation and painted will be reduced by this medication. If you visit your health center professional they can apply a cast on your injured foot to prevent the pain from moving to the ankle. A sprained ankle can be treated by therapy which can be done at home. You can treat your sprained ankle using the most common therapy which is RICE. RICE stands for rest, ice, compression plus elevation. Any time you are treating your sprained ankle you should not strain it but you should rest. You can treat your sprain ankle you applying ice on the swollen place for about 10-15 times in a day. You can also buy an ice bandage where you will wrap around the injured place as you allow the calf muscles to rejoin.
Getting Creative With Options Advice
You can treat a sprained ankle by using a massage. By massaging your ankle you will be preventing scars muscles from occurring and you will be treating and scar muscles that may have occurred. You should rub tenderly around the affected area with your thumb in a circular motion. The sprained ankle heals faster because the blood is allowed to circulate easily.Study: My Understanding of Tips
The Key Elements of Great Sales
How Pregnenolone Can Make Your Life Better
Not only have people been prescribed a whole lot of anti-depressants to make them feel better, they have also been quite dependent on them. One out of ten people has been known to have been prescribed with an anti-depressant in order to make them feel better about themselves. With these new found medications for mental illness sweeping the market, more and more people have been relieved of all the signs and symptoms of depression. However, as with every over the counter medication, these anti-depressants come with major side effects and more and more people have been suffering from it.
A lot of people who have been diagnosed with depression know what benefits they can derive from DHE, or dehydroepiandrosterone with regard to their condition. It has been said that pregnenolone plays an important role in the human being’s body. If you have low levels of pregnenolone in your system, you will not be able to reap the benefits of this hormone. It has been found that pregnenolone is crucial in improving a person’s sleep quality, mood, sex drive and memory. Pregnenolone has been termed as the ultimate raw material for a number of reasons and one of them is because pregnenolone is being produced by the adrenal glands and spinal cord.
Not only is pregnenolone an important player in keeping the brain functioning flawlessly, it is also found to be directly related to depression. With the research that has been done about the effects of pregnenolone in the body, scientists have found a number of effects.
The human brain needs a lot of acetylcholine in order for it to function properly, which is why pregnenolone is so important. Without acetylcholine, or if acetylcholine is found to be in very little amounts in the human brain, the person will be more at risk of getting illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Pregnenolone is important in the human brain because it lessens a person’s chances of having significant memory loss in the near future.
When people are not able to get enough sleep, their chances of getting stress and depression are extremely high. The animals who were able to sleep better because of pregnenolone have become less agitated.
Decreased overall anxiety levels – it has been known that anxiety and depression always go hand in hand. Test subjects were made to take pregnenolone on a regular basis and they found that these people’s anxiety levels have been reduced. It has also been found in these studies that people who suffer from schizophrenia also suffer from high levels of anxiety.
Pregnenolone has also been shown to help in countering the effects of stress in a person’s system as well as lessening the feeling of being burned out.
Decreased overall pain levels – there have been a lot of studies that link chronic pain and depression. If a person is suffering from constant pain in his or her system, he or she is more prone to committing suicide.
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Tips to Assist You Quit Alcohol Drinking
It is no secret that quitting alcohol drinking is a task that is nothing short of arduous and could sometimes sound impossible for lots of folks. Even so, there is light at the end of the tunnel on condition that you’re ready to take the necessary steps. Recovery is actually possible even if you have fallen in the deepest pits of alcohol drinking and outlined here are quick fire tips that will make sure that you are able to beat the addiction.
There is the need to make word known to dear ones as well as friends that you are no longer interested in drinking. Doing so will help them understand why you are no longer drinking when at the pub. Make sure that you are every now and then reminding them on the same since this keeps you focused, and it is along the same lines that you could find someone else accompany you on the quitting journey.
There is the need to keep at bay any form of temptation. This could need you to bring an end to pub visits every week and in case your meals are in most cases accompanies with a drink, it is high time that you switched for a restaurant that never sells alcohol. It is in similar fashion that you need to figure out specific periods that you have a soft spot for drinking and have this replaced with another thing. If for instance all your Friday evenings get spent while at the bar, it would be a good idea to catch a movie with friends or perhaps go for a healthier option such as visiting the gym. The objective here is pinpointing triggers particularly if you’ve attempted to quit the habit and failed in the past. You are assured of avoiding mistakes once you know the culprit that made you go wrong at the first time.
Reducing alcohol intake in gradual steps is recommended as this is an approach that has passed the test of time when it comes to stamping out drinking. This need not be an arduous task in light of the fact that you can come up with days that should be alcohol free in the event that you drink every day. This eventually becomes part of your lifestyle and you’ll likely quit completely now that you will be aiming at increasing the number of alcohol free days.
It is rather easy to quit alcohol drinking. The above mentioned are ways to stop drinking that will help anyone struggling with alcohol addiction.
Cite: Short Course on Rehabs – What You Need To Know
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Unfortunatley, only a relatively small amount of research has focused on the impact of music or music videos with violennt or antisocial themes. Randomized experiments indicate that exposure to violent or antisocial rap videos can increase aggressive thinking, but no research has yet tested how such exposure directly affects physical aggression.
As always, pay close attention to what your children listen to and what music videos they watch. They look to you for guidance and will listen to you when you suggest that certain music isn't appropriate. Obvioulsy, this is easier to do when your child is young, but it's never too late to take a proactive approach to raising your child!
For additional information see Facts for Families:
#3 Teens: Alcohol and Other Drugs,
#13 Children and TV Violence,
#55 Understanding Violent Behavior in Children, and
# 65 Children's Threats: When Are They Serious.
This article was written by Tim Manasterski, a staff member.
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Karriker - meaning , origin - United States, popularity | What does Karriker last name mean
Karriker meaning | Last name Karriker origin
Following is the meaning of Karriker surname. Family name Karriker is generally added after the name or middle name so also called last name.
Family Name / Last Name: Karriker No. of characters: 8 Origin: United States
Meaning: Currently, no meaning found for Karriker
Karriker is used as a family name or surname in United States languages. Karriker has 8 characters long in length.
Karriker is ranked 480100 in our list.
There are about 448 people in US who wears Karriker as surname and ranked 45078 in US Census Bureau. In 2000 census, the last name was found in around 1.7 per 1 million , used in more than 1 hispanic race.
Count Region Rank
Karriker is a very rare surname, few people in United States have the family name and might be arised from United States. Around 507 people have been found who wears Karriker as their family name. Karriker have bearers in just 1 or 2 countries. More detailed information can be found below: Countries with hundreds of people:
Full Last Name Distribution ⇳
. Celebrities having Karriker surname
Lexi Karriker Actress
Lexi Karriker Actress
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How to choose a name for your baby
Surname is added at the end of the first name also known as given name. Most of the time, a family name is used as a surname. You might not know the meaning og Karriker surname. Nameslist.org has collected informaton regarding the meaning and origin of Karriker and displayed for better understanding of surnames. Discover how Karriker is originated?
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As the Arctic warms faster than any other place on the planet and sea ice declines, there is only one sure way to save polar bears from extinction, the government announced Monday: decisive action on climate change.
In a final plan to save an animal that greatly depends on ice to catch prey and survive, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service identified the rapid decline of sea ice as "the primary threat to polar bears" and said "the single most important achievement for polar bear conservation is decisive action to address Arctic warming" driven by the human emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
"Short of action that effectively addresses the primary cause of diminishing sea ice," the agency's plan said, "it is unlikely that polar bears will be recovered."
That determination puts the plan itself on thin ice. Global climate change, of course, is completely out of the control of Fish and Wildlife, a division of the Interior Department. An international effort to address the issue was signed about a year ago in Paris, but President-elect Donald Trump has questioned U.S. participation in a treaty that nearly 190 governments signed.
Trump has waffled in his perspective on climate change. When asked about the human link to climate change following his election, he said, "I think there is some connectivity. . . . It depends on how much." He also said he would keep an open mind about the international climate accord and whether his administration will withdraw from it.
But the president-elect has also openly doubted the findings of more than 95 percent of climate scientists who say climate change is driven by human activity. In 2012, he tweeted that "the concept of global warming was created for and by the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."
Fish and Wildlife officials declined to speculate on whether the next president will follow the guidance of its new plan. But the scientists had doubts about the survival of bears before Trump's election.
"Even when we started the planning process, that was the discussion we were having . . . are we wasting our time here," said Jenifer Kohout, deputy assistant director for Fish and Wildlife's Alaska region, and a co-chair of the group that wrote the plan.
"We wanted this plan to partially tell that story," she said, but to also show that there were other steps that could save bears, such as adjusting the number that can be harvested by Alaska's native people depending on the rise and fall of the animal's population. Indigenous people and state officials participated in forming the plan. Another step was to find ways to deter hungry bears drawn to human garbage, so that fewer of them are destroyed.
For many observers, the concern about polar bears is odd because more of the animals exist now than 40 years ago, when protections against hunting were minimal. Scientists say about 19 populations make up an estimated 25,000 to 31,000 bears, including a sub population of about 3,000 that roam Alaska. Estimates of their increases and declines go up and down depending on which population is being counted.
But researchers say 80 percent of the populations will almost certainly collapse if sea ice continues to decline. Air temperatures at the top of the world are rising twice as fast as temperatures in lower latitudes, resulting in significant ice melt, according to a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Under the effects of global warming, Alaska recorded temperatures nearly 20 degrees higher than the January average as warm air flowed north, NOAA said in an Arctic Report Card.
"We're quite confident that absent action to address climate change, there would be very significant reduction in the range of polar bears," said Michael Runge, a U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist who served as the plan's other co-chairman.
But even if the vast majority of bears die, the species can be saved if the ice stabilises decades into the future, so that they can hunt, find mates and find dens that allow them to survive, Runge said. Polar bears, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, could be de listed if an improved climate and stronger ice increase their likelihood of survival.
The plan said the outlook is grim for bears only if international governments do absolutely nothing to address climate change, said David Douglas, another USGS researcher. But if they limit some greenhouse gases, even if Trump withdraws the United States from the Paris climate agreement, polar bears will have a slightly better chance of survival.
"There are two ends of a spectrum. One is not hopeless," he said.
Without an aggressive call to address climate change, the plan is toothless, said Shaye Wolf, climate science director for the Centre for Biological Diversity. Allowing for massive reductions in polar populations, including the possible extinction of bears in Alaska, Wolf said, is unacceptable.
"This recovery plan is too risky for the polar bear. Recovery plans work, but only if they truly address the threats to the species," she said. "Sadly, that simply isn't the case with this polar bear plan."
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Keeping you current
This 1000-Mile Long Storm Showed the Horror of Life in the Dust Bowl
In the American history of extreme weather events, ‘Black Sunday’ sticks out
The "Black Sunday" dust storm was 1,000 miles long and lasted for hours. It blacked out the sky, killed animals, and even blinded a man. (NOAA/Wikimedia Commons)
The street lights were invisible.
It was hot. It was dry. “It got so dark that you couldn’t see your hand before your face, you couldn’t see anybody in the room.” Confused animals milled around. Wells were choked and fields levelled.
All this happened on Sunday, April 14, 1935, as a thousand mile-long storm made up of the dust that had once been fertile earth blew across the once-green Great Plains. It was Black Sunday, writes Erin Blakemore for Mental Floss—the day that gave the Dust Bowl its name.
An Associated Press reporter named Robert Geiger was in the worst-hit part of the plains, writes historian Donald Worster, and he filed the following with the Washington Evening Star: ”Three little words, achingly familiar on a Western farmer’s tongue, rule life in the dust bowl of the continent—if it rains.”
Geiger coined the name for an era, Worster writes, even though he was likely only misstating the more common “dust belt,” the term he used in his followup article a day later. Worster writes:
Some liked the name as a satire on college football—first the Rose Bowl and the Orange Bowl, now the Dust Bowl—or they thought it described nicely what happened to the sugar bowl on the table. Geiger more likely had recalled the geographical image of the plains pushed forward by another Denver man, William Gilpin. In the 1850s, the continent, Gilpin had thought, was a great fertile bowl rimmed by mountains, its concave interior destined to one day become the seat of empire.
However it came about, the name stuck, reshaping the identity of the southern plains. The term even appeared on official maps—though, Worster writes, the Dust Bowl was “an event as well as a locality.”
On Black Sunday—the name of the storm as well as the event—the day was initially “clear, warm and windless,” writes Jesse Greenspan for But some of those who went outdoors to enjoy the respite found themselves sheltering in their cars when the storm rolled in. It was huge, and it stayed overhead for hours.
People had already lived through a number of the “black blizzards” made of baked dirt which were both a cause and a symptom of the drought. But Black Sunday was among the worst.
“Panic set in,” Greenspan writes. “One woman reportedly even contemplated killing her baby rather than have it face Armageddon. It’s unclear whether anyone died, but among those injured was a man who went blind. Other people couldn’t stop coughing. Birds, mice and jackrabbits fled for their lives; many didn’t make it.”
But the era-making storm, and the term that arose from it, also inspired federal aid, Greenspan writes. The government began paying farmers to stop cultivating lands that were barely producing, and “incentivized improved agricultural practices, such as contour plowing and crop rotation, which reduced soil loss roughly 65 per cent. By then, however, many families had given up hope.”
In the words of Woody Guthrie, who weathered Black Sunday at the age of 22:
We saw outside our window where wheat fields they had grown
Was now a rippling ocean of dust the wind had blown.
It covered up our fences, it covered up our barns,
It covered up our tractors in this wild and dusty storm.
We loaded our jalopies and piled our families in,
We rattled down that highway to never come back again.
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Scientists May Have Found Another Black Hole in the Milky Way
Scientists hаνе found evidence thаt a mid-sized black hole іn thіѕ area 100,000 times more massive thаn thе sun іѕ beating within thе Milky Way, a discovery thаt сουƖԁ shed nеw light οn thе process bу whісh galaxies grow.
Astronomers іn Japan collected data supporting thе black hole’s existence whіƖе exploring a cloud οf molecular gas located near thе center οf thе Milky Way, іn whісh thе gas wеnt аt vastly different speeds. Aѕ thеу studied thе cloud, thе researchers saw a clump οf gas toward thе center οf thе cloud thаt appeared tο bе wеnt around bу massive gravitational forces, thеу ѕаіԁ іn a Nature Astronomy report published Monday. (Black holes emit nο light οf thеіr οwn, ѕο іn order tο find thеm, scientists οftеn look fοr evidence οf close gravitational disruptions.)
Located near thе clump οf gas wаѕ a source οf radio waves resembling those οf Sagittarius A, thе massive black hole аt thе center οf thе Milky Way, Science reports. Thе similarities сουƖԁ indicate thе existence οf a mid-sized black hole, thе researchers ѕау. WhіƖе scientists hаνе data supporting thе existence οf supermassive аnԁ small black holes, Science reports thеу lacked evidence οf thе mid-sized variety.
Thе scientists ѕаіԁ thе black hole сουƖԁ hаνе formed аftеr a former core οf a dwarf galaxy wаѕ absorbed bу thе Milky Way. If thе discovery іѕ confirmed, іt wουƖԁ support thе theory thаt galaxies grow bу “cannibalizing thеіr smaller neighbors,” thе researchers wrote.
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Taste of water
An open mouth: taste of water
Water is quintessential for healthy body and the constant supply is essential of maintain functioning of the body. It is consumed orally and hence the taste is an integral factor in consumption of the water. Taste of water is a distinctive taste in itself. It is an excellent solvent and often acquires the taste of the solute. Hence the water tastes different from different natural resources.
Why is taste an important factor:
• There is a direct correlation with consumption and taste of water. A lot of people are very specific about the taste of their water and that is why some bottled water brands are more popular than the others. Taste of water is no joke, annually water experts gather in California to decide on best tasting bottled water.
• People who don't like the metallic taste of water from the tap have switched to using the water purifiers because not only filters the water of the impurities but also makes the taste of the water much better by removing the excess minerals. Making water more soft will automatically make is taste fresh and better.
• The taste of water can greatly influence the cost and popularity of the water as you can see it from the variation in the cost of various bottled water brands.
• The need to improve the taste of water has lead to the invention of the infused water, where various fruity flavours are infused in the water to make it taste better and of particular choice.
The factors which influence the taste of water:
• The minerals/ pollutant in different concentrations influence the taste of water (sulphur, silica, iron, manganese etc).
• The source of water is also a very important factor deciding the taste of water. For example, the water from the well will take much sweeter and the taste of water from the municipal source/tap will have a more metallic taste.
• Chlorine treated water will have very peculiar taste. So we can easily observe that the method of purification can also influence the taste of water.
So after taking these few factors into consideration we can easily conclude that taste of water is an very important factor in consumption of water.
How minerals influence the taste of water?
As well are well aware that water has an inert taste and so the content to solutes in water are mostly responsible for the taste of water by and large. Thus it's easily accepted that the total dissolved solids (TDS) immensely influence the taste of water which depends upon the source of water. The acceptable limit of TDS in water is <500mg/L. Above this is not recommended to should be consumed after dilution. The water with TDS > 1000mg/L is considered unfit for human consumption. The TDS is mainly sulfate, nitrates, sodium, iron, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, chloride, silica, copper etc. Sometimes when the water tastes salty or bitter or metallic or unpleasant is because of presence of excess of these solids. For example when there is sulfate excess in water it can taste like rotten food, excess of iron, magnesium and copper can make the water taste metallic. Also a lot of people have started using a water purifier because of the taste of residual chlorine in tap water. Consuming water regular is very important to maintain good health and to encourage that consumption we need a. Dry consistent and acceptable good taste.
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Transcript of Photosynthesis
Parts of the Plant
Root - (Greek) photo - light, synthese (synthesis) - combining
Photosynthesis Equation
chemical reaction
carbon dioxide + water
glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to make their own food.
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (used by plants for growth)
Photosynthesis Process
By Júlia Riani, Camila Cuetos, Rodrigo Gutiérrez, Mayara Martins and Luiza Eboli
contain chlorophyll
where photosynthesis happens inside the plant cells
give plants their green color
takes in energy from the sun
Chloroplasts are located at the top of the leaves, so they can get as much sunlight as possible.
Why is photosynthesis important to us?
Photosynthesis makes food for plants. It also provides us with most of the oxygen we need in order to breathe and consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Plants are also crucial to human life because we rely on them as a source of food for ourselves and for the animals that we eat.
Plant Cell
Extra Glucose
Chloroplasts photosynthesize more than they need at once, so they store the extra glucose. Since glucose is soluble in water, plants store it as starch. Some of the extra glucose is also stored in the roots of the plants.
- the stored extra glucose is used to perform photosynthesis when there is no sunlight
Xylem - tubes in the stems/branches of plants that transport water and nutrients through the plant
Stomata - pores on leaves that are responsible for the exchange of gas (CO2 in and O2 out)
Phloem - vascular tubes that transport sugars from the leaves to other parts of
the plant
Mesophyll - inner tissue in leaves that contains chloroplasts
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Students protesting against Trump's decision on DACA at Tivoli Quad, in Denver, Colorado. Nancy Palacios
The protest method has a vibrant history in Latino youth communities.
Nancy Palacios didn’t wait for the official announcement. At 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, after her first class, she left school and started walking towards Denver’s city center. “There are a lot of kids who are DREAMers here, and many of them didn’t know about this until today,” says Palacios, 17, referring to the Trump Administration’s announcement that it would end DACA (Deferral Action for Childhood Arrivals). “We want to make them know that we are here for them and that we are going to support them.”
What Palacios did wasn’t an isolated story, but part of a nationwide set of walk-outs at schools against the Trump Administration and its decision to end DACA (Deferral Action for Childhood Arrivals). In the absence of congressional intervention, this announcement means the federal government can progressively take away work authorizations and residence permits to thousands of young undocumented individuals, including many of Palacios’ classmates at East High School.
Nancy Palacios leading the walkout in Denver.
Nancy Palacios leading the walkout in Denver, Colorado. (Nancy Palacios)
“They are disappointed, sad, but they also see the power and strength in them to keep going,” says Palacios. “That inspires us. They won’t give up.” In fact, hundreds of Latino students walked for hours towards Tivoli Quad, in Denver, where three local colleges are located. As the crowd was marching down the streets, Palacios saw other groups of students coming out from their buildings to join the walkout, in an elegant formation of coordinated walk-outs, across Denver, and mirrored in several other U.S. cities.
“This kind of protest is something that has been part of our history, and that we teach to other students,” Palacios explained. The origin of “walkouts” can be traced back to 1968, when more than 15,000 Chicano students left their classrooms and protested against racial segregation and inequalities suffered inside seven public schools in East Los Angeles, California.
During that time, U.S. educational policies were geared towards the English-speaking student population, and did not take into consideration the large number of first-generation Mexican-Americans that spoke Spanish at home, but were being educated in English. This is said to have influenced the high rate of high school dropouts in the Hispanic community, which reached 60% among them. To achieve their demands, the first students that joined the movement started to organize marches, and rebelled against the status quo that forbade them to speak Spanish at school or use the bathroom during lunch hours, among other rules.
This week, what happened in Denver also took place in Illinois, New Mexico and Arizona. It wasn’t just Latino students that participated, but also classmates from other backgrounds and teachers. In fact, more than 300 teachers in Phoenix’s unified school district are DACA recipients who may lose their jobs and be at risk of deportation once their benefits end.
“When we heard the news, our principal was crying, and many of my classmates were sad,” said Azucena Castro, a 17 year-old student at North High School in Phoenix. “But at the same time it was very exciting and empowering to see all of the students out there, protesting in 107-degree weather. I am so proud of being a student here for the past four years”.
These kinds of protests have not only become a part of Latino history in the U.S.; they have also achieved results. In 1968, the East L.A. walkout was a breaking point for Latinos in the U.S.: it was the first massive protest of Chicanos in Southern California, and it shed public light on their demands, such as the need for more Hispanic teachers and the inclusion of Spanish in the curriculum. Since then, walkouts have become a common vehicle for Latinos to protest. In 1994, walkouts were used to protest a California proposition that prohibited undocumented immigrants from accessing public education and health insurance. The proposition passed, but was halted by a court. In 2006, walkouts protested against George W. Bush’s immigration law, and in 2009 they were used to oppose Arizona’s SB1070 immigration bill.
“For me, the walkout is very powerful, there’s a history of students doing this. And here, they show that they can decide on their future, fight their battles, and also do this inviting their parents and their communities to be part of this,” explains Gabriela Hernandez, who is part of the walkout organizing team in New Mexico, and also a member of the NM Dream Team immigration organization. “This is an opportunity to come together, and for the community to know that they have a role, that they can protect themselves and achieve way more.”
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The flashcards below were created by user cgarcia504 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. What is motivation?
is the individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behaviors; the personal "force" that causes you or me to behave in a particular way.
2. What is morale
is an employee's feelings about his or her job and superiors and about the firm itself.
3. What is scientific management?
is the application of scientific principles to management of work and workers.
4. What is piece-rate system?
is a compensation system under which employees are paid certain amount for each unit of output they produce.
5. What is need?
is a personal requirement.
6. What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
is a sequence of human needs in the order of their importance.
7. What is physiological needs?
is the things we require for survival.
8. What is social needs?
the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging.
9. What is esteem needs?
is our need for respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth.
10. What is self-actualization needs?
is the need to grow and develop and to become all that we are capable of being.
11. What is motivation-hygiene theory?
is the idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions.
12. What is motivation factors?
are job factors that increase motivation, although their absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction.
13. What is hygiene factors?
14. What is Theory X?
is a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with Taylor's scientific management; assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work environment.
15. What is Theory Y?
is a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with the ideas of the human relations movement; assumes that employees accept responsibility and work toward organizational goals. and by doing so they also achieve personal rewards.
16. What is Theory Z?
is the belief that some middle ground between type A and type J practices is best for American business.
17. What is reinforcement theory?
is a theory of motivation based on the premise that rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated, whereas punished behavior is less likely to recur.
18. What is equity theory?
is a theory of motivation based on the premise that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves.
19. What is expectancy theory?
is a model of motivation based on the assumption that motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it.
20. What is a goal-testing theory?
21. What is management by objectives (MBO)?
is a motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals.
22. What is job enrichment?
is a motivation technique that provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs.
23. What is job enlargement?
is expanding a worker's assignments to include additional but similar tasks.
24. What is job redesign?
is a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match.
25. What is behavior modification?
is a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior.
26. What is flextime?
is a system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits.
27. What is a part-time work?
is a permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week.
28. What is job sharing?
is an arrangement whereby tow people share one full-time position.
29. What is telecommuting?
is working at home at the time or for a position of the work week.
30. What is empowerment?
is making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making.
31. What is employee ownership?
is a situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders.
32. What is a team?
is two or more workers operating as a coordinated unit to accomplish a specific task or goal.
33. What is a problem-solving team?
is a team of knowledgeable employees brought together to tackle a specific problem.
34. What is a virtuoso team?
is a team of exceptionally highly skilled and talented individuals brought together to produce significant change.
35. What are self-managed teams?
are groups of employees with the authority and skills to manage themselves.
36. What is a cross-functional team?
37. What is a virtual team?
is a team consisting o members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically.
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Parasite mind control – how an addiction is like a parasite
What if you were being controlled from the inside like the film ‘Dave’ with Eddie Murphy, where there are a whole set of tiny beings inside his body controlling him.
You may be being controlled by nature from the inside in ways you’d never imagined…
Is it a bird? Is it a snail? Is it a fish? The life cycle of a trimatose…
A trimatose is a kind of parasite with an incredible life-cycle.
As an egg it lives in a snail. As a worm it lives in fish and as an adult it lives in a bird.
Think about that for a moment. How in the world can a parasite predict a flow from a snail to a fish to a bird? This story really does illustrate the absolute undoubted majesty of mother nature. Hope you’re ready …
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite whose host is a cat and if a mouse is infected by it, it becomes drawn to the scent of cats instead of fearful. That way the cat eats the mouse and the parasite can reproduce
As an adult a trematode lives in the gut of a bird where it lays its eggs. These eggs pass out with the feces onto the mud flats of an estuary where snails get infected by the eggs. Worms grow up inside the snail who sheds microscopic tadpoles into the water which swim away to find a fish host. Once inside the fish, they create a cyst and wait for a bird to come along and eat the fish.
INCREDIBLE don’t you think … and there’s more!
Once the fish has the cyst in it, how can the parasite get a bird to eat it? I suppose it could kill the fish and hope it gets eaten by a bird, but if it doesn’t get spotted, then the fish would float away and the parasite would die as the host dies and rots. Also as Dr John Demartini says, ‘No organism will destroy its reason for existence,’ so killing the host before passing on the eggs would be contrary to this rule so the parasite has to do something to get a bird to eat the fish host before it dies …
It was noticed in studies that the cysts that this parasite formed had something specific about them; they all formed on the brain. As a result of the cyst on the brain, the fish that are infected have a tendency to behave unusually. They swim to the surface of the water more frequently AND for an unknown reason (well you know the reason now) they roll on to their sides for a moment before swimming back underwater. This creates a big flash of light to attract the birds and … Hey Presto, a fish dinner for the bird and the cycle recommences.
When they studied the chemical makeup of the brain of fish infected by this parasite, they noticed higher levels of serotonin (a key ingredient of many anti-depressants) and they worked out that these fish were not as stressed out as the uninfected fish hence were much more comfortable to behave the way they did. In tests, fish infected with this parasite were 20-30 times more likely to be eaten by a bird than uninfected fish.
How an addiction is like a parasite
I was blown away when I heard this story and I’ve since wondered of the implications. One idea that came to me is that perhaps addictions have an effect like a form of parasite. Sugar, Nutrasweet and smoking are three addictions which came to mind which compel individuals to behave in a certain way which benefits the consumption of the source of the addiction and ensures longevity of its demand.
I’m assuming that to prevent a trimatose from reproducing, we would simply need to prevent any step of its life-cycle process and similarly with an addiction, if we interrupt any part of the process of its fulfillment, we have a great chance of changing its effect on us. So if someone wakes up, gets ready for work and then reaches for a cigarette as they leave the house, then perhaps leaving via a different door or by walking backwards out the front door would be a simple way to break the pattern.
Some food for thought (if you pardon the pun … or has the Davinator just planted a parasite in your mind?!)
I’ve just finished a one week watermelon fast and I know that I now feel more powerful to create good habits and get out of old ones so I’m testing my theory as we speak.
I’d love to hear your views on this strange and incredible lesson from nature.
(Let me know if you like it, as I have another similar story to share about Zombie Ants which are mind controlled by their parasite to behave in ways they would never normally.)
5 Comments to “Parasite mind control – how an addiction is like a parasite”
1. By Tyler Tolman, October 12, 2010 @ 8:05 am
National Geographic Did a Series on Parasites and this and a few others were some of them, they actually said that this Parasite had the ability of Mind Control over certain Supposed “Lower” Life forms and that it would control them to a situation of being killed and Eaten by a “Higher” Form so that it could move through the Chain. At the End of the Film it Showed a Guy Fishing and left a Big Question Mark????? Do Parasites actually Run the World???
2. By David, October 14, 2010 @ 2:14 am
Here’s a link to some other amazing parasites with videos …
3. By Loren, November 22, 2012 @ 9:35 am
Your article was great! How about doing a story on how parasites control humans. I recently did a parasite cleanse that really had a positive effect on my cravings for everything, sugar
and other things. Thanks for considering this. ps. Fyi. Out of 8 ppl who dd this cleanse with me, everybody had them……Wow
4. By David, December 5, 2012 @ 7:29 am
Thanks Loren. I recently heard that we have an estimated 10 trillion bacteria in our guts and there are an estimated 10 trillion ants on the planet … how strange!
That’s fantastic about the cleanse you and your friends did. It’s great to clear things out sometimes.
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Re: T. rex a scavenger ?!?
W. L. Abler (1992) analyzed the function of serrated teeth in tyrannosaurs
and other animals. He observed that the cutting action of tyrannosaurid
teeth "most closely resembles that of a dull smooth blade". He suggested
that the spaces between the serrations might have retained small fragments
of meat and acted as havens for bacteria much like that of the teeth of
living Komodo Dragons. This might have enabled tyrannosaurs to inflict
infectious wound, analagous to those given by Komodo Dragons. Perhaps
tyrannosaurs inflicted a bite, and then tracked an animal until it succumbed
to infection. The tyrannosaur could also occasionally renew its bacterial
cultures by eating from scavanged carcasses. Such behavior would
incorporate strategies of both predator and scavenger.
Alber, W. L., 1992. The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and
biting structures in other animals. Paleobiology 18:161-183.
* Tom Williamson, Curator of Paleontology *
* New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science *
* 1801 Mountain Rd NW *
* Albuquerque, NM 87104-1375 *
* Phone: (505)841-8837 Fax: (505)841-8866 *
* E-mail: tom@darwin.nmmnh-abq.mus.nm.us *
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The National Probation Service
A Service in Transition
Offender image
Been caught driving without insurance? You may need to get an uninsured driver's insurance quote.
How accurate are speed cameras?
Speed cameras are officially described as being calibrated to an accuracy of two per cent. However, in recent years some well-publicised court cases have hinged upon alleged inaccuracies in the speed camera evidence; the reliability of the cameras, and their correct use, has become fertile ground for lawyers seeking flaws in a prosecution case. Is this just legal hairsplitting, or are the cameras really untrustworthy?
Fixed speed cameras
Oddly enough, the fixed speed cameras with which we are all familiar are named after a racing driver, Maurice Gatsonides, who invented the camera (now known as a Gatso) to measure his speed when practising on a race track. The first fixed speed camera in the UK was installed in Twickenham in 1992, but in those days it was intended to catch only the very worst offenders, so drivers were allowed a very wide margin of error before prosecution took place; up to 20 mph, it is claimed by the former police officer who was then responsible for the camera.
Gatso accuracy
Nowadays, Gatsos are sometimes referred to as 'scameras' and are widely seen as a money-spinner for the local authorities who share in their revenue; there are reports of motorists fined for travelling at just 32 mph in a 30 mph limit. It follows that the accuracy of the cameras can be of crucial importance to drivers who are caught by them. The Gatso camera works by taking two flash photographs of the car travelling over road markings. The camera itself gives a speed measurement, but a court will rely on a technician's calculation of the distance covered over the ground, which is estimated to be accurate to within one mile per hour. Successful challenges have been made on occasion, however.
Mobile speed cameras
Unlike Gatsos, mobile cameras employ laser technology to detect the speed of vehicles, so no flash is visible. They are generally installed in stationary police vehicles, and are said to be accurate at distances up to a kilometre, using the Doppler effect to measure speed. Any inaccuracies are likely to result from errors in calibration or usage; drivers challenging a prosecution are entitled to see the operator's statement and the calibration certificate, and this has led to acquittal when the paperwork could not be produced in court.
'Red-light' cameras
Red-light speed cameras detect and record the speed of a vehicle, either by vehicle tracking radar or electronic detectors embedded in the road’s surface. These detectors accurately measure the speed of the vehicle, and if it exceeds the speed limit, a digital photograph is taken of the offending vehicle. Again, any errors is likely to result from faulty calibration.
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Political map of South & Southwest Asia on 03 Jul 1914 (Pax Britannica: Simla Accord), showing the following events: Ratification of Treaty of Daan; Violet Line; Ottoman-Saudi Treaty; Simla Accord.
Simla Accord
Pax Britannica
Southern Asia 1914.0703
Simla Accord
Pax Britannica (3 July 1914)
Historical Map of South & Southwest Asia
While they were in discussions with the Ottomans over Arabia, the British were also seeking an understanding with China over Tibet. According to this new treaty, China, although holding suzerainty over Tibet, would not interfere in Tibetan affairs and would agree to the Tibetan borders defined by the British. Nobody was satisfied with these terms and the Chinese withdrew without signing. When the details reached the British government, it also rejected the treaty, believing the new extended Indian borders with Tibet to be incompatible with their 1907 agreement with Russia.
British Protectorates in the Persian Gulf
The British Residency of the Persian Gulf maintains British India influence in a number of Gulf states. These states are nominally independent - and shown as such in most atlases from the period - but have all signed treaties guaranteeing British control over their foreign affairs.
Trucial Oman is the region to the west of Oman which collectively signed treaties with Britain. The sheikhdoms of this region are often called the Trucial States, and will become the United Arab Emirates. However at this time they have little unity, with no regional council until 1952.
Indian Empire
The British Indian Empire, also known as the British Raj, is comprised of a complex of presidencies, provinces, protectorates, and agencies. Only the top level subdivisions are shown here.
The area under direct British rule is known as British India and made up of presidencies and provinces - a presidency simply being the name for an older province.
Outside British India, but often included within the sphere of the presidencies/provinces, are the hundreds of protectorates or 'princely states'. These are indirectly ruled states, the largest being Hyderabad, Kashmir, and Mysore. The others are either collected into agencies - which may in turn contain other smaller agencies - or fall under the sway of the provinces.
Main Events
Ratification of Treaty of Daan
After initial rejection, the Treaty of Daan - signed in October 1911 between the Zaidi Yemen Imamate and the Ottoman Empire - was ratified by the Ottoman government. The Imam of Yemen was given the power to appoint governors and judges, as well as collect taxes, while remaining under Ottoman authority.
Violet Line
The United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire agreed on the 'Violet Line', linking the southern end of the Blue Line (1913) with the border between the Yemen Vilayet and the Aden Protectorates.
Ottoman-Saudi Treaty
The Ottoman Empire concluded a treaty with Ibn Saud of Nejd, recognizing Saud as the hereditary Wali of the Vilayet of Nejd in return for Saud's pledge not to involve himself in foreign affairs or grant concessions to foreigners. Ibn Saud also agreed to participate in any wars the Ottoman Empire might wage, however he would quickly retract all obligations to the Ottomans after World War I broke out.
Simla Accord
The Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (Simla Accord) is finalized in Simla, summer capital of the British Indian Empire. The treaty divides Tibet into two parts: Outer Tibet, which is under Chinese suzerainty but under full control of the Tibetan government at Lhasa; and Inner Tibet, which is under Chinese jurisdiction. The Accord also revises the border between Tibet and British India to follow what will become known as the McMahon Line. China rejects the Accord immediately, while the British and Tibetans agree to sign it. However when the details reach the British government, it too rejects the Accord.
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Wednesday, March 30, 2016
Monoliths of Russia...
Q. Could you tell us about the people who built these structures? Where did they go? And did they have special abilities with stone?
In Russia, in the Caucasus mountains, not far from the cities Tzelentzchik, Touapse, Novorossiysk and Sochi, there are hundreds of megalithic monuments. The Russians call them dolmens. Russian and foreign archaeologists have not yet discovered their use. All these megalithic dolmens you see below in the pictures are dated from 10,000 years to 25,000 years ago, according to the website Kykeon. Other archaeologists put the age of these megalithic structures at 4000 to 6,000 years old.
A. As I tune into this, I first see that it isn't a certain group of people, but rather a certain time frame of people that built these structures. I pan out to an image of the people they are geographically all over the area, and each one is peeking their heads out of the holes and looking up to the sky. What I notice is that they are all different in their own way. Some have face paintings, some are very "plain" and others are adorned with different feathers and jewels. These structures were not unique to a certain tribe or group, but rather a result of the time.
As I think a little deeper I realize that as I see all of these groups of people, they look out of the hole (which seems like the "tell tale of the type of structure") and look to the sky. They all have a deep connection to the sky and the people "of the sky." I hear the phrase "sky people" over and over.
Then I pose the question "What is this relationship with the "sky people" and why hide and look out of this hole?" I am being shown that this group of ETs came here, and helped people. They gave them technology (very basic like showing the benefits of levers and pulleys). I see sophisticated processes of gears and ratios and how to move and build things. The ETs also helped them to build these structures as a way to send a signal to "the heavens." The signal served as a navigating system for other ETs to find their way to a specific location (sort of like a beacon).
There was also an astrological significance as to how these structures were positioned and there was a reflective item (looks almost like glass) inside the structure that aligned with the sun and moon. This glass would need adjusted as the sun and moon changed. In exchange for the ET's time, effort and help, they took some of the humans to breed with. When this happened a large amount of fear, mistrust and worry was created in the humans.
The humans then went through a time in which they did what was expected of them because they didn't want to lose more people. The ETs were masters in regard to getting assistance with working the "beacons."
Eventually the societies were so broken that they couldn't function. The ETs became greedy and took who they wanted. The ETs felt they gave them technology to survive, but for the humans it was hard to have important people within their society just taken. The remainder had a hard time surviving. It soon became the beginning of the end for them...
And that is all I have for this reading. Thank you. Love and light (from the woods :-)
Sunday, March 27, 2016
Hello everyone! I would like to wish everyone a great week. I will be out of the office to take some time off with the family and get in touch with nature. I will have very limited Internet access. Please feel free to leave comments or send me an email, and I will be sure to respond when I return April 4th.
Love and light, Lynn
I wanted to share my view! Loving the nature! Very grounding!
Amazing People... Paul Selig, Leigh Erceg, Braco
Q. Hello Lynn, Great site, Thanks much! I was wondering if you could try and explain what Paul Selig is saying when he channels his guides. He speaks of a "spiritual awakening" that will come to man in the near future. It sounds as if we need this help, and it is coming in the future for our benefit to assist us with something that is occurring now. Thank You
A. As I tune into this I see that when he is referring to a "spiritual awakening" it is a moment that will occur that feels like an epiphany moment of knowing and understanding. You may not be able to put your understanding into words, but you will just comprehend it. We as humans will be able to expand our thought processes and be more introspective (naturally) and feel connected to the Source. In addition to the individual expansion of growth, as others grow too it elevates a collective consciousness which will create an up spiral of awakening (sort of a chain reaction effect).
Q. Hi Lynn, I came across this interesting article about this woman...a few years ago she suffered a traumatic brain injury and now she is a gifted artist and poet. She enjoys spending time puzzling over mathematical equations. She can “see” sounds and “hear” colors when she listens to music, although she is extremely sensitive to light.
She remembers nothing about her prior life. She doesn’t even recognize her own mother. What do you see going on here? Below is the link to the article.
A. It looks like the majority of damage or trauma occurred to the left part of her brain. As she healed, her body overcompensated for the left brain trauma and her right brain became highly overactive. The over activity heightened her senses. She can see and sense the vibrations of what is going on around her. All colors have a specific vibration, and all vibrations/frequencies create a color (some can't be seen by the human eye but can mentally be understood).
She has tapped into that ability, however, the heightened sensations create an adverse effect to intense light. I also get that she is also sensitive to loud sounds as well (I see her putting her hands over her ears when something is just "too much"). Anything loud or extreme creates a sensory overload for her.
Q. Hi Lynn, Could you do a reading on Braco? This is a man who just stands before people without moving, saying or doing something. He stands before a crowd for hours and people can come for free to watch him, either personally or also via Livestream. They say that they feel better afterwards. What do you think about this man? Is he good or will the people be possessed by him/his energy after attending his "show"?
A. I see this man as a very gifted empath. He has the ability to attract other peoples emotions through a visual connection, much like a magnet. This allows the person to heal and be their best self. He has fine tuned this skill so when he draws the negative energy or pain away, he is able to release it to where it can better be served. I do not see any form of possession or him attaching any residual energy to the person being healed. In fact, I get he must be very conscious to work in the greater good in order to move the energy through him (and not let it attach to himself) and onto where it can be better balanced.
Friday, March 25, 2016
Five for Friday #30
by Lynn & Da-da
Hi all, and welcome to Five for Friday #30. Can't believe we're on #30, already.
Image #1: Stonehenge, New & Improved
Few realize/remember that Stonehenge was actually rebuilt over 50+ years (from 1901 to 1958) and made to look as it does today. Was there some other reason for the rebuild, other than archaeology and tourism?
What Lynn Saw
"The archaeology was a huge part of it. It also feels like it has some kind of spiritual, energetic basis behind it, too. I get this sense of people feeling like it was bad luck, or a bad omen to not have it the way it was, originally. It seems like it was deemed more important to rebuild it to its original shape, with a lot of thought and feeling and emotion going into this reconstruction -- almost as if it were disrespectful to otherworldly beings to not restore Stonehenge close to its original condition."
[Who originally built Stonehenge? What was it really used for?]
"I've done a few reads on this. Here's an excerpt from one of them. I even see an image of a giant helping to build Stonehenge, and at one point they were treated as slaves. I get intellectually they were not as superior to the smaller man, but they had so much strength it didn’t matter for their survival. The smaller man knew how to entice them (because of their intellect), and get them to do work.
[Poor dumb giants.]
Image #2: HELLO GOODBYE...
Comet LINEAR has suddenly appeared and already passed within 5.4M km of earth on 3/21/16, with a “fragment” of it trailing behind within 3M km of earth. Anything unusual we should know about?
What Lynn Saw
"I'm envisioning the tail of the comet will cause blips in telecommunications after it completely passes by. You may hear something about that. It's a naturally occurring process, due to the composition of the tail. It will create a naturally made disturbance (I don't see the comet being sent here by anyone)."
Image #3: UFO SWIRLEE...
This spiral radar pattern was recently recorded as a UFO apparently entered that Colima volcano in Mexico that UFOs are forever flying in and out of (and around and over and every other preposition). What caused the pattern?
What Lynn Saw
"It looks like a combination of UFO activity, but it caused a disruption in the EM field for that area. It seems to be like pulses, a heartbeat effect with its EM pulsing, the end result was this spiral effect."
Image #4: V for FAKE?
This V-shaped cloud appeared a few months ago over the city of Carson, CA. Real or fake?
What Lynn Saw
"I'm more disturbed by the face I see in the picture. I'm drawn to this face looking over, investigating. There's something going on here. It's like the face is real, but the V is fake. It's like there's this presence over CA, protecting it. I get the V is fake, but there's a face in those clouds. It's like the person who photoshopped it didn't realize there was something else there. Let me look at this again... yeah, the V is a photoshop job, but the face is real. It feels like the face is overlooking this activity and just shaking its head in disbelief. It is like it's a face manifested from Source (if that makes sense). I feel I still need some work on totally understanding this one."
Image #5: Angelic Cornwall Sunset
This gorgeous sunset anomaly appeared about a week ago in Cornwall, UK. Is this a natural phenomenon, or is there something more going on?
What Lynn Saw
"This is truly amazing. It looks as though something pure and genuine and ANGELIC, something special and protective of this area. If the timeline continues on the way it's going, there looks to be some unrest in this area, and this angelic presence is there to protect and watch over people. It's this collection of energy gathered right at this spot, and the sun looks to be fueling it. It looked like there were supposed to be some economic hardships and troubles impacting this area, but there's this higher vibration there healing that area, and redirecting that life path.
[Sure would be nice to have celestials swoop in and just grab those lower vibrationals causing so many problems. Is there some kind of ET rule against that sort of thing?]
"That would be nice. There is some code that until we rise against the reptilians they cannot do something that drastic. We have to reclaim our birthright before they are allowed to intervene. They can guide us, but not do it for us..."
Image #6: BONUS: When is a Missing Woman NOT Like a Missing Woman?
Did that woman really just disappear?? What goes on here? [See link for video.]
What Lynn Saw
"If you look, she walks away at the exact same time as the woman with the silver bag on the cart. It's basically an optical illusion." [Damn. Oh, well.]
And that's it. Join us Friday after next for episode #31.
Tuesday, March 22, 2016
Amazing, Curious and Mysterious Places [Group Post]
Q. Hi Lynn, please can you do a reading for Puma Punku in Bolivia?. This ancient place has baffled scientists and archeologists ever since it's discovery. UFO Documentary: Ancient Aliens - The Mystery of Puma Punku. Some of the stones weigh more than 130 tons and were somehow brought from around 80 miles away. There are strange deep carvings on some stones, whilst others have perfectly straight-flat surfaces, and perfectly drilled hole's in others, What was this place and what would it have looked like? The H-blocks look quiet similar but on closer inspection they are all different, what was the purpose of these H-blocks. The whole place seems like it could have been built by aliens. Can you tell us how old Puma Punku is and how it came to be in such state of disrepair as it is now? Any history you can give i'm sure would be much appreciated by many people. You did a reading for me before and for that i am most thankful. Thanks again and keep up the good work.
A. The main thing I see when I tune into this is an elaborate fortress made of these stones. Behind the walls lived an ancient society (I want to say the time frame was 250 to 500 AD). The stones were transported on large cylindrical tree trunks laying on their side (and then my images show me that some were transported on a raft made of these similar tree trunks, and then when they reached land they re-purposed the raft into this conveyor system). They then used advanced pulley and lever systems to position the stones and "lock" them in place. As I look at all of these images, this does look to be man made.
I get that the fortress served them well with regard to protection, but they endured environmental changes that effected the food supply. Food was grown inside the walls, but as the weather changed (became very hot and dry), it was difficult to grow food. Because of this drought-like environment, the animals were also driven away, and hunting was difficult. Then, after a three to four year drought, they were faced with little vegetation and drastically reduced food supply. Many people died of starvation and illnesses due to their weakened body's.
When I look to see what happened to disturb this fortress and cause it to be in such disrepair, I get that just as the weather shifted into a drought condition, it changed suddenly into a rainy and flooded state. The immense amount of water and lack of grass / trees to somewhat hold the soil, the ground turned into flooded and "mushy" spots. The stones had nothing solid to balance on. They lost their foundation support and therefore toppled and shifted all over.
Q. If could add one question to the above request for a Puma Punku reading, I would ask this: South of Puma Punku (but still in Bolivia) below the Yuni salt flat lies ruins of a former town. One can see the structured pattern from the plane (pic here ). If there's space for one more question: what did they do to be able to build such long lasting buildings (compared to ours who last only 20-30 years in some cases)? Thank You very much Lynn!
A. Similar to the structure above, they build structures out of solid material (stone). They also used locking mechanisms (interlocking pieces) that could withstand some shifting (I do get that if the water level went down and they were on land again, the structures would shift because the current state of water pressure also helps them to stay together).
Q. What was the city of Petra in Jordan and how old is it? Was it ever under water? I've always been fascinated by this place?
A. I cannot see that this was ever under water, but I get a river ran under it (and still may). I do hear that this place was a "Palace made for a God." It looks as though this was some kind of ancient church and also a monastery. People would go there for spiritual needs and healing (and to drink the water from the underground river that was thought to have "magical" properties). This place is very sacred.
Q. Hi Lynne. I am usually a lurker but have a mystery for you to solve. There is an underground 'temple' in Kent, England, called the Margate Shell Grotto which I visited as a (local) child. It was found by accident by a farmer. There's one small entrance to an artificial cave covered with millions of seashells arranged in wonderful designs, with a tunnel, a 'dome' with a skylight, and an altar. No-one knows who built it or when, or why they'd go to the immense trouble of making it when it's not located in a way that the maker's could have shown it off to visitors. Grottoes were fashionable for aristocrats once, but this is nowhere near an estate and local histories have no mention of it - until it was discovered. I would love to know what you can glean about its origins and those who built it.
A. I see that the location was very intentional because the creators wanted this to be hidden. This looks to be a hidden location for the elites in society to get together, hold meetings and partake in rituals. I hear something about these meetings occurring on the full moon of every month so there would never be confusion or need for correspondence (like an invitation), and rituals occurred on the "full blood moons." I am then shown "Oak Island" and get that there are many parallels as far as who attended those private locations, and also the nature of the business.
Q. Hello Lynn, Can you please do a reading on Aokigahara forest in Japan? It is the most popular place in Japan to commit suicide. What attracts people to go and commit suicide there. What do you see going on in the Aokigahara forest?
A. When I tune into this area I see that a lot of death has occurred there. It isn't all recent death, it looks like a history of death, destruction and a massacre. I hear blasting sounds and fire. It looks like there was a history of a very violent volcano going off, and the result was hundreds if not thousands of people died. The karma tied to the spirits that remained and very troubled, and creates a lower vibration of area in that specific location.
People of a lower vibration (contemplating suicide or are depressed) attract the energy of lower vibrational beings. These people living even remotely close to that area make themselves a beacon for these troubled spirits. They may get thoughts that are not their own, but they feel drawn to go to this forest. They feel promise of relief from their situation, but in reality they are adding strength to these lower vibrational beings.
Q. Hi Lynn- Could you do a reading on the community of Damanhur in Northern Italy. It appears to be a successful, thriving, creative settlement of diverse people, but something about the spiritual side of it strikes me as a New World Order mixture of paganism, Egyptian, and new age. Their underground temple of humankind is a very elaborate synthesis of their own symbolic language and visual metaphors. There are initiations involved and it has been honored by the UN as a model of sustainable community. Who funded them as they started as 25 year olds and who was their charismatic leader "Falco"? Thanks for all your time and efforts.
A. I get this was founded on something good, with good intentions. BUT, then I hear that many things that are not in the greater good started with good intentions. When Falco did start this belief system and then created a "settlement" he wanted to explore the spiritual side of life. He believed in more and saw the earth, moon and sun and something to celebrate.
A shift looks to occur because a focus became on getting people to join and letting their numbers grow versus looking at who was joining. It does look as though some followers of the PTB have infiltrated this group, but more as a way to spy and destabilize this "threat". What Falco set up looks to be a positive gift to society, but there are current members making this group into something it wasn't intended to be. I hear "this could be a great thing, but they need to look at their guest list in greater detail.
Q. Hello Lynn, Have you ever heard about the stairway in Loretta Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico? It was built by a carpenter that did not charge for his services and no one knew his identity. Some believe he was an angel or perhaps even a manifestation of Jesus, because Jesus was a carpenter too. Is there anything spiritual related to the staircase? Or are people just giving the staircase and the carpenter too much attention?
A. As I look at this I hear the theme music to the Twilight Zone. My image then shifts to the host of the show talking about a man that arrived from another time and place, and then the show pans to a scene of the staircase.
As I look at this man, and I ask "Are you Jesus?" and "Are you an angel?" he does not confirm or deny it. He just looks down, and I sense he is mute (but also incredibly humble). [I also hear the word "savant" but cannot place any clear text with it.]
I see that the entire time he worked on the stairs he didn't talk or communicate with people. The woodworking was his passion, and that is what he did. He was good and fast. It was like the stairs went up with remarkable time.
There is mystery behind the stairs. This man that appeared from nowhere, left in the same fashion. In some way he wants to remain anonymous, and even though he will show me his face, he is choosing (or is not able) to communicate withe me.
Q. Lynn, There is a city northeast of Dallas, Texas called Rockwall. It was named after a rock wall was discovered by a man digging a well over 150 years ago. The wall is 3.5 miles wide by 5.6 miles long. Geologists insist it is a natural formation, but when it was excavated they found old tools and pictographs on buried rocks. And there is a local legend that gold and treasure is buried underneath the rocks. Is it a natural formation or was it created long ago by previous settlers and its intentions have become lost to modern man?
A. I see two things with this. The rock wall itself looks to be a natural formation, but there were people that dug and carved caves and secret tunnels within this rock. The surface was difficult to work with, but also provided good supporting walls once you were able to penetrate the rock. These tunnels and caves served as hide outs, homes and also people used them trying to extract natural resources. I get that there are some small treasures within the wall (as a result of "looters"), but there is not a significant mass of gold.
And that is all I have for this reading. Thanks you. Love and light-
Monday, March 21, 2016
Q. Dear Lynn, can you please do a reading for all of us on why state violence against university students, journalists and Dalits (caste which is considered in the Hindu religion as lower caste) is on the rise in the past few months? What is going on with the government of India and its Prime Minister? The current Prime Minister has an alleged violent past track record when he was the chief minister of a state. What is going on? India is the second-most populated country on our planet. So please take time out to do a reading.
I also request you to do occasional readings on other parts of our planet such as Africa and South America. This will give us a much-needed planet-wide perspective.
A. I get that we (as a planet) on experiencing a shifting of energy. That shift is creating and encouraging people to think more and more outside the box. People have access to alternative ideas and information that resonate with them, and are looking for bigger and broader answers. The targets of the violence, specifically the students and the journalists, make up a large part of the next generation, and that next generation will have a big influence over the people. The influence will be in forms of media (including social media) and other humanistic interactions. The goal is to create a fear based "next generation" that is very cautious about what they say, especially in terms of their government. The government is fearful that they will lose control or a majority influence, therefore, they are looking for ways to maintain that control.
I also see these groups (students and journalists) are looking to the government to help with the situation. But, the problem looks to be caused by the same entity that is also being sought after for help. The government looks to be very strategic in that by slowly offering help, but doing so in a way that creates a feeling of indebtedness of the people. The indebtedness also creates a situation in which the government can slowly extract rights from the people and obtain some kind of loyalty.
I hear that you should always be cautious of a government that makes people scared to think for themselves and expects something in return for fixing a problem that they started in the first place...
Friday, March 18, 2016
Jon Benet and Katy Perry
Greetings Lynn.
Q. Hope you're well. So I know this sounds a bit far-fetched (I had trouble believing it at first) but there is a video going around made by a conspiracy theorist who swears that Jon Benet Ramsey did not die, and that she actually grew up to be the famous singer we know as...Katy Perry. Here is the link:
Like I said, I was skeptical, but once I saw the faces digitally layered on top of eachother of not only KP and JBR, but the parents as well (who he also says are the same people—the dad just shaved his head and the mom lost some weight and they both changed their style) it definitely made me say, "Hmmm..."
Also, when Katy Perry made a comment in one of her past interviews from awhile back when talking about singing, she said something along the lines of, "It's [not] like there's a Jon Benet Ramsey inside of me just waiting to get out," and laughed. Who laughs about dead MURDERED children and uses them as a metaphor in an interview so flippantly? I thought that was a bit weird, considering the horrible circumstances surrounding Jon Benet's death/murder; it's just not something you see someone—especially a celebrity—joke about so irreverently and casually. She could have said the name of so many others, but chose Jon Benet, and we all know that the PTB love to hide in plain sight and throw things right in people's oblivious faces; this seemed A LOT like that to me.
What do you think? I'm really curious to know if there's any truth to this.
Thank you for everything you do, Lynn. Sending you lots of love and positive vibes.
A. When I tune into this (and this was difficult, like something didn't want me to "go there") I first get that things happen all around us, and many times we are oblivious to them. I hear that if we as a society took more time to "listen with our eyes" we would see things more clearly. There are secret deals, plans, even strategic operations being outlined that may take several years to come to fruition. I see images (that appear to be symbolic) of handshakes in dark allies, secret gatherings for those in the know (specifically I see scenes from Eyes Wide Shut) and then I see a group of men meeting underground to discuss the "20, 30 and 50 year plan" of the United States. There are deals and corruption all around, and "even though it is sad, it is a reality and we shouldn't be too shocked by it."
Jon Benet was a sweet and naive little girl that was encouraged to get in the spot light. She began to dress, carry herself and make herself up to look much older in order to be able to compete with the other little girls. The fame was important to the parents (I see a huge focus on the mom standing forward here). It was so important that they were willing to do what they needed to do for their daughter to succeed.
My mind then takes me to grouping of people. My impression is that they are an elite group of the Powers That Be. They are wearing clothes like the KKK with hoods that cover their faces. There is a red emblem on the robe of a circle with a "/\" inside it. It looks like an A without the horizontal line. I then hear something about there being an obsession with pedophilia and the Powers That Be, which then takes me back to the "20, 30 and 50 year plan of the United States." [I then heard a random this pedophilia thing is partly why society is encouraging women to pluck, shave and laser most of their body. People are being detached from things that make a man manly, and things that make a woman womanly. I am told to think about who made the rules of hair (for example) being gross, dirty or unacceptable?]
As I move forward I get that the PTB sought out the parents of Jon Benet to make a deal. The PTB were drawn to the overly made up pageant girls with talent and saw the potential to use these girls to help with their agenda. They also proposed deals to other parents (not revealing the full terms of the deal), but Jon Benet's accepted. What the parents didn't realize is what they would have to go through and just how public this would be. I hear the phrase that they were "waist deep in a mess before they even knew what was going on." This is also why the events around her death were so strange, the reactions were odd and the investigation was handled the way it was handled.
The goal of the PTB was to take these children and put them through a boot camp of sorts. They reinvented who they were (i get they even changed their birthdays on paper to dates that were "astrologically acceptable."). These children were to grow up and become icons that would basically serve to the PTB. They would have to sing, act, promote and do what they were told. Occasionally there was some push back, but for the most part they obeyed. I get if you followed her and watched her performances you would be amazed at the amount of symbolism and "spell casting" that is done through this symbolism.
And that is all I have for this reading. PLEASE take a minute to take a few breaths and send some positive energy out into the world. Love and light-
Wednesday, March 16, 2016
Spirits and the Afterlife
Q. If we have multiple lifetimes and multiple DIFFERENT parents, then when we go "Home", which set of parents do we see again? They always say that we'll see our loved ones again, but if that's the case, then we'd be meeting probably hundreds of thousands of loved ones... is that correct? Same goes for all our pets...
A. I see that when a person is close to the end of life they sort of go between our plane and the spiritual plane. As they toggle back and forth they will see images of people, pets, locations, events, etc. that they experienced in this current life journey. These images soothe the transition because it can be hard for the body to ultimately release the spirit (that final separation).
I also see the transition from the current life to after life going through phases. At the moment of release the familiar spirit guiding the transition will take on the appearance of who the person knew during this current lifetime. After the transition has occurred, and the body has detached, the person going "home" is now is spirit form too. There is a slight learning curve in this freeing feeling (I heard to imagine you are astral projecting x100). The spirit is now able to connect with the familiar spirit group to prepare for the next incarnation, hang around the 3D world, guide or protect. In spirit, they don't connect as seeing each other as "mom, dad, etc", but rather a magnetic connection full of love and belonging. Spirits don't take on defined roles, those are rules that humans define and project onto one another for the conscious mind.
I also need to explain that when we are in the spiritual plane we connect back to certain spirits that we most times incarnate with. I always hear this group of spirits being called a "soul pact." This grouping of spirits can manifest/incarnate in the 3D world as parents, siblings, children, friends, pets, etc. You may share the same birthmark or mannerisms from life to life, but you (personally) will rarely fill the same role (or appearance) because each lifetime presents new experiences in order to expand, learn and grow.
Having said that, rather than saying that you have had thousands of parents, siblings, etc,, in reality it may be more like 100 different spirits that get incarnated from this same familiar group. (Your sister in this life may be your mother in the next and your son in the one after that...) This narrows the infinite amount of spirits to a more closer group.
Q. Hi Lynn, How does a soul seek his/her future parents. Must the spiritual vibration level of the baby match the spiritual vibration level of one or both parents?
A. As the spirits within the soul pacts reunite the dynamic of the next lifetime is determined. It has to do with the spirit's current vibration, where they are wanting to go and what lessons or karma to they need to address.
Q. Is the baby's day and time of birth planned and determined before the soul enters the embryo? Since astrology depends on the date of birth, does that mean that outside intervention e.g. doctors inducing early labor, causes a change in the destiny of the child?
A. I see that the universe works this out and knows the life path at the moment of conception. If there is a c-section or induction, that is the way the universe planned the birth. That event goes with the plan, not against it. Few people may experience adverse affects with an altered delivery, but for the most part the universe knows what it is doing..
Tuesday, March 15, 2016
Trump, Hillary and a touch of Romney
Q. Is Trump part of PTB? I know the rest of them are and I also would think he was also but I can't get a get a solid read on him (not that I'm psychic). I almost feel he is bucking against the PTB but I would think they would have put a stop to him by now. What do you think Lynn?
A. I see that Trump has made deals with the PTB to get where he is, but hasn't become a part of them [yet]. He would like to have the power and influence that they have, but he doesn't want to to be owned by anyone. Trump actually poses a huge threat to the PTB because he isn't able to be controlled (due to his independent wealth and power) and the PTB are frantic to get him out of the running. The PTB need a puppet, and I hear that Trump is refusing.
When he first started to run for office the PTB didn't think he would be taken seriously by the public, so they allowed him to run and get into the race. Once they saw the threat emerge, they tried all kinds of tactics from supporting his competition to running ads, etc. They can't simply "have a tragic accident" to eliminate him from the competition because there are too many eyes (from the public and privately paid) on him.
Right now Trump is under the microscope. Since he is not a "politician" by trade, he lacks a lot of the "political correctness" (which I see many people embracing in a strange way because they see he isn't afraid of what people think, and that translates to truth whether it is something they want/like to hear or not). I see many people burnt out of this current system and the way politics have been handled in the past and are ready to make a radical jump to try something else.
Since he is under the microscope, every questionable move is blasted over and over on the media. In lieu of a "tragic accident" I see that they are hiring people to go into rally's and town hall meetings to cause disturbances (to create more negative associations to him that can be aired over and over again).I see a strange dynamic happening that even though the attention is negative, it is still attention, gets people talking and keeps the energy surrounding him alive. I get that the PTB are plotting a huge scandal to get him out of the running. The challenge will be making it stick, but they will most definitely try.
Then I get that choosing Trump (who is pushing against the PTB) and choosing someone tied to the PTB is still like picking between the lesser of two evils. Both are driven by ego and power, but Trump is the underdog fighting against the PTB (which looks to be the bigger evil) and will do the opposite of what they want just for the sake or showing them that he can (even if by executive order if allowed the chance). He will slowly break up things that benefit the PTB (like super PACs) and do more things that benefit the working people (as a way to antagonize the PTB).
Q. I'm deeply disturbed by the remaining options we have for presidential candidates. The republican debates are a joke and they all stoop to the 2nd grade level of name calling, and the democrat options aren't much better. Did Hillary really lie or know about what's going on with the emails and Benghazi? Why are Clinton followers and Trump followers just blindly following and ignoring all lies and corruption? What is going on and who has the most positive energy and good will?
A. People are questioning everything. I don't see it as a blind following, but rather a desperate need for a change. People are so desperate they are willing to overlook things they don't like (such as offensive comments or what feels like lies) and hear what they want to hear. It looks like a lot of selective listening is taking place.
In regards to the behavior of the debates.. Much of our media world is based on reality tv and gossip rather than true news reporting. The debates (for ratings and publicity) have evolved into the same thing. Undesirable behaviors get free press (and lots of it), therefore, it has become more acceptable. People in general may not agree with the behavior, but the watch it, hear about it and get somewhat engaged (more so than a "normal and adult" debate).
Looking at the Hillary emails I see that she didn't really think through what she was doing. It never occurred to her that she would get caught or questioned. It was as if the policies look so lax that people sort of did what they wanted and made their own rules of convenience. When when things happened, and an investigation occurred, the "rules" were looked at. Deep down she knows it was wrong, and is trying to cover herself and make this go away. I hear that she is trying the "if you say it long enough it becomes true" theory.
Q. Lynn you're the best .. I got one for you that crossed my mind the other day but recently it's been making a little noise on the net. Could Romney get the nomination for 2016? - and possibly fulfilling the white horse prophecy? Thanks!!
A. I get that he has been approached by the Republicans and told that if he would consider running, they would create a situation (even if they had to falsify the voting results) to give him the nomination. I hear that Romney declined because he knows if it comes to that, people would all out revolt. Romney would like to run, but the results would be disastrous, and he doesn't want to be put in that situation.
Friday, March 11, 2016
Five for Friday #29
by Lynn & Da-da
Hi all, and welcome back to FIVE for FRIDAY. Let's get started.
Image #1: The Voynich Manuscript
Famous mystery time. Here's an excerpt from the famous book of mystery, the “Voynich Manuscript.” No one knows who wrote it, what the book's about, how old it is, what language it’s written in, if it’s written in code, or how many agents worked the subsidiary rights. Everyone's best guess is that it's a fake.
What Lynn Saw
"I get this is a channeled survival guide. It looks like a Pleiadian was the channeled source. The history of life was explained in conjunction with how to survive our ever-evolving environment. I get this manuscript was very ahead of its time. The reason the letters appear so strange is because it was not an earthly language being relayed."
[Apparently, that's what written Pleiadian looks like.]
Image #2: The Thing From Atlantis
This geometric thing apparently came from Atlantis. Did it? What is it?
What Lynn Saw
"Yes! It's some kind of a locking hinge system used to protect or to reinforce a vault. There's tons of gold and jewels in this vault. The other half of the hinge is missing. The vault does look mostly intact. It's at the bottom of the ocean (built from mostly stone). I get that this is actually a piece of the hinge that got stirred up from the ocean floor. I'm unsure of the exact chemical breakdown, but I do see it as being magnetic (and somehow magnets were part of the "key" to switch it from locked to unlocked."
Image #3: The Shugborough Inscription
This is a bit of a mess to explain. Called the “Shugborough Inscription,” this is a mystery many have tried to figure out over the years. It’s an inscription on an 18th C. tomb in Staffordshire, England, that resembles the now infamous “Et in Arcadia Ego” (“I am also in Arcadia”) rigamarole painting by Poussin, seen at far right, which alludes to the whole Rennes-le-Chateau mystery -- which you can read about HERE and HERE if you want, but I'm so over it. (The fact that Dan Brown lifted the whole "holy blood" thing from British journalists Henry Lincoln, Richard Leigh, and Michael Baigent's fine 1982 book, Holy Blood and Holy Grail is maddening.) Anyway, there’s this OTHER tomb in England that alludes to this... and it has yet another code (above) associated with it, appearing at the base of the tomb. Can you tell what the code means?
What Lynn Saw
"When I look at this, I see a sentence written out. Every letter is the first letter of a word of a famous latin saying, i think. For a latin scholar, this should be easy, as it's an easy latin phrase."
[Get to work, latin scholars. Like you have anything else to do?]
Image #4: We Got SPHERES That Jingle Jangle Jingle...
These objects were captured by cameras on the SOHO LASCO satellite back in 2009 — and again on Valentine’s Day, 2016. What are they? If they're ships (as Da-da suspects), who's inside and what do they want?
What Lynn Saw
"First thing I get is... this is a Blue Avian's ship. Their ship is encapsulated in a force field. In the first image, they were working on setting up a base on the far side of the moon; they want to be close to earth, but not right on top of us. They want EZ access. They're smart and methodical, and are waiting to see who wins, here. I feel like I don't trust them, entirely. [Are these the Sphere Beings?] They do feel like the Sphere Beings. [I then asked about Corey Goode's and David Wilcock's latest fear-based bugaboo, the "partial disclosure" timeline.] When Disclosure happens, I cannot see anything partial about it. It will fall like dominoes. There's a lot of fear out there -- too much fear. Part of the problem is that there is truth mixed with fiction and we have to sort through it all (and it can be exhausting)."
Image #5: I Told You Kids...
This story originally came from "Sorcha Faal,” rumored to be US Naval Intelligence. Anyway, apparently the Saudis discovered something here (see pic 1), at their most holy site, Mecca… and dug up this something, called “The Ark of Gabriel,” a device/weapon of “immense power” given to Muhammed by the Angel Gabriel, who told him, “DON’T TOUCH IT. IT BELONGS TO GOD.” Well, someone may have found it and touched it, as there was a plasma emission that caused a crane to fall on and kill over a hundred people at a mosque above the “construction site" (you may remember hearing this). Two weeks later, they tried to move the Ark again -- and this apparently happened (pic 2). ZAAAP.
The alleged object caused another “plasma emission” that apparently killed 4000 people and put tens-of-thousands into a panic…which the Saudis blamed on a random “panic stampede.” The next day, the Saudis apparently contacted the head of the Russian Orthodox Church [??], Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, and asked for help. [The Ark must've had his number on it.] THEN, a few months later, these two guys met in Cuba (pic 3).
AND THEN, as if that wasn't weird enough, a Russian Navy ARMADA just happened to stop in Saudi Arabia to apparently pick up this device and transport (pic 4) it to…
Of course. That's where we store all our arks. What the heck is going on here?
What Lynn Saw
"Ok, I'm getting something a little different. I see that thousands of years ago an ET visited and the locals took him for an angel. He brought some ET tech. The tool in question had to do with electricity. When it's activated, or moved, or positioned properly, it knows how to draw static electricity from the air, like a kind of air-capacitor. if it's moved or handled improperly, you can short-circuit it, whereas it emits a huge lightning bolt. I can hear it go SNAP. I can smell the ozone. It pretty much scared the Saudis, so they wanted to get it out of there; they didn't want to give it up, but they had no clue, so they asked the Russians to take it to Antarctica, where there are no property issues. [Aha.] Besides, there's an underground pyramid in Antarctica, and they think they can pair up these things and answer some questions. The Vatican's in on this, too, since they have lots of secrets; the Russians thought maybe they could help. I don't see this as, "The Lost Ark," but it works very similarly. The real Ark doesn't feel as unstable. I see what they found was working with the existing ley lines, somehow, so moving it was not a very bright think to do. They pretty much lost the ability to control it when they moved it from its very specific location. That was the reason for the electric reaction (it should not have been touched or moved). I see them spending lots of time, money and effort, but they won't get it to work in a positive, effective way." [I told you kids... HANDS OFF THE ARK. And next time... call Lynn first.]
Darn, that's the end. Da-da could do this all day. Oh, wait... he just did. Join us Friday after next for "Mover's of the Lost Ark," Episode #30. Bring your parka.
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simplebooklet thumbnail
About Autism, How Autism are inherited or acquired, what the symptoms, treatment options or cure there are for Autism, number of people affected and their likelihood for survival, and Interesting facts.
Millions of people have Autism, so how does someone have autism?
-By: Martin Delgado jr
-Period 7/8
a mental condition, gotten from childhood and makes the person have trouble to comunitcate with others and things and life.
What is Autism?
Inharence and symptoms
There is no way to tell how Autsim is aquired or inharited but it is found that in children around the age of 2 or later in life get autism and start to show the symptoms for example, failing to make eye contact, not responding to his or her name or playing with toys in unusual, repetitive ways.
There is no known cure for Autism but there is therapy. Early recognition, as well as behavioral, educational, and family therapies may reduce symptoms and support development and learning.
treatment options or cure
One in 68 U.S. children has autism, 30% increase from 1 in 88
Statistics on autism
It is Widley Speculated that albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Andy Warhol, and even Bill Gates are on the autism spectrum.
interesting facts on Autism
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What Could a Fed Rate Hike Mean for Your Portfolio?
Tuesday, November 10th, 2015
As of late the Fed has been talking about a potential rate hike in December. Many are unsure what this means exactly, and are unaware of the potential effects it could have on the economy and their portfolio.
It is important to first understand what a rate hike means. When the Fed discusses a rate hike, it is related to them raising the target Feds Fund Rate, which is the interest rate at which a depository institution lends funds maintained at the Federal Reserve to another depository institution overnight.
This rate has been near zero (which is a historic low) since the Great Recession began in 2008. It can be viewed as the base rate for all other interest rates in the U.S. economy. This concept can be seen in the correlation between the Feds Fund Rate and the 10 year Treasury yield. The graph below shows that the Feds Fund Rate moves with the 10 year treasury yield.
The main concept to be seen here is that as the Feds Fund Rate increases, the interest rates on bonds will increase. This is an important idea for bondholder’s to understand, because bond prices and interest rates have a negative correlation.
Simply put, when interest rates increase, bond prices decrease. The reason for this is that when new bonds with higher interest rates are issued, the demand for those older bonds with lower interest rates decrease which ultimately drives down the price for those older bonds.
There may be periods where there is an inverted yield curve. This means that short-term rates are higher than long-term rates. Even in periods of this nature, rising short-term rates drove up long-term interest rates.
This would not be the first time many investors lost money in bonds. In an article titled The Great Bond Massacre, author Al Ehrbar describes the losses due to an increase in interest rates.
"In January 1994, the 34th month of economic expansion, bond yields were historically low and inflation seemed negligible: Wages were going nowhere, and companies dared not raise prices. But within seven short months of that promising start, something fairly unusual happened: 1994 became the year of the worst bond market loss in history. Since the Federal Reserve began nudging short-term interest rates higher in early February, the bond market has inflicted heavy damage on financial companies, hedge funds, and bond mutual funds. Fortune estimates that the rise in 30-year Treasury rates from 6.2% at the start of the year to 7.75% in mid- September has knocked more than $600 billion off the value of U.S. bonds."
Many investors believe that bonds are a safe asset that doesn’t lose money, but unfortunately many people forget about the correlation between interest rates and bond prices.
A rise in interest rates will also have an effect on many large corporations. When interest rates increase, the cost of borrowing will increase. This means that before you invest in a stock you should do your homework and understand how they will be affected by an increase in rates.
Several factors to look out for when analyzing companies include: their current debt level, whether they’ve been paying off that debt or issuing new debt, their current ratio, and their current cash flow. Two companies that have red flags going into a period of rising interest rates include Verizon Communications (VZ) and Tesla Motors (TSLA).
Verizon currently has a debt-to-equity ratio of 854.96, which is more than double the industry average of 365.9. Their current ratio is 0.63, which is below the industry average of 0.83. This is concerning because if they do not have the current assets to pay off their current liabilities they may need to issue even more debt.
Their total current debt outstanding is $118,968,000,000. This is a major concern, as they had an interest expense last quarter of $1,386,000,000. This directly reduces the earnings of a company. If Verizon has to continue and increase that amount of debt in an environment of rising interest rates, you will continue to see that interest expense grow.
Tesla continues to issue new shares, issue more debt, and produce a negative cash flow. Year-to-date, Tesla has lost a total of $494,650,000 in cash from operating activities. Since they are not producing cash they continue to borrow money and issue more stock.
Year-to-date, Tesla has issued over $844,000,000 worth of new stock and has borrowed over $183,000,000 in long-term debt. By continuously issuing more stock they are making the current stockholders’ stake in the company less valuable.
With a negative cash flow, Tesla may have to continue to raise capital by issuing more debt and issuing more stock. Increasing their debt levels in a period of rising interest rates will increase their interest expense and make Tesla lose even more in earnings.
As always, it comes back to the fundamentals and understanding the companies you are investing in. Interest rates are not going to shoot through the roof tomorrow, but there needs to be a return to normalcy in terms of the cost of borrowing. Don’t be caught by surprise when interest rates rise, and do your research on those investments that you hold.
Do you have a question or a company you would like us to take a look at?
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What are the Chances the U.S. Government Goes Bankrupt?
Tuesday, September 19th, 2017
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OTPIC Officially Retired
Conflict Research Consortium ARTICLE SUMMARY
"Failure to Employ Preventative Diplomacy to Avert Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait."
Gareth Evans
Citation: "Failure to Employ Preventative Diplomacy to Avert Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait." Gareth Evans, Cooperating for Peace.
Iraq and Kuwait had had a long standing, but low level, border dispute over a pair of Persian Gulf islands. In 1990, after the Iran-Iraq war, Iraq faced an economic crisis. At that time Kuwait was a major Iraqi creditor, and was playing a key role in depressing oil prices, thus decreasing Iraq's income from oil sales. In addition, Iraq accused Kuwait of, in effect, stealing oil from the Iraqi side of the shared Rumaila oil field. A successful invasion of Kuwait would have relieved Iraq of its war debt, increased oil prices, and provided Iraq with long-sought access to the Gulf. Iraq began to press the border issue, and threaten invasion. Kuwait resisted, not wanting to give in to threats. Iraq in turn increased its threats and demands, not wanting to lose face and believing that invasion was a viable option. No preventative diplomacy was employed during this period of escalation, and Kuwait was invaded in August of 1990. Two factors seem to contribute to the sudden escalation and lack of prevention in this case. First, both Iraqi threats and demands were misunderstood or discounted. Very little attention was paid to resolving the issues which arose early in the dispute, or to Iraq's worsening economic situation. Moreover, no Arab state had invaded another in modern times. This led the Arab community and the international community to discount Iraqi threats of invasion. Second, both Iraq and Kuwait showed an inability to admit mistakes. Having openly threatened invasion, Iraq felt committed to make good on their threat. Kuwait in turn did not want to be seen as compromising in the face of intimidation. As a matter of principle, they refused to be threatened into admitting any wrong-doing. Each side having framed the conflict in these ways, Kuwait felt it could not compromise until Iraq withdrew its threat. Iraq in turn felt it could not withdraw its threat until Kuwait agreed to negotiate. As a result, both sides held firm until outside intervention -- in the form of the Gulf War -- ended the standoff.
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Where, in Ancient Egypt, did people live?
As part of our 'History Extra explains' series, leading historians answer the burning questions you were too afraid to ask...
Two males carrying bricks. (Photo by Prisma/UIG/Getty Images)
Where, in Ancient Egypt, did people live?
The thick mud deposited by the River Nile made an excellent building material. Mud-brick buildings are well suited to hot, dry climates, being cool in summer and warm in winter, so it is not surprising that the Egyptians built their homes and palaces from mud. They saved stone for the temples and the tombs they built in the desert.
Mud bricks were cheap and easily available, so they allowed Egypt's architects to experiment with large-scale structures that could be raised with surprising speed. Several kings founded cities which grew from nothing to fully functional in just seven or eight years. These cities included spacious elite villas with gardens, and more humble terraced housing for workers.
Throughout the Dynastic age the population was concentrated in the area around Thebes (modern Luxor: southern Egypt) and in the area around Memphis (today just to the south of modern Cairo). Today the settlements have almost all vanished – either dissolved into mud or crumbled to dust.
Dr Joyce Tyldesley is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester, where she writes and teaches a number of Egyptology courses. You can follow her on Twitter @JoyceTyldesley.
For more burning historical Q&As on the Tudors, ancient Rome, the First World War, ancient Egypt, and more, click here.
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Skip to definition.
Verb: flee (fled) flee
1. Run away quickly
"He threw down his gun and fled";
- fly, take flight, cut and run
Sounds like:
Derived forms: fleeing, flees, fled
Type of: break away, bunk, escape, fly the coop, head for the hills, hightail it, lam [N. Amer], leg it [Brit], run, run away, scarper, scat, take to the woods, turn tail
Encyclopedia: Flee, Sarthe
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Alexander graham bell important facts
Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3rd March 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. When he was just 12 years old, Alexander invented a ‘dehusking’ machine to remove the husk from wheat. His mother, Eliza.
Check out our fun facts for kids that feature interesting trivia, quotes and information related to a range of famous scientists. Learn about the man credited with the invention of the first practical.
World s Greatest Scientists/Inventors One of the most famous inventors of all-time is Alexander Graham Bell. He is well remembered for his invention of the telephone. Here’s a list of interesting.
Alexander Graham Bell was born in Scotland. His mother, who was deaf, was a musician and a painter of portraits. His father, who taught deaf people how to speak, invented Visible Speech. This was a.
1 What about 2 Copyright Infringment 3 Alexandra Graham Bell 4 some debate 5 Metal detector as forerunner of MRI 6 Revisionists often have one thing in common. 7 First chancellor of Curry College 8.
Alexander Graham Bell is most famous for his invention of the telephone. He first became interested in the science of sound because both his mother and wife were deaf. His experiments in sound.
Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent the telephone. Attributing the true inventor or inventors to a specific invention can be tricky business. Often credit goes to the inventor of the most.
Alexander Graham Bell was one of the primary inventors of the telephone, did important work in communication for the deaf and held more than 18 patents. “Great discoveries and improvements invariably.
france: Alexander graham bell important facts
alexander graham bell important facts
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When it comes to the dichotomy of the Hedgehog and the Fox, the line is in the sand. The Fox and its breadth of ideas are one group of people. The Hedgehog and its adherence to a central idea are another. Virtues and drawbacks of both animals take center stage and questions arise: What animal would Mozart or fill in the blank genius be considered? Is it better to be a hedgehog or a fox in today’s times? Do we need more Hedgehogs and less Foxes?
Stephen Jay Gould, however, has a refreshing take on such a contrast by refusing to think of it as so. The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister’s Pox explores how a gap between science and the humanities came to be and how such a lacuna can be mended. In the introductory chapter of the book he champions an integration of both the Hedgehog and the Fox:
“Rather, in our increasingly complex and confusing world, we need all the help we can get from each distinct domain of our emotional and intellectual being (the fox’s diversity again). Quilting a diverse collection of separate patches into a beautiful and integrated coat of many colors, a garment called wisdom (even better than the hedgehog’s prickly cover), sure beats defeating or engulfing as a metaphor for appropriate interaction”.
Quilting ensures a multitude of ideas (the Fox) while bringing them together through a central idea (the Hedgehog).
In any musical endeavor we can lose ourselves in the many creative opportunities that present themselves. Too many patches but nothing holding them together. This is where a central idea, be it key values or tenants, comes in to stitch these various experiences together.
Then we can have a central musical idea but keep it rather insular, not reaching out to other people or influences. A quilt that does not keep us or others warm. Allowing the base of the quilt to grow out, adding patch by patch, can help create a more generous and fulfilling quilt.
What is exciting about this quilting metaphor is how it is ongoing in our musical lives. Patches can be musical influences, other musicians and people, locations, distant fields of thought, and whatever else will become a part of us. The stitching that holds the patches together can always change and grow as well. Quilting is a process.
And process, especially in music, may be all we got.
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Saturday, August 27, 2011
Kenmore Washing Machine Lid Switch Failure Analysis
More than a month ago we had another malfunction of our washing machine, instead of dryer, this time it was washer. That morning, after washing one load of laundry, the washer stopped working on the second load - it let water in but won't agitate the laundry!
What failed?
Based on her experience with centrifuge, Lily quickly realized it was most likely due to the malfunction of the safety device on the lid, which we later found out to be a lid switch (see a picture of the stand alone lid switch assembly below) . It was validated: when she used a screw driver to push on the switch assembly, the washing machine started running! I unscrewed the assembly main body from the washer's frame and squeezed it everywhere, and put it back in - the washer could work normally.
However the washer stopped working again the following week. I turned off the washing machine (for Safety!!) and removed the lid switch from the frame again. Upon investigation, it turned out that the plastic case of the working unit fractured. I searched (note - I used this website to identify the failed part in my dryer previously) and eventually found out the part is officially called lid switch Assembly. We decided to replace the part.
After I identified the part, I went back to look at it again. When I squeezed the fractured part back together, and turned on the washer, it ran again. So I used steel wire to tie the fractured part together and then wrap the bundled part with duct tapes. The washing machine worked fine that week.
Why did it fail?
Typically this part should not fail. I thought about the cause of the failure, and quickly determined that it was due to the fact that we let the lid close on its free fall after loading laundry; in applied mechanics terminology, it is the impact of pin (on the lid) to the lid switch which caused the fracture and shortened the life of the part. The impact force is much larger than static force. If we close the lid all the way by hand, the max force on the lid switch would be just half its weight, the lid switch should last very long time.
With this understanding, we started a new rule right away - close the washing machine washer's and dryer's lids/covers gently by hand. With this practice, the washer has been working for a month without any problem. I expect that my temporary fix should be a permanent fix with gentle closing of the lid. We will not replace the lid switch after all!
Quantitative Failure Analysis
I was wondering how much higher the force would be due to free fall impact than statically closing it. So I did a hand calculation from Newtonian mechanics and preformed a simulation to show the dynamic process.
The lid (cover) is modeled as flat plate which can freely rotate at one side (the triangle symbol in the following figure).
Based on conservation of energy, we have the following relations - basically it is that the potential energy of the vertical lid equals to the (rotational)kinetic energy when the lid is horizontal (close position) When the lid (D=18 inch) free falls to horizontal position right before it hit the lid, its angular velocity is 8.01radians/second or 459 deg/second! It takes a lot of force to stop the lid with high angular velocity in a very short time. If I assume that the lid would be stopped in 0.001 second (both plate and lid switch are assumed to be rigid), then the impact force would be 250 times of the static force.
A simulation that model the lid as steel, and the lid switch as a rigid block, showed the impact force is 165times the static force (half weight of the cover). Since both lid and lid switch are deformable objects, and the solid spring on the lid switch actually deforms a lot when pressed, or in other words, not all of the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, some of it is conveted into strain(deformation) energy. The force amplification is estimated to be more close to 100.
Note: This is the first time I performed a quantitative failure analysis outside my professional work. Hindsight, I think tha it would be helpful to show that high school physics (newtonian mechanis) can be used to solve real world daily life problems.
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National Monument
Fort Sumter has to be one of the most historic national monuments in South Carolina. This fort has gone through a lot of history over the past years. I will inform you with some of the history behind this fort. The fort was appointed after the man called Thomas Sumter. He was conceived in 1734 and he past away in 1832. One of the main reasons why this fort is so famous is because its known as the first battlefield where gunshots started and it began the civil war. This fort had received an enormous amount of damage during the civil war because there were bombardments all over Fort Sumter.
The biggest bombardment exploded in April 1861; in addition, around this time the fort was still being constructed the fort was formed in shape of a pentagon because it was believed that a fort has a better change of defending against outside intruders. What made it even better for the confederate army is that it was also built on the beach shore in the edge of the peninsula, so the union army had only one way of invading the fort. The fort was not actually finish when the civil war broke out. During the war the bombings almost destroyed half of Fort Sumter. After, the war was over architects, construction workers, and the U.
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S military did a great job at restoring the famous fort. This fort was one of the toughest forts to be taken by the union army there was so much bloodshed by the two armies it was unbelievable how many people died on that fort. This fort is located less than 3 miles away from Charleston. The fort use to have to major battles, so sometimes people from Charleston expected the battle from their rooftops. The reason for that is Charleston was so close to the beach that you could oversee the peninsula of the beach from your own home, so people knew what was going on in the battles they expected all the bloodshed that was going on at that time.
Also, “one of the major battles that took place in Fort Sumter was the Battle of Fort Sumter. The Battle of Fort Sumter was the first battle of the Civil War. ” (Russell 32) It was one of the most intense battles of the civil war it lasted about 34 hours. The union army had control of the fort first, but they were in confederate territory, so the confederate army surrounded the fort and fired upon the fort and the confederates declared that no food or supplies would reach Fort Sumter.
This fort was really important to the union army, so Abraham Lincoln demanded to protect that fort no matter what, he Lincoln demanded that resupply ship will sail out to the fort to help out the soldiers that are already there to give them supplies and reinforcements the name of the ship was Star of the West, but the confederate troops shot at the ship as soon it got close to the fort so it was force to turn around.
When Lincoln found out about this, he stated to the confederate army that if they took that fort they would officially declare war against the United States of America. Abraham Lincoln left the decision to the confederates if they wanted war. Then, after the 34 hours of fighting during the Battle of Fort Sumter’s the union army finally surrendered the fort to the confederate army. Once the confederates took the fort from the union army on April 15, 1861 the Civil War had officially started.
After, the attacks in Fort Sumter in April 1861, the union army started to fight back they rallied troops to go and try to take back the fort from the confederate army, but there are many failed attempts to try and take back this fort that a lot of good soldiers had to die in action. This battle of Fort Sumter led to the beginning of the famous battle of Bull Run. There is actually a movie that was pretty famous that showed and displayed the battles of Fort Sumter. The name of the movie was “Glory” made in 1989 starring Denzel Washington and other famous actors.
If people really want to experience how it was back in 1961, and see the horrors of the battles of Fort Sumter’s then I recommend to watch this movie, so you can get an idea of what it was like. Finally, if you visit the fort now its actually pretty well preserve they still have all the weapons they used in the war inside the fort. For example, they have all the cannons placed inside the same spots they were back in 1861. What’s really interesting is that they still display the union flag and the confederate flag waving in the air inside Fort Sumter’s.
If you visit this monument you will notice as soon as you walk in that Fort Sumter has been restored to portray the major periods of its history. They have tours inside the fort, so all the people that visit know about the history it holds. Also, they have these shows that they recreate the Battle of Fort Sumter. They have people dressed as confederates and union soldiers. The best part about visiting this monument is that you could see all the bullet holes that the guns made they kept just like when the war ended, so people can see all the damages the fort took because of this war.
In addition, there are rumors that this fort in the night has spirits walking around because a lot of soldiers died in this fort especially during the Battle of Bull Run. Personally, I like it when places are haunted because it makes it more interesting for people to visit. This fort stood for a great cause it was the symbol of independence and it honored all the soldiers that fought this horrible civil war. After, the World War II was over the fort was inducted to a national monument in 1948.
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linux:Init Commands
chkconfig –add ‘name’
Add a new service to be managed by chkconfig. As part of adding the service, chkconfig makes sure the service has a start or kill entry at every runlevel.
chkconfig –add atd
starts the atd daemon
chkconfig –add ypserv
starts the ypserv daemon
chkconfig –del name
Remove a service from chkconfig management. As part of the removal, symbolic links to the service are removed from /etc/rc0-6.d.
chkconfig –del ldap
removes the ldap daemon
chkconfig –del irda
removes the irda daemon
chkconfig –level ‘level’ ‘name’
Specify the level to which a service should belong.
chkconfig –level 5 lpd specifies level 5 for the lpd daemon
chkconfig –level 15 ntpd specifies levels 1 and 5 for the ntpd daemon.
chkconfig –level ‘level’ ‘name’ on|off|reset
Starts, stops, or resets the named service in the specified runlevel.
The on and off options affect levels 2, 3, 4, and 5.
chkconfig –level 345 nfslock off
turns the nfslock daemon off in runlevels 3, 4, and 5
chkconfig ypxfrd on
turns the yp transfer daemon on in levels 2, 3, 4, 5
chkconfig –list
View a list of services and their runlevels.
If you use the name option, you’ll only get information for the named service.
init runlevel
telinit runlevel
Change the system runlevel.
init 0 changes the system to runlevel 0, shutting the system down
init 1 changes the runlevel to 1, which is single-user mode, often used for maintenance tasks.
“runlevel” cmd
to View the current runlevel.
Init uses the /etc/inittab file to determine the system runlevel and load daemons.Below describes the format of the lines in the inittab file (the inittab uses a colon-delimited format).
This field organizes the file to allow the init daemon to read it alphabetically.
This field specifies the runlevel(s) to which the line corresponds.
This field tells init what action to take (e.g., respawn, wait, boot, bootwait, powerfail, powerwait).
This field designates a shell command to execute.
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What is A Day Without A Woman?
March 8th is A Day Without A Woman, a women’s strike brought to you by the women who organized the Women’s March. On Wednesday, you’re encouraged to wear red, strike from your job or school, and not spend any money in stores. If you must, only shop at small businesses owned by women or people of color. Women are also encouraged to refrain from doing any unpaid labor, which refers to work like cooking and cleaning and care-taking, all of which are tasks that take significant time but don’t provide any money in return.
How Does A Women’s Strike Work?
The strike is meant to show the world the value of women. Imagine what your day would be like if there were no women around to teach at schools or to run businesses across the country. Think about the chaos that would take over if women weren’t around for a single day to be waitresses in restaurants, do research in laboratories or treat sick patients in doctor’s offices.
Yes, Women Are Striking From Unpaid Labor Too.
Now consider what would happen in homes across the country if women didn’t perform unpaid labor either. No women making breakfast or being caregivers or even doing emotional labor like helping men deal with their personal burdens. On the day of the strike, women are encouraged to take the day off from performing the role of housekeeper or “unpaid therapist”. Generally speaking, if it’s any type of work, March 8th is the day to shut it down so the people around you can see just how valuable women’s time and effort really is.
What Should I Do With My Day Off?
First, give your teacher or supervisor a heads up. Here’s a letter created by the organizers of the strike for you to share with your boss to let them know you’ll be striking and to ask for their support. Next, make sure to tell the world you’ll be striking and tell them why on social media using #IStrikeFor; you never know who else you might convince to join the movement. On the day of the strike, you can spend your time volunteering with women’s organizations in your area, building community with other women who are striking or anything else that makes you feel empowered. Some cities like New York and DC will be hosting rallies on the day of the strike that you can attend.
How Can Men Support Women Who Strike?
If you’re not a woman, but you’re still down for the cause, think about how you can support the women striking in your life. You should start by wearing red in solidarity. Maybe you make a copy of your notes from class for your female friends or offer to babysit. If you work part-time, see if any of your co-workers are striking and reach out to cover your female co-workers’ shifts. You can also spend the day at work speaking up for women in the workplace and issues like equal pay. Once you’ve done that, make sure to get other guy friends to pitch in to support the women in your life going on strike and be sure to spread the word on social media.
Respond and let us know how you’ll be supporting the women’s strike! For more information on the strike and how you can take action on gender equality, check out strike.mtv.com.
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The youngest terrace on the island (82,000 B.P.) is composed of generally unstable mineralogy; terraces older than 500,000 years of stable, and terraces of intermediate age of both. Different portions of Barbados have decidedly different climates. Thus reef tracts of equivalent age can be studied in a high-rainfall, low-evaporation terrain and in a low-rainfall, high-evaporation terrain. Mineralogical stabilization proceeds more slowly in the drier climates. A model is proposed for the stabilization process at or near the outcropping surface of an aragonite-calcite sediment. The kinetics of calcite nucleation and of crystal growth, and the availability and transport of water can each be the 'rate step' in geologically realistic situations. The model is extended to include mineralogical stabilization in subsurface meteoric water.
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Lord of the Flies summary
Lord of the Flies Summary
A group of English school boys find themselves stranded on a deserted island after their plane crashes over the Pacific. Those who survive the crash elect Ralph, one of the oldest boys, as their leader.
• Ralph argues that the group's main goals should be to have fun, survive, and maintain a smoke signal to catch the attention of the outside world.
• The boys quickly lose interest in the day-to-day tasks Ralph wants them to perform, like building shelters. Instead of working, they waste their time playing and hunting pigs.
• When Jack defies Ralph’s authority, the boys degenerate into a savage tribe. They set fire to the island in an effort to drive Ralph out of hiding. A British warship, seeing the smoke, stages a rescue. Ralph and the other children are saved.
Summary of the Novel
Lord of the Flies is set during an unspecified war. A planeload of British schoolchildren is shot down and marooned on a deserted island. There are no adults present.
As the story opens, the jungle on the island is severely scarred from the wreckage of the plane. Two boys—the fair-haired, charismatic Ralph, and the fat, asthmatic, thickly bespectacled Piggy—emerge from the jungle. While they are swimming in a shallow pool inside a lagoon, Ralph discovers a beautiful conch shell. Piggy suggests he blow it as a signal for other survivors.
One by one, boys of ages six to twelve appear from the jungle. Among them are several older boys, identical twins Sam and Eric (sometimes referred to as Samneric due to their lack of individual identity), the quiet but strange Roger, the thoughtful Simon, and the charismatic Jack Merridew, leader of the choir.
While absorbing the view, the boys come upon a wild piglet caught in some creeper vines. Jack takes out a large knife and prepares to kill the pig. He hesitates, and the pig escapes. Jack is upset by what he perceives to be Ralph’s condemnation of his hesitation. He silently vows to himself, “Next time there would be no mercy.”
Later, Ralph uses the conch to call another meeting. It is decided that whoever holds the conch shell will have the right to speak at the meetings. A small boy with a mulberry-colored birthmark obscuring half of his face receives the conch. He tells the others of a “beastie” that comes in the dark and wants to eat him. Some deny its existence, but Jack vows to hunt it when he and his hunters hunt pig for meat.
Next, the boys decide that they must make a signal fire on the mountain to attract ships to rescue them. They gather wood and use Piggy’s glasses to start the fire. In their exuberance and inexperience, they allow the fire to rage out of control and it consumes a large portion of the jungle. The small boy with the mulberry-colored birthmark disappears and is never seen again. It is implied he was killed in the fire.
Jack quickly learns the art of hunting, but still hasn’t gotten a pig. While he hunts, Ralph and Simon build poorly constructed shelters on the beach from palm trunks and fronds. Jack returns from his unsuccessful hunt, and he and Ralph clash over the decision to hunt or build the shelters.
Simon discovers a secret place in the jungle. It is a hollow completely obscured by creeper vines. He sits here, away from the others, and contemplates the beauty of the jungle.
As time passes, the boys begin to resemble less and less the civilized British schoolchildren they used to be. Their uniforms deteriorate and their hair grows long and ragged. A marked boundary begins to grow between the younger children (littluns) who play all day, and the older children (biguns) who seem to be growing divided as to their responsibilities.
Ralph, Piggy, Simon, Sam and Eric see the need for order and civilization, while Jack and his hunters become obsessed with the ideas of finding meat and protecting the littluns from the beast. Jack introduces his hunters to the notion of camouflaging their features with red and white clay and black charcoal for hunting. This gradual masking of their identities allows them to become more ruthless and effective hunters.
Presently, the smoke from a ship passing the island is discovered, but Jack and the hunters, preoccupied with hunting, have let the signal fire they were tending go out. Jack returns from the hunt, triumphant over killing a pig and slitting its throat himself, only to be rebuffed by Ralph for neglecting the fire.
The boys clash on the matter, but eventually all share in consuming the meat. Ralph calls another meeting to deal with the situation involving the signal fire. Another littlun, Phil, speaks of his dreams of the beast. This again inspires Jack to lobby for the necessity of his hunters. He and Ralph argue again over the importance of the signal fire versus the meat. Jack declares his disgust and he and his hunters leave the meeting.
Ralph considers giving up being chief. Piggy, who fears Jack, tries to convince him not to. That night, unseen by the castaways, there is a fight between aircraft ten miles in the sky over the island. A dead parachutist lands on the side of the mountain in a sitting position. The wind, catching in the parachute, makes the figure rock back and forth.
The boys, thinking it is the beast, argue over whether or not to approach it. The boys, led by Ralph with an angry Jack in tow, travel to the mountainside to see the beast. Jack sees the natural bridge to the island’s outcropping. He decides that the separate island, joined to the main island by a rock ledge, would make a great fort. It contains many rocks that could be rolled onto the approach path to kill enemies. He and Ralph argue again, and Jack verbally denies any further loyalty to the conch and its power.
The boys’ continued expedition to the figure on the mountain is interrupted when the boys flush a boar. Ralph wounds it when it charges him. The boar escapes, but they celebrate the encounter with another primitive blood lust dance in which Robert, pretending to be the pig, is beaten by the hunters who are overly excited by the dance. Ralph’s bravery in the face of the boar’s charge is forgotten.
As the day wanes, most of the boys have returned to the shelters, but Ralph, Jack, and Roger have pressed on and apprehensively approach the figure. The wind causes it to move and the boys see its decaying face in the darkness. They all flee. At the next meeting, Jack and Ralph question each other’s bravery on the mountain. Jack convinces his hunters to separate themselves from the rest.
Following Piggy’s suggestion Ralph, Simon, and Samneric try to maintain a signal fire down off the mountain, away from Jack and his hunters. Jack orders his hunters to kill a pig for a feast, hoping that the roasting meat will draw the others’ loyalty away from Ralph. They kill a pig and he orders them to mount its head on a stick as a sacrifice for the beast.
Simon, who had been in his hiding place, contemplates the head of the boar that the hunters had unknowingly impaled near him. He imagines a conversation with the head, and begins to see in it the source of evil on the island. He has an epileptic seizure. He awakens, and the head again reveals itself to him as the symbol of anarchy on the island. Simon has a second seizure.
Simon awakens again and climbs the mountain to view the figure of the dead parachutist that the boys believe is the beast. He discovers that it is harmless, and that the true nature of what the boys should fear, the real beast, is symbolized by the pig’s head. He returns to tell the others.
Meanwhile, Jack and his hunters roast the pig, and the others, including Ralph and Piggy, join the feast. Ralph and Jack argue again and most of the boys side with Jack this time. Ralph tries to convince them that they need shelters, but Jack distracts them by commanding another blood lust dance. The boys become so swept up in the dance that Simon, emerging from the forest, is mistaken for the beast. All the boys, marginally including Ralph and Piggy, beat him to death. The tide sweeps his body out to sea.
Back at the shelters, Ralph, Piggy, and Samneric contemplate their roles in Simon’s death. That night, Jack and his hunters attack them and steal Piggy’s glasses for a fire. The next day, Ralph, Samneric, and Piggy approach Castle Rock, where Jack’s tribe has gathered, to demand the return of Piggy’s glasses. Ralph wants to reestablish the power of the conch.
He and Samneric approach the hunters while Piggy and the conch stay on the stone bridge. Jack and Ralph argue again while the hunters take Samneric prisoner. Roger releases a rock they had rigged to guard the bridge. It falls on Piggy, smashes the conch, and plunges Piggy over the edge to his death.
Ralph escapes and the hunters hunt him. He hides near Castle Rock but only manages to learn that Roger has tortured Samneric into joining the hunt. Samneric now fear Roger, the sadist, more than Jack. Eventually, the hunters corner Ralph in Simon’s old hiding place. They flush him from concealment with a fire. Ralph manages to escape to the beach with the hunters right behind.
He comes face to face with a shocked naval officer. A battle cruiser has docked in the lagoon, drawn by the smoke from Jack’s fire. The officer is appalled at the savage condition of the children. Ralph assumes responsibility for what appears to be poor leadership. Ralph begins to weep for the three dead children and the castaways’ loss of innocence.
Jack emerges onto the beach without his hunting camouflage or weapons. Only Piggy’s broken glasses on his belt give any indication of his previous savagery. One of the littluns cannot remember his own name. The officer, embarrassed by what he mistakenly perceives to be Ralph’s undignified relief at rescue, turns away and stares at his warship in the lagoon.
Estimated Reading Time
Lord of the Flies contains 12 chapters ranging in length from nine to 23 pages, with an average length of 15 pages. Each chapter can probably be read in 45 to 60 minutes. A range of 10 to 15 hours should be allowed for reading time of the novel.
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How the process works
The role of the mediator
The mediator’s role is to use their skills and experience to facilitate a settlement to a dispute. The mediator will listen carefully to everything that is said and use the information to assist the parties to build a durable resolution.
The parties do not have to persuade the mediator of anything and the mediator will not express any opinions, even if asked to do so. Their job is to help both parties to resolve the dispute, not to give them advice or to suggest what may happen at court.
The parties need to look to persuade each other that a particular settlement is a better alternative than going to court or having a long-running dispute. How that process of persuasion is facilitated is one of the key roles of the mediator. The mediator will not suggest or advocate any solution; instead any solution will be discovered and owned by the parties involved.
The process of mediation
Every mediation is different and it is the parties’ process, not the mediator’s.
Unless anyone has any objections, the mediator will generally begin by inviting everyone to the main room where everyone introduces themselves and agrees some ground rules. These may include:
1. Use of first names;
2. Avoiding personal accusations
3. Not talking over each other (in other words, only one person speaks at once)
That said, it will be up to the parties concerned to agree whether these are suitable rules for their mediation.
Before the process starts, each party will be asked to confirm that they have authority to settle the claim if/when the stage of agreeing terms is reached.
Once rules have been agreed and authority confirmed, the mediator will summarise the mediation agreement that all parties will have signed and remind them that the process is confidential and without prejudice. Thus no lawyer or client (nor anyone else present) may refer to what is said during the mediation at any other time or in any other place.
Similarly, the mediator will remind those present that they will not discuss the mediation with anyone, and that no one may call them as a witness or have them summonsed before a court to say what went on. The mediator will be neutral and impartial and to do this they must be wholly outside any litigation. This important safeguard is contained in the agreement which all parties sign.
The mediator may make some notes during the mediation, and may ask one of the parties to write down the terms of any offer they wish to make on their notepad but, once the mediation is finished, all notes will immediately be shredded, including those offers. The mediator will also shred all papers they are sent unless the parties ask for them back. The mediator will only retain the mediation agreement which was signed before the start of the mediation.
Opening statements
Once the mediator has dealt with the administrative issues, they will invite each party to summarise in turn what it is that they hope to achieve from the mediation.
The mediator will be happy to listen to as much detail or history as those involved think will assist the process, but they may work on the assumption that the mediator has read and understood the papers before them.
However, the mediator will not object to having their attention drawn to particular points, legal principles or documents, provided the point about not seeking to persuade them is remembered.
The mediator may then (if it seems appropriate) try to facilitate a discussion between the parties in open session, perhaps using a circulating document which may contain proposals people wish to make. Initially, the mediator will look to understand what, if any, common ground there may be and what alternatives are open to you all.
Sometimes the mediator will ask people to brainstorm or come up with some wholly without prejudice ideas for settling the matter which are not offers, just possible ways that people looking in on the dispute from the outside might suggest that a resolution could be reached. That may or may not become appropriate and may be done in open session or in private.
Equally, people sometimes find that it is more helpful for the mediator to shuttle between them for most of the mediation.
In either private or open session, the mediator could ask what to some may seem like challenging questions. They may seem like they are playing Devil’s Advocate, but please remember that nobody has to answer the questions. The mediator is not a judge.
The questions the mediator asks will be intended to clarify their understanding and to reality test the arguments, to see how the parties think they might stack up against objective criteria, and to look at the options and alternatives that may be open.
They may ask about the substantive issues, about costs or evidence, about the legal advice or the risk assessments that have been conducted, or there may be wholly different questions that seem or become relevant. Remember, however, that the mediator is not a lawyer.
Private sessions
The mediator understands that arrangements are to be made for each party to have a private room set aside for them.
Anything said in the private session to the mediator will be confidential between them and those in that private session, unless they specifically authorise the mediator to repeat what they have said in the other room.
In that context, if it is an offer, the mediator will ask the person making it or their lawyer either to write it down so there is no doubt about the terms or to deliver it directly across the table or (less formally) to the other room themselves.
If it is some other fact or statement, argument or other message, the mediator may summarise it in their notebook but they will check with the party concerned that they have done so correctly before leaving the room.
The parties will appreciate that they should not ask the mediator what they have been told in private session in the other room. They will never disclose that information unless authorised to do so.
The mediator will normally prefer to remain with the parties as much as possible so that they can get a feel for how their thinking is developing. This includes when the parties are discussing matters with their solicitors because the mediator will simply be like a ghost in that process. The mediator will say nothing in the other room about what they hear, so the benefits are entirely to the party they are with at the time, in speeding up the mediator’s understanding and therefore their ability to help resolve matters.
The mediator will, therefore, encourage each party to let the mediator stay with them as much as possible but the mediator will not be offended they are asked to leave.
Once all parties have reached a position where they have a settlement, the mediator will ask one of the lawyers to draw up a draft agreement or order, for all the parties to sign if they are sure that they wish to do so and understand the terms of the settlement.
It is not for the mediator to protect any of the parties from entering into an agreement or settlement which is disadvantageous to them. If any party is not confident about the offer or agreement, they should take such advice as is appropriate. The mediator will always allow time for consultation with a lawyer or other appropriate person if requested. To that end, if any party thinks they may need to externally refer to someone, they may wish to notify them in advance so that they are near a telephone.
Leaving the mediation
If there comes a time when one party feels that they wish to leave the mediation, the mediator will usually ask the party concerned to agree to take a few minutes to discuss the reasons.
Sometimes, rather like the coldest part of the night being just before dawn, there is sunlight just moments away but it is difficult for anyone other than the mediator to see it
No settlement on the day
In the unlikely event that the mediation does not lead to a settlement on the day, experience shows that most then reach settlement within a few more days. Any offers made during the mediation, however, will lapse with the end of the mediation.
If any party would like an offer to remain open until some later time after the mediation is open, many people say that it is helpful to write it down at the end of the mediation session. It is sometimes said this avoids ambiguity and confusion but it is a matter for the parties concerned.
“Roger’s keen analysis of a dispute allows him to see through to the heart of the issues. His calm and straightforward approach builds trust quickly and aids settlement.”
Anna Phillips, Associate, Property Litigation, Foot Anstey
“Thank you for yesterday. One never knows the whole story, of course, but on what I saw, I can only say my client owes you a lot.”
Mark Fitch, Hatch Brenner solicitors
“Initially we were fairly sceptical about the value of mediation, but were pleasantly surprised by Roger’s pragmatic and commercially-minded approach to the proceedings.”
Melanie Davy, Business Computer Projects
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Why Do We Have Different Blood Types?
In human blood there are two antigens and antibodies. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are present in the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the
Fracking Explained: Is This An Opportunity or Danger?
here is fracking explained in five minutes. The first use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947. The modern fracturing technique, called ‘horizontal slickwater fracturing’, was first used in 1998. It made the extraction of shale gas economical. The energy from the injection of a
Why Do We Go to Space?
The Science of Kissing
There must be a good reason why we kiss. From motherly comforts to testing the genetic compatibility of your “mate” . . . the science of kissing is pretty awesome…
Why Are The Bees Dying?
In the six years leading up to 2013, more than 10 million beehives were lost, often to Colony collapse disorder (CCD), nearly twice the normal rate of loss. Several possible causes for CCD have been proposed, but no single proposal has gained widespread acceptance
Awesome Robot Spider!
A robot spider with incredibly realistic movement. Imagine having a giant one with a belt fed machine gun on it... wow.
Charge Your Cell Phone In 5 Seconds
This enable you to charge your cell phone in 5 seconds, or an electric car in about a minute. Although graphene is indeed an amazing material with fantastic potential, I’ll believe it when I see it. I guess I’ve heard enough hype over the
Future Military Robots
Imagine if we created a mech capable of leveling down entire planets and it malfunctioned into killing everything in it’s path because some idiot accidentally flipped a switch?
How Do Chameleons Change Color?
For a long time it was thought that chameleons change color by dispersion of pigment-containing organelles within their skin. However, research conducted in 2014 on panther chameleons has shown that pigment movement only represents part of the story. Chameleons have two superimposed layers within
How Were the Pyramids Built?
For the dynasty to work for the great pyramid it had to have been built in 20 years. If work was done on it 7 days a week 10 hours a day 365 days a year a stone had to be laid every 2
Why Do Venomous Animals Live In Warm Climates?
Venom is the ‘lazy kill’. Not much energy requirement in producing toxins, huge energy requirements in active hunting. Warm climates do not produce food with high energy content [lots of carbs and some calories, very little fat/protein], hot weather favors smaller animals. Net result
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Monday, July 20, 2009
1905 - 1910 The building of Ragged Chutes
jim said...
the loss of this engineering marvel is an obvious disaster for the historical tourism of the area.
Has the underground engineering been retained or has there been a demolition of the facility?
teraniageoff said...
I have not been so impressed by any other 'antedeluvian' technology.
The whole storiy needs to be an informative and excitng doco.
The trompe concept could be revived for the terminal energy decline we are now entering.
Thank you so much for this site. It has corrected much of what I have read, and the pictures are just exquisite for an old tech head like me. Can you post all your internal phtos of the plant as a gallery?
I am fascinated
geoff moxham
BSc Industrial Arts, (technology) UNSW 1977
Afif Abou-Raphael said...
Mr. Charles Taylor is my hero,
My Biggest question to the scientific community;
Inventor; Afif Abou-Raphael
clark said...
The higher compessed air efficiency could be due to the cooling effect of the water. You end up with 120 psi of air at or near the temperature of the water that transports and compresses it.
Afif Abou-Raphael said...
From inventor Afif Abou-Raphael.
Response to Mr. Clark's response.
I respect what Mr. Clark said about cold temperature that can help introducing into the compressor little bet more air, but I would like to tell him not to forget that the end pressure of 8.625 bars was the pressure at the mines' machineries. I said that the efficiency of the ragged chute's compressor is more than the double of any conventional compressor's efficiency at the same conditions in addition to higher pressure production, even in summer times where air and water have much higher temperature. To go his way, while doing calculations according to higher temperature we see that we can’t pass the 10% where I am talking about more than 100% between lower pressure of 6.79bars (for conventional compressors) and higher pressure of 8.625 (for Ragged chute’s compressors).
In addition if a conventional compressor produces air at 8.625 bars surely it needs much more energy to produce the 4cfm, thus, it is not 1hp now but probably 1.5hp or more for 4cfm (As a general rule, a good compressor, per true HP, will deliver about 4 true CFM at 100 psig or 6.79 bars). Again we should not forget that at ragged chute the air was produced continuously where never any conventional compressor can do even at 50% because of mechanical failures, electrical failures or else.
Moreover why don't we use these results to do a prototype to harness energy from compressed air that can be produced by Taylor's type hydraulic air compressors?
We are in need of a lot of energy, and I think that will be a right decision to proving that Mr. Taylor had the best idea ever to producing compressed air very effectively and efficiently to helping energy production worldwide.
Again I confirm that Mr. Taylor’s compressor is the most efficient air compressor ever.
Inventor; Afif Abou-Raphael
Paul said...
The conventional way to produce electricity out of waterways is, of course, to dam them and install generator turbines. Perhaps 6MW isn't enough for the government to worry about, but on a community level could be well worth the effort.
Afif Abou-Raphael said...
Answering Mr. Paul
Dear Mr. Paul
What I have written was to prove to you and to anybody that using compressed air produced by any water way according to Mr. Taylor’s principle is much better than using the hydraulic power in any other conventional turbine.
When I said 6mw it was produced by the third of the water flow of the Montréal River. And if the full water flow was used to produce compressed air, then we can get more than 19mw or about more than 12mw ready to be used after the deduction of all energy lost, comparing to 6.7mw that are produced actually with the full water flow of the Montreal River.
I ask you please to understand that double of all of the megawatts that are produced with our water flows is way better than half of it as we are producing now!!!
Inventor Afif Abou=Raphael
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Department of Informatics and Media
Software Engineering 2017/2018
If you like to solve problems, Software Engineering will be stimulating and rewarding. Developing software is about identifying problems, formulating solutions and planning for appropriate actions to realise the proposed solution. In all courses, we use programming to apply theoretical knowledge through exercises and projects. Focusing on the general aspects such as problem solving and structuring makes it easy to adapt to new languages and techniques.
Courses in Software Engineering deal with methods, techniques and tools for developing software. Today's software is largely based on mobile and web technology, whether the software is to be use on the Internet or internally at a company. It's not about creating great looking websites but on more elaborate systems where web pages only are the interface that the user interacts with. Focus is on the underlying technologies, how computers work and communicate as well as various web technologies. Programming is not only about the programming language, it also includes how to program effectively and safely. Design of databases and databases as a technical solution for data storage is essential within the field of Software Engineering.
Thomas Ejnefjäll, Tina Kekkonen,
Telephone: +46 18 471 82 75, +46 18 471 10 70
Fax: +46 18 471 78 67
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This section requires expansion
Beginning of World War II
In December 7, 1941, Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes were attending an art lesson, where Barnes was more interested in the model, when news erupted that the United States had entered World War II after a bombing over Pearl Harbor.
Rogers discussed with Barnes the need to enlist, as their country would need every available men to fight in the war. Barnes tried to dissuade Rogers given his frail physical condition, citing that he got winded just for taking three flights of stairs. Rogers asked Barnes to prepare him as a physical trainer, given his status as the three-time West Side YMCA Welterweight champion. Barnes, although worried about his friend, agreed to do it.[1]
Return of Captain America
Captain America awoke from his nearly 70 years of slumber in what seemed a hospital room in New York City. Realizing that it was a ploy due to the radio airing a football matched he attended in 1941, he escaped to the streets of modern New York City.
Confused for the environment, Rogers was surrounded in Times Square, where Nick Fury, director of S.H.I.E.L.D., explained that the reason for the ruse was to facilitate his transition to the 21st century after nearly 70 years of sleep. Rogers was saddened realizing that everything and everyone he knew was most probably gone.[2]
External Links
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Interview Questions
Search Interview Questions
Sample are here
Q. What is a Server?
A. A server is a computer that stores information many people can access. It runs special software to make its contents
viewable to outside users.
Q. What is a Domain Name?
A. A domain name is the name that people type into their browsers to reach your site. For example, is a
domain name.
Q.What is an IP address ?
A. Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique number called an Internet Protocol address. While people
think of web site addresses as their domain name, computers only see the IP address, which is in a numeric form that
they can understand. When connecting to a web site, you can type the IP address or the domain name of the site.
Q. What is TCP/IP?
A. To exchange files and information on the internet, each computer on the internet must be able to speak the same language.
Transmission control Protocol / Internet Protocol is the language used by computers to transfer information
throughout the internet.
Q. What is PPP?
A. Point to Point Protocol allows you to use a modem to connect your home computer to the Internet.
Q. What is HTML?
A. HTML stands for Hyper-Text Markup Language (“Hypertext” is text which is linked to other text, as the clickable
links on web pages are). HTML marks are placed around the text on your pages in order to tell a web browser how to
make the page look, what graphics to include, et cetera.
Q. What is HTTP?
A. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol is the language spoken by web servers to send web pages to a user’s web browser.
Q. What is a Web Browser?
A. A web browser is a software program which you use to look at web pages (for example, Netscape Navigator,
Netscape Communicator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, or AOL Web Browser). If you tried to look at web
pages without a web browser, all you would see is the HTML “source” file that they were written in; viewed through a
web browser, they are displayed as you want them to appear.
Q. What is a Web Server?
A. A web server is a computer connected to the web (Internet) that makes web pages available to the world.
Q. What is Unix, or a Unix Server?
A. Unix is an operating system, just like Windows 95 or Macintosh OS is. A Unix server is a computer which runs the
Unix OS. The computer which holds all of the D.C. FreeNet web pages is a Unix server. While Unix does not have a
friendly point-and-click environment for users to work with, we use it because it is the fastest and most reliable operating
system for a web server to use. A Unix server can also be a web server, an FTP server, a mail server, etc. (and they
usually are!).
Q. What is Telnet? What is a Telnet Client?
A. Telnet allows you to communicate with a Unix server as though you were sitting in front of it. A Telnet client is a program
you run on your home PC which connects to a Telnet-capable server, much the same way that your web browser
connects to web servers.
Q. What is FTP? What is an FTP Client?
A. FTP or File Transfer Protocol lets you “download” files from other computers that interest you, or “upload” them to
your site so that others can see them. An FTP client is a program you run on your home PC which connects to a FTPcapable
server, much the same way that your web browser connects to web servers.
Q. What is the InterNIC?
A. The InterNIC is an organization which assigns domain names and keeps records of which ISP is responsible for them.
Q. What is a Mail Server?
A. A mail server is a computer which operates 24 hours a day, collecting E-mail for its users and/or sending their outgoing
mail. Since the mail server is operating continuously, users can connect at any time and download or send mail.
Some ISPs maintain different mail servers for incoming and outgoing mail; others (like DC FreeNet) use the same server
for the sake of simplicity.
Q. What is POP Mail? What is a POP Server?
A. The Post Office Protocol is a communications method for receiving incoming mail which you download from a
remote mail server and read on your home computer. A POP server is where you download your mail from.
Q. What is SMTP Mail? What is an SMTP Server?
A. Simple Mail Transport Protocol is a communications method used for sending E-mail from your home computer to
your ISP’s mail server, and then out to the Internet. An SMTP server is where you send outgoing mail to.
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FRED Coherent Propagation
InteferometerIn addition to non-sequential raytracing FRED uses a sophisticated Gaussian beam decomposition algorithm to propagate coherent optical fields through the system geometry.
This proven, powerful technique makes it possible to model beam propagation through interferometers, holographic systems, lasers systems, etc with both accuracy and generality.
These are simulations that most of the other optical engineering software packages can not do.
In FRED, the implementation of this algorithm is largely hidden from the user. The user specifies the type of optical field (plane wave, diverging/converging wave, astigmatic laser diode, user-defined, etc) to be propagated and FRED creates and traces the secondary rays in the background. At the conclusion of the raytrace, FRED uses the ray information to recreate each Gaussian beam, and then sums the coherent field at the observation plane; the result is an irradiance, power density, or scalar field distribution at the user-specified spatial resolution.
The following short video shows the modeling of coherence effects in a birefringent ruby laser rod.
The capability to model coherent fields through macroscopic structures makes possible the design of applications that require accurate modeling in both the macroscopic and microscopic regimes. An example of which is the design of a digital camera system using a CMOS detector where design of the lens system requires non-sequential raytracing techniques - as provided by FRED - yet how the light is focused onto the CMOS detector needs to be modeled using a Maxwell solver such as FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain).
Interoperability between the two different software packages require the exchange of the complex electric field distribution. This is only possible with a ray tracing software that uses the Gaussian beam decomposition algorithm.
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Racial Profiling and the Police
A distinguished Harvard professor and frequent television commentator returns home from a trip overseas. As he struggles with a sticky lock on his front door, Cambridge police officers who are cruising by stop and confront him. He identifies himself. You may imagine this story ends with the cops apologizing and maybe sharing an abashed chuckle with the professor. You would be wrong. The cops arrested the noted African-American scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., after he objected to them accusing him of breaking into his own house. A national uproar ensued, ending only after the president (of the U.S., not Harvard!) intervened. What can explain this bizarre turn of events? One answer offered by many observers is a common theme in American cities: Racial profiling by the police.
What is Racial Profiling?
Although the term is used widely after notorious events like the arrest of Professor Gates, there is no accepted definition. In general, the term is used to refer to police who target individuals for stops, searches, and arrest based on their race.
The beginnings of racial profiling
Behavioral scientists in the 1950s proposed psychological profiles for certain particularly heinous criminals, such as serial murderers. Beginning in the 1960s, a spate of airliner hijackings and large drug smuggling busts created the impetus for law enforcement to develop the tactic of “profiling” by the Federal Aviation Administration and the Drug Enforcement Agency. These agencies grouped together certain characteristics that they believed the targeted offenders shared. And, after the September 11, 2001, attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C., the CIA and other intelligence agencies, as well as the Transportation Security Administration, intensified their profiling programs.
“Good” profiling: applying police experience
Some behavioral scientists, intelligence officers, and law enforcement officials argue that profiling is simply part of good investigatory techniques. What some call “profiling” is just the application by law enforcement of the observational skills and intuition of effective police officers, they claim. These skills include noticing patterns of conduct by certain types of criminals (for example, the Cambridge officers who arrested Professor Gates pointed out that he had a large bag with him as he appeared to be jimmying the front door of the house, which they said could have indicated a robber breaking in to fill the bag with valuables).
As for police “intuition,” some studies have shown that certain officers possess the ability to make accurate spit-second judgments about suspects. Popular social science writer Malcolm Gladwell discussed this in his book, Blink.
And, of course, a criminal suspect’s race is one of the elements frequently included in the description given by witnesses and victims and used by authorities to search for and identify perpetrators.
Bad profiling: racial stereotyping
New York and other municipalities are wrestling with the dangers and uses of police department “stop-and-frisk” programs. Under these programs, officers have the authority to stop (technically, to arrest) anyone briefly and frisk them for weapons or other contraband. Police and supporters of the programs claim that the tactic helps keep guns off the streets and prevents gang violence before it can erupt. Opponents argue that the tactic is just racial profiling—cops choose the people they stop and frisk, and the choices are usually young males of color.
A 2002 study of vehicle searches by police on I-95, the interstate highway that runs along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from Florida to New England, also paints a troubling picture. Although only 17 % of drivers on that stretch of highway were African-American drivers, 70% to 80% of the vehicles searched by police were driven by African-Americans.
Studies of this type have been criticized by law enforcement groups and some scholars because they do not take into account all of the factors involved, including relative “hit rates” for white and black drivers. A “hit rate” is the percentage of searches that uncover illegal drugs or other contraband. The argument is that, if police are targeting African-American drivers out of racist impulses, the hit rate for searches of blacks should be lower than for whites. The 2002 study does not address hit rates.
Legal Remedies for Racial Profiling
A person who believes that he has been subjected to a stop, search, or arrest based on his race has some legal options to invoke to address the wrong. One option may be used to keep out any evidence seized during an improper search. The other option may be used to obtain monetary damages for the violation of rights.
Equal protection and the exclusionary rule
When a person can show that police subjected him to arrest and search based on his race -- instead of facts that would have lead a reasonable person to conclude that a crime had been committed (or was about to be) and the suspect was involved -- he may be able to keep evidence gathered in the search out of court. The mechanism he can use is a motion to suppress, and the legal doctrine on which it is based is called the exclusionary rule. The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to enable courts to bar illegally seized evidence. Where evidence is seized during a search that police conducted based on a person’s race, the exclusionary rule may bar introduction of that evidence because the search violated the person’s Equal Protection rights under the U.S. Constitution.
Civil rights lawsuit
A person who believes that police targeted him based on race may also sue the officer, the department, and/or the municipality responsible for the conduct for violating his civil rights. Under federal law, law enforcement officers and other governmental authorities may not treat people of different races differently. (42 U.S.C. § 1981.)
Talk to a Lawyer
If you believe you have been subjected to improper police scrutiny or otherwise targeted based on race, talk to a lawyer with experience in police misconduct and/or civil rights law in your area. Although police have a lot of power, the individual citizen has certain tools to make sure they don’t abuse it.
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The Shogun-less Age
During the Epoch of the Warring Countries the Japanese state almost disintegrated, as the Daimyo (= great name) became hereditary princes and fought each other in civil wars. But during the sixteenth century three powerful Daimyo emerged to recreate the Japanese Empire :
Oda Nobunga (1534 - 82), who occupied Kyoto and eliminated the last Ashikaga Shogun.
Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1537 - 1598), Japan's most brilliant commander who broke the reign of the Daimyo.
By 1590 he had conquered the whole of Japan and he found himself suddenly with a superabundance of professional warriors who knew nothing but warfare. Partly to drain off their excess fighting spirit Hideyoshi decided to conquer the world, which for him meant the conquest of China.
In 1592 he invaded Korea, his passage to China. His armies overran almost all of Korea, but were stopped when they met the armies of China, which had come to the aid of its Korean satellite.
Ieyasu Tokugawa who defeated Hideyoshi's successor, set up a police state, transfered his capital to Edo (Tokyo), and initiated the Tokugawa Shogunate which ruled Japan peacefully for over two hundred years.
www link :
Unification of Japan Comprehensive web site about Nobunga and Hideyoshi.
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Cooperation in Disputed Asian Sea Fails Despite 2 Decades of Discussion
Countries with competing claims to the South China Sea have failed to start joint resource projects with the strongest one, China, despite discussions over the past two decades, as they fear unequal results or a loss of sovereignty.
Front-line countries in Southeast Asia worry they would take a minor role compared to China or end up ceding marine resources because China is bigger and more advanced.
“Other countries are still expecting Beijing to be more of a responsible stakeholder in terms of their performance and behavior in the South China Sea,” said Andrew Yang, secretary-general of the Chinese Council of Advanced Policy Studies think tank in Taiwan.
China in turn may suspect that domestic politics in a democratic country such as the Philippines could disrupt a deal, experts say.
The prospects of working together for oil, gas, fish, scientific research or environmental protection in the 3.5 million-square-kilometer South China Sea have come and gone from discussions since the 1990s, when claimant governments held workshops on maritime cooperation. The sea is rich in fisheries as well as fossil fuels.
China and Taiwan claim nearly the whole sea. Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines call as their own, parts of the sea, extending from their coastlines. Over the past decade China has upset other countries by building artificial islands for military use and passing coast guard vessels through contested tracts of the sea.
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free hit counters
Nature deficit disorder is a recent term and refers to the trend of modern day children to remain confined to the four walls of their homes. As a result of this non exposure to nature, they develop certain problems mostly related to behavior, which were not generally found in children of older times who used to play around in the fields, parks and at other places in the lap of nature. In some extreme cases this nature deficit results in mental disorder in the long term.
The main reasons for this problem are basically dwindling areas under nature and replacement of natural forests with concrete jungles. In metro areas the size of the houses are decreasing day by day. Due to high cost of land, homes are moving upwards in multi-storeyed buildings leaving almost negligible space for green belts. However in suburban areas of the metros, things are slightly better. Children born and brought up in these areas get negligible exposure to nature.
Even in suburban areas and the children living in small towns, there is a great pressure of studies. Parents demand that the child should excel in class resulting in pressure on the child. With entry of TV and computer in each home, the child gets glued to these modern day gadgets during the free time available and not being utilised in studies. As a result of this, even these children do not get exposed to nature to the extent required.
In some metros where the crime situation is not normal, out of fear, to keep the child safe and away from danger, parents try to keep the children indoors. The children then spend more time on the computer, surfing the net and watching TV. In case the child is unattended, the chances are that he will start watching undesirable contents available on the net.
The effect of this is multi fold on the children.
• The child loses respect for nature as is desired from citizens. This has resulted in deterioration not only of the health of the humans but also of the health of earth. As per study, this could result in a shorter life span of the current unexposed generation as compared to the life span of parents.
• The chances of the children developing attention disorder and depression may increase. Due to non availability of opportunities of relaxation in the natural manner, the child develops tension and consequent illness. As per study exposure to nature after school hours on weekends does result in reduction of anxiety and tension in the minds of any individual and reduces attention deficit symptoms in children.
• If the child develops ADD or mood disorder, the child is not likely to concentrate fully on studies and will get lower grades. Schools which have outdoor activities as a part of their curriculum have brighter students with better results.
• The increasing incidents of obesity in children can also be attributed to non exposure to nature and lack of exercise. Children do not get exercise and due to changing food habits they get more attracted to junk food, resulting in overweight children.
Thus it is necessary that the child should get exposed to nature to the extent possible. There are parks in each city or town. If not possible to take the child on a daily basis, the parents should ensure to spend the day out at least on weekends to enable the child to be exposed to nature. Schools also have a duty to ensure that the children should get exposed to nature on a regular basis. They should organise short school trips for this purpose.
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QML - Create Your Own Adventure
XML Attribute
An XML attribute is used to further specify the meaning of the element. Example (in which "importance" is the attribute): <element importance="high">Text</element>.
Attribute names must be unique in the context of all attributes of that element. The order of the attributes within the element is of no importance. Therefore, the two following are the same:
1. <element a="1" b="2" />
2. <element b="2" a="1" />
Attribute names are case-sensitive.
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We explore how new technology and a faster internet are converging to bring about the first Australian smart homes.
There may be components in your home that are starting to grow in intelligence, or are already considered “smart”, like your TV or your phone – maybe even your lightbulbs.
These devices connect to the world around them and can react to your actions and even learn from them, but it takes more than a lot of smart devices to make a smart home!
We’re only just starting to dip our toe in the vast ocean that is smart technology. Currently, most of the smart devices we have in our homes are isolated from each other, fulfilling their purpose unaware and unconcerned by what’s happening in the world around them.
But when they all become connected through one central nervous system, the technology stops being scattered pieces of a puzzle, and transforms into a far more powerful whole. Instead of having a number of smart devices in your home, you have one smart home.
This is the technology just around the corner for Australians. As more premises get access to the nbn™ network and more of our devices connect to fast internet, smart homes can become a reality.
The Internet of Things + machine learning x fast internet
So what is a smart home? Let’s start by breaking down the formula above. The internet of things (IoT) is a concept we’re sure you’re familiar with – it refers to the act of bringing internet connectivity to everyday devices.
The most obvious and widely used device to receive such connectivity is the mobile phone, which became the smartphone.
But you won’t have to look far across your home now to find other devices that are connected to the internet. Obvious examples may include your TV, stereo system, security camera and video game console. But now that’s expanded into lightbulbs, fridges, coffee machines, air conditioners and plenty more.
These devices are wi-fi enabled, so you can access them remotely and tell them to do something or monitor their stats. You might log in to your air conditioner, for example, and turn it on before you get home.
As for machine learning, that term refers to the process in which a computer-controlled device can adapt its activity without human intervention.
So in the above example, rather than you logging in to the air conditioner to tell it to turn on, the air conditioner itself will learn that you usually arrive home at 6pm, and will turn itself on at the optimal time to reach the desired temperature ahead of your arrival.
Machine learning relies on the cloud and real-time big data analysis. It involves crunching millions of numbers from around the world in order to optimise itself to global trends, then it adapts these to your individual requirements.
And this requires accessible and fast internet connectivity. So when you take a connected device, empower it with machine learning and then facilitate it through fast internet, you create the environment for a smart home.
In the smart home, machines not only learn about your needs, but can allow devices to adapt to the actions of each other. To use the previous example, this will help your air conditioner learn over time that, while you may get home at 6pm on Wednesdays, on Thursdays it’s more like 6.20pm.
And on Fridays 5.50pm – except in winter when you have soccer training and you get home at 8pm. It also means that your home knows you’ve been delayed by a breakdown causing heavy traffic and how that has changed your arrival time, so it can push back your air conditioner’s start time accurately.
A smart home vs smart devices in a home
Smart homes therefore are all about improving efficiency and lifestyle, so you might save money and have more available free time. It’s about taking all the devices in your home that can connect to the internet, and making them not only 'self-aware', but aware of and connected to each other.
In this way, a smart home will know that nobody has entered a room for a while and will power down the lights, turn off the air-conditioning and put the TV in sleep mode.
A smart home will know what time you have set your alarm clock, and will ensure your kitchen is warm and the coffee is ready by the time you wake up. A smart home will understand that plenty of natural light is coming into a room, so will turn off the lights to conserve power.
A smart home will have realised that you enjoy watching the news when you return home, so will turn on the TV and channel accordingly.
A smart home will detect your face and set the shower’s temperature to the exact heat you personally desire, as opposed to a housemate’s. A smart home might even detect smoke and power down nearby appliances and call an emergency service.
Three companies helping to lead the way
It will likely come as no surprise that the three big companies helping to push society towards the smart homes of the future are Amazon, Google and Apple.
They are in the infancy of creating their home hubs, signing up more and more partner devices as they grow.
Google Home
Already available in the USA, Google Home is a virtual assistant that can help run your life. The device looks like a simple speaker, and it connects the user to Google Assistant, and through that to the internet and other connected devices in your home, so that everything can be operated by voice control.
The Google Demo gives you a good overview.
What is Apple TV
There is an app for that, or so the saying goes. Apple’s iOS devices represent one of the largest ecosystem for apps in Australia, and the company has used its Apple TV device to help lay the foundations for a smart home future.
While traditionally used to play games and stream media to your TV, Apple TV also acts as the go-between linking compatible devices in your home to your smartphone or tablet when you are out of the house.
This system allows you to ask Siri to do something almost anywhere at any time when you have a connection, and for the action to occur back at your home.
What is Amazon Echo
The direct competitor to Google Home, the Amazon Echo is a similar speaker-like device that connects to the internet and compatible devices in your home.
It uses Amazon’s virtual assistant, Alexa, to try and fulfil your requests. It is available now in the USA, and is expected to come into Australia this year alongside the arrival of Amazon.
So when Amazon opens its retail into Australia, not only might it offer the Echo, but the range of smart devices for the home that are compatible, which could see it receive rapid uptake.
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The Chuquicamata copper mine in Chile is one of the world's largest open pits (Visit Chile photo)
“What is the OPEX + CAPEX of a new 0.3% porphyry in Chile?”
The future of the marginal copper supply depends on lower grade, larger production operations.
I heard from a good industry source that $50,000 per tonne was the CAPEX of a new low-grade project in Chile. I am going to break that down over a set of blog posts. I expect that it will take me a couple of months and a lot of online debate to answer this question.
Water is the first issue.
• Saltwater: Any new large mine is going to utilise either desalinated water or saltwater. It is not going to be fresh water and it is not going to be local water.
• Pumping: For every tonne of ore processed, at least 0.7 cubic meters of water is going to be pumped from sea level. If the ore body is at 3,000 meters elevation, pumping alone can add $1.0-$2.0 per tonne to the OPEX (that’s a “WAG”).
• No tailings dam: Going forward I don’t see dams being the operational norm. As a result of Mount Polly and Samarco, local discussions have changed.
Grade is the second issue.
• Larger mess/mass: At least twice as much rock will be processed, and this is best case. That can be 550 tonnes vs 275 tonnes or rock moved per tonne of copper produced (assuming the same recovery of 90%). The lower the grade the lower the real recovery, and a 0.5x to 1 stripping ratio, going from an old norm of 0.6% grade to a new norm of 0.3% grade. The math gets terrifying if the recovery drops to 85%, and the stripping ratio goes up.
• Everything gets blown out of proportion: Water alone will add $388 per tonne of copper to the cost, or $0.175 per pound, and that is competing with a mine that is paying for water. Lots of mines are not paying for it at all yet. Against those mines, the marginal cost per tonne is $776, or $0.35 per pound. We can add in the other escalating costs as well (assuming 0.7 cubic meters water per tonne of ore processed and $3 per cubic meter of salt water cost and twice as much rock moved).
• Credits matter more: If the new mine has to move twice the rock of its existing competitor that still has 40 years of cheap production left, no credits can be left for the tailings. That results in lots of additional processes, and a flow chart that looks like it was designed by Trump. There is a reason that Moly has reported to tailings versus concentrate in older mines; it is not always economic to recover. And if every new mine has to recover molly to keep the copper production cost down, it is going to flood the molly market which is oversupplied at times.
Local license.
• Locals have a say: There is an increased requirement for social responsibility that comes with with larger mines and/or with smaller tax bases.
• Taxes: Marginal mines do not pay a lot in income taxes. Compared with large, higher grade mines with decades of production left, these new low grade mines will not generate lots of income taxes, so the locals are going to have to come up with new ways to tax these mines. I can see a per-tonne-processed tax, or a tailings tax; I can see taxes coming via a regulatory requirement to smelt locally.
• Locals want jobs: However, let’s face it; the best jobs end up in the hands of transplants. Someone starting a mine is not generally going to go into a region and find locals, train them for the highest skilled jobs, and build a mine at the same time.
• Existing miners: They will follow a path where there is margin, stability, and history. They can easily create barriers to entry just by pointing out simple flaws over coffee.
Other issues.
• Concentrate grade: The lower grade the mine, one would assume the more complex the metallurgy, and the concentrate grade will suffer as a result. If you run 22% vs 30% concentrate and you pay TC/RC’s, your real recovery goes to heck. I am not even going to do the math here yet, but still...
• Logistics/Scale: Larger mines, less metal: everything gets supersized. You need 50 new/extra truck drivers, you end up with 10 new managers all the way up the food chain. So you decide to go for the largest trucks in the world, but you end up with tires that are so large you need a 996 just to change a tire. Either way the scale of doubling the mine for the same production is going to shift how you manage things.
• Mill design: The mill is not going to be twice the size of the competing project’s mill; depending on the scale, it is going to be a lot larger.
In the theme of keeping these thought pieces to a reasonable length, I am going to end this for the week. Clearly as I develop this line of reasoning, I am going to get into harder math around the concepts, but I wanted to start somewhere.
I want to give thanks to an online friend for the question. He clearly wants the answer as he is trading copper, but it is still a good question and one that impacts both of my day jobs, Aston Bay Holdings and Outotec.
For full disclosure, I am working 100% from public numbers and concepts here, and that is going to make this a bit harder and slower than working off of live projects. An example is the $3 per cubic meter price for water, realistic numbers are probably $5+, but in theory with salt water and pumping $3 is possible. Unless I can cite the costs from a published and publicly available number, I am not going to use it.
Until next time,
Benjamin Cox
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Defensive Coyote Being Chased During Pupping Season
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The photos I have included show a mother coyote defending herself from a large hunting dog who came after her. It is still pupping season: pups are being carefully raised right now, and female coyotes are extra-defensive about their space. In this case, a very large dog chased after the coyote as if it were play. The dog-walker did nothing about it. The coyote, a lactating mom, became as defensive as she could, barking intently as she did so. She put on a furious display and was able to keep the dog away from herself and ultimately tire him out. Her intent was not to just flee and let the dog win. No. It was important for the coyote to remain there and get the dog to leave. This is how it ended. Here are the photos of that encounter.
It might look somewhat alarming to many, but also there is a beauty in the intensity and plan of the behavior. For the dog, this is a game, but for the coyote it is a real life-and-death matter. We need to understand this. Dogs seldom, if ever, have to make life and death decisions because their owners make these for them. A coyote has to be totally self-reliant to survive, and has to call into use mental and physical resources that dogs have never tapped into. This entire incident lasted a full twelve minutes.
This young coyote is a mother — we could see that she had still been lactating a month earlier. When I first spotted her on this particular day, she had been sitting quietly on a hill. She was resting, probably taking a break from her family. Then, a large, long haired hunting dog came zooming up after her. The dog was panting with excitement when he first arrived. At first the coyote sped off, but then, as can be seen from the photographs, she stood her ground behind some branches and brambles, and then she came further out in the open. The dog was unwilling to approach the coyote too closely. The coyote took the initiative at a certain point to chase the dog off, but the dog came back after her one more time — and she fled from it, but only to a certain point, where she again stood her ground. When the dog finally fled the scene, the coyote, this time, followed, chasing after it. But the coyote again fled from the dog when the dog turned back after her. In the end, when the dog was totally worn out — coyotes are known to wear out their pursuers — the owner finally was able to grab her dog and leash it. They walked out of the park. But the coyote didn’t see that the episode over until the intruders actually exited the park. The coyote followed them fairly closely right to the park’s exit. She then trotted halfway back to where she had originally been resting, but then veered off into the underbrush. In this case, the coyote and dog never actually made contact with each other — there had been no actual bites — there seldom are.
This mother coyote, pictured here, as almost all of them, is not aggressive. However, coyotes will defend themselves, especially if they are parents with pups in the area. Defensive behavior, as you can see, takes on a very aggressive appearance. In our city, coyotes are allowed to defend themselves. If a dog gets nipped by a coyote which was defending itself, the crime is not the coyote’s, but the dogs. Please keep your dogs leashed in coyote areas — for both the safety of your dog and the safety of our wildlife.
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a North American plant, Monarda didyma, of the mint family, having a cluster of showy, bright-red tubular flowers.
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[awsh-vyen-cheem] /ɔʃˈvyɛn tʃim/ noun 1. Polish name of . /Polish ɔʃˈfjɛntʃim/ noun 1. the Polish name for Auschwitz
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1. occupational therapy. 2. . 3. Old Testament. 4. overnight telegram. 5. . 1. variant of before a vowel: otalgia. 1. Old Testament. 1. . abbreviation 1. occupational therapy 2. occupational therapist 3. Old Testament 4. overtime combining form 1. a variant of oto- otalgia OT abbr. occupational therapy ot- pref. Variant of oto-. OpenTransport […]
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1. . 1. Old Testament.
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1. . 1. a plural suffix occurring in taxonomic names, especially of phyla: Eumycota. 1. Office of Technology Assessment 2. Office of Technical Assistance 3. Orthopaedic Trauma Association
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Differs from electric energy. Charge is measured in coulombs, where one coulomb is approximately 6.25 x 1018 electrons. (Because one electron has a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs)
One coulomb of charge passing a given point in a circuit over one second of time is one ampere of current.
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Studying the archaeology of Harvard Yard is a collaborative project of the Harvard Anthropology Department and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Four buildings made up the 17th century Harvard campus. Two of these, the Old College and the Indian College, were near the present archaeological excavation.
The features and artifacts excavated this semester confirm the presence of a refuse zone, likely from the Old College building of 1638, the first college building in America, and long gone from the Yard. Among this semester’s finds are 17th century clay roof tiles, diamond-pane window glass, many handmade bricks, clay tobacco pipes, a lead musket ball, and a piece of flint for a firearm.
By learning more about the refuse of daily life, researchers and students can better understand the role of learning in early American colonization. With no maps or drawings existing for the Yard in the 17th century, archaeology contributes key information on the early life of students and their College.
1 Students in “Anthropology 1130: The Archaeology of Harvard Yard” dig in rectangular pits, inside areas sectioned off by twine, a few centimeters at a time. The class excavates in partnership with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
2 Ailie Kerr ’20 measures the depth of her unit: 67 cm. The excavation proceeds in a precisely organized fashion, with the bottom of the pit always being kept level.
3 Instructor Diana Loren, center, lays out the plan for the afternoon’s excavation.
4 Detail of a soil color chart. Students try to match the actual color of the soil to a color in the chart to identify the soil depth and the corresponding age of any artifacts found.
5 Julia Thomas ’17 (left) empties a bucket of dirt into a sifter as Betsy Peinado ’19 looks on. Moving the sifter vigorously back and forth causes the dirt to fall through, while keeping pebbles and artifacts on the screen.
6 Ronni Cuccia ’19 (from left), Alyssa Mehta ’18, and Lexy Hartford, a fourth-year digital teaching fellow, examine excavated debris in a sifter.
7 William Mendez ’17 displays a ceramic shard unearthed that day. Ceramics were used in dining, food storage, and food preparation.
8 Found artifacts include a key, possibly from the 19th century, and a two-cent coin from 1864, the first year two-cent coins were minted. Other artifacts include 17th-century clay roof tiles, diamond pane window glass, handmade bricks, and animal bones, which likely were part of students’ diet.
9 Rachel Harner ’17 (left) bags an artifact for safekeeping. Organizing, maintaining, and cataloging the artifacts are important aspects of the excavation. Instructor Patricia Capone (right) explains the project to alumni from the Class of ’71 visiting the class on site in the Yard.
10 Patricia Capone (back to camera) explains to alums how the Harvard Yard Archaeology Project explores the University’s early days and mission.
11 Colin Criss ’17, left, displays some recently excavated artifacts to Tom Tiffany ’71, center, and Meryl Strawbridge ’71.
12 Charles Michael ’20 displays an ink bottle from the 1800s unearthed at the site, possibly made by Carter’s Ink Co. in Cambridge. Other artifacts include clay tobacco pipes, a lead musket ball, and a piece of flint for a flint-lock firearm.
13 By learning about the refuse of daily life, the class can address the changing nature of education from what began as a 17th-century religious institution to its evolution as an 18th-century secular one, while also learning about aspects of students’ daily lives.
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Matt Phillips
Written by Matt Phillips
Understanding VO2 Max, The What How And Why
What Is VO2 Max? Can It Help My Running?
When you see the term VO2 max, it generally describes the incredible feat of an elite endurance athlete. Some of you may recall people marvelling over the incredible aerobic capacity of Spanish cycling legend Miguel Indurain.
Winner of five consecutive Tours de France from 1991 to 1995 and his exceptionally high VO2 max of 88. Ten years later, Lance Armstrong broke this consecutive wins record by notching up seven in a row. With a similarly elevated VO2 max of 84.
Armstrong’s wins were of course revoked in 2012 following the discovery of long-term doping offenses. But it nevertheless suggests that a high VO2 max is an indicator of supreme aerobic fitness (learn more by reading, Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Training).
Cyclists tend to dominate the top ten highest ever recorded VO2 max. Though a few runners also make a welcome appearance.
Steve Prefontaine who in the 1970’s with a VO2 max of 84.4 held the American record in seven different distance track events from 2,000 to 10,000 meters.
This begs the question, should all runners be aware of their VO2 max? Is it something we should be trying to improve, or something best left to the elites? To answer these questions, let us first take a closer look at what VO2 max actually represents.
What Does VO2 Max Measure?
VO2 Max is a measure of the maximum volume of oxygen (O2) your body can process when you are exercising. The ability to take oxygen from the air and deliver it via the lungs into the bloodstream. For use by your working muscles.
VO2 max measured in ml/kg/min, i.e. millilitres of oxygen per kilogramme of body weight per minute. With essentially two determining factors:
• How much blood your heart can pump out to the muscles with each beat (cardiac output)
• How efficiently your muscles can extract the oxygen from the blood and utilize it
Essentially, the faster your body can process oxygen the faster you will potentially be able to run. One of the reasons elite runners can perform so well at such low heart rates is the huge volume of blood their hearts are able to pump to their muscles with each stroke.
Although genetics play a major part in determining your VO2 max, there is certainly no doubt that in particularly mid distance (mile to 10k) runners have higher VO2 max values.
Does High VO2 Max Guarantee Race Wins?
In a word, no. Although VO2 max is a useful measure of aerobic capacity. It is important to point out that a high value will not guarantee a win. In fact, research shows it is a fairly poor predictor of race performance.
Just because you have a high aerobic capacity does not mean you have all the tools to fully benefit from it. There are obviously many other physiological and psychological variables at play. Running efficiency plays a huge part in performance.
For example, how fast you are able to run with a given amount of oxygen. That’s where running form, strength and many other factors will come into play. To date there is no lab test that can successfully determine the winner of a race. Please read Proper Running Form to learn more.
So How Can VO2 Max Testing Help Me?
Striving for a higher VO2 Max will not guarantee you improved performance. Though being aware of your current VO2 max can provide a useful way of optimising the design, intensity and effectiveness of your training sessions.
Left to their own devices, many runners struggle with training at appropriate intensities to meet their goals. When it comes to aerobic exercise, the effect of intensity on how our body reacts allows us to talk of three training zones:
• Aerobic Zone: Heart & lungs able to deliver enough O2 to the muscles to keep you moving
• Threshold Zone: Muscles struggling with amount of O2 being supplied (lactate accumulates)
• Anaerobic Zone: Muscles can no longer get enough oxygen, so you will soon have to stop.
To become a faster, stronger and less injury prone, most mid to long distance runners should be spending 70-80% of their training sessions in the aerobic zone, 20% in threshold and maybe 5-10% in anaerobic.
The reality is very different with many runners spending way too long in threshold. The results are inhibited gains in aerobic fitness and more susceptibility to injury.
Research shows that Heart Rate Maximum (HRmax) closely represents VO2 max, and given the ease and simplicity of monitoring heart rate this makes it a great way of keeping you in appropriate training zones.
The classic combo of chest strap and watch means you do not have to spend a fortune. Wrist sensors tend to provide less accurate results than chest straps. The relationship of HRmax and VO2max is as follows:
• 55% HRmax = 40% VO2max
• 70% HRmax = 60% VO2max
• 85% HRmax = 80% VO2max
• 90% HRmax = 85% VO2max
Using these values, we can update the aerobic zones we considered earlier to incorporate the following HRmax %:
• Zone 1: <80% HRmax (<75% VO2 max)
• Zone 2: 80-90% HRmax (75-85% VO2max)
• Zone 3: >90% HRmax (>85% VO2max)
When talking about HRmax, some of you may be familiar with the traditional method of subtracting your age from 220. A common treadmill (and coach) method.
There is unfortunately no scientific evidence for this method and indeed often throws up an incorrect estimation.
The only real way of accurately estimating HRmax is by monitoring your heart rate during a gradual run to exhaustion. As is the case for a lab based VO2 max test or by estimating it based on your VO2 max values.
To learn more about heart rate, monitoring and training, please read How To Understand The Heart Rate Training Zone For Running and How To Know If Heart Rate Training Is Right For You.
How To Calculate Your VO2 Max
The most accurate way of measuring your VO2 max is having a professional test in a lab with breathing apparatus. Measuring the amount of oxygen you consume whilst running on a treadmill. With the speed of the treadmill slowly increased over roughly ten minutes.
The amount of oxygen consumed also increases but eventually will plateau. Shortly before exhaustion means you have to stop and this amount is your VO2 max.
With the advent of modern technology, there are now alternatives on the market. If you do not fancy the expense of going to a lab or enjoy the prospect of having to run to exhaustion. Some modern GPS watches (e.g. Garmin Forerunner 230, 235, 630) include an inbuilt VO2 max test.
By measuring your heart rate and pace during a 12 minute run using a chest strap or wrist sensor (depending on the model of watch). Though studies show that the results are not as accurate as those produced in lab tests. Particularly in the case of wrist sensors, deviation is generally only around +/-5%.
The least accurate VO2 max test is one that not surprisingly involves no exercise at all. Certain watches on the market (e.g. Polar M430) estimate your VO2 max using based on data including your resting heart rate, age and typical activity level.
A test that essentially involves you laying down and relaxing for five minutes may sound attractive. Though results are particularly unreliable with deviation of +/-10%.
What Are Typical VO2 Max Values?
When it comes to defining physiological norms, there are nearly always exceptions. However, research does provide the following as indicators of typical VO2 max values over the indicated levels of running fitness:
• Untrained healthy male: 35-40
• Male runner: 55
• Competitive male runner: 65
• Elite male runner: 70 to 85
Women tend to have VO2 max levels 10% lower than men. Thought to be due to higher presence of essential fat stores and lower haemoglobin levels.
Whereas an untrained healthy male, typically has a VO2 max of 35-40. An untrained healthy female will therefore be somewhere around 27-31.
VO2 max values also vary according to the distances you run. Studies show that elite marathon runners tend to have a lower VO2 max values than mid-distance runners.
As race distance increases the maximal amount of oxygen one can deliver to the muscles becomes less important (running economy is a far more important factor in long distance running).
Looking at the other end of the spectrum, sprinters do not have particularly high VO2 max levels either. Because the energy system used for efforts lasting less than 20 seconds is not dependent on oxygen. VO2 max would therefore seem to be most relevant for runners focusing on distances between 1 mile and 10k.
Lactate Threshold
In an article looking at VO2 max and HRmax, it is useful to also take a brief look at lactate threshold.
When it comes to predicting race performance, the lactate threshold test provides a far more accurate tool. The percentage of VO2max at which an athlete can perform relates to the amount of lactate in the blood.
Which is why lactate threshold is generally a better predictor of race pace than just VO2 max.
If we say VO2 max measures your aerobic potential, lactate threshold determines how much of that potential you can tap into during a race. Indeed, if two runners in a race have the same VO2max value but one has a higher lactate threshold, the latter is more likely to win.
Though Lactate was once regarded as a principal cause of fatigue and pain (and still mistakenly is by many runners and coaches), we now know that this is not the case. Though high concentrations of lactate do often correlate with muscular fatigue, lactate is not the direct cause.
To understand more, please read Bonking vs. Fatigue vs. Cramping: What You Need To Know.
Lactate produced by the body at low intensity exercise is in fact a source of energy production, used to create glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.
Whilst the intensity of the exercise stays low, the body manages to recycle the lactate. But once a certain intensity is reached (the ‘lactate threshold’) this no longer becomes possible and so the concentration of lactate in the blood suddenly spikes.
Increasing one’s lactate threshold is thought to improve the efficiency of the functional capacity of the mitochondria in muscle cells allowing more oxygen to enter the cell membrane. This in turn will allow the runner to perform at higher levels for longer periods of time.
To increase your lactate threshold, you need to make sure that the majority of your training sessions (some studies suggest around 75%) are at or just below your lactate threshold. The test for lactate threshold is similar to the VO2 max Test in a lab in that you run on a treadmill at a progressively increasing speed.
Every five minutes, a pinprick of blood is taken, recording lactate levels. What the test is looking for is the speed you are running at when lactate levels start to spike. The intensity at which this occurs will be your lactate threshold, typically expressed as 85% of heart rate maximum (HRmax) or 75% of VO2 max.
In Summary
VO2 max value is a useful identifier of your current aerobic capacity and monitoring future progression. It can also be used to determine optimum heart rate training zones. Especially if combined with lactate threshold values. Which will ensure your workouts are at a suitable intensity level for your goals.
By using these zones a runner can potentially reduce risk of injury. Whilst at the same time benefiting from safe increases in overall running volume and frequency.
Many runners are at first shocked by how much slower they need to run in order to stick to their training zones. With every cell in your body screaming at you to speed up. Sticking to the new pace is not easy.
To learn more please read How Running 80% Easy Could Make You 23% Faster.
You may even find you need to introduce a few walking intervals in the early stages to stop the heart rate from exceeding the zone’s upper limit. I advise most runners to undergo at least a week or two of lower intensity running to allow for the necessary adaption.
After that time, many will start to embrace the novel sensation of training more often at a lower intensity.
For some, physiological tests may sound like it makes running far too complicated. But if you do find yourself hitting plateaus or cursed by reoccurring injury, maybe now is the time to change from running hard to running smart.
Smarter is Better
We’ll help you injury-free and train
smarter to achieve your goals
Here’s what we’ve got for you
Connect with Jeff Gaudette on Google+
4 Responses on “Understanding VO2 Max, The What How And Why
1. Thanks for the great article!
I think it is interesting that cyclists seem to have a higher VO2 max than runners. I am wondering if cycling would be recommendable to runners specifically as a way to boost VO2 max in ways that running couldn’t as sufficienty?
• Cycling uses muscles differently than running. You can be an amazing runner and suffer on a bike ride until you get into “bike shape.” So I wouldn’t advise adding cycling to increase VO2 max for running.
2. Thanks for the informative article.
Question: does the recommendation of 70-80% aerobic training basically refer to easier, conversational or LR pacing; does the 20% “threshold” training basically refer to tempo runs, or a comfortably hard pace that you can maintain for about an hour but often run for around 20 minutes or so; and finally does the recommendation of 5-10% anaerobic training basically refer to hard interval/repeat workouts (e.g., 5K pace or faster)? Are there any good training pace calculators you recommend? (I assume RC has one,)
• You pretty much summed it up perfectly regarding aerobic, threshold and anaerobic. It’s clearly an individual “pace” in terms of each category. Something that you have to listen to your body to understand and learn over time. Aerobic is easy to figure out. Even if running alone, I try and just talk to myself out loud to make sure I can talk comfortably, thus am in my aerobic zone. Threshold, that’s a tougher one and really requires listening to your body. And anaerobic, not as hard to figure out, because you KNOW that you can’t hold that pace for too long.
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Effects of Treatments
Cancer treatment is geared toward positive outcomes, such as removing the cancer, replacing abnormal blood-producing cells in bone marrow with healthy ones and preventing recurrence. However, many of the treatments used to accomplish that have their own challenges for our bodies. Prior knowledge of what to expect helps in treatment decision making and getting the support you need to deal with these effects.
Gastrointestinal complications: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea are all possibilities with cancer and its treatment. New anti-nausea drugs are very effective at managing those symptoms.
Hypercalcemia: Calcium is an important mineral for our bodies, but too much in our blood (hypercalcemia) can be life threatening. Most common in lung, breast, multiple myeloma and lymphoma cancers, it affects 10 to 20 percent of adults.
Rashes: Chemotherapy kills cancer cells, but it may damage normal cells also. The lining of the mouth, throat, stomach and intestines are particularly vulnerable to damage.
Pain: Tumors, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy can all cause pain with cancer.
Peripheral neuropathy: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a set of symptoms caused by damage to the nerves that control the movement of our arms and legs and may cause numbness, tingling and pain in hands and feet.
Sleep disorders: More common in people with cancer, sleep may be disturbed by cancer, pain or certain drugs or treatments.
Temporary loss of hair: That includes eyelashes and eyebrows. Hair usually grows back in after treatment.
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One of the significant causes for changes in the menstrual cycle or reasons for having irregular periods is an eating disorder.
In fact irregular periods may be a warning sign of an eating disorder such as Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa.
A poor or nutritionally inadequate diet, which is characteristic of a person with eating disorders, will negatively impact many bodily systems and the menstrual cycle can well go haywire because of this. This is because eating disorders impact the production of hormones and therefore affect a woman’s cycle.eating disorder
Another characteristic of someone with an eating disorder is extreme exercising which may also impact and alter the menstrual cycle. Excessive weight loss can have the effect of altering the menstrual cycles.
Eating disorders can cause a condition called hypothalamic amenorrhea which is associated with low body weight (defined as weighing 10 percent below ideal body weight), small percentage of body fat, very low calorie or fat intake, emotional stress, strenuous exercise, as well as some other medical conditions or illnesses.
If the root cause, i.e. the eating disorder is addressed and after making certain lifestyle changes, such as eating a higher calorie diet, gaining weight, reducing the intensity or frequency of exercise, and reducing emotional stress, the irregularity will often reverse itself.
1. i am 20 years old n m suffering from irregularity in my periods since starting and i m getting periods in 2-3 months.plz give me some suggestions..
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Today’s lifestyles define the term, “stress.” A lot more than 19 million People in america have problems with some from of stress regularly. Part of what plays a part in the upsurge in stress, and panic, is that hardly any people understand how to manage their stress.
Some of these, who learn how to manage tension, neglect to create an idea of action. The bottom line is, Yoga can offer the methods to cope and decrease tension. Allowing stress to be chronic, or permitting anxiousness to dominate one’s life, could be seriously harmful to someone’s health.
Stress can trigger a variety of health issues. Existing conditions, disease, and ailments, are worsened, if they’re permitted to thrive through tension. Anxiety and stress can result in a paralyzed existence, or inability, to operate.
The good thing is that yoga works to loosen the strain in your brain, body, and spirit. Actually the medical community offers begun to identify what yogis possess known for more than 100 years.
The core goal of yoga is to attain circumstances of tranquility, completeness, and relaxing union, of mental, psychological, physical, and spiritual health. Will there be a much better way to relaxed your worry?
The techniques of breathing, and focused meditation, draw your brain from stressful distraction. Visualization during breathing, and the overall performance of yoga postures, plant your brain in a location of calm.
These practices are designed to give you a spot to heal, a path to progress, and the power make progress. Without first allowing you a spot to rest or heal, you cannot progress from anxiety and tension.
There are several various kinds of yoga practices. Yoga exercise designs vary in philosophy, strategy, intensity, and format, however they all grant varying benefits on practitioners.
A calmer, slower, but physical kind of yoga exercise, is Hatha yoga; among the nine main designs from India. This kind of yoga is both made to calm the student, and can be organized to meet the requirements of anyone, of any age group, or physical condition.
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Connect nodes of a binery tree at same Level
Write a function to connect all the adjacent nodes at the same level in a binary tree. Structure of the given Binary Tree node is like following.
struct node {
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
struct node* nextRight;
Initially, all the nextRight pointers point to garbage values. Your function should set these pointers to point next right for each node. You can use only constant extra space.
Consider this example for your solution:
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \ / \
8 9 10 11
nextRight for node with value 9 will be 10 and not NULL.
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Tuesday, March 1, 2011
A Heraclitean Cosmological Argument
The ancient Greek philosopher, Heraclitus, held views that are very consonant with what many today hold. He was a commonsense philosopher who is famous for his quote, "you cannot step into the same river twice." Rivers, like all natural things, are in a constant state of flux. However, there is an order to how each of these things change, and the ordering principle (or "Logos") is distinguished from these changing things. As A.H. Armstrong summarizes, "[The] world of change and conflict pictured by Heraclitus is not however a mere chaos. It is governed by an immanent principle of order and measure. . . . [H]is name for the ruling principle is the Logos." [1]
There are several ways of formalizing Heraclitus' thought into a cosmological argument. I wish to present two of these ways:
I. The Heraclitean Cosmological Argument (HCA) based on correspondence
1. Nature is in constant flux. (Premise)
2. There is order throughout nature. (Premise)
3. The order throughout nature is either in flux or not in flux. (Definition)
4. The order throughout nature is not in flux. (Premise)
5. Every fact of concrete reality corresponds to some existing concrete reality. (Premise, correspondence principle)
6. Hence, the fact of order in nature corresponds to some existing concrete reality. (From 2 and 5)
7. The corresponding concrete reality is itself either in flux or not in flux. (Definition)
8. It cannot be in flux. (From 4 and 5)
9. Therefore, an immutable ordering principle (Logos) exists. (From 6 - 8)
10. Therefore, the Logos is distinct from nature. (From 1 and 9)
The Logos that Heraclitus concludes to is immutable, eternal (for something can only cease to exist at some time if it changes), and enormously powerful, given that it is the cause of change throughout nature. More precisely, though, his thought is that the Logos is part of nature, but distinct from those aspects of nature that are in flux.
II. The HCA based on the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR)
With some modifications of Leibniz' argument, we can reformulate the syllogism to be Heraclitean-friendly:
1. Everything that exists has an explanation of its existence, either in the necessity of its own nature or in an external cause. (Premise, PSR)
2. If the order of nature has an explanation of its existence, that explanation is the Logos. (Premise)
3. The order of nature exists. (Premise)
4. Hence, the order of nature has an explanation of its existence. (From 1 and 3)
5. Therefore, the order of nature is explained by the Logos. (From 2 and 4)
What I like about this version is the awkwardness that results in rejecting the existence of the Logos. If the skeptic takes the view that the order of the universe has an external cause, then we have something supernatural. If, however, the other horn of the dilemma is preferred, then the order of the universe has necessary existence. This entails that something is immutable, eternal, and enormously powerful, anyway.
This means that either (1) and/or (3) must be rejected. That's not an issue for me, though.
[1] A.H. Armstrong, An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1989 edition, p. 10.
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Tuesday, November 12, 2013
Week 2
In Wednesday’s class we started to discuss the mechanics of the board game. Initially, Hai Anh was telling the rest of the group her idea of the game and how she pictured the board to be set up. What she had imagined was having a board like Settlers of Catan and the players would have to build roads from one place in ancient Greece to another. But we all agreed that this made the game too much like Settlers and it wasn’t as creative since the ideas were borrowed from another game. We came up with questions that needed to be answered in order to make the game work. The questions were: What are the moving mechanics? How do we get materials? How do we envision our board? From there we all started throwing around ideas about how we could change up the game and the mechanics of the game. But every time someone came up with an idea we would always find something wrong with it. When we couldn’t think of any board ideas we found a map of ancient mythical Greece, and we based our board on that picture. There are islands and each person starts off on one island. Each person gets a mission card and you have to complete your card and travel to Olympus to win the game. Harry and I think Olympus should be in the center of the board but there are problems with it being in the center. Pinal said we should have to build bridges to different islands. In order to build a bridge, we used the idea from Ticket to ride; you have to collect cards of a certain symbol. Each symbol represents a God, and when you collect a certain amount of cards you “call upon a God” and they build a path for you to travel to the island. Now we have an idea for a board and we are slowly working on solidifying the mechanics.
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G-Letter-G.jpg is for Grizzly Bear
Also known as the silvertip bear, is North America's second largest land carnivore, behind the polar bear. The size depends on location, inland grizzly bears weight around 300 pounds, and the largest grizzly bears are found in coastal areas as much as 1200 pounds. Female grizzly bears have anywhere between 1 and 4 cubs every two years, usually two. Female grizzly bears are extremely protective of there young and will fight of anyone that comes near her cubs. Grizzly bears are known to prey on salmon, trout, bass, moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou and even black bears. Found in Canada, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Wyoming.
Grizzly Bear Walking Down A Road
Grizzly Bear Roaring
Grizzly Bear Walking
Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon
Grizzly Bear Cubs
Letter G
Other Pages
H is for Hippopotamus
By, Jake
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Showing posts from January, 2008
Behavioral Modeling
>> Introduction
>> The initial Construct
>> The always Construct
>> Procedural Assignments
>> Block Statements
>>Conditional (if-else) Statement
>> Case Statement
>> Loop Statements
>> Examples
Behavioral modeling is the highest level of abstraction in the Verilog HDL. The other modeling techniques are relatively detailed. They require some knowledge of how hardware, or hardware signals work. The abstraction in this modeling is as simple as writing the logic in C language. This is a very powerful abstraction technique. All that designer needs is the algorithm of the design, which is the basic information for any design.
Most of the behavioral modeling is done using two important constructs: initial and always. All the other behavioral statements appear only inside these two structured procedure constructs.
The initial Construct
The statements which come under the initial construct constitute the initial block. The initial block is …
Tasks and Functions
>> Introduction
>> Differences
>> Tasks
>> Functions
>> Examples
Tasks and functions are introduced in the verilog, to provide the ability to execute common procedures from different places in a description. This helps the designer to break up large behavioral designs into smaller pieces. The designer has to abstract the similar pieces in the description and replace them either functions or tasks. This also improves the readability of the code, and hence easier to debug. Tasks and functions must be defined in a module and are local to the module. Tasks are used when:
There are delay, timing, or event control constructs in the code.There is no input.There is zero output or more than one output argument.
Functions are used when:
The code executes in zero simulation time.The code provides only one output(return value) and has at least one input.There are no delay, timing, or event control constructs.
Can enable another functio…
Dataflow Modeling
>> Introduction
>> The assign Statement
>> Delays
>> Examples
Dataflow modeling is a higher level of abstraction. The designer no need have any knowledge of logic circuit. He should be aware of data flow of the design. The gate level modeling becomes very complex for a VLSI circuit. Hence dataflow modeling became a very important way of implementing the design.
In dataflow modeling most of the design is implemented using continuous assignments, which are used to drive a value onto a net. The continuous assignments are made using the keyword assign.
The assign statement
The assign statement is used to make continuous assignment in the dataflow modeling. The assign statement usage is given below:
assign out = in0 + in1; // in0 + in1 is evaluated and then assigned to out.
The LHS of assign statement must always be a scalar or vector net or a concatenation. It cannot be a register.Continuous statements are always active statements.Registers or nets or funct…
Gate-Level Modeling
>> Introduction
>> Gate Primitives
>> Delays
>> Examples
The Verilog HDL is defined in terms of a discrete event execution model. A design consists of connected processes. Processes are objects that can be evaluated, that may have state, and that can respond to changes on their inputs to produce outputs. Processes include primitives, modules, initial and always procedural blocks, continuous assignments, asynchronous tasks, and procedural assignment statements.
The following definitions helps in better understanding of scheduling and execution of events:
Update event: Every change in value of a net or variable in the circuit being simulated, as well as the named event, is considered as an update event.Evaluation event: Processes are sensitive to update events. When an update event is executed, all the processes that are sensitive to that event are evaluated in an arbitrary order. The evaluation of a process is also an event, known as an evaluation event.Simulation time: It is used to refer to the time value maintained by the simulator to model…
List of Operators
>> Logical Operators
>> Relational Operators
>> Equality Operators
>> Arithmetic Operators
>> Bitwise Operators
>> Reduction Operators
>> Shift Operators
>> Conditional Operators
>> Replication Operators
>> Concatenation Operators
>> Operator Precedence
Logical Operators
Symbol Description #Operators ! Logical negation One || Logical OR Two && Logical AND Two
Relational Operators
Symbol Description #Operators > Greater than Two < Less than Two >= Greater than or equal to Two <= Less than or equal to Two
Equality Operators
Symbol Description #Operators == Equality Two != Inequality Two === Case equality Two !== Case inequality Two
Arithmetic Operators
Symbol Description #Operators + Add Two - Substract Two * Multiply Two / Divide Two ** Power Two % Modulus Two
Bitwise Operators
Symbol Description #Operators ~ Bitwise negation One & Bitwise AND…
Basics: Data Types
>> Value Set
>> Nets
>> Registers
>> Integers
>> Real Numbers
>> Parameters
>> Vectors
>> Arrays
>> Strings
>> Time Data Type
Value Set
The Verilog HDL value set consists of four basic values:
0 - represents a logic zero, or a false condition.1 - represents a logic one, or a true condition.x - represents an unknown logic value.z - represents a high-impedance state.
The values 0 and 1 are logical complements of one another. Almost all of the data types in the Verilog HDL store all four basic values.
Nets are used to make connections between hardware elements. Nets simply reflect the value at one end(head) to the other end(tail). It means the value they carry is continuously driven by the output of a hardware element to which they are connected to. Nets are generally declared using the keyword wire. The default value of net (wire) is z. If a net has no driver, then its value is z.
Registers are data storage elements. They hold th…
Modules communicate with external world using ports. They provide interface to the modules. A module definition contains list of ports. All ports in the list of ports must be declared in the module, ports can be one the following types:
Input port, declared using keyword input.Output port, declared using keyword output.Bidirectional port, declared using keyword inout.
All the ports declared are considered to be as wire by default. If a port is intended to be a wire, it is sufficient to declare it as output, input, or inout. If output port holds its value it should be declared as reg type. Ports of type input and inout cannot be declared as reg because reg variables hold values and input ports should not hold values but simply reflect the changes in the external signals they are connected to.
Port Connection Rules
Inputs: Always of type net(wire). Externally, they can be connected to reg or net type variable.Outputs: Can be of reg or net type. Externally, they must be connected to a net ty…
A module is the basic building block in Verilog HDL. In general many elements are grouped to form a module, to provide a common functionality, which can be used at many places in the design. Port interface (using input and output ports) helps in providing the necessary functionality to the higher-level blocks. Thus any design modifications at lower level can be easily implemented without affecting the entire design code. The structure of a module is show in the figure below.
Keyword module is used to begin a module and it ends with the keyword endmodule. The syntax is as follows:
module module_name
// internals
Example: D Flip-flop implementation (Try to understand the module structure, ignore unknown constraints/statements).
module D_FlipFlop(q, d, clk, reset);
// Port declarations
output q;
reg q;
input d, clk, reset;
// Internal statements - Logic
always @(posedge reset or poseedge clk)
if (reset)
q < = 1'b0;
q < = d;
// endmodule statement
Multiple modu…
Verilog Interview Questions - 2
1. Given the following Verilog code, what value of "a" is displayed?
always @(clk)
a = 0;
a < = 1;
Verilog used four-level deep queue for the current simulation time:
1. Active events (blocking statements).
2. Inactive events (#0 delays, etc).
3. Non-blocking assign updates (non-blocking statements).
4. Monitor Events ($display, $monitor).
So $display(a); displays 0.
2. What is the difference between a = #10 b; and #10 a = b; ?
In a = #10 b; current value of "b" will be assigned to "a" after 10 units of time (like transport delay). In #10 a = b; the simulator will execute a = b; after 10 units of time (like inertial delay).
3. Let "a" be a 3 bit reg value.
a < = 3'b101;
a = #5 3'b000;
a < = #10 3'b111;
a < = #30 3'b011;
a = #20 3'b010;
a < = #5 3'b110;
What will be the value of "a" at time 0,5,10,... units till 40 units of time?
0 - 101
5 - 000
10 - 000
15 - 111
20 …
Microprocessor Interview Questions - 2
1. What is Program counter?
2. Do 8085(8-bit processor) have any 16 bit registers?
Yes, Stack pointer and Program counter are 16 bit registers.
3. What type of Stack is used in 8085?
LIFO (Last In First Out) stack is used in 8085. In this type of Stack the last pushed byte will be popped first.
4. What is HLT?
In x86 architecture, HLT is an assembly language instruction which halts the CPU until the next external interrupt is fired. The Micro Processor enters into halt-state and the buses are tri-stated.
5. What is a bus?
A bus is a group of conducting lines which carry data, address, and contr…
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Scrub Slug
Very large footed ground vehicles
Image from Steve Bowers
Scrub slugs can be as large as a city; this technology is also used in peacetime to allow urban migration
The term "scrub slug" is military slang for a class of large, "footed" ground vehicles (usually vechidai), deriving from a more archaic reference to a class of scavenger vehicle that used this form of locomotion. The evolution and deployment of these vehicles follows some important trends in modern ground-based warfare, and so are ripe areas for historical study. Slug-foot technology is also used in civilian applications to move buildings, houses and even entire cities for various reasons.
Scrub slugs generally consist of automated systems, weapons and/or other infrastructure piled onto a tread or "foot" made from specialised utility fog known as a nanite drive train that offers these hulking beasts a great deal of smooth mobility over even the roughest of terrain. Two forms of locomotion may be used by vehicles with nanite drive trains; the Cascade Drive, which uses a form of wave action, and the Lariat Drive which uses tentacles or pseudopodia of nanites to pull itself forward on its nanite skirt.
Like their living namesake, almost nothing permanently gets in the way of a scrub slug. They can find their way over even the most severe of natural obstacles, and if what they cannot climb over or go around, they can normally consume using their disassembler suites. For this reason, occasionally, scrub slugs have been used as trailblazers for less able vehicles.
Military Use
Modern scrub slugs might actually be better referred to as "land carriers" or "mobile bases" than the scavenger vehicles they inherit their name from. The original scrub slugs tended to be slow, small, noncombatant vehicles, whose sole purpose was to stroll a battlefield after the battle had moved on, collecting the wreckage of broken down war machines and recycling these on-site into working weapons.
As scrub slugs were never designed for actual combat operations, their relative bulk and slow speed of movement were never considered much of an issue. Gradually, more and more hardware was piled onto larger, more capable "feet," resulting ultimately in behemoths whose purpose was not only to scour battlefields for recyclable refuse, but also to act as a refueling and repair depot, a command and control relay point, a launch point for short-range aircraft and missile systems ... and ultimately a moving military base, much like the aircraft carriers of early planetary age navies, only not restricted to movement at sea alone.
Placing stationary military assets on the backs of scrub-slugs has conferred a few important military advantages to these otherwise sitting-duck installations. Though slow, scrub slugs can move. Even a city-sized scrub slug can travel quickly enough (up to several kilometers per hour) to move the assets on its back out of the guaranteed kill zone of long range orbital bombardment platforms, provided sufficient notice is obtained. These vehicles also offer advantages in that bases of operation can be moved into captured territory with relative ease, all at once, without the necessary tear-down and set-up periods that can expose critical assets to attack.
Modern scrub-slugs are primarily defensive/command platforms. These can range in size from that of a large truck to that of a small city. Massive system redundancy and dedicated defensive weaponry make them difficult targets for air defenses, and when faced with orbital bombardment, scrub slugs can either attempt to keep moving and evade enemy fire, or "dig in" and bury themselves and their attendant assets to avoid RKKS fire.
It should be noted that, though often laden with defensive weaponry, scrub slugs are woefully vulnerable on their own. (As are many military units, when taken separately from supporting units.) They are entirely unsuited to offensive operations -- a fact that has conferred a secondary meaning to their name. Nevertheless, they represent a truly notable advancement in military technology, uprooting the passive, stationary installation of the past and turning them into dynamic members of the modern surface army.
Civilian Use
Nanite drive-train technology can be used to allow a building or collection of buildings to move across the surface of a planet or megastructure with relative ease. Since the ComEmp period a number of worlds have used slug-foot technology to allow their towns and cities to become mobile. Wandering cities on Zhang Qian, formed from fleets of scrub-slug platforms linked together by temporary roadways, trace elaborate pathways across that dry planet.
Related Articles
Appears in Topics
Development Notes
Text by David Jackson
Some additions by Steve Bowers
Initially published on 07 October 2004.
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In order to avoid confusion over terminology it is necessary to define a lexicon of the rapidly evolving categories of Tango.
• Golden Age Tango: the traditional tango music and associated dance from Argentina that had its peak in the 1930's to the 1950's.
• Nuevo Tango (music): when referencing music the label refers to the genre pioneered by Astor Piazzolla in the 1950s and 60s, or orchestras who took his direction in playing tango. Sometimes the music of Astor Piazzolla is categorized as "New Tango" to distinguish it from the modern dance form.
• Nuevo Tango (dance): when applied to dance the label refers to a modern method for analyzing how to dance Argentine Tango that has given rise to a whole new style of dancing.
• Neo-Tango: some styles of contemporary music that are used for dancing tango. Neo-Tango includes both Tango Fusion and Alternative Tango as sub-categoriees.
• Tango Fusion: the integration of tango music with other rhythms such as jazz, techno, or world beats. Famous leaders include the music of Gotan Project, Bajofondo, Carlos Libedinsky or Tanghetto.
• Alternative Tango: the non-tango music that is used for dancing tango.
Tango began in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, during the late 19th century as a fusion of different musical and dance styles from the various cultural backgrounds of the immigrants to that city. Italian, Gypsy, African, German, Caribbean, and many other cultural influences collided to create a whole new cultural synthesis which became known as Tango. Since then the dance has evolved along essentially two parallel tracks, the first being the indigenous Buenos Aires line. The second track follows the evolution of Tango as it was exported first to Paris and Europe during the late 19th century, then from Europe to America during the early 20th century, developing into a core element of the competitive Ballroom repertoire along the way.
Tango Fusion is creating a 21st century new synthesis that draws upon all the various tango dance traditions from around the world, in addition to other dance styles such as salsa and swing. Here is a brief synopsis of the different categories of tango dance....
The Argentine tradition in tango has retained many of the essential elements from its inception in the late 1800's, however it too has evolved and developed into many different forms, with Nuevo Tango taking on decidedly non-traditional elements. From its beginning the Argentine tango has been identified with the lower classes, having even been outlawed on multiple occasions by right-wing governments, prompting the dance to go underground during periods of political suppression.
The Argentine tangos are traditionally danced to music that has two primary characteristics.
1. The bandoneon, an accordion-like instrument with a dark and mournful tone, is the centerpiece of the music and hallmark of the genre. The bandoneon is not an accordion, but many people mistake it for one.
2. Typically there are no percussion instruments at all, and the rhythm is expressed through the strong down-beat emphasis of the strings and bandoneon.
The Argentine tangos have always been and still remain a strictly social (ie. noncompetitive) dance. Unfortunately there are many in the tango community who view Argentine Tango as the only "authentic" style. The diversity of styles within Argentine Tango itself reveal this narrow-minded attitude for the absurdity that it is. Here are the main categories of the Argentine tango tradition....
Milonga: known as "the mother of tango" this dance was the first to develop and uses a very quick and cheery tempo, which contrasts sharply with the slower and more somber style of later Argentine tango.
Salon Style: Buenos Aires salon style is what most people refer to as simply "Argentine Tango." It is the social dance that you will see in the salons of Buenos Aires to this day. Salon style is more concerned with the relationship between the dancers than for showing off to spectators. It is a very subtle dance that tends to de-emphasize the flashy or showy elements in favour of the intrinsic and subjective connection between the two dancers. Salon can be danced in open embrace, open-V, or close embrace. Salon style dancers often describe a feeling of losing awareness of the world beyond their partner. They also have an unfortunate tendency to look with disdain upon other tango styles as being less "authentic." Such attitudes are not welcome at Tango Fusion.
Milongero Style: A sub-category of Salon style that is danced exclusively in close embrace. One common characteristic of milongero style is that follows frequently dance the entire time with their eyes closed!
Fantasia: in many ways the opposite of Salon Style, fantasia is often pejoratively labeled by salon dancers as "tango for export." Fantasia is a performance dance. It is intended to be flashy and dramatic, with grand steps, lifts, aerials, jumps, dips and anything else the performers can dream up. It is innovative and experimental, which makes it inherently non-traditional. It is the style you are most likely to see at a tango performance, but most steps can not be performed on a social dance floor due to lack of space. It is considered "rude" and unwelcome by some to perform fantasia steps in a salon setting.... but you will never encounter this attitude at Tango Fusion!
Tango Waltz: essentially this is salon style danced to 3/4 rhythm tango music rather than the usual 4/4 or 2/4 tango music.
Nuevo Tango: a new style of dancing Argentine Tango that analyzes frame and connection in a rigorous and comprehensive way, pushing the movements into new territory. Some refuse this distinction and consider "nuevo tango" to be an evolutionary continuation of traditional Argentine Tango. It more commonly uses open embrace or open-V embrace, though it can also use close embrace. At minimum we can say that nuevo dancers tend to be more fluid and flexible in their embrace. If they use close embrace they will open up to perform many of the signature patterns of neuvo style.
Students from Buenos Aires took the dance with them to Paris in the late 1900's where it quickly caught on among the Parisian elites and was morphed from the seedy lower class dance of the brothels to a respectable upper-class ballroom dance. From there it was exported again to Hollywood and the United States, where it was developed into a more simplified social dance.
The music for ballroom tango is typically of the "classical" music variety utilizing the works of composers such as Bizet, Beethoven or Tchaikovsky - quite different from that used to dance the Argentine tangos. It is typically an orchestral or symphonic march with a very strong, distinctive 4/4 or 2/4 percussion rhythm. Only rarely does it have the bandoneon, although it may or may not contain an accordion.
International Style: a ballroom dance intended for competition, International Tango is danced the world over as a central component of the standard ballroom dance sport syllabus. International style is extremely technical and challenging, and rarely danced on the social dance floor. Even rarer is finding someone who thinks International Tango is "fun!"
American Style: this style was developed in North America as a more simple social dance that is not seen in international competition. Less technical and far more fun, American style is the classic Tango that most North Americans are familiar with from movies and television... the rose in the teeth, a snap of the head, sharp, staccato changes of direction! Thinking Al Pachino or Arnold Schwarzenegger? That's American Tango.
This is Tango Fusion.
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You are here:Home//Programme//Lake assessment//Sammling sites //Grasmere
– Grasmere (United Kingdom) –
Lake name: Grasmere Country: United Kingdom GIG Region: N
GIG Type: LN2a Lake code: UK29184 Altitude(m a.s.l.): 61
Area (km²): 0.61 Mean depth (m): 7.74 Mixing regime: Stratified
Alkalinity (m eq/l): 0.18 Retention time (yr): 0.08 Chlorophyll a (µg/l): 9.91
Total phosphorus (µg/l): 17.18 Eutrophication status: 2 - Medium Hydromorphological status: 1 - Low
Grasmere is one of the smaller of the principal lakes of the English Lake District and is situated at the northern end of the Windermere catchment, itself situated towards the south-east of the district. The lake has a surface area of 0.61 km2, a mean depth of 7.74 m, a maximum depth of 21.5 m and an average retention time of 28 days. Its trophic status is on the mesotrophic to eutrophic boundary.
The drainage basin of Grasmere is predominantly steep-sloped and based on unyielding, volcanic rocks that support only a thin soil cover. In 1971, the lake became subject to discharges from an activated-sludge plant treating (mainly) domestic sewage from Grasmere village. Grasmere was made famous by the poet Wordsworth who lived in nearby Dove Cottage and who said of Grasmere that it was "The most loveliest spot that man hath found." Grasmere can claim to be one of the most visited lakes in the Lake District.
back to overview of all sampling sites
Online: [date: 2017/09/22]
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Submit a Kosher Food Store
Learn how to prepare kosher dairy and cheese
Kosher Dairy and Cheese
Milk and milk-derived products derived from kosher animals are kosher. All milk from cows, goats, and sheep is kosher. Some Haredi and Modern Orthodox rabbis hold that only "Cholov Yisroel" milk and dairy products may be consumed; this label means that the milk has been under constant supervision from milking to bottling, to make sure that it is not mixed with the milk of a non-kosher animal.
Cheese is a dairy product. Hard cheeses, however, are usually made from milk and rennet, an animal product.
Rennet is the enzyme used to turn milk into curds and whey; most forms of rennet derive from the lining of the stomach of an animal. Kosher rennet may be made from the stomachs of kosher animals slaughtered in conformance with the laws of kashrut, but is more usually made from vegetable or microbial sources. The Mishna and Talmud (in Avodah Zarah and Hullin) state that cheese made with rennet derived from a non-kosher animal is non-kosher. Orthodox authorities follow this ruling, and hold that rennet is a "d'var ha'ma'amid", an ingredient which changes the food so significantly that its presence cannot be considered negligible, so that even tiny amounts make the food it is added to non-kosher. In practice Orthodox and some Conservative Jews, who observe the laws of kashrus, eat only cheese made with kosher.
Click here to learn about how Kosher Produce is prepared.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Knowing and sharing these facts can save your life and improve the quality of your survival or those of a woman you love.
1. What are gynecologic cancers?
Gynecologic cancers (or women’s cancers) are cancers of a woman’s reproductive organs. The major types are cervical, ovarian, uterine (or endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar. Breast cancer is not a gynecologic cancer.
2. How common are gynecologic cancers?
In 2015, the American Cancer Society estimates that 98,280 women in the US will be diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer, and 30,440 will die from one. And according to Globocan 2012, an initiative of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there are 1.09 million new cases of gynecologic cancers worldwide each year, accounting for 7.8% of all new cancer diagnoses.
3. Who is at risk of being diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer?
Every woman is at risk of being diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer, and the risk increases with age. Some women are at greater risk than others because of hereditary and other factors.
4. What are the signs and symptoms of gynecologic cancers?
The signs and symptoms are different for each gynecologic cancer, but all have signs and symptoms. See the chart below for symptoms to watch for, and visit your doctor if any of these symptoms or other symptoms that are unusual for you last for 2 weeks or more.
5. Is there a test to detect gynecologic cancers?
Cervical cancer is the only gynecologic cancer for which there is an established diagnostic test—the Pap Test (or Pap Smear). Tests and procedures such as physical examination and history taking, pelvic examination, ultrasound, and biopsies are used to detect (find or diagnose) cancer. And early detection (being diagnosed at an early stage) is a key factor in determining prognosis (chance of recovery).
6. Are gynecologic cancers hereditary?
Most gynecologic cancers are “sporadic” or not caused by an inherited gene; however, about 10% of all gynecologic cancers are hereditary. Hereditary cancers are caused by an inherited gene mutation (change).
7. Can gynecologic cancers be prevented?
Many factors such as your genes, lifestyle, and environment can affect your chances of being diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer. You can lower your risk in many ways (including getting regular exercise and having healthy eating habits), and there are also various protective factors that decrease your risk. You can change your lifestyle and perhaps your environment but not your genes. (See the table below.) Many clinical trials (or research studies) focused on preventing cancer are being conducted.
8. What are my chances of surviving a gynecologic cancer?
This year in the US, 98,280 women will be diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer and 30,440 will die from one. Worldwide, more than 1 million women will be diagnosed and nearly half as many will die. Although the death rates are alarming, all gynecologic cancers are survivable. And, your chances of surviving are related to factors such as your stage at diagnosis (tumor size and whether the cancer has spread), tumor grade (how abnormal your cells look and how quickly they are likely to grow and spread), cell type, age, general health, and the type of doctor who stages your cancer and treats you. Early detection (being diagnosed at an early stage) is key to a good prognosis (chance of a good outcome such as long-term survival).
9. What type of doctor should treat gynecologic cancers?
A gynecologic oncologist (a board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist with additional training in gynecologic oncology) is the type of doctor best trained to stage and treat gynecologic cancers.
And research has shown that women treated by a gynecologic oncologist have a survival advantage (that is, they may live longer and have better quality of life). Whoever you choose, you will have treatment options that include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Your individual treatment plan will depend on factors such as your age and general health and the cancer type, stage, and grade.
10. Where can I find reliable information on gynecologic cancers?
There are many sources of reliable information on gynecologic cancers, including the American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Foundation for Women’s Cancers, the National Cancer Institute, and the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer. There are also numerous patient advocate organizations that provide patient support and patient and public education as well as lobby for research funding.
For more links to resources and advocacy organizations, go to
BONUS QUESTION: How can I help to raise awareness, starting today?
Go to to find out how you can get involved today!
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It looks like another piece of Star Trek technology is just around the corner. The British military's top scientists are using supercapacitors to create deflector shields for tanks.
Researchers at the British military's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory want to use supercharged electromagnetic fields to repulse attacks on tanks and other combat vehicles. Supercapacitors built into the armor of these vehicles can store huge amounts of energy, which would then be deployed when an incoming threat is detected. The field would theoretically be powerful enough to deflect pretty much anything up to small missiles, and the supercapacitors would be able to quickly recharge to prevent a subsequent attack.
Professor Bryn James of the Science and Technology Laboratory stresses how much this would reduce the need for heavy armor on combat vehicles:
The supercapacitor material can be charged up and then discharged in one powerful event to repel incoming fire. You would think this would require huge amounts of energy, but we have found it can be done with surprisingly small amounts of electrical power.Conventional armour is just a lump of metal but an RPG round can punch through more than a foot of steel. Carrying around enough armour to protect against that is extremely heavy. The real advantage to the electric armour is how light it can be by comparison.
The real issue is one of timing. The electromagnetic field created would only last for a fraction of a second, so it would be absolutely critical to deploy the field at precisely the right moment to repel the attack. Turning this new technology into a reality on the battlefield will likely require the development of advanced tracking systems that can gauge the exact instant to fire up the field.
In the meantime, the scientists at the Laboratory are continuing to develop the basic technology, something they've been working on throughout the last decade. As early as 2002, they were able to use a relatively primitive version of the electrical armor to protect a jeep from repeated blasts from an RPG, ultimately driving the vehicle away with only minor scratches. The current goal for the research team is to perfect the technology and reduce the weight of armored combat vehicles by an astounding seventy percent by the end of this decade.
[The Telegraph]
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