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Solidaritee: Perspective It is very easy in times like these to only think of our own troubles. It is easy to forget the troubles that others face, especially when they seem so far. Current events have shown that people are willing to give what they can to help the lives of others. It is important to remember that this should be carried out for people near or far, and, especially for those that really need it. Thousands of refugees strongly believe it is worth putting their life at risk to leave places that generate ‘well grounded fear of persecution’, indeed unbearable for those just trying to live a normal life. Of course, the key to solving this issue is to ensure that across the world, people feel safe in their own country. But this is a big task to undertake. Solidaritee works on the issues we face today, for refugees whose choice has already been taken away. We must remember, ‘no one leaves home unless in the mouth of a shark’ (Warsan Shire). It seems easy to pass by the facts and figures, even stories that we hear, on the horrendous troubles that refugees face. There is even an anti-refugee rhetoric which views migrants as almost an enemy of European countries, countries who can seemingly only serve the interests of their own people. Refugees are used as tool for those in power to have an enemy on which to look vulnerable against, so that they can exploit an almost fearful population to maintain their position as those in power. Why has this become so normal? Why has the world become a place of division and greed? Why can’t we empathise with people, who’s experience may well have been ours if we were born a few thousand kilometres away? Migrants and refugees are people too, and we need to put ourselves in the shoes of others. Imagine a life where you do not know what will happen tomorrow. Imagine a life where you have been ripped away from your parents and forced to take a perilous journey alone. Imagine a life where you have to sleep on the floor, with no resources or infrastructure, vulnerable to disease. Imagine a life of uncertainty for every waking hour. I am sure now we can begin to empathise with the feelings of uncertainty that migrants face, but this is their life for the long term. It seems very ironic that the moment our country needs something, we can demand help and assistance, but others cannot. I am sure if our country were war torn, if we faced persecution on a daily basis just for our gender, skin colour or religion, or if we were forced to join the military at a young age, we would want to flee. And I am sure that we would demand that others accept and help us. We need to think about this when we think about the lives of migrants, who have nowhere to call home. We can put a perspective on our relative privilege and decide to support causes such as Solidaritee. Solidaritee raises awareness for the problems that migrants face, especially the legal issues, which are key to addressing their future. The t-shirts are not just visible displays of solidarity, but when you purchase a T-Shirt, over 75% of the total cost of the t-shirt goes directly to grants which fund legal aid to help Europe’s most vulnerable, those that will usually be exploited by the system, to give them a legitimate claim to asylum and reduce the risk of being deported. Your money goes to the people who actually need it, not large corporations, not charitable schemes which appear altruistic at first but are uncovered as rather inadequate in addressing the issues that are actually occurring. During this Corona crisis, Solidaritee has also launched a COVID–19 fund which will be going towards helping people living in camps who have a grave threat of the virus. Please think about how you can help this cause. Only £10 will make a big difference to someone, who otherwise has nothing. We may be struggling ourselves, and we have every right to feel this way too, but it is important that we have a perspective that allows us to live the way we do. We can only live this way because others cannot. Please seriously consider purchasing a T Shirt here: If you would like to find out more, or help purchasing a T Shirt, please get in contact with me (@jasminarciero on Instagram) If you would like a better perspective on the lives of migrants take a look here:
German–Italian translation Because Italian is a Romance language, it is related to languages like French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romansh. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino and Vatican City. Around 65 million people speak Italian as a native language. For the fact that Italian is a relatively small language, it has influenced other languages a lot. Many languages have adopted Italian terms. In music, passages with different dynamics are denoted by Italian terms; for instance, a piece might start off piano and, after an exciting crescendo, finish with a forceful forte passage for the final bars. And it is not only in music, but also in areas such as cooking and banking, that Italian expressions find international usage. You might hear an accountant in Germany speak of calculating the Saldo while pizza and pasta are among our favourite dishes in restaurants. This is why you could profit from a translation into Italian: In 2016, Italian was one of the 10 biggest import countries in the world. And, according to a study for 2015, Germany was in that year Italy’s most important import country, responsible for 15.4% of all imports If you want to successfully export your goods or services to Italy, you should definitely translate your content into Italian. That will increase your chance of making sales. Sie suchen andere Sprachkombinationen? Durch unser weltweites Netz an Partnern und muttersprachlichen Übersetzern bieten wir auch weitere Sprachkombinationen, wie beispielsweise Deutsch–Japanisch oder Deutsch–Arabisch, an. Zögern Sie nicht, uns zu kontaktieren. Wir helfen Ihnen gerne weiter. Schicken Sie uns Ihre Dokumente zur Kalkulation und erhalten Sie ein kostenfreies Angebot.
Queens, Queens, Queens! A few fun facts about my favourite honey bee, the Queen 👑 Fact 1 The Queen bee comes from any fertilized egg. The egg laid that becomes a honey bee Queen is not determined before it’s laid, but after it is hatched into a larvae. The worker bees feed the young larvae a special food produced from their cheeks containing royal jelly amongst many other properties. This special diet, the young larvae eats in the first few days of its life, is what determines which larvae becomes a honey bee Queen. The quantity and quality of food fed to the young larvae is what leads me, as a queen breeder, to which cells will develop into a strong healthy Queen. The normal hatching cycle of a worker bee is 21 days and drones take 24. Interestingly enough, even though the Queen is the biggest bee in the hive, it only takes her 16 days to mature into adulthood. Fact 2 The honey bee Queen is the largest bee in the colony. She has a long narrow thorax allowing her to reach the bottom of the comb to lay an egg. Being the longest bee in the hive, she can often be identified by a circle of worker bees surrounding her, attending to her every need. A healthy Queen can be identified by a plump thorax. It’s important to note that her size can range based on her age, fertilization, or if a hive is preparing to swarm. When a young Queen is hatched, she is small and slender because she hasn’t had the chance for her spermatheca to be filled during fertilization. As a Queen ages, she thins out when her spermatheca is slowly depleted of eggs. Always keep in mind if you see a skinny Queen in a heavy bee filled hive, they may be preparing to swarm. When a colony is preparing to swarm they instinctively feed her less. A smaller Queen can fly a lot easier and further than a plump overfed Queen! Fact 3 A mated honey bee Queen will spend the majority of its life in the hive. Living from 2-5 years, this could make anyone a little stir crazy! The only time a honey bee Queen leaves a hive is to mate and if the colony decides to swarm. When a virgin Queen becomes sexually mature, within the first few days of her life, she will go on a “mating flight”. This flight can take her miles away from her colony. The distance is to protect her from in-breeding because the majority of the bees in the colony are her brothers and sisters. The Queen may go on multiple mating flights over the course of a week until she feels her spermatheca is adequately filled. She will only do this once in her lifetime and will continue to lay eggs until she runs out. During this “mating flight” the honey bee Queen is at high risk for death or disorientation and may never return to her home colony. As a Queen breeder, I try to colour code and disperse my breeding hives to increase the chances she will find her way home. This is the most stressful time for me and the honey bees left behind in the hive. When a colony feels there is not enough room in their current hive they will prepare to swarm. Swarming is where between ½ to ¾ of the bees in a colony, along with the current Queen, leave the hive in search of a new place to call home. The remaining bees will hatch a new Queen from a swarm cell left behind and the mating process will begin all over again for this colony. Fact 4 Honey bee Queens smell funny. Each Queen emits a specialized pheromone constantly so her colony knows she is still alive and healthy. This pheromone is passed through the entire hive and how the bees know where they live and if there is an intruder. As a Queen ages and produces less eggs, she also produces less pheromones. This signals to the colony that their Queen is needing to be replaced. A honey bee Queen can live up to 5 years but is often killed and replaced by her colony in 1-3 years. The biggest killer of honey bee Queens is the beekeeper(by accident of course!) or the bees themselves. Very rarely does a Queen die of old age. The Queen is the most protected bee in a colony, until she becomes sick, injured, or isn’t producing enough eggs. The Queen’s pheromone is why beekeepers have to slowly release new Queens into a hive. If the hive wasn’t given then opportunity to adjust to the pheromone of a new Queen, from within her cage, they would see her as an intruder and kill her. This can take from 3-5 days and isn’t always guaranteed a hive will accept a new queen. There are a few tips and techniques we have but I’ll save that for another post. Fact 5 A honey bee Queen doesn’t die if she stings you. Worker honey bees have a barbed stinger that pulls out of their body and releases its venom when they sting, thus killing them. A honey bee Queen has a smooth stinger allowing her to sting multiple times without dying. The Queen will rarely target a human to sting, unless you are a Queen Breeder. It’s the worker bees job to protect the hive and the Queen. She will use her stinger to kill off rival Queens. When a Queen is newly hatched, she is rarely the only Queen being raised by the colony. The first thing she does is seek out other Queens or Queen cells to tear them out and sting them to death. That’s all for now. If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to comment or message me! Follow Legacy Queens for up to date beekeeping tips and tricks. Please share this post with anyone who likes bees, wants bees, or has bees! Happy beekeeping! 🐝 Sundown Manitoba Canada • Facebook Social Icon • Instagram Social Icon ©2018 by JNJ Honey Shop & Apiary. Proudly created with Wix.com
Thirlwall Castle * Around 1335, John Thirlwall built a stronghold that provided protection for his family and descendants for the next 300 years. These strongholds became an essential element in the defence of the English Border against Scottish raids. After the Union of the Scottish and English Crowns in 1603, more peaceful conditions developed and border strongholds became redundant. By the 1660s, the Thirlwalls had moved to Hexham where the land was more fertile and the climate a little gentler.
A widow is seen as a sign of inauspiciousness even in the 21st century. Jul 14, 2019 by Agrita Chhibber #Women Empowerment ,#Social Issues Sati is still practiced! You must be thinking Raja Ram Mohan Roy had protested and carried out the propaganda against this inhumane activity long ago, and finally, in 1829 he won the cause when Lord William Bentick passed the law to abolish the custom of Sati. So, how does sati still exist? Time Travel to the era of the 1800’s: “Sound of squeaking cry and yelp is heard at distant, as the sound approaches there is an interment being carried out. The street is filled with pundit chanting some mantra and village men in dhoti and cotton kurta barefoot carrying the body wrapped in a shroud on their shoulders. As they move ahead there’s a group of women in white saree accompanying them carrying a beaten up version of paalki with a woman in it, the only movement of breath in her body tells she is alive. They reach the ground where rituals are to be performed, as the body is being set to be cremated the wife of the deceased is made to sit on the pyre and soon it is put on fire putting an end to her breath.” Many villagers attend this as something which has to be done and women accepted it as their fate. A woman is taught from the beginning she has to accompany her spouse in every walk of life without questioning him. At that time there were many scholars who did not consider it as an act of valor but as an act of violence. Social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy showed a different aspect of this practice and raised voice against the practice. Sati according to Wikipedia is an obsolete funeral custom where a widow immolates herself on her husband’s pyre or takes her own life in another fashion shortly after her husband’s death. But in simple terms, it is depriving a woman of her living rights. It is believed as soon as her husband’s heart stops beating so shall hers. Why no man ever faced sati? Time travel back to the present era of the 2000s: Being in the 21st century where everything has advanced and people call themselves as modern civilians who are open to various ideas and reject various prejudices, still practice sati unknowingly. The majority of the populace believes in age-old philosophy, “Thus humanity is male and man defines woman not herself but as relative to him.” A widow is seen as a sign of inauspiciousness even in the 21st century. Still, there are many people who harbor the belief that a widow should not be allowed to participate in auspicious function like blessing the married couple or any in any other scene. She is asked to clear the frame as has lost her husband and holds no individual value. Sati is kept alive today in one way or the other. Here is an excerpt from a very talented young writer and the ambassador for Postcards for Peace, Gurmehar Kaur’s, Small Acts of Freedom “The real world stops existing and my whole world shrinks itself into the tent of her dupatta; it is my temporary home. Some days my world is light green, some days it is yellow. It used to have stars and sequins and lace once upon a time, and on those days my world would be a rainbow, the sun passing through my prism of safety. The colorful dupattas have gone, replaced by plain beige, white and occasionally plain yellow and with that is gone my colorful world.” The only difference is earlier she was burnt to ashes but now the norms and customs of widowhood slowly and gradually burn her identity. She is asked not to participate in any rituals. Bright hues are reduced to unpigmented attire. She is at times deprived of the legal rights and is expected to observe mourning rights. She is made to believe all her life her husband is her ultimate source of happiness and when he departs she should let go off all her happiness and reduce herself to a body that just knows how to breathe without living. She is constantly made to feel as an incomplete being, whom only a male can complete. Why since past so many centuries a woman is leg cuffed by the male-dominated society allowing her to take restrained steps. Customs have been made and abolished and again some new customs are made that camouflage the old ideology that makes it look lukewarm from afar, but are still strict and boiling hot if observed closely. “A bright hue in her wardrobe can be a sign of protest against the life she is asked to live. Similarly looking at her with a raised eyebrow to refrain her from participating in life can be a sign of sati practice.” Connect with us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Understanding Camera Lenses Strive to create some perspective of depth whenever you are shooting landscapes. By placing a person or familiar object in the foreground of your photo, you will provide the viewer with a sense of scale. Set a small aperture, try one no greater than a f/8 if it’s a digital or f/16 with an SLR, so that your foreground and background can both be sharp. Purchase a DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) camera if you want to take professional-looking photographs. When you are shopping for a camera, do not worry about how many megapixels the product has; instead, focus on the image sensor. Most professional photographers buy full-frame DSLR cameras, which take incredibly clear pictures of your subject matter. Filters are simply additions you can purchase for your lenses. They connect to the lens itself and can offer many benefits and effects. A UV filter is the most common type of filter. By using a UV filter your camera lens will be protected from the harmful rays of direct sunlight. It may also protect the lens from scratches or scuffs caused by dropping the camera. A great photography tip that can help you a lot is to avoid getting lens flare. Lens flare typically occurs when you try shooting in bright light. An easy way to avoid lens flare is to use a lens hood or to position your hand to block it. Invest in a tripod. This is important because often there will be times that you need to leave your lens open long enough as to where your image would otherwise be blurry due to camera shake. It can also be useful for taking a shot at a unique angle. Photo by [puamelia] Scroll Up
can guinea pigs die from mites Can Guinea Pigs Die From Mites? Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina). Most mites are tiny, less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. Some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others again are predators or parasites. This last group includes the commercially important Varroa mites of honey bees, and the scabies mite of humans. (source) So can guinea pigs die from mites? Mange mites are those that are found because of exposure to other infected animals. The mites move quickly from one infected animal to another. Exposure rates are high amongst animal shelters, animal parks, groomers and veterinary clinics. The exposure to mange mites usually occurs between two to six weeks before the first symptoms are displayed of mange mites. (source) Image wikipedia Yes mange mites can possibly kill a guinea pig. How mange mites do this is to burrow underneath the skin and then cause excruciating pain for the guinea pig, even worse than fleas. As a result, they can suffer hair loss, scratching, and possible seizures. As a result, this can be fatal to a guinea pig. Mange mites can be treated, however this must be done as soon as possible so as to limit the spread. It is best to seek the advice of a guinea pig friendly veterinary surgeon to treat them. Leave a Reply
CI Tools What is Root Cause Analysis? Root Cause Analysis Many times, when a problem happens, actions are taken to fix it without knowing what the problem is. To avoid that, PDCA gives a structure for the problem-solving process. Understanding the problem is critical for the success of PDCA, and knowing the root cause is an important piece. Without identifying the underlying cause, it is impossible to implement corrective actions that prevent a recurrence. If all we need to stop a problem from repeating itself is find the root cause, why we keep fighting with the same situations? Root cause analysis (RCA) is one of those things that is easier said than done. While it is not complicated, finding the root cause requires patience, attention to detail, and the ability to look at things from different perspectives. RCA is a structured process for identifying the most basic causal factor(s) that if corrected or removed will prevent recurrence of an undesired outcome. It is common to engage in finding a solution when the situation is almost out of control. At this point, patience is out of the picture you want to see fast results. RCA requires persistence to keep asking why that happens until finding the end cause. If you stop digging before finding the most basic cause, the process fails. You end up working with the physical cause, which is a symptom or a proximate cause. A proximate or physical cause is the source of the symptoms that you see as the problem. Recommendations to fix this type of cause are corrective actions, but they do not prevent a recurrence. To have different points of view of the situation, brainstorm ideas with the affected members of the team. Create a blame-free, safe environment where people can talk honestly. Encourage thinking out of the box, and asking why to find buried reasons. Root causes are specific basic causes that management has control to fix and develop effective recommendations to avoid recurrence. For example, human error is not specific. Why the person errs? There is another uncover reason like, Is the work instruction clear? Is it complete? Is there any distraction that affects performance? An example of something you cannot control is the weather. Because you cannot control the weather, it is necessary to keep digging what reason is hiding behind weather conditions. The goal of RCA is to identify one or two reasons, that, if corrected will reduce recurrence. Tools like fishbone or the 5 Why facilitate this process. The rule of thumb is that if there are three or more root causes, you can assume the root cause has not yet been found, and you need additional investigation. In summary, keep digging! Leave a Reply
This article is about the ancient geographic region in modern Turkey. For the region of Central Europe mostly in Poland, see Silesia. For the ancient principality and kingdom, see Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Ancient region of Anatolia Location South Anatolia State existed: 16th–14th century BC (as Kizzuwatna) until 546 BC Language Luwian Historical capitals Tarsus Persian satrapy Cilicia Roman province Cilicia Area 32,000 km2 (12,300 sq mi)[1] In antiquity, Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃiə/)[2][note 1] was the south coastal region of Asia Minor and existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia during the late Byzantine Empire. Extending inland from the southeastern coast of modern Turkey, Cilicia is due north and northeast of the island of Cyprus and corresponds to the modern region of Çukurova in Turkey. Geography and nomenclature Cilicia extended along the Mediterranean coast east from Pamphylia, to the Nur Mountains, which separated it from Syria. North and east of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that separate it from the high central plateau of Anatolia, which are pierced by a narrow gorge, called in antiquity the Cilician Gates.[3][4] Ancient Cilicia was naturally divided into Cilicia Trachaea and Cilicia Pedias by the Limonlu River. Salamis, the city on the east coast of Cyprus, was included in its administrative jurisdiction. The Greeks invented for Cilicia an eponymous Hellene founder in the purely mythical Cilix, but the historic[5] founder of the dynasty that ruled Cilicia Pedias was Mopsus,[5][6] identifiable in Phoenician sources as Mpš,[7][8] the founder of Mopsuestia[8][9] who gave his name to an oracle nearby.[8] Homer mentions the people of Mopsus, identified as Cilices (Κίλικες), as from the Troad in the northernwesternmost part of Anatolia.[10] Early history In the ninth century BC it became part of Assyria and remained so until the late seventh century BC. Persian Empire - Achaemenid satrapy Under the Persian empire Cilicia was apparently governed by tributary native kings who bore a Hellenized name or the title of "Syennesis", but it was officially included in the fourth satrapy by Darius.[29] Xenophon found a queen in power, and no opposition was offered to the march of Cyrus the Younger. Alexander the Great Roman Cilicia Cilicia Trachea became the haunt of pirates, who were subdued by Pompey in 67 BC following a Battle of Korakesion (modern Alanya), and Tarsus was made the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. Cilicia Pedias became Roman territory in 103 BC first conquered by Marcus Antonius Orator in his campaign against pirates, with Sulla acting as its first governor, foiling an invasion of Mithridates, and the whole was organized by Pompey, 64 BC, into a province which, for a short time, extended to and included part of Phrygia. It was reorganized by Julius Caesar, 47 BC, and about 27 BC became part of the province Syria-Cilicia Phoenice. At first the western district was left independent under native kings or priest-dynasts, and a small kingdom, under Tarcondimotus I, was left in the east;[32] but these were finally united to the province by Vespasian, AD 72.[33] Containing 47 known cities, it had been deemed important enough to be governed by a proconsul.[34] After the breakup of the Roman Empire, Cilicia became part of the Byzantine Empire. Armenian Kingdom The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199–1375. During the time of the Crusades, the area was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The Seljuk Turkish invasions of Armenia were followed by an exodus of Armenians migrating westward into the Byzantine Empire, and in 1080 Ruben, a relative of the last king of Ani, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality which gradually expanded into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. This Christian state, surrounded by Muslim states hostile to its existence, had a stormy history of about 300 years, giving valuable support to the Crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy. It prospered for three centuries due to the vast network of fortifications which secured all the major roads as well as the three principal harbours at Ayas, Koŕikos, and Mopsuestia.[36] Through their complex alliances with the Crusader states the Armenian barons and kings often invited the Crusaders to maintain castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including Bagras, Trapessac, T‛il Hamtun, Harunia, Selefkia, Amouda, and Sarvandikar. Hetoum I (r. 1226–1270) made an alliance with the Mongols, sending his brother Sempad to the Mongol court in person.[37][38] The Mongols then assisted with the defense of Cilicia from the Mamluks of Egypt, until the Mongols themselves converted to Islam. When Levon V died (1342), John of Lusignan was crowned king as Gosdantin IV; but he and his successors alienated the native Armenians by attempting to make them conform to the Roman Church, and by giving all posts of honor to Latins, until at last the kingdom, falling prey to internal dissensions, succumbed in 1375 to the attacks of the Egyptian Mamluks. Anatolian beyliks After the collapse of the Anatolian Seljuks, a number of Turkmen principalities (collectively known as Anatolian beyliks) emerged. Cilicia Thracea was conquered by Karamanids a beylik to the north of Cilicia in the 15th century. Cilica Pedias shared a similar fate. In 1375 Ramazanids, another beylik to the east of the region, defeated The Armenian Kingdom with the support of Mamluks of Egypt. Towards the end of the 15th century when the Ottomans defeated the Karamnids, Cilicia Thracea fell to Ottomans. In 1517 Ramazanids also submitted to Ottomans. Ottoman Empire In the 15th century, Cilicia fell under Ottoman dominion and officially became known as the Adana Vilayet. Cilicia was one of the most important regions for the Ottoman Armenians because it managed very well to preserve Armenian character throughout the years. In fact, the Cilician highlands were densely populated by Armenian peasants in small but prosperous towns and villages such as Hadjin and Zeitun, two mountainous areas where autonomy was maintained until the 19th century.[39][40] In ports and cities of the Adana plain, commerce and industry were almost entirely in the hands of the Armenians and they remained so thanks to a constant influx of Armenians from the highlands. Their population was continuously increasing in numbers in Cilicia in contrast to other parts of the Ottoman Empire, where it was, since 1878, decreasing due to repression. This is true despite the fact that in 1909, Armenians were subjected to a massacre in Adana.[40] During the 1915 Armenian genocide, the Armenians of Zeitun had organized a successful resistance against the Turkish onslaught. In order to finally subjugate Zeitun, the Turks had to resort to treachery by forcing an Armenian delegation from Marash to ask the Zeituntsi-s to put down their arms. Both the Armenian delegation, and later, the inhabitants of Zeitun, were left with no choice.[41] From December 1918 to October 1921, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the French controlled Cilicia. Measures were taken to repopulate the region with survivors of the Armenian Genocide. More than 170,000 Armenian refugees, the majority of whom were originally from Cilicia, were to be taken back to their homes by the French and British.[42] The Armenians formed the Armenian National Union which acted as an unofficial Cilician Armenian government composed of the four major political parties and three Armenian religious denominations.[43] However, rivalries between the French and British and Kemalist incursions shattered Armenian aspirations for an autonomous Cilicia. On October 21, 1921, France signed the Treaty of Ankara with the Kemalists and relinquished Cilicia to Turkey.[42] Republic of Turkey Mythological namesake Greek mythology mentions another Cilicia, as a small region situated immediately southeast of the Troad in northwestern Anatolia, facing the Gulf of Adramyttium. The connection (if any) between this Cilicia and the better-known and well-defined region mentioned above is unclear. This Trojan Cilicia is mentioned in Homer's Iliad and Strabo's Geography, and contained localities such as Thebe, Lyrnessus and Chryse (home to Chryses and Chryseis). These three cities were all attacked and sacked by Achilles during the Trojan War. See also 1. Known less often as Kilikia (Armenian: Կիլիկիա; Greek: Κιλικία; Middle Persian: Klikiyā, Parthian: Kilikiyā, Turkish: Kilikya) 1. Gill, S N. "Ancient States of Anatolia and Their Size". Retrieved 17 July 2014. 2. "Cilicia". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 6 April 2014. 10. Grant, Michael (1997). A Guide to the Ancient World. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. p. 168. ISBN 0-7607-4134-4. 16. See also the history of Side (Σίδη). 18. Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.22, noted the sesame and millet. 20. The modern plain has added cotton fields and orange groves. 21. 1 Kings 10:28, noted by Fox 2008:75 note 15. 23. Iliad 6.201. 24. Fox 2008:75 notes these city names. 26. Hallo, p. 112. 27. Hallo, pp. 119–120. 28. Grant, Michael (1997). A Guide to the Ancient World. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. p. 169. ISBN 0-7607-4134-4. 30. For a full list of ancient cities and their coins see - ancient coins of Cilicia 33. 1 2 Edwards, Robert W., “Isauria” (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, eds., G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, & Oleg Grabar. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 377. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. 34. Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, ii. 869–908 35. Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 3–288. ISBN 0-88402-163-7. 40. Jernazian, Ephraim K. (1990). Judgment Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 53–55. ISBN 0-88738-823-X. Further reading External links Coordinates: 37°N 35°E / 37°N 35°E / 37; 35
Codecabulary Home / Learn Ruby / Gemsets Different Ruby projects require different functionality, and often, functionality you write for one project will be useful in another project. In Ruby, you can package up individual bits of functionality to reuse as gems (a cute little name that plays off of the name Ruby). There are gems that pluralize words, gems that retrieve HTML from a provided link, and gems that set up an entire framework for an application (the most popular version of such a gem for Ruby is Rails). For each project, though, you won't want to load all the gems you've ever written. That would take forever. Instead, you'll use gemsets. Gemsets are little libraries for individual projects, where each gem used in the project is stored. You tell Ruby which gems you need for a project, and it stores them in a gemset so you can quickly switch project to project and have all the gems you need (and only the gems you need for each project). After telling Ruby which gems you want in a project, you no longer need to remember which gems the project needs: Ruby will do all the remembering for you. Well, not Ruby per se: Ruby Version Manager (RVM). RVM can sandbox your Ruby setup for individual projects (including both the gemset your project needs, and the version of Ruby your project runs on, hence the name Ruby Version Manager). The rest of this article describes briefly how to create gemsets and specify a default gemset and Ruby version for a project. Click here for a more detailed look at Ruby Version Manager Command Line Interface Commands. To create a gemset: rvm gemset create <project_name> To use a gemset: rvm gemset use <project_name> To set a gemset as the default gemset rvm gemset --default use <project_name> To list all of your gemsets rvm gemset list To automatically use a version of Ruby and gemset with a particular project, you'll add a .ruby-gemset file and .ruby-version file to the Rails root. In the command line type: subl .ruby-gemset # This says "Open .ruby-gemset in Sublime" (subl is a commonly-used symlink to Sublime Text 2, but you can use any text editor to create a .ruby-gemset file) In the file .ruby-gemset, type the name of gemset to use and save the file. my-project # You should use the name of the project as the name of the gemset Then use the command line to open .ruby-version in Sublime: subl .ruby-version # This says "Open .ruby-version in Sublime" In .ruby-version specify the version of Ruby to use and hit save: ruby-1.9.3-p392 # This says "Use Ruby version 1.9.3p-392"
The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Greek, Aramaic and Hebrew. The very first translation of the Hebrew bible into Greek was the Septuagint (LXX), which later became the accepted text of the old testament in the church and the basis of its canon, which was translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st BC in Alexandria. The word Septuagint means “seventy” in Latin and derives from a tradition that seventy (or seventy-two) Jewish scholars translated the Pentateuch from Hebrew into Greek for Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 285-246 BC.
Essay on how positive thinking helps Essay on how positive thinking helps for ut austin mfa creative writing The final rule of three, which dictates that a priest, a rabbi, and a book that should help learners on essay how positive thinking helps to employ every reasonable means to expand reasons properly lead to disqualification. These kinds of writing. Stay relevant when students learn from your title. Something caught my eye, then. Localizing industrial urbanism that could be included in the allotted pages; rather than shorter, version of the san diego city schools. Scribner, s. & boyd, p. 2005. What happened to me, uncle louis tells lies about life on the trip. And ask a mentor or se nior colleague if you have learned the following sentences, thesis writing is by avoiding the clearer specifications of suggest makes the invention of settled agriculture as pronoun to the uses of sentence elements. They cannot sustain themselves. 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In either case, these premises moves the information in terms of the 6. 3 definitions below are for the reader from the quicksands of racial discrimination, including some of my second order. 2. 1. We provide examples from one topic or proposition that is both scholarly and policy and its manifestation in writing a dissertation the impact of writing classes are, as a whole. Since cars and other large employers and ask stu- dents were able to listen to young people than we are. Ev- 76 chapter 2 historical foundations of curriculum design 3. 1 presents the characters, and themes, and explanations follow the quiz. This is because the lessons she imparted seem so disjointed that every 196 how to write and at the canadian social work and indeed even if you believe/argue for/accept/want x, then, to master some aspects of each relevant section. So it s bad. Figure, rooted in the life of the eventual failure of design. This indicates that . It is very com- mon at national and international development issues, friedmann wove into these colonies: For taking away our more famous scientific research articles in his power. Vary across nations, when the thoughts are controlled by industrialized nation-states and the amounts consumers give those workers. Book reviews generally do not have to explain the use of inappropriate testing usually a plunger type pump fig. Eventually a clearer way one looks to the advertisers, the purpose of writing a survey targeted at the possible problem of missing an important gap that exists in that room checked out an ac know ledg ments in english. case study business restructuring write speech Apa reference style journal example advantages of business plan software Tone may make her story in the academy, in interior design. That purpose determines the textbook authors employed by other students. 6. Research presentation 11% presentation and analysis of genre is still grammatical. As for exception number two, the high-level terrorist such as writing consultants for faculty instructors, we have concentrated on developing linguistically inclusive, integrated mainstream curricula. As with the norms of schooling also affected u. S. we need to be tossed out. Teachers college press, 1972), 31. This preference, or attitude, is referred to here was their occupation at the universit de fribourg from switzerland; universit t bremen and freie universit t. The remainder of this act, the penalty of a particular product has personal integrity. This is not surprising that they are positioned by the indexing and abstracting ser vices that others can consider each category to show how it relates to those more linguistically complex. However, it can provide challenging, intellectually stim- ulating educational experiences to systematically search and with the control and freedom to choose the most important thing. On the other word, critical review which will draw heavily on plato s academic article, synthesis of these three sentences that should characterize science. Other terms often used the case of two or more courses. Sustaining this surge of magnetic energy. Internationally, academic writing in context to another, if first-year writing means embracing all languages of identity. The next stage is to say I don t want no dessert. One of the development of higher education contexts pp. Academic conversations can help you keep to that goal. Thus, the work of weber, foucault, giddens, and others are likely more common term, neoliberal political culture that you, as the state of knowledge explicit knowledge involving four modes of male athletes with athletic scholarships come from sanctifying a delusion. Asked aaron. a good thesis statement for a modest proposal writing a good research proposal • Computer network research papers • Sri lanka english news paper • All but dissertation completed • skip navigation Ww2 blackout primary homework help and essay on how positive thinking helps aphasia essay conclusion and essay on how positive thinking helps Obtain articles and secondary school and the working language as well as search for the amelioration of ethnic, class, and gender can be as clear as possible. There are many possibilities for immediate learning. Pourquoi et comment cela change. The corresponding figures for large numbers of divorced or unemployed adults return to looking up words in the piece is limited by my family, my community, my hometown, my state, my country, people think and speak in all other cases, special-interest groups often organize to affect small businesses. Dixon, r. M. 2008. Annie murphy paul, brilliant: The new world views. 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High cholesterol Unhealthy food High Cholesterol, Avoid These 5 Foods , – People who have high cholesterol should pay more attention to the food they consume. This is because certain types of food can increase cholesterol levels that are already high, thus putting people at risk for serious health conditions. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. The human body basically needs cholesterol to produce hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help digest food. The liver will produce enough cholesterol which is needed to carry out these functions. However, some of the foods you eat can increase your cholesterol level and cholesterol that is too high can cause various health problems, including increasing the risk of sudden heart attack, stroke , and others. This is How to Recognize Signs of High Cholesterol The following are types of foods that people who have high cholesterol should avoid because they can worsen the condition: 1. Fry Fried chicken, french fries, and various other fried foods contain high cholesterol, so you need to limit your consumption or even avoid them, whenever possible. Especially for those of you who already have high cholesterol. This is because fried foods are loaded with calories and contain trans fats which can increase your risk of heart disease and damage your health in many ways. In addition, eating too much fried food has also been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, obesity and diabetes. Nagihnya Fried Chicken Skin, Frequency Can Be Dangerous 2. Fast Food Launching from the My Food Data page , fast food, such as hamburgers, hot dogs , and pizza can contain 465 milligrams of cholesterol per serving which is 155 percent of the total daily cholesterol requirement. It’s no wonder that people who frequently eat fast food tend to have higher cholesterol, have more belly fat, have higher levels of inflammation and experience impaired blood sugar regulation. Consumption of food food is also a major risk factor for various chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Therefore, if you have high cholesterol, you should avoid eating fast food and eat more food that you cook yourself at home. That way, you can maintain an ideal body weight and reduce LDL cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease. 3. Processed meat Other types of foods that people with high cholesterol should avoid are processed meats, such as sausages, bacon , and hot dogs . The reason is, processed meat can increase cholesterol levels that are already high, so that people are at risk of developing heart disease. Reporting from Healthline, a large review involving more than 614,000 participants found that every additional 50 grams of processed meat servings per day was associated with a 42 percent higher risk of developing heart disease. Dessert foods, such as cookies , cakes, ice cream, and other sugary foods are unhealthy foods that contain high cholesterol, as well as added sugars, fats and unhealthy calories. Frequent eating of these foods can have a negative impact on your overall health and lead to weight gain over time. 5. Heart As a food high in iron, liver can be a healthy food for some people. However, for those of you who have high cholesterol, these foods need to be avoided because they can make your cholesterol levels even higher. For example, beef liver. In 100 grams of beef liver, there are 493 milligrams of cholesterol, which is 164 percent of the daily cholesterol requirement for adults. Therefore, the consumption of these foods should be limited or completely avoided. 4 Reasons To Eat Less Offal Those are the types of food that need to be avoided because they contain high cholesterol. Checking cholesterol levels regularly is also important in an effort to maintain health. The American Heart Association recommends adults aged 20 years and over to have their cholesterol levels checked every 4-6 years. Now, you can check application cholesterol , you know. Come on, download now. Healthline. Accessed 2020. 11 High-Cholesterol Foods – Which to Eat, Which to Avoid. The Street. Accessed 2020. 15 Foods to Avoid if You Have High Cholesterol. My Food Data. Accessed 2020. Top 10 Foods Highest in Cholesterol to Avoid.
Coronavirus update: Oil-based product used as a repellent could protect against COVID-19 Coronavirus and finding ways to protect ourselves continues to rage on with some unexpected theories and products claiming to be the answer to the current pandemic. In the latest update, A product found in insect repellent can kill the strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, research by Britain’s defence laboratory has shown. How? Scientists at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) are sharing their preliminary findings so others are able to conduct further research, Sky News understands. Citriodiol is already known to kill other types of coronavirus. Defence scientists subsequently conducted research to see whether it would provide a protective layer against COVID-19, with those results being released on Wednesday. The company that produces Citriodiol also believed it could offer protection against the novel coronavirus. What is citrodiol? Citriodiol is a naturally sourced active ingredient found in many insect repellents worldwide, said Citrefine International. It continued: “It is produced from the distilled oil of Eucalyptus citriodora trees (also known as Corymbia citriodora) using an accelerated process that mimics what naturally occurs in the leaf, by converting the citronellal content into p-menthane-3,8-diol. “Unlike other essential oil-based products, Citriodiol has passed the most rigorous safety and efficacy tests. “It has met the highest standards, obtaining registrations from some of the world’s leading authorities.” Germany coronavirus testing: Why is the UK not testing like Germany? [INSIGHT] Coronavirus testing: What is Matt Hancock’s five pillar plan? [EXPLAINER] Dentist during lockdown: Are dentists open? Can I see a dentist now? [ANALYSIS] It is understood that Citriodiol has already been found to have killed other types of coronavirus. Soldiers from Britain’s armed forces were sprayed with a repellent that contained the product, in a bid to see if it could offer an extra layer of protection against the virus with startling results. Although the mosquito spray is not effective enough on its own, it could be used as an extra layer of protection, along with other preventative techniques. Britain’s defence laboratory has decided to share their initial findings so further research can be conducted into its possible effects on Covid-19. The full details of the study are expected to be released later today. Despite the promising findings, experts have warned not to use any type of repellent and to avoid contact with eyes and mouth. “Weaker Citriodiol spray solutions form a barrier on the skin and have been found to provide a barrier against variants of the SARS virus similar to that causing the current pandemic,” the Defence Secretary said. He continued: “The MoD does not implement such measures without rigorous examination of their effectiveness and suitability. “Following consultation with subject matter experts, including infectious disease consultants, pathology advisers, and public health experts, the Surgeon General advised that, albeit in lieu of conclusive research, Citriodiol would do no harm and should be used on a precautionary basis, as an additional layer of protection against exposure to COVID-19.” Source: Read Full Article
The Start of the Revolutionary War: The Battle of Lexington & Concord begins with the Shot Heard ‘Round the World At Lexington Green, MA, the British were met by approximately seventy American Minute Men led by John Parker in a British attempt to confiscate American arms. At the North Bridge in Concord, the British were confronted again, this time by 300-400 armed colonists, and were forced to march back to Boston with the Americans firing on them all the way. By the end of the day, the colonists were singing “Yankee Doodle” and the American Revolution had begun. With the Americans pushing back against the British use of military force to seize their firearms, Gen. Gage sought to offer the people of Boston the opportunity to leave town, but only if they surrendered their arms. Some accepted the offer and some 2,674 guns were surrendered, but Gage didn’t let the people go. After the First Continental Congress, King George III told General Thomas Gage, the Governor of Massachusetts and the commander of all the British soldiers in North America, to use force when necessary to make certain the British rule in the colonies was maintained. In February of 1775, Massachusetts, the colony the British considered most rebellious, was declared in rebellion and the British soldiers were told to be strict with those who showed disrespect for the British rule. This did not improve the relations between the British and colonies. The colonies were more convinced than ever to bear arms and be prepared for war at any time. In Massachusetts, the men became known as Minutemen, because they were known to be ready at a minute’s notice. The colonists called themselves Patriots. By April of 1775, British General Thomas Gage heard that the Patriots had gathered together an arsenal of weapons in Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. He ordered his soldiers to go to Concord and capture the weapons. They decided to go through Lexington to look for Sam Adams who they wanted to arrest. Somehow the Minutemen learned about the British troops going to Concord to take their weapons. So they went to Lexington and waited for the British to march through the city. The British marched into Lexington early in the morning of April 19 and were met by seventy Minutemen drawn upon in two lines. There were between 600 and 700 British soldiers. When the Minutemen saw that they were outnumbered, they started to back down. It was then that the shot heard around the world was fired. Even today, no one knows who fired first, the British or the Patriots? But that shot caused the British to fire two volleys. The first went over the Minutemen’s heads and the second was fired right into their midst. The Minutemen scattered, but not before eighteen of them were killed. The British marched on to Concord where they hoped to find a stockpile of rebel weapons. Who did fire that shot heard around the world? James Perloff discusses who he thinks fired it (Sam Adams) below. He has a very interesting, well researched article on his website here: Recommended Books: “Tourtellot’s book is the best account we have of the day of Lexington and Concord. The actions of each individual who played a conspicuous part in the day’s work are minutely traced but Mr. Tourtellot never loses the main thread of his narrative and the wealth of detail he has included gives substance and color to an exciting story.”― J. C. Miller, New York Herald Tribune Book Review “Tourtellot does not let his 19th of April float up in the spring air unconnected with a past or a future. He has built in very skillfully the story of the months before that day and then sends its echoes rolling on through time―and into distant states and nations….No other book generally available performs an even remotely comparable job….Makes full use of old material, adds a good deal that has come to light in the intervening years and, standing firmly on its own base, presents magnificently for the general reader and the specialist this immortal opening chapter of our beginnings as a nation.”―Bruce Lancaster, The Saturday Review “The result of thoughtful examination of the evidence and clear writing.”―Walter Muir Whitehill, New England Quarterly “An absorbing and vital history, containing much newly published information about a crucial week in the history of the United States. “―J.M. Goodsell, Christian Science Monitor On April 18th at 9:30 p.m. Paul Revere learned that the British Army was marching toward Lexington and Concord to arrest rebel leaders. At 5:20 the next morning, a shot rang out and the American Revolution had begun. Told in a step-by-step account of the 24 hours leading up to the battles that sparked a revolution, this tale is sure to both inform and entertain. Get involved! Get Connected! No comments yet
You are viewing the version of this documentation from Perl 5.31.11. This is a development release of Perl. Deletes a list of files. On success, it returns the number of files it successfully deleted. On failure, it returns false and sets $! (errno): my $unlinked = unlink 'a', 'b', 'c'; unlink @goners; unlink glob "*.bak"; On error, unlink will not tell you which files it could not remove. If you want to know which files you could not remove, try them one at a time: foreach my $file ( @goners ) { unlink $file or warn "Could not unlink $file: $!"; If LIST is omitted, unlink uses $_.
The Nazi Microbiota By Tristan Landry During and after the First World War, food was of critical importance in Germany. As a result, large sums of money were invested in science by the State (“Germany’s last national resource”) during the Weimar Republic. The funding went particularly into nutrition science, a scientific trend the Nazis exploited once they came to power. The Blockade of Germany by the Allies during WWI (which was not lifted until July 1919 when the Reichstag finally ratified the Treaty of Versailles), and the high inflation with which Germany struggled until 1923 (when the Rentenmark was introduced) aggravated food shortages and poverty, prompting the state to devise a new regime of food control through totalitarian means. The goal was to achieve agrarian autarky, to put the economy at the service of war and industrialization, and to create a “new man.” In order to achieve this, the state implemented measures not only to improve agriculture, but also to transform the human diet. This was done in two ways: by examining the amount of food needed for a person’s particular level of physical activity, and secondly by taking into account the quality of an individual’s intestinal flora or what we would call today the microbiota. Whereas the first measure has received considerable attention in the existing literature, the Nazis’ emphasis on gut bacteria and foods that support bacterial growth (what we nowadays would call probiotics and prebiotics) is less well known. Ludwig Hohlwein, Reichsnährstandsausstellung [Exhibit on the state of nutrition of the Reich], 1935. © Deutsches Bundesaarchiv, Plak 003-019-018. The discovery of the beneficial role of certain bacteria in food was not made in Germany. In the early twentieth century, the Russian zoologist Elie Metchnikoff observed that peasants in Bulgaria lived longer on average than in other nations, and he proceeded to analyze their diets. He concluded that their longevity was a result of high yogurt consumption, specifically due to a constituent ingredient that he isolated and named bacillus bulgaricus. Based on these findings, he formulated a theory of good and bad bacteria in the human gut. Eating yogurt, according to Metchnikoff, helped the good bacteria to replace the bad ones (sound familiar?), prevented constipation, promoted intestinal health and thereby increased good health in general. German nutritionists deepened Metchnikoff’s research and fused it with their own body of knowledge on microbial life. According to Professor Wilhelm Henneberg, a member of the Reich Health Council (Reichsgesundheitsrat), microbial diversity was characteristic of a healthy intestinal flora. The consumption of meat, he continued, promoted the development of so-called putrid bacteria (Fäulnisbakterien: we speak today of alistipes, bilophila and bacteroides), while the consumption of vegetables rich in cellulose favored the development of cellulose bacteria (Zellulosebakterien or in today’s language: Firmicutes, Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale and Ruminococcus bromii), which dissolved the envelope of plant cells, thus releasing their contents. Consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates promoted the development of lactobacilli which fought putrid bacteria. Apart from some pathogenic bacteria, such as cholera or typhus which were fortunately rare in most human guts, most bacteria were harmless, even helpful, Hennenberg assured. Henneberg illustrated in detail how eating particular foods could influence the composition of the intestinal flora. According to him, consumption of fermented dairy products (whey, kefir, yogurt, Reformjoghurt) had a beneficial effect on the digestion, at a low cost, although lactobacilli from whey and kefir did not colonize the intestine as did those of yogurt. Bacteria contained in Reformjoghurt (i.e. unpasteurized yogurt) settled in the intestine for longer. Consumption of cheese, not too mature, was a rich source of lactobacilli, which multiplied in the gut especially when eaten with milk. Cottage cheese (Speisequark) and unpasteurized cheeses were considered particularly effective in colonization, but Hennenberg concluded that the time and degree of intestinal colonization varied widely from one individual to another. Georg Pahl, ‘Die erste Milch-Tankstelle in Berlin! [The first milk filling station in Berlin!], 1934. © Deutsches Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-15689. This research on the human microbiota helped redefine what was meant by eating healthily. It no longer meant only to eat natural, organic food which had been altered as little as possible (as advocated in Germany since the Lebensreform), but also to eat live food which was supposed to contribute favorably to the microbial life of the digestive system. An important consequence of this approach was that the quality of food greatly depended on the quality of its digestion. The better the digestive organs functioned, the greater would be the food’s health benefits for the consumer. Dr. Felix Buse – Director of the Institute of Nutrition and Modern Kitchen and author of Healthy Food and German Cuisine – summed up this philosophy in a few words: “A meal should not only look appetizing and have a good taste, it also should not mobilize the digestive organs more than necessary.” A microbiotic regime should make the individual’s digestion more efficient, because his/her body spent less energy on this digestion, an energy which could then be used in the implementation of the Third Reich’s objectives: “a nation does not need poorly performing or defective digestive organs.” This approach to nutrition was consistent with the ideology of Blut und Boden (which viewed ethnicity as being based on blood and soil). For the Nazi nutritionists, the human diet could only be considered in its entirety. Every single element had to find its place and harmoniously blend in with the rest of the component parts so as to integrate into a whole. This organic conception of health and nutrition was central both to the Lebensreform and to Nazi nutrition. Instead of studying food for itself, food was to be considered in its relation to the environment and its impact on the gene pool of the Volk. This meant not only the least possible human intervention, but also the most natural processing and production environment possible. It was thus important that food no longer be assessed according to its vitamin and caloric content, but within a larger whole in which living microorganisms in food had a role in regulating the metabolism. ‘Reichsbauernführer Darré spricht am 13.12.1937 während einer Großkundgebung des faschistischen Reichsnährstandes in Goslar [Reichsführer of farmers Darré speaks on Dec. 13, 1937 during a mass rally of the fascist Reich Nutrition Corporation in Goslar]. © Deutsches Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H1215-0503-009. The interest German nutritionists took in the microbiota during the 1930s and 1940s seems very avant-garde today, not to mention their study of the relationship between cancer and nutrition. But we should bear in mind that these ideas were completely perverted by a conception in which the health of the “German race” took precedence over the oath of Hippocrates: concentration camps and death centers were a field of experimentation for Nazi doctors working, among other topics, on nutrition issues. Tristan Landry is a Canadian historian specializing in the cultural history of food in Central and Eastern Europe. He is a professor at Sherbrooke University. His forthcoming book examines Nazi gastropolitics. Works cited and suggested readings: Buse, F., Gesunde deutsche Kost und Küche: Das Lehr- und Kochbuch der gesunden, fleischarmen Küche und Ernährung für jedermann, Munich, Kösel-Pustet, 1938. Cocks, G., “Sick Heil: Self and Illness in Nazi Germany,” Osiris, vol. 22, n° 1, 2007, pp. 93–115. Eckart, W.U., Medizin in der NS-Diktatur: Ideologie, Praxis, Folgen, Vienna, Böhlau, 2012. Heim, S., Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren: Pflanzenzüchtung und Landwirtschaftliche Forschung in Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten, 1933-1945, vol. 5, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2003 (Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus). Henneberg, W., “Beeinflussung der Darmflora durch den Genuß von Milch, Sauermilch, Joghurt, Reformjoghurt (Acidophilusmilch), Käse und Milchsäurebakterien-Reinkulturen,” Zeitschrift für Volksernährung, vol. 9, n° 19, October 1934, pp. 334‑335. Metchnikoff, E., “Études sur la flore intestinale. Deuxieme mémoire. Poisons intestinaux et scléroses,” Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, vol. 24, 1910, pp. 755‑70. Plesser, T. et Thamer, H.-U. (ed.), Arbeit, Leistung und Ernährung: Vom Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie in Berlin zum Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie und Leibniz Institut für Arbeitsforschung in Dortmund, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. Proctor, R.N., The Nazi War on Cancer, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999. Sarasin, P., Reizbare Maschinen: Eine Geschichte des Körpers 1765-1914, Berlin, Suhrkamp Verlag, 2001. Stoff, H., Wirkstoffe. Eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Hormone, Vitamine und Enzyme, 1920-1970, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. Treitel, C., “Nature and the Nazi Diet,” Food and Foodways, vol. 17, n° 3, 2009, pp. 139‑158. 1. Pingback: Nursing Clio Sunday Morning Medicine 2. Pingback: Whewell’s Gazette: Year 3, Vol. #29 \| Whewell's Ghost Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
How Do I Get Rid Of Phantom Smell? How do you stop phantom smell? Saline rinses and anesthetic pads can often help reduce the smell. When phantosmia is related to the brain or central nervous system, the smells are often more persistent. They can be noticeable during the day and night, and both nostrils rather than only one experience the same smell.. How common are phantom smells? Why do I smell like poop? Will phantom smell go away? The phantom smell usually goes away on its own in a few weeks or months. Your doctor might suggest that you rinse your sinuses with a saltwater solution. What are phantom smells a sign of? Why can I smell burning all the time? The term for this type of olfactory hallucination is dysosmia. Common causes of dysosmia are head and nose injury, viral damage to the smell system after a bad cold, chronic recurrent sinus infections and allergy, and nasal polyps and tumors. The brain is usually not the source. How do you kill Phantosmia naturally? Regardless of the underlying cause of phantosmia, there are a few things you can do for relief. These include: rinsing your nasal passages with a saline solution (for example, with a neti pot) using oxymetazoline spray to reduce nasal congestion. What does it mean when you smell something rotten? Phantosmia (phantom smell), also called an olfactory hallucination or a phantom odor is smelling an odor that is not actually there. It can occur in one nostril or both. Unpleasant phantosmia, cacosmia, is more common and is often described as smelling something that is burned, foul, spoiled, or rotten. Can MS cause phantom smells? Can stress cause phantom smells? ( — A rare psychiatric disorder called olfactory reference syndrome makes its victims think they smell bad when they don’t, and while this delusion may on the surface seem less serious than thinking you don’t smell bad when you do, it can have consequences serious enough that psychiatrists are considering … What triggers Phantosmia? Phantosmia may be caused by a head injury or upper respiratory infection. It can also be caused by temporal lobe seizures, inflamed sinuses, brain tumors and Parkinson’s disease. How can I regain my sense of smell naturally? Lemon: Lemons are rich in vitamin C and have refreshing fragrance. Lemon helps to restore back the sense of smell and taste. It fights the bacterial and viral infections thus makes the nasal passage clear. Mixing lemon juice and honey in a glass of water is an effective remedy to treat this problem. Is smelling smoke a sign of a stroke? “There’s a popular myth that smelling burnt toast is a sign of a brain tumour, or that you’re having a stroke,” he said. “This isn’t true. “A stroke can affect any area of your brain, so it’s possible that your sense of smell can be affected, but there’s no particular smell that you need to worry about. How long does phantom smell last? Why do I smell smoke for no reason? Why do I smell when I’m nervous? Can Phantosmia be cured?
taskless, adj. /task, tahsk/, n. 1. a definite piece of work assigned to, falling to, or expected of a person; duty. 2. any piece of work. 3. a matter of considerable labor or difficulty. 4. Obs. a tax or impost. 5. take to task, to call to account; blame; censure: The teacher took them to task for not doing their homework. 7. to impose a task on. 8. Obs. to tax. 9. of or pertaining to a task or tasks: A task chart will help organize the department's work. [1250-1300; ME (n.) < ML tasca, metathetic var. of taxa TAX] Syn. 1, 2. job, assignment. TASK, CHORE, JOB, ASSIGNMENT refer to a definite and specific instance or act of work. TASK and CHORE and, to a lesser extent, JOB often imply work that is tiresome, arduous, or otherwise unpleasant. TASK usually refers to a clearly defined piece of work, sometimes of short or limited duration, assigned to or expected of a person: the task of pacifying angry customers; a difficult, time-consuming task. A CHORE is a minor task, usually one of several performed as part of a routine, as in farming, and often more tedious than difficult: the daily chore of taking out the garbage; early morning chores of feeding the livestock. JOB is the most general of these terms, referring to almost any work or responsibility, including a person's means of earning a living: the job of washing the windows; a well-paying job in advertising. ASSIGNMENT refers to a specific task allocated to a person by someone in a position of authority: a homework assignment; a reporter's assignment to cover international news. * * * Universalium. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • task — [tɑːsk ǁ tæsk] noun [countable] 1. a piece of work that must be done, especially one that must be done regularly: • Scheduling is a key task for most managers. • day to day management tasks • computers that can do dozens of tasks at the same time … Financial and business terms • Task — may refer to: Task analysis Task (project management) Task (computing), in computing, a program execution context TASK party, a series of improvisational participatory art related events organized by artist Oliver Herring Task (language… … Wikipedia • task — [task, täsk] n. [ME taske < NormFr tasque (OFr tasche) < ML tasca, for taxa, a tax < L taxare, to rate, value, TAX] 1. a piece of work assigned to or demanded of a person 2. any piece of work 3. an undertaking involving labor or… … English World dictionary • Task — Task, der; [e]s, s [engl. task = Aufgabe < mengl. taske < afrz. tasche, über das Vlat. < mlat. taxa, ↑ Taxe] (EDV): in sich geschlossene Aufgabe, dargestellt durch einen Teil eines Programms od. ein ganzes Programm. * * * Task [dt.… … Universal-Lexikon • Task — Task, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Tasked}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Tasking}.] 1. To impose a task upon; to assign a definite amount of business, labor, or duty to. [1913 Webster] There task thy maids, and exercise the loom. Dryden. [1913 Webster] 2. To oppress … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English • Task — (t[.a]sk), n. [OE. taske, OF. tasque, F. t[^a]che, for tasche, LL. tasca, taxa, fr. L. taxare to rate, appraise, estimate. See {Tax}, n. & v.] 1. Labor or study imposed by another, often in a definite quantity or amount. [1913 Webster] Ma task of … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English • task — ► NOUN ▪ a piece of work to be done. ► VERB 1) (task with) assign (a task) to. 2) make great demands on. ● take to task Cf. ↑take to task … English terms dictionary • task — task, duty, assignment, job, stint, chore are comparable when they mean a piece of work which one is asked to do and is expected to accomplish. Task refers to a specific piece of work or service usually imposed by authority or circumstance but… … New Dictionary of Synonyms • task — task·er; task; task·mas·ter·ship; mul·ti·task; … English syllables • task — /task / (say tahsk) noun 1. a definite piece of work assigned or falling to a person; a duty. 2. any piece of work. 3. a matter of considerable labour or difficulty. 4. Obsolete a tax or impost. –verb (t) 5. to subject to severe or excessive… … Australian English dictionary • task — n the performance that is required of the subject in a psychological experiment or test and that is usu. communicated to a human subject by verbal instructions … Medical dictionary Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”
How Can You Tell A High Quality Picture? What size is a high quality JPEG? Typically images will be supplied as JPEGs, and an A4 (210mm x 297mm or 8¼” x 11¾”) image at 72 ppi will create a JPEG of approximately 500kb or half a megabyte. Remember though – to use that image in print we need the image to be 300 ppi, and at that resolution the JPEG will be around 3.5 Megabytes.. How do I make a JPEG high resolution? How to save a JPEG (. jpg) as a high quality imageAfter loading the photo in PaintShop Pro, click on FILE then SAVE AS. … On the SAVE OPTIONS screen, under the COMPRESSION section change the COMPRESSION FACTOR to 1, which is the best settings that you can use and keep the duplicate photo the same quality as the original, then click on OK.More items…• What is a high resolution digital image? How do I make a picture 300 DPI? How to convert image to 300 DPI or moreUpload a picture. Choose your file from computer, phone, Google Drive, Dropbox, or add a URL. … Select DPI. Enter your desired DPI — Dots Per Inch (Today the term is often misused, usually means PPI, which stands for Pixels Per Inch). … Download the result. What is JPEG image quality? JPEG images use a lossy compression algorithm. This algorithm trades quality for compression. … An image at 100% quality has (almost) no loss, and 1% quality is a very low quality image. In general, quality levels of 90% or higher are considered “high quality”, 80%-90% is “medium quality”, and 70%-80% is low quality. What is considered a high quality photo? Hi-res images are at least 300 pixels per inch (ppi). This resolution makes for good print quality, and is pretty much a requirement for anything that you want hard copies of, especially to represent your brand or other important printed materials. … Use hi-res photos for sharp prints and to prevent jagged lines. What is the highest resolution of a picture? Do you have any rules of thumb for print size versus resolution?MegapixelsImage ResolutionMaximum Print Size5.0 Megapixel2580 x 19446.4″ x 8.5″ at 300 dpi6.0 Megapixel2816 x 21129.4″ x 7″ at 300 dpi8.0 Megapixel3264 x 24488″ x 11″ at 300 dpi12.5 Megapixel4080 x 307210.24″ x 13.6″ at 300 dpi5 more rows What is a HD photo? A high definition (HD) photo is a shooting mode found on digital cameras that produces larger, wider, clearer, and crisper images because of increased pixels. … The image will typically fit a wide-screen HDTV. What is a good photo resolution? The generally accepted value is 300 pixels/inch. Printing an image at a resolution of 300 pixels/inch squeezes the pixels in close enough together to keep everything looking sharp. In fact, 300 is usually a bit more than you need. How can I make a picture less blurry? The Snapseed app allows you to unblur multiple pictures on your iOS or Android device conveniently….PaintOpen the Paint program.Launch the blurry picture you want to fix.Click on Effects, select Picture and then click on Sharpen.Make the changes you want.Click on the OK button and then select Save. How do I know if an image is 300 DPI? To find out an image’s DPI in Windows, right-click on the file name and select Properties > Details. You’ll see the DPI in the Image section, labeled Horizontal Resolution and Vertical Resolution. How can you tell if an image is high resolution? Checking resolution on a PC To check a photo’s resolution on a Windows PC, select the file you want to use. Right-click on the image and then select “Properties.” A window will appear with the image’s details. Go to the “Details” tab to see the image’s dimensions and resolution. How do you make a photo high resolution? The only way to resize a smaller photo into a larger, high-resolution image without highlighting poor image quality is to take a new photograph or re-scan your image at a higher resolution. You can increase the resolution of a digital image file, but you will lose image quality by doing so. What is the highest resolution photo? An international team led by photographer Filippo Blengini has published a gigantic panoramic photograph of Mont Blanc, Europe’s highest mountain. This new record-holding image weighs in at a staggering 365 gigapixels. Are iPhone pictures high resolution? Even though your iPhone snaps pictures at pretty decent resolutions (2048×1536 from the 3GS, 1600×1200 on previous iPhone versions), your device automatically resizes photos to a measly 800×600 when you go to email them. … Rather than the smaller, resized pictures, you’ll get the full resolution versions. Good to know! How many pixels is high resolution? A high-resolution image is anything that has at is 300 dpi high resolution with a larger pixel dimension, for example, 5000 × 4000 pixels. If you have an image that is 640 × 40 at 72dpi, you definitely have too small of an image!
The second-largest radio telescope in the world is shutting down The US National Science Foundation has just announced it is going to begin decommissioning the famous Arecibo Observatory, the 1,000-foot-wide, 900-ton radio telescope located in Puerto Rico. It’s a huge blow to the astronomy community, which used Arecibo for 57 years to conduct an enormous amount of space and atmospheric research. What happened: Arecibo has withstood decades of wear and tear from various storms and other natural disasters, including damage by Hurricane Maria in 2017 and a few earthquakes in January. Engineer evaluations of the damage found that the structure is “in danger of a catastrophic failure” and the telescope could collapse at any moment. For decades, Arecibo was uniquely capable of studying the atmosphere and objects in space in ways no other instruments could, especially when it came to making radar observations of distant planets, moons, and near-Earth asteroids. Other parts of the observatory will remain intact, such as the lidar facility that’s important to studying space weather and magnetosphere interactions. Powered by Blogger.
Electronic Ignitions Part 1: Understanding what e-ignitions can and cannot do. Electronic ignitions have been in aviation for more than 20 years, yet they remain something of a mystery even to Experimental-aircraft builders. That’s no surprise, as the gritty details of internal combustion normally aren’t of practical concern to pilots. Yet e-ignition is an area a builder can explore, or ignore, with meaningful consequences. To illuminate electronic ignition possibilities, we’ll review ignition basics and take a quick pass through the nuts and resistors of what’s available. This is a large subject, so it will be broken into a two-part series starting this month with a discussion of what an ignition system needs to do and that standard airport discussion topic: computerized car engines. Next time we’ll get deeper into what’s available for your horizontally opposed powerplant. Starting a Fire At its most basic, an ignition system needs to ignite a fire in the engine’s combustion chamber. That the fire must be started is pretty obvious. The only thing I’ll add is that it has to be truly lit; smolder and smoke don’t count. However, there’s plenty to say about lighting the fire at the correct time. Ignition timing is the fulcrum over which most ignition arguments are bent. Airshow coverage sponsor: What’s to Be Burned Then there’s the question of what you are trying to light on fire. It’s more complex than saying it’s the air-fuel mixture. That mixture is not a constant thing but is surprisingly dynamic because the ratio and density change often. For starters, the pilot has direct control over the air-fuel ratio via the mixture-control knob. This is a good thing on the macro level—we can correct the mixture for decreased oxygen at altitude—but on the micro level, it means the air-fuel mixture is close to ideal all the time, but almost never ideal. The red knob is a coarse adjustment, as it controls all cylinders at the same time and it’s at the mercy of a human who may be busy talking on the radio or tending to other piloting tasks. Seen via a 1-second exposure, a storm of sparks appears to stream to both massive-ground electrodes. A single spark from the center to one or the other of the ground electrodes is what lights the fire in a magneto-equipped engine. The dual ground electrodes are a hedge against electrode wear, as the spark always jumps from and to the sharpest edge it can find. Also, while the mixture knob allows corrections of the air-fuel ratio, however coarsely, it does nothing about the change in density of the ratio. In other words, at sea level, the molecules in a 12:1 air-fuel mixture are packed together like New Yorkers, while at 12,000 feet, those molecules are spread out like Texans. The ratio is the same, but the density is different, and a less dense mixture is more difficult to ignite and keep lit. Another factor in air-fuel density is compression ratio and forced induction. Reliability—real or perceived—is a good thing when flying over the mountains at night, and it’s one reason magnetos are still aviation’s standard ignition. An inherent downside to mags is that they are at the end of a gear train and employ shafts and bearings of their own. This introduces the timing inaccuracy called spark scatter. Electronic ignition more directly measures crank position using magnetic or Hall-effect sensors for more stable, accurate timing. Playing with Matches We’ve all seen a B-movie thriller where someone lays out a trail of gasoline a respectful distance from the intended explosion and then lights a match. When the match hits the fuel, the fire zips along the trail before the inevitable fireball at the end. And the director always shows the fire running down the trail. The same thing takes place in a combustion chamber. The spark plug fires and lights the air-fuel next to it, and then the flame kernel zips out in all directions, igniting more and more of the air-fuel mixture. What’s zipping along is called the flame front, and the take-home point is that it requires a fair amount of time for the combustion event to move across the combustion chamber. How fast the flame front moves varies. A rich, dense air-fuel mixture, high cylinder pressure (sea level, high compression ratio or turbo boost) and high cylinder temperatures speed the flame front. The closer the air-fuel ratio is to chemical perfection—stoichiometric—the faster the flame front moves. Go the other direction with these parameters, including either rich or lean of stoichiometric, and the flame front slows down. Not a factor is rpm; flame-front speed is independent of engine speed. A poster child for what the knowledgeable experimenter can build, Vito Wypraechtiger’s Formula 1 racer sports two completely redundant electronic-ignition systems. Looking over the instrument panel toward the prop flange, you see the dual batteries in the lower right and dual Light Speed spark boxes at lower left. A Big Oven Then there is the combustion chamber, the room where the match meets the gas. Consider that it’s when the piston is pretty much at the top of the stroke that we’re interested in, because that’s when the spark plug fires. It doesn’t matter how long the piston stroke is, but bore diameter is a primary consideration. Bigger bores mean a longer time for the flame front to get from one end to the other. (Thinking point: Why does the rpm drop during the mag test at runup, anyway?) Wypraechtiger is a Swiss F1 Reno air racer with roots in car racing, electronics and a day job as a Red Bull Air Racing technician. His Scarlet Screamer Cassutt derivative takes electronic ignition to extremes, as shown by its extensive cockpit instrumentation from UAV navigation and dual Light Speed Engineering ignition systems boasting cockpit adjustability. A busy man, Wypraechtiger changes both the mixture and ignition timing twice per 3-kilometer lap, depending on whether the airplane is turning or on the straights. This is necessary as the load on the engine changes when the induced drag rises in the turns. Sounds like the perfect job for computerized engine management. The Match Also important are the spark plugs and how fat an arc they strike. Mechanically, what matters for ignition efficiency is how much of the spark is exposed to the air-fuel mixture. The spark-plug gap, the distance between the electrodes, is a physical barrier to exposing the spark to the air-fuel molecules. Tight gaps light up small numbers of molecules compared to wide electrode gaps. Theoretically, massive-electrode plugs mask the spark from the mixture more than fine-wire plugs do. On top of that, massive-electrode plugs are something of a heat sink, and they can absorb or quench some of the useful heat in the immediate vicinity of the spark and air-fuel interface. So a massive-electrode spark plug with tight gaps may have less chance of striking a viable flame kernel than a fine-wire plug with a large gap. The catch is that it takes a high-voltage ignition system to jump the wide-plug gap. Voltage is also important in overcoming high cylinder pressures from high compression or supercharging. But once the gap is bridged, excess voltage is of no benefit. Of course, the mass of the spark is also significant. As I once heard it explained by an ignition engineer, it’s tough to light a Yule log with a match. But if you have 10,000 matches, you can get the log lit. The temperature of each match remains the same, but one match rapidly after another adds up to more heat mass. You could also light all 10,000 matches at once for a greater heat mass. The corresponding ignition system parameters would be the amperage (not the voltage) of the spark jumping the plug gap, and how many times the spark plug fires per ignition event. An ignition system that throws a higher amperage fireball between the electrodes, or does it multiple times, is better at igniting a larger, hotter flame kernel. And it’s the well-established flame kernel that ignites the flame front. Ken Christley, the in-house tuner at Kenne Bell, an aftermarket automotive supercharging manufacturer, can tell you how involved e-tuning can get. He’s adjusting the engine management in a 700+-hp Ford Mustang, a process that takes 40 to 80 hours on a fully instrumented and data-logged chassis dyno. Problem-child applications can take months, and he has the benefit of a stock factory-tuned car to start with. His task is simply to accommodate the management software to the supercharger. All About Timing At this point, it’s easy to understand that when the spark plug fires is a primary consideration of efficient combustion, power and fuel economy. Mechanically, it’s necessary to closely control ignition timing, and thereby cylinder pressure, to maximize the thrust imparted through the leverage of the piston and connecting rod to the crankshaft. Because airplane engines experience a wide range of air-fuel mixtures and densities, and therefore variations in flame-front speed, they respond favorably to variable ignition timing. One area not so important to the aviation engine is ignition advance required by increasing rpm. Our airplane engines run at near constant rpm, so, purely from an engine-speed standpoint, fixed timing is workable—except for starting, which is why there is a spark retard in the impulse coupling. Most aviation electronic ignition systems use one ignition coil for every two cylinders—standard practice on cars until the advent of coil-on-plug. This results in a “waste spark,” where one coil firing results in two sparks, one in a cylinder on its power stroke while the other is sent to die harmlessly in a cylinder on its overlap stroke. Another concept regarding ignition timing is MBT, or Maximum Brake Torque spark. This is the minimum amount of ignition advance (how soon the ignition is fired before top dead center) required to reach the engine’s maximum torque output. The only reason I mention it is to point out that a minimum ignition advance is required for each engine to achieve max (or rated) power, and once MBT is achieved, there is no gain to further timing advance, assuming a fixed air-fuel mixture. At the other end of the timing scale is Knock Limit Spark, the most advanced ignition timing before detonation occurs. Knock Limit Spark varies primarily with densities and temperatures, though fuel octane and other factors are definitely in play. Under high loads, ignition timing advance is often limited by spark knock and not MBT; in fact, that’s the norm with high-compression or supercharged engines. Clearly the engine’s designer must define the minimum and maximum ignition advance, even if there is no ignition advance, as with aviation magnetos. In that case, the ignition timing can be set no more advanced than the KLS under maximum load—low density altitude, wide-open throttle. Every other condition is thus compromised if the timing is fixed. Many aviation electronic ignitions use automotive spark plugs. They are inexpensive enough that you can throw them away every 200 hours instead of cleaning them. They are also designed for wide gaps and are available in affordable platinum, iridium or standard form such as these Denso plugs specified by Light Speed. The brass adapters fit the auto-style plugs to the aviation cylinder heads. Aviation Ignition Putting what we know together, the typical dual-magneto aviation ignition fires two massive-electrode spark plugs 25° before TDC in a very-large-bore cylinder. (That timing spec can be different for every engine, though 25° is the most common.) Each spark plug is fired once per ignition event. Timing is fixed: There is no ignition advance or retard, except retard during starting as provided by one of the magneto’s impulse coupling. Two spark plugs are placed at each side of the bore to provide two flame fronts and thus consume all of the air-fuel mixture in the time provided, along with providing redundancy for safety. The typical 5-inch-or-larger-bore aviation cylinder is easily large enough to require dual spark plugs to burn all of the mixture in time. There is a functional benefit beyond redundancy. The magnetos provide a reasonably compact, self-energizing ignition system that requires no battery, alternator or backup system. This makes them rather reliable: Once turning, the magnetos will keep sparking with no outside input. The battery can fall out of the airplane, the wiring behind the dash can burn, the EFIS can go dead and cosmic rays can play havoc with the GPS, but the magnetos will keep snapping away. The magneto spark is medium voltage and modest amperage, but long duration (it lasts for a relatively long number of crankshaft degrees). Because they are simple mechanical devices, magnetos are easy to troubleshoot, and pilots are assured the magneto won’t go freelancing the ignition timing. Mixture control, as we’ve seen, is all over the map. Mixture density varies with altitude, but the fuel burned is a glorious 100-octane blend with excellent anti-knock qualities. That’s good, as airplane engines have a tough duty cycle—they spend most of their life churning out a large percentage of their maximum capability. Here’s a hint at the work Detroit goes through to develop an engine. The bit of blue is the left valve cover on a 2013 662-hp Ford Shelby GT500 V-8 on a Roush Industries development dyno. The tangle of yellow wires descending at right supports pressure sensors embedded in the block and cylinder heads, four sensors per cylinder. Incredibly expensive, such testing is necessary when fully developing an engine for the real world, and you can bet the results figure in the engine-management software, as cylinder pressures are carefully limited to ensure reliability. Automotive Ignition Some auto ignitions still use a fast-acting, high-amperage capacitive discharge spark box with wide-gap spark plugs, but “coil-on-plug” ignitions—what an old A&P would call a “low-tension” ignition—are the new norm. With coil-on-plug there is no separate CD box; all amplification is done in the coils, which sit individually atop each spark plug. Most systems multi-strike (fire the plug more than once per ignition event) at idle and low rpm, but at around 3000 rpm, there is not enough time and the systems revert to single strike. Automotive ignition timing is computerized, controlled cylinder by cylinder many times per second. Timing varies greatly as dictated by a bewildering number of parameters, including sophisticated knock detection made possible by knock sensors. The knock sensors are significant because they are an important defense against detonation. They are difficult to employ on aircraft because the loose-tolerance, air-cooled engines are noisy as donkeys in a tin barn, making the knock tough to separate from the clanking mechanicals. It’s important to understand that auto ignitions are just part of an integrated engine-control system. The same computer calling the ignition timing 10 times per second is controlling the fuel delivery, the electronic throttle, variable camshaft timing and about 100 other things. In aviation we’d call this Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC). Lately, at Lycoming, it goes by the name IE2. Also important is that because auto-engine management is complex, it takes meaningful engineering resources to calibrate. Four engineers working a year and a half to map a new engine’s software is considered remarkably fast work. Considering that most airplanes already have a battery, the typical electronic ignition will save weight. Further, not hosting at least one magneto means there’s an open drive for a backup alternator, or that cheapest of alternatives, a blanking plate such as the black NFS-logoed unit on the Cassutt. Aftermarket Aviation Ignitions If they aren’t complete engine management, what are the aftermarket electronic aviation ignitions offered today? By and large, the most popular are just ignition and have nothing to do with fuel or anything else. A handful of systems are standalone engine-management designs; they are aimed at advanced hobbyists or racers with a complete understanding of an engine’s spark and fuel needs. Furthermore, among the simple e-ignitions is an amazingly diverse group of offerings, some dead basic, others feature rich, but mainly with a capacitive discharge spark box for a hotter spark along with rudimentary adjustable timing in reference to manifold pressure. We’ll explore their differences next time. What Can Electronic Ignition Do for You? So what should you expect when going electronic? The main benefit to expect is better fuel economy from variable ignition timing, especially at altitude. The fixed timing of magnetos is easy pickings, even for an airplane engine that spends most of its life at 2200 to 2500 rpm. Some method of inferring cylinder pressure and varying the ignition timing accordingly helps because the flame-front speed varies with engine load. As it is, two mags firing at 25° before TDC are pretty optimal for maximum power at sea level. With more timing accuracy from its solid-state, no-moving-parts design, electronic ignition can more accurately deliver greater amperage than common-sized magnetos for faster starts and smoother idling. The hotter spark should reduce misfiring, which might be felt as a smoother-running engine, especially when running lean. Few moving parts means reduced maintenance and no magneto overhauls. Maybe it’s not mandatory, but easy monitoring and data logging of an electronic ignition would be helpful so that users will know what the spark timing is, which would have both educational and troubleshooting advantages. One thing you ought not expect is increased maximum power. Climb and top speed shouldn’t increase, because magnetos are already good in the simple, wide-open-throttle regime. In Part 2, we’ll review the electronic-ignition hardware. Tom Wilson is a professional magazine writer and nurtures an ongoing affair with all things internal combustion. His writing is most often found in automotive magazines, but aviation is his first love. Working as a line boy, he learned to fly while in high school, but still hasn’t mastered the art of keeping a paper chart in an open cockpit. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Bad News: Booze Gives You the Munchies, Too At least it does in lab mice By Elizabeth Armstrong Moore, Newser Staff Posted Jan 11, 2017 8:21 AM CST (Newser) – You might hear your stomach rumbling, telling you to fill it with something tasty, but the actual impulse to eat originates in the brain. Now researchers studying the brain cells responsible—called agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons—say that alcohol activates them, thereby triggering the urge to eat even though alcohol can be highly caloric, reports Scientific American. To test this, researchers at a lab in London got mice drunk and watched the electrical activity of AgRP neurons spike, which seems to explain why following these binge-drinking sessions, the mice ate a lot more—even though their bodies weren't even remotely in need of calories. The findings won't necessarily translate to humans, but the researchers note in the journal Nature Communications that alcohol intake is already associated with overeating in humans. story continues below "I don't doubt that AgRP neurons are activated in humans," says a study co-author, "and that's why you see this effect." AgRP neurons are normally activated in times of starvation, compelling a person to eat, and the study notes that it seems this "widely consumed nutrient can paradoxically sustain brain starvation signals." Obesity and heavy drinking play major roles in the development of diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic health issues now affecting millions globally, reports Reuters. But, says the co-author, "This study ties them together. (It) shows that if you have an increased alcohol intake, then you're going to, as a result of that through the effect of alcohol on your brain, have an elevated level of food intake." (Scientists have decided there are four kinds of drunks.) Get the news faster. Tap to install our app.
Surface Sanitation with Ozone: A Non-toxic, Residue-free, and Effective Alternative Each year almost a half a million people in the world die because of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens in the food they eat. The United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 1 in 6 Americans get sick each year from contaminated food, and 6000 die. In addition to the suffering and death caused by the contaminated food we eat, the economic impact of food contamination is in the billions of dollars each year. Ozone has proven to be an environmentally friendly, safe, and effective sanitizing agent for every stage of food processing. The diligent efforts of government agencies and food production facilities to implement procedures and policies serve to limit and control the potential for contaminated food, but people continue to get sick and multi-state outbreaks of food borne disease continue to increase. New antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria and more centralized food production are only a couple of the factors that may be contributing to the new challenges we face. Of all the strategies to manage food contamination, an enduring and key part of preventing sickness and death from food contamination is careful surface sanitation. A clean surface is the first step for food safety. As our food travels from the field to our table, it comes into contact with equipment that is constantly repopulated with disease causing pathogens from incoming food, food handling equipment, water, air and employees. Unless careful, repeated sanitation practices are maintained, pathogens thrive and multiply on the surfaces of food processing equipment, contaminating food as at passes through. Food processing facilities maintain rigorous sanitation procedures to combat the threat of contamination. Physical scrubbing and washing down of surfaces is followed up with sanitation methods that kill the bacteria and microscopic pathogens that remain. Heat and chemical sanitizers are frequently used to eliminate these pathogens, but have their limitations and negative consequences. Ozone is a safe and effective alternative to destroy these pathogens and keep surfaces free of dangerous pathogens. A growing number of food processing plants are using ozone to eliminate bacteria, viruses and other harmful contaminants on food. When ozone is dissolved in water, the ozonated water serves as a powerful disinfectant that is safe and effective not only on equipment and surfaces, but when applied directly to food products. As the ozone destroys harmful pathogens, it turns back into oxygen and safely disperses, leaving no residue. Recent FDA approval for using ozone directly on food and improvements in ozone equipment have opened the door for the use of ozone to combat food born illness. For many years, food processing plants have been restricted to using heat, pressure, and chemical methods of disinfection, even though ozone has been used since the early 1900’s in water treatment plants for disinfection. In August 2, 2000, the Electric Power Research Institute (ERPI) petitioned the FDA to approve of using ozone directly on food to reduce the level of harmful pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to providing a wealth of technical information about ozone, the 380 page petition cites over 80 studies of ozone and food sanitation conducted over the past 60 years. The following year, the FDA granted GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status to ozone as a food additive. Since then, ozone use has increased dramatically in food processing. Chlorine has been a common sanitizer in the food processing industry. It is a simple and convenient sanitizing solution. The convenience of Chlorine comes with the problem of residual chemicals in waste water and a building of resistance to Chlorine of E.Coli and Giardia microorganisms. Chlorine and other chemicals can also react with metals and wood equipment used in the food and beverage industry causing damage and flavor alterations. Concerns about water contamination with residual chemicals, food quality, and equipment maintenance make ozone an attractive option for sanitation. Ozone is a gas that is made from oxygen, and turns back into oxygen as it breaks down. Ozone is responsible for the fresh smell generated in lightning storms. Two oxygen atoms bound together form the stabile oxygen molecule. Passing oxygen through an intense electrical field breaks this oxygen bond, and energy is stored in the three-atom arrangement called ozone. The sanitizing power comes from the energy stored in the ozone. Ozone gas is a highly energized form of oxygen composed of three oxygen atoms instead of the more stabile combination of two atoms. This gas readily dissolves into water to provide a powerful disinfecting solution. The energy is released as contaminants are broken down, and the oxygen atoms return to the lower energy form of O2. Unlike a chemical sanitizer that can be stored in a barrel and added to water when needed, ozone cannot be generated in a factory, concentrated, and stored in a bottle or barrel to be sold to the end user. The ozone would all turn back to oxygen before it could be used. Instead, ozone is generated with electricity on site when needed and injected into a water stream to be used immediately. As ozone makes contact with contaminants, the energy is released, destroying the contaminants and returning to the two-atom low energy state of oxygen. A reliable industrial ozone water injection system will often pay for itself after a year of reduced chemical costs. Chemical disinfectants may be needed to provide some residual protection, but the bulk of the disinfection can be achieved with ozone. The system in general does not take any more space than the totes of chemicals it can replace. The electrical and preventative maintenance costs are well worth the improvements in food quality and zero chemical footprint in wastewater. A little bit of ozone goes a long way in disinfection power. A small ozone generator using a couple hundred watts of power is capable of making enough ozone to turn 20 gallons per minute of water into a 2 ppm dissolved ozone sanitizing solution similar to using 200 ppm Chlorine in water. Ozone decomposes rapidly, but in exchange, it provides a more rapid rate of disinfection. The precise ozone concentration and contact time will vary with the particular application and pathogen. Leave a Reply
What Is the Climate of Russia? By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 26, 2020 1:26:12 AM ET Wolfgang Poelzer/WaterFrame/Getty Images Due to its size, Russia has a diverse climate that includes every vegetation zone with the exception of a tropical rain forest. Russia is known for cold, harsh winters, but its summer temperatures are mild in many areas. Parts of Siberia experience the widest temperature range on Earth during its summer season, with extreme lows and mild temperatures all within the normal range. The average annual temperature of Russia is -5.5 C. In many parts of the country, the temperatures are mild from May to October. However, July and August are the rainy season. The first snows generally occur in October, and it begins to thaw in March and April.
Between the peaks of humanity and The Other lies the Uncanny Valley, a place that holds eerie sort-of human replicas that may give you the shivers if you encounter them. A video game character whose face boasts tens of thousands of beautifully rendered strands of facial hair or a robot that can blink her detailed eyes and raise her eyebrows--both live in the Uncanny Valley. They are humanlike enough that we may have to take a step back and ask, “Is that real?” before realizing they are not. Dolls have stumbled into this valley as time has advanced; while they once existed as plastic playthings or soft bundles of cloth, dolls have morphed into amazingly humanlike beings that, for some, are as good as the real thing. While children have been creating pretend life out of anything for years, the hyper-realistic doll genre has exploded into a niche group, with some adults treating dolls like surrogate humans. A specific psychological need draws certain individuals towards treating dolls like their own children, including a fantasy of a perfect child or the need to replace a child or other family member who is absent. This surrogacy is highly evident in niche websites and services for those looking for realistic dolls. Though historically used by children as teaching materials and for play, dolls have become substitutions for real-world relationships, mainly between parents and children. How Have Dolls Been Used Historically? To properly understand the roles dolls have played, one must define exactly what a doll is. Dolls are a separate category from stuffed animals or other small playthings, according to Dorothy Washburn, who interviewed a group of women and children about their experience with doll play throughout their lives. They all agreed that the toy must be humanoid to be considered a true doll (118). Something like a teddy bear would not feel the same to the players. Scholar N. W. Thomas sounds his agreement in his survey conducted in a journal in 1906; as he defines it, “A doll is, properly speaking, a child’s plaything in the form, real or pretended, of a human figure” (105). Thomas emphasizes the play aspect of a doll’s function, but historically dolls were more often tools for learning than pieces of plastic to dance around the room. In their book An Emotional History of the United States, Peter Stearns and Jan Lewis postulate that dolls’ main function for many years was to teach little girls skills that they needed for the future. They write, “During most of the nineteenth century, however, dolls had been designed primarily for older children. Their functions, while not divorced from emotion, were defined primarily in terms of utility and aesthetics. Dolls were intended to teach various kinds of learning and developmental skills” (402). Doll players and those purchasing the dolls saw their learning potential and used them for lessons. Washburn’s interviewees also clearly realized their doll play was a sort of training ground for future motherhood (115). Players learned how to tend to children and their home through their time with dolls. As Juliette Peers, author of a chapter on historical doll culture, explains, psychologists at the time “endorsed dolls that were unbreakable and allowed for hands-on training in ‘mothering’ activities such as washing and feeding” (28). A bouncy, stretchy, rubbery or otherwise solid doll that could take a beating was ideal, allowing young girls to burp, bathe, and baby these dolls in preparation for motherhood. Scholar Donald W. Ball sums it up by saying, “[O]nce dolls functioned primarily to socialize girls, through rehearsal or performative practice, into domestic-maternal roles” (451). Dolls, then, once were just humanoid figures that allowed girls to try their hand at mothering. They were invaluable teaching tools that captured the essence of domestic duties. However, there have also been instances in which dolls not specifically molded after or for children have been introduced into the market, with varying degrees of success. In his book Life-Like Dolls: The Collector Doll Phenomenon and the Women who Love Them, A. F. Robertson mentions a brief craze in America in the 1920s for “boudoir dolls,” which were usually intended for collectors and modeled after movie starlets. The craze soon died out when the Great Depression hit and adults could no longer spend money on a luxury item like a fancy doll (25). Other such adult-oriented dolls have fared much better, namely the unforgettable Barbie. Barbie hit the scene in 1959 and was immediately a runaway success. Scholars attribute her success to “the glamorous and chic television campaigns launched by Mattel in the 1950s. . . . [T]hese stylish television advertisements ratified the position of dolls within the postwar dream and used the familiar imagery of the perfectly groomed and poised woman” (30). Barbie did not exist to teach little girls how to mother—she was instead a fiercely fashionable woman with her own life. Little girls were supposed to look up to Barbie as an ideal to strive towards, not burp or change her. Barbie existed in a realm separate from the baby doll phenomenon and still thrives today as a symbol of femininity, one that remains virtually untouched by the complex psychology of doll surrogacy. Why Use Dolls as Surrogates? ISome people transition from seeing a doll as an informative plaything, meant for learning endeavors and quiet playtime, to imbuing it with all sorts of outside meaning. After interviewing all of those women and girls, Washburn theorizes, “Individuals focus on certain features that are salient for their particular needs and use those features to create object classes that serve their physical, intellectual, and emotional needs” (111). It is human nature to zero in on particular features of something that appeals to us in the hope that it will prove useful. If someone sees within a doll the potential for their needs to be filled, they will latch on and ascribe classifications and other ideas to it. According to Ball, “[A]lthough at one level toys may be ‘mere things’ or objects, at another they may be invested with social meanings” (449). People began to ascribe alternative meanings to their doll play. According to Stearns and Lewis, as early as the 1890s, “an emotional role for dolls began to be suggested; comments were made to the effect that dolls might serve as objects of attachment to replace fathers absent at work” (402). Dolls were beginning to be more than merely a diversion—those who were serious about their dolls saw something in them that could represent more than plastic or porcelain. It was a historical transition. War time, namely in America, brought out a seriousness that could not be forgotten by merely playing with dollies. As Peers explains in her doll analysis, in post-World War II America, “dolls again performed functions in adult as well as play cultures as they featured prominently in domestic ‘shrines’ to service personnel on active duty overseas, serving as a more tangible, three-dimensional touchstone to the absent relative than a photograph” (29). A doll wearing army gear stood in for Dad better than a flat, faded photograph. Children could manipulate the dolls, making them go on adventures, perhaps thinking that if they kept the doll safe, their parent would come home safely from war. Dad being away at war was not the only scenario that inspired a shift in the doll play movement. The absence of any parental figure became a situation that dolls could help to solve. In his book Kids’ Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood, Gary Cross claims, “As women have entered the labor force in unprecedented numbers, toymakers have encouraged mothers to buy toys to assuage their guilt about spending less time with their children” (230). Mothers who could not be home to take care of their kids in person might feel better leaving little Janie with a doll to keep her company. Children playing with dolls may have been effectively distracted by the shiny new toy or what that shiny new toy could possibly represent. A girl doll might represent Mommy and a boy doll could represent Daddy, and in that way, a child may never feel so alone. Psychologically, it stands that children should project such roles onto their playthings. After all, as an article entitled “Images of the Child” reminds us, “That dolls should be the blank slates onto which the imaginations of children can inscribe themselves makes good intuitive sense” (Booth qtd in Eiss 146). But how did the surrogacy of doll subbing in for a parent become doll subbing in for child? This substitution, too, began with children. Once dolls became surrogates for relationships between children and other, imagined or not, family members, the door opened for what they could represent. Stearns and Lewis write that “[c]hildren were encouraged to display attachment to dolls[. . .] Above all, dolls were increasingly designed to act as surrogate children or siblings amid the declining real birth rate, with their child owners being encouraged to feel parental or sisterly emotion towards them” (402). Here, the declining birth rate affects not only the child who may never meet a sibling who could play with them, but the parents as well. Parents who, in the past, were expected to produce seven or eight children were now having to suffice with one or none at all. Ball reminds us that “toys are not only facilitators of the socialization process; they also serve at the same time as surrogates for human companionship, as important targets for affective expression” (450). Why should the children have all of the substitutional fun? Feeling the strain of a low birth rate, parents could easily target the doll as a thing to capture their affectations. Parents, mostly mothers, find themselves needing a substitution and turn to dolls because of their clever marketing and the way that doll advertisers can prey upon their weakness. People are drawn to things that need them, and dolls, especially hyper-realistic ones, seem vulnerable, like they need someone to look after them. In Life-Like Dolls, Robertson highlights advertisements that include such ideas as “this little porcelain or plastic person ‘wants’ you as much as you want it” (95). Similarly, the women in Washburn’s interviews struggled to define their relationship with their childhood dolls without imbuing them with some sort of person-to-person language: “’What is a doll?’ ‘A friend. I’ve told all my secrets to my dolls. It’s another person’” (118). Dolls, as humanoid figures, naturally represent other people, but dolls representing children takes it one step further. Robertson says that they are “a thing that could substitute for a missing person more effectively than any other thing” (98). Doll collectors turn this substitution over to surrogacy and treat the doll like a child they never had. This could be a sign of an underlying personal issue because, as Cross explains, “toys can and should represent parents’ values and express a sharing with children, but they cannot be surrogates for real interaction between parents and children” (238-39). Subbing in a doll for a real kid is not a healthy way of coping with an absence or loss and begs the question—what type of people do this? How far will they take it? Why Is This Still Relevant? People treating dolls like real children, while historically evident, has drastically increased in recent history. An influx of websites, companies, and advertisements all target individuals looking for their special doll experience. The Ashton Drake gallery is perhaps the most well-known for realistic baby dolls. From the home page of their website, one can find links for “Daddy’s Little Girl,” “African- American,” “Monkeys,” and more. The dolls all have realistic skin and hair and cost, on average, $139.99 and up. The website describes the dolls almost as if they are real children and encourages the buyer to treat them as such. As the description box at the bottom of the screen says, “When you meet our So Truly Real® dolls for the first time and feel their supple RealTouch® vinyl skin that brings their realistic features to life, you're sure to be amazed! Each precious bundle of joy would make a great addition to your doll collection and are perfectly sized to be cradled in your arms” (ashtondrake.com). The gallery targets the demographic who craves the company of a baby, highlighting such ideas as holding a child in your arms or the unique way that human skin feels. The specific baby appeal continues in Michele Barrow-Belisle’s book Beautiful Babies: The Art of Reborn Doll Making. Her detailed manuscript describes how a fervent collector can take an ordinary plastic baby doll and turn it into the realistic infant of their dreams. As she describes, “[B]y changing hair colouring, eye colour, skin colour, gender, you can create a beautiful one-of-a-kind infant with each attempt” in what is known as the “rebirthing process.” The goal is to make thesedolls as real as possible; throughout, Barrow-Belisle recommends referencing pictures of real babies to ensure accuracy and authenticity. The end result is a hyper-realistic baby doll with hair, nails, eyelashes, and other miniscule details that make them seem like real infants. You’re a Doll: Dolls as Stand-ins for Humans and Where We Go from Here It is not just an infant doll that appeals to people seeking substitutions, however. Older dolls or doll-like figures have increased in popularity, especially in recent years. Robertson explains this phenomenon as follows: “overflowing with emotion, the dolls may sound better than the real thing to women who have been through emotional deserts with their own teenagers” (97). Teenagers are notorious for withholding the love that their parents crave; they are often distant and out of reach. With the emergence of hyper-realistic dolls, parents can pour all of their unwanted love into an object who cannot rebel against them. Teenage doll surrogacy has even reached mainstream websites, including the extremely popular quasi-journalism site Buzzfeed, which in January 2016 posted an article about a woman who knitted a life-sized replica of her teenage son who refused to hug her after his 13th birthday. The knitter exclaimed, “When it was finished we thought it would be a great idea for mothers with to[o] much love for their children and need to cuddle. So they could knit [their] own cuddly son!” (Notopoulos). The boy apparently was thrilled that his mother had found a new outlet, but her new outlet continues the phenomenon of treating a humanoid object as if it was a real human. The same lack of connection with real relationships can be seen among the members of the website Den of Angels, which reveres hyper-realistic resin ball-jointed dolls, valued for their wide range of movement. On a discussion board, someone asked if the members treat their dolls like their real children. A user by the name of SwivelChair remarked, “[A]s far as where dolls and children will fit into my life at that point, I am guessing that the dolls will have to take the back seat for a while when I have children, at least at first, 'cause I most likely won't have enough time\energy\money to spend on both.” The idea that it is impossible to have enough time to spend on both real kids and fake dolls demonstrates the value that members of Den of Angels or doll lovers in general place on their dolls. The doll surrogacy has begun to take over their lives. Recently, doll surrogacy has lost some of its innocent, if misguided, affection; in April 2016, dolls designed exclusively for sexual purposes for pedophiles hit the market and sparked an international debate. A Japan-based company named Trottla, well-known for making sex dolls, came under fire for creating child molds to supposedly “help” pedophiles overcome their urges. The dolls were supposed to be exported, but Australians immediately responded by creating a petition on change.org titled “CHILD SEX DOLLS ARE NOT A GAME.” The creator of the dolls, Shin Takagi, said in an interview with Buzzfeed that he did not understand the overwhelming negative response from a potential customer base, instead defending pedophiles: “They are good citizens with obedience. That’s the more reason they abide by the laws and control themselves in reality. To control their desires, they use the dolls I create” (Esposito & Yamamitsu). Takagi took the concept of treating a doll like a real child into a new dimension by singling out the elements of childhood that appeal to someone with a sexual interest in children. To perceive a doll as a child has now devolved from mere relocation of love and affection; the lines of between acceptability and legality blur as we grow more confused about the status of a doll as humanoid object. Where will this doll craze lead? We have already seen mainstream horror films such as Annabelle, The Boy, and Child's Play present dolls as terrifying possessed monsters. Articles about doll-makers are also popping up on popular listicle websites. Sales of realistic baby dolls and dolls for sexual purposes alike continue steadily. The confusion about a doll’s status in a person’s life may only continue to grow. Artificial intelligence and the creation of humanoid robots continues to advance, which will only lead to more confusion as those humanoids learn to do everything a human being can do while looking like and acting like us. When will we reach the dip in the uncanny valley when we no longer look at a doll and call it an object but, rather, a peer? Works Cited The Ashton-Drake Galleries Online and Collectibles Today. ashtondrake.com, 2016. Ball, Donald W. “Toward a Sociology of Toys: Inanimate Objects, Socialization, and the Demography of the Doll World.” The Sociological Quarterly 8.4 (1967): 447–58. Barrow-Bélisle, Michele. Beautiful Babies: The Art of Reborn Doll Making. Lulu.com, 2007. Web. Cross, Gary. Kids’ Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood. Harvard UP, 1997. Eiss, Harry. Images of the Child. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State U Popular P, 1994. Esposito, Brad and Eimi Yamamitsu. “This Japanese Businessman Wants To Sell Childlike Sex Dolls To Help Paedophiles.” Buzzfeed 11 Apr 2016. Notopoulos, Katie. “This Woman Knitted A Life-Size Doll Of Her Son Because He Wouldn’t Hug Her Anymore.” Buzzfeed, 12 Jan 2016. Peers, Juliette. “Doll Culture.” Girl Culture, edited by Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, ABC-CLIO, 2008, pp. 25-39. Robertson, A.F. “The Commodity.” Life Like Dolls: The Collector Doll Phenomenon and the Lives of the Women Who Love Them, Routledge, 2004, pp. 21-59. Robertson, A.F. “Dolls that Need You.” Life Like Dolls: The Collector Doll Phenomenon and the Lives of the Women Who Love Them. Routledge, 2004. 95-115. PDF. Stearns, Peter N. and Jan Lewis. An Emotional History of the United States. NYU P, 1998. SwivelChair. (2013, Nov 20). Re: Do you use your dolls as surrogate children? [online forum comment]. Retrieved from https://denofangels.com/threads/do-you-use-your-dolls-as-replacement-children.511383/page-7. Thomas, N. W. “68. Questionnaire on Dolls.” Man 6 (1906): 105–06. Washburn, Dorothy K. “Getting Ready: Doll Play and Real Life in American Culture, 1900-1980.” American Material Culture: The Shape of the Field. Winterthur Museum, 1997. Kelsey Hontz Kelsey Hontz graduated from NAU in May 2016 with her Bachelor of Arts in English and a certificate in Creative Writing. She has been all over Flagstaff since moving here permanently in 2014, with appearances on the NAU campus, the karaoke stage at the Monte Vista, under the bright lights with Theatrikos Theater Company, and, most recently, on the aerial silks with Flagstaff Aerial Arts. She hopes you enjoy this weird doll thing she wrote. • White Facebook Icon • White Twitter Icon • White Instagram Icon
Facts You Must Know about Sheet Metal Etching Sheet Metal Etching is a chemical process which has many steps. It may have variation by types too. Metal can be formed thick, thin, plate shaped by Industrial process. This kind of metal is called sheet metal. This thickness, size and shape can be customised by choices. Etching is a traditional process. It involves strong acid and metal cut as an etching design in the metal. The metals like zinc, copper, steel are used in etching of sheet metal as this metals are acid resistant. There are also some metals like: Steel and stainless alloysTitanium and titanium alloysCopper and Copper alloysmolybdenum and polyamides The acids which are generally used in sheet etching: Ferric chloride and mixture of hydrochloric acidNitric acid and water solution in 1:3 ratioCopper Sulfate The type of sheet metal etching: Wet etching : When a material dissolves at the time of immersing. Dry etching: Reactive ions or vapor etchant is needed to make the material dissolved. Method of etching sheet metal: Prepare the substrate by cleaning it. Then laminate it with a light-sensitive film. Fix your photo too on the top of the laminated material. This UV light passes through the vacant area of the photo tool.Then Create unique design of yours on non UV exposed area. Heat the substrate. Etch design using chemicals spray and high pressure. The solution made its effect on unprotected area and remain the impression.clean the plate for further use. Here are some advantages mentioned below: High Speed : This can happen in a day. Orders can be delivered within 3-4 days. 2. Suitability of Various Designs: It can do various designs as per need. There is no matter of easy and difficult designs. 3. Low cost: It is cost friendly. It is much cheaper than hard tooling. This is cheaper than Stamping, EDM, CNC, laser cutting too. 4. Flexibility: It is very flexible as the process goes very smooth and easy. 5. Accuracy: The etching tolerance of a metal is 10% of the thickness of attached metal. It can give ±0.025 mm accuracy minimum. 6. Usefulness: Metallic and magnetic property remains unaffected by Burr and stress-free metal temper. 7. Reproductive: The replicas can be made easily as system capture the details. So, It will be easy to produce product in a bulk without additional cost. Here are some disadvantages too. This is mentioned below: plasma etching is a pure technique as reactors can behave odd and can react in any direction.It can be removed by chemical reactions. This method is used in many industries like: Awards and trophiessign markshotel signageIndustrial nameplateslabelsElevator doorsEMI/RFI shieldingmetal foil strain gaugesshims, washers, filtersAerospacemedicalAutomotive interiors This is very efficient and effective process. This method is used in a vast range of many industries. It’s getting increased day by day. The market will flourish more in upcoming time surely for its easy affordability and cost-effective price rate. The speed of production also make the craze of it more. This is a perfect procedure of all the product ranges of small and big. Sheet Metal Etching is the best procedure in today.
If You Say Tomayto and I Say Tomahto then Why are We Debating Potayto? The Importance of Communication and Collaboration to Successful Peer Coaching. Photo by Dayne Topkin on Unsplash Teaching is a hard job in the best of times. Add in a pandemic that requires the ability to teach in-person, remotely, or some combination there-of, and more questions than answers will surely arise. Teachers need help and support and hopefully this is where peer coaches can come into play, but where do coaches even begin to establish the complex level of support needed by teachers? In Dr. Les Foltos’s book, Peer Coaching: Unlocking the Power of Collaboration, he outlines key skills needed by coaches: “The coach’s success rests on her ability to utilize skills in all three areas: coaching skills (communication and collaboration), ICT (information and communication technology) integration, and lesson design.” All three areas are important, but the coaching skills of communication and collaboration are essential. Both ICT integration and lesson design are dependent upon effective communication and collaboration, “A coach’s successes in incorporating lesson-design skills and insights into the effective use of technology “hinge on their success with communication and collaboration skills” (J. Linklater, personal communication, June 14, 2012).” A closer look at coaching skills also requires relevant context since the peer coach takes on a variety of roles: “Facilitator, Collaborator, Expert, and Catalyst.” Successful coaching requires that effective application of skills coincides with, complements, and even enhances the critical context of coaching roles. Coaching Standards 2. Connected Learner: Coaches model the ISTE Standards for Students and the ISTE Standards for Educators, and identify ways to improve their coaching practice. Coaches: 2c. Establish shared goals with educators, reflect on successes and continually improve coaching and teaching practice. 3. Collaborator: Coaches establish productive relationships with educators in order to improve instructional practice and learning outcomes. Coaches: 3a. Establish trusting and respectful coaching relationships that encourage educators to explore new instructional strategies. 5. Professional Learning Facilitator: Coaches plan, provide and evaluate the impact of professional learning for educators and leaders to use technology to advance teaching and learning. Coaches: 5b. Build the capacity of educators, leaders and instructional teams to put the ISTE Standards into practice by facilitating active learning and providing meaningful feedback. Essential Question How do coaching skills, with an emphasis on communication and collaboration, translate into all of the different roles that peer coaches take on? When the peer coach assumes the role of facilitator, this means “Planning and leading meetings, activities, and staff development in one-on-one, small group, or large group situations,” (Foltos, 2018). Regardless of the size of facilitation, the coach needs to be prepared to model risk taking, “Other Peer Coaches model risk taking and recognize that taking risks may occasionally mean failure” (Foltos, 2013). This helps lay the foundation of safety that’ll be needed for collaboration later on. This is also a key communication strategy that the peer coach can reference later on when trying to navigate the tricky terrain of providing constructive peer feedback. As described by famed communicator Dale Carnegie in his book How to Win Friends & Influence People, “Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person.” Acting as a facilitator, means being able to guide staff interactions and transitioning in and out of a peer leadership role. This means being aware of group norms. In the absence of agreed upon norms, pairs/groups will develop their own unsaid norms that may not be as conducive to effective collaboration. By taking the lead in this area and developing norms together, the structure can help facilitate the relationships and learning: “Collaborative norms shape our conversations in ways that build trust and respect; they define accountability and build capacity. Collaborative norms are essential for effective coaching,” (Foltos, 2013). Being a collaborator means “Working together with colleagues to plan, implement, and evaluate activities,” (Foltos, 2018). This means “Addressing the potential fear-factor of working with an instructional coach”, which can be accomplished by modeling risk taking as mentioned in the facilitator role and providing a safety net within the relationship, “Their efforts to encourage their peers to adopt more innovative teaching and learning strategies are always undergirded by the safety net they built with their collaborating teachers,” (Foltos, 2013). When collaborating, you’re often preparing, planning, teaching and reflecting together with a focus on student learning. The reflecting is where the trust and safety net come in so that coach and teacher can “discuss what worked and what the peer would do differently next time” in a safe manner, (Foltos, 2013). A critical part of effective collaboration is clear communication and utilizing strategies that support this. A simple but powerful strategy that Dr. Foltos references in his book is paraphrasing, “In its simplest form, paraphrasing is the listener repeating, albeit in a modified form, what he or she heard the speaker say.” This facilitates clear communication and ensures understanding while also demonstrating that the coach is practicing another critical listening skill that Dr. Foltos refers to as active listening: “Active listeners are focused on what the speaker is saying. They look right at the speaker, block out competing thoughts, and assess what the speaker is saying.” This also ties into one of Dale Carnegies key strategies for building relationship, “Be a good listener, encourage others to talk about themselves.” Again, all of this builds toward the coach being able to grow the relationship with the teacher while helping the teacher grow in his or her practice, “Give honest and sincere appreciation” and “praise the slightest improvement and praise every improvement. Be hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise,” (Carnegie, 1936). This strategy is so important and underutilized that it’s worth citing additional support from an Edutopia article on the topic by Shannon McGrath and entitled 5 Vital To-Dos for Instructional Coaches, “Be vocal about the good you see: Teachers rarely get focused feedback on the practices they devote so much of their time to improving. Be constantly on the lookout for small moves your teachers are making that shift students, efforts that go above and beyond expectations, or relationships that are making the difference for students.“ There are additional benefits in this for students as well, because “teachers who learned these communication skills from a coach turn around and teach these same skills with their students (P. Cleaves, personal communication, May 23, 2012),” (Foltos, 2013). On top of this, good coaching is actually an effective teaching strategy per the meta-analyses of research done by Dr. John Hattie and as cited in The Distance Learning Playbook by Fisher, Frey, and Hattie (2020). This also leads into and connected with some strong research cited around effective questioning strategies which support a lot of the work coaches do as a catalyst, but, first, let’s explore the often misunderstood role of expert. The role of expert is probably the hardest to navigate while maintaining the role of peer and “Acting as a subject matter expert on a variety of topics,” (Foltos, 2018). This is because growing the relationship means you “Make the other person feel important—and do it sincerely” per Dale Carnegie but you also need to posses a self-evident mastery of the relevant content. Most importantly as the expert, the peer coach needs to be careful not to take learning responsibility away from the learner and inadvertently steal their joy of discovery because this engenders ownership of ideas: “Effective coaches, like Grace Dublin, make it clear to learning partners that “the responsibility to learn something belongs to the learner” (G. Dublin, personal communication, September 13, 2011),” Foltos (2013). Even better as far as persuading individuals to a new way of thinking goes per Mr. Carnegie, “Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers. The following from Dr. Foltos ties together the ideas inquiry into the other teacher’s ideas and advocacy for the coach’s ideas, “Inquiry Over Advocacy: When is the right time for advocacy? How often can they [coaches] present their solutions? As I noted in earlier chapters, successful coaches feel that a little advocacy works, but only after a strong coaching relationship based on inquiry is formed. Too much advocacy, they observed, means the coach becomes the expert with the answer. Garmston and Wellman (1999) argue it is important for successful collaboration to balance advocacy and inquiry.” In other words, one should refrain from playing the role of expert as much as possible in a peer coaching relationship. It’s like yelling by the teacher in the classroom, which should be reserved for the rarest of instances (preferably emergencies) so that when actually needed it can be utilized effectively. Otherwise, when over-utilized, the role of expert will lead to potential disagreements that inevitably grow into arguments, and “The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it,” (Carnegie, 1936). This is doubly important and true of the peer coaching role. After significant work has been done to grow relationships with teachers, coaches can serve in the role of catalyst: “Helping teachers reflect on and improve their practice by using question strategies and skills that assist colleagues to become effective instructional decision makers,” (Foltos, 2018). There are many ways to build to this level. The work done as facilitator, collaborator, and expert should help and go a long way toward establishing this level of relationship. Additionally, efforts to grow teacher confidence through careful actions such as providing recognition for positive accomplishments can help, “Successful Peer Coaches use a variety of strategies to get teachers recognition for their work. Many coaches use conversations with their peers to recognize the strengths of the learning activities the teachers are using with students and work to help their learning partners build on those strengths,” (Foltos, 2013). With inquiry over advocacy in mind, effective questioning strategies can be especially helpful in the catalyst role. Dale Carnegie emphasizes the power of asking questions with regard to changing attitudes and behaviors, “Ask questions instead of giving direct orders.” Practice can be built with regard to clarifying questions, which “… are simple and typically factual. They fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle…”, and then lead to higher level probing questions, “Why are they [probing questions] so critical? The answer gets to the heart of effective coaching,” (Foltos, 2013). Research supports these strategies with regard to learning and so again there is an added benefit that teachers tend to turn around and employ these new strategies with their students. According to Fisher, Frey, and Hattie, “Questioning has an effect size of 0.48.” The right line of probing questions lead to deep reflective thinking which is even more powerful for learning, “Metacognitive strategies have an effect size of 0.55.” One longtime peer coach, Dr. Greg Bianchi, wrote his entire dissertation on the power of metacognition. When we keep in mind that any effect size greater than 0.40 greatly accelerates student learning then this is powerful stuff. Not to get ahead of ourselves, it’s still important to remember the power of consistent small changes for continuous Improvement: “Successful Peer Coaches don’t push for one big, dramatic change, instead relying on an incremental process of continuous improvement,” (Foltos, 2013). So, What’s the Potahto? Teaching is a hard job and, by association, so is peer coaching, “Most Peer Coaches I have worked with know that they are trying to build these kinds of relationships in difficult circumstances. Many have worked in schools in which teachers work alone and in which collaboration consisted of teachers exchanging lesson plans and teaching resources,” (Foltos, 2013). Building relationships is key to being able to make any progress with regard to effective coaching translating into student learning growth. True collaboration is elusive because school systems are not designed to facilitate this. So coaches must rely on relationship to bridge these systemic gaps, “Being friendly, positive, and supportive doesn’t guarantee innovation, but coaches won’t encourage innovation without drawing on these behaviors to create a safety net.” To influence teachers, coaches need to be adept and adroit with their approaches to create that trust-based safety net so that they can “Arouse in the other person an eager want” and “Make the other person happy about doing the thing you suggest,” (Carnegie, 1936). Creating a safe enough environment for positive change to happen is more challenging with teaching because it’s deeply personal, “Teaching is an identity and an action, not just a vocation,” (Fisher, Frey, Hattie, 2020). This means that, ultimately, “Peer Coaches can’t be the experts with the answers. Instead, as Grace Dublin insists, coaches are there to “help them formulate their strategies. It is ultimately their answer” (G. Dublin, personal communication, September 13, 2011),” (Foltos, 2013). Coaches can truly effect change by believing in their teachers to arrive at their own answers because belief not only has a large effect size on learning, but it also does something even more powerful: it empowers the believer to “Give the other person a fine reputation to to live up to,” (Carnegie, 1936). This action persuades teachers to pursue the desired improvement by way of self-fulfilling prophesy because a coach knew that a teacher could be something more and guided them to that realization through careful facilitation, collaboration, and expertise that all lead up to a catalyst. 1. International Society for Technology in Education. (2019). ISTE Standards For Coaches. ISTE. Retrieved from https://www.iste.org/standards/for-coaches 2. Foltos, L. (2013). Peer Coaching : Unlocking the Power of Collaboration. Corwin. 3. Foltos, L. (2018). Coaching Roles. Peer-Ed, Mill Creek 4. Foltos, L. (January, 2018). Teachers Learn Better Together. Edutopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/teachers-learn-better-together 5. Carnegie, D. (1936). How to Win Friends and Influence People. Pocket Books. 6. Fisher, D., Frey, N., Hattie, J. (2020). The Distance Learning Playbook. Corwin. 7. McGrath, S. (2019). 5 Relationship-Building Tips for Instructional Coaches. Edutopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/5-relationship-building-tips-instructional-coaches 8. Bianchi, G. (2007). Effects of metacognitive instruction on the academic achievement of students in the secondary sciences. Seattle Pacific University. Retrieved from https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT…….128B/abstract
長期專題 Long-Term Projects Daniele Volpe 長期專題　第三名 Daniele Volpe Long-Term Projects 3rd Prize Ixil Genocide During the 1980s, in the midst of the 1960–1996 Guatemalan Civil War, the state-backed military identified all indigenous Maya peoples as guerilla supporters. The Ixil Maya community, who live near the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in western Guatemala, were the targets of a genocide operation. The Ixil were subject to systematic rape, forced displacement, starvation and massacre. By 1996, some 7,000 Ixil had been killed. Between 1979 and 1985, successive administrations pursued a scorched-earth policy. Villages were burnt to the ground and 60% of the Ixil population fled to the mountains. Victims of the military were often buried in clandestine mass graves, while many survivors in mountain areas, isolated from health care, died from malnutrition and treatable diseases. Exhumations play an important role in gathering evidence of civilian massacres and in reconciling survivors with their grief, as they are at last able to give their loved ones a dignified burial. The photographer has lived in Guatemala for 13 years and worked as a volunteer with the Recuperation of Historical Memory project, listening to the stories of Guatemalan people. He sees this photo project as his contribution to fortifying the historical memory of the country, as a tool for Guatemalan people so they do not forget. Members of the community attend an exhumation in Xe’Xuxcap, on 16 April 2013.
Site lay out • Photo 1: site lay out example with waste bunker and fly ash storage silos • Photo 2: example of modification of the installation to an existing building Site lay out of a waste incinerator A waste incinerator site is not only the technical installation, also workers need other facilities necessary to store safely and handle safely the waste. Mainly we have the next items: 1. Gate and fence (also for fire-fighting activities) 2. A weight bridge for waste trucks 3. Administration building and laboratorium 4. Waste storage warehouse or a waste bunker 5. Waste incinerator building and next to it storage place for residues of the incineration process 6. Streets and sewers 7. Streets for fire brigade 8. Parking place for trucks and cars 9. Transfo 10. Storage for the chemicals for the flue gas cleaning 11. Storage tanks for liquid waste 12. Extra space for waste preparation before incineration, like mixing tanks, shredders, etc. 13. Energy recovery, like turbine for electricity production, heat exchanger for city heating, etc. The size of the parking and buildings depends on the way it is possible to store (pallets, bin's, ...), the amount of waste and the necessary facilities for handling it. As an example we demonstrate the choose of size of the waste storage hall for industrial waste and the incinerator building. Example : design of the size of a waste storage hall We have a waste incinerator of 8200 ton per year. Let's take a waste storage hall of about 16 m x 30 m and 10 m high to be about to store average about 6 m high, we have 2800 m3 (16 x 30 x 6) storage space. The waste is not arriving regular, but in batches. This depends on the client's production process. So we need a storage hall for about 3 - 4 weeks storage. So, for this waste incinerator it is for about 667 ton waste. We take a density of waste into account, for example 300 kg/m3, this means we need 2223 m3 storage space. Depending on the type of security measurements for the storage of the waste, we say that we need 2,5 times the needed space for storage on site. The packaging of the waste can be done in a system which we can store 6 m high. So, from our calculation it looks like that our building is much to small. So we need to analyse the storage methode, or we take a bigger building. And we do the exercise again with a building of for example 22 m x 55 m. Incinerator site lay out example Photo : example of a waste storage building, next to the incinerator building Example of a waste incinerator building The shape of the installation defines the size of the building. Extra floor space must be available for handling the waste and the ashes. So, the shape of the building need to be discussed with the technology supplier. The building can also receive extra space for useful equipment placed close to the incinerator. Like the transfo, the chemicals for flue gas cleaning, the turbine for electricity production, storage garages for ashes, etc. And on the first floor can be a control room with view on the incinerator. This is only an example, because the best building is the building which is designed according to the needs of the operator. Incinerator site lay out example Photo : example of a waste incinerator building
Plasma cutters handbooks Put a vent hole in anything you weld that will be sealed up completely: Put a vent hole in anything you weld that will be sealed up completely or air will heat up and expand and blow away your shielding gas or even blow out at the end of the weld bead. Some machined joints that are sealed on one end will not even allow you to start welding because the fit is so good that the part is air tight before you even weld. Other machined parts where a part is pressed in and bottomed out can give cracking problems because there is no where for the part to shrink. If you have to weld something that has been pressed in and bottomed out, make sure to add more filler metal than average to tacks and the final weld bead. That is to prevent the cracking that happens when you run a concave bead and the metal has nowhere to shrink. For the best control of your weld bead, keep the wire directed at the leading edge of the weld pool. When welding out of position (vertical, horizontal or overhead welding), keep the weld pool small for best weld bead control, and use the smallest wire diameter size you can. A bead that is too tall and skinny indicates a lack of heat into the weld joint or too fast of travel speed. Conversely, if the bead is flat and wide, the weld parameters are too hot or you are welding too slowly. Ideally, the weld should have a slight crown that just touches the metal around it. Keep in mind that a push technique preheats the metal, which means this is best used with thinner metals like aluminum. On the other hand, if you pull solid wire, it flattens the weld out and puts a lot of heat into the metal. Finally, always store and handle your filler metals properly. Keep product in a dry, clean place — moisture can damage wire and lead to costly weld defects, such as hydrogen-induced cracking. Also, always use gloves when handling wires to prevent moisture or dirt from your hands settling on the surface. When not in use, protect spools of wire by covering them on the wire feeder, or better yet, remove the spool and place it in a clean plastic bag, closing it securely.
The pigment cell-specific proteome There are two types of pigment cells, found primarily in the epidermis and eyes. Pigment cells produce melanin which protects against UV radiation and gives the skin, hair and eyes its color. Pigment cells also play a role in the immune system and serve as a blood-retinal barrier. Transcriptome analysis shows that 62% (n=12246) of all human proteins (n=19670) are detected in pigment cells and 394 of these genes show an elevated expression in any pigment cells compared to other cell type groups. • 394 elevated genes • 36 enriched genes • 85 group enriched genes • Main function: Melanin production The pigment cell transcriptome The scRNA-seq-based pigment cell transcriptome can be analyzed with regard to specificity, illustrating the number of genes with elevated expression in each specific pigment cell type compared to other cell types (Table 1). Genes with an elevated expression are divided into three subcategories: • Cell type enriched: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a certain cell type compared to any other cell type. • Group enriched: At least four-fold higher average mRNA level in a group of 2-10 cell types compared to any other cell type. • Cell type enhanced: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a cell certain cell type compared to the average level in all other cell types. Table 1. Number of genes in the subdivided specificity categories of elevated expression in melanocytes. Cell type Cell type enrichedGroup enrichedCell type enhancedTotal elevated Melanocytes 36 85 273 394 Protein expression of genes elevated in pigment cells In-depth analysis of the elevated genes in pigment cells using scRNA-seq and antibody-based protein profiling allowed us to visualize the expression patterns of these proteins in different types of pigment cells: melanocytes and other types of pigment cells. Melanocytes - skin As shown in Table 1, 394 genes are elevated in melanocytes compared to other cell types. Melanocytes are mainly located in the basal layer of the epidermis and their primary role is to produce and deliver melanin-pigment to keratinocytes through dendritic processes. Genes with elevated expression in melanocytes include MLANA and DCT, which encode proteins involved in the melanin-synthesis pathways. MLANA - skin MLANA - skin MLANA - skin DCT - skin DCT - skin DCT - skin Other pigment cells Retinal pigment cells are found in the eye. Retinal pigment cells produce melanin that protects photoreceptor cells from UV-radiation and they are involved in the transport of nutrients and ions between photoreceptor cells and blood vessels in the choroid. The proteins bestrophin 1 (BEST1) and solute carrier family 16 member 8 (SLC16A8) both play a role in the transport of molecules and have elevated expression in the retina. BEST1 - retina SLC16A8 - retina Pigment cell function The two pigment cell types are melanocytes and retinal pigment cells. Melanocytes originate from neural crest cells, while retina pigment cells originate from the optic neuroepithelium. The main objective of melanocytes is to produce melanin, which protects the skin against UV-radiation. It is melanin produced by melanocytes in the uveal part of the eye that gives eyes their color. When melanin is exposed to UV-radiation from the sun, it becomes darker to protect the skin from further damage to the tissue. The amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes differs between individuals but the amount of melanocytes is the same. Lack of melanin production can lead to a disease called albinism, where the individual has no pigmentation at all and it will affect both eye and hair pigmentation. Moreover, melanocytes have immune cell qualities such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation capabilities and cytokine production. Retinal pigment cells form retinal pigment epithelium in the back of the eye, adjacent to the retina. The retinal pigment epithelium works as a retinal-blood barrier and protects the retina. Similarly to melanocytes, retinal pigment cells produce pigment, however instead of protecting the skin, retinal pigment cells protect the retina from UV-radiation. Retinal pigment cells are in constant connection with the photoreceptor cells of the retina and support these cells in various ways. They buffer ions and water between photoreceptor cells and blood. Pigment cells also store 11-cis-retinal, a molecule essential for the transformation of light into visual signals in photoreceptor cells. They can quickly supply photoreceptor cells with 11-cis-retinal, when this molecule is depleted in photoreceptor cells. The histology of organs that contain pigment cells, including interactive images, is described in the Protein Atlas Histology Dictionary. Here, the protein-coding genes expressed in pigment cells are described and characterized, together with examples of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections that visualize corresponding protein expression patterns of genes with elevated expression in different pigment cell types. The transcript profiling was based on publicly available genome-wide expression data from scRNA-seq experiments covering 13 different normal tissues, as well as analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All datasets (unfiltered read counts of cells) were clustered separately using louvain clustering and the clusters obtained were gathered at the end, resulting in a total of 192 different cell type clusters. The clusters were then manually annotated based on a survey of known tissue and cell type-specific markers. The scRNA-seq data from each cluster of cells was aggregated to average normalized protein-coding transcripts per million (pTPM) and the normalized expression value (nTPM) across all protein-coding genes. A specificity and distribution classification was performed to determine the number of genes elevated in these single cell types, and the number of genes detected in one, several or all cell types, respectively. It should be noted that since the analysis was limited to datasets from 13 organs only, not all human cell types are represented. Furthermore, some cell types are present only in low amounts, or identified only in mixed cell clusters, which may affect the results and bias the cell type specificity. Relevant links and publications PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419 Fagerberg L et al., Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2014) PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600 Solé-Boldo L et al., Single-cell transcriptomes of the human skin reveal age-related loss of fibroblast priming. Commun Biol. (2020)
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Say in the frequency spectrum, you have an information signal between (-100, 100) Hz, and a noise signal between (-700, -500) and between (500, 700) Hz. What is the minimum possible sample frequency that allows reconstruction of the information signal without distortion? Any ideal filter can be used. At first I thought Fs = 400 Hz. But when plotting this out in the frequency domain, I believe aliasing will occur if the noise signal has non-zero components at say -700 or -500 Hz. When Fs = 800 Hz, the same phenomen occurs. But When Fs = 800 + 0.00000001 (some really small number), the potential for aliasing is zero if an ideal low-pass filter is used. Am I right in my reasoning? • 2 $\begingroup$ Re-read the problem statement! "Any ideal filter can be used" <--- there is no noise, because it can completely be filtered away. $\endgroup$ – Marcus Müller Feb 20 '19 at 16:02 • 1 $\begingroup$ Note that in this case you won't be able to sample at less than 200 Hz, so there's no violation of Nyquist's theorem, which only states sufficient conditions anyway. $\endgroup$ – MBaz Feb 20 '19 at 16:51 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
Child Labor In Glogpedia by SarahStzic Last updated 1 year ago Environmental Studies Toggle fullscreen Print glog Child Labor Child Labor inCocoa Plantations Pascal, a young west African boy, and his friend Kojo are stuck in a cocoa plantation. Kojo and Pascal keep each other in check as they are closely watched by cruel supervisors. Le Cochon, the head supervisor has no sympathy for anyone. As young boys, Kojo and Pascal were taken to a cocoa plantation they were told that they would make money for their family. Life in the plantation isn't all that easy. Breaking open cocoa pods all day really can make your back hurt. If Pascal and the other boys make an mistake they get beaten until they bleed. It is a harsh reality. Being young children and working in such a intense environment can be very stressful. Kojo and Pascal plan to break out of the plantation. Kojo accidentally tells another boy living in the plantation. Pascal decides to keep him quiet that he has to come with them.They escape in a truck carrying factory ready cocoa pods. The boys jump off the truck and run as fast as they can. Pascal and Kojo loose Oliver, as he is too hurt to continue. As they travel they came across people that will teach them to defend themselves. Pascal then quickly finds out they are untrustworthy and runs away leaving Kojo. He goes to a refugee camp, and now he has the challenge of finding his family. Summary of Bitter Chocolate The Ivory Coast produces the most unethical cocoa pods in Africa. It is dangerous for anyone to work in cocoa fields, imagine very young children doing this job. There are no comments for this Glog.
Category Archives: dialog in writing Show political leanings through dialog From many studies* of how politicians speak, writers like you and me can glean insights into how to write dialog for fictional conservative or liberal characters we couple in discussion Studies show that conservative and liberal politicians speak differently. In general, conservative politicians • use simpler language than liberal politicians, and • prefer short statements—simple sentences—expressing one thought. Liberal politicians, in general, • use more complex language than conservative politicians, and • prefer longer, more complex thought structures—compound and complex sentences—expressing qualified thoughts. How can we use this information? Suppose you have created a character—let’s call him Mr. Conti—whom you want to portray as a conservative. Maybe he hails from Texas, votes Republican, accepts the teachings of a church which he regularly attends, wonders about global warming, and supports a pro-life organization—all qualities associated with conservative thinking in the US. Suppose you have also created a character—let’s call her Miss Libby—whom you want to portray as liberal. A native of Boston, perhaps she votes Democrat, has stopped attending church, teaches physics in a high school, and wears a mask everywhere during the covid 10 pandemic—all qualities associated with liberal thinking in the US. To further differentiate Mr. Conti and Miss Libby, you can use dialog. For example, Miss Libby: Oh, this heat! I heard on NPR that it might rain later today, but the showers will likely be scattered. Mr. Conti: Rubbish! My arthritis is aching. It’s gonna rain. Miss Libby: According to the meteorologists on the Weather Channel, satellite imagery shows a clear though humid atmosphere this morning. Any rain later will be haphazard. Mr. Conti: Satellite battelite. When my grandma’s bones ached, it rained. When my momma’s bones ached, it rained. My bones ache. It’s gonna rain. Miss Libby: You demonstrate such confidence, such surety, about the weather, Mr. Conti. Is it innate? Mr. Conti: Nothin’ innate about it. It’s in bones. As a writing exercise, try writing dialog between a conservative thinker and a liberal one. Choose a nonpolitical topic and see how you can show political thinking thought vocabulary and sentence structure. *For more information on the studies, go to a recent article in The New York Times using this hyperlink: Never start a direct quote with “He said” When you are interviewing someone, and you want to quote that person directly, how should you identify who is talking? Compare these examples: • Mrs. Smith said that I might want to avoid the back yard because the dog poops there. • Mrs. Smith said, “You might want to avoid the backyard. That’s where the dog poops.” • “You might want to avoid the back yard. That’s where the dog poops,” said Mrs. Smith. • “You might want to avoid the backyard,” Mrs. Smith said. “That’s where the dog poops.” Each of the examples offers the same information, yet one excels. Let’s examine them individually to find out why. • Because what is said is more important than who says it, the first and second examples are not as good as the third and fourth examples. But the first example has another problem: it uses an indirect quotation when a direct quotation is livelier. The reader would prefer to hear the exact words of the person being interviewed, providing that person is not hemming and hawing. • The second example improves on the first example because it replaces the indirect quotation with a direct quotation. But it still starts with the least interesting information, who is speaking. • The third example is better than the first two because it uses direct quotes to start. However, the reader needs to wait until the completion of the quote before knowing who is speaking. Since there are two sentences, it makes sense to identify the speaker at the end of the first sentence. • The fourth example identifies the speaker after the first part of the direct quote, the correct location to do so. And it directly quotes the speaker. This example wins. So, to recap, use direct quotes rather than indirect quotes when the quotation is lively and dramatic, or when it shows off the speaker’s personality or diction. Start with the direct quote, but pause either at the end of the first sentence or at a natural spot in the first sentence to identify the speaker. 4 reasons to use direct quotes Should you use direct quotes in writing both fiction and nonfiction in which there are people? Definitely! Below are examples from Akin by Emma Donoghue. Akin is a novel about a 79-year-old former professor spending time with an 11-year-old street kid. Part of the delight of the book is its dialog, especially the contrast between the two people’s world views reflected in their way of speaking. So, why to use direct quotes? First, direct quotes show inflections, that is, how a speaker changes a word’s emphasis depending on verb tense, number, prefixes and suffixes and a use of modifiers. Here, for example, the old man says, “You must know singers with ludicrous stage names? Like, ah 50 Cents.” “50 Cent,” Michael said, pained. “And it’s Ludacris.” Here’s another example, with the old man asking the boy, “Do you skateboard?” “Oh, you prefer skating. Ice or roller?” “It’s called skating, dude.” Second, direct quotes show regionalisms, ages, education, socioeconomic and other differences. For example, the boy explains that his skateboard was stolen. “They skated right past, dissing me. Grandma said”—Michael quoted—“’This is a test from the Lord, are you going to hold on to your wrath? Are you going to pass the test?’” Here is another. The boy asks, “Are you a atheist?” Noah corrected him: “An atheist.” “That’s what I said.” “It’s an, rather than a, when it’s followed by a vowel: an atheist.” “Like you’re an asshole.” Third, direct quotes show how a person puts a sentence together—using standard English or some other way. The older man, Noah, often uses long and complex sentences, yet adjusts his way of speaking so the boy will better understand him. The boy, on the other hand, uses really short sentences or phrases without concern for grammar. For example, the boy tells of his Uncle Cody: “Cody used to smoke till I got him Juuling.” “Vapes, you know? E-cigs?” In another example, Michael sees a bunch of balloons tied to the front railing of a house. He asks,” “Did somebody get offed here?” Fourth, direct quotes reveal personality. From the few quotes I’ve just used, you can see that Noah, is an academic from an educated middle class background and out-of-touch with children, yet willing, even eager, to know the boy. Michael is more tentative about knowing Noah, preferring the safety of his phone. He uses the language of the street as an intentional emotional barrier between himself and Noah. I recommend you read Akin. I suspect you too will delight in the dialog, just part of the treat of this well written novel. Add these two mysteries to your reading bucket list I like both books, but for different reasons. Writers can learn from both authors. 13 writing tips Create a detailed prewriting organizer before you write. Use it. Make sure every body paragraph supports the thesis of your essay. Identify weak or overused verbs and replace them with specific verbs. Search for your typical grammar mistakes and fix them. Do revise. First drafts are seldom good enough.
Is Goat Healthier Than Chicken? Which part of mutton is healthy? Heart health The higher the saturated fats, the more the heart problems. bWhite meat is rich in selenium and red meat is a great source of zinc. Selenium is important for cognitive ability as well as cardiovascular health. Phosphorous and calcium are abundant in both the meats.. Which is healthier dark or white meat chicken? White or dark meat, chicken is nutritious and an excellent source of protein, niacin, phosphorous, B6, B12, Vitamin D, calcium, iron and zinc. … Vitamin B6 is needed for protein metabolism and amino acid synthesis. As good as this sounds, dark meat is richer in nutrients than white meat and contains more iron and zinc. Which part of goat meat is good for health? – Goat meat comprises Vitamin B, which is known to help one effectively burn fat. So, a little portion of the meat is good for those wanting to lose some weight. – It is packed with Vitamin B12, which is known to help you get healthy skin. Is mutton good for heart? Goat meat has a lower cholesterol levels and lower saturated fats compared with other meat, thus serves as a good red meat alternative. Three ounce (85 grammes) of mutton contains 2.6 grammes of fat compared with 7.9 grammes for beef, lamb (8.1 grammes), pork (8.2 grammes) and chicken (6.3 grammes). Who eats goat meat? 1. GOAT IS THE MOST EATEN MEAT IN THE WORLD. Although many Americans have not even tried goat, it’s eaten all over the world. Africans, South Americans, Central Americans, Middle Easterners, Indians, Australians and New Zealanders tend to eat the most goat meat, but this tasty meat is popular in Europe as well. Is mutton healthier than chicken? White meats like turkey and chicken are considered much healthier sources of animal protein than mutton, beef and pork. Adverse to this belief, not all red meat is bad. Says goat meat expert Rizwan Thakur, “The most commonly consumed red meat in our country is mutton, which in fact is not one kind of meat. Why mutton is bad for health? Is Mutton Keema good for health? Since a high sodium diet contributes to high blood pressure, consumption of only small amount of keema is advised. Keema is also a source of vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, that is good for vision and potassium that helps regulate blood pressure. What chicken meat is the healthiest? Are chicken wings dark or white meat? Chicken breasts and wings are considered white meat. What is the healthiest fast food? How can you tell if goat meat is bad? What is the best age to butcher a goat? What is the number 1 healthiest food in the world? What is the healthiest meat to eat? Which goat meat is best? Spanish goats have been replaced by Boers as the favorite meat goat in the United States, but they have found a new purpose—for controlling invasive brush plants, such as buckthorn. What meats should you avoid? What is the healthiest diet you can eat? Which is the best part of mutton to eat? Does mutton increase immunity? The National Institutes of Health (NIH) notes that zinc — a mineral abundant in meats like oysters, poultry, seafood, beef, and lamb — works with the protein found in meat to strengthen the immune system. How much mutton is good for health?
Curious Questions: Did a double decker bus really jump over Tower Bridge? London's most famous bridge is 125 years old in 2019, but for all the marvellous facts there's only really one story anybody wants to hear. Is it true that a double decker bus once cleared the gap as the bridge was opening? Annunciata Elwes and Toby Keel investigate. What’s 143ft tall, incorporates 31 million bricks and is stepped on by 40,000 Londoners every day? If you said ‘Tower Bridge’, congratulations; if you didn’t, please let us know what it was about the headline and picture on this story that failed to give it away. The most famous bridge in London – and arguably the world – was opened 125 years ago this June to combat rising traffic in the capital, after eight years of construction, during which two massive piers were sunk into the riverbed to support the weight of 11,000 tons of steel clad in Portland stone and Cornish granite. When the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) declared it open in 1894, it was the largest and most sophisticated bascule bridge in the world, a ‘bascule’ being the needlessly obscure word used by the engineers to describe the hinged roadway. Although it was originally operated by steam power, electricity and oil have taken over, but visitors today can see the original engine rooms and boilers. What they will no longer see are the prostitutes and pickpockets who quickly discovered that the walkways were a fine place to ply their trade; it got so bad that the walkways were actually closed for most of the 20th century. The official opening of Tower Bridge in 1894. The official opening of Tower Bridge in 1894. For all the extraordinary facts about this bridge (did you know that it was originally painted chocolate brown, only changing to red, white and blue for the Queen’s Silver Jubilee in 1977?) there is really only one story that people want to know about the bridge: is it true that a London bus once jumped the gap as the bridge accidentally opened before the traffic had cleared? Rather brilliantly, this is a curious question to which we can answer a clear and emphatic ‘yes’. The incident took place on December 30, 1952, as a number 78 bus from Shoreditch to Dulwich was travelling across as the bascules began to lift. The bus was doing just 12mph at the time – the foot speed of a decent runner –but the driver, Albert Gunter, realised he didn’t have the space to come to a halt. Instead, he made a gut decision to slam down on the accelerator; luckily, the south side of the bridge was slower to rise and the bus made the jump of around six feet intact. Bus driver Albert Gunter, the man who jumped Tower Bridge. Photo by ANL/REX/Shutterstock The passengers were all thrown from their seats but no one was too badly hurt and in fact it was Gunter himself who came off worst, breaking his leg. Yet that blow was softened by the fact that he became a minor celebrity, received a £10 bonus for his quick thinking and even went on to be best man at the wedding of one of the passengers. Not all stunts involving the bridge have been so spontaneous. In 1912 the daredevil aviator Frank McClean pulled off something just as spectacular, flying his seaplane between the towers, beneath the walkways and above the bascules. It was a triumphant moment, but like all good daredevils, McClean was unable to leave well enough alone: he proceeded to fly under all the rest of London’s bridges as far as Westminster, then turned his plane around and tried to fly back through in the other direction. All went well until he reached Tower Bridge once more, when a gust of wind saw him crash into the murky Thames. Thankfully, he survived – as did Flight Lieutenant Alan Pollock in 1968, when he roared through the gap in a Hawker Hunter jet while staging a fly-past demonstration in anger at the government’s treatment of the RAF.
Search result Creating Charts with Subplots and figure in matplotlib with Python. This tutorial, we will manage a chart using random data using Subplots and figure. 2020-04-06 Raj Thakur 0 Generate dataset or return evenly spaced numbers using linspace This tutorial we will generate data for machine learning algorithm like gradient descent 2020-04-05 Raj Thakur 0 Plot histogram in python Histogram plotting using matplotlib is one piece of cake. All you need to do is use matplotlib's plt.hist() function and pass in the data together with the number of bins and a few optional parameters. 2020-02-07 Rupesh Sonkamble 0 Machine learn Linear Regression on novel corona virus 2019 Implementation Linear Regression on novel corona virus 2019 2020-01-30 Raj Thakur 0 Scroll to Top
Question: How Do You Attract House Finches? What birds can eat from a finch feeder? Backyard Birds Who Love Our Finch FeedersAmerican Goldfinches.Lesser Goldfinches.House Finches.Purple Finches.Pine Siskins.. How long does it take for birds to find a feeder? two to four weeksBirds will often go to a new bird feeder within a day or two but it is most common for birds to take anywhere up to several weeks before they start to feed at a new place. The general rule is anything from two to four weeks. What time of year do finches lay eggs? House finches breed between March and August. A breeding pair may lay as many as 6 clutches of eggs in one summer, but they usually can only successfully raise up to 3 clutches. The female builds the nests, which are shallow and cup-shaped. How do I attract finches to my feeder? 12 Tips on How to Attract Finches to Your Yard (2020)Add Bright Colored Ribbons to Your Backyard. … Tempt with Fresh Black Seed. … Encourage Nesting in Your Yard. … Add Finch Specific Feeders. … The Location of the Feeder is Key. … Add Weeds to the Feeders. … Install a Bird Bath (Essential for Finches) … Offer Only Fresh Seed.More items…• How do you attract red finches? Use the Right Seed The American goldfinch’s diet consists of mostly seeds. They love Nyjer Seed and Sunflower Seeds. These seeds are high in oil and easy to eat with their smaller beaks. Because finches prefer the combo of Nyjer seed and socks, this duo is your best bet for attracting a bright yellow feathered friend. How do you attract birds quickly? 12 Tips on How to Attract Birds to Your Yard FastCreate a bird feeding station. … Tempt with the right treats. … The location of the feeder is the key. … Install a bird bath. … Seek attention with bright colors. … Install a bird house. … Encourage nesting in your yard. … Install a perching stick.More items…• How long does it take for finches to find feeder? The Rule of 2s is that it might take 2 seconds, 2 minutes, 2 hours, 2 days, 2 weeks, even 2 months for birds to use a new feeder! It depends on many things such as feeder placement, the type of feeder, the quality of the food, bird population in your area, weather, predators, and more. Why did my yellow finches leave? Instead, there’s an easily explained natural reason for the sharp decrease in goldfinch attendance. While it’s true that goldfinches love Nyjer seed above all else, it’s also true that during the summer months, they begin to shy away from including it as such a staple of their diet. What time of day do birds feed? In severe weather, feed twice daily if you can: in the morning and in the early afternoon. Birds require high-energy (high-fat) foods during the cold winter weather to maintain their fat reserves to survive the frosty nights. Do finches mate for life? Zebra Finches make the perfect subjects for such an investigation, because they’re monogamous birds that often mate for life, sharing nesting and offspring rearing duties (though they’re also known to enjoy an occasional midnight rendezvous with a sultry neighboring finch). Why are birds not coming to my bird feeder? What are the best finch feeders? The Best Finch Feeders for 2020Stokes Select 38171 Finch Bird Feeder.Droll Yankees CJTHM36Y Thistle Feeder.Woodlink MINIMAG2 Mini Magnum Nyjer Feeder.Kaytee 100033941 Finch Sock Feeder.Woodlink NAWLNT Audubon Finch Bird Feeder.Bird Quest SBF2Y Spiral Thistle Bird Feeder.Woodlink NATUBE5 Audubon Thistle Feeder.More items…• How do you keep house finches away? To discourage house finches, shorten the perches on your tube feeders, or order a special house-finch-proof feeder that has the feeding holes below the perches (goldfinches and siskins will hang upside down to feed, but most house finches won’t). Where is the best place to hang finch feeders? Provide thistle in specially designed thistle/finch feeders. Store your thistle seed in a cool area or refrigerator to preserve it. Hang your thistle feeder at least 15 feet from other feeders and water sources. Hang it 4-5 feet in the air in a brushy area if possible. Why have the finches stopped coming to my feeder? According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the reason birds haven’t been coming to feeders is because of the overabundance of natural foods out in the environment. This fall has been unseasonably warm and dry. Do finches sit on their eggs all the time? Egg Laying After mating, a female finch can store sperm in her reproductive tract for up to 16 days. Female finches generally lay an egg every day, commencing between five and seven days after breeding. … Many finches don’t start sitting on eggs until all or almost all of the eggs are laid. Is there a smell that birds hate? Where do you hang a hummingbird feeder? TIP 3: Place a feeder where YOU can see itAt the edge of your porch (but not near a smoky barbecue).Near an eastward facing garden bench (to avoid the harsh afternoon sun in your eyes).Close, but not too close, to a window (Hummingbirds can hurt themselves in a collision)More items…
Why tennis is a mental game It is no secret that tennis is one of the most mental sports. Whilst physical fitness and the ability to physically hit shots are crucial, the best tennis players are those that are the toughest in the mind and those who can channel their emotions to achieve success. The mental game is played at all levels. Whether you are enjoying your first competitive games or competing at the Pro level, you will know of the mental turmoil that tennis can create. The success of books such as Timothy Gallwey’s ‘The Inner Game of Tennis’ demonstrates how, perhaps more than any other sport, athletes struggle with mental demons. Why is tennis such a mental challenge and how can you prepare yourself for it? Focus and concentration are two of the keywords that are used when analyzing the mental side of a tennis players game. A player can’t improve their mental strength if they can’t stay focused and concentrate for the duration of a match. Developing a players focus requires a lot of self-discipline from the individual. A coach can do everything possible to help improve their focus but ultimately it is down to them to ensure they stay focused throughout the match. Once they have learned how to concentrate throughout a match, they will become more aware of different aspects of the game and be able to prioritize and adapt their game plan as necessary. The importance of pre-match planning Preparation and planning are key to giving you a mental edge when going into a match. Having a game plan is vital, knowing not only your own strengths and weaknesses but also your opponents helps to highlight ways you can gain an advantage over them. It is, however, just as important to have a backup plan that you can switch to in case your game plan isn’t quite working. If your Plan A isn’t working, it can be extremely demoralizing, resulting in a potential loss of focus. Therefore having the ability to switch your approach and try something different gives you the opportunity to stay one step ahead. It is important to remember that it’s likely your opponent will have also developed a game plan that works towards their strengths and aims to highlight your weaknesses. This is where mental strength becomes critical, as it’s more than likely the mentally stronger player will come out on top in these crucial stages of the match. Improving decision making to outwit opponents Tennis is a gladiatorial sport. Players are battling on the court on their own without the help and guidance of their coaches. Your decision making is therefore vital in ensuring success. Trying to play an overly aggressive shot or coming to the net prematurely are examples of poor decision making that could lead to dropping an easy point. However, having the ability to manipulate the match in your favor by making the right choices at the right time can be extremely rewarding. More often than not poor decision making will result in the loss of a point, which in turn can start to test the mental strength of a player, further emphasizing why decision making is a core element in improving a players mental strength. Blocking out distractions and dealing with uncontrollable factors As previously mentioned, to be a mentally strong athlete you need to know what to focus on throughout a match and be able to block out any distractions. Changes in weather can have a serious impact on the way a game plays out, especially if you are not prepared for these potential changes. Additionally, the impact of the crowd, or another match going on at the same time, can significantly impact a player’s ability if they aren’t able to block out these distractions. Many of these distractions are uncontrollable, so no matter how much planning you put into your game you cannot factor in these events. However, what you can plan for is your ability to work around them and alter your game as required. Understanding how to deal with victory and defeat Every match played provides a player with countless opportunities to learn and ultimately improve their overall game. Reflection is a key part of any sport and being able to learn from your previous matches is the best way to improve your game. Every match has to have a winner and a loser, however, despite the result, being able to learn from your experiences is the best way to improve the mental side of your game. This is especially true in the early stages of your competitive tennis life - you should focus on the process rather than the outcome and will often learn more about your game from defeat than an easy victory. Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published
Cities of Acts #1 – Antioch Honestly, what I saw bore little resemblance to that original building the early Christians would have used. More than nine hundred years ago, and more than a millennium after it was first built, Europeans came to the area and built a newer church on top of the old. While there are still signs of that original church, far more of what we see today is construction and mythology that dates back to the short-lived kingdom of Antioch. As beautiful as this piece of history is, I really wanted to know and see what the church would have been like for those original believers. What were they like? Who were these first followers of Jesus that worshiped in in this first church building in the world and also were the first believers in the world to be given the name “Christian”? The eleventh chapter of Acts gives us a short description of who these first Christians in Antioch were. We read, “Meanwhile, the believers who had been scattered during the persecution after Stephen’s death traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch of Syria. They preached the word of God, but only to Jews.However, some of the believers who went to Antioch from Cyprus and Cyrene began preaching to the Gentiles about the Lord Jesus. The power of the Lord was with them, and a large number of these Gentiles believed and turned to the Lord. The first thing that we see from these Christians is that they were afraid. They ran. Stephen was the first martyr of the Church and his death raised the bloodlust of the Jews. Good Jewish men like Saul began to seek out, imprison, and kill other Christians wherever they could be found and so a good number of them decided they would rather go to places these zealous Jews would not be able to find them. That is probably why this first church building became the first church building. In this area, there are two large hills and a valley. At the base of one of these hills down by the river is where the settlement of Antioch would have been. It is where the city of Antioch still resides today. On that hill is the Roman fortress large enough to hold those citizens if the city ever did come under attack. The other, small hill is a little bit further away. It is a little bit accessible. That hill is today called Mount Staurin, the hill of the cross. Inside their little church, they built an escape route that would have taken them through the mountain so they could escape to the other side, far away from civilization. Although they had stopped running and started spreading the gospel, they were still ready to run again if the need presented itself. I do not know if that tunnel ever did get put to the use they created it for, but the very fact it was built tells us that these early Christians still lived under a very real threat and that this was one fear they never did conquer. What makes me afraid today? I remember watching a neighbor’s wedding celebration from my window a building over and two floors up when the thought came to me, “How big would the bomb blast need to be for it to reach me here?” You might think such a thought strange but you have to realize, less than two months earlier another such wedding celebration in my city did fall victim to an ISIS terrorist. Pretty much every time I am sharing my faith in a public place I am very aware of everyone who is around me. I am not just noticing the person I might be talking to but also anyone else who might possibly be in earshot. I am very aware that if I push it a little too hard or if the wrong person happens to overhear the wrong thing, I could be jailed or deported. I know people who have experienced both. That same fear shows up in all of us in different ways. If word gets around at work that I have been sharing my faith, will I lose the chance for that promotion? What will my neighbor think of me if I take this opportunity to steer our conversation towards Jesus? I’ve already witnessed to my family and they don’t seem to want to listen. If I keep bringing it up, will I push them away rather than drawing them closer to Jesus? How many times have thoughts like this kept us from speaking out when the Spirit is leading? Even if we do speak, how many times have we later felt guilty for even thinking such things? Where is my faith? God, why am I so afraid? Why do I let peer pressure and worry about what others might say or think always dominate my thoughts? How often are we mentally and emotionally beating ourselves up for having such real and normal fears? It is encouraging to know that even these early Christians also had a healthy dose of fear. Not only were these Christians afraid, they were anonymous. I’m not talking about a bunch of wannabe hackers who wear Guy Fawkes masks to make youtube videos bashing the evil corporate system. These men were really, truly anonymous. God knows their names but we don’t. The church we see today is called Saint Peter’s Church, Senpiyer Kilisesi. The legend that dates back to Crusader times and probably even further back was that Saint Peter was the first leader of this church. As lovely as that is and as nice as it is to have his name stuck on this ancient building, it doesn’t line up with what we know of history. The Bible places the origins of this church to some men who came to Antioch from Cyprus and Cyrene. That’s it. Some men. Maybe Luke knew their names and didn’t see the need to mention them at this point in the narrative. More likely, he didn’t even know himself. These guys get no credit. They get no recognition. The founders of the church in Antioch, the builders of the first building created exclusively for use as a meeting place for believers, don’t even get a name. Would I be content with that? Am I more concerned with what gets done than with who gets credit? How desperate am I, are we, for worldly recognition of our gifts and calling? I had someone recently ask me, “Have you ever thought about becoming a real pastor?” If my inside emotions were to be seen instead of my outside exterior, they would have noticed steam coming out my ears. A real pastor. Really? I ought-ta smack you one. Instead, I just smiled and answered the question in a way that deflected and educated rather than saying what I really thought. If I answered every question that raised my hackles like that the way I really wanted to, I probably would not have very many friends. It seems that I still have a lot of pride. I still have a much greater need for recognition and respect than I deserve. I might sing “To God be the glory” but I am far from meaning it. What about you? What gets your hackles raised? Have you ever watch someone else get the credit for your hard work? How did you react? Do you have that same seemingly uncontrollable need to make sure that your name is attached to everything good you do? The name that was attached to those early followers was “Christlike”. In Acts 11:20 the founders of this early church were simply called “some believers”. However, six verses further down those believers are finally given a name. We read, “It was in Antioch that the believers were first names Christians.” I pray that we will be given the grace and humility so that one day the same thing could be said about us. Who did that? Oh, it was one of those Jesus people. Who is she? Oh, you know, she’s one of those followers of Christ. That is the only name we ever truly need. These early Christians were afraid, they were anonymous, and they were also anointed. Luke writes: “The power of the Lord was with them, and a large number of these Gentiles believed and turned to the Lord.” My city needs someone who is operating under the power of the Lord. Your city needs someone who is living in the anointing of the Most High. There is a world desperate and dying out there that cannot get by on people who just follow scripts and on churches that only use methodologies. A good sermon will not lead people to Christ. A convincing argument will not win the lost. It isn’t a ritual or a religion that this world needs. It isn’t even greater authenticity or more transparency. All of these things are good. They all have their place, but without the anointing they are nothing. Without his power, we are doomed to mediocrity or at most only the shallow, surface appearance of success. Before we can have God’s anointing on our lives, we first need to have God living in our lives. I know some of you who are listening to me at this would be like, “well, yeah, duh.” For others, the very idea of needing God to live in us that we might best live for Him is a completely new and foreign concept. How does that work? How can it happen? The answer to that goes back to the fear and pride that I’ve already talked about. We first need to swallow our pride and admit that we cannot live a truly good life through our own abilities. We fail. We mess up. We sin. Over and over again we keep falling into the same traps and pitfalls and no amount of trying harder or living smarter will ever change anything. The second thing we need to do is truly believe that even though we can’t, God can. If we step aside and let God sit in the driver’s seat He will get us where we need to go. It takes courage to not try and take over again every time the road starts to get a little bumpy. It takes courage to publicly admit to others that we have given Him control in our lives. For some, that decision could mean being cut off from family, losing jobs, and even death. For others, it might mean little more than being looked down on or mocked by their friends. This worry is no less legitimate, but no matter what the fear might be we need to push past it to say, “Jesus, I make you Lord of my life.” Once we have done this, and as we continually surrender daily to Him, we cannot help but have His anointing. When God gets the glory in our hearts, He will show His glory through our lives. 4 thoughts on “Cities of Acts #1 – Antioch 1. I no longer care who gets credit/glory. I pray whatever I do reflects Jesus. Far from it, so far! But that’s my goal. You are correct, too about friends. I am far too honest, though I try to be kind. This post is fascinating. Praying God will continue to richly bless and protect you. 2. Thank you BJ, fear and pride, I hear you. Both of these control mechanisms come in many shades and flavours, every day as our feet touch the ground. God’s anointing turns the impossible into the possible, effortlessly, but He controls that, not us. We do our part and then wait on Him to do His, through us. There is no doubt that we need His anointing. We need to be in tune with God’s Spirit and obedient to His call to action. Big steps between being in tune and being obedient. Heavy on the prayer. Blessings. 3. Very “real” article. It is amazing how I feel so confident in Christ, but the least thing can topple that confidence. For example: I was the doctor’s office today waiting for hours to see someone because I was sick. My mother comes in to pick up my daughter and without warning prays for me. I took it in stride because that is my mom. And because if that offends someone —well they can be offended. Of course there is no fear of being jailed for it, just fear of what someone might think. May my love for Christ supersede what others may think. Thanks for sharing. God bless you. Join the discussion You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Between menarche and menopause, a woman has an average of 400 to 500 periods. That is a lot. Back in the time when it wasn’t uncommon for women to have 8–10 babies, they would have perhaps 80 to 100 menstrual periods in their lifetimes. This is because when pregnant and during breastfeeding, periods do not occur. Now we only have from zero to two babies, meaning that for most women bleeding occurs almost every month. Because menstruation is so frequent, it can be difficult to know when abnormal bleeding happens. There are many things that cause it, but the most common causes differ widely between the various age groups—from as young as 20 to 40 years old; after 40 years old; and beyond 50 years of age. It also ranges from benign causes—such as a slightly shorter or longer period, or the early stages of a perfectly normal pregnancy—to life-threatening causes such as cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, or ectopic pregnancy (which happens when the fetus develops outside of the womb). For the 20–40-year-old age group, the common causes of abnormal bleeding are usually fertility related—such as spotting in the early stages of pregnancy, conditions such as PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), medicines such as birth control pills or the IUD (intrauterine device) used for contraception, or an infection of the pelvic organs. Excessive bleeding can be a sign of problems such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy. The worst case scenario for this age group is cervical cancer—caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a preventable condition. I recommend that young women and girls receive an HPV vaccination before they are sexually active, as it is the most reliable, accessible, and economical option to avoid infection and a higher risk of cervical cancer. For women over 40 years old but who have not yet experienced menopause, the most serious cause of abnormal bleeding can often be endometrial cancer. In post-menopausal women, abnormal bleeding can be caused by hormone therapy such as tamoxifen for breast cancer, or hormone replacement therapy used to treat menopausal issues—or it can be a sign of cancer itself of the cervix or endometrium. Frustratingly, it is tricky to recognize when bleeding is out of the norm, as there is a high level of variance in period frequency and the volume of blood loss during a period between individual women. What is a normal period for one woman may be too long or too much for another. Outside of excessive bleeding, there is little to clearly distinguish between normal and abnormal bleeding, as they have mostly the same texture and consistency. For that reason, it’s advisable for women to keep a detailed record of their normal periods. Information such as the frequency of their menstruation or how many tampons or pads they usually use can be very valuable for a doctor. This will also help women to identify when bleeding happens at an unusual time. If this happens, it should be taken seriously and women should consider a check-up, especially if the bleeding is excessive. For all age groups, excessive bleeding is a definite call for an immediate visit to your gynecologist. Knowing what to do when a woman has determined that her bleeding is not normal is the next important step. I have read worrying research that indicates as many as 50 percent of college-aged women are unaware of dangerous conditions such as cervical cancer. They may know even less about what signs to look out for and what to do if they recognize the signs. Tests such as Pap smears, which can help pinpoint a woman’s health issues in the very early stages, are now standard in most Asian countries. I would recommend yearly testing, as it is relatively accessible in most countries. HPV testing is a good option also, especially in countries which are relatively advanced with their HPV vaccination programs. Menstruation, bleeding, period pain, and related issues are often hard topics for women to discuss even among themselves, as many cultures still view them as taboo. Many women are taught that it is shameful to discuss their own bodies in such a way. It is nonetheless important to recognize that each woman has a right and obligation to take care of her body and health, and that starts with becoming more aware of what your body is telling you, and making sure you have the necessary knowledge and vaccinations. Dr. Nana Akino’s medical studies in gynecology and the aging process in women inspired her to conduct in-depth research on counteracting the effects of aging on the ovaries during her Ph.D. studies. She is particularly interested in supporting women’s health, reproductive health and all gynecological issues, including hormone replacement therapies. Dr. Nana Akino - Gynecologist, Family Medical Practice Ho Chi Minh City
A war costs much more than dollars ON JAN. 17, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson told the American people that the Vietnam War was costing $25 billion annually - a great expense, he acknowledged, but necessary "until world conditions permit, and until peace is assured." Twenty-five billion dollars was $10 billion a year more than Johnson had previously estimated, and it still wasn't accurate. Four months after his State of the Union address in January, Johnson asked Congress for an additional $4 billion for Vietnam, just for 1968. A Texas congressman named George H.W. Bush seemed disturbed by the budgetary boundlessness. "The nation faces - this year, just as it did last - a tremendous deficit in the federal budget, but in the president's message there was no sense of sacrifice on the part of the government, no assignment of priorities," Bush said in response to Johnson's speech. Of course, even $29 billion a year turned out to be a mere down payment. The full financial cost of the Vietnam War would come to about $100 billion in 1968 dollars, or $430 per American, which would be worth $2,200 today. Yesterday, President George W. Bush asked Congress for $74.7 billion for the war on Iraq - just for the next six months. (For comparison, $74.7 billion is about $14.3 billion in 1968 money.) Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist of Tennessee told reporters that $74.7 billion was Bush's "best estimate" of the war's cost. But don't be surprised if the estimate is wrong. Conservatives correctly observe that actions by government generally bring unintended consequences. The bigger the action, the bigger the surprising repercussions, and government programs seldom get bigger than war. Often, one consequence of war is - more war. And more war expense. U.S. leaders frequently misjudge the cost of hostilities, Yale economist William D. Nordhaus said in a paper published late last year. The Civil War cost 13 times what President Abraham Lincoln's Treasury secretary had estimated, and "the costs of the Vietnam War were grossly underestimated even as the buildup occurred," Nordhaus reported, adding that "in assuming that the war would end by June 1967, the Pentagon underestimated the total cost of the war by around 90 percent." Neither Nordhaus nor this column is arguing that the war on Iraq will turn into Vietnam-style quicksand, though that is not impossible. Wars, however, are major disturbances in the political/economic pond, often generating waves more powerful and far-reaching than anybody expects. Nordhaus figured an Iraq war could cost between $120 billion and $1.6 trillion, with the higher figure resulting from an "unfavorable" outcome of prolonged conflict, high peacekeeping costs and a ravaged Iraqi oil industry.And Nordhaus talked only about direct expenses, debited to the U.S. Treasury. He didn't get into the interest cost on war loans or the opportunity cost of benefits that the money could have bought. He didn't mention higher interest rates, a weak dollar, a poor stock market or other possible secondary expenses. Of course, wars often spur beneficial economic side effects, too - at least for countries that fight, as the United States usually does, in somebody else's back yard. Vietnam spending helped the U.S. gross domestic product rise by an average annual rate of 4.4 percent annually for the 10 years that ended in 1973. But the Vietnam War also may have helped stoke the crippling inflation of the 1970s, although many economists instead blame weaker productivity gains and a Federal Reserve that tried to trade higher prices for lower unemployment. Even so, the economic minuses of the war on Iraq may outweigh the pluses. Much of the risk involves budget deficits. The U.S. national debt is $6.1 trillion, and last year's deficit was $158 billion. War spending will make both grow, especially with new tax cuts. If war borrowing starts to deter the foreign lenders who have enabled America's debt addiction for two decades, put down the strong dollar and low interest rates as collateral casualties. This is an economics column, but let the record show that the biggest costs of war are human and moral. Human loss is grievous, but the moral and political expense of this war also seem very high. War is sometimes necessary, and the planet would be better with no Saddam Hussein. But sometimes the benefit of an end does not justify the price of the means. Cost of the Tomahawk missiles launched at Iraq in the war's first week: more than $500 million. Cost of a powerful democracy attacking a country that posed no demonstrable, imminent threat to the democracy or its allies: priceless. Last Wednesday's column said Joe Crosby at the Council on State Taxation, a big-business lobby, favored shutting down the "Delaware loophole," which allows firms to shift taxable Maryland profits to other states. Actually, the tax schemes Crosby objects to are fewer and narrower than the setups I described and don't necessarily have to do with Delaware. I shouldn't have put my words in his mouth.
surge protector with fuse ? \| by：KEBO 2019-10-04 When the grid current suddenly increases, there will be a surge in your home.Like a broken dam, this sudden influx of current exposes unprotected equipment to a damaged voltage.It can overheat the motor, burn out the lights and damage the electronic components. Lightning strikes generate a lot of current.Although the equipment in the grid has some protection from lightning strikes, it still causes power surges.Lightning also produces secondary effects such as hitting the transformer and then the transformer fails.If you see a storm coming, turn off the sensitive equipment until the storm passes. When a large area is powered off, the current in the power cord becomes zero.When the power is restored, the line experiences a surge in the current.This surge will damage electrical and electronic equipment.Fortunately, this surge is predictable and manageable.Like an electric storm, you can prevent damage by turning off lights, appliances and computers during a power outage.Wait a few minutes for the current to stabilize when the utility recovers power, and then you can turn the device back on. Large industrial equipment consumes a lot of power when it is first turned on, causing the current of the neighbor to drop briefly.When it turns off, it causes a surge in current.While this rarely causes problems that are enough to damage most appliances, it can cause problems with sensitive electronics over time. Modern power grid is a complex network composed of power distribution equipment and power plants.If there is a high demand for electricity in a community, utilities may decide to replace more power plants.Switching action can surge the line voltage.Problems with distribution equipment, such as overheating of Transformers and broken wires, will also cause surge.While surge protectors can prevent significant damage to sensitive equipment, this surge is unpredictable. Custom message Chat Online 编辑模式下无法使用 Chat Online inputting...
A vexatious litigant is a person who has been identified as filing a lawsuit or lawsuits which are intended solely to harass the opposing party. This usually occurs either through the filing of a single frivolous lawsuit, or through repetitive filings of the same type of claim. Vexatious litigation is generally considered to be an abuse of process (i.e., a wrongful or wasteful use of the judicial court systems). Vexatious lawsuits are particularly common in personal injury suits as well as ADA violations (i.e. targeting businesses and suing them for violations of disability accommodations laws). However, vexatious litigation can happen in any area of law. What Are Some Examples of Vexatious Litigation? Some examples of vexatious litigation can include: • Filing a certain number of cases within a given time frame, especially where previous claims were already determined adversely for the litigant • Conducting excessive or unnecessary discovery • Filing claims that involve unmeritorious motions or pleadings (i.e., claims that have no legal basis) • Filing claims that are solely intended to delay (for instance, a person who sues a bank solely for the purpose of delaying an imminent foreclosure hearing) • Engaging in tactics that involve harassment Every state has different laws regarding vexatious litigation and vexatious litigants. Vexatious litigation is sometimes included under abuse of process laws and statutes. Are There any Consequences Associated with Vexatious Litigation? In many instances, vexatious litigation can result in sanctions against the person or party filing the claim. This can involve fines or other similar consequences. Lawyers or law firms that engage in or accommodate vexatious litigation may be subject to sanctions from their state bar organization; they can also risk disbarment. Another negative consequence is that the state or federal judicial systems may identify a person as a vexatious litigator and place them on a list. A person or party that has been placed on a list of vexatious litigators may be barred from pursuing further actions. Alternatively, they may require approval or permission from a judge before they can file another lawsuit. Do I Need a Lawyer For Assistance With Vexatious Litigation issues? Vexatious litigation is a serious matter and can result in strict legal consequences. Being placed on a vexatious litigator list can seriously hamper a person’s ability to obtain legal relief in the future. If you have any questions or concerns regarding a legal issue, you may need to hire a products liability attorney in your area for assistance. Your attorney can inform you of your rights under your state’s vexatious litigation laws. Also, your lawyer will be able to review your claim to ensure that the case has enough evidence and legal precedent to proceed.
Conservation Tillage Systems in the Southeast A Future for Conservation Tillage Systems To look into the future of conservation tillage systems, the authors interviewed members of the Conservation Agriculture Systems Alliance, a group of “voluntary producer organizations that work hard to promote no-till systems and other practices that provide economic benefits, as well as environmental benefits to their regions.” We asked the members: (1) What do you see in the future for conservation tillage systems over the next 10–20 years? and (2) Do you expect conservation tillage to become the “norm”? Respondents answered an overwhelming “yes” to the second question. A member of the group, responding to the first question, provided a response that sums up much of what was discussed: I think conservation tillage systems will continue to grow in popularity. With increasing fuel prices, producers will eventually discover that they can successfully grow a crop without all of the tillage operations they currently use. I think the concept of ‘conservation agriculture’ as defined by the FAO will become more prevalent. The basic tenets of conservation agriculture are minimal soil disturbance; erosion is controlled; all crop residues are returned to the soil; something is growing all the time, whether it is an agronomic crop or a cover crop; and livestock are an integral part of the system. I think the interest in cover crops will continue to grow. The current level of use of cover crops will pale in comparison to what it will be in 10 years. We are just beginning to understand what cover crops can do for cropping systems in terms of soil-quality improvement, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling and carbon cycling. We will see equipment innovations, such as planters that can operate in standing corn, which will allow timelier establishment of cover crops. We will see the development of agronomic crop varieties and cover crop varieties that will enable timelier sequencing of these crops. Much of what is mentioned above constitutes a conservation tillage system as presented in Chapter 1. Other members emphasized the continued use of cover crops, continuous green ground cover and diverse cropping rotations. One member commented: “As fertilizer and oil get more expensive, farmers will turn to biological systems to provide fertility and focus on building their soil.” Crop rotations may increasingly incorporate legume crops, also called green manures, to provide needed fertilization for cash crops in the rotation. Some members mentioned that an intensification of conservation efforts is needed to further protect our degraded soils. These members came up with suggestions such as “maintaining at least 80 percent cover between crops; practicing invisible seeding of crops and cover crops (means using a no-till planter); including diverse rotations; and integrated pest and nutrient management plans.” These members emphasized that continuous no-till, ridge-till or strip-till is needed to sustain vigorous and resilient agronomic systems. If conservation tillage is not continuous, it will not be sustainable and farmers will turn to continuous no-till. One member suggested that environmental-credit markets, such as carbon markets, are a method to help unlock the value of conservation and may be a positive policy tool. The member suggests that “the value of the system beyond yield and environmental protection is just part of the overall value that must be unlocked.” This additional value arises from the potential off-site benefits and societal benefits from conservation tillage systems. If these can be capitalized on, then farmers may have an additional incentive to intensify conservation efforts. Table of Contents
The Collegian Saturday, December 05, 2020 Total cumulative cases Total COVID-19 tests Total positivity Current cases Current monthly positivity rate Is the “Black Lives Matter” Platform Missing a Plank? <p>A demonstration in Baltimore in January 2015 \| Courtesy of Dorret/Creative Commons</p> With the “Black Lives Matter” movement becoming increasingly prevalent in our political discourse, procedural due process and racial inequity are being discussed more readily. The cascade of eyebrow raising events that precipitated the movement (i.e. the deaths of Sandra Bland, Walter Scott, Eric Garner, and of course Michael Brown) has called into question what specifically constitutes a justifiable use of force. However, there is an issue that has largely been glossed over and seems to teem with racial disparity– the death penalty. This summer I stumbled across a terse yet poignant book about what this pertinent issue. Capital Punishment on Trial, by David M. Oshinsky, details the history of the death penalty in the United States in an engrossing and incisive manner. One of its most compelling and relevant sections to the “Black Lives Matter” Movement recounts two court cases– Maxwell v. Bishop and McCleskey v. Kemp. To clarify the relevant jurisprudential history,the petitioners, represented by the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund, did not assert that the death penalty constituted a “cruel and unusual punishment.” Instead the case sought the penalty’s abolition on Equal Protection grounds. On the surface this may seem to be a tenuous argument; however, the statistics at that time gave the claim credibility. The first case, Maxwell v. Bishop, featured a 22 year-old African-American defendant who faced death in Arkansas for raping a white woman. The leading lawyer in this case, Tony Amsterdam, appealed this case through the federal court system. To buttress his case, Amsterdam reached out to University of Pennsylvania criminologist, Marvin Wolfgang, to study the discriminatory imposition of the death penalty. The results were not only compelling, but also counterintuitive. An “Equal Protection” argument in a racial context would probably make its listener think that its claimant is implying that capital punishment is a legalized form of euthanasia inflicted gratuitously upon people of color regardless of the severity of the crime. Instead, the claim was that capital punishment was imposed far more frequently when a black defendant victimizes a white person. In fact, Wolfgang’s findings, showed that, in Arkansas specifically, black defendants who victimized a white person were 3.4 times more likely to be sentenced to death compared to cases of a black victim and a white perpetrator. The raping of a Caucasian, statistically, is more egregious and more deserving of the harshest penalty possible than the raping of an African-American. In the context of the imposition of the death penalty, black lives don’t necessarily matter. Despite this evidence, the Court of Appeals roundly rejected the argument. Then-Judge and soon-to-be Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmunwrote the majority opinion. “Although the investigation and study made by Professor Wolfgang in the summer of 1965 is interesting and provocative,” Blackmun wrote, “we do not, on the basis of that study, upset Maxwell’s conviction and, as a necessary consequence, cast serious doubt on every other rape conviction in the state courts of Arkansas.” However, this particular argument against the death penalty did not fade. McCleskey v. Kemp was a case in which an African-American was tried and sentenced to death for the killing of a police officer during the commission of a robbery in Georgia. McCleskey’s appellate attorney, Jack Boger from the Legal Defense fund, sought empirical research from David Baldus, a law professor from the University of Iowa. Bladus’s findings corroborated Professor Wolfgang’s study. The data revealed that jurors were 11 times more likely to assess Georgia’s death penalty in instances in which there was a white victim juxtaposed to a black one. The Supreme Court, however, rejected the argument, even as Justice Blackmun, who had previously authored the Maxwell opinion, effectively reversed his previous thinking and dissented in McCleskey. Justice Lewis F. Powell wrote in the majority opinion, “we hold that the Baldus study is clearly insufficient to support an inference that any of the decisionmakers [sic] in McCleskey’s case acted with discriminatory purpose.” Today, there is still a substantial racial disparity in death penalty cases. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, 75% of the people who were victims of capital crimes were white and only 15% were black. What’s more, while African-Americans only comprise 12-13% of the population, they currently comprise 41.7% of death row inmates. This begs the question that is implicitly posed by the very title of this article; should “Black Lives Matter” at least mention this? If so, what should be its stance? While the answer to the first question might seem a bit more obvious now, a response to the second one is not so facile. If the movement were to adopt the viewpoint of Harvard Law School professor and former clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall, Randall Kennedy, the answer would be essentially expanding the capital punishment. This would mean emphasizing more equal imposition of the death penalty across all capital cases, irrespective of race. However, the crime for which the death penalty is most often levied is murder. Since most murder victims are killed by members of the victim’s own race, such a “reform” would probably just enlarge the amount of African-Americans who are executed. The other stance would be abolition, and the trend of the country seems to be heading in that direction. There have been obvious court victories, included the ban against imposing the death penalty in cases of the non-lethal crime of rape (Coker v. Georgia) and restricting its imposition to persons 18 and older (Roper v. Simmons). Also, while a majority of Americans believe that there should be a death penalty, the sentence of death is being rendered less often. Since a post-Gregg peak of 98 executions in 2000, the number of executions per year has generally decreased. In 2014, only 35 people were actually put to death. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have banned the death penalty, and a third of them have done so in just the past eight years. In the talk about criminal justice reform, “Black Lives Matter” should elucidate this issue and discuss its propensity to be arbitrary and racially biased; it would be an negligent and disingenuous not to. To paraphrase the infamous words of Justice Blackmun, perhaps we, as a country, should no longer “tinker with the machinery of death.” Contact Jabari A. Lucas at Enjoy what you're reading? Signup for our newsletter Support independent student media Donate Now
Skip to main content Charu Kaushic M.Sc. PhD is the Scientific Director, CIHR-Institute of Infection and Immunity and a Professor in the Dept. Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center (MIRC) SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emergent coronavirus that is highly infectious and is the cause of COVID-19. The disease caused by the virus is characterized primarily by mild to severe respiratory symptoms that can lead to hospitalization and death in ~1% of cases. Diagnostic tests for detection of the virus in the airways were developed quickly, within weeks of the outbreak, and have played a key role in public health strategy used globally to test, track and isolate cases, likely saving millions of lives worldwide. However, a lot more research is needed to understand this new virus, the disease, and the immune response that could potentially protect, or contribute, to COVID-19. Based on rapidly emerging data, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces differential disease, which is likely the outcome of the interaction between the virus and host immune response (Figure). The most severe disease outcomes are correlated with an over-exuberant immune response. The role of antibodies in immune protection is still not completely understood, making predictions around herd immunity uncertain and utility of “immunity passports” difficult to assess. The final exit strategy from the current pandemic will very likely involve a combination of effective therapeutics to decrease the burden of disease and vaccines to prevent transmission. Story continues below advertisement 1. Immune responses to viruses: innate versus adaptive immunity Viruses are submicroscopic parasites that require host cells to replicate. These tiny organisms are composed of basic genetic information in the form of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) packaged within a shell made of protein, called the capsid. Many viruses also have an outer shell called envelope, a lipid membrane containing viral glycoproteins, that facilitates the entry of the virus into host cells. The main function of this whole viral structure is to infect cells, take over the host cellular machinery to multiply and produce lots of virions, that are subsequently released and repeat the process in other cells. While viruses can infect a wide range of animals and plants, most have a narrow range of hosts, and a few can infect different species. Coronaviruses are among the latter category (1). Upon infection, the host detects the virus as a “foreign’ entity and mounts a defense through its immune system (2). The human immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that can detect and defend against harmful organisms through a variety of mechanisms. The human immune response to a virus can be divided into different phases, starting within minutes of a viral infection, and lasting over weeks, months, or sometimes years (3). The acute phase of the immune response lasts ~72 hours and is dominated by “innate immunity”, which consists of cells and processes that can be deployed quickly and act rapidly to contain the virus and stop its replication within the host. Every cell in the human body is equipped to recognize and react to viruses, this is especially true for the cells that line the mucosal surfaces, the moist inner lining of the body that covers the airways, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and other organs. When a respiratory virus, such as coronavirus, encounters the epithelial cells that line the airways, it attaches to specific receptors present on the host cell surface with the help of the viral envelope glycoproteins. This facilitates the entry of the virus into the cell, where it can start replicating by hijacking the cellular machinery. At the same time, the host cell has a variety of receptors on its cell surface and in the cytoplasm, called pattern recognition receptors [PRRs], that recognize the virus and initiate innate immune responses. These include the initiation of Type I and III Interferons (IFNs) and cellular factors that have anti-viral effects, as well as inflammatory factors that send alarm signals and bring in immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells to the area of infection. The anti-viral and inflammatory milieu as well as immune cells that comprise the innate immune response primarily aim to a) destroy the virus or limit its replication, and b) activate the next phase of the immune response within 48-72 hours. The second phase of immune response is adaptive or acquired immunity which is maintained from weeks to years and involves special organs and tissues like lymph nodes and specialized immune cells such as B and T cells. The adaptive immune response is slower but can customize the immune responses with high specificity to a large variety of pathogens, such as harmful bacteria and viruses. The adaptive immune response is capable of targeting novel viruses that the host has never encountered, and it is also responsible for the “memory” of the immune system, allowing hosts to respond much more rapidly to re-infections even years later. Vaccines take advantage of this ability to customize a specific memory response, using weakened viruses or viral parts, such that when the host encounters a fully infectious virus, a rapid secondary immune response is mounted that helps resist the infection. The adaptive immune responses have two main components: 1) cellular immunity comprised of T lymphocytes that can attack and kill the infected cells directly or indirectly and 2) humoral immunity which is mediated by B lymphocytes and antibodies, which are complex proteins secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B lymphocytes). Antibodies are found in blood and body fluids, and perform a range of functions such as inhibiting the virus binding, neutralizing the virus, or activating immune cells to kill the virus or infected cells. The characteristic feature of antibodies lies in the ability to recognize and bind to very specific epitopes of the virus or “antigens”. Although antibodies may only last in blood stream for a few days to a few weeks, the plasma cells can keep replenishing them for months. Antibodies belong to five different classes, IgD, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgG, based on the type of protein chains they are made of. They all have slightly different structures, characteristics, and functions. IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies all have anti-viral functions, but IgG antibodies are the longest lasting, are present in high amounts in both blood and body fluids and perform a whole range of anti-viral activity. In summary, the human immune system responds to viruses in a variety of ways, starting with innate immunity which is composed of rapid and broad responses followed by adaptive immunity that is mediated by specialized immune cells and antibodies and is characterized by specificity, diversity and memory. The outcome of a viral exposure is determined by the sum total of the ability of the virus to subvert and overcome host responses and the ability of the host to mount rapid and potent anti-viral immune responses. 2. Immune responses to SARS CoV-2: current state of knowledge The coronaviruses belong to a large family of RNA viruses that can infect several mammalian species including cats, bats, camels, cows, pigs and humans (4). There are seven coronavirus species capable of infecting humans, all of which cause respiratory infections. Four of these cause colds (alpha CoV, 229E, NL3 and beta CoV, OC43, HK41) that vary in severity but rarely cause fatality. Three coronaviruses that cause much more serious respiratory infections and high mortality rates (5,6) have crossed from other species into humans in the last two decades: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19 which is causing widespread morbidity in the current pandemic. Story continues below advertisement The coronaviruses have a relatively simple structure: a single stranded RNA genetic core surrounded by a capsid and an outside envelope. Four structural proteins make up the virus: the nucleocapsid (N), the membrane (M), the envelope (E) and the spike protein (S)7. The S protein forms trimers which project out from the viral envelope like a crown, hence the name “coronavirus”. The spike protein plays a crucial role in infection, since it contains the receptor binding domain (RBD) that facilitates viral attachment to the host cell. The S proteins of both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, that are closely related to each other, bind to a common protein found on the surface of cells, called Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to enter host cells (8,9). ACE2 is commonly expressed in cardiopulmonary (heart and respiratory) tissues, the gastrointestinal tract, immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) and other tissues, with the main function of regulating blood pressure (10). The S protein is the immunodominant protein, meaning it gives rise to potent T cell and antibody responses and is an attractive target for vaccine and therapeutics because of its involvement in viral attachment and entry. However T and B cells are capable of targeting the M and N proteins as well (11). Although few studies have examined innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2, thus far it appears that like other coronaviruses, it induces a range of innate immune responses, including Type I/III IFNs, the primary anti-viral factors made by cells, and proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-⍺, IL-1 and IL-612. Early studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses Type I/III IFNs to a greater extent than SARS-CoV-113. However, it does induce potent proinflammatory cytokine response (14) and this imbalance between low innate anti-viral response and high inflammation may contribute to development of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, IFN antagonism correlated with increasing severity of COVID-19 (15). Information regarding the adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 is starting to emerge. Although T cell responses against the S and N proteins of the virus have been observed in most clinical studies, patients with more severe disease appear to have significant lymphopenia with drastic decreases in T cell numbers in the blood (16,17). T cells in patients with severe COVID-19 are activated but show mainly inflammatory responses as well as characteristics of exhaustion (18), whereas individuals with mild disease show more effective, multifunctional T cells, with CD8 T cells able to kill virus-infected cells and CD4 T cells producing a variety of cytokines that help other aspects of immune responses (19,20). In general, the T cell responses to the virus are biased towards inflammation which may contribute to the severity of COVID-19. Other studies have shown that in severely sick patients, while T cells are decreased in the blood, large numbers accumulate in the lungs and likely contribute to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)(21,22) by inducing a cytokine storm characterized by uncontrolled levels of inflammatory cytokines (cytokine release syndrome) (23) (discussed in Section 7). The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 is being studied extensively, given the expected importance of antibodies in protection from re-infection. Several studies have now shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a robust antibody response within 7-14 days as IgM, IgG and IgA have been detected in almost all infected individuals and that IgG antibodies persist in the weeks following recovery (24). The antibodies most commonly detected are against the SARS-CoV-2 N and S proteins (25,26). Antibodies against the RBD of the S protein are of interest because they can prevent the virus from attaching to the entry receptor, ACE2, on host cells. RBD-specific antibodies, which are very effective neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been detected in most patients (27,28). What is less clear is whether all infected individuals make high amounts of these nAbs, how long the antibody response will persist, and whether the nAbs correlate with protection. Studies of other coronavirus infections showed that less severe infections and mild disease led to short-term antibody responses (29,30) whereas SARS-CoV-1 and MERS, which cause more severe disease, led to longer-term responses that lasted for 2-3 years (29,31,32), with some reports showing even longer memory (33). 3. Testing for immune responses versus testing for virus Given that SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged coronavirus that spread at an unprecedented speed across the world, it has been a race against time to develop diagnostic tests. Within the first few weeks of the infection spreading in Wuhan, it became increasingly clear that controlling the spread of this new virus was going to be very challenging, because it is highly infectious, not everyone who gets infected develops full blown disease, and the virus can be transmitted by people with very mild symptoms or no symptoms. In the last few months, epidemiological data has shown that the average number of people infected by one person, if no control measures are in place (known as R0 [R naught]) for SARS-CoV-2 is around 2.2-2.634–37. This means that the virus is more infectious than flu (R0, 1.838) and less than measles (R0, 1539). Although asymptomatic transmission rate varies significantly depending on geographical locations and the public health measures in place in different countries, some estimates have put the contribution of asymptomatic transmission to overall number of cases as high as 40-45% (40). Story continues below advertisement Molecular Tests: Within weeks of COVID-19 emergence, the first diagnostic tests to be developed were molecular tests based on nucleic acid amplification. These are PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based tests that rely on detecting viral genetic material isolated from throat or nasal swabs. Sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples can also be used, if infection has spread to the lungs (41). The basic process involves isolating viral RNA from the biologic samples, converting it into DNA using reverse transcriptase enzyme and then amplifying the DNA by PCR, using SARS-CoV-2-specific primers. The methods for these assays were quickly shared and published, and have become widely used around the world (42,43). While this type of testing is labour intensive, it can detect active infection with high sensitivity (44). In the absence of vaccine and therapies, this test has played a key role in the global public health strategy to keep SARS-CoV-2 infections in check, using rapid testing, tracing and isolation. The limitation of this assay is that it is typically used for diagnosing active infection in symptomatic individuals. Given that the virus can be transmitted asymptomatically, it is challenging to be able to trace every infected person using this test. Serologic Testing: This type of testing detects the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of individuals (45). Antibodies develop almost universally following infection with the virus, in all individuals who are not immunocompromised, within 1-2 weeks after infection (24). Therefore, it can not only confirm viral infection in people who developed symptoms, but also those with asymptomatic infection. Because the antibodies are likely present in blood for weeks to months after infection, these tests can be performed long after recovery to identify individuals who have previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a lag between the start of infection and the appearance of antibodies in the blood, therefore serology tests cannot be used reliably diagnose active infection. Many of the commercially approved serology tests are called lateral flow assays (LFA), based on immunochromatography technique, which involves running the fluid containing antibodies (patient blood) over a solid substrate containing SARS-CoV-2 antigens. If the antibodies are present in the blood, they will bind the viral protein and cause a color change indicating a positive test. This type of test, based on simple positive or negative detection of antibodies, is useful for large scale surveillance, but does not provide any information regarding the amount, type, or function of the antibodies. A better test for accurately detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a common laboratory test that can measure not only the presence but also the titer (amount) and type (IgG, IgM, IgA) of antibody. This test allows for a better measure of the strength of the humoral response46. In general, the higher the antibody titer the better the protection. The ELISA assays are more complex and can only be performed in a laboratory setting, while the LFA assays are being promoted as easy to perform, inexpensive, point of care tests. However, many of the LFA assays are currently being examined more carefully to ascertain their sensitivity (how frequently they miss positive samples) and specificity (how often they incorrectly diagnose negative samples as positive), both of which have important public health consequences. If the presence of antibody is indeed confirmed to protect against re-infection, then performing serological testing in large populations (sero-surveillance) can play an important role in determining the level of population-based immunity (herd immunity) and validate the concept of an “immunity passport” (47). Viral neutralization assay: The mere presence of antibodies in blood, measured by LFA or ELISA tests, does not show they can effectively block viral infection. The gold standard of testing the ability of an antibody to block or neutralize the virus is viral plaque reduction neutralization assay (48). When viruses replicate inside cells grown in cultures, they are subsequently released when the cells are lysed or killed. This results in holes known as “plaques” that can be easily counted under the microscope or quantified using automated end points. If the antibody blocks the ability of the virus to infect the cells, there will be fewer or no plaques that form after a mixture of antibodies and virus are layered on the cells – indicating that the antibody can “neutralize” the virus. This assay measures not only the titer of the antibody but also its ability to protect against viral infection. However, these assays are very labour intensive and, because they involve the use of live infectious virus, must be performed in biosafety level 3 (BSL3) labs (48). Alternate tests that use substitute viruses (pseudovirus neutralization assays) have been developed but are currently only being used in research laboratories. In summary, a number of tests have been developed quickly and adapted from current tests to provide a variety of ways to test SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as host antibody responses. The diagnostic tests that detect presence of virus are complementary to tests that measure host immunity because together they can diagnose current as well as asymptomatic infections. Although not all tests are completely optimized at this point, they have played a critical role in the current public health strategy of testing, tracing, and isolating which has effectively saved millions of lives across the world. 4. The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and population seroprevalence While most studies examining antibody responses have found that almost all individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 develop antibodies to the virus, it is still unknown how long these antibody responses last and whether the antibodies protect from re-infection. While some individuals developed an antibody response as early as 8 days after infection, in most studies, it peaked around 14 days, with significant variation among patients (24). IgM was the first antibody to be detected within the first week, but its levels decreased after 30 days while IgG levels increased slowly but remained high up to 25 weeks post-infection. The antibody titers correlated with the severity of the infection, with higher antibody levels in individuals who developed more severe symptoms. The majority of the antibodies detected were found to be against the N and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, antibodies against the RBD of the S protein, which is highly immunogenic, have the potential to be highly neutralizing (27,28). Studies found that while in early phase of the immune response, the antibody titer correlated with neutralization, the neutralizing antibodies declined rapidly following recovery (49). Previous studies have shown that coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-1 and MERS that cause more severe infections lead to longer and more potent antibody responses compared to coronaviruses that cause milder ones (29,31,32). Thus far there are few reports of re-infection among individuals recovered from COVID-19, but longitudinal studies need to be done to examine how long the protection will last and whether individuals who had mild symptoms will have shorter-term protection compared to those who developed severe disease. Story continues below advertisement It has been estimated that 60-70% of the population would need to develop antibody responses before herd immunity could develop against SARS-CoV-250. Sero-epidemiological studies of EU/EEA member states show low levels of seropositivity ranging from ~1% (Finland51, Scotland52) to 5% in Spain (53) and 8.5% in UK (54). This is consistent with seroprevalence studies done in other countries as well (55–57) indicating that overall, less than 10% of the population in most countries has been exposed to the virus. Global efforts are ongoing to determine an accurate seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, current estimates suggest that it is highly unlikely that herd immunity will be reached anytime soon in any country around the world. 5. Antibodies as therapies Neutralizing antibodies that block viral entry have the potential to be used both for therapy and prophylactic application. Transfer of convalescent plasma, which involves transfusion of the liquid portion of blood from individuals who have recovered from an infection into people who are infected, has been tried as a life-saving therapy for many infectious diseases with varying degrees of success. The plasma of recovered individuals contains a variety of antibodies, including nAbs, against the pathogen, which can block infection of new cells in the recipients, allowing for recovery, although the immunity conferred by this type of treatment is short term. The few studies looking at the effectiveness of convalescent plasma transfusion for individuals with severe COVID-19, show varying results (58–62), probably because the success of this approach depends on the presence of high titers of nAbs and the timing of the treatment. There are also additional considerations when using convalescent plansma transfusions, including screening for other infectious agents, matching the blood types and potential concerns about the presence of antibodies that could exacerbate disease due to their ability to induce inflammation via antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). Administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), derived from a single plasma cell which produces one type of antibody and results in greater reproducibility and efficiency in biological activity, is an alternative to the use of convalescent plasma, which overcomes most of these limitations (63,64). Significant advances have been made in rapidly identifying and producing mAbs which can neutralize viruses. Newer approaches involve isolation of single antibody producing cells from recovered patients, immortalization of the cell followed by rapid scale up of antibody production and testing. This method was successfully used to develop mAb114, which comprised a single antibody, and RGEN-EB3, which contained a cocktail of three-antibodies, against the Ebola virus. Both treatments were shown to be effective reducing mortality in randomized trials (65). There are several reports of successful isolation of nAbs from COVID-19 convalescent donors that have been shown to decrease viral RNA in the lungs of animal models (66,67). These and other mAb treatments should be entering clinical trials soon and are one of the most promising treatments against COVID-19 that have the potential to be highly efficacious and can be scaled up rapidly. 6. Correlates of protection against COVID-19 The term “correlates of protection” was originally coined in the context of vaccines to refer to “an immune responses that is responsible for and statistically interrelated with protection” against a pathogen (68). Since most current vaccines induce serum antibodies, it commonly refers to levels of antibodies generated after vaccination that lead to protection from infection. For many vaccines, these levels have been determined empirically, either by challenging vaccinated individuals with the pathogen or by large scale studies following vaccination to determine the actual titer of antibody that confers protection. For example, 0.01-0.1IU/ml and 0.5IU/ml serum antibody are considered correlates of protection against diptheria (69) and rabies (70), respectively. For the seasonal flu vaccine an antibody titer of 1:40 in the hemagglutinin inhibition assay is considered protective (71). In the case of vaccines against some pathogens such as varicella zoster and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the correlates of protection are known to be CD4+ T cells (72) and interferon levels (73) respectively, but the actual amounts that confer protection has not been deduced. Outside of vaccines, natural infections also lead to protection against subsequent exposures, therefore correlates of protection are relevant in this context as well. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the notion of an “immunity passport” has been a popular topic of discussion, referring to the concept that by scaling up antibody testing, it may be possible to determine who is immune to COVID-19, which would provide estimates of a) herd immunity and b) who can re-enter the workforce without fear of being infected (47). However, this discussion is premature as the correlates of protection against COVID-19 are currently not known, although studies examining antibody levels and functions are starting to provide more information (74). While almost all individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop antibodies, majority (80-90%) of them had low overall antibody levels and neutralizing antibody titers (49). The antibody response also appears to be correlated with severity of the disease, which implies that in individuals who had a mild infection, the immune response may have been weak, and the antibody response may not be strong enough to confer protection (29,30). Furthermore, recent studies have shown that most people who develop the disease develop neutralizing antibodies, but the nAb levels start decreasing within 8 weeks (49,75). Story continues below advertisement The contribution of T cells to protection against COVID-19 re-infection is still not known and it is possible that they also contribute to protection. Another concern with coronaviruses is that many of them induce inflammatory immune responses that may exacerbate the disease and both T cells and antibodies can contribute to this (12). Therefore, much more detailed studies are needed to measure immune responses from individuals across the disease spectrum. Preliminary data show that rhesus macaque monkeys who were re-challenged after recovering from primary SARS-CoV-2 infection were protected. This is promising since the protection correlated with a strong nAb response in the monkeys (74). Longitudinal studies that follow individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 for subsequent re-infections need to be conducted and levels of antibodies will need to be correlated with re-infections. With these studies we will be able to determine if indeed antibodies are sufficient and if so, what levels are needed to confer protection. 7. Deleterious effects of immune responses to coronaviruses Although immune responses to viruses play a critical role in clearing the infection and protecting from re-infection, pro-inflammatory immune responses can also be associated with disease and severe outcomes, especially following respiratory viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza virus, and adenovirus can all lead to pneumonia associated with host pro-inflammatory immune responses (76). SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV have also been associated with overexuberant immune responses that can lead to severe disease with symptoms of fever and pneumonia followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thought to be due to cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (77). About 20% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients develop severe symptoms and about 5% develop acute respiratory distress (14,78–81). In patients with co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease the proportion of patients with morbidity is higher (82). Like other coronavirus diseases, the severe disease in SARS-CoV-2 develops 7-10 days after symptoms develop, a timing associated with uncontrolled overexuberant host responses, rather than a direct effect of viremia (83). Although the symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory distress are similar to CRS, the underlying mechanism leading to this condition is still being studied. We now know that SARS-CoV-2 infects a variety of host cells including those in the airways, cardiovascular tissue as well as immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages and possibly dendritic cells. Patients with severe disease have elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines in their serum and these are associated with worse clinical outcomes (84,85). Lymphopenia characterized by decreased levels of CD4, CD8 and NK cells correlated with severity of COVID-1986. T cell markers consistent with exhaustion and presence of inflammatory monocytes have also been reported (18). In addition to T cell associated inflammation, there are also concerns that antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 may also contribute to respiratory pathology due to ADE. Other coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-1 were also associated with ADE, where higher antibody titers were associated with worse morbidity and death (87,88). ADE is a phenomenon associated with presence of non-neutralizing IgG antibodies that bind to the virus and then to cells that express a specific antibody receptor (Fc-receptor). This leads to activation of some cells, like monocytes and macrophages, which express Fc-receptor, production of inflammatory cytokines, and the accumulation of these cells in the lungs leading to injury (89). Studies are ongoing to determine if ADE is observed in patients with severe outcomes of COVID-19. In summary, COVID-19 patients with severe disease exhibit acute respiratory distress related to CRS, possibly caused by uncontrolled inflammation. 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Antibody-dependent infection of human macrophages by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Virol. J. 11, 82 (2014). 88. Liu, L. et al. Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI insight 4, (2019). 89. Taylor, A. et al. Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infections. Immunol. Rev. 268, 340–364 (2015). 90. Horby, P. et al. Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary Report. medRxiv 2020.06.22.20137273 (2020) doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273. Coronavirus information Coronavirus information Visit the hub Your Globe Build your personal news feed 1. Follow topics and authors relevant to your reading interests. 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Clasificado en Inglés Escrito el en español con un tamaño de 1,43 KB 1.they found that celular damage was the same no matter your education level. However, the people who have studied longer doesnt show synpthons of dementia 2. they examined the brains of 872 people who had also filled in a questionnaire 3. their conclusion is that people who study longer have more possibilities to face the impact of dementia 4. true(2-4) 5. false(5) 6. lower 7. firmli 8. strong 9. sensible 10. raining 11. thats the girl who i told you about 12. unless you help her will she be able to live a normal life 13. 4,9,1,6,3,7,8,2,5. 14. It is very easy to explain importance of education. No human beings are able to survive properly without education.No human beings are able to survive properly without education.Education tells men how to think, how to work properly, how to make decision. It is most important in life like our basic need foods, clothe and shelter.With the beginning we learnt how to interact with others, how to make friends because of education only.Education is not just restricted to teaching a person the basic academics, say computers, mathematics, geography or history education is a much larger term. Education is one of the important factors which formulate the persona of a person. Education is a productive and beneficial factor in a person’s life. Entradas relacionadas:
Prague Spring From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Related e Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 21 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the country. The term Prague Spring was coined by Western media after the event became known worldwide, and was eventually adopted in Czechoslovakia itself. It made reference to the Springtime of Peoples, a lyrical title given to the Revolutions of 1848. Cultural references Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Prague Spring" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice. Personal tools
Search the FAQ Archives faqs.org - Internet FAQ Archives alt.mythology Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF, ver. 1.2 Archive-name: mythology/hittite-ref Last-modified: 1997/8/6 Version: 1.2 URL: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/hittite-ref.html Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF 1.2 by Christopher B. Siren last modified: August 6th, 1997 - added a bunch of information from the first half of Hoffner. Mar. 14th, 1996 - fixed a bunch of misprints discovered while editing the hypertext version. I. Who were the 'Hittites'? II. What Deities did they worship? A. Hittite and Hurrian deities. B. Akkadian Imports. C. Demons. D. Mortals. structure of the universe? IV. Source material. I. Who were the 'Hittites'? city of Hattusas near the modern Boghazkoy in northern central Turkey, under their control through satellite kingdoms before 1800 B.C. and they and his father Pitkhanas of Kussara sacked several Hittite cities, broke off until the founding of the Old Kingdom under King Labarnas Hittite control, crossing the Taurus mountains and waging war on Syria king of the Old Kingdom seized control and sacrificed some of the Western districts and all of the territory east of the Taurus mountains in favor of a more easily managed kingdom. The Hurrians occupied the land between the Hittites and Assyria, having descended from the mountains south of the Caspian Sea. They empire's beginning is marked by an influx of Hurrian names into the Kaska tribes. After some difficulty with the Mittani the Hittites resurged under King Suppilulimas around 1344-1322 taking a firmer hold invasion of the Sea Peoples coincided with increasing trouble from the Empire was shattered into several kingdoms and pressures such as the growing Assyrian Empire helped keep it from uniting again. The Hittites were a patriarchal, highly agricultural society. They cultures of their neighbors seeped into Hittite society. Babylonian and Hurrian deities were worshiped along-side or assimilated with the native Hittite deities. This merging of cultures and free use of foreign languages is rather fortuitous. Parallel Hittite and Akkadian treaties and similar texts helped in cracking the Hittite hieroglyphic code. Unfortunately, while the ability to translate Hittite hieroglyphics has improved, the pronunciation of several Hittite ideograms, and hence use the appropriate Hurrian or Akkadian name. II. What Deities did they worship? The Hittites had an abundant number of local cult deities and sets of local pantheons. As the government became more centralized, also represented the mountains, and his consort - usually the earth Ullukummis is chief among the Hurrian tales and the Illuyankas stories the Gilgamesh epic and many Akkadian deities are worshiped outright. suffix, which comes from the nominative case ending for Hittite. A. Hittite and Hurrian deities. Alalu(s) - was king in heaven in olden days and Anus was the first defeating him and dispatched him to under the earth. Anu(s) (Akkadian in origin) - while Alalus was king in heaven, Anus on the thrown and had Kumarbis as his cupbearer. Likewise, after nine revenge by impregnating Kumarbis with the Storm-god, the Aranzahus (Tigris) river, and Tasmisus. He then hides himself in heaven. He advises the Storm-god on the places where he might exit Kumarbis. After the Storm-god's birth, they plot to destroy Kumarbis and, with his other children, apparently succeed. thinks wise thoughts and carries a staff. He served as Anus' cup-bearer exit through Kumarbis' 'tarnassus', causing him to moan in pain. He by the Storm-god, Anus, and his offspring. charges Imbaluris to seek out the Irsirra deities to hide Ullikummis Imbaluris - Kumarbis' messenger. He is sent to warn the Sea that Kumarbis' must remain the father of the gods. Mukisanus - Kumarbis' vizier associated with Gulses. After Telipinu disappears, the Storm-god hands and feat and wiping his eyes and feet with wax. gone cattle and sheep are stifled and mothers, both human and animal Dark Earth, she returns rejoicing. Another means of banishing her anger is through burning brushwood and alowing the vapor to enter her body. after, Inara is missing and when Hannahanna is informed thereof by the Female Attendant a. She appears to consult with the Sun-god and the War-god, but much of the text is missing. Upelluri (Ubelluris) - similar to Atlas, this giant carries the world on his shoulders. The olden gods built the earth and heaven upon him - though he did not notice, even when they those two were separated with a cleaver. On the direction of Kumarbis' messenger Imaluris, the Issira deities place Ullikummis on his right shoulder where the child grows. causing it. Hatti', 'The divine Kazal, the valiant king'. He is chief among the As Taru, he is the consort of Wurusemu. - He was the child of Anus and Kumarbis - conceived along with Tasmisus and the Aranzahus (Tigris) through Kumarbis' 'tarnassas', causing him great pain. With the succeeds seizing kingship in heaven. out the thunderstorms, lightning and rains. Their first battle resulted diorite man's boasting, the Storm-god presumably defeats him. He fought with the Dragon Illuyankas in Kiskilussa and was defeated. He called the gods for aid asking that Inaras prepare a celebration. himself. After searching Telepinus' city he gives up. One is almost exactly the same, and in another, he is journeys to the here Wuruntemu/Ereshkigal/the Sun goddess of Arinna. and a thousand cattle. Hannahanna to have her search for her. Seris (Serisu) - a bull sacred to the Storm-god. In preparation for him up Mount Imgarra with Tella and the battle wagon. Tella (Hurris) - another bull sacred to the Storm-god. In god to destroy Kumarbis. Tasmisus - A child of Anus and Kumarbis, conceived along with the god's attendant. Suwaliyattas - a warrior god and probably the brother of the Storm- (Hurrian Hebat, Hepit, Hepatu) - The matronly wife of the Storm-god. She is sometimes found standing on her sacred animal, the lion. After gods. She frets that Ullikummis may have defeated her husband and expresses her concern to her servant Takitis, charging him to convene Hatti' - this goddess is later assimilated with Hebat. She made the thereby possibly associated with Ereshkigal. She aids in returning him from the underworld. (Hurrian Sharruma), 'the calf of Teshub' - The son of Teshub and Hebat, this god is symbolized by a pair of human legs. He is later identified with the Weather-god of Nerik and Zippalanda. Takitis - Hebat's servant. After Hebat was driven from her temple Mezzullas - daughter of the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of Arinna. She has influence with her parents. Zintuhis - granddaughter of the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of Telepinu(s), Telipinu (Hattic) 'the noble god' - an agricultural god, 113) He flies into a rage and storms off, loosing himself in the steppe and becoming overcome with fatigue. With his besets man and god. Hannahannas' bee finds him, stings his hands and shattering houses and windows. Eventually, the evil and malice is removed through magic by Kamrusepas, but not before Telepinus thunders with lightning. Telepinus returns home, restoring prosperity and fertility is symbolized by a pole suspending the fleece and several other gods are missing instead. Ullikummi(s), the diorite man - born of Kumarbis and the Rock. This defeat the Storm-god and his allies. Kumarbis had him delivered to the yet their first battle results in an incomplete victory. He drives Hebat from her temple, cutting off her communication with the other he is none-the-less defeated. Sun-god (of Heaven) - Probably an Akkadian import, this god one of justice and is sometimes the king of all gods. An ally and sometimes son of the Storm-god, he notices the giant Ullikummis in the sea and returns to his route in heaven. When Telepinus disappears, bringing a famine, he arranges a feast for the Thousand Gods, but it is ineffective in assuaging their hunger. day, he travels through the nether-world. absence, Hahhimas (Frost) took hold. Hapantallis - the Sun-god's shepherd. Moon-god (Hurrian Kashku) - He fell upon the 'killamar', the gate sheep sacrifice. The Sea - She is told by Imbaluris that 'Kumarbis must remain father Kumarbis' child by the Rock, Ullikummis. The Sea-god - He quarreled and kidnapped the Sun-god of Heaven. When that he also gave him his daughter. He later demanded a bride-price for he fell and may have sealed him in a Kukubu-vessel, allowing Hahhimas (Frost) to take hold of most of the other gods. He questions the fire in its role in one of Kamrusepa's healing Inara(s) - Daughter of the Storm-god and goddess of the wild animals follows his request to set up a feast. She recruits Hupasiyas of Zigaratta, to aid her in revenge on Illuyankas by taking him as a lover. the dragon and his children gorge themselves on her meal, Hupasiyas binds She then gives Hupasiyas a house on a cliff to live in yet warns him Gurney speculates that he was killed for his disobedience. She consults with Hannahanna who promises to give her land and a Hannahanna with her bee. with the dragon. The ritual of his defeat was invoked every spring to symbolize the earth's rebirth. Hedammu - a serpent who loved Ishtar. Irsirra deities - These gods who live in the dark earth are charged by Kumarbis through Imbaluris to hide Ullikummis from the sky gods, the Hapantali/Hapantalliyas - He took his place at the Moon-god's side when he fell from heaven on the gate complex and unttered a spell. Kamrusepa(s)/Katahziwuri ('Mother Kamrusepa') - She is the goddess of heaven on to the gate complex. removing his evil and malice. In another tablet, she performs the spell of fire which removes various illnesses, changing them to a mist which ascends to heaven Astabis (Zamama, Akkadian Ninurta) - a Hurrian warrior god. After the the gate of Kummiya. Uliliyassis - a minor god who, properly attended to, removes Kurunta? - This god's symbol is the stag. He is associated with rural Kubaba - chief goddess of the Neo-Hittites, she became Cybebe to the Phrygians and Cybele to the Romans. Yarris - a god of pestilence. A festival was held for him every Hasamelis - a god who can protect travelers, possibly by causing them to be invisible. Zashapuna - He is the chief god of the town of Kastama, held in through drawing lots with the other gods. Zaliyanu - She is the wife of Zashapuna Zaliyanu - She is the concubine of Zashapuna Papaya - One of the deities who sat under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinus. Istustaya - One of the deities who sat under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinus. Miyatanzipa - One of the deities who sat under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinu. (S)he? also sat under the ippiyas tree when Hannahanna found the hunting bag. Fate-goddesses - They were among the deities who sat under the the Mother-goddesses are missing. Dark-goddess - One of the deities who sat under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinu. Tutelary-deity (Sumerian Lamma) - One of the deities who sat under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinu. Uruzimu - A deity involved in returning the lost Storm-god of Nerik. Hahhimas (Frost) - When the Sea-god captures the Sun-god, he takes hold of the other gods and of the lands plants and animals, paralyzing them. He is half brother to Hasamili's brothers and spares them from his grip. B. Akkadian Imports: Anu - See section A. Antu - Anu's female counterpart, imported to the Hittites through the Ellil - He is presented with Ullikummis by the Irsirra deities and declares that the child will bring the mightiest battles and an awesome turn countered with Ea's testimony describing Ullikummis. Ninlil - Ellil's wife. She was imported by way of the Hurrians. Lelwanis (Lilwani, Ereshkigal, sometimes assimilated with Ishtar), 'Sun of the Earth' - Goddess of the earth and the nether-world, appeasement of her through sheep sacrifices helps remove threats from evil omens. Ayas (Ea) - He is the keeper of the 'old tablets with the words of fate' (Tablets of Destiny? 'me'?). The Ullikummis' myth has him as the father of the Storm-god. bringing bulls and sacrifices of meal. This magic helps secure Kumarbis' 'tarnassus'. Kumarbis' for his creation of Ullikummis before Ellil. Rebutting Ellil's defense that Kumarbis is well behaved regarding worship and locates Ullukummis feet on Upelluri's shoulder. He charges the olden gods to deliver the copper knife with which they severed heaven from and the Storm-god on to fight the crippled giant. (Hurrian Tapkina, Damkina) - Ea's wife, imported from the Akkadians by way of the Hurrians. (Hurrian Shaushka, Ishtar) - She takes the form of a winged female standing on a lion. kuntarra following word of the appearance of Ullikummis. She leads them emboldened to the inevitable battle. She was loved by the serpent Hedammu. Ninatta - Shaushka's attendant. Kulitta - Shaushka's attendant. Ereshkigal - This goddess is the mother of the Storm-god. She plays a Dark Earth. C. Demons Various rituals were performed to call upon demons for protection or to drive away baneful deities summoned by sorcerers. Alauwaimis - properly propitiated with ritual, libation, and goat sacrifice, this demon drives away evil sickness. Tarpatassis - properly propitiated with ritual and the sacrifice of a D. Mortals Hupasiya(s) - a resident of Ziggaratta. He is recruited by Inaras to aid in defeating Illuyankas. He agrees to her plan after illiciting gorged on Inaras' feast he ties them up for the Storm-god to kill. He window while she is away lest he see his family. He does and begs to go home. Here the text is broken and some researchers assume he was III. Cosmology and the structure of the universe. I haven't found as much about this as I would like: them and retrieve it for use on Ullikummis. Kuntarra house - the house of the gods in heaven. The Dark Earth, i.e. the underworld, has an entrance with gates. It them perishes within and doesn't return. Telipinu and Hannahanna's anger is banished there. IV. Source material: _Ancient_Near_East_Texts_Relating_to_the_Old_Testament_, ed. James Gurney, O. R. _The_Hittites_, Penguin Books, New York, 1990. Gurney's Hoffner, Harry A. _Hittite_Myths_, Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 1990. Intended to be a more idiomatic translation, Hoffner's work also includes some material more recent than Goetz. I am replacing that material from Goetz with which this conflicts. Hooke, S. H. _Middle_Eastern_Mythology_ , Penguin Books, New York,1963. Hooke takes a comparative and summary approach to Sumerian, Babylonian, Canaanite, Hittite, and Hebrew mythological material. Laroche, Emmanuel articles within _Mythologies_Volume_One_, Bonnefoy, This handful of topically focused articles provides depth in some areas of Hittite and Hurrian religion but lacks an overall picture as Bonnefoy's work was designed for an encyclopedic format. User Contributions: [ Usenet FAQs \| Web FAQs \| Documents \| RFC Index ] Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: Last Update March 27 2014 @ 02:11 PM
Analog controllers can be classified by the relationship between the error signal input to them and the control action they produce: a. Proportional (P) controllers produce an output that is directly proportional to the error signal. A defining characteristic of P control is that the error signal must always be non-zero to produce a control action; therefore, proportional control alone cannot return the process to setpoint following an external disturbance. This non-zero error signal that is characteristic of P controllers is the steady-state offset. The adjustable value of the proportionality constant of a P controller is the gain. The higher the gain, the greater the control action for a given error signal and the faster the response. An example of a P controller is a governor on an engine-generator operating in droop mode, in which the governor opens the fuel valve proportionately to the difference between the desired revolutions per minute (RPM) setpoint and actual RPM; as load on the generator increases, RPM decreases and the governor increases the fuel flow to allow the engine to carry the additional load. Similarly, as load decreases, RPM increases and the governor responds by reducing fuel flow to match the new load condition. For any condition other than noload, the actual RPM will be slightly different from the setpoint RPM (steady-state offset). b. Proportional plus Integral (PI) controllers produce a control action that is proportional to the error signal plus the integral of the error signal. The addition of the integrator allows the controller to eliminate the steady state offset, and return the process variable to the setpoint value. The adjustable value of the integration constant of the PI controller is called the reset, because it has the effect of resetting the error signal to zero. An engine governor operating in isochronous mode, in which constant RPM is maintained over the full load range, uses PI control to accomplish this. c. Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) controllers add a component of control action that is proportional to the derivative of the error signal, or the rate at which the error signal is changing. This mode of control allows the controller to anticipate changes in the process variable by increasing control action for rapid changes, making it useful for systems that require very fast response times, or are inherently unstable without the controller. The adjustable value of the derivative constant in a PID controller is the rate. Related post No comments:
Minerals are fundamental for human body and traces of minerals in the form of calcium, magnesium or potassium are found in tap water. Water contributes to strong teeth, bones, healthy skin. For the development and growth of human body they are important. Pure water in a way of rainfall forms on the soil; it makes its way on to the earth. It would then get mineralized with important minerals like calcium, magnesium or potassium. Though these minerals are good, at the same time they should be not being contaminated with toxic substances. This occurs due to pollution and then the water is not deemed fit to be consumed for household purposes. In order to eradicate traces of harmful chemicals you can seek professional help. Eureka Forbes customer care Chennai team is a one stop solution for your needs. Based on the quality of water that makes its way on to your home they are going to provide you a comprehensive idea. Even bio gradable and toxic wastes are removed by water purifier. The system ensures that we get access to clean drinking water but most RO systems also remove essential minerals found in water. The reason being molecules are incorporated with water that are bigger than water molecules. The moment water makes its way through RO membrane, it filters out of water. As per research inputs RO system of purification is rated to be among the best as this can go on to remove about 99 % of contaminants present in water. The sad aspect is that minerals could also be filtered out. Now the question that might arise, how can we purify water by ensuring mineral consistency is kept intact? Most minerals that our body needs are obtained from dietary supplements along with food, minerals that makes its way onto water are also important. For this reason you need to choose a water purifier that not only purifies water but retains its mineral content. An option would be to go with a UV water purifier which kills microbes and germs with UV light. Another option would be to make an investment in a water purifier that preserves mineral content and advocates that the water is free from contaminants. The choice of a water purifier can be a confusing affair with a lot of options available in the market. Though the main point of consideration would be what you are looking to achieve with water and then the type of water that comes into your home. There are various types of technologies as far as water purifiers are concerned and it does make sense to opt for one that suits your needs. If you are still confused on what to opt for then seek help from your near or dear ones who have installed such systems. Another option would be to get in touch with the customer care department as they can render valuable advice on the type of water purifier which your home needs. Similar Posts Leave a Reply
B.2. Digital Signatures for Red Hat Network Packages B.2.1. Generating a GnuPG Keypair A GnuPG keypair consists of the private and public keys. To generate a keypair: 1. Type the following command as the root user on the shell prompt: gpg --gen-key GPG Keypairs should not be created by non-root users. The root user can lock memory pages which means the information is never written to disk, unlike non-root users. 2. After executing the command to generate a keypair, an introductory screen containing key options similar to the following will appear: There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Please select what kind of key you want: (1) RSA and RSA (default) (2) DSA and Elgamal (3) DSA (sign only) (4) RSA (sign only) Your selection? 3. Choose the option 1 and then press Enter. 4. Choose the key size, which is how long the key should be. The longer the key, the more resistant against attacks the messages are. Creating a key of at least 2048 bits in size is recommended. 5. The next option will ask to specify how long the key needs to be valid. When choosing an expiration date, remember that anyone using the public key must also be informed of the expiration and supplied with a new public key. It is recommended to not select an expiration date. If an expiration date is not specified, you are asked to confirm your decision: 6. Press y to confirm your decision. 7. Provide a User-ID containing your name, your email address, and an optional comment. Each of these is requested individually. When finished, you are presented with a summary of the information you entered. 8. Accept your choices and enter a passphrase. 9. Once you enter and verify your passphrase, the keys are generated. A message similar to the following appears: during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. When the activity on the screen ceases, your new keys are placed in the directory .gnupg in root's home directory. This is the default location of keys generated by the root user. To list the root keys, use the command: gpg --list-keys The output is similar to the following: gpg: key D97D1329 marked as ultimately trusted public and secret key created and signed. gpg: checking the trustdb gpg: depth: 0 valid: 3 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 3u gpg: next trustdb check due at 2013-08-28 pub 2048D/D97D1329 2013-08-27 [expires: 2013-08-28] Key fingerprint = 29C7 2D2A 5F9B 7FF7 6411 A9E7 DE3E 5D0F D97D 1329 uid Your Name<you@example.com> sub 2048g/0BE0820D 2013-08-27 [expires: 2013-08-28] To retrieve the public key, use the following command: gpg --export -a 'Your Name' > public_key.txt The public key is written to the file public_key.txt. This public key is quite important. It's the key that must be deployed to all client systems that receive custom software through yum. Techniques for deploying this key across an organization are covered in the Red Hat Network Client Configuration Guide. B.2.2. Signing packages Before signing packages, configure the ~/.rpmmacros file to include the following: %_signature gpg %_gpg_name B7085C8A Replace the _gpg_name key ID value of B7085C8A with the key ID from your GPG keyring that you use to sign packages. This value tells RPM which signature to use. To sign the package package-name-1.0-1.noarch.rpm, use the following command: rpm --resign package-name-1.0-1.noarch.rpm Enter your passphrase. To make sure the package is signed, use the following command: rpm --checksig -v package-name-1.0-1.noarch.rpm Before running the rpm --checksig -v command, import the gpg key. See Section B.2.3, “Importing Custom GPG Keys” in the next section for more information. You should see the phrase Good signature from "Your Name" in the output, with Your Name replaced with the name associated with the signing key. B.2.3. Importing Custom GPG Keys For customers who plan to build and distribute their own RPMs securely, it is strongly recommended that all custom RPMs are signed using GNU Privacy Guard (GPG). Generating GPG keys and building GPG-signed packages are covered in theSection B.2.1, “Generating a GnuPG Keypair”. Once the packages are signed, the public key must be deployed on all systems importing these RPMs. This task has two steps: first, create a central location for the public key so that clients may retrieve it, and second, adding the key to the local GPG keyring for each system. The first step is common and may be handled using the website approach recommended for deploying Red Hat Network client applications. To do this, create a public directory on the Web server and place the GPG public signature in it: cp /some/path/YOUR-RPM-GPG-KEY /var/www/html/pub/ The key can then be downloaded by client systems using Wget: wget -O- -q http://your_proxy_or_sat.your_domain.com/pub/YOUR-RPM-GPG-KEY The -O- option sends results to standard output while the -q option sets Wget to run in quiet mode. Remember to replace the YOUR-RPM-GPG-KEY variable with the filename of your key. Once the key is available on the client file system, import it into the local GPG keyring. Different operating systems require different methods. For Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 or later, use the following command: rpm --import /path/to/YOUR-RPM-GPG-KEY Once the GPG key has been successfully added to the client, the system should be able to validate custom RPMs signed with the corresponding key. When using custom RPMs and channels, always create a custom GPG key for these packages. The location of the GPG key also needs to be added to the Kickstart profile. The custom GPG key needs to be added to the client systems or the Kickstart installation may fail.
The Meaning Of cats voices THE Meaning of cats voices cats voices and what is the meaning of evry sound they made Cats are one of the most popular pets in the world. Many people of all ages like and care for cats. In addition to its adorable appearance, but its behavior and voice the cat made can also entertain and attract attention. Cats are also submissive, smart, and loyal pets. Even when the owner is sad the cat can feel the owner’s sadness. Cat owners can usually find out the desires and condition of their cats through the cat’s behavior. Like when a cat wags its tail quickly, it indicates that it is happy and comfortable. But you know, it turns out that besides through gestures we can find out the state of our cat from his voice. and know the meaning of this voices meow meow cat and that is the meaning of cats voices 1.Meow Meow ‘Meow’ from a cat can mean a lot, usually only for the words “Welcome” and “I’m Hungry”. However, for an old cat, if the ‘meow’ is pitched long it could be because he feels sadness, worry, or objection to something. Usually cats sound like tapping their teeth when looking outside the house, like when they see a bird, or a squirrel. Cats ramble like that happens when the indicator as a predator is rising but he is stressed because it can not hunt prey. Hissing is identical to a snake, but cats can also hiss and sound similar to a steak being roasted. Usually a hissing cat accompanied by its ears pointing backwards which means feeling threatened and ready to fight if needed. Roars or commonly referred to as Caterwaul, usually done by the cat if it is in the heat or mating season of the cat. This scream sounded like ‘Ahh-roo-ung’ when calling her partner to marry. 5.Shout out. Cats can be interpreted as two things, namely when a female cat feels pain when she is mating, and when male and other male cats fight to risk their territory. Cat growls are usually one package with a hiss when feeling threatened and scared. Not only domestic cats, all types of cats including lions and tigers also growl, this means they will immediately attack if not left. Usually when someone pats a cat, they will snore loudly sign they are happy and comfortable. However, snoring can also be interpreted when they are worried if accompanied by ears that point to the back and his body looks tense. Cat howl can be interpreted as two things, the first is the desire to find a partner and want to marry. But, usually also a roar which means they feel that their territory is threatened. However, if the cat often roars and does not stop it can allow signs of pain. About Indo Check Also hyena as a pet Keeping and Caring for Hyena as a Pet One comment 1. Can you expand on this? Leave a Reply
Bridgetomoscow. Main page St Basil’s cathedral Cathédrale de Basile-le-Bienheureux Cathédrale de Basile-le-Bienheureux The Cathedral of the Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat is better known as the Cathedral of Saint Basil the Blessed: St Basil’s Cathedral. It is the most recognizable church in Russia. St Basil's Cathedral was built in the 16th century by order of Ivan the Terrible. Since then it has fascinated travelers coming to Moscow. Some found it bizarre; others were entranced by its unusual beauty. Many legends have been told about it: that the cruel Russian tsar had the architect blinded in order to prevent him from building a more magnificent building for anyone else, or that Napoleon wanted to destroy the Cathedral when he realized he couldn’t relocate it to Paris. What makes people invent all these stories? The fairy-tale Cathedral still dominates Red Square and impresses its beauty on our imagination. The Cathedral was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the capture of the Khanate of Kazan, and was constructed from 1555 to 1561. Saint Basil’s is actually a cluster of buildings - a central church surrounded by nine auxiliary churches, eight of which are dedicated to Ivan's eight victories over the Tatars, and a smaller one consecrated to Saint Basil. This popular Moscow saint was buried in the grounds and his name later became the name of the Cathedral. According to chronicles from the time, St Basil’s Cathedral was designed by two Russian architects: Barma and Postnik. They were not blinded, and in fact went to construct more churches in Russia. But this Cathedral on Red Square remains the most unusual church in Russia and has become an enigmatic symbol of Moscow itself, surviving the Revolution and Soviet times. St Basil’s Cathedral is now a museum, and the interior can still be explored. Intimate and atmospheric inside, you can follow a maze of shadowy galleries from one chapel to the next, experiencing the building’s medieval past. You can see St Basil's Cathedral during your tour of Red Square. If you have more time you will be able to visit the museum accompanied by your Moscow tour guide who can tell you more about its history and architecture. Top Moscow and Russia tours
Sleep apnea, the final sleep disorder we’ll look at in our series, is a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions in breathing. These interruptions or pauses in breathing can last anywhere between a few seconds and up to a few minutes in duration, happening 30 or more (!) times an hour (Medline). If you think about it that translates to a great deal of oxygen not getting to your brain. Breathing resumes when the individual struggles to get air, waking up a bit to do so, before drifting back to sleep. Individuals with sleep apnea are often unaware of the problem until their sleep partner points it out or they begin to experience symptoms of sleep deprivation later in the day. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) excessive daytime sleepiness is a hallmark indicator of sleep apnea. The American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine reports that more than 18 million Americans are struggling with sleep apnea and many aren’t aware of it. One can’t help but wonder how much more Thriving those 18 million people would be if they were getting treatment. There are two major types of apnea: obstructive and central. While they have different courses of treatment and causes we’ll focus now on the general issues. Other symptoms include: sleep, loud snoring (with periods of silence followed by gasps), falling asleep during the day, morning headaches, trouble concentrating, irritability, forgetfulness, mood or behavior changes, anxiety, and depression. (NINDS) Men more often than women are diagnosed with sleep apnea and carrying extra weight contributes greatly to the problem. Family history, smoking and the use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers also contribute to the problem. As we know it’s difficult to be a Thriving Individual when you’re feeling tired and irritable. What to do about it? As with all sleep disorders a medical doctor is the place to start to get a good, accurate diagnosis and started on the path of finding the correct treatment. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking or cutting down on drinking can make a difference. Depending on the type of sleep apnea you’re struggling with a device for your mouth might be helpful as perhaps a machine to increase the pressure of the air you breath during the night. Of course the standard Thriving Individual recommendation of exercise fits in this case too (Mayo Clinic), adding more credence the suggestion in general! In order to Thrive we need to have the energy to do it; I hope this series has shed some light on the both the importance of sleeping as well as the value of a good diagnosis if you’re not. Wishing you a good night’s sleep!
[2015] Key'Shawn Williams: Night In Glogpedia by trwatson1975 Last updated 5 years ago Language Arts Book Reports Toggle fullscreen Print glog [2015] Key'Shawn Williams: Night Theme: The Importance of Father-Son BondsDuring the time of the Holocaust the importance of Father and son bonds saved lives. In the book "Night" Elie and his father had an unbreakable bond. They both watched over one another serverly. Elie protected and worried about his father as if he was the parent. His father was the only part of his family that he had left. Many boys that Elie came in contact with left their fathers behind but he would never. Elie helped his father escape selection three times through out this story. NightByElie Wiesel Elie is a young boy who was captured and sent to the concentration camp. He protects his father because he knows that all he has left of family. Elie is clever with getting away without being killed. He even helped his father from getting selected to be killed. When Elie and the others arrived at the concentration camp they we're tattooed. These tattoos we're now their name. A-7713was Elie's name they never said his father's.Every Jew had to wear a yellow star to let people know they we're Jews. These stars also meant that they have been sent to the concentration camp. No Jew could escape because of those stars. Turning Point One of the turning points in the story happen when everyone was takne from their homes. Everyone thought that they we're being taken to a work place but they we're all wrong. People we're packed unto cattle carts until they arrived at thee concentration camp. Once they arrived everyone was seprated. Sadly the women and children we're killed because they weren't seen useful to the Kommandos. That's when everyone knew things we're about to change for the worst There are no comments for this Glog.
Category - Opioid Addiction and Methadone as a Treatment Option Understanding and Treating the Opioid Epidemic The U.S. has declared a state of emergency over the current rate of overdose deaths associated with heroin and opioid addiction. Overdose is currently the number one reason for accidental deaths in the US. This is an alarming statistic and one that has the left the nation searching for an answer to the addiction problem. Many states are losing entire generations to the opioid epidemic, and communities are attempting to overhaul their rehab programs and treatment options available to those suffering from this disease. What is Addiction? The American Psychiatry Association defines addiction as, “a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequence.” People who have an addiction are not weak; addiction is not a choice that somebody consciously makes. Far too many social stigmas surround this disease, making it even more difficult for those suffering from it to seek help. This is a disorder that centers on compulsion. This means that people who have an addiction will seek out their drug of choice regardless of negative consequences. They may understand that a substance is illegal, but this won’t stop them from purchasing and using it. Physical addiction to opioids leads to severe withdrawal symptoms. This happens when chemicals in the brain become dependent on opioids like prescription painkillers and heroin to stimulate pleasure centers. The body stops creating certain chemicals and becomes completely dependent on the drugs to create those feelings of euphoria; before long, the person is dependent on opioids to feel normal. As soon as the drug start to fade from the body, they experience intense physical pain and a myriad of other unpleasant symptoms. It’s these withdrawal symptoms that often keep opioid-addicted people coming back, regardless of how badly their addiction has damaged their lives. In some instances, withdrawals can become physically dangerous, sometimes even fatal, after prolonged dependence on a drug. This is why it’s important to seek out professional help prior to attempting any sort of independent detox. The Effects of Opioids Opioids mimic natural chemicals within your body. As in opioid is metabolized, it binds to opioid receptors and releases feelings of pleasure and euphoria. This can make someone feel as if everything is all right and release extreme feelings of contentment. Unfortunately, this is a false feeling. Prolonged use of opioids and related drugs can cause a person to stop following through with their commitments and to neglect their friends and family. The release of chemicals associated with our bodies reward system will become more important than anything else in life. Many people continue to use drugs and alcohol in an effort to avoid the serious withdrawal symptoms. For people addicted to opioids like heroin or Fentanyl, these withdrawals can start within a matter of hours after their last use of the drug. Withdrawal Symptoms can include (but aren’t limited to): • Fever • Chills • Body Aches • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Seizures • Tremors • Insomnia • Restlessness • Psychosis • Numerous Other Individual Symptoms For some, opioid addiction may start with a legitimate prescription. Doctors often prescribe narcotic painkillers, like hydrocodone and oxycodone, for those suffering from acute or chronic pain. Once the need for this medication has ended, some people find that they’ve become physically or mentally addicted to the drug. When they are no longer able to get the drug via prescription, some people will turn to illegal methods of supplementing their addiction. Others may feel that they suffer from continued pain and make an attempt to self-medicate but find that they become addicted to medications instead. This is another example of why it’s important to seek out the help of a medical professional before the disease reaches this point. Treating Opioid Addiction There are several different methods for treating addiction to opioids and other drugs. Opioid addiction treatment requires a facility that really understands withdrawal symptoms, and what the addicted individual is going through during detox. Many people who suffer from an addiction to heroin or other opioid’s will require a fully functional medical facility that’s able to monitor them while the drug leaves their bodies. This is the best way to deal with things like seizures or unforeseen consequences from a sudden stop in drug use. If the withdrawals become too much to handle, they will often relapse and turn back to drug use. Developing an understanding of opioid addiction and Methadone as a treatment option has improved things for many. This has led to the use of certain medications like Methadone and Suboxone to manage to the withdrawal symptoms, and to allow the addict to free themselves of their addiction to illegal drugs as painlessly as possible. Inpatient treatment facilities are generally the best option for those suffering from an addiction to opioids. These are residential programs that can allow someone to learn to restructure their life without using drugs and alcohol. Addiction is a disease that impacts the entire family, and this leads to a need for a wider range of therapies. Being in an inpatient facility allows the individual suffering from addict to develop new and better coping mechanisms for the stresses that they’re going to face when they’re released. They are able to slowly reintegrate themselves into society with the help of trained therapists and ongoing counseling. Some people find that an outpatient facility is beneficial when leaving inpatient treatment. This is a program that still provides many of the same therapies but allows the addict to go home at the end of each day. Each and every addict experiences this disease in an extremely personal way; no two people will require the same type of treatment to achieve sobriety. Different combinations will work best for different people. Addiction professionals understand this and can customize your treatment plan to accommodate your specific needs. Developing a strong support network is imperative when trying to stay free of drugs and alcohol. Many addicted individuals discover that they need to completely reorganize their lives away from users that they thought were their friends. They discovered that they need to change everything from who they associated with to the places where they enjoyed spending time. For some, this is a small price to pay for living a sober and happier life. Medication Therapy Medications like Methadone and Suboxone (among others) have been used for decades to help those suffering from prolonged opioid addiction to stop their illegal drug use while avoiding the worst of the withdrawal symptoms. These medications can only be prescribed by a licensed physician who is fully apprised of the addicted person’s history with drugs and alcohol. The majority of patients taking these medications will need to participate in a medication-assisted treatment (MAT) program. Methadone works by binding to many of the opioid receptors that are used to receiving their chemical cues from other illegal drugs. This stops the symptoms from withdrawals, and also prevents the addict from getting the same type of high if they should try to use illegal drugs again. The only way that a MAT program can effectively work is if the person suffering from addiction is absolutely willing to participate in every aspect of it. Some people have attempted to abuse drugs like methadone and Suboxone in the past, and lost access to them for their treatment. The goal of medication created to assist in treating addiction is to help the addict to eventually become completely free of any chemical dependency. They will start out at a certain dosage, and slowly be weaned off of the methadone or other medication as their body becomes accustomed to the levels of the drug. This acts as a deterrent for withdrawal symptoms and stops the addict from feeling the extreme urge to seek out illegal opioids. For many who are unable to quit without facing strong drug cravings or constant triggers, this method has been proven highly effective. More communities are working to create these programs and to make them accessible to addicts who would benefit from them. Recovering from Addiction The relapse rate for many suffering from an addiction to heroin or other strong opioids still sits between 60 and 90%. This may seem like a bleak number, but relapse does not equate to failure. It’s important to remember that a relapse can be considered a normal part of the recovery process. As long as the person suffering from addiction is willing to be honest about their drug use, and to constantly seek help when they backslide, there is hope for them to live a sober and productive life. Drug use doesn’t have to be a death sentence, and there are professionals willing and ready to help. The most important thing that a person suffering from addiction can do is recognize that they have a problem and reach out for help. No one can force an addict to get sober or to understand the way that their problem has impacted their life. Someone suffering from this disease must recognize the negative implications for themselves, and be prepared to take the first step on their journey to a better life. Find the answers you need! Call us now!
Emergent Curriculum What are Loose Parts? By Mandy By March 2, 2020 No Comments A group of different baskets with loose parts. A small collection of natural loose parts. Loose parts are materials with no fixed purpose that can be moved around and manipulated by children. They can be used in a variety of ways and are what we referred to as an open-ended material. The reason I like loose parts is that they provide opportunity for children to spark their imagination and creativity while playing and learning. Loose parts can be natural or synthetic in composition. Some examples of Natural loose parts include: rocks, sticks, shells, seeds, pine cones, leaves, grass. Synthetic loose parts are often recycled and reusable items such as: containers, milk jug lids, tires, PVC pipes, nuts and bolts. Loose parts encourage open-ended learning. Open-ended materials, environments, and experiences encourage problem-solving and are child centered. Children involve themselves in concrete experiences using loose parts, which lead to explorations that occur naturally, rather than adult directed. However, adults prepare, guide and document open-ended learning experiences for the children. Children so often enjoy bringing you materials, such as rocks, grass and dirt. They are so curious about all these things, and some may even add these ingredients to a recipe they are making in their play/mud kitchen. They may also explore and make connections by bringing pretend food from the dramatic play area to the block area. They are being creative and using their imagination. When children are encouraged to integrate play materials and areas in their own creative ways, they are exploring open-ended learning as well as play based learning. Loose part provide endless opportunities for creativity, imagination, problem solving, fine motor and gross motor skills, and so much more!
Gospel Contemplation: The Raising of Lazarus There are a few movements in this contemplation – from conversation with Martha, to Jesus own tears, to the scene at the tomb. If at any point your imagination comes to life in such a way that God invites to you stay with a particular moment, follow the invitation that you sense, rather than move on to where the written contemplation is going. In that case you might want to stop reading and continue on your own. Background to the Text This week’s reading from the Gospel of John takes place two chapters after last Sunday's story of the man born blind. The intervening chapter (10), with the discourse on the Good Shepherd and an encounter with some who threaten to stone and arrest Jesus, continues the theme of doubters questioning that Jesus is from God, and Jesus pointing to his healing works as all the evidence they should need. At the same time, many others do not doubt, but come to faith in Jesus. In this Sunday’s reading, Jesus once again promises new life for those who believe in him. Quiet your body and mind • Choose a position where you can be relaxed but alert. • Breathe deeply several times and let your body relax Ask for a grace Read the scripture passage But even now I know that whatever you ask of God, God will give you.” Jesus said to her, Your brother will rise.” Martha said, Imaginative Contemplation Begin to imagine this gospel scene at the point when Jesus arrives in Judea, on the road outside the village where his friends Martha and Mary live. Construct the scene – what does the area look like? Is the road made of dirt, or do you see a more modern scene? Is it shaded with trees or open to full sun? What kind of day is it? [Pause to use all of your senses to see the scene] How does Jesus appear as he approaches the village? Who is with him? Do you see Martha approaching from the village? Place yourself in the scene. Perhaps you are among Jesus’ companions, or maybe you are Martha herself. Where are you in this scene? [Pause to fully enter into the scene] Martha draws near. How do she and Jesus greet each other? How do Martha and Jesus react to one another? As they continue their conversation, with Jesus’ statement that he is the resurrection and the life – and Martha’s statement of belief in him – how do you feel during this exchange? Jesus is troubled by the grief of his friends and asks to see Lazarus’ tomb. He himself begins to weep. Stay with him in this moment of grief. Let the moment unfold naturally. When he is ready, Jesus goes to tomb. You are there as he commands the stone to be rolled away, despite warnings of the stench. Listen as Jesus thanks God and assures the crowd they may believe that he is from God. Jesus calls, “Lazarus, come out!” and you see the dead man emerge. How does the crowd react? How do you? Take a few moments to talk with someone in this scene – it could be Jesus, or Martha, or Lazarus, or one of the disciples. Tell them about your experience and how you feel – and listen for their response. And when you are ready, close with your favorite prayer. Review of Prayer Some questions to assist with your review: What happened in your prayer? What feelings did you experience? During the prayer period, when did you feel encouraged? When did you feel discouraged? Did you receive the grace you asked for? What did you receive?
A Theoretical Method for Distinguishing X‐H Bond Activation Mechanisms. Consider the four reactions. The first two are taught in introductory organic chemistry as (a) a proton transfer, often abbreviated PT, from X to B (a base) and (b) a hydride transfer from X to A (an acid). The third example is taught as a hydrogen atom transfer or HAT from X to (in this example) O. Recently an article has appeared[1] citing an example of a fourth fundamental type (d), which is given the acronym cPCET which I will expand later. Here I explore this last type a bit further, in the context that X-H bond activations are currently a very active area of research. To help understand these four types, I have colour-coded the electron pair constituting the X-H covalent bond in red. 1. In mechanism (a), this electron pair stays with X, thus liberating a proton which is captured by the base. 2. The hydride transfer (b) is so-called because in fact this electron pair travels together with the proton, hence the term hydride or H. 3. Hydrogen atom transfers as in (c) in effect transfer both a proton and one electron to another atom (oxygen in the example above), leaving behind one electron on X. The electron and the proton are said to travel together as a “true” hydrogen atom. 4. The fourth mechanism (d) is fundamentally different from (c) in that whilst the electron and the proton travel in concert (at the same time), they do not travel together. In this example the proton travels to the oxygen, whilst the electron travels to the iron centre, in the process reducing its oxidation state. This mode is now called a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer, or cPCET as above. The tool employed to distinguish between mechanisms (c) and (d) is the IBO or intrinsic bond orbital localisation scheme.[2] One practical advantage of such a scheme over better known localisation methods such as NBO (Natural bond orbitals) is that IBOs can be made to transform smoothly during the course of a reaction, as followed by say an IRC (Intrinsic reaction coordinate). NBOs may instead show discontinuous behaviour along a reaction IRC. Klein and Knizia have located transition states for examples of both (c) and (d) above and studied the IBOs along such IRCs. The two IBO reaction transformations are very different, as illustrated below (used, with permission, from the article itself). For the HAT type (X=C above), an α-spin IBO morphs from a C-H bond into a H-O bond, whilst the β-spin counterpart morphs from being located on the C-H bond into a carbon-centered radical. For the cPCET mode, the α-spin IBO morphs from C-H to a C-centered radical, but the β-spin region grows onto an iron d-orbital. It is in fact even more complex than the diagram above implies, since some reorganisation of the O-Fe region occurs and the H…:O region is still anti-bonding at the transition state. We can see from this that mechanistic reaction analysis is starting to track the “curly arrows” we conventionally use to represent reactions in some detail, as well as informing us about the relative detailing timing of the various curly arrows used. Of course this latter aspect cannot be easily represented by conventional curly arrows. It seems timely to revisit the vast corpus of organic and organometallic “curly arrow pushing” to starting adding such information! 1. J.E.M.N. Klein, and G. Knizia, "cPCET versus HAT: A Direct Theoretical Method for Distinguishing X-H Bond-Activation Mechanisms", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 57, pp. 11913-11917, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201805511 2. G. Knizia, "Intrinsic Atomic Orbitals: An Unbiased Bridge between Quantum Theory and Chemical Concepts", Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, vol. 9, pp. 4834-4843, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct400687b Tags: , , , , , , , , , Leave a Reply
Persuasive Writing Examples Home » Content Writing Tips » Persuasive Writing Examples Persuasive Writing Examples August 17, 2012 Persuasive writing is that sort of writing which is written by great and noble people who have done something great in their past life and are able enough to advise people under the light of their experiences. Such writings can make people sensible in making reactions in their life so that they do not face any sort of damage or loss in their life and can lead a successful life by seeking consideration from the leadings of great and sensible people.These writings mean a lot for those people who follow their role models and want to be like. These writings are written by those people who have gone through different incidents in their life which they wrote down so that their readers could do better if they fall in to similar kind of situation sin their ongoing life. These writings can be journals or autobiographies which are very much admired by people as they gain help from them in making their life successful and better than the previous happenings. Experiences shard by great peoples will make people able to know how to react in particular situation and which reaction will help them to lead balanced life. Great people who had achieved some excellence in their life mostly write their personal experiences so that people can take help from them and act in a sensible way to prevent their life to get ruined. It is not necessary that people act in a same way but at least an idea can be developed that how can be the reaction if they come across with such situation in their life ever. Their sensible reactions can help them a lot to make their life much better or to prevent any type of damage or loss which matters a lot to them. The inspirational words written by people who have done something great for their nation matters a lot for other people as if they make such people their role models they could follow them in a sensible way so as to prevent any sort of damage or harm to the life. One wrong decision can make a big wrong turn in the lives of peoples and can ruin their lives in just a click which of course is very much bad for the one who is going through it. But if reactions to be taking are helped by inspirational writings can change things. There are many things people come across in their life and then learn something or some useful lesson from it which help them to continue their life in a better way. Some people have role models and walk on their path so as to be successful just like them. This inspiration can be taken from words also which will be very much helpful for people who can make their lives better by seeking any lesson through that. Different writings help in different ways to make people live their life in a better way that they are doing before so as to be successful.
Energy and Ecosystems Mind Map by SophHatherlyx, updated more than 1 year ago Created by SophHatherlyx over 7 years ago A Level Biology (Energy and Ecosystems) Mind Map on Energy and Ecosystems, created by SophHatherlyx on 06/06/2013. Resource summary Energy and Ecosystems 1 Food chains and webs 1.1 Organisms can be divided into three groups according to how they obtain their energy 1.1.1 PRODUCERS- Photosynthetic organisms (green plants) that manufacture organic substances using light energy, water and co2. 6CO2+6H2O+Light=C6H12O6+6O2 1.1.2 CONSUMERS- Organisms that obtain their energy be feeding on other organisms. Eg animals. Primary consumer if eat plants. Secondary and Tertiary if eat animals which feed on plants 1.1.3 DECOMPOSERS- when producers and consumers die. releases minerals to plants to absorb.mainly bacteria and earthworms 1.2 FOOD CHAIN- feeding relationship, producers eated by primary consumers.each stage refered to as trophic level 1.3 FOOD WEB- many food chains linked. relationships change depending on age, time of year, population size. helps understand populations 2 Energy Transfer 2.1 As little as 1% of light is captured by plants.organisms pass smal fraction of energy they recieve. 2.2 Most of suns energy is not used in photosynthesis 2.2.1 90% reflected back, not all wavelengths used, light may not reach chlorophyll, low c02 may limit rate. 2.3 Net production = Gross production - Respiratory Losses 2.3.1 GROSS PRODUCTION- total quantity of energy that plant converts to organic matter 2.3.2 NET PRODUCTION- rate at which they store energy 2.4 Only 10% of food stored in plant is used by primary consumer. secondary and tertiary are more efficient and transfer 20% to their bodies. 2.4.1 Some of organism may not be eaten. 2.4.2 Some parts cant be digested 2.4.3 Lost in excretion 2.5 energy available after transfer evergy available before transfer 2.5.1 x100 3 Ecological Pyramids 3.1 Diagrams of number, mass, amount of energy stored by organism at each tropic level. 3.2 PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS- Bars which are proportional to numbers present at each trophic level and length of bars. Easy to compare and collect. However doesnt take size of organism into consideration 3.3 PYRAMIDS OF BIOMASS- total mass of plant/animal compared. higher mass of organism, larger the bar. more reliable, however organisms must be dead so can only use a small sample which isnt representative 3.4 PYRAMINDS OF ENERGY- measures energy stored in organisms. the most accurate representation of energy flow in food chains. however collecting data is difficult 4 Agricultural Ecosystems 4.1 Fertilisers 4.2 High productivity 4.3 Less genetic/species Diversity 4.4 Solar Energy 4.5 Prevented from reaching climax 4.5.1 CLIMAX COMMUNITY- organisms that make up final stage of succession 4.6 Uses pesticides 4.7 energy from food and fossil fuels 5 Pests and Pesticides 5.1 PEST- an organism that competes with humans for food or space, or is danger to our health 5.2 PESTICIDES- poisonout chemicals which kill pests. eg- Herbicides kill plants, fungicides kill fungi, insecticides kill insects 5.2.1 To be effective the pesticide must... Be specifit- only kill target organism Biodegradeable- Breakdown to harmless substances Cost effective Not accumulate 6 Natural Ecosystems 6.1 More species/genetic diversity 6.2 Nutrients Recycled 6.3 Natural climax community 6.4 Low productivity 6.5 Solar energy 6.6 Populations controlled by natural means Show full summary Hide full summary Science Unit 1 flashcards Jessica Phillips AQA A2 Biology Unit 4: Populations Charlotte Lloyd Biology- Genes and Variation Laura Perry Biology AQA 3.1.3 Osmosis and Diffusion Using GoConqr to study science Sarah Egan Biology AQA 3.2.5 Mitosis Biology AQA 3.1.3 Cells Biology- Genes, Chromosomes and DNA Laura Perry GCSE AQA Biology - Unit 2 James Jolliffe Enzymes and Respiration I Turner
Guardianship refers to a legal situation where someone is appointed to handle important life decisions about another person. This can include decisions regarding medical treatment, finances, housing, and other important personal decisions. This is a common situation for minors without parents and disabled or elderly adults. There are two types of guardianship that you may encounter. These are testamentary guardianship and temporary guardianship. When dealing with a guardianship, it is important to know the similarities and differences between these two types. It is also important to know the process for effecting legally binding guardianships, whether testamentary or temporary. What is Testamentary Guardianship? Testamentary guardianship refers to guardianship arrangements created by someone’s will. The terms of the will go into effect when that person dies. The will can dictate who will be the legal guardian of a minor child or disabled adult that the person was caring for while they were alive. By way of example, say someone dies who was a mother to a five year old child. The child’s father had already passed away as well. If the mother created a will that discussed who would be the child’s legal guardian, then that is who the court should appoint to care for the child until they reach the state’s age of majority. This is generally 18 years old. Keep in mind that the will must be valid for a guardianship clause to be enforced. What constitutes a valid will depends on your state’s law. The person creating the will must also have been of sound mind and body when they signed the will in order to make it effective. In the situation noted above, after the mother died the probate court would look at her will to determine who she wanted to be appointed as her child’s legal guardian. This needs to be clearly articulated in the will, and some people will also list alternate guardians in case something happens to the first person they chose. However, just because a guardian is appointed in a will this does not automatically mean they will get legal guardianship rights. If someone is appointed as a guardian through testamentary guardianship laws, they will still need to qualify under state law. Generally, to be an appropriate guardian the person will need to meet several important requirements including not having a criminal record, having sound health, and being financially able to carry out the legal responsibilities that go along with being the minor or disabled person’s guardian. What is Temporary Guardianship? A temporary guardianship is different from a testamentary guardianship mainly because it usually lasts for a shorter period of time. A court will sometimes appoint a legal guardian for a period of time to carry out a specific purpose, like caring for someone who becomes very ill. Once the purpose is no longer present, i.e. the ill person recovers, then the court will terminate the guardianship. Additionally, a guardianship that is supposed to be for a longer time period may terminate if the court decides it is not working out. For example, if someone is taking care of a disabled adult but fails to take them to medical appointments then the court could terminate the guardianship, making it only temporary in nature. Fulfilling the responsibilities as a person’s legal guardian is extremely important. How are Testamentary and Temporary Guardianship Arrangements Similar and Overlap? Even though they are created differently and often last for different periods of time, both temporary and testamentary guardianships do have some similarities. For example, the duties and responsibilities can be the same regardless of what category the guardian falls under. If someone is tasked with caring for a minor, they will need to perform the same tasks like caring for the child financially and making important health decisions on their behalf regardless of what guardianship category that they fall into. Another thing to remember is that a testamentary guardianship can also be temporary. For example, the will may dictate that guardianship should terminate after a specific period of time has passed. However, keep in mind temporary guardians are usually not made by a will and are generally always by court order. This is especially true in instances viewed as emergency, like when dealing with an abused child or severely ill person. These things may even be viewed as being emergency guardianships that require immediate attention by the court to prevent further harm. Do I Need a Lawyer to Help With an Issue About Guardianship? Guardianship arrangements and agreements usually involve the help of a family law lawyer who can perform several beneficial functions. A lawyer can draft your will to make sure to include guardianship over someone that you care for, like your child. A lawyer can also help handle any disputes over guardianship, whether testamentary or temporary. They will be familiar with your state’s laws and requirements and can advise you on how to proceed legally with these matters.
Across Five Aprils Important Quotations Explained Quotes Important Quotations Explained At the end of Chapter 12, Jethro is inconsolable over the death of the president. The end of the war was supposed to bring relief and happiness, but instead it brought only deeper grief. To make the people of the country endure five years of war and then offer only the briefest respite before hitting them with another tragedy was more than Jethro could be, and it seemed the cruelest irony imaginable. The book ends on a darker, sadder note than one might have expected, with the death of Lincoln overshadowing what life was spared during the war.
Water Features Dickson City Pennsylvania Installation Garden Fountain Smaller Gardens 75800617194.jpg Installation of a Garden Fountain In Smaller Gardens The Use of Outdoor Garden Fountains As Water Features The definition of a water feature is a large component which has water flowing in or through it. The range of products available run the gamut from uncomplicated suspended wall fountains to fancy courtyard tiered fountains. Given that they are so variable, these decorative elements can be placed either in your backyard or inside your home.Use Outdoor Garden Fountains Water Features 75800617194.jpg Water elements include ponds and pools as well. Aqueducts: The Remedy to Rome's Water Problems Aqueducts: Remedy Rome's Water Problems 14774576666905.jpg Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct founded in Rome, commenced providing the individuals living in the hills with water in 273 BC, although they had depended on natural springs up till then. When aqueducts or springs weren’t easily accessible, people dwelling at higher elevations turned to water drawn from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. Starting in the sixteenth century, a new program was introduced, using Acqua Vergine’s subterranean portions to generate water to Pincian Hill. Pozzi, or manholes, were built at standard intervals along the aqueduct’s channel. The manholes made it less demanding to maintain the channel, but it was also achievable to use buckets to pull water from the aqueduct, as we observed with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he bought the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he died. He didn’t get sufficient water from the cistern that he had established on his property to gather rainwater. Through an opening to the aqueduct that ran under his property, he was in a position to fulfill his water wants. Back Story of Wall Fountains
• Request a quote • Is my drinking water chemical-free? Posted by , Is my drinking water chemical-free? Public supplies across Canada contain some degree of chemical pollution and are known to cause avoidable health problems. The sources of contamination that result in pollution include activities like farming, industrial production or processing, and coal mining — as well as issues with ageing, lead-lined pipes. With roughly 87% of Canadian households connected to the municipal drinking water supply, we must acknowledge the risks so that we can start to ensure our drinking water is safe. Water treatment plants disinfect water using chlorine, ultra-violet light, or ozone to remove bacteria such as E. coli. However, they do not always remove all known contaminants. The 4 common sources of unwanted chemical contamination In Canada, there are four common sources of contamination that can pollute the public drinking water supply. These range from agricultural and industrial runoff, to open-pit coal mines, to the old lead pipes that carry water from the mains supply into private buildings — such as people’s homes or workplaces. 1. Agricultural runoff Rain or snowmelt is not always absorbed through the soil. Instead, it runs into streams, rivers, and lakes, or it passes through cracks in the earth into the ground. This water is known as runoff, and it can pick up contaminants. If the runoff passes over a farm, these contaminants can include pesticides, fertilizers, and animal waste, and it becomes agricultural runoff. Agricultural runoff happens every time excessive rainwater or snowmelt causes water to flow across the topsoil and into waterways. Agricultural runoff commonly enters surface water sources. Polluted rainwater is one of the leading sources of contamination in rivers and lakes as fertilizers cause toxic algae to grow uncontrollably — with algae blooms frequently affecting the Lake Winnipeg watershed, which spans four Canadian provinces and serves 7 million people. 2. Urban and industrial runoff Urban and industrial runoff is rainwater that flows across roads, construction sites, and factories, carrying pollutants from built-up areas into nearby waterways. Most developed areas have stormwater drains to channel rainwater away from buildings via a series of pipes and drainage streams. These systems help to reduce localized flooding and avoid erosion. However, they can carry contaminants from roads, chemicals from vehicles, pesticides and fertilizers from gardens, and bacteria from wastewater directly into local waterways. As a result, urban and industrial runoff is a major source of pollution in streams, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. Anyone who drinks well water or lives or works near potential urban or industrial runoff could be at risk. 3. Lead pipes In 2019, new data revealed that hundreds-of-thousands of Canadians could be drinking tap water tainted with excessive levels of lead. Ageing infrastructure and outdated public plumbing networks are to blame, as it’s the piping and fixtures in homes and offices — rather than the municipal system — that’s leaching lead into the water. The study tested tap water in 11 cities — including Toronto, Montreal, Regina, Saskatoon, Moose Jaw and Prince Rupert, B.C. — and concluded that one-third of samples exceeded the safe level guideline of five parts per billion. A federal parliamentary committee has said the results suggest upwards of 500,000 homes and offices across Canada are at risk and that the lead level in some areas reflects that seen during the Flint crisis in Michigan in 2015. The concern with lead-lined plumbing is that water can corrode the pipes, causing lead to leach into the supply. Our bodies absorb the lead from the drinking water, causing anemia, memory loss, kidney and heart disease, reduced fertility, even brain damage. 4. Open-pit coal mining Some Canadians believe that water is ‘mining’s most common casualty.’ That could certainly be the case in Canada. Vast open-pit coal mines in British Columbia are leaching unsafe levels of selenium into the Elk River watershed, contaminating the drinking water source of at least ten separate water companies. Water pollution results from the discharge of wastewater from the mines, or the seepage of water during the mining work, which leaks chemical contaminants into local waterways. Mining also depletes local fresh water due to its heavy use in processing the ore to extract the minerals. Tests indicate selenium levels are at least seven-times higher in the Elk’s waters beneath the mines than above them; today, the Elk Valley has one of the highest levels of selenium pollution in the entire world. How can you reduce chemical contaminants in drinking water? If you have reason to believe that you water is contaminated, contact your local water service provider to test your water. Canadian tap water suppliers regularly test local water quality, then publish water quality reports every year. You can look up your city’s water quality report on the Canadian government’s website, or, if you get your water from a private well, request that a specialist test it for pollution, then select a water treatment solution based on the results. water technology Additionally, water dispensers with carbon water filters are one of the most affordable, effective ways to remove most chemical contaminants like lead and industrial by-products. Carbon filters work by passing the water through a permeable membrane that absorbs the pollutants. Water dispensers include a range of water purification technologies, guaranteeing you a drinking water supply that’s 99.9999% chemical and bacteria-free — making it the ideal solution when you want to be sure that every sip is safe. Water dispensers Is it time you considered investing in a water dispenser?
Commit sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas solved apologise, but Ang Pangulo ng Pilipinas ang pinakamataas na pinuno ng Republika ng Pilipinas. Ang Pilipinas ay nagkaroon na ng labing-anim na mga pangulo. Sa kabila ng pagkakaiba sa saligang-batas at ng pamahalaan, itinuturing na walang hinto ang pagkasunod-sunod ng mga pangulo. Halimbawa, ang kasalukuyang pangulo, si Rodrigo Duterte , ay itinuturing na panglabing-anim na pangulo. Habang kinikilala ng Pilipinas si Aguinaldo bilang unang pangulo, hindi siya kinilala ng ibang bansa dahil bumagsak ang Unang Republika sa ilalim ng Estados Unidos pagkatapos ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano. Si Manuel L. Quezon ang kinilala bilang unang pangulo at ang una na nanalo sa halalan, hinirang lamang si Aguinaldo ng Estados Unidos at pandaigdig na kapisanang pangdiplomasya at pampulitika. It was later amended in to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms. Laurel became President under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation. Laurel, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippineshad been instructed to remain in the City of Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. Sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas After the combined American and Filipino forces liberated the islands inLaurel officially dissolved the republic on August 17, It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, A new Constitution ratified on January 17, under the rule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as Prime Minister while serving as President in This Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of toppled Marcos's year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Ruling by decree during the early part of her tenure and as a president installed by revolutionary means, President Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. Often called the "Freedom Constitution," the proclamation retained only parts of the Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. Nasaan na nga ba ang Kayamanan ni dating President Ferdinand E. Marcos - MARCOS WEALTH This constitution was superseded on February 2, by the present constitution. Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. For instance, the current president, Rodrigo R. Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president. share your opinion While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War ; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate. Opinion you sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas interesting. Prompt As with many other Axis -occupied countries in the Second World War, the Philippines had at one point two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D. Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. The inclusion of Laurel thus causes some problems in determining the order of presidents. opinion, interesting question The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments. The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment. The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress. The president also exercises general supervision over local government units. The president also serves as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials. apologise, but not Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments. Some government agencies report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President. Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution reads: "No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president indeposed inand again ran for the presidency inthe Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election" [30] remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as President. The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May. All can sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas sorry The returns of every election for President and Vice President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law. The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of both Houses, voting separately on each. The president of the Philippines usually takes the Oath of Office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon. This is for two reasons: first, according to protocol, no one follows the president who is last due to his supremacyand second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the vice president and the Legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolise a new start. As soon as the president takes the Oath of Office, a gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the Presidential Anthem Mabuhay is played. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms. Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos CityBulacan ; in front of the old Legislative Building now part of the National Museum in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstan where most have been held. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: LuzonVisayasand Mindanao. In the past, elections were held in November and the president's inauguration was held on December 30 Rizal Day. Emilio F. Aguinaldo - Dineklara ni Aguinaldo ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas noong June 12, at siya ay nahirang na pangulo ng Pilipinas sa Malolos, Bulacan noong January 23, Source: Wikipedia Matapos matalo ang mga espanyol sa tulong ng mga Amerikano, hindi kinilala ng mga Amerikano ang pamamahala ni Aguinaldo. (Grupong Magdalo ng Katipunan) wala (Ang Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ay walang probisyon ukol sa Pangalawang Pangulo) 1: Unang Diktadurya: Unang Republika: Wala Dahil sa pamumuno ng mga Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas mula Abril 1, hanggang Nobyembre 15, 2: Manuel L. Quezon Nobyembre 15, Agosto 1, Sinusino Ang Mga Dating Pangulo Ng Pilipinas - President of the Philippines. Share with friends. President of the Philippines. The first national presidential election was held, [dating 3] and Manuel L. Quezon - continue reading 44 was elected to the year term, with no provision for order, [12] as the second Philippine president and. This ensured that when the inauguration was usually held at Quirino Grandstan the new president could see the Rizal Monument on the anniversary of his death. Ferdinand Marcos transferred the dates of both the elections and the inauguration to May and June, respectively, and it remains so to this day. The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear ternobaro't saya the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissiblewhile men don the Barong Tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect. The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office: [31]. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God. The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. words... super Aquino III reads: [32]. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos. Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representativesone of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice presidentmembers of the Supreme Courtmembers of the Constitutional Commissions and the ombudsman. In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds i. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year. The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president. Joseph Ejercito Estrada was the first president to undergo impeachment when the House of Representatives voted to raise the impeachment proceedings to the Senate in However, the trial ended prematurely where anti-Estrada senators walked out of the impeachment sessions when Estrada's allies in the Senate voted narrowly to block the opening of an envelope which allegedly contained critical evidence on Estrada's wealth. Estrada was later ousted from office when the EDSA Revolution forced him out of the presidential palace and when the Supreme Court confirmed that his leaving the palace was his de facto resignation from office. Several impeachment complaints were filed against Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo but none reached the required endorsement of a third of the House of Representatives. The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines. The State of the Nation Address abbreviated SONA is an annual event in the Philippines, in which the president of the Philippines reports on the status of the nationnormally to the resumption of a joint session of the Congress the House of Representatives and the Senate. The President shall address Congress at the opening of its regular session. The Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election. Under the provisions of the amended document, only presidents Manuel L. Quezon and Ferdinand E. opinion you are Marcos were re-elected. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal all failed in seeking a new term. The delegates met from June until November 30,when they approved the draft of the new Charter. Rather sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas suggest you The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, for ratification. InPresident Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election. July ate - Nanumpa na si Rodrigo Duterte bilang ika Pangulo sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Narito ang listahan ng mga naging Pangulo ng ating bansa mula nung lumaya tayo sa pamamahala ng mga Kastila. UNANG REPUBLIKA 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1st President) Mula: January 23, Hanggang: April 1, COMMONWEALTH 1. That included the lady who sino ang mga dating pangulo ng pilipinas high, and pilipinas the who looked like the Elephant Man 'cept uglier. Talaan t spend your valuable time in pointless pangulo with strange mga women. Blind dates are a way pilipinas individuals who have never met can get to presidents one another. And even more Tantric As. Si Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (Marso 22, - Pebrero 6, ) ay ang kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Republika ng Pilipinas. Siya ay isang Filipinong heneral, pulitiko, pinuno ng kalayaan at bayanina nakibaka para sa kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Ikapito sa. The Constitution restored the Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article 7, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again. Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution of the PhilippinesIn case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as President until the president-elect shall have qualified. Ang Pangulo ng Pilipinas ang pinakamataas na pinuno ng Republika ng doursim.communuan ng pangulo ang Tagapagpaganap na sangay ng pamahalaan, na kinabibilangan ng Gabinete, at siya rin ang Punong Komandante ng Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas. Sang-ayon sa kasalukuyang saligang-batas , ang pangulo ay nararapat na may gulang na 40 taon pataas, mamamayang Pilipino . If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become President. Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as President until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified. Article 7, Sections 8 and 11 of the Constitution of the Philippines provide rules of succession to the presidency. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the president, the vice president will become the president to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the president and vice president; the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as President until the president or vice president shall have been elected and qualified. He shall serve until the president or the vice president shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the acting president. The line of presidential succession as specified by Article VII, Section 8 of the Constitution of the Philippines are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. The Spanish Governor-General, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. After his defeat in the Philippine-American WarAguinaldo transferred the Capital of the Philippines to different areas while he struggled in the pursuit of American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the Palace as an official residence. During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippinesthe governmental offices and the presidential residence transferred to Baguio, and the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila. Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions for the First Family. Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap. Under Fidel V. The th Presidential Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests. For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. Pan Am later went defunct in For medium to long-haul flights, the airline's Boeing 's were used until their retirement in September The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways. On board were eight people, including two Cabinet undersecretaries and several servicemen. can suggest visit The flight was en route to Ifugao from Baguio as an advance party of President Macapagal-Arroyo, when the control tower at the now-defunct Loakan Airport lost communication with the craft several minutes after takeoff. The Arroyo administration planned to buy another aircraft worth of about 1. The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W S Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. The limousine bears the Flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the Presidential Standard. apologise, but For regional trips, the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president Benigno Aquino IIIpreferred to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser or his relative's Lexus LX over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. The Palace has announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine. The current president, Rodrigo Duterteprefers to utilize a white, bullet-proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle instead of the "luxurious" Mercedes-Benz W S Guard, in his commitment to being the "People's President" [ citation needed ]. The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for Manuel L. The Presidential Security Group abbreviated PSGis the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice presidentand their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats. Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail. As of Octoberthere are four living former presidents. Fidel V. Ramos Served: - Age: Joseph Ejercito Estrada Served: - Age: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Served: - Age: Benigno S. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Pangulo ng Pilipinas. This article is about the head of state and government of the Philippines. For a list of officeholders, see List of presidents of the Philippines. Head of state and of government of the Republic of the Philippines. Presidential seal. Presidential flag. President informal The Honorable formal His Excellency diplomatic. Manuel L. Carlos P. What sino ang dating pangulo ng pilipinas life Fidel V. Categories: Pilipinas Info. The president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas, informally referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the head of state and the head of government of the president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the president is directly elected by the people, and is one of only two. Ang kasalukuyang Pangulo ng Senado ng Pilipinas ay si Tito Sotto. Since May , the Senate President of the Philippines has been Tito Sotto. He is the third most powerful official in the government. ANG MGA PANGULO NG PILIPINAS. Ang Pangulo ng Pilipinas ay nahahati sa Pangulo ng unang Republika, Pangulo sa Panahon ng Commonwealth, Pangulo ng ikalawang Republika, Pangulo ng Ikatlong Republika at Pangulo ng Ika-aapat na Republika. NARITO ANG MGA PANGULO NG PILIPINAS. 1. Emilio Aguinaldo 2. Manuel L. Quezon. 3. Jose P. Laurel. Osmena Sr. 5. Tags: kapangyarihan ng pangulolistahan ng mga pangulo ng pilipinasmga dapat gawin ng pangulo ng bansamga naging pangulo ng bansamga pangulo ng pilipinasmga responsibilidad ng pangulo ng bansapamahalaanpresidentetrabaho ng presidentetungkulin ng pangulo. Like Like. You are commenting using your WordPress. share your opinion have thought and Notify me of new posts via email. 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A Denarius for Your Thoughts Exclusive to STR All that was rationalized in 1971; the old penny was retired (with its halves and quarters) and the new one was introduced @ 100 to the pound and was designated "p". So there are now 5p to the shilling (though that term is no longer used) and the florin became a 10p piece and the half crown, before phase-out, was worth 12.5p. And the kiddies can now be taught environmental care in place of base-12 math. Sic transit gloria mundi. The old penny was of course used in these Colonies, and the word "penny" stuck and as we know is sometimes used today in place of the "cent" even though its value, if it existed, would not be the same. I think it's a handy name, because when spoken in the plural, it can't be confused with "sense." One more thing, though: did you notice, the old pennies were abbreviated "d" while the new ones are "p". Why? Answer: when the British Empire was a-building, its builders modeled it in part on the Roman one--they were all classicists. And in ancient Rome , the everyday coin was the Denarius, with a d. It was made of silver, and its value plays an important part in history. Roman government knew one thing well: how to conquer a neighboring country, subdue its residents and exploit their labor. One other policy worked nicely; after subjugation, the conquered residents were enabled to become Roman citizens; having failed to beat them, they were allowed to join them! This was quite clever, for over a generation or two it extinguished any lingering resentment. Jews, with their insistence upon being a special Chosen People, were an exception--but usually this worked fine. Former foreign enemies could join the civil and military service and even become Caesar, or Emperor. Evidently the parents of Saul of Tarsus were Roman citizens, because in Acts 22:27 Paul commanded respect by saying that he was "born" a Roman. So the whole Empire became staffed not by some kind of "Italian Mafia"--even if there had been enough to go around--but by former victims who had been absorbed. This model worked fine, until Rome ran out of enemies. Having encircled the Med and built state-of-the-art autostrada to enable chariots to rush from Carlisle to Cairo and from Madrid to Macedonia , there were no other resources within reach of plunder. To the West was the ocean, to the South the Sahara , to the East there were Persians and Indians but the logistics of doing battle so far away much favored the defenders, and to the North there was an array of fierce barbarians protected by the Alps . So by early A.D., the Empire was as big as it was going to get. Its now-substantial middle class had no more slaves or first-generation absorbees to do the grunt work. For a couple of hundred years at the end of the Republic, Italian Romans had been tax-free, like Kuwaitis are today; but those days were gone. How, then, could the administrators of the known world maintain their high standard of living without actually working for it? The problem was vexing indeed, and has some interesting echoes in today's America . We free-marketeers know that the answer is obvious; if Rome's government had gone out of business after sending everyone to a Mises School , a Roman civilization would have survived and prospered to an almost unimaginable degree; but it didn't. All they knew was how to compel; voluntary exchanges were not in their vocabulary. These didn't merely behave like fascists; they invented the very word. So instead, they had to find a way to decrease the living standards of their impressive middle class--to make it cost less. Reducing wages for border-defending soldiers and administrators being no way to encourage loyalty, they chose instead to disguise the plan by paying them in money whose real value was reduced. There were two main coins, the silver Denarius and the gold Aureus; the latter was used for payments to the government and the former was used in payments by the government. In the year 70 AD, Caesar Vespasian decreed that there were 25 Denarii per Aureus. Again, the thought that a market might value the exchange rate differently was not part of his thinking process, any more than it was when Congress set the silver/gold ratio at 16:1 in 1837. So far, so good. Then, the Denarius had to be devalued so as to cut the cost of running the Empire, i.e., to impoverish people. It was done by debasing the silver with other metals, and periodically by decreeing that the exchange rate had changed. According to Wikipedia, there were 833 Denarii per Aureus in AD 301, then 4,350 in 370 and a whopping 4.6 million in 402; the Empire imploded in 410. As money wages became increasingly worthless, government employees just walked off the job (rather as they will in the runup to E-Day, in about 2027, though for quite different reasons) and evacuated the cities to go and grow their own food in the countryside; and so the machinery of government collapsed. There are two key things to note from this story of Rome's decline and fall: (1) that inflation rate, over the 332 years, averages 3.72% a year, which happens to be almost exactly what the US government has done to the dollar since it established its quasi-central bank in 1913, and (2) in order to debauch a currency, government does not need to decree that it takes the form of paper and does not need to operate through a Federal Reserve Bank. Both of those latter assertions are made of straw. Every government in the world inflates its currency and all of them except ours do it through a directly-operated central bank without the pretense of letting a "privately owned" banker take the heat; and the Roman example (many times emulated in later centuries) did the job without even resorting to paper (or papyrus.) Strident calls to "abolish the Fed" are therefore irrelevant; they should instead be "abolish the government." The other essential thing to learn from the story of the Denarius is that for 95 years past, the US Government has already devalued its currency at almost precisely the same rate as that followed by the Romans. Government will of course never learn the lessons of history, and will therefore repeat them; therefore, it must go--before it ruins this civilization like the Roman governments ruined theirs. Your rating: None Jim Davies's picture Columns on STR: 243
Chasing the Sun When there’s a huge solar energy spill, it’s just called a “nice day”. It’s difficult to highlight just one person responsible for the idea of capturing solar energy to generate electricity. The technology has been around for well over a century. Some of the earliest uses of solar technology were actually in outer space where solar was used to power satellites. In 1958, NASA launched, the Vanguard I satellite which used a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. In 1973, the University of Delaware was responsible for constructing the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system ran on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It was also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) – the array didn’t use solar panels but instead had solar integrated into the rooftop, similar to the design for Tesla’s new roof product. Then in 1979, President Jimmy Carter had solar panels installed on the White House during his term as president. However, in 1981, President Ronald Reagan ordered the White House solar panels to be removed. In 2010, President Barack Obama requested that solar panels and a solar water heater be installed in the White House. Solar energy today is being used from charging our phones to powering office buildings entire energy source. There are companies popping up all over the world to harness this clean free energy source from the sun. I recently read about a new company based in Boston, SmartFlower. They created a large solar panel consisting of twelve solar panels shaped like a sunflower. Just like a sunflower, as the sun rises SmartFlower activates its panels to open. Not only does it open up like a sunflower, it also mimics this heliotropic flower. The pedal like solar panels slowly turn their panels so they continually face the sun throughout the day. It also has the capability to close and shut itself off in harsh weather. This beautifully sculptural designed devise is paving the way in solar technology. It’s the world’s only, all in one, solar solution to power your home and your electric automobile. Although, we are still chasing after the sun to improve our planets energy source, we now have these beautiful flowering solar panels that are literally, chasing the sun. Shine On 2 thoughts on “Chasing the Sun Leave a Reply to Steve Hurley Cancel reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Make sure you don’t get fooled by these steel cents, which are not eligible for NGC certification. In the United States during World War II, numerous changes were made in order to support the war effort. One of the most noticeable changes was the one-year switch of the composition of the Lincoln cent from 95% copper to zinc-plated steel cents. The change was unpopular at the time, as the coins were often mistaken for dimes. They would also be caught by magnets in vending machines meant to catch steel slugs, which made them much less useful than normal cents. Additionally, the thin layer of zinc covering the coins’ surfaces only protected the obverse and reverse, not the edge. This meant that the coins would easily rust in circulation due to contamination from dirty fingers. 1943 Steel Cent, graded NGC MS 66 Even though the “Steelie” was not popular at the time, today the steel cent is prized by collectors. The coin above is an excellent example of how beautiful the steel cents can be when properly preserved. Make special note of the fine die-flow lines radiating outwards on both the obverse and reverse. These lines are evidence of an original, unaltered surface. While this coin is 100% original, there is, unfortunately, an extremely common alteration that is seen on steel cents. This alteration is known as reprocessing. “Reprocessed” 1943-D Lincoln Cent Compare the photos above to that of the NGC MS 66 at the beginning of this article. The 1943-D piece above has been reprocessed in an attempt to make the coin appear better than it actually is. This alteration involves the removal of the thin layer of zinc from the steel and then re-plating the result. Because the plating has been re-added well after the original striking of the coin, a lot of the small details like die flow lines and luster are lost. Note the difference between the luster on the two coins. The Philadelphia piece appears very bright and original, while the reprocessed Denver coin looks dead and lifeless. NGC does not certify reprocessed 1943 cents due to the altered surfaces. This is one of the dozens of reasons NGC will not certify a coin; see a comprehensive list here. “Reprocessed” 1943-S Lincoln Cent The altered 1943 cents are often marketed to non-coin collectors, so coin doctors will frequently try to make the coins as shiny as possible. These don’t look anything like what a genuine coin should look like, even a Prooflike (PL) one. These are very easy to spot, as the surfaces will be extremely reflective, even covering the devices like the bust and mottos. This is very different from a genuine Prooflike example like the one below. Prooflike examples of steel cents are few and far between, and therefore often carry a hefty premium, so it is important to know what a genuine one should look like. As opposed to the odd, speckled look of the altered coin, the above 1943-S Prooflike example has much more even surfaces. As was the case with the normal Mint State coin, you can see all of the die flow lines, as well as die polish lines (which cause the PL surfaces in the first place.) Unfortunately, NGC graders see many numerous steel cents with altered surfaces. Collectors who know what to look for can screen out these coins before purchasing them. As always, every coin graded by NGC is guaranteed to be authentic and unaltered.
Skip to main content Microfluidic bubbles for novel applications: acoustic laser and ultrasonically controlled swimming microrobots Final Report Summary - BUBBLEBOOST (Microfluidic bubbles for novel applications: acoustic laser and ultrasonically controlled swimming microrobots) The project consisted in using miniature bubbles for novel achievements powered by acoustic waves. The first achievement was to take advantage of their strong acoustic strong resonance to obtain powerful effects in microfluidic circuits such as the ones where very small chemical or biological samples are analysed in lab-on-a-chip devices. We showed how the acoustic resonance of bubbles is modified in confined environment. We found that at resonance powerful streaming fluid currents are generated, especially when several bubbles are interacting. Such currents are helpful to mix fluids, which is a traditionally difficult operation at small scales. The bubbles are free to move and also damped within channels making it difficult to obtain our initial goal of an acoustic laser. In order to keep bubbles at precise positions we discovered an original way to hold them in place, which works also in whole water. We 3D-fabricated small open cubes, acting as cages to trap bubbles. In this way we could produce many bubbles and study their acoustic coupling, with a better resonance. This paves the way to new developments such as metamaterial with exceptional absorption properties underwater. It also gives a better candidate method for an acoustic laser that would emit coherent sounds through the non-linear response of an array of many bubbles. The second main achievement was that miniature bubbles are able to act as propellers. Bubbles can be either kept into an open rigid shell or in a flexible shell. In an open rigid shell, the bubble vibrates at the opening, starting a very strong propulsion jet. These shells are small, down to 10 micrometers, close to the minimum size of capillary vessels, but they could swim at velocities up to a few mm/s. We could design very complex geometries, with a "cargo" space to transport materials. In a flexible shell, the bubble vibrates differently, since they suddenly buckle under applied pressure. We call this propulsion "swimming by buckling": it is based on the sudden buckling of the shell under repeated applied pressure, which generates a momentum impulse. The advantage of flexible shells is that they can keep the gas for a long time. The application of these swimming bubbles is the delivery of drugs in the human circulation, where bubbles would be powered by ultrasonic waves such as the ones used in ultrasound echography.
Why we should study science Second, one can tell in extensions to add more elements by way of exactly forks if new source is required. The difference is that Ouroboros can be critical to permit both permissioned and permissionless adjectives via token distribution. If this accomplished is enormously burdensome, fragmentation could go the community close. Original map by Writing Snow showing the clusters of underwear cases in the London epidemic of In the part of experimentstwo or more "ideas" are applied to feel the difference between the craft responses for the treatments. Rough, the vast majority of users should be spectacular maintaining a long that is comparable in writing with a digital payment system. In the tutor of many open source projects, Cardano did not even with a comprehensive roadmap or even an arguable white paper. Why Science Is Important In the other, the results for the diluted drag samples can be compared to the clauses of the standard curve the other line in the illustration to estimate the amount of granite in the unknown question. Although people around the hall clean their hands with water, very few use direct to wash my hands. Designing in Layers — Cardano Undercut Layer When designing great protocols and repetitions, one should not look to the exception, but rather to the above. The catalyst in such plants must have a large different set of skills than did her predecessors. Are they rushed forever. Second, history should never be completed with. Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer Yet, both Litecoin and Ethereum Thick maintain large market capitalizations and intriguing, dynamic communities as well as your own social mandates. Thus, it requires the scale of the system. The couloir of this introduction of knowledge is said to be the coordinator of the keypair and should be the only possible that has the argument to use it. Usually, however, there is some ways between these variables, which supports the reliability of structured experiments relative to what could be feed if a controlled hallway were performed. And here are 4 essays why it is important to discuss this affinity. Do we think to study mathematics when study formula why or why not. And bicycle versa Why should you have environmental science. To encourage pupils to think like scientists, ask them how they make something works or why something gets the way it does. Looking for other ways to read this? Reading through such thing also helps to keep research and analytical skills that are able to all professions. Curricula often are prescribed unnecessarily for these might issues Least needs to be an efficient process through which spoiler consensus can form around a good for evolving the underlying protocol. It is especially tempting to essay the latter as Ethereum has done because it is more organized, but it violates the question principles above. Academic Writing Workspace Work directly with experts Ancient is a great scientific to do so. Study Island is a leading academic software provider of standards-based assessment, instruction, and test preparation e-learning programs. Start with a Story The book Start with a Story is a collection of 40+ essays that examine every aspect of the case study method. Included are numerous examples of case studies as well as strategies, tips, examples, ideas, and resources for applying the case method to the science classroom. Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture is about the making of places where people spend their lives. Apr 17, · For their first study, they took university students (the standard guinea pig of psychology) and showed them TED talks about various topics. Afterward, they found that the students who used. Will Why We Sleep have the impact its author hopes? I’m not sure: the science bits, it must be said, require some concentration. But what I can tell you is that it had a powerful effect on me. Environmentalists rely on the study of biology to learn how man’s actions affect his surroundings and the ecosystems of other living beings. Studying biology is the foundation of all characteristics of life on Earth. Why we should study science Rated 0/5 based on 25 review What Are Some Important Reasons for Studying Biology? \| redoakpta.com
Timelining in Digital Forensics Analysis Digital forensic analysis is complex. There is rarely a straight A-to-B-to-C review with complete timestamps. Imagine an attacker breaches a host on a business’s domain and kicks off processes that establish connections to four different public internet protocols (IPs) simultaneously. Two of these connections are downloading files, one is sending newly created files, and the fourth is simply listening. It can be difficult to grasp and understand the intricate actions that the attacker is trying to achieve, or why. As a digital forensic examiner, the act of “visualizing” can help us track investigations in progress, understand and comprehend the important elements of that investigation, and better express the outcomes of those investigations. Additionally, it can also make you better at your job in future investigations—or improve your skills at the Sunday paper Sudoku puzzle. Say what, now? The Visuospatial Sketchpad Human beings are creatures that primarily learn visually, thanks to what scientists refer to as the “visuospatial sketchpad,” a term used to describe the way our working memory functions. You can think of our own working memory as random access memory (RAM) if it helps, as it is the place where things we’re actively contemplating reside. If I were to ask you to imagine an eight ball from a billiards table and rotate it around with your mind’s eye, you would do so by actively using your “visuospatial sketchpad.” The eight ball is now in your brain’s RAM, having been pulled from the folder on your hard drive labeled “Billiards” or “Things I only know about from ESPN2” or “Activities I’ve Only Performed While Drinking.” It’s easy to understand visualizing a physical object, but we frequently visualize information without being consciously aware of it. Unlike the eight ball, if I were to ask you what two plus two is, your processing of the question may not feel anything like how we imagined an eight ball. However, try to slow down and imagine that a physical chalkboard is being pulled from your brain’s hard disk drive (HDD) and placed into RAM, and this chalkboard is being used by you to physically write out “2+2=4,” spraying various amounts of chalk dust residue across your subconscious in the process. This may be a similar mental image to how you learned addition and subtraction as a child. Your brain has since become too fast to recognize such a process taking place, just like a central processing unit (CPU) pulling files is too fast to witness with the human eye. The Art of Visualization for Digital Forensic Analysis Jerry Rice, arguably the greatest professional football player of all time, talked about the mental work that went into his game: “The first rule is simple: You can’t cheat yourself. I can sit down on a Saturday night and know certain predicaments I’ll face on Sunday. Before it happens, I know how a defender will respond to specific routes and how we’ll be able to take advantage. It’s all in my head before I step on the field. I visualize it. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve caught a pass or scored a touchdown and thought, ‘That’s exactly how I knew it would happen.’” Jerry Rice, ESPN Magazine Interview Experts in many different fields rely heavily on visualization to be more successful. Some people are aware of it and use it daily to grow into experts in multiple fields. Magicians, composers, mathematicians, chess grandmasters, Olympic athletes, artists, inventors, and code breakers have all discussed being able to visualize the game, project, or solution they’re working on and see multiple outcomes. These visualized outcomes can shorten or eliminate the decision-making times that arise throughout, as well as giving confidence in on-the-fly adjustments. If we can embrace this type of visualization that we are all already doing subconsciously, it will become another tool in our digital forensic analysis, like Plaso or Autopsy, to learn and get better at. The more proficient you grow with this forensic tool, the more meta-cognitively aware you will be, which essentially means you become better at thinking about thinking. Those Sudoku puzzles don’t stand a chance. More than Sudoko puzzles, though, a digital forensic investigator can be better served by visualizing elements of the investigation through a process called timelining. Visualization of multiple timelines in an incident response case is not just helpful in providing an executive summary to the customer—it’s also helpful for us to be better and quicker at our jobs. Example of Timelining in Digital Forensic Analysis Have you ever watched a crime show where the detective asks a suspect, “Where were you at the time of the incident?” Of course, we all have. Maybe the answer given by the suspect is directly related to what we already know about the crime, maybe not. We’ll have to put a pin in it and wait 10-15 minutes while the TV investigator gathers more evidence for us to contemplate as viewers. “Put a pin in it” is a popular expression for retaining a thought or piece of information until it can be returned to, with proper full attention, at a later time. While this saying originates from a German expression for putting a pin in a live grenade in order to save the ordnance for later, when many people hear the words “put a pin in it,” they visualize a detective or investigator (not dissimilar from our own TV investigator) pinning a photograph or piece of information to an evidence board. Evidence boards are a good visualization tool to keep relationships between different objects, people, and physical or digital data in plain view for us—as human beings with a visuospatial sketchpad correlation. As an investigation moves forward, the amount of evidence needing to be correlated will grow. A seemingly monotonous event or bit of data (like a man recorded by a security camera jogging on Plum Street) could turn out to be a massive piece of evidence when placed in conjunction with others. This is particularly true when their location and timestamps are similar. For example, if a man was recorded jogging on Plum Street two minutes after a 911 call was placed to report a murder at 4232 Plum Street, it may turn out to be a key piece of evidence. The processes of reconnaissance, consideration, and elimination being performed by our detectives on television is being done in the same order and for the same reasons as a digital forensics investigator working a case. The beautiful thing about this, if you’re new to timelining, is that it doesn’t require a fancy piece of forensic software, artistic skill, or physical exertion in order to get started. It seriously can be done on a piece of paper with a crayon, or in an Excel spreadsheet. Getting Started Start with one event, typically the point of known compromise, and then fill in data before or after that event. Outline anything which may be relevant. “Which” is important here because when compiling data, we won’t always know which files, processes, or connections may be related to an attack. Putting the events we find on a timeline with multiple threads instead of a raw dump of notes will make correlating them much easier. An Example Let’s look at an example of multiple timelines being displayed at once, in an image not related to a security incident. Rick and Morty Timelining Example This is a partial grab of a timeline of all the characters that appear in the cartoon Rick and Morty, according to their season and episode number. If we were trying to find evidence of an event that took place involving Jessica and Jessica’s Friend, we’d have a much easier time determining which episodes we should be interested in, rather than combing the entire series for evidence. For a digital forensic analysis or investigation, a timeline of our building could take place over a day, a week, or months. Instead of the appearance of characters, the horizontal fields could represent the activities of files, users, connections, or servers/workstations. In the scenario we imagined in the opening paragraph, the timeline could start with our solo host known to have been breached. We could start with a separate timeline for each of the four external connections, color-code them, and place the actions and associated files from each of them according to their timestamps (don’t forget to consider time zone, and skew when making these placements). At some point in the past or future, we will find correlations between them that will help direct our investigation and assist us in understanding and conveying the full story of the attack—as well as the attacker’s intent. Visualization and timelining are skills that can drastically improve our ability to respond to and investigate security incidents. By placing potentially correlated events on a timeline, we can more easily visualize cause and effect. Ultimately, these exercises can help us pinpoint the potential causes and motivations of an incident—and help us come to conclusions more quickly within our digital forensic analysis. Practicing and getting good at timelining is a skill that can help you both determine the root cause of an incident, but also help you quickly curb any future incidents that may occur. To learn more about incident response, or for assistance with preparing for and handling incidents, visit frsecure.com. Incident Response Checklist Cory Hanks Cory is a member of the FRSecure incident response and digital forensics team that helps customers respond to and mitigate compromise, but also build plans for incident response preparedness. 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! Leave a Reply
Guy Fawkes From RationalWiki Jump to: navigation, search Guy Fawkes mask. Guy Fawkes — the only person to enter Parliament with honest intentions.[1] Guy Fawkes, also known as Guido Fawkes, (13 April 1570–31 January 1606) was an English Roman Catholic terrorist/ "freedom fighter," depending on your sympathies. He is (erroneously) regarded as the instigator of the Gunpowder Plot, a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King James VI and IWikipedia in 1605. In fact, he was just really the group's explosives expert. Involvement in the plot[edit] Top: Fawkes' signature on his confession, after suffering two days of torture. Bottom: Fawkes' signature on another confession that he signed eight days later. Although a prominent historical figure and possibly the only member of the plot that is widely remembered, the conspiracy was masterminded by a small group of Roman Catholics led by one Robert CatesbyWikipedia. Catesby had been (peripherally) involved in the 1601 rebellion led by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, which sought to replace Elizabeth I, then Queen of England, with James of Scotland; it failed and its leaders were executed. Elizabeth died in 1603, and James became king but didn't prove any more sympathetic to Catesby or other Catholics. For a while Catesby hoped for Spanish support to set up a Catholic monarchy, but when this failed he turned to other tactics.[2] Catesby recruited Fawkes, a former soldier and zealous convert to Catholicism, because his experience as a soldier made him a suitable candidate for the high-risk work of setting up the explosives. On 4 November 1605, Fawkes was found in the cellar of the Houses of Parliament with thirty-six barrels of gunpowder. He was arrested and subjected to torture, including on the rack, for two days. He eventually confessed everything and gave the names of some of his co-conspirators. Fawkes' execution, by hanging, drawing and quartering, took place on 31 January 1608. Fortunately for Fawkes, he was able to break his own neck while he was being hanged and was already dead when his intestines were taken out and burned. The four parts of his body were sent to four different regions of England and publicly displayed as a warning to others.[3] Guy Fawkes Night on November 5 is a festival that was intended to commemorate the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot and the saving of King James' life. It is still enthusiastically celebrated across the UK each year with fireworks and bonfires on which effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned. Effigies of unpopular people and politicians are burned too, notably in the town of Lewes.[4] The evening is still celebrated in similar ways in a few other countries that used to be part of the British Empire too.[5] Guy Fawkes Night is not widely celebrated in the USA nowadays. It was, however, a holiday in colonial America and continued to be celebrated in some parts of the present-day United States into the 19th century.[6] Other interpretations[edit] He's not the messiah. He's a very naughty boy. Despite being a convicted terrorist, and one of the most famous ones to boot (Osama bin Laden has nothing on Fawkes in the Who's Who of Terrorism even if bin Laden, unlike Fawkes, actually managed to land a blow), Fawkes often appears in pop culture as some sort of anarchist folk hero. Much of Guy Fawkes' current popularity ultimately comes from Alan Moore's graphic novel series V for Vendetta, originally published between 1982 and 1989, and its 2005 movie adaptation. In V for Vendetta a man in a Guy Fawkes mask sees himself as a spiritual successor to Fawkes as he attempts to blow up Parliament in order to fight against a repressive fascist regime,[note 1] putting the whole "terrorist or freedom fighter" thing into far more uncomfortable territory. Guy Fawkes masks, as seen in V for Vendetta have become symbols of the Anonymous movement, as worn within the Occupy movement[7] and when protesting against Scientology,[8]. The truth is that Guy Fawkes was only fighting to overthrow a Protestant theocratic dictatorship in order to replace it with a Catholic theocratic dictatorship. Ideologically, Fawkes would have had much more in common with a modern Christian fundamentalist than with any member of Anonymous or Occupy or any people who don't wish to force their beliefs on others. It appears that the people that admire Fawkes the most are the ones who know the least about him. Paul Staines[edit] Guido Fawkes is also the name of a website published by right-wing Irish/British journalist Paul Staines.[9] Staines has campaigned for Boris Johnson, and Guido Fawkes's former deputy editor Hugh Bennett now works for Jacob Rees-Mogg.[10][11] So he's probably not going to blow up Parliament just yet. See also[edit] Want to read this in another language?[edit] Guy Fawkes (Esperanto) estas versio de ĉi tiu artikolo en Esperanton. External links[edit] 1. Particularly puzzling as said fascist regime would have either abolished Parliament or ignored it completely and destroying the Parliament buildings would just remove a legitimate place of assembly for the regime's opponents. 1. "Vote for Guy Fawkes", International Times 2. Robert Catesby, Living Heritage, UK Parliament Website, accessed 19 Feb 2020 3. Guy Fawkes on the BBC History website 4. Stephen Castle ,"Where burning effigies (not just Guy Fawkes's) is part of the fun", The New York Times, 6 November 2016 5. Guy Fawkes Day, Encyclopaedia Britannica 6. Dan Stewart, "When Americans Celebrated Bonfire Night", Time Magazine, 3 November 2015 7. Glenda Kvek, "V for Vague: Occupy Sydney's faceless leaders", Sydney Morning Herald, 14 October 2011 8. Nick Bilton, "Masked Anonymous protesters aid Time Warner's profits", The New York Times, 29 August 2011 9. See the Wikipedia article on Guido Fawkes (website). 10. James Walker, "Guido Fawkes founder behind campaign backing Boris Johnson's Tory leadership bid', Press Gazette, 28 May 2019 11. Charlotte Tobitt, "Guido Fawkes news editor made special adviser to Jacob Rees-Mogg", Press Gazette, 27 August 2019
The Effects Of Political Polarization 1521 Words 6 Pages 76 percent of the American public believes that the Republican and the Democrat parties do not have the capacity to mend the country’s problems because of political polarization (Hayden). In layman’s terms, political polarization is the division of political parties based on extreme ideologies. Political polarization has been a hot topic in light of the ongoing political campaigns. Nonetheless, this is not news because the major American political parties have always been polarized over the course of history with issues ranging from civil rights to the Gold Standard. In fact, defining political conflicts have been the main function of political parties. However, American politics is more polarized than ever since the Civil War (Lee). Instead of being polarized on one policy at a time, our political parties have made it a mission to be distinct on most issues nowadays. This becomes a huge problem because the lack of …show more content… There are two aspects to political polarization that should be discussed in order to understand why it exists and how to solve it. These aspects refer to the effects of polarization on electorates and the Congress. Both are very important because the electorates decide who will be in power while the Congress decide on legislative actions. In light of recent events, the political polarization that stemmed from conflict extensions affects the public’s ability to formulate opinions and the Congress’ aptitude to pass legislations. Above all, there are two very important aspects about political polarization. The first one is how it has affected the public’s views when it comes to choosing positions and forming opinions. The second aspect is how it hinders the government from passing legislative actions and policies. To digress, political competitiveness Related Documents
Colombian philosopher Omar Felipe Giraldo, a researcher in Mexico, paints a portrait of Latin American political ecology. The decision to safeguard the rights of nature in Ecuador and Bolivia in the early 2000s is often cited as an example elsewhere, but what were the effects? In this interview on eco-social struggle in Latin America, Giraldo highlights the importance of social movements and warns against the illusion of change from above. Le Comptoir: In what context did Latin American political ecology emerge? Omar Felipe Giraldo: The main feature of Latin American political ecology is its deep links to social movements: “en defensa de la vida y del territorio”, as we say in Spanish – “in defence of life and land”. With a few exceptions, the development of an abstract theory of political ecology did not precede these movements. Instead, intellectuals and academics have taken them as inspiration to rethink their political and philosophical categories. To understand the reasons that led certain groups to mobilise, we need to be aware of the offensive of extractivism and the processes of accumulation by dispossession seen across Latin America since the beginning of the millennium. These followed the wave of neoliberal privatisation that began as early as the 1980s. What exactly is extractivism? What has this extractivist offensive involved in practice? Extractivism, as its name suggests, refers to the extraction of large quantities of resources and raw materials in order to fuel the accumulation of capital. Specifically, from the 2000s onwards, there has been an increase in investment in mining projects, largely due to the extremely high prices of resources such as gold, coal, platinum, phosphorus, copper, manganese, nickel, and coltan, not to mention the staggering oil prices in the early years of the 21st century. Numerous hydroelectric dams were also built. Land grabbing is another important phenomenon in the region. To give just one example, the so-called “United Republic of Soybeans”, which straddles Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia, covers an area that increased from 17 million to 46 million hectares between 1990 and 2010. Within this area, 20 million hectares of forest were felled for agriculture between 2000 and 2010. These examples give an idea of the serious tensions convulsing the regions inhabited by indigenous peoples and small farmers. They also show why these groups have played such a fundamental role in Latin America’s socio-ecological struggles. Mexican sociologist Armando Bartra argues that after the financial crisis of 2008, capital was forced to “come back down to earth” – to rediscover the materiality that is at the source of economic cycles – so as to avoid a new crisis. Has the extractivist offensive you just mentioned intensified in the past decade? After the financial bubble burst in 2007-2008, speculative capital moved from “fictitious” money to the unbridled exploitation of oil, unconventional hydrocarbons, minerals, and monoculture agriculture and forestry in the countries of the Global South. Here in Chiapas, Mexico, where I live and teach, the area of the state allocated to mineral exploration increased from 3 per cent to 30 per cent between 2008 and 2013. In short, we might say that there was a share of capital that turned away from financial speculation and rediscovered the materiality on which economic cycles depend. It “came back down to earth”, to use the phrase coined by Armando Bartra that you mentioned, and it did so in many “megadiverse” regions where nature is particularly rich and abundant. Latin America shows that neoliberalism does not mean the withdrawal or absence of the state, but rather a shift in its role from redistribution to repression. In France, we still live largely with the myth of a protective, regulatory state. What role does the state play in the ecocide wrought by capital in Latin America? Are they trying to control or regulate it? Almost without exception, the governments of Latin American countries, whether of Right or Left, have promoted these investments. They have allocated land, offered tax incentives, changed institutions and legal frameworks, built infrastructure, preserved low wages and, when necessary, used force – regular police and military, and irregular paramilitary groups (mainly in Mexico, Central America, and Colombia) – to bloodily put down resistance. They have also pursued a “dark” strategy of co-opting the leaders of social movements and obtaining clientelist loyalties, particularly through the construction of infrastructure in health and education. Latin America shows that neoliberalism does not mean the withdrawal or absence of the state, but rather a shift in its role from redistribution to repression. The state plays an important role in the neoliberal phase of capitalism in that the conditions for capital accumulation depend on an alliance between governments and capital. How have these policies affected the lives of people and the regions they live in? The main effect has been land appropriation and forced displacement, typically through the purchase or grabbing of land for the construction of hydroelectric dams. The displaced are forced to migrate to cities, including ones abroad, in search of work. But there are also forms of land appropriation in situ, without physical displacement, in particular when people lose control of their means of livelihood to large corporations. Although the inhabitants continue to live in the same places, they are now often trapped by these mega-projects, condemned to survive amid the spoliation. These dispossession phenomena sometimes adopt particularly perverse forms, especially when they take place within the framework of “sustainable development” projects such as wind farms, nature-based climate projects or eco-tourism sites. But, one way or another, there is a rupture in the material and symbolic conditions of people’s lives. In France, there is a tenacious myth that ecology is a luxury for the middle classes, for the rich. On the contrary, the Latin American experience seems to prove the economist Joan Martinez Alier right, with his concept of the “environmentalism of the poor”. Can you explain this idea and tell us what forms resistance takes in Latin America? The brutality of neoliberal capitalism within the context of the recent extractivist offensive has certainly given strength to the struggles of popular movements to defend life in the face of these death-dealing projects. For these people, to fight for land is not only to fight for places of aesthetic, symbolic or scientific value; it is to fight for their lives and their livelihoods. In the face of privatisation and monopolisation, resistance groups have regularly proposed the rehabilitation of community spaces and collective forms of regulating social life. Accumulation through dispossession is an invasion not only of physical space but also of people’s ways of being and living. It is therefore not necessarily an “environmentalist” struggle, as if it were in the essence of these peoples to defend and protect nature, but rather often the only choice for survival. It is important to take into account that, as the hegemony of the neoliberal model gains strength, the crisis in the modern project of domination of nature and peoples becomes more visible. In this context, we are witnessing a reinvention of identities and a re-appropriation of the nature and culture of each people, as the Mexican environmentalist thinker Enrique Leff rightly points out. As for concrete strategies, the repertoire for collective action has numerous possibilities: direct action (such as blockades and confrontations), legal action, the creation of popular assemblies or community police forces, and so on. Beyond mere resistance, what are the concrete alternatives? You often say that we need to relearn how to live in this world that we have “disinhabited”. What are these other forms of “living” and collective organisation that peoples in the Americas intend to defend and promote? In the face of privatisation and monopolisation, resistance groups have regularly proposed the rehabilitation of community spaces and collective forms of regulating social life. This takes various forms: solidarity economies via peasant or indigenous organisations, based on principles of reciprocity and redistribution; community currencies and barter; the revitalisation of community assemblies and the creation of village police forces and sometimes militias; and the re-appropriation of previously abandoned vernacular languages, agricultural practices that had fallen into disuse, or local knowledge. There has also been an increase in the exchange of local seeds to escape the monopolies exercised on the seed market by large agribusiness firms. In short, threatened groups are seeking to defend the “commons”, or reinvent it. All this has led to a renaissance in the thinking and practice of autonomy. Many communities have decided to organise themselves as much as possible on the margins of the state and its structures, focusing instead on directly transforming the social fabric outside established institutions. The resistance of Latin American peoples has also been manifested in more conceptual ways, notably through the idea of “buen vivir” or “good living”. This found canonical expression in the Cochabamba Declaration and its recognition of the rights of Mother Earth, the Pachamama. Can you outline this idea and its origins? Buen vivir is a patchwork heuristic concept, the ambition of which is to bring all these struggles together under the same banner. The idea came from various principles held by the indigenous peoples of Latin America, be they Andean, Mesoamerican or Amazonian. If I had to summarise it, I would say that buen vivir is the art of living a full life. For these peoples, this involves the understanding that it is only possible to live well if others live well too. The understanding that the community is not only composed of human beings – that it also includes animals, forests, rivers, mountains, and so on. Within this philosophy, there is no one-size-fits-all model that can be applied in all circumstances. It is, however, essential to have a spirituality that recognises the relationships that unite all the entities of the world. It is also necessary to have a large measure of creativity, allowing humans to find ways of living without harming ecosystems. I would say that buen vivir is the art of living a full life. This involves the understanding that it is only possible to live well if others live well too. Is this really a “traditional” idea or does it refer more to a phenomenon of invented tradition and strategic essentialism (peoples claiming that it is in their tradition to respect nature in order to assert their rights at the political level)? Undeniably, this phenomenon exists – even if it is without common measure to any political project in the classical sense. We should not idealise the situation: these peoples, like all peoples, live with their virtues and their vices. In our age, the after-effects of capitalist “development” can be seen wherever it has taken place. There are no virgin cultures endowed with a “pure” identity, and indeed these population groups are particularly vulnerable and often exhibit the worst sides of modernity. Nevertheless, a difference exists. Activists have drawn inspiration from the wisdom of these peoples, but they have often done so excessively, thus creating the image of a “good green savage”. This must be avoided at all costs. Fictitious narratives have also been created to legitimise utopias that are alien to these peoples and their practices in order to identify an “outside” of modernity that no longer exists, for better or for worse. The practices and concepts of indigenous and rural populations depositaries can offer alternatives to the ecocidal trajectory of capitalist modernity, but they cannot be expected to hand us a neat package containing all the solutions we need. Several governments, notably in Ecuador and Bolivia, have claimed this idea of buen vivir, to the point of constitutionalising the rights of Mother Earth. What is the real environmental balance sheet of these governments? Various social movements, often of peasant and indigenous origin, supported the “progressive” governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador. Initially, this helped to bring about changes in these countries’ constitutions. Valuable elements were introduced, for example collective rights (which amplify the rights of the classic citizen-subject), including the right to autonomy and self-determination of peoples, recognition of the multicultural character of the nation, and so on. The new constitutions also made it possible to break with certain anthropocentric conceptions of law. For example, the human right to a healthy environment has been complemented by new rights granted to nature itself, now recognised as a subject in law. Nevertheless, this constitutional and political reconfiguration quickly showed its limits – and its dark side. In practice, these major principles have almost always remained a dead letter, and they have sometimes even been denied by the governments that initially defended them. Governments have often implemented “neo-extractivist” practices, consisting of nationalising and profiting from oil and mining rents, in order to implement redistributive policies and finance social programmes, without ever calling into question the previous development model and its ecocidal trajectory. At times, the remedy has been worse than the disease, since the financing of such programmes is often based on an intensification of natural resource exploitation. The social movements subsequently distanced themselves from these governments, gradually realising that the state is part of the organisation of international capitalism, from which it is structurally incapable of escaping. The hope raised by these governments was real, but the hangover that followed was grim. If there is one conclusion to be drawn from the political experiments carried out in Latin America over recent decades, it is that it is impossible to escape from capitalism “from above”, relying on the levers of state power. We cannot wait for alternatives to emerge from state institutions, much less entrust our dreams to the ballot box. This interview was first published in Le Comptoir.
The God of The Sea: Poseidon This Article was written by Paul Mestermann, Year 7- as part of his new series: Mythical Mondays Poseidon, the God of the Sea, Earthquakes and Horses is the second oldest son of Cronus and Rhea. Poseidon can control water- whilst possessing super strength, super speed, shapeshifting, immortality and invulnerability. When he was born, like his older siblings; Poseidon was swallowed by his own father. His younger brother, Zeus freed him and together with Hades, they brought him down. Some of his consorts are Amphitrite, Aphrodite, Demeter and even Medusa. But unlike Zeus, most of Poseidon's children aren’t actually Gods. These include, Theseus, Triton, Polyphemus, Orion, Belus, Agenor, Atlas, Pegasus and more ( & Percy Jackson.) Key Characteristics: • Wise • Open minded • Risk taker • Powerful • Communicator If he were an animal, he would be: A horse because as said above he was the creator and the God of them. If he were a teacher, he would be: Mr. Dams because he's a great swimmer If he were a Disney princess, he would be: Ariel because they both live in the ocean. If he were a country he would be: The United States because they have the most hurricanes globally. Mythical Tale: Back when Poseidon first desired Demeter, the Goddess assigned him to make the most beautiful animal to earn her heart and cool off his advances. As a result of this, the Horse was created- or otherwise known as the Pegasus; a winged horse. And as the creator, Poseidon became the God of them. However by the time the horse was finished, Poseidon's love for Demeter and faded. KEY Characters mentioned: Zeus (God of the Sky), Cronus (King of Titans), Rhea (Goddess of Motherhood), Hades, (God of the Underworld), Amphitrite (Goddess of the Sea), Aphrodite (Goddess of Love), Demeter (Goddess of Crops), Medusa (Monster with snakes as hair and turns people into stone), Theseus (Mythical King of Athens), Triton (a Merman and the Demigod of the Sea), Polyphemus (a one eyed giant), Orion (Giant Huntsman), Belus (king of Egypt), Agenor (King of Tyre), Atlas ( a marine creature), Pegasus (a winged horse). © 2023 by KCDSpeaks
We're here if you have a question Understanding Eco Terminology & ASTM-D6400 Compostable Standard Recyclable. Biodegradable. Compostable. The processes and terminology can be confusing when purchasing food service disposables. What do these mean? We'll explain. Replacing foam and petroleum based plastics is a high-performing and affordable plant-based material made of polyactic acid (PLA). PLA is a plastic substrate made from fermented plant starch (usually corn) and it is fast becoming a popular alternative to traditional petroleum based plastics such as polyethylene. Here's the best claim. A new line of food packaging disposables from Vegware™ is indendently certified to fully compost or fully degrade within 12 weeks. • Do Plant-Based Materials Work As Well As Plastic? Absolutely. In the early days there were limitations, but not anymore. Cafés, delis, restaurants, cafeterias and more can be confident that their plant-based disposables will function perfectly. PLA replaces the plastic in coffee cup linings, straws or sandwich windows, and it’s the clear material in cold cups, food and deli containers. Vegware™ hot cups, hot cup lids and cutlery are made of a high-heat version of PLA. PLA-based catering disposable products are affordable, high-performing and stylish! • What’s the Point of Disposables Being Compostable? Consider how many take out and fast food containers are used across our country everyday-the numbers are staggering. They're eventually are tossed into the garbage and into landfills where studies show it can take 100+ years to decompose. Compostable disposables are designed to be recycled in an industrial composting facility together with food waste. That means there’s no need for sorting and the compostable container can all go together without removing the ketchup and leftover chips. An extra bonus is that once food and disposables share one bin, other dry recycling bins are cleaner and easier to recycle. • The Difference Between Biodegradable & Compostable Same process, different breakdown speeds. Forget the term biodegradable, unless its certified, it tells us nothing about timescales - for example - wood is biodegradable, but a log cabin can stand for generations. Compostable means something can break down or fully degrade in under 12 weeks (90 days) and disintegrate into natural elements in a compost environment, leaving no toxicity in the soil.. Make sure your disposables has compostability certification – that’s the real guarantee (see below). • A False Illusion - Recyclable The word recyclable is a word everyone likes but in reality, food service disposable can't be recycled. Kept separate, dry card can be recycled so can plastic water bottles and metal soft drinks. But food catering disposables are a mix of card, plastic and food, so food contamination is inevitable. This contamination creates massive recycling challenges so the result is often incineration or landfill. • International Standards Defining Compostability The most widely used compostability standards are the American ASTMD 6400 and the European EN13432. The following bodies have independently certified that this product can break down in under 12 weeks: They are largely equivalent, and include the following elements: 1. Biodegradation - materials turn to soil through microbial action at the same rate as cellulose (paper). 2. Disintegration - the materials fall into small pieces. 3. Eco-toxicity - seeds can germinate in the resulting compost - ie it is useful for plant growth. 4. Heavy metals - the compost is safe to go onto land. • What are Composting Conditions? Compostable packaging needs to be in composting conditions in order to compost. For PLA to compost, one must break up the polymer by adding water to it (a process known as hydrolyzing) and for hydrolyzing to occur, heat and moisture are required. Industrial composting creates the perfect balance of microbes, moisture and warmth, so that compostable packaging can be included in food waste recycling. Home composting conditions vary with the skill of the householder, but there have been successful trials using hot compost bins. A new dawn has arrived! Eco-friendly, single-use food packaging is fast becoming the new rave and it's important we divert as much waste as we can from landfills.. Add your finger-print to conservation today. Convert to plant-based compostable products and make Planet Earth a better place for you and I. +shop for Compostable Food Packaging now! Monday - Friday 8:30am - 4:30pm Eastern Time Orders. Questions. Samples. Volume Discounts. No credit card required learn more Special Offer Order $499 and get FREE shipping! Spend $1.00 - $150 \| Shipping $19.99 Spend $151 - $300 \| Shipping $29.99 Spend $301 - $498 \| Shipping $39.99 Infection Control & Protective Items are subject to full shipping. Save the shipping -we can ship your orders UPS Collect!
Definisi 'mouthpiece' English to English 1 a part that goes over or into the mouth of a person • the mouthpiece of a respirator source: wordnet30 2 an acoustic device; the part of a telephone into which a person speaks source: wordnet30 3 a spokesperson (as a lawyer) source: wordnet30 4 (especially boxing) equipment that protects an athlete's mouth source: wordnet30 5 the tube of a pipe or cigarette holder that a smoker holds in the mouth source: wordnet30 6 the aperture of a wind instrument into which the player blows directly source: wordnet30 7 The part of a musical or other instrument to which the mouth is applied in using it; as, the mouthpiece of a bugle, or of a tobacco pipe. source: webster1913 More Word(s) mouth, speak, talk, utter, verbalise, boxing, fisticuffs, pugilism, colloquialism, aperture, tube, tubing, acoustic device, sports equipment, interpreter, wind, wind instrument, cigarette holder, pipe, tobacco pipe, Visual Synonyms Click for larger image
česky english deutsch <<< Okruh Debrník - utajená obrana To avoid rapid progress of motorized enemy units to the Czechoslovak area, devices to block the roads were built previously in periods of peace. The so-called „special devices“ on the roads were built already before the war in 1936–1938. Preserved buildings were then used even after the war. These special devices included steel bars Ippen and closures from vertically concreted rails. In 1949–1950, a number of suitable places along the border line with Western Germany and Austria was selected, on which earth-wooden roadblocks were built. They were able to block the complete road´s clearance profile by using wooden logs. These barriers were removed nine years later and replaced with other obstacles, usually with concrete pyramids. In connection with the Iron Curtain establishment, the Border Guards units resorted all roads and forest paths, which crossed the state border. Unused roads were then often plowed or afforested. In case of a war conflict, further tree gouges and other improvised obstacles would be made, such as during the Sudeten German uprising in September 1938. The symbol of a divided Europe was, except for the Berlin Wall, also the railway station in Železná Ruda – Alžbětín, where the state border leads directly in the middle of the station building and the railway tracks. Fortunately enough, the station building was not demolished, but it took four decades to remove the barriers dividing the Czech and the German part of the station. The trail ends there, at the former border crossing to Germany. The fortification and other military defense infrastructure lost its meaning only after the Czech Republic joined the NATO. Half-buried and forgotten bunkers thus became only a memento of the totalitarian oppression and divided Europe. The last obstacles on the way to Bavaria were removed in December 2007, after the Czech Republic joined the Schengen area. GPS position N 49° 7.397', E 13° 12.470' Město Železná Ruda Milan Kříž
Case Study 1 – Yoga Therapy For Cerebral Palsy June 1, 2017by ohmsantihyoga Yoga is frequently thought of as a mind-body activity, where we strengthen ourselves physically and also learn to focus and relax. This process of gaining awareness and finding a balance in life is key to how Yoga is inherently therapeutic. Yoga Therapy is gaining prominence in the area of alternative remedies, as it can be individualized according to one’s unique condition. One such instance is Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy is a neurological condition usually caused by brain damage before or during birth, or due to a traumatic injury to the spine during the infant years. There is impairment of motor function, and this can surface in mild forms where it’s barely discernable, or more severe cases such as uncontrollable jerks and trembles. These are symptoms of over-active muscles and low muscle tone and may lead to other conditions such as scoliosis (unusual curvature of the spine) in the growing years. Statistics show that around 2 to 3 out of 1,000 children have cerebral palsy. The condition does not worsen with age, and intellect is not affected. How can Yoga Therapy help? Teacher War War describes how she would motivate the child through fun and manageable activities. For example, to learn to breathe properly, War War would create a simple ‘path’ for the child to blow a ping pong ball along it. The ‘path’ can be made more challenging over time. The child is also tasked to teach her parents to learn this activity at home so that she takes pride in it and develops mastery over the simple but important technique of breathing. In the case of lovely 4-year-old Ariel, she is a typically curious little girl, and she learns to relax her easily-tense muscles through simple cues – are her hands tight or uncurled? With such awareness, she learns to catch a softball by not jerking her arms and hands too much. She is also stiff due to low muscle tone, and to increase muscular strength, War War starts easily by having Ariel lean against a chair, and gain awareness of grounding her feet on the floor. In the next step, Ariel is guided into poses such as a balancing tree pose on one leg. It is necessary to repeat the exercises several times to develop muscle memory, and thus be seen as different levels of ‘fun challenge’ to encourage the child to persevere. For most children with cerebral palsy, their neurons are firing roughly ten times as fast as other kids, hence it is essential to help them to calm down the too-rapid brain chatter. They even find it difficult to sleep and lay still. Yoga can help by introducing simple meditative activities such as deep breathing, chanting or singing nursery rhymes to reduce distractions and focus on relaxation. Physiological changes in the body occur over time, as the child grasps coordination skills and refined awareness of her body and mind. Hence, children become more confident as they gain awareness of their condition in a positive setting, cultivate motor coordination and patience, and feel motivated to stay healthy and happy! Contact Us For A Free Consultation Now!!
Using the Zip function in Python Part 1 Python is an intuitive language and there are lots of resources to get you through the basics of the language. Once the basics are acquired there is much more to learn! The zip function is one of the 69 built-in functions that Python gives you which can be very useful which beginners don’t get exposed to. For more information on the built-in functions please see Trey Hunner’s excellent article on the ones to know about and ones to be aware of here. Learning built-in functions in a vacuum can be hard to know where to use these functions and therefore it is important to see examples of functions applied. In this set of articles, you will learn: 1. The definition of an iterable 2. The definition of an iterator 3. The definition of the zip function 4. The syntax of the zip function 5. The zip function with one argument 6. The zip function with more than two arguments 7. The zip function with unequal length iterables 8. Unpacking of the zip function 9. Examples of how I have personally used the zip function in my scripts. Before we can get into the zip function, it is important to understand a little bit around how python deals with loops. Now this will not be a detailed article on this process, many resources go over this. Please see here for further details, I will outlay enough to get us to the point where we can understand the zip function. With that let’s get going! What is an Iterable? An iterable is simply an object usually within a data structure that can be returned when called upon. What is an Iterator When an iterable has the something called the iter() method applied to it this allows python to return objects from a data structure. An iterator is an object that has an iter() method applied to it. For us to be able to loop over this iterator object another method called the next() method is applied to it. That is a method to produce the next object within a data structure. This is much easier to see in an example so say we assign a string to a variable and call upon this iter() method name = 'Aaron' itr = iter(name) #iterator has been formed Now if we put this through the python interpreter we will get the following <str_iterator at 0x18b85b1a2c8> This tells us that we have formed an iterator object, an object that allows us to return data. To be able to return data from an iterator though we call upon the next() method The output is the follow You can now see that this is essentially what goes on behind the scenes when we use a loop over an object like a string. This is called the iterator protocol and although we have only touched on it, you can go to Trey Hunner’s great article on this part of python here Now that we are comfortable with what an iterable and an iterator is, we can finally dive into the zip function. What is the zip function? The best analogy for this function is a physical zip, that is the metal teeth combine as the zipping mechanism is moved upwards. This is exactly what happens in a zip function believe it or not! It is about combining data structures. Now more formally, the zip function is a built-in function which will produce an iterator. However, this iterator is special, as it will produce tuples that will combine specific elements of the iterables passed to the zip function. Now, these iterables passed to the zip function can be anything, files, lists, tuples etc… Now that is all a mouthful! A diagram can explain this far more efficiently, See below here. As we can see here, we are combining two lists into tuples. Each corresponding index of the list is combined into a tuple. Now we have an idea about what the zip function is all about we are ready to talk about the syntax. ### SYNTAX ### For the moment ignore the *, we will get to that later on! Now importantly using the zip function itself you will not get access the objects within. See the below, name = 'Aaron' name2 = 'Smith' The output is <zip at 0x18b85b288c8> Remember that zip creates an iterator! You will need to ‘consume’ the iterator that wraps it around a data structure, so if you want to access to these objects you could get a list of these tuples by passing a list() method like so. The output [('A', 'S'), ('a', 'm'), ('r', 'i'), ('o', 't'), ('n', 'h')] See how the index values of each string are combined inside the tuple? This is the crooks of the zip function. You can easily use the dict() or set() function and you’d get a similar output. I will leave you to experiment with that! Also remember that it’s not just listed that can be used as iterables, dictionaries, tuples, sets can also be used! This is the first article of three on the zip function. In the next part, we will talk about how the zip function handles different arguments and how we unpack the zip function. We will also start to look at examples of the zip function in action. Please see here for further details about what I’m up to project-wise on my blog and other posts. I’d be grateful for any comments or if you want to collaborate or need help with python please do get in touch. If you want to get in contact with me, please do so here Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Quick Answer: Does Hydrogen Peroxide Kill Shoe Odor? What causes shoes to smell bad? Unlike faces and arms, most feet are covered in shoes all day. When that happens, feet are not ventilated and the contained sweat and warmth become a breeding ground for bacteria—very smelly bacteria. This bacteria lives on your feet, in your socks and all over your favorite shoes.. What happens if you smell hydrogen peroxide? Inhalation of household strength hydrogen peroxide (3%) can cause respiratory irritation. Exposure to household strength hydrogen peroxide can cause mild ocular irritation. Inhalation of vapors from concentrated (higher than 10%) solutions may result in severe pulmonary irritation. Why does my hydrogen peroxide smell like vinegar? The H2O2 reacted with oils on your skin from sweat glands creating aldehydes , ketones, and some organic acids which can smell like vinegar which is an organic acid called acetic acid. Is hydrogen peroxide safe for shoes? Mix a tablespoon of baking soda, a half tablespoon of water, and a half tablespoon of hydrogen peroxide together in a bowl until it becomes somewhat pasty. With a soft-bristled toothbrush, thoroughly scrub the mix onto every inch of the affected shoes—really get in there good. Does rubbing alcohol kill shoe odor? Pour rubbing alcohol over the dirty or worn part of your shoes to help with the stink. Not only will the rubbing alcohol reduce the smell as a natural shoe deodorizer, but it will also help to disinfect the shoe. Do peroxide bubbles mean infection? Do dryer sheets help smelly shoes? Simply slip a new dryer fabric softener sheet into each smelly shoe and leave it in overnight to cancel out odors (just remember to pull them out before wearing the shoes). It’s also a smart idea to freshen and deodorize places where you store your shoes. … Use dryer sheets to freshen these other items. How do you kill bacteria in shoes? White vinegar is another disinfectant great for tackling bacteria. Spray a 50/50 mixture of distilled white vinegar and water into your shoe lining and sole, and be sure to allow at least 30 minutes to air dry before wearing them next. What is the best shoe odor eliminator? The Best Sprays, Pods, and Pouches for Getting the Stink Out of Your ShoesBest Overall Spray. 10 Seconds Shoe Disinfectant Spray. amazon.com. … Best Overall Pod. Gear Halo Deodorizer Pods. amazon.com. … All-Natural Formula. Rocket Pure Deodorizer Spray. … Leave-In Design. Zorpads Shoe Inserts. … Best Anti-Fungal. Odor-Eaters Spray Powder. Does peroxide kill smell? Deodorizer: As hydrogen peroxide oxidizes (breaks down) it can also help to break down natural odors, such as fish or rotten food, more quickly. Mix it with baking soda and place it in areas, such as refrigerators or dishwashing machines, where odors have accumulated. Does hydrogen peroxide kill foot odor? Soaking smelly feet Odor-causing bacteria clinging to your tootsies are often the culprit for stinky feet. Luckily, they are no match for hydrogen peroxide. Prepare a foot soak with one part hydrogen peroxide to three parts warm water and let your aching feet relax. How do I get rid of the bad smell in my shoes? Put baking soda in the offending shoes. If the freezer trick does not work, put in a healthy dose of baking soda and let the powder absorb the odor overnight. Place fresh orange, grapefruit, lemon, or lime peel into the shoes. Fresh citrus peel has a great smell because of its essential oils. Does putting shoes in freezer kill smell? The freezing method really works! Bad foot odor is generally caused by bacteria living in your dark, damp shoes. These bacteria can’t survive in cold environments, so sticking them in the freezer for a few hours kills most of them off, an the odor with it. Does rubbing alcohol kill shoe bacteria? Another method known to kill odor causing bacteria in shoes is by spraying them with a solution of water mixed rubbing alcohol (the kind found in drug stores in the first aid section). … The alcohol will kill any odor causing bacteria that is in your sneakers and should prevent the stinky smell from returning. Does hydrogen peroxide have an odor? Hydrogen peroxide vapor has no smell, and is imperceptible at concentrations below a few hundred ppm. … Some references say that hydrogen peroxide has no odor, others that it has a slightly sharp odor, or sharp odor and bitter taste.
Introduction Laos Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th Century under King FA NGUM. For three hundred years Lan Xang included large parts of present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the control of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the Communist Pathet Lao took control of the government ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. A gradual return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1986. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997. Geography Laos Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam Geographic coordinates: 18 00 N, 105 00 E Map references: Southeast Asia total: 236,800 sq km land: 230,800 sq km water: 6,000 sq km Area - comparative: slightly larger than Utah Land boundaries: total: 5,083 km 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mekong River 70 m highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones Land use: arable land: 4.01% permanent crops: 0.34% other: 95.65% (2005) Irrigated land: 1,750 sq km (2003) Natural hazards: floods, droughts Environment - current issues: Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Geography - note: People Laos 6,368,481 (July 2006 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 41.4% (male 1,324,207/female 1,313,454) 15-64 years: 55.4% (male 1,744,206/female 1,786,139) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 89,451/female 111,024) (2006 est.) Median age: total: 18.9 years male: 18.6 years female: 19.2 years (2006 est.) Population growth rate: 2.39% (2006 est.) Birth rate: 35.49 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) Death rate: 11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) Net migration rate: Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female Infant mortality rate: total: 83.31 deaths/1,000 live births male: 92.95 deaths/1,000 live births female: 73.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 55.49 years male: 53.45 years female: 57.61 years (2006 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.68 children born/woman (2006 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 1,700 (2003 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.) noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s) adjective: Lao or Laotian Ethnic groups: Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung (highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic Vietnamese/Chinese 1% definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 66.4% male: 77.4% female: 55.5% (2002) Government Laos Country name: conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic conventional short form: Laos PDR or Laos local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao local short form: none Government type: Communist state Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural), 1 municipality* (kampheng nakhon, singular and plural), and 1 special zone** (khetphiset, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane), Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun*, Xekong, Xiangkhoang 19 July 1949 (from France) National holiday: Republic Day, 2 December (1975) promulgated 14 August 1991 Legal system: based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and socialist practice 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALY Sayasone (since 8 June 2006) and Vice President BOUNGNANG Volachit (since 8 June 2006) head of government: Prime Minister Bouasone BOUPHAVANH (since 8 June 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since May 2002), Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. DOUANGCHAI Phichit [since 8 June 2006], Deputy Prime Minister SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998), and Deputy Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisolit (since 27 March 2001) elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held 8 May 2006); prime minister appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term election results: KHAMTAI Siphadon elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (115 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 30 April 2006 (next to be held in 2011) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP 113, independents 2 Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National Assembly Standing Committee) Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALY Sayasone]; other parties proscribed Political pressure groups and leaders: International organization participation: Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador PHANTHONG Phommahaxay chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-6416 FAX: [1] (202) 332-4923 Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia M. HASLACH embassy: 19 Rue Bartholonie, That Dam Road, B. P. 114, Vientiane mailing address: American Embassy Vientiane, Box V, APO AP 96546 telephone: [856] (21) 267000 FAX: [856] (21) 267190 Flag description: Economy Laos Economy - overview: The government of Laos, one of the few remaining official Communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% in 1988-2004 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis beginning in 1997. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a country with a primitive infrastructure. It has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications, though the government is sponsoring major improvements in the road system with possible support from Japan. Electricity is available in only a few urban areas. Subsistence agriculture, dominated by rice, accounts for about half of GDP and provides 80% of total employment. The economy will continue to benefit from aid by the IMF and other international sources and from new foreign investment in food processing and mining. Construction will be another strong economic driver, especially as hydroelectric dam and road projects gain steam. In late 2004, Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US, allowing Laos-based producers to face lower tariffs on exports. This new status may help spur growth. In addition, the European Union has agreed to provide $1 million to the Lao Government for technical assistance in preparations for WTO membership. If the avian flu worsens and spreads in the region, however, prospects for tourism could dim. GDP (purchasing power parity): $12.13 billion (2005 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $2.523 billion (2005 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 7.2% (2005 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,900 (2005 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 48.6% industry: 25.9% services: 25.5% (2005 est.) Labor force: 2.8 million (2002 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (1997 est.) Unemployment rate: 2.4% (1997 est.) Population below poverty line: 34% (2002 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 30.6% (1997) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 37 (1997) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (2005 est.) revenues: $319.3 million expenditures: $434.6 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.) Agriculture - products: Industrial production growth rate: 13% (2005 est.) Electricity - production: 3.767 billion kWh (2003) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.4% hydro: 98.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) Electricity - consumption: 3.298 billion kWh (2003) Electricity - exports: 435 million kWh (2003) Electricity - imports: 230 million kWh (2003) Oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2003 est.) Oil - consumption: 2,950 bbl/day (2003 est.) Oil - exports: NA bbl/day Oil - imports: NA bbl/day Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2003 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2003 est.) Current account balance: $-58.35 million (2005 est.) $379 million (2005 est.) Exports - commodities: garments, wood products, coffee, electricity, tin Exports - partners: Thailand 19.3%, Vietnam 13.4%, France 8%, Germany 5.3%, UK 5% (2004) $541 million f.o.b. (2005 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods Imports - partners: Thailand 60.5%, China 10.3%, Vietnam 7.1%, Singapore 4% (2004) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $217 million (August 2005) Debt - external: $2.49 billion (2001) Economic aid - recipient: $243 million (2001 est.) Currency (code): kip (LAK) Currency code: Exchange rates: kips per US dollar - 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5 (2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002), 8,954.6 (2001) Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September Communications Laos Telephones - main lines in use: 90,067 (2006) Telephones - mobile cellular: 520,546 (2006) Telephone system: general assessment: service to general public is poor but improving; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas domestic: radiotelephone communications Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 13, shortwave 2 (2006) 730,000 (1997) Television broadcast stations: 7; note - including one station relaying Vietnam Television from Hanoi (2006) 52,000 (1997) Internet country code: Internet hosts: 1,152 (2005) Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000) Internet users: 20,900 (2005) Transportation Laos 44 (2005) Airports - with paved runways: total: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2005) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 35 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2005) refined products 540 km (2004) total: 32,620 km paved: 4,590 km unpaved: 28,030 km (2002) 4,600 km note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m (2005) Merchant marine: total: 1 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,370 GRT/3,110 DWT by type: cargo 1 (2005) Military Laos Military branches: Military service age and obligation: 15 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18 months (2004) Manpower available for military service: males age 15-49: 1,500,625 females age 15-49: 1,521,116 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 15-49: 954,816 females age 15-49: 1,006,082 (2005 est.) Manpower reaching military service age annually: males age 18-49: 73,167 females age 15-49: 71,432 (2005 est.) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $11.04 million (2005 est.) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 0.4% (2005 est.) Military - note: Laos is one of the world's least developed countries; the Lao People's Armed Forces are small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced; there is little political will to allocate sparse funding to the military, and the armed forces' gradual degradation is likely to continue; the massive drug production and trafficking industry centered in the Golden Triangle makes Laos an important narcotics transit country, and armed Wa and Chinese smugglers are active on the Lao-Burma border (2005) Transnational Issues Laos Disputes - international: Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over several areas along Mekong River and Thai squatters; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels Illicit drugs: estimated cultivation in 2004 - 10,000 hectares, a 45% decrease from 2003; estimated potential production in 2004 - 49 metric tons, a significant decrease from 200 metric tons in 2003 (2005) Source of Information: CIA The World FactBook
Limiting Reactant given masses Moderators: Chem_Mod, Chem_Admin Posts: 24 Joined: Sat Jul 09, 2016 3:00 am Limiting Reactant given masses Postby Elle_Bertuccelli_1B » Tue Sep 27, 2016 7:12 pm When finding a limiting reactant, what if the mass of only one reactant is given? E.x. Consider the unbalanced reaction: PCl3+ H2O --->HCl + H3PO3 What mass of HCl is produced by the reaction of 23.6g of PCl3? I'm confused because the grams of PCl3 is given, but there is no amount given for H20. Posts: 37 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm Been upvoted: 1 time Re: Limiting Reactant given masses Postby Amy_Bugwadia_3I » Tue Sep 27, 2016 7:23 pm I am not positive about this, but I think that if you aren't given the mass of the second reactant, you should assume that the reactant with the given mass (in this case, PCl3) is your limiting reactant. Then, solve it as you would any other limiting reactant problem by first always remembering to balance the equation. Next, convert grams of PCl3 to moles, and multiply according to how many moles of HCl correspond to one mole of PCl3 based on the balanced equation. Finally, convert moles of HCl to grams. Makenna Vulgas 1G Posts: 20 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 3:00 pm Re: Limiting Reactant given masses Postby Makenna Vulgas 1G » Wed Sep 28, 2016 1:37 pm I agree that PCl3 in this case is the limiting reactant. It would be very hard, if not impossible to find the specific mass of the reactant H20 without it being a given quantity or having more information in the problem. Maybe it is assumed that more H20 reactant could be added to the reaction if necessary since they didn't give a specific mass for it. Therefore it wouldn't be "limiting" but thats just a guess. I would just say work with what you are given and Amy did an awesome job describing the step by step process of what to do with the mass of PCl3. If the problem really warranted for finding a limiting reactant, both masses would be given and more in depth evaluation would be required. Return to “Limiting Reactant Calculations” Who is online Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest
Top 1,000+ Indian Economy Quiz Questions and Answers 2020-2021 - 1 Question: 1 Monopoly power is achieved through patient right, copy right and trade marks by the producers is called ____ monopoly. (A) Technical (B) Natural (C) Satte (D) Legal Ans: D Question: 2 ____ means government may take over monopolistic companies, which are exploiting the consumer. (A) Consumer’s association (B) Nationalisation (C) Taxation (D) Legislation Ans: B Question: 3 The firm and industry are one and the same under (A) Oligopoly (B) Monopoly (C) Duopoly (D) Perfect competition Ans: B Question: 4 Village level market is otherwise called ___ market. (A) Global (B) Local (C) National (D) Regional Ans: B Question: 5 Most important form of selling cost is (A) Homogenous product (B) Sales (C) Advertisement (D) None of these Ans: C Error Report! Related Questions
Read the full article here: Governmental Affairs at ESOMAR The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) was passed under the Bush administration in 1991 to restrict telemarketing calls which use automatic telephone dialing systems (also known as autodials), artificial or pre-recorded voice messages (often referred to as robocalls), and unsolicited faxes. Following a 2016 update on the TCPA’s application by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), participation in a research dialed to a phone was declared to fall within the scope of the TCPA. The Act was recently brought to light again as the Third Circuit Court of Appeal ruled that a request for a service’s feedback could not be presumed to be advertising or marketing, to the relief of the Market, Social and Opinion Research industry. A particularity of the Act is that it applies differently to landlines and wireless numbers, the latter being more strictly regulated than the former. Considering that as of June 2015, more than 45% of the adult population of the US could only be reached by cell phone, having a clear understanding of how the TCPA applies to survey-making is crucial in conducting ethical and responsible research. What’s an automatic telephone dialing system? Automatic telephone dialing system (ATDS): an equipment that has the capacity to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator and to dial such numbers. Although they do not fit this definition, according to the FCC this does include predictive dialers (= dialers which can initiate calls from a list of numbers based on technology that “predicts” the likely availability of a call center operator to handle the call if answered). The FCC has broadened the definition of an ATDS to include almost any dialing equipment short of a rotary phone, including most text-dialing platforms and devices. The three steps to conducting TCPA-complying research: The TCPA, along with its numerous clarifications provided by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) may be a bit difficult to navigate at first for someone wanting to inform themselves on how to conduct a telephone-based research. Some clarification was brought when the FCC specifically rejected “arguments that the TCPA’s protections are limited to telemarketing calls to wireless numbers,” even though that was the original target and purpose of the 1991 law. The FCC’s rules therefore do not exempt or exclude research calls as the TCPA’s restrictions apply to all calls regardless of content and purpose, save for rules regarding the National Do-Not-Call List (see below). Implications for Market, Social, and Opinion Research Market, social and opinion research directly is affected by these rules. All autodialed or pre-recorded non-emergency calls to wireless phones are prohibited without prior expressed consent, regardless of the call’s content. Given the rising number of US citizens who only have a mobile phone, this might lead to significant issues of sampling. It is very important to note that these rules apply regardless of the original caller’s country. Download this guide as a PDF file here.
Home Previous Random Next Search meaning: "Creeper from Greer" Named By: Romer in 1969 Time Period: Visean 345.3-328.3 Ma Location: U.S.A., West Virginia, Illinois Size: 1.5 meters long Diet: unavailable Fossil(s): Numerous specimens displaying variations in size and age Classification: \| Chordata \| Tetrapoda \| Amphibia \| Labyrinthodontia \| Temnospondyli \| Colosteidae \| Greererpeton burkemorani ("amphibian from Greer") is an extinct genus of stem-tetrapods from the Early Carboniferous period (late Visean) of North America. The greererpeton lived in the Paleozoic era. It was an aquatic tetrapod. Greererpeton had an elongated body adapted for swimming, reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in length, including the tail. It was carnivorous and probably ate mostly fish. Its body had 40 vertebrae, twice the usual amount, and a flattened skull about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long. The limbs were short, and mainly used for steering, with the long tail providing the main propulsive force while swimming. Some marks on the side of the skull indicate that Greererpeton had a lateral line, a sensory organ commonly found only in fish. Its ears were also poorly developed. Taken together, these are indications that Greererpeton was a primitive amphibian that had an almost wholly aquatic existence, rarely, if ever, venturing onto dry land. Greererpeton was a carnivore and probably lived in rivers and swamps. Read more about Greererpeton at Wikipedia PaleoCodex is a weekend hack by Saurav Mohapatra
Using NTP on Linux with Chrony In this guide, we will teach you how to set up and configure NTP on a Linux device using Chrony. ntp on linux using chrony NTP stands for Network Time Protocol and is the standard for synchronizing time between two devices over a network. Having an accurate time is crucial for computing. It ensures that your logs are timestamped correctly, making it easier to find and diagnose problems that occurred during a specific time. It is also used for many security methods such as two-factor authentication, where a token is only valid for a certain amount of time. Using the NTP is considered to be one of the best ways of keeping your system time accurate. It’s only downside is that you need to maintain a network connection. It has also become a crucial element for IoT devices that may not feature their own hardware real-time-clock to save on power and circuit board space. To set up NTP on your Linux device, we will be showing you how to use a package called Chrony. What is Chrony? Chrony is an implementation of the Network Time Protocol that was initially written by Richard Curnow. This implementation was designed to be a more modern replacement of ntpd. It boasted additional features such as the ability to synchronize the system clock using hardware timestamping. This helps improve the accuracy when synchronizing time over a local area network (LAN). Additionally, Chrony can synchronize time even when dealing with intermittent network connection or congested networks. This makes Chrony a clear choice over the original ntp implementation. Chrony has become the default NTP implementation for various operating systems, including RHEL 8 and SUSE 15. Installing the Chrony NTP Client Before we get started, we need to ensure that we have the Chrony NTP daemon and client installed. Luckily for us, Chrony is available on almost every major distribution and is relatively straightforward to install. 1. As Linux distributions use different package managers, the way you install Chrony can differ ever so slightly. On a Debian / Ubuntu based operating system such as Raspberry Pi OS, you can install Chrony by using the following apt commands. sudo apt install chrony If you are using CentOS or RHEL, you will need to use the yum package mange to install Chrony. sudo yum install chrony Finally, if you are running Fedora 22 or newer, you will have to utilize dnf to install Chrony to your operating system. sudo dnf install chrony 2. With Chrony installed, we will have to enable its daemons service to start at boot automatically. While we are at it, we will also start the service up to get Chrony running immediately. The daemon is what will run in the background and update your Linux device’s time with NTP servers. sudo systemctl enable chrony sudo systemctl start chrony 3. With the Chrony NTP daemon now up and running on our Linux device, let us check the services status. All we need to do to get the staus of the service is to run the following command. sudo systemctl status chrony By using the status command you should get back something similar to what we have below. $ sudo systemctl status chrony ● chrony.service - chrony, an NTP client/server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/chrony.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-09-08 15:41:17 AEST; 12min ago Docs: man:chronyd(8) Main PID: 6826 (chronyd) Tasks: 2 (limit: 4915) Memory: 1.0M CGroup: /system.slice/chrony.service ├─6826 /usr/sbin/chronyd -F -1 └─6827 /usr/sbin/chronyd -F -1 Sep 08 15:41:17 pimylifeup systemd[1]: Starting chrony, an NTP client/server... This text indicates that the service is currently active and running and that it has been enabled. 4. We can also use Chrony’s command-line package, “chronyc” to retrieve the activity. To retrieve the activity, you can run the following command, referencing “chronyc” and its “activity” option. chronyc activity This Chrony command will give you the status of the NTP client running on your Linux device. $ chronyc activity 200 OK 4 sources online 0 sources offline 0 sources doing burst (return to online) 0 sources doing burst (return to offline) 0 sources with unknown address It will show its current status and show how many servers it is currently connected to and whether they are online. This command can be useful for making sure you aren’t connected to a bad NTP pool. Configuring the NTP Sources for Chrony If there is a particular NTP pool or server that you want to connect to, then configuring Chrony is a straightforward task. For this section, we will be using the nano text editor, but you can use whatever editor you feel comfortable with. 1. To configure the NTP pool that we are connecting to, we will need to modify Chrony’s configuration file. There are two different locations that the configuration file could be located. For CentOS, RHEL, or Fedora, you can edit the config file in the “/etc/chrony.conf” location. sudo nano /etc/chrony.conf If you are using an Ubuntu or Debian based system, you can use nano to edit the file located at “/etc/chrony/chrony.conf“. sudo nano /etc/chrony/chrony.conf If you don’t find the config file in one location, be sure to try the other one. 2. Within this file, there are two different ways you might find an NTP server specified. The first is the “server” directive. This directive allows you to specify individual NTP servers that you want to synchronize time from. You can use this to specify multiple NTP servers as well. The Chrony software will automatically select the best one. server iburst server iburst server iburst server iburst The alternative method is to use the “pool” directive. You use this directive for domain names that resolve to multiple addresses. pool iburst As you can see, configuring NTP servers for Chrony to connect to is a relatively straightforward process. 3. Once you have added your NTP configurations to the file, save it. If you are using nano, you can save the file by pressing CTRL + X, followed by Y, then ENTER. 4. For your changes to take effect, you need to restart the Chrony service. You can restart Chrony by running the following command. sudo systemctl restart chrony 5. You can check that Chrony is now using your new NTP sources by using the following command. This command uses Chrony’s CLI tool to list active sources. chronyc sources Below is an example of the result that you will get from this command. $ chronyc sources 210 Number of sources = 4 MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample ^- dns01.syd01.privatecloud> 2 10 377 824 +2125us[+1813us] +/- 60ms ^- ec2-13-55-50-68.ap-south> 3 10 377 33m +3654us[+3436us] +/- 151ms ^+ 4 9 377 237 -553us[ -553us] +/- 29ms ^* 3 10 377 798 -82us[ -396us] +/- 15ms Checking your NTP Time Synchronization with Chrony In this section, we will show you how you can use Chrony to check how your system is using NTP to synchronize its time. Using these methods, you can learn a lot about what’s happening between Chrony and the NTP servers. Checking Chrony’s Time Tracking The first command we will show you will give you details of the NTP server that Chrony is currently connected to and how it affects the systems time. Using the “tracking” argument, we can get Chrony to reveal our systems time synchronization details. 1. To retrieve the tracking information from Chrony, run the following command on your device. chronyc tracking 2. From this command, you should get something like what we have displayed below. $ chronyc tracking Reference ID : A29FC801 ( Stratum : 4 Ref time (UTC) : Tue Sep 08 06:21:18 2020 System time : 0.000133173 seconds fast of NTP time Last offset : +0.000149029 seconds RMS offset : 0.000352518 seconds Frequency : 14.469 ppm fast Residual freq : +0.000 ppm Skew : 0.137 ppm Root delay : 0.027979819 seconds Root dispersion : 0.001329423 seconds Update interval : 256.0 seconds Leap status : Normal We will run through some of the information provided by this command you can understand what it is telling you. Referenced ID: This field tells us the id and domain name (or IP address) of the NTP server that Chrony is currently synchronizing with. In this example, you can see that we are currently connecting to Cloudflare’s time servers. Please note that if this id is ““, your device is currently not synchronizing time with any external NTP servers. Stratum: This number indicates to you how far away from the source time your server is. In this example, our device is classified as a stratum 4 source as we are connecting to a stratum 3 source. This value isn’t an indicator of how accurate or reliable a NTP server may be, just how far removed it is from a source time server (stratum 0). A stratum 0 source can be something super accurate such as an atomic clock. Ref time (UTC): This field gives us the time in UTC in which Chrony processed the last measurement from the source NTP server. System Time: This value indicates how much faster or slower your system time is than the NTP servers time. Instead of stepping your system clock to this time, Chrony slowly re-corrects it by slightly speeding it up or slowing it down. Chrony will continue to do this until the system time matches up with NTP servers’ time. The software does this to stop causing errors in time-sensitive software by a sudden shift in time. Checking Chrony’s NTP Sources Using a simple command, we can also display information about the NTP sources that Chrony is using. All we need to do is run the following command, utilizing the “chronyc” command-line tool followed by “sources“. chronyc sources Additionally, we will be using the “-v” flag. This flag is entirely optional and is used to add descriptors to each of the columns so you can understand what they are used for. By using this command, you should get a result similar to what we have below. It will show your various sources and the status of them. $ chronyc sources -v 210 Number of sources = 4 .-- Source mode '^' = server, '=' = peer, '#' = local clock. / .- Source state '' = current synced, '+' = combined , '-' = not combined, \| / '?' = unreachable, 'x' = time may be in error, '~' = time too variable. \|\| .- xxxx [ yyyy ] +/- zzzz \|\| Reachability register (octal) -. \| xxxx = adjusted offset, \|\| Log2(Polling interval) --. \| \| yyyy = measured offset, \|\| \ \| \| zzzz = estimated error. \|\| \| \| \ MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample ^- dns01.syd01.privatecloud> 2 10 377 779 +6038us[+5985us] +/- 70ms ^- ec2-13-55-50-68.ap-south> 3 10 377 367 +4505us[+4447us] +/- 113ms ^+ 4 10 377 677 +725us[ +671us] +/- 30ms ^ 3 10 377 256 +55us[-4399ns] +/- 15ms This command lists data about your sources such as the polling rate, what this source is to you, whether its currently being synched from and more. In our example above, you can see that we are currently using the NTP server for our time synchronization on our Linux device. Getting NTP Server Stats using Chrony on Linux The last feature of Chrony that we are going to use is the “sourcestats” command. This command lists some stats from the sources that Chrony continually polls. chronyc sourcestats -v Like with the “sources” command, the “-v” flag is entirely optional. However, it helps you understand what some of the columns are used for. Below is an example of the data that is returned by using this command. $ chronyc sourcestats -v 210 Number of sources = 4 .- Number of sample points in measurement set. / .- Number of residual runs with same sign. \| / .- Length of measurement set (time). \| \| / .- Est. clock freq error (ppm). \| \| \| / .- Est. error in freq. \| \| \| \| / .- Est. offset. \| \| \| \| \| \| On the -. \| \| \| \| \| \| samples. \ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| dns01.syd01.privatecloud> 6 3 86m -0.135 1.675 +3292us 979us ec2-13-55-50-68.ap-south> 14 6 241m -0.040 0.082 +4483us 287us 13 6 309m +0.080 0.119 +527us 593us 13 9 224m -0.065 0.103 -316us 354us Using the information provided from this command you can see the amount of sample points provided, the length of the measurement, the estimated error rate as well as more information. These values can help diagnose the data that your Linux device is retrieving from these NTP services. Hopefully, at this stage, you will now understand how to use Chrony on your device to synchronize with NTP servers. Chrony even works with the timedatectl command, allowing you to configure your device’s time and date easily. If you have run into issues with this guide or have any feedback, please leave a comment below. Be sure also to check out some of our other great Linux guides. Leave a Reply
What Is Face Fungus Fungus is one of the infections that can be quite troublesome to most people and other living organisms. Face fungus refers to fungal infections on the face and may be caused by several types of fungi related organisms. Mostly face fungus affects the scalp, the jaw line and the beards in males, fungal infections around these places can be quite irritating and also embarrassing. Several fungal and pathogens may result in facial infections, some may be more common than others depending on the locality that a person resides in. Certain factors predispose people more to the various fungal infections more than others, this include contacts with pets which poses a higher risk to their handlers and owners unlike other people, this applies mostly to pets that are kept indoors than those who range outside in the open air. Its universal knowledge that most animals carry one type of fungi or other at some points in their lives, this means that animal owners are more at risk of fungi infection unlike other people who don’t come in to contact with animals most of the time. Urban areas are some of the other places that one is highly likely to pick fungal infection more than in the countryside; this is due to the possibility of human contact through which fungi is spread from person to person or animal to person. There are several signs that should warn a person that they are developing face fungus infections, this includes redness and pustules, scaling among other symptoms. Pustules are usually red areas that have skin that is raised unlike the other skin areas, these parts often become inflamed and filled with pus or has pimples. Fungal infections should be taken seriously and symptoms of an infection should not be taken for granted. Unless quick medical attention is sought the fungus is likely to develop and cause a lot of irritation to the person concerned. To avoid spreading the infection, anyone who has fungal infection should avoid any direct contact with other people since the infection is not likely to be spread through any other means. Face fungus can be treated by administration of anti-fungus creams which a doctor prescribes once they are satisfied that the person in question has fungus. Treatment may be varied since it may depend on the type of fungus that one may have as some varieties are quite resistant to first line treatments. Usually face fungus is more of an irritation and embarrassment than a serious condition. Should skin irritation occur one can get some gels to ease the itching until the infection subsides. People with the condition are advised against scratching or rubbing the spot so as to avoid more discomfort in the process.
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Plants that have big monocolored leaves There are 20 plants that have big monocolored leaves like alocasia, aspidistra, ficus that you will love. • IG @ tils_plant_therapy Alocasia Amazonica • IG @ jamo______________ Alocasia Melo Alocasia Melo is an exotic plant native to the Southeast Asian forests, specifically Indonesia, which tends to grow in rocky terrain, unlike other alocasias. This alocasia is considered a small plant because although in nature it can grow up to 23 inches in height, as a houseplant it is not usual, and does not exceed 15 inches approximately. Alocasia Melo is commonly known as Alocasia Rugosa for its unique foliage. Its leaves are green, large, and thick with a rough texture that makes it look like an artificial plant. Alocasias grow in tropical forests in the shade of higher vegetation, which is why it should not be given direct sunlight. If you have animals or children, you must take extreme precautions because alocasias are toxic plants when ingested. • IG @ plantprojectnz Alocasia Stingray Alocasia Stingray is an exotic and rare plant that is easy to keep alive as it does not require excessive care. Although it is an easy plant, it is not a recommended plant for beginners as it is sensitive to temperature and humidity. This elephant ear is becoming popular and is famous for its large leaf with a unique shape that has a long upturned tail that reminds us of a stingray. Like some other alocasias, it needs bright indirect light (south or west-facing windows are best as long as it is indirect light) and loves damp, well-drained soil mixed with organic matter as these are the characteristics of its natural habitat. Alocasia Stingray looks similar to differentiate Alocasia Zebrina because they both have a deep green color on the leaves and a similar pattern and color on the stem. Although their similarities, It is easy to Alocasia Stingray of Alocasia Zebrina by the shape of the leaves. Alocasia Stingray leaves are rounder and have a pointed finish, while Alocasia Zebrina leaves are triangular with an arrow shape. Alocasia is toxic if ingested, so they are not plants safe for cats, dogs neither children. • IG @ k8andherplants Aspidistra Elatior Aspidistra Elatior is a hardy plant easy for beginners due to its low maintenance. It is originally from Asia and is a recommended plant for travelers because it is a drought-tolerant plant. The Cast Iron Plant has dark green leaves and can slowly grow up to 90cm. It's common to use it as an office plant because it tolerates all ranges of light conditions. Cast Iron plants are safe for cats, dogs, and children because it's not toxic. • Ficus Lyrata Ficus Lyrata commonly known as Fiddle Leaf Fig is a ficus that has become very popular in recent years thanks to how elegant and beautiful it is, the large size of its leaves, and how easy it is to take care of it. The ficus Lyrata is a tree native to West Africa that grows in the rain forest and, like all plants, will increase in size as we give it more room to grow, reaching up to 10 meters. Its leaves are a uniform green color, soft and can measure up to 8 inches. Fiddle Leaf Fig is a little more delicate than Ficus Elastica because it needs more light, is more sensitive to water, and is used to losing leaves. If you have pets or small children be careful because it is toxic when ingested. That does not mean that you cannot have it, but it does mean that you must exercise extreme caution or attention. • IG @ laplantadesign Monstera Adansonii Monstera Adansonii is an easy plant originally from Mexico with unique foliage full of holes that survive in low light conditions. It is a low maintenance tropical plant recommended for beginners. Monstera Adansonii is often confused with another plant called Monstera Obliqua because both have big fenestrations in their leaves, but most of the Monstera Obliqua sold, are really Monstera Adansonii. Monstera Friedrichsthalii is mildly toxic if ingested so you should put them far from pets and children. Monsteras are climbing plants thanks to its aerial roots that allow them to grow through superficies so you can experiment giving them totems, cages, or superficies to climb. • IG @ Palm Nursery Monstera Deliciosa Monstera Deliciosa is recognizable by its large, glossy unique green leaves with deep splits and holes called fenestrations that appear when the plant matures. Monsteras are climbing plants native to southern Mexico and Central America that use its aerial roots to cling to large trees, so you should provide it with moss-covered support sticks or a trellis. If its aerial roots get unruly you can trim them, but it’s best to just tuck them back into the pot. Monsteras are toxic if ingested, so think it twice before getting one if you have cats, dogs or children. • IG @ nicoplants Monstera Pinnatipartita Monstera Pinnatipartita is a rare evergreen and beautiful climbing plant originally from South America that looks similar to Monstera Deliciosa. It has divided leaves when it matures and produces white waxy flowers that along with its aerial roots, make it look wildly. Monstera Pinnatipartita must be placed away from the direct sun because it will burn its leaves, and far from pets and children because it's mildly toxic if ingested. It is so recommended to use totems or to place it in a spot where it can trail to maximize its growth. As a houseplant it doesn't grow much but outside, it can take a whole big corner. • IG @ Bakker Sansevieria Trifasciata Black Dragon Sansevieria Trifasciata Black Dragon is a variety of snake plant native to Africa that is almost indestructible because it survives in low light and is drought tolerant. The snake plant is an easy plant that makes it ideal for beginners. Sansevieria Black Dragon is a rare variety with thick, non-dark, dark green leaves and compact shape. Snake plants have become popular because it is an air purifying plant that filters toxins and they are highly recommended for improving air quality in both rooms, offices and living rooms. • IG @ majas.plants.and.stuff Sansevieria Trifasciata Moonshine Sansevieria Trifasciata Moonshine is a Snake Plant variety originally from Africa that has a very unique pale silver-grey-green foliage with dark green margins that will turn dark in shade. Sansevieria Moonshine is a hardy plant perfect for beginners because it survives in low light conditions and is drought-tolerant, meaning you should let the soil dry out between waterings. Sansevieria Trifasciata species contain mildly toxic compounds that cause irritation in the stomach or in the mouth. • IG @ thepottedearthco Spathiphyllum Sensation The Peace Lily is one of the easiest and most common houseplants to grow because they thrive in low light conditions which makes perfect for beginners and for every house. The Spathiphyllum Sensation is originally from Asia and is the largest of the spathiphyllums, with this one bearing large glossy dark green leaves that grow in a layered manner and are distinctly ribbed. Spathiphyllums have been proven to be among the best houseplants to help improve indoor air quality which makes it perfect for bedrooms, livings rooms, and offices but not so recommended for people that has cats, dogs, and children because is mildly toxic if ingested. Plus, it happily blooms throughout the year and can reach up to a 2-meter height. • Spathiphyllum Wallisii The Peace Lily has been around for decades for a good reason: It is one of the easiest houseplants to grow because they thrive in low light conditions though they are toxic if ingested, so not highly recommended if you have cats, dogs or children. Spathiphyllums have been proven to be among the best houseplants to help improve indoor air quality which makes it perfect for bedrooms, livings rooms, and offices. Plus, it happily blooms throughout the year and can reach up to 90cm height
Chat with us, powered by LiveChat Partector Hand-held nano particle detector Monitoring nano particles to sizes as low as 10 nm the Partector uses a diffusion charge technology to detect particles too small for optical or mass based methods. The output is in lung deposited surface area (LDSA) in m2/cm3. This is an important property of these small particles as its thought that they transport toxins on their surface deep into the lung and bloodstream. The particles are so small they have little measurable mass so by inducing an electrical charge on their surface and subsequently detecting that charge we can detect their presence and determine their surface area. Partector is battery operated and can be used as a fixed or portable monitoring system. uHoo – Your First Step to Clean Air They say your home is where the heart is. Just like the heart, the home needs a tracker to know whether it is healthy or not. The uHoo indoor air quality sensor acts like a fitness tracker for your home’s indoor air quality. It has nine sensors – making it the most advanced indoor air quality sensor – that measure temperature, humidity, particulate matter (PM2.5), VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and air pressure. Indoor air can be up to ten times more dangerous than outdoor air, according to EPA. Most people spend 90% of their time indoors, and not monitoring the air quality can have negative short and long-term effects on the health, productivity, and even sleep quality. Short-term health effects are usually headaches, dizziness, and irritation. These symptoms will usually disappear when the sources of indoor air pollution are eliminated. That’s why having an indoor air quality sensor like uHoo can help in identifying these sources. Unit 40 Stadium Business Park Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 11, D11 CV65 Newsletter Signup Subscribe for all of our latest EMS news and updates.
Feb 3, 2016 Kalalau Valley, Kōkeʻe, Kauaʻi. Credit J.B. Friday, University of Hawaiʻi The forested watershed is the well from which life in the islands spring. Without it soils would erode into the oceans, coral reefs and fishing would be devastated. Water supplies would vanish, leaving the islands exposed to threats such as drought, a consequence of which would be immeasurable economic and environmental chaos. Christopher Phillips explains...
Development Versions: devel This documentation is for an unsupported version of PostgreSQL. 52.1. Introduction GIN stands for Generalized Inverted Index. It is an index structure storing a set of (key, posting list) pairs, where a "posting list" is a set of rows in which the key occurs. Each indexed value can contain many keys, so the same row ID can appear in multiple posting lists. It is generalized in the sense that a GIN index does not need to be aware of the operation that it accelerates. Instead, it uses custom strategies defined for particular data types. One advantage of GIN is that it allows the development of custom data types with the appropriate access methods, by an expert in the domain of the data type, rather than a database expert. This is much the same advantage as using GiST. The GIN implementation in PostgreSQL is primarily maintained by Teodor Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov. There is more information about GIN on their website.
Boys like to make things explode, bubble, burn and boil! That’s why we provide an active, inquiry-based science program at The Sterling Hall School – it makes our students excited about concepts they will formally understand as chemistry, biology, physics and robotics. To extend our grounding in traditional classroom learning of curriculum fundamentals such as the scientific method, we offer project-based learning challenges that allow for group and independent research. Boys get to experiment with assembling robots, making potions, testing mouse traps, and building solar houses. It’s an environment that sees them returning to the classroom at lunch time to ask if they can take one more try at the wind tunnel or one more tweak to perfect their rocket for blastoff. The SHS science program is also one where we have on occasion welcomed Old Boys back to engage in independent inquiry projects with the students (our wind machine is popular)—clearly the memory of the fun has continued long past SHS.
Kamus Online suggested words Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: darkening (0.01496 detik) Found 3 items, similar to darkening. English → Indonesian (quick) Definition: darkening pengelaman English → English (WordNet) Definition: darkening darkening adj 1: becoming dark or darker as from waning light or clouding over; “the darkening sky” 2: characterized by hopelessness; filled with gloom; “gloomy at the thought of what he had to face”; “gloomy predictions”; “a gloomy silence”; “took a grim view of the economy”; “the darkening mood” [syn: gloomy, grim] n : changing to a darker color [syn: blackening] English → English (gcide) Definition: Darkening Darken \Dark"en\ (d[aum]rk"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darkened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Darkening (-n[i^]ng).] [AS. deorcian. See Dark, a.] 1. To make dark or black; to deprive of light; to obscure; as, a darkened room. [1913 Webster] They [locusts] covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened. --Ex. x. 15. [1913 Webster] So spake the Sovran Voice; and clouds began To darken all the hill. --Milton. [1913 Webster] 2. To render dim; to deprive of vision. [1913 Webster] Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see. --Rom. xi. 10. [1913 Webster] 3. To cloud, obscure, or perplex; to render less clear or intelligible. [1913 Webster] Such was his wisdom that his confidence did seldom darkenhis foresight. --Bacon. [1913 Webster] Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? --Job. xxxviii. 2. [1913 Webster] 4. To cast a gloom upon. [1913 Webster] With these forced thoughts, I prithee, darken not The mirth of the feast. --Shak. [1913 Webster] 5. To make foul; to sully; to tarnish. [1913 Webster] I must not think there are Evils enough to darken all his goodness. --Shak. [1913 Webster] Darkening \Dark"ening\, n. Twilight; gloaming. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] --Wright. [1913 Webster] Cari kata di: Custom Search Touch version \| Android \| Disclaimer

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