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Activity-4
Let us perform the following activities to observe arteries and veins.
Sit on a table with one leg dangling and the other resting on it so that the
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back of one knee rests on the knee of the other. After a time you will see and
feel the leg which is on top give a series of small movements with each heart
beat. If you do it for long you will reduce the blood flow to the leg and so
develop ‘pins and needles’. Discuss with your teacher about reasons.
Swing your arm round several times to fill the veins with blood, hold
the arm vertically downwards and gently press your finger along a prominent
vein-stroking it in the reverse direction to the blood flow, i.e., towards the
Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 57
hand. Can you see the swellings where you have pushed blood against the
valves? Discuss with your teacher about reasons.
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Think and discuss
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Artery walls are very strong and elastic. why?
Why we compare arteries like tree which divides into smaller and smaller branches.
The lumen size is bigger in vein when compared with artery. Why?
The cardiac cycle
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The human heart starts beating around 21st day during the
embryonic development (refer reproduction chapter). If it stops
beating, it results in the death of a person.
One contraction and one relaxation of atria and ventricles
is called one cardiac cycle.
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1. We start with the imagination that all the four chambers of
1. Imaginary relaxation the heart are in relaxed state (diastole).
of atria and ventricles.
2. Blood from venacava and pulmonary veins enters the right
and left atria respectively.
3. Now the atria contract, forcing the blood to enter into the
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ventricles.
4. When the ventricles are filled with blood they start
contracting and atria start relaxing. The aperture between
2. Blood flows into atria.
the atria and ventricles is closed by valves. On ventricular
contraction due to pressure the blood moves into the aorta
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and pulmonary artery. When the valves are closed forcibly,
we can listen to the first sharp sound of the heart lub.
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5. When the ventricles start relaxing the pressure in the
ventricles is reduced. The blood which has entered the
3. Contraction of atria and arteries tries to come back into the ventricles. The valves
flow of blood into ventricles. which are present in the blood vessels are closed to prevent
backward flow of blood into the ventricles. Now we can
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listen to a dull sound of the heart dub. The atria are filled up
with blood and are ready to pump the blood into the
ventricles.
The sequential events in the heart which are cyclically
4. Contraction of ventricles. repeated are called cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle includes an
A.V. Valves closed (Lub) active phase systole and a resting phase the diastole of atria and
blood flows into arteries. ventricles.
58 X Class Transportation - The circulatory system
The time needed for atrial contraction (atrial systole) is 0.11-
0.14 seconds. The time needed for ventricular contraction
(ventricular systole) is 0.27-0.35 seconds. The time needed for
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relaxation of both auricles and ventriculars i.e. joint diastole is about
0.4 seconds. The whole process is completed in approximately 0.8