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521178 | Human MicroRNA Targets | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interact with target mRNAs at specific sites to induce cleavage of the message or inhibit translation. The specific function of most mammalian miRNAs is unknown. We have predicted target sites on the 3′ untranslated regions of human gene transcripts for all currently known 218 mammalian miRNAs to fac... | Introduction The Functions of MicroRNAs In the past three years, several hundred novel genes encoding transcripts containing short double-stranded RNA hairpins, named microRNAs (miRNAs), were identified in plants and animals ( Lee et al. 1993 ; Reinhart et al. 2000 , 2002 ; Lagos-Quintana et al. 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ; La... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521178.xml |
539291 | Functional effects of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) on human myometrial contractility in vitro | Background 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) administration reportedly improves outcome for women with a previous spontaneous preterm delivery. This study, using in vitro strips of human uterine smooth muscle, aimed to investigate the direct non-genomic effects of 17P on spontaneous and induced contractions in... | Background Preterm delivery constitutes a major problem in obstetric practice because of the large associated contribution to perinatal mortality and morbidity [ 1 , 2 ]. A significant proportion of all preterm deliveries are due to spontaneous preterm labor [ 2 ]. Despite much research effort, until recently, no effec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539291.xml |
509420 | Corneal topographic changes following retinal surgery | Background To study the effect of retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries on corneal elevations. Methods Patients who underwent retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries were divided into 3 groups. Scleral buckling was performed in 11 eyes (Group 1). In 8 (25%) eyes, vitreoretinal surgery was performed along with scleral buckling (Gro... | Background Changes in corneal curvature and axial length have been reported following scleral buckling procedure using keratometer [ 1 - 7 ]. Videokeratography has also been used to assess the corneal surface changes after buckling procedure[ 8 ]. All these studies have reported a change in the corneal curvature in its... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509420.xml |
509421 | Brain choline concentrations may not be altered in euthymic bipolar disorder patients chronically treated with either lithium or sodium valproate | Background It has been suggested that lithium increases choline concentrations, although previous human studies examining this possibility using 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) have had mixed results: some found increases while most found no differences. Methods The present study utilized 1 H MRS, in a 3... | Background Bipolar disorder is a chronic severe mental illness affecting approximately 1% of the adult population. The most widely used mood stabilizer for this condition is lithium [ 1 ], although the exact mechanism by which it is clinically effective remains undetermined. One suggestion is that it acts via effects o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509421.xml |
522869 | Global nucleosome occupancy in yeast | A genome-wide study of nucleosome occupancy at yeast promoters shows that promoters that regulate active genes, contain multiple conserved motifs, or contain Rap1 binding sites tend to be depleted of nucleosomes. | Background Global gene-expression patterns are established and maintained by the concerted actions of transcription factors and the proteins that constitute chromatin. The global network of interactions between transcription factors and promoters in yeast is increasingly being characterized [ 1 ]. The role of chromatin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522869.xml |
549213 | Inter-species horizontal transfer resulting in core-genome and niche-adaptive variation within Helicobacter pylori | Background Horizontal gene transfer is central to evolution in most bacterial species. The detection of exchanged regions is often based upon analysis of compositional characteristics and their comparison to the organism as a whole. In this study we describe a new methodology combining aspects of established signature ... | Background Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and rare lymphomas [ 1 ]. It has a highly panmictic population structure in which homologous recombination makes the predominant contribution to sequence differences within a highly diverse populatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549213.xml |
534789 | CP-31398, a putative p53-stabilizing molecule tested in mammalian cells and in yeast for its effects on p53 transcriptional activity | Background CP-31398 is a small molecule that has been reported to stabilize the DNA-binding core domain of the human tumor suppressor protein p53 in vitro . The compound was also reported to function as a potential anti-cancer drug by rescuing the DNA-binding activity and, consequently, the transcription activation fun... | Background The tumor suppressor protein p53 protects organisms from malignancy by either inducing programmed cell death or by arresting the cell cycle in response to cellular stress. The intracellular concentration of p53 is tightly regulated at the posttranslational level and the protein is very unstable under physiol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534789.xml |
539290 | Antigenized antibodies expressing Vβ8.2 TCR peptides immunize against rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis | Background Immunity against the T cell receptor (TCR) is considered to play a central role in the regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model system of autoimmune disease characterized by a restricted usage of TCR genes. Methods of specific vaccination against the TCR of pathogenetic T cells ha... | Introduction Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimentally induced autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. It can be induced in susceptible animals either by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein PLP, or by immunization with synthetic peptides from the MBP sequence [ 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539290.xml |
524189 | Analysis of Maxi-K alpha subunit splice variants in human myometrium | Background Large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (Maxi-K) channels are implicated in the modulation of human uterine contractions and myometrial Ca 2 + homeostasis. However, the regulatory mechanism(s) governing the expression of Maxi-K channels with decreased calcium sensitivity at parturition are unclear. Th... | Background The regulatory mechanisms for uterine smooth muscle contractility during human pregnancy and labour are poorly understood. Such information is essential to understanding the clinical problems associated with human parturition and particularly preterm or premature labour. It is clear however that the myometri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524189.xml |
539285 | Anti-Plasmodium activity of ceramide analogs | Background Sphingolipids are key molecules regulating many essential functions in eukaryotic cells and ceramide plays a central role in sphingolipid metabolism. A sphingolipid metabolism occurs in the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and is associated with essential biological processes. It constitutes... | Background Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes, predominantly found in the outer leaflet. Sphingosine and ceramide (Figure 1 ) are the two simplest molecules structurally, which belong to the sphingolipid family. Sphingosine represents the sphingoid backbone, and ceramide has a fatty aci... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539285.xml |
526372 | Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania | Background Antimicrobial resistance is particularly harmful to infectious disease management in low-income countries since expensive second-line drugs are not readily available. The objective of this study was to implement and evaluate a computerized system for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary hos... | Background Exaggerated and irrational use of drugs, availability of antibiotics without prescription, the use of pharmaceuticals of doubtful quality and the HIV epidemic may all contribute to the current worldwide surge in antimicrobial drug resistance. Emerging resistance to antimicrobial drugs increases morbidity and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526372.xml |
549038 | Cross-talk between phosphatidic acid and ceramide during ethanol-induced apoptosis in astrocytes | Background Ethanol inhibits proliferation in astrocytes, an effect that was recently linked to the suppression of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation by phospholipase D (PLD). The present study investigates ethanol's effect on the induction of apoptosis in astrocytes and the formation of ceramide, an apoptotic signal. Evi... | Background The proliferation of astrocytes is stimulated by polypeptide growth factors such as PDGF, EGF, bFGF and IGF-1 acting on cellular signaling pathways which involve tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, and the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway [ 1 , 2 ]. Astroglial proliferation is also stimulated by neurotransmitters ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549038.xml |
549212 | In vitro bioassay as a predictor of in vivo response | Background There is a substantial discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo experiments. The purpose of the present work was development of a theoretical framework to enable improved prediction of in vivo response from in vitro bioassay results. Results For dose-response curve reaches a plateau in vitro we demonstrated ... | Background In vitro bioassay is very useful in biomedical experiments. It has the potential to yield very important data about molecular mechanism of action of any biologically active compounds. However, the major challenge for such experiments is extrapolation to in vivo responses. Unfortunately, there is a substantia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549212.xml |
509408 | Amplification of Trial-to-Trial Response Variability by Neurons in Visual Cortex | The visual cortex responds to repeated presentations of the same stimulus with high variability. Because the firing mechanism is remarkably noiseless, the source of this variability is thought to lie in the membrane potential fluctuations that result from summated synaptic input. Here this hypothesis is tested through ... | Introduction In the primary visual cortex (V1), different trials of presentation of an identical stimulus yield highly variable firing rates ( Heggelund and Albus 1978 ). This trial-to-trial variability is not inherited from subcortical inputs, as these respond in a much more consistent fashion ( Kara et al. 2000 ). In... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509408.xml |
499543 | Structural characterization of genomes by large scale sequence-structure threading: application of reliability analysis in structural genomics | Background We establish that the occurrence of protein folds among genomes can be accurately described with a Weibull function. Systems which exhibit Weibull character can be interpreted with reliability theory commonly used in engineering analysis. For instance, Weibull distributions are widely used in reliability, ma... | Background Recent advances in networks theory have demonstrated a key role of uneven distributions occurring in many natural processes. It has been found that seemingly unrelated systems such as economic, professional, sexual and social networks, airline routing, power lines connections, language networks and internet ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC499543.xml |
539252 | The lack of public health research output from India | Background Systematic assessment of recent health research output from India, and its relation with the estimated disease burden, is not available. This information would help understand the areas in health research that need improvement in India to enhance the health of India's population. Methods The health research ... | Background India suffers a large proportion of the disease burden of the world, which has been estimated to be more than its 16.8% share of the world's population [ 1 , 2 ]. One of the vital elements in improving this situation is the need for a comprehensive and relevant evidence base that would equip India to take in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539252.xml |
212703 | Large-Scale Association Study Confirms Genetic Complexity Underlying Type 2 Diabetes | null | A leading cause of death and disability, diabetes affects some 16 million Americans and up to 135 million people worldwide. While environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle are known to influence an individual's risk of getting adult-onset, or Type 2, diabetes, there is also a substantial inherited component, tho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212703.xml |
548130 | Identification of novel prognostic markers in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using LDMAS (LOH Data Management and Analysis Software) | Background Detection of Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) is one of the most common molecular applications in the study of human diseases, in particular cancer. The technique is commonly used to examine whether a known tumour suppressor gene is inactivated or to map unknown tumour suppressor gene(s). However, with the incre... | Background Detection of LOH is one of the most common molecular applications in the study of human diseases, in particular cancer. It is commonly used to examine whether a known tumour suppressor gene is inactivated or to map unknown tumour suppressor gene(s). Detection of LOH not only helps in understanding the molecu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548130.xml |
545602 | Genome-wide mutagenesis of Zea mays L. using RescueMu transposons | The authors describe a large-scale transposon-tagging study in maize using the RescueMu system. The study provides a large resource of tagged and sequenced maize alleles, as well as some insights into the biology of RescueMu . | Background MuDR/Mu transposable elements are widely used for mutagenesis and as tags for gene cloning in maize [ 1 , 2 ]. The high efficiency of Mu insertional mutagenesis regulated by MuDR in highly active Mutator lines reflects four features of this transposon family. First, a plant typically has 10-50 copies of the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545602.xml |
539246 | Tissue engineering, stem cells, cloning, and parthenogenesis: new paradigms for therapy | Patients suffering from diseased and injured organs may be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs which is worsening yearly due to the aging population. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, materials science, and bioen... | Introduction The goal of tissue engineering is to repair organ pathologies such as those acquired congenitally or by cancer, trauma, infection, or inflammation. It is based upon the foundations of cell transplantation and materials science. Tissue can be engineered 1) in vivo - by stimulating the body's own regeneratio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539246.xml |
549560 | Specialized microbial databases for inductive exploration of microbial genome sequences | Background The enormous amount of genome sequence data asks for user-oriented databases to manage sequences and annotations. Queries must include search tools permitting function identification through exploration of related objects. Methods The GenoList package for collecting and mining microbial genome databases has ... | Background We are facing a deluge of genome sequences. As of January 14th, 2005, the GOLD site identified 1248 completed or ongoing genome programs , and this certainly reflects only a partial view of the existing programs. While this shows that we implicitely possess an enormous wealth of information about the functio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549560.xml |
528834 | Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer | Background The phylogenetic relationships among the holoparasites of Rafflesiales have remained enigmatic for over a century. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies using the mitochondrial matR gene placed Rafflesia , Rhizanthes and Sapria (Rafflesiaceae s. str.) in the angiosperm order Malpighiales and Mitrastema (Mitr... | Background Combining gene sequences from multiple subcellular compartments continues to provide increasingly well-resolved flowering plant phylogenies [ 1 ] and these have precipitated a new classification for angiosperms [ 2 ]. Whereas most groups have been placed at the ordinal level, seven of the 18 "taxa of uncerta... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528834.xml |
521179 | Shut Down, Don't Stress Out | null | Among the many stresses faced by a cell, one of the most serious is exposure to oxidizing agents. An invading organism, for example, must defend itself against the oxidative assault mounted by a host's immune system. Since oxidation can rapidly destroy many types of molecules, cells have developed multiple means of pro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521179.xml |
544939 | The birth of Emerging Themes in Epidemiology: a tale of Valerie, causality and epidemiology | Emerging Themes in Epidemiology (ETE) is a new, online, Open Access peer-reviewed journal. The Journal is unique in that it was conceived and is managed by research degree students in epidemiology and related public health fields. The Journal's management is overseen by its Editor-in-Chief and Associate Faculty Editors... | " Causality. There is no escape from it, we are forever slaves to it. Our only hope, our only peace is to understand it, to understand the 'why' [ 1 ]." - The Merovingian As far as we know, the Wachowski brothers' Merovingian was not an epidemiologist, but his sentiments should resonate well with those in the field. Pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544939.xml |
539044 | Picturing AIDS: Using Images to Raise Community Awareness | In Botswana, explicit color photos of people with AIDS have been used to spread knowledge, with the aim of saving lives | Southern Africa poses special problems for AIDS educators and health care workers. Because there is a strong tradition of oral communication in the region, written educational materials often do not have as much impact as the spoken word. We have found that using colour images of HIV/AIDS in a workshop setting to provo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539044.xml |
387283 | The Elusive Baseline of Marine Disease: Are Diseases in Ocean Ecosystems Increasing? | Disease outbreaks alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, directly affecting vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses). Previous studies suggest a recent increase in marine disease. However, lack of baseline data in most communities pr... | Introduction Marine organisms serve as hosts for a diversity of parasites and pathogens. Mortalities affect not only the host population, but can cascade through ecosystems. Loss of biologically engineered habitats such as seagrass beds ( Lewis 1933 ; Taylor 1933 ) and cascading trophic effects due to removal of consum... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387283.xml |
549206 | Comparative analysis of protein coding sequences from human, mouse and the domesticated pig | Background The availability of abundant sequence data from key model organisms has made large scale studies of molecular evolution an exciting possibility. Here we use full length cDNA alignments comprising more than 700,000 nucleotides from human, mouse, pig and the Japanese pufferfish Fugu rubrices in order to invest... | Background Large scale sequencing projects of many different species allow us to investigate phylogenetic issues in much more detail and to identify whether certain genes have had an extraordinary evolution in one or more species and thus gain insight into the actions of natural selection. Despite the sequencing of an ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549206.xml |
522868 | Computational identification of developmental enhancers: conservation and function of transcription factor binding-site clusters in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura | 27 predicted gene-regulatory regions in the Drosophila melanogaster genome were analyzed in vivo , confirming 15 active enhancer regions. A comparison with Drosophila pseudoobscura sequences revealed that conservation of binding-site clusters accurately discriminates functional regions from non-functional ones. | Background The transcription of protein-coding genes in distinct temporal and spatial patterns plays a central role in the differentiation and development of animal embryos. Decoding how the unique expression pattern of every transcript is encoded in DNA is essential to understanding how genome sequences specify organi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522868.xml |
548695 | DNA repeat arrays in chicken and human genomes and the adaptive evolution of avian genome size | Background Birds have smaller average genome sizes than other tetrapod classes, and it has been proposed that a relatively low frequency of repeating DNA is one factor in reduction of avian genome sizes. Results DNA repeat arrays in the sequenced portion of the chicken ( Gallus gallus ) autosomes were quantified and co... | Background Genomes sizes (as measured by the DNA mass per diploid nucleus) are smaller on average in birds than in other tetrapod classes, and genome sizes within the class Aves show less variation than those of other tetrapod classes [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been proposed that reduced genome size in birds represents an adapt... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548695.xml |
539050 | Randomized, Controlled Trial of Therapy Interruption in Chronic HIV-1 Infection | Background Approaches to limiting exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs are an active area of HIV therapy research. Here we present longitudinal follow-up of a randomized, open-label, single-center study of the immune, viral, and safety outcomes of structured therapy interruptions (TIs) in patients with chroni... | Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been a milestone in the treatment of HIV infection. Current treatment guidelines for HIV-1 infection in the United States recommend the initiation of ART in patients with CD4 T cell counts of less than 350 cells/μl [ 1 ]. In implementing these guidelines, health-care provid... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539050.xml |
549548 | The evolution of the Sin1 gene product, a little known protein implicated in stress responses and type I interferon signaling in vertebrates | Background In yeast, birds and mammals, the SAPK-interacting protein 1 (Sin1) gene product has been implicated as a component of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signal transduction pathway. Recently, Sin1 has also been shown to interact with the carboxyl terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain of the ovine ty... | Background Sin1 was originally described as a human protein that modulated Ras function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 1 ]. Strains of yeast that expressed the constitutively activated RAS2 Val 19 mutation had elevated levels of cyclic AMP, impaired growth control and were acutely sensitive to heat shock. This phenotype... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549548.xml |
554096 | Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis | Background Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, ... | Background When the solution to a clinical or scientific puzzle eludes us for more than a century, as with schizophrenia (formerly dementia praecox), we need new ways of thinking about the problem [ 1 , 2 ]. Efforts to understand schizophrenia have focused on neurons and, especially, the role of presumed excess dopamin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554096.xml |
514883 | Monomethyl Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Play an Essential Role in Caenorhabditis elegans Development | Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are commonly found in many organisms from bacteria to mammals. In humans, they have been detected in skin, brain, blood, and cancer cells. Despite a broad distribution, mmBCFAs remain exotic in eukaryotes, where their origin and physiological roles are not understood. Her... | Introduction Fatty acids (FAs) belong to a physiologically important class of molecules involved in energy storage, membrane structure, and various signaling pathways. Different FAs have different physical properties that determine their unique functions. Among the most abundant in animal cells as well as the most stud... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514883.xml |
546041 | Rice Genome Approaches Completion | null | In April 2002, Science published draft genome sequences for the two major subspecies of cultivated rice, Oryza sativa . The release of the rice genome—the first plant crop to be sequenced—was big news. Rice is a staple crop for more than half of the world's population, and it was hoped that the availability of the geno... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546041.xml |
529257 | Adjuvant interferon gamma in patients with drug – resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a pilot study | Background Tuberculosis (TB) is increasing in the world and drug-resistant (DR) disease beckons new treatments. Methods To evaluate the action of interferon (IFN) gamma as immunoadjuvant to chemotherapy on pulmonary DR-TB patients, a pilot, open label clinical trial was carried out in the Cuban reference ward for the m... | Background Tuberculosis (TB) is not yet a defeated affection. Although controllable at a community level and curable in individuals, its eradication seems distant. At present, at least one third of the World's population, more than 1 500 million individuals are infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Every year, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529257.xml |
387268 | Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight | People sometimes solve problems with a unique process called insight, accompanied by an “Aha!” experience. It has long been unclear whether different cognitive and neural processes lead to insight versus noninsight solutions, or if solutions differ only in subsequent subjective feeling. Recent behavioral studies indica... | Introduction According to legend, Archimedes shouted “Eureka!” (“I have found it!”) when he suddenly discovered that water displacement could be used to calculate density. Since then, “Eureka!,” or “Aha!,” has often been used to express the feeling one gets when solving a problem with insight . Insight is pervasive in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387268.xml |
548681 | Use of email for patient communication in student health care: a cross-sectional study | Background Citizens increasingly use email in personal communication. It is not however clear to what extent physicians utilize it for patient communication. Our study was designed to examine physicians' activity in using email and to estimate the proportion of email messages missing from documentation in electronic pa... | Background Citizens increasingly use email in personal communication [ 1 ]. It is not however clear to what extent physicians utilize it for patient communication. In reports from the 1990s 1–14% of doctors in the USA and Norway used email in patient work [ 2 , 3 ]. In recent studies up to 73% of physicians had used em... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548681.xml |
514897 | Factors associated with psychotropic drug use among community-dwelling older persons: A review of empirical studies | Background In the many descriptive studies on prescribed psychotropic drug use by community-dwelling older persons, several sociodemographic and other factors associated with drug use receive inconsistent support. Method Empirical reports with data on at least benzodiazepine or antidepressant drug use in samples of old... | Background The use of prescribed psychotropic drugs by older persons has been a subject of interest for several decades [ 1 , 2 ]. Psychotropic drugs are defined as substances that act directly on the central nervous system, affecting mood, cognition, and behavior, and usually include anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnoti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514897.xml |
514698 | Linear fuzzy gene network models obtained from microarray data by exhaustive search | Background Recent technological advances in high-throughput data collection allow for experimental study of increasingly complex systems on the scale of the whole cellular genome and proteome. Gene network models are needed to interpret the resulting large and complex data sets. Rationally designed perturbations (e.g.,... | Background While similarity (homology) of DNA sequence between organisms can be used to propose potential gene functions, transcriptional regulation, and protein pathways (e.g., [ 1 ]), there are often major differences in the protein products, functions, and pathway involvement of genes with nearly identical sequences... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514698.xml |
545212 | Volume Status in Severe Malaria: No Evidence Provided for the Degree of Filling of the Intravascular Compartment | null | The study by Planche et al. [1] provides important new information addressing intracellular volume depletion in children with severe childhood malaria, but does not address the question of whether intravascular volume depletion (hypovolemic shock) is present. Using sophisticated methodology to determine total body wate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545212.xml |
535905 | Neuroanatomical organization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons during the oestrus cycle in the ewe | Background During the preovulatory surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a very large amount of the peptide is released in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood for 24-36H00. To study whether this release is linked to a modification of the morphological organization of the GnRH-containing neurons, i.e. mor... | Background Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the peptide responsible for the regulation of secretory activity of the pituitary gonadotropes, is found in a diffuse neuronal system situated in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area [ 1 ]. The neurons project their terminals to the median eminence where the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535905.xml |
523829 | New Drugs for Neglected Diseases: From Pipeline to Patients | The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is a new, public- sector organization dedicated to drug discovery | In wealthy countries, state-funded research has yielded breakthroughs in molecular biology, chemistry, and engineering. These advances have been taken up by the pharmaceutical industry and applied to drug development for a growing range of illnesses and conditions. As a result, patients have access to new drugs that ar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523829.xml |
212688 | Functional Analysis of RSS Spacers | null | Based on sheer numbers, microbes should rule the world. Most don't cause disease, but those that do have the advantage of multiplying and mutating at a much faster rate than any multicellular organism can. So how does a slowly reproducing, trillion-celled organism like a human protect itself? By having the right weapon... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212688.xml |
524029 | β3-adrenoceptor agonist prevents alterations of muscle diacylglycerol and adipose tissue phospholipids induced by a cafeteria diet | Background Insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet has been associated with alterations in lipid content and composition in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Administration of β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) agonists was recently reported to prevent insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet, such as the cafeteria d... | Background Dietary fatty acids are known to influence the composition of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) and membrane phospholipids (PL) in adipose tissue [ 1 ]. More recently, it was demonstrated that the lipid profile in skeletal muscle reflected dietary lipids [ 2 - 4 ]. Furthermore, the modifications of fatty acid con... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524029.xml |
514707 | Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity with topical ketorolac tromethamine: a preliminary study | Background Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a common retinal neovascular disorder of premature infants. It is of variable severity, usually heals with mild or no sequelae, but may progress to blindness from retinal detachments or severe retinal scar formation. This is a preliminary report of the effectiveness and sa... | Background Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a common retinal neovascular disorder of premature infants. It is of variable severity, usually heals with mild or no sequelae, but may progress in some infants to partial vision loss or blindness from retinal detachments or severe retinal scar formation [ 1 ]. ROP remains... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514707.xml |
535939 | Can mutations in ELA2, neutrophil elastase expression or differential cell toxicity explain sulphasalazine-induced agranulocytosis? | Background Drug-induced agranulocytosis, a severe side effect marked by a deficit or absolute lack of granulocytic white blood cells, is a rare side-effect of the anti-inflammatory drug sulphasalazine. Mutations in the human neutrophil elastase gene ( ELA2 ), causing increased intracellular concentration of this serine... | Background Sulphasalazine (SA) has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and antibiotic actions, and is a component in the therapy of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Bacterial enzymes in the colon split sulphasalazine into sulphapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid before it is absorbed. Sulp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535939.xml |
514713 | Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn and Tinospora cordifolia exert neuroprotection by modulating the antioxidant system in rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation | Background The major damaging factor during and after the ischemic/hypoxic insult is the generation of free radicals, which leads to apoptosis, necrosis and ultimately cell death. Rubia cordifolia (RC), Fagonia cretica linn (FC) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) have been reported to contain a wide variety of antioxidants ... | Background It is generally believed that a major portion of post-traumatic neuronal necrosis after brain injury does not result from diffuse primary injury, but rather from a secondary process. The injury appears to trigger a cascade of molecular events that lead to gradual vascular and neuronal tissue degeneration, th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514713.xml |
555954 | Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database (PROQOLID): Frequently asked questions | The exponential development of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) measures in clinical research has led to the creation of the Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database (PROQOLID) to facilitate the selection process of PRO measures in clinical research. The project was initiated by Mapi Research Tr... | Review In clinical research it has become increasingly common to assess the patients' perspective of their symptoms and their impact on their daily life as a tool for determining treatment and a means of evaluating the outcome of the treatment chosen [ 1 , 2 ]. The added value of measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes (PR... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555954.xml |
545206 | Are Anticapsular Antibodies the Primary Mechanism of Protection against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease? | Background Antibody to capsular polysaccharide has been the basis of several vaccines that offer protection against invasive disease from Streptococcus pneumoniae . The success of such vaccines has led to the inference that natural protection against invasive pneumococcal disease is largely conferred by anticapsular an... | Introduction The protective effects of antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides have been appreciated since the development of serum therapy, in which passively transferred, serotype-specific antipneumococcal serum reduced mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia by half [ 1 ]. The development of pneumococcal pol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545206.xml |
524175 | Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein B and low density lipoprotein receptor genes affect response to antihypertensive treatment | Background Dyslipidemia has been associated with hypertension. The present study explored if polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins in lipid metabolism could be used as predictors for the individual response to antihypertensive treatment. Methods Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes related to lipid met... | Background Hypertension is a complex trait caused by multiple environmental and genetic factors interacting through the cardiac, vascular and endothelial systems. Several drug classes with different mechanisms of action, including inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), calcium channel blockers, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524175.xml |
529323 | In Times of Stress, Mutate Early and Often | null | For a human, the normal response to stress is to reduce it through some purposeful action, be it indulging in chocolate or calling in sick, at a rate which we can vary to fit the circumstances. For a strain of bacteria faced with stress, the choice is often more stark: it must mutate or die. Among evolutionary theorist... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529323.xml |
529445 | A common genetic factor underlies hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders | Background Certain conditions characterised by blood vessel occlusion or vascular spasm have been found to cluster together in epidemiological studies. However the biological causes for these associations remain controversial. This study used a classical twin design to examine whether these conditions are linked throug... | Background A number of conditions characterised by blood vessel occlusion and/or vascular spasm have been found to be associated in both clinical and epidemiological studies. These include hypertension (HPT), Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), migraine (MIG) and coronary artery disease (CAD) [ 1 - 5 ]. Whether these associatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529445.xml |
526776 | The use of warfarin in veterans with atrial fibrillation | Background Warfarin therapy is effective for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, warfarin therapy is underutilized even among ideal anticoagulation candidates. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of warfarin in both inpatients and outpatients with atrial fibrillation wit... | Background Warfarin therapy is highly effective for the prevention of ischaemic stroke in atrial fibrillation [ 1 ]. Despite the accepted benefit of warfarin therapy, several reports have indicated that warfarin therapy is underutilized even in ideal anticoagulation candidates with atrial fibrillation. Most studies hav... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526776.xml |
555767 | Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the cardiovascular effects of drugs – method development and application to magnesium in sheep | Background There have been few reports of pharmacokinetic models that have been linked to models of the cardiovascular system. Such models could predict the cardiovascular effects of a drug under a variety of circumstances. Limiting factors may be the lack of a suitably simple cardiovascular model, the difficulty in ma... | Background The effective use of some drugs can be limited by their adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, particularly when they are used intravenously in relatively high doses. There have been many studies documenting the cardio-vascular effects of drugs. Similarly, many mathematical models of the cardiovascula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555767.xml |
340938 | pRb Inactivation in Mammary Cells Reveals Common Mechanisms for Tumor Initiation and Progression in Divergent Epithelia | Retinoblastoma 1 (pRb) and the related pocket proteins, retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107) and retinoblastoma-like 2 (p130) (pRb f , collectively), play a pivotal role in regulating eukaryotic cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and terminal differentiation. While aberrations in the pRb-signaling pathway are common in human c... | Introduction Aberrant retinoblastoma 1 (pRb) pathway activity, resulting from defects in pRb itself, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16 INK4a ), cyclin D1 (CCND1), or cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), is observed in the majority of human sporadic cancers ( Marshall 1991 ; Weinberg 1995 ; Sherr 1996 ; Ortega et a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340938.xml |
423154 | Ecology Drives the Global Distribution of Human Diseases | null | It's no surprise that the Amazonian rainforest contains far more species than, say, the Siberian tundra. Over 50% of the world's species live in tropical rainforests, which cover just 6% to 7% of the earth's terrestrial surface. That the number of marine and terrestrial species declines with distance from the equator i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423154.xml |
549602 | Why Blood Glucose Control Matters for the Kidney | null | One of the most common and most serious complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is diabetic nephropathy. It occurs in around 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 10% to 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal failure in the developed world. The main effect o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549602.xml |
526762 | Transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isozymes IX and XII in the female mouse reproductive organs | Background Carbonic anhydrase (CA) classically catalyses the reversible hydration of dissolved CO 2 to form bicarbonate ions and protons. The twelve active CA isozymes are thought to regulate a variety of cellular functions including several processes in the reproductive systems. Methods The present study was designed ... | Background Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that are responsible for the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a reaction CO 2 + H 2 O ↔ H + + HCO 3 - . CAs are produced in a variety of tissues where they participate in several important biological processes such as acid-base balance, re... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526762.xml |
544859 | The involvement of survival signaling pathways in rubella-virus induced apoptosis | Rubella virus (RV) causes severe congenital defects when acquired during the first trimester of pregnancy. RV cytopathic effect has been shown to be due to caspase-dependent apoptosis in a number of susceptible cell lines, and it has been suggested that this apoptotic induction could be a causal factor in the developme... | Introduction Rubella virus (RV) is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus of the Togaviridae . It has a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome that is 9762 nucleotides (nt) in length and contains two non-overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs). The 5' proximal ORF encodes the p200 polyprotein precursor for the nonstr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544859.xml |
423140 | A Gene Responsible for Hybrid Incompatibility in Drosophila | null | Nearly 150 years after Darwin published On the Origin of Species , biologists are still debating how new species emerge from old—and even the definition of species itself. Darwin demurred from offering a hard and fast definition, suggesting that such a thing was “undiscoverable.” One of the more enduring definitions ch... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423140.xml |
529451 | Pudendal nerve decompression in perineology : a case series | Background Perineodynia (vulvodynia, perineal pain, proctalgia), anal and urinary incontinence are the main symptoms of the pudendal canal syndrome (PCS) or entrapment of the pudendal nerve. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bilateral pudendal nerve decompression (PND) on the symptoms of the PCS... | Background The objective of perineology is to treat each defect of the perineum with the right procedure [ 1 - 3 ]. Pudendal nerve decompression (PND) is theoretically a basic procedure in perineology thanks to its ability to treat the defect "pudendal neuropathy". Before going into details of this procedure, it is nec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529451.xml |
544871 | WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows): computer programs for epidemiologists | Background The WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows) computer programs for epidemiologists are designed for use in practice and research in the health field and as learning or teaching aids. They aim to complement other statistics packages. The programs are free, and can be downloaded from the Internet. Implementation There are a... | Background This paper describes the WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows) programs recently added to the PEPI suite of computer programs for epidemiologists, and discusses some of their uses and limitations. The programs were developed for use in practice and research in the health field and as learning or teaching aids. PEPI (an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544871.xml |
555571 | Influence of antioxidant (L- ascorbic acid) on tolbutamide induced hypoglycaemia/antihyperglycaemia in normal and diabetic rats | Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant levels are the leading cause of diabetes and diabetic complications. So it is felt that supplementation of antioxidants may be useful in controlling the glucose levels and t... | Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. It requires life long treatment with drugs coupled with diet control and exercise. It may be due to decrease in the synthesis of insulin (Type-I diabetes) or due to decrease in the secretion of insulin from β-cells of islets o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555571.xml |
544865 | Psychological health of family caregivers of children admitted at birth to a NICU and healthy children: a population-based cross-sectional survey | Background There is little information in the research literature on how parents of children who spend time in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) adapt psychologically to the demands of caregiving beyond the initial hospitalization period. Our aim was to compare parents of NICU children with parents of healthy full-... | Background Neonatal intensive care is associated with a range of long-term health problems such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness and milder but more common problems such as learning disabilities and behavioral problems [ 1 - 13 ]. Although these problems create challenges for the parent respon... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544865.xml |
519021 | Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis – a multicenter trial | The development of antifilarial antibody responses is a characteristic feature of infection with filarial parasites. It should be possible to exploit this fact to develop tools to monitor the progress of the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF); however, assays based on parasite extracts suffer from a ... | Background The exponential growth of the lymphatic filariasis elimination program has highlighted the need for tools that can be used to monitor progress toward programmatic endpoints (e.g. when to stop mass treatment) as well as to conduct surveillance to detect any potential resumption of transmission. Measurement of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519021.xml |
555940 | Heterologous expression of the filarial nematode alt gene products reveals their potential to inhibit immune function | Background Parasites exploit sophisticated strategies to evade host immunity that require both adaptation of existing genes and evolution of new gene families. We have addressed this question by testing the immunological function of novel genes from helminth parasites, in which conventional transgenesis is not yet poss... | Background Pathogens have evolved many ingenious mechanisms to manipulate innate and adaptive host immune responses [ 1 - 6 ]. The nematode parasite Brugia malayi is a causative agent of the disease lymphatic filariasis, which afflicts over 100 million people in tropical countries. Mosquito-borne infective stage larvae... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555940.xml |
543449 | Coccidioides posadasii infection alters the expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D | Background Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever is caused by Coccidioides in Southwest US and Central America. Primary pulmonary infection is initiated by inhalation of air-borne arthroconidia. Since, lung is the first organ that encounters arthroconidia, different components of the pulmonary innate immune system may be ... | Background Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever is a fungal disease caused by the biphasic, highly virulent, soil-fungus Coccidioides immitis or posadasii [ 1 ]. It is endemic in the southwest regions of US, Northern Mexico and parts of Central America [ 2 ]. C. posadasii or C. immitis , are the most virulent fungal path... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543449.xml |
554109 | Rural Indian tribal communities: an emerging high-risk group for HIV/AIDS | Background Rural Indian tribes are anthropologically distinct with unique cultures, traditions and practices. Over the years, displacement and rapid acculturation of this population has led to dramatic changes in their socio-cultural and value systems. Due to a poor health infrastructure, high levels of poverty and ign... | Background India is the second most populous nation in the world and has changing sociopolitical and demographic characteristics as well as varied morbidity and mortality patterns [ 1 ]. These changes, in conjunction with the country's high population growth rate, have exacerbated the prevailing and emerging public hea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554109.xml |
374243 | Accelerated Evolution of the ASPM Gene Controlling Brain Size Begins Prior to Human Brain Expansion | Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global reduction in cerebral cortical volume. The microcephalic brain has a volume comparable to that of early hominids, raising the possibility that some MCPH genes may have been evolutionary targets in the expansion of the cerebral cortex i... | Introduction The human brain, particularly the cerebral cortex, has undergone a dramatic increase in its volume during the course of primate evolution, but the underlying molecular mechanisms that caused this expansion are not known. One approach shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of brain evolution is the anal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC374243.xml |
555559 | Activation of p53, inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of estrogen receptor beta are associated with the anti-growth effects of combination of ovarian hormones and retinoids in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells | Background A full-term pregnancy has been associated with reduced risk for developing breast cancer. In rodent models, the protective effect of pregnancy can be mimicked with a defined regimen of estrogen and progesterone combination (E/P). However, the effects of pregnancy levels of E/P in humans and their underlying ... | Background It is well documented that women who experience a full-term pregnancy early in their lives have a significantly reduced risk for developing breast cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. The mechanisms by which pregnancy affects maternal breast cancer incidences are not fully understood. Previous studies suggest that the protecti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555559.xml |
545945 | Prognostic significance of metallothionein expression in renal cell carcinoma | Background Metallothionein (MT) protein expression deficiency has been implicated in carcinogenesis while MT over expression in tumors is indicative of tumor resistance to anti-cancer treatment. The purpose of the study was to examine the expression of MT expression in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to correlate ... | Background Metallothioneins (MTs) were firstly discovered by Margoses and Valle in 1957 [ 1 ] as cadmium (Cd) binding proteins. Later, Piscator [ 2 ] documented a marked increase of MT in Cd exposed rabbits, as a metal detoxification mechanism. MTs are a family of heavy metal binding proteins with a large degree of seq... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545945.xml |
548508 | Mutagenicity testing with transgenic mice. Part II: Comparison with the mouse spot test | The mouse spot test, an in vivo mutation assay, has been used to assess a number of chemicals. It is at present the only in vivo mammalian test system capable of detecting somatic gene mutations according to OECD guidelines (OECD guideline 484). It is however rather insensitive, animal consuming and expensive type of t... | Background This is the second presentation from a project for the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) evaluating the possible use of transgenic animal mutagenicity assays in toxicity testing and mechanistic research. Part I, preceeding this article, discussed comparison of effects of chemicals using certa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548508.xml |
526206 | Patterns of use, dosing, and economic impact of biologic agent use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study | Background Variability in dosing and costs of biologics among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is of interest to healthcare descision-makers. We examined dosing and costs among RA patients newly treated with infliximab or etanercept under conditions of typical clinical practice. Methods Integrated pharmacy and m... | Background Rheumatoid arthritis is a costly and debilitating autoimmune disorder that is characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and impaired functionality. Symptoms arise from the inflammation and degradation of the synovial membrane, causing progressive disability in joint function [ 1 ]. As the disease progresses, p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526206.xml |
555565 | Patterns of lung cancer mortality in 23 countries: Application of the Age-Period-Cohort model | Background Smoking habits do not seem to be the main explanation of the epidemiological characteristics of female lung cancer mortality in Asian countries. However, Asian countries are often excluded from studies of geographical differences in trends for lung cancer mortality. We thus examined lung cancer trends from 1... | Background Worldwide, over one million people die of lung cancer each year [ 1 ]. In the US, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both sexes [ 2 ], and mortality rates in women have risen 500% since 1950 [ 3 ]. In the European Union countries, although age-standardized mortality rates have decreased... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555565.xml |
548520 | Synaptogenesis and outer segment formation are perturbed in the neural retina of Crx mutant mice | Background In Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), affected individuals are blind, or nearly so, from birth. This early onset suggests abnormal development of the neural retina. Mutations in genes that affect the development and/or function of photoreceptor cells have been found to be responsible in some families. These... | Background Photoreceptor cells play a primary role in vision by capturing light energy and converting it into neural stimuli. These sensory neurons are a shared element in all organisms capable of sensing light. In humans, genetic diseases of the eye are common and the primary site of disease is most frequently photore... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548520.xml |
514539 | Tests for finding complex patterns of differential expression in cancers: towards individualized medicine | Background Microarray studies in cancer compare expression levels between two or more sample groups on thousands of genes. Data analysis follows a population-level approach (e.g., comparison of sample means) to identify differentially expressed genes. This leads to the discovery of 'population-level' markers, i.e., gen... | Background Studies of differential expression of individual genes often find genes that are up-regulated in some tumors, and down-regulated in others. Microarray studies typically seek to identify differentially expressed genes using use fold-change [ 1 ], t-tests [ 2 ], and models [ 3 - 6 ]. Studies of global gene exp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514539.xml |
516448 | Stress, burnout and doctors' attitudes to work are determined by personality and learning style: A twelve year longitudinal study of UK medical graduates | Background The study investigated the extent to which approaches to work, workplace climate, stress, burnout and satisfaction with medicine as a career in doctors aged about thirty are predicted by measures of learning style and personality measured five to twelve years earlier when the doctors were applicants to medic... | Background Sir William Osler (1849–1919), one of the most distinguished physicians of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, recognised that only some doctors are happy in their professional lives: "To each one of you the practice of medicine will be very much as you make it – to one a worry, a care, a perpetual a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516448.xml |
526212 | Cloning of a novel inhibin alpha cDNA from rhesus monkey testis | Background Inhibins are dimeric gonadal protein hormones that negatively regulate pituitary FSH synthesis and secretion. Inhibin B is produced by testicular Sertoli cells and is the primary circulating form of inhibin in most adult male mammals. Inhibin B is comprised of the inhibin alpha subunit disulfide-linked to th... | Background The inhibins are dimeric gonadal protein hormones that negatively regulate pituitary FSH synthesis and secretion [ 1 , 2 ]. Inhibins are comprised of an α subunit (inhibin α) and one of two inhibin β subunits (inhibin βA or inhibin βB). In adult male mammals, inhibin B (α-βB dimer) appears to be the primary ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526212.xml |
509296 | Grafting the Way to the Systemic Silencing Signal in Plants | Grafting is a powerful but complex means to study the spread of RNA silencing | Grafting is an ancient technique used by farmers and gardeners to combine desired attributes of the rootstock with those of the donor plant shoot, or scion. Grafting essentially saved European wine making: when the insect Dactylosphera vitifoliae devastated European grapewine varieties over the course of the late 1800s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509296.xml |
544396 | Participation of African social scientists in malaria control: identifying enabling and constraining factors | Objective To examine the enabling and constraining factors that influence African social scientists involvement in malaria control. Methods Convenience and snowball sampling was used to identify participants. Data collection was conducted in two phases: a mailed survey was followed by in-depth phone interviews with sel... | Introduction Malaria control remains ineffective in many endemic areas in spite of efficacious interventions, such as combined antimalarial therapies and insecticide-treated materials. Biological, environmental, political, socio-cultural, economic and behavioural factors influence the transmission of malaria, thus requ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544396.xml |
524363 | Relationship between CRP and hypofibrinolysis: Is this a possible mechanism to explain the association between CRP and outcome in critically ill patients? | Background- Endothelial cell dysfunction may be implicated in the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) by a number of mechanisms. Among these, altered fibrinolysis promotes fibrin deposition, which may create microvascular alterations during inflammation. Elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), espe... | Background Endothelial cells have a key role in the control of vascular permeability and vessel tone, coagulation and fibrinolysis, and inflammatory response [ 1 ]. There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the critical role of the vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure (MOF) in cri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524363.xml |
524377 | Limited Durability of Viral Control following Treated Acute HIV Infection | Background Early treatment of acute HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy, followed by supervised treatment interruption (STI), has been associated with at least transient control of viremia. However, the durability of such control remains unclear. Here we present longitudinal follow-up of a single-ar... | Introduction The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can dramatically prolong the life of individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) [ 1 ], but early hopes for virus eradication have not been realized [ 2 ]. The successful use of HAART is limited by drug-related toxicities, high cost... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524377.xml |
548285 | HIV, malaria and beyond: reducing the disease burden of female adolescents | In sub-Saharan Africa the highest overlap between malaria and HIV infections occurs in female adolescents. Yet control activities for these infections are directed to different target groups, using disparate channels. This reflects the lack of priority given to adolescents and the absence of an accepted framework for d... | Background The current generation of adolescents – over one billion – is the largest in history [ 1 ] and, far from representing a picture of health [ 2 ], many will suffer untimely disease and death. HIV and malaria are responsible for much of the disease burden affecting female adolescents, who suffer disproportionat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548285.xml |
545776 | Transcriptome analysis of haploid male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis | A transcriptome analysis of male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis uncovers distinct temporal classes of gene expression and opens the door to detailed studies of the regulatory pathways involved. | Background Development of eukaryotic cells towards particular cell fates is regulated by complex and dynamic changes in gene expression. These changes, when monitored on a genome-wide scale, provide a detailed framework for the analysis and modeling of cellular development. To monitor patterns of gene expression it is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545776.xml |
539341 | Multiple Campylobacter Genomes Sequenced | null | In 1995, the first complete bacterial genome sequence was published. Now, nearly 200 bacterial genomes have been completed, and a new one hits the scientific press most weeks. This burgeoning industry is not just scientific “stamp collecting,” however. Having all these genome sequences may provide useful clues about wh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539341.xml |
539355 | The DiAMOND trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of two decision aids for mode of delivery among women with a previous caesarean section [ISRCTN84367722] | Background Caesarean section (CS) has become an increasingly common method of delivery worldwide, rising in the UK from 9% of deliveries in 1980 to over 21% 2001. This increase, and the question of whether CS should be available to women on request, has been the subject of considerable debate, and national reports and ... | Background Over the last 20 years caesarean section (CS) has become an increasingly common method of delivery. The CS rate in the United Kingdom rose from 9% of deliveries in 1980 to 21% in 2001 [ 1 ]. This increase, and the question of whether CS should be available to women on request, has been the subject of conside... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539355.xml |
526275 | i-Genome: A database to summarize oligonucleotide data in genomes | Background Information on the occurrence of sequence features in genomes is crucial to comparative genomics, evolutionary analysis, the analyses of regulatory sequences and the quantitative evaluation of sequences. Computing the frequencies and the occurrences of a pattern in complete genomes is time-consuming. Results... | Background During the last decade, many genomes have been successfully and completely sequenced. Summarized information about the oligonucleotides in genomes provides biologists, who interests in the evolution and growth of genomes, to work in comparative genomics, oligonucleotide probe design, primer design and the an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526275.xml |
535534 | Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) as salvage treatment for intractable hemorrhage | Background Recently, there has been an increased use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) to promote hemostasis in various hemorrhagic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of patients treated with rFVIIa who had intractable bleeding associated with cardiac surgery (CSP) or as a r... | Introduction Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), originally developed for the treatment of acquired inhibitors associated with hemophilia [ 1 , 2 ], has been successfully used for bleeding due to acquired or congenital thrombocytopathy [ 3 , 4 ], extensive trauma and a variety of surgical procedures, including anecdotal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535534.xml |
548291 | Human cytomegalovirus plasmid-based amplicon vector system for gene therapy | We have constructed and evaluated the utility of a helper-dependent virus vector system that is derived from Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This vector is based on the herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon system and contains the HCMV orthologs of the two cis -acting functions required for replication and packaging of HSV... | Background HCMV is a member of the betaherpesvirus family [ 42 , 48 ]. Other members of this family include human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and all are widely distributed in human populations. During productive replication, the 230 kilobase pair (kbp) viral genome replicates by a rolling c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548291.xml |
509282 | Increased contractile responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine and Angiotensin II in high fat diet fed rat thoracic aorta | Background Feeding normal rats with high dietary levels of saturated fat leads to pathological conditions, which are quite similar to syndrome X in humans. These conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and hyperglycemia might induce hypertension through various mechanisms. Metabolic synd... | Background Syndrome X comprises a plethora of conditions such as obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension [ 1 ]. It places stress on multiple organ systems and plays a significant role in the development of other related cardiovascular disorders. Western style diet, which c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509282.xml |
526261 | Personalized versus non-personalized computerized decision support system to increase therapeutic quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy: an alternating time series analysis | Background The quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) during the initiation and maintenance treatment is generally poor. Physicians' ordering of OAT (especially fluindione and warfarin ) can be improved by dose adjustment algorithms, taking into account the results of International Normalized Ratio (INR). ... | Background Iatrogenic effects of oral anticoagulants therapy According to a study carried out by French pharmacovigilance centres, haemorrhage subsequent to oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) is the most common drug-related side effect resulting in hospitalisation in public hospitals in France (13% of such admissions, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526261.xml |
545936 | Cough quality in children: a comparison of subjective vs. bronchoscopic findings | Background Cough is the most common symptom presenting to doctors. The quality of cough (productive or wet vs dry) is used clinically as well as in epidemiology and clinical research. There is however no data on the validity of cough quality descriptors. The study aims were to compare (1) cough quality (wet/dry and bra... | Background Cough is the most common symptom presenting to medical practitioners in Australia, the UK and USA [ 1 - 3 ]. Cough quality, specifically dry versus we t[ 4 ] or productive cough, is often used in epidemiological [ 5 - 7 ] and clinical research [ 8 , 9 ]. Clinically, physicians also often differentiate betwee... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545936.xml |
535547 | Using GIS to establish a public library consumer health collection | Background Learning the exact demographic characteristics of a neighborhood in which a public library serves, assists the collection development librarian in building an appropriate collection. Gathering that demographic information can be a lengthy process, and then formatting the information for the neighborhood in q... | Background Libraries have the objective to build collections that support the communities they serve. To build a viable collection the collection development librarian, outreach/marketing librarian, and others, must determine exactly what populations reside in the neighborhood, in respect to race, spoken language, educ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535547.xml |
545951 | Cyclic nucleotide binding proteins in the Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa genomes | Background Cyclic nucleotides are ubiquitous intracellular messengers. Until recently, the roles of cyclic nucleotides in plant cells have proven difficult to uncover. With an understanding of the protein domains which can bind cyclic nucleotides (CNB and GAF domains) we scanned the completed genomes of the higher plan... | Background The discovery of cyclic 3'5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by Earl Sutherland in the late 1950s was one of the most significant paradigm shifts in biochemistry [ 1 ]. This breakthrough ushered in the concept of second messengers: intracellular molecules which transmit signals in cells and are derived from a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545951.xml |
522749 | Comparison of glucose tolerance in renal transplant recipients and hemodialysis patients | Background Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Methods To check the relationship of impaired glucose tolerance with the other atherosclerotic risk factors, fasting blood sugar and the standard two hour glucose tolerance test, serum tr... | Background Mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases are frequent in patients with diabetes mellitus and high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, also, are observed in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by renal replacement therapy, either renal transplantation (RT) and dialysis [... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522749.xml |
514562 | Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal syndrome- a life-threatening complication of baclofen pump: A case report | Background Intrathecal baclofen pump has been used effectively with increasing frequency in patients with severe spasticity, particularly for those patients who are unresponsive to conservative pharmacotherapy or develop intolerable side effects at therapeutic doses of oral baclofen. Drowsiness, nausea, headache, muscl... | Background Baclofen is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog that has inhibitory effects on spinal cord reflexes and brain. Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy consists of long-term delivery of baclofen to the intrathecal space. Intrathecal baclofen has been used to treat spasticity due to cerebral palsy, brain or spi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514562.xml |
534103 | Lipoprotein lipase in hemodialysis patients: indications that low molecular weight heparin depletes functional stores, despite low plasma levels of the enzyme | Background Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has a central role in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The enzyme is anchored to the vascular endothelium through interaction with heparan sulphate proteoglycans and is displaced from this interaction by heparin. When heparin is infused, there is a peak of LPL activi... | Background Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyses triglycerides (TG) in circulating lipoproteins [ 1 , 2 ]. This is a necessary first step in catabolism of the TG-rich lipoproteins as evidenced by the massive hypertriglyceridemia in patients with genetic deficiency of the enzyme [ 3 ]. Fine-tuned regulation of LPL activit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534103.xml |
546230 | Free does not mean affordable: maternity patient expenditures in a public hospital in Bangladesh | Objective This study investigated a) the amount and types of out-of-pocket expenditures by patients for nominally free services in a large public hospital in Bangladesh, b) the factors influencing these expenses, and c) the impact of these expenses on household income. Methods Eighty-one maternity patients were intervi... | Background In developing countries governments often subsidize services at public health care facilities and provide them free of charge to users. However, evidence suggests that users still incur large expenditures using the 'free' services for such things that are supposedly provided without charge. Studies have foun... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546230.xml |
535553 | AIDS-defining illnesses among patients with HIV in Singapore, 1985 to 2001: results from the Singapore HIV Observational Cohort Study (SHOCS) | Background The objective was to describe the causes of initial and overall AIDS-defining disease episodes among HIV patients in Singapore. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study was performed of all adult patients seen at the national HIV referral center between 1985 and 2001. Data were extracted from the p... | Background Cohort studies have provided valuable information on the clinical course of HIV infection in patients from Europe [ 1 - 16 ], North America [ 3 , 17 - 21 ], South America [ 22 , 23 ] and Africa [ 24 - 32 ]. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically altered the incidence of AIDS-defining ill... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535553.xml |
544355 | Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey | Background Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide. Epidemiological research carried out in different countries has shown that the social and economical situation of the individuals is an important cause in the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Previous studies in Turkey revea... | Background Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide. It is estimated that some 3.5 billion people are affected, and that 450 million are ill as a result of these infections, the majority being children. These infections are regarded as serious public health problem, as they cause... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544355.xml |
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