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516782 | Encouraging physician appropriate prescribing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapies: protocol of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN43532635] | Background Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely used class of therapy in the treatment of chronic pain and inflammation. The drugs are effective and can be relatively inexpensive thanks to available generic versions. Unfortunately the traditional NSAIDs are associated with gastrointes... | Background Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely prescribed class of therapy used to relieve pain and inflammation. The drugs have been shown to be effective for a variety of common disorders (hence their widespread use), most notably chronic osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516782.xml |
523856 | Low autocrine interferon beta production as a gene therapy approach for AIDS: Infusion of interferon beta-engineered lymphocytes in macaques chronically infected with SIVmac251 | Background The aim of this study was to evaluate gene therapy for AIDS based on the transduction of circulating lymphocytes with a retroviral vector giving low levels of constitutive macaque interferon β production in macaques chronically infected with a pathogenic isolate of SIVmac251. Results Two groups of three anim... | Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, but it has been suggested that a combination of HAART and strategies for boosting the immune system would give more effective long-term control of HIV infection [ 1 , 2 ]. Interferon β (IFN-β) is... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523856.xml |
546189 | Saturated free fatty acids and apoptosis in microvascular mesangial cells: palmitate activates pro-apoptotic signaling involving caspase 9 and mitochondrial release of endonuclease G | Background In type 2 diabetes, free fatty acids (FFA) accumulate in microvascular cells, but the phenotypic consequences of FFA accumulation in the microvasculature are incompletely understood. Here we investigated whether saturated FFA induce apoptosis in human microvascular mesangial cells and analyzed the signaling ... | Background Recent evidence suggests that intracellular accumulation of saturated free fatty acids (FFA) in vascular cells contributes to lipid-mediated cellular damage (see [ 1 - 4 ] for review). The cellular dysfunction associated with FFA overload, known as lipotoxicity, contributes to cell injury in settings of high... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546189.xml |
550674 | FADD adaptor in cancer | FADD (Fas Associated protein with Death Domain) is a key adaptor molecule transmitting the death signal mediated by death receptors. In addition, this multiple functional protein is implicated in survival/proliferation and cell cycle progression. FADD functions are regulated via cellular sublocalization, protein phosph... | The FADD molecule The FADD gene is located on chromosome 11q13.3 in humans and 7 in mice [ 1 ]. Mutations in the FADD gene containing locus are frequently observed in human malignancies [ 2 ]. For instance, the 11q13 region contains the fibroblast growth factor 3 and 4 genes which are coamplified in melanoma. It also i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550674.xml |
516796 | What Is Life—and How Do We Search for It in Other Worlds? | If there is life on distant worlds, how would we go about finding it? | I need a “tricorder”—the convenient, hand-held device featured on Star Trek that can detect life forms even from orbit. Unfortunately, we don't have a clue how a tricorder might work, since life forms don't seem to have any observable property that distinguishes them from inanimate matter. Furthermore, we lack a defini... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516796.xml |
512296 | Preliminary inventory and classification of indigenous afromontane forests on the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa | Background Mixed evergreen forests form the smallest, most widely distributed and fragmented biome in southern Africa. Within South Africa, 44% of this vegetation type has been transformed. Afromontane forest only covers 0.56 % of South Africa, yet it contains 5.35% of South Africa's plant species. Prior to this invest... | Background Mixed evergreen forests form the smallest, most widely distributed and fragmented biome in southern Africa [ 1 ]. Originally classified as Undifferentiated Afromontane forest [ 2 ], 44% of this vegetation type within South Africa has been transformed [ 2 ]. The forest biome only covers 0.56 % of South Africa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512296.xml |
340947 | The Effect of Learning on the Function of Monkey Extrastriate Visual Cortex | One of the most remarkable capabilities of the adult brain is its ability to learn and continuously adapt to an ever-changing environment. While many studies have documented how learning improves the perception and identification of visual stimuli, relatively little is known about how it modifies the underlying neural ... | Introduction It is well established that learning can have a strong impact on neural responses to visual stimuli in high-level association cortices such as inferior temporal (IT) or prefrontal (PF) cortex, where the activity of single neurons reflects learning in pair association, object identification, or categorizati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340947.xml |
512282 | The Retinome – Defining a reference transcriptome of the adult mammalian retina/retinal pigment epithelium | Background The mammalian retina is a valuable model system to study neuronal biology in health and disease. To obtain insight into intrinsic processes of the retina, great efforts are directed towards the identification and characterization of transcripts with functional relevance to this tissue. Results With the goal ... | Background The mammalian retina is a highly structured tissue developmentally originating from neuroectodermal evagination of the diencephalon and subsequent invagination processes resulting in the formation of two cellular layers which ultimately give rise to the inner neural retina and the outer retinal pigment epith... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512282.xml |
518963 | Development of real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma hominis | Background Mycoplasma hominis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial vaginosis, post partum fever, sepsis and infections of the central nervous system often leading to serious conditions. Association with development of female infertility has also been suggested, but different publications present di... | Background Mycoplasmas are the smallest living prokaryotes known, capable of self-replication. They belong to the class Mollicutes and are distinguished phenotypically from other bacteria by their minute size and lack of a cell wall. Genetically they differ by having a small genome size and low G+C content {1} [ 1 ]. M... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518963.xml |
546002 | Gene expression patterns associated with blood-feeding in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae | Background Blood feeding, or hematophagy, is a behavior exhibited by female mosquitoes required both for reproduction and for transmission of pathogens. We determined the expression patterns of 3,068 ESTs, representing ~2,000 unique gene transcripts using cDNA microarrays in adult female Anopheles gambiae at selected t... | Background Hematophagy, blood-feeding, is a behavior exhibited by most arthropod vectors of human pathogens. In anautogenous mosquitoes, the female generally feeds to repletion on a single blood meal and then proceeds to use this nutrition as the basis for the development of a batch of eggs. The cycle of host seeking, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546002.xml |
544946 | Autoantibodies and autoantigens in autoimmune hepatitis: important tools in clinical practice and to study pathogenesis of the disease | Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic necroinflammatory disease of the liver characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, characteristic autoantibodies, association with HLA DR3 or DR4 and a favorable response to immunosuppressive treatment. The etiology is unknown. The detection of non-organ and liver-related autoantibo... | 1. Introduction Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. The estimated prevalence of AIH in Northern European countries is approximately 160–170 patients/10 6 inhabitants [ 1 , 2 ]. The disease predominates among women and is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia even in the abs... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544946.xml |
449906 | Whose Copy? Whose Rights? | Primary scientific and medical literature is written for academic communities and the public good -- so should be governed by copyright licenses that permit the full range of uses that could benefit stakeholders in research. | This is the third installment in a series of editorials on the implications of open-access publishing for established publishing practices and stakeholders in scientific and medical research. The questions, tensions, and social concerns surrounding copyright and the Internet are very different for scientific and medica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449906.xml |
549523 | Chromatography paper strip sampling of enteric adenoviruses type 40 and 41 positive stool specimens | Background The enteric subgroup F adenoviruses type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) are the second most important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis after rotaviruses. Repeated community outbreaks have been associated with antigenic changes among the Ad40 and Ad41 strains due to host immune pressure. Therefore large fiel... | Background Enteric adenoviruses (EAds) are considered to be the second most important causative agent of acute infantile gastroenteritis after rotaviruses. The fastidious subgroup F adenoviruses type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) account for the majority of cases of severe acute diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549523.xml |
547917 | Adaptogenic and nootropic activities of aqueous extract of Vitis vinifera (grape seed): an experimental study in rat model | Background The aerial parts of Vitis vinifera (common grape or European grape) have been widely used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of common and stress related disorders. In the present investigation, the seed extract of V. vinifera was evaluated for antistress activity in normal and stress induced rats. Furthermore, ... | Background Stress can be described as the sum total of all the reactions of the body, which disturb the normal physiological condition and result in a state of threatened homeostasis. Stress is an internationally recognized phenomenon fortified by advancement of industrialization in a demanding civilization. Thus, ever... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547917.xml |
516033 | Recurrent Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma after esophagectomy | Background Esophagectomy is considered the gold standard for the treatment of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and for noninvasive adenocarcinoma (ACA) of the distal esophagus. If all of the metaplastic epithelium is removed, the patient is considered "cured". Despite this, BE has been reported in patie... | Background The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased more rapidly than any other form of cancer since the 1970s and now represents the majority of esophageal neoplasms in the West [ 1 ]. Barrett's esophagus is the replacement of native squamous mucosa by specialized intestinal metaplasia and is known to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516033.xml |
516769 | Gene expression variation between mouse inbred strains | Background In this study, we investigated the effect of genetic background on expression profiles. We analysed the transcriptome of mouse hindlimb muscle of five frequently used mouse inbred strains using spotted oligonucleotide microarrays. Results Through ANOVA analysis with a false discovery rate of 10%, we show tha... | Background Due to their isogenicity, inbred mouse strains demonstrate low biological variability within each strain[ 1 , 2 ]. Genetic variation between inbred strains is considerable and has recently been characterized in detail using single nucleotide polymorphisms[ 3 ]. Differences in genetic background between strai... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516769.xml |
544588 | The Depression Network (DeNT) Study: methodology and sociodemographic characteristics of the first 470 affected sibling pairs from a large multi-site linkage genetic study | Background The Depression Network Study (DeNt) is a multicentre study designed to identify genes and/or loci linked to and/or associated with susceptibility to unipolar depression in Caucasian families. This study presents the method and socio-demographic details of the first 470 affected sibling pairs recruited from 8... | Background Genetic risk factors are well established for major affective disorders and a recent twin study has suggested that unipolar depression has a stronger genetic influence than was previously thought. McGuffin and colleagues [ 1 ] have estimated that the heritability (i.e. the proportion of liability explained b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544588.xml |
539239 | Regional risks and seasonality in travel-associated campylobacteriosis | Backgound The epidemiology of travel-associated campylobacteriosis is still largely unclear, and various known risk factors could only explain limited proportions of the recorded cases. Methods Using data from 28,704 notifications of travel-associated campylobacteriosis in Sweden 1997 to 2003 and travel patterns of 16,... | Background Campylobacter infection is a zoonotic disease, observed in most parts of the world. The disease is caused by Campylobacter jejuni , or less commonly Campylobacter coli . It is estimated to cause 5–14% of diarrhoea, worldwide [ 1 ]. The incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days (range 1 to 10 days), and person... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539239.xml |
549537 | Expression of human dopamine receptor in potato (Solanum tuberosum) results in altered tuber carbon metabolism | Background Even though the catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) have been detected in plants their role is poorly documented. Correlations between norepinephrine, soluble sugars and starch concentration have been recently reported for potato plants over-expressing tyrosine decarboxylase, the enzyme... | Background The catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) are a group of biogenic amines possessing a substituted 3, 4-dihydroxy phenyl ring that are widespread in the animal kingdom; but they have also been detected in plants [ 1 , 2 ]. The role of catecholamines in plants is poorly documented, but it i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549537.xml |
520754 | Good physicians from the perspective of their patients | Background It is not currently known what is the patient's viewpoint of a "good" physician. We set out to define patient's priorities regarding different physician's attributes in 3 domains important in medical care. Methods Patients hospitalized or attending clinics at a large teaching hospital selected the 4 attribut... | Background An expert clinician whose choices are evidence-based; sensitive and dedicated to the patient – not just disease-oriented; who heeds and respects the patient's autonomy, striving at conveying all relevant information to the patient to enable a truly shared decision-making. That can be seen as a prototype or r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520754.xml |
524254 | Measuring Global Trends in the Status of Biodiversity: Red List Indices for Birds | The rapid destruction of the planet's biodiversity has prompted the nations of the world to set a target of achieving a significant reduction in the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010. However, we do not yet have an adequate way of monitoring progress towards achieving this target. Here we present a method for produc... | Introduction The world's biodiversity is diminishing rapidly ( Balmford et al. 2003 ; Jenkins et al. 2003 ). At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the nations of the world agreed to pursue more effective implementation of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in order to achieve ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524254.xml |
506787 | Tumor necrosis factor-mediated inhibition of interleukin-18 in the brain: a clinical and experimental study in head-injured patients and in a murine model of closed head injury. | Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-(IL)-18 are important mediators of neuroinflammation after closed head injury (CHI). Both mediators have been previously found to be significantly elevated in the intracranial compartment after brain injury, both in patients as well as in experimental model systems. However, ... | Findings Closed head injury (CHI) is the leading cause of mortality and persisting neurological impairment in young people in industrialized countries [ 1 , 2 ]. The neuropathological sequelae of brain injury are mediated in large part by a profound host-mediated intracranial inflammatory response [ 3 - 5 ]. The pro-in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506787.xml |
522816 | Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consumption in South Italy | Background Despite Noroviruses (NV, previously "Norwalk-like viruses") being a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, the impact of NV infection is at present unknown and little information is available about strains circulating in Italy. In April 2002 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in the province ... | Background Norovirus (NV, previously "Norwalk-like viruses"), one of four genera in the Caliciviridae family, includes a group of morphologically similar but genetically different single-stranded RNA viruses. NVs represent the most important cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In industrialised countries ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522816.xml |
553989 | A cost-minimization analysis of diuretic-based antihypertensive therapy reducing cardiovascular events in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension | Background Hypertension is among the most common chronic condition in middle-aged and older adults. Approximately 50 million Americans are currently diagnosed with this condition, and more than $18.7 billion is spent on hypertension management, including $3.8 billion for medications. There are numerous pharmacological ... | Background Hypertension is among the most common chronic conditions in middle-aged and older adults. Approximately 50 million Americans are currently diagnosed with this condition, and more than $18.7 billion is spent on hypertension management, including $3.8 billion for medications[ 1 ]. Treatment of hypertension can... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553989.xml |
553976 | The case for well-conducted experiments to validate statistical protocols for 2D gels: different pre-processing = different lists of significant proteins | Background The proteomics literature has seen a proliferation of publications that seek to apply the rapidly improving technology of 2D gels to study various biological systems. However, there is a dearth of systematic studies that have investigated appropriate statistical approaches to analyse the data from these expe... | Background The effort to produce an index of all human proteins (the human protein index, or HPI) began over twenty years ago. This project pre-dates the human genome project by more than a decade. However, the complexity of the task of creating this index was underestimated and the relative simplicity of the human gen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553976.xml |
506778 | The "Goldilocks Effect" in Cystic Fibrosis: identification of a lung phenotype in the cftr knockout and heterozygous mouse | Background Cystic Fibrosis is a pleiotropic disease in humans with primary morbidity and mortality associated with a lung disease phenotype. However, knockout in the mouse of cftr , the gene whose mutant alleles are responsible for cystic fibrosis, has previously failed to produce a readily, quantifiable lung phenotype... | Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive disease primarily affecting the intestines, lungs, and pancreas. The gene responsible for CF was identified in 1989 [ 1 ] as coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( cftr ), a membrane chloride channel. CF is one of the most common autosomal r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506778.xml |
547903 | Molecular models of NS3 protease variants of the Hepatitis C virus | Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) currently infects approximately three percent of the world population. In view of the lack of vaccines against HCV, there is an urgent need for an efficient treatment of the disease by an effective antiviral drug. Rational drug design has not been the primary way for discovering major... | Background After the development of serological tests for hepatitis A and B viruses in the 1970s it became clear that an additional agent accounted for approximately 90% of transfusion-associated hepatitis (non-A non-B hepatitis, NANBH) [ 1 ]. The novel agent, hence termed hepatitis C virus (HCV), currently infects app... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547903.xml |
516027 | Selection and validation of endogenous reference genes using a high throughput approach | Background Endogenous reference genes are commonly used to normalize expression levels of other genes with the assumption that the expression of the former is constant in different tissues and in different physiopathological conditions. Whether this assumption is correct it is, however, still matter of debate. In this ... | Background Endogenous reference alse referred to as house keeping genes defines in biology the theoretical assumption that certain genes are ubiquitously expressed in nucleated cells possibly because their stable expression is essential for cell survival and welfare in all physio-pathological circumstances. In practica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516027.xml |
554980 | The health workforce crisis in TB control: a report from high-burden countries | Background Human resources (HR) constraints have been reported as one of the main barriers to achieving the 2005 global tuberculosis (TB) control targets in 18 of the 22 TB high-burden countries (HBCs); consequently we try to assess the current HR available for TB control in HBCs. Methods A standard questionnaire desig... | Background The performance of health care systems is closely related to the numbers, distribution, knowledge, skills and motivation of its workforce, particularly of those individuals delivering the services [ 1 ]. Improvements in global health are greatly dependent on how well health systems can meet the demands place... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554980.xml |
552329 | Recombinant Tula hantavirus shows reduced fitness but is able to survive in the presence of a parental virus: analysis of consecutive passages in a cell culture | Tula hantavirus carrying recombinant S RNA segment (recTULV) grew in a cell culture to the same titers as the original cell adapted variant but presented no real match to the parental virus. Our data showed that the lower competitiveness of recTULV could not be increased by pre-passaging in the cell culture. Neverthele... | Background Recombination in RNA viruses serves two main purposes: (i) it generates and spreads advantageous genetic combinations; and (ii) it counters the deleterious effect of mutations that, due to the low fidelity of viral RNA polymerases and lack of proofreading, occur with high frequency [ 1 ]. The purging functio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552329.xml |
551608 | parkin mutation dosage and the phenomenon of anticipation: a molecular genetic study of familial parkinsonism | Background parkin mutations are a common cause of parkinsonism. Possessing two parkin mutations leads to early-onset parkinsonism, while having one mutation may predispose to late-onset disease. This dosage pattern suggests that some parkin families should exhibit intergenerational variation in age at onset resembling ... | Background Mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of parkinsonism. parkin was originally discovered as the cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism [ 1 ]. However, recent reports suggest that not all parkin mutations are recessive [ 2 - 5 ], nor is age at onset always early [ 6 - 9 ]. Several studies... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551608.xml |
549047 | TPO/Mpl Studies in Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia | Background Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) is one of the Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative disorder and is diagnosed by hyperplasia of atypical megakaryocytes, hepatosplenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis and bone marrow fibrosis. Fibrosis is considered to be a secondary consequence of enhanced... | Background Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are characterized as myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) arising due to exponential amplification of a haematopoietic stem cell. A typical feature of these disorders is the presen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549047.xml |
497049 | Low fasting low high-density lipoprotein and postprandial lipemia | Background Low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and disturbed postprandial lipemia are associated with coronary heart disease. In the present study, we evaluated the variation of triglyceride (TG) postprandially in respect to serum HDL cholesterol levels. Results Fifty two Greek men were divided int... | Background The hypothesis that low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), raised since the 1950s [ 1 ]. Fifty years later, it was well-established [ 2 , 3 ] as it has been excellently proved after a number of large prospective studies [ 4 , 5 ]. In the PROC... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497049.xml |
554994 | A normalization strategy applied to HiCEP (an AFLP-based expression profiling) analysis: Toward the strict alignment of valid fragments across electrophoretic patterns | Background Gene expression analysis based on comparison of electrophoretic patterns is strongly dependent on the accuracy of DNA fragment sizing. The current normalization strategy based on molecular weight markers has limited accuracy because marker peaks are often masked by intense peaks nearby. Cumulative errors in ... | Background Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a DNA fingerprinting technique using electropherograms [ 1 ]. AFLP analysis belongs to the category of selective restriction fragment amplification techniques, which are based on the ligation of adapters to genomic restriction fragments followed by PCR-based a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554994.xml |
554758 | Plant viral intergenic DNA sequence repeats with transcription enhancing activity | Background The geminivirus and nanovirus families of DNA plant viruses have proved to be a fertile source of viral genomic sequences, clearly demonstrated by the large number of sequence entries within public DNA sequence databases. Due to considerable conservation in genome organization, these viruses contain easily i... | Background Traditionally, analyses of viral promoter structure-function relationship have involved directed deletion or disruption of promoter structure, followed by determination of resulting changes in transcription, if any, resulting from the alterations [ 1 ]. A relatively small subset of the promoter elements iden... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554758.xml |
546412 | Considerations for the future development of virtual technology as a rehabilitation tool | Background Virtual environments (VE) are a powerful tool for various forms of rehabilitation. Coupling VE with high-speed networking [Tele-Immersion] that approaches speeds of 100 Gb/sec can greatly expand its influence in rehabilitation. Accordingly, these new networks will permit various peripherals attached to compu... | Background Visual imaging is one of the major technological advances of the last decade. Although its impact in medicine and research is most strongly observed in the explosion of PET and fMRI studies in recent years [ 1 ], there has been a steady emergence of studies using virtual imaging to measure and train human be... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546412.xml |
509311 | Regenerating Lost Muscle: Msx1 to the Rescue | null | Cell and molecular biologists have a good start at understanding the adult salamander's enviable ability to completely regrow a lost limb or jaw. (Salamanders can even regenerate portions of their eyes and heart.) Happily, mammals share many of the required cellular skills—though in an untapped form. In response to inj... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509311.xml |
554770 | Developmental changes in abundance of the VSPβ protein following nuclear transformation of maize with the Soybean vspβ cDNA | Background Developing monocots that accumulate more vegetative tissue protein is one strategy for improving nitrogen-sequestration and nutritive value of forage and silage crops. In soybeans (a dicotyledonous legume), the vspA and B genes encode subunits of a dimeric vegetative storage protein that plays an important r... | Background Although genetic variation for protein content has been found in forage plants, this variability is narrower than that observed for other traits such as digestibility [ 1 ]. Since the major protein components in monocot forage and silage crops are involved in metabolic activity, and hence are not "true" stor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554770.xml |
521489 | Transformation and scattering activities of the receptor tyrosine kinase RON/Stk in rodent fibroblasts and lack of regulation by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus receptor, Hyal2 | Background The envelope (Env) protein of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) can transform cells in culture and is likely to be the main factor responsible for lung cancer induction by JSRV in animals. A recent report indicates that the epithelial-cell transforming activity of JSRV Env depends on activation of the cell-... | Background JSRV is an acutely oncogenic retrovirus that can induce lung tumors in newborn sheep in as little as 10 days [ 1 ]. Unlike most acutely oncogenic retroviruses, JSRV does not carry a host cell-derived oncogene. Instead, expression of the native viral Env protein is sufficient to transform cultured cells and i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521489.xml |
534090 | The Chernobyl childhood leukemia study: background & lessons learned | Many challenges emerged during completion of a study to examine radiation dose and acute leukemia among children in areas of the former Soviet Union. In an era of globalization, our experiences might benefit others involved in multinational investigations. | Introduction This paper identifies the major challenges faced and the lessons learned in addressing them by the collaborative research groups involved in developing and conducting a large, multi-national case-control study of acute leukemia among children in areas of the former Soviet Union (FSU) that were most heavily... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534090.xml |
544563 | Lung function, asthma symptoms, and quality of life for children in public housing in Boston: a case-series analysis | Background Children in urban public housing are at high risk for asthma, given elevated environmental and social exposures and suboptimal medical care. For a multifactorial disease like asthma, design of intervention studies can be influenced by the relative prevalence of key risk factors. To better understand risk fac... | Background Asthma morbidity and mortality have been increasing in recent years, with a disproportionate impact on urban minority children [ 1 - 4 ]. Hospitalization and morbidity rates have been shown to be elevated for nonwhites versus whites [ 3 ] and in inner-city settings with low-income populations [ 4 ]. Multiple... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544563.xml |
532393 | Replication of Norovirus in Cell Culture Reveals a Tropism for Dendritic Cells and Macrophages | Noroviruses are understudied because these important enteric pathogens have not been cultured to date. We found that the norovirus murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) infects macrophage-like cells in vivo and replicates in cultured primary dendritic cells and macrophages. MNV-1 growth was inhibited by the interferon-αβ receptor... | Introduction Viruses within the genus Norovirus (formerly “Norwalk-like viruses”) of the family Caliciviridae are major agents of acute gastroenteritis ( Green et al. 2001 ). Norovirus research, including the development of prevention and control strategies, has been hampered by the failure to grow these viruses in cul... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532393.xml |
509310 | Mutants on the Small Screen | A recent television series in the UK celebrates the genetic diversity of human life | My graduate adviser, Sydney Brenner, used to exclaim ‘Revenons à nos mutants!’ as he sat down at the bench to search for yet more genetic variants of C. elegans . Those mutants won him a Nobel Prize, some thirty years later. Armand Leroi is another aficionado of C. elegans mutants, but he decided to write a book—and th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509310.xml |
544577 | Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacter aerogenes phenotypically misidentified as Klebsiella pneumoniae or K. terrigena | Background Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae are common isolates in clinical microbiology and important as producers of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The discrimination between both species, which is routinely based on biochemical characteristics, is generally accepted to be straightforward. Her... | Background Enterobacteriaceae with β-lactam resistance due to the production of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) were discovered in the eighties and since that time became epidemic and endemic in hospitals worldwide [ 1 ]. Since two decades, 20 to 40 ESBL-producing strains are isolated monthly in our hospital. Amo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544577.xml |
552315 | An adaptive method for cDNA microarray normalization | Background Normalization is a critical step in analysis of gene expression profiles. For dual-labeled arrays, global normalization assumes that the majority of the genes on the array are non-differentially expressed between the two channels and that the number of over-expressed genes approximately equals the number of ... | Background Microarray technology provides simultaneous measurements of expression levels for thousands of genes. Each step from sample preparation to data analysis, however, contains potential sources of bias and variability. Proper normalization adjusts for differences which interfere with the comparison of intensitie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552315.xml |
546406 | Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality | Virtual Reality (VR) provides a unique medium suited to the achievement of several requirements for effective rehabilitation intervention. Specifically, therapy can be provided within a functional, purposeful and motivating context. Many VR applications present opportunities for individuals to participate in experience... | Introduction One of the major goals of rehabilitation is to make quantitative and qualitative improvements in daily activities in order to improve the quality of independent living. Three determinants of motor recovery are early intervention, task-oriented training, and repetition intensity [ 1 ] while a major objectiv... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546406.xml |
554764 | Efficacy of two artemisinin combination therapies for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children under 5 years, Malakal, Upper Nile, Sudan | Background The treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan has been in process of change since 2003. Preceding the change, this study aimed to determine which artemisinin-based combination therapies is more effective to treat uncomplicated malaria in Malakal, Upper Nile, Sudan. Methods Clinical trial to assess... | Introduction The health situation in Sudan continues to be affected by long-lasting conflict and related humanitarian emergencies such as food crises and epidemics. Malaria is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. In Sudan, an estimated 7.5 million patients suffer from malaria each year and 35,000 die fro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554764.xml |
509305 | Spontaneous Autoimmunity in 129 and C57BL/6 Mice—Implications for Autoimmunity Described in Gene-Targeted Mice | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder in which complex genetic factors play an important role. Several strains of gene-targeted mice have been reported to develop SLE, implicating the null genes in the causation of disease. However, hybrid strains between 129 and C57BL/6 mice, widely u... | Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by the production of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against a wide spectrum of self-antigens, mainly from subcellular compartments, especially the cell nucleus. Genetic predisposition is an important contributor to susceptibility t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509305.xml |
532387 | In Silico Reconstitution of Listeria Propulsion Exhibits Nano-Saltation | To understand how the actin-polymerization-mediated movements in cells emerge from myriad individual protein–protein interactions, we developed a computational model of Listeria monocytogenes propulsion that explicitly simulates a large number of monomer-scale biochemical and mechanical interactions. The literature on ... | Introduction Cellular processes generally involve interactions among 10 1 to 10 5 gene products. These interactions can be both biochemical, as in the activation of one protein by another, and mechanical, as in the application of force between bodies. Even when each individual interaction is simple and understood in de... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532387.xml |
552314 | Clustering the annotation space of proteins | Background Current protein clustering methods rely on either sequence or functional similarities between proteins, thereby limiting inferences to one of these areas. Results Here we report a new approach, named CLAN, which clusters proteins according to both annotation and sequence similarity. This approach is extremel... | Background To achieve high quality of annotation, curators are using direct evidence from additional experiments or infer functional roles by sequence similarity to experimentally characterized genes or proteins. However, erroneous annotations generated at early stages may propagate to new homologous sequences, ultimat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552314.xml |
546407 | Simulator sickness when performing gaze shifts within a wide field of view optic flow environment: preliminary evidence for using virtual reality in vestibular rehabilitation | Background Wide field of view virtual environments offer some unique features that may be beneficial for use in vestibular rehabilitation. For one, optic flow information extracted from the periphery may be critical for recalibrating the sensory processes used by people with vestibular disorders. However, wide FOV devi... | Background One out of three elderly persons and more than one out of five working adults report dizziness[ 1 , 2 ]. There is a growing body of literature that suggests that persons with dizziness due to vestibular disorders fall, regardless of age [ 3 ]. Falls in persons with vestibular disorders have potentially catas... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546407.xml |
534091 | Physical function and associations with diet and exercise: Results of a cross-sectional survey among elders with breast or prostate cancer | Background Functional decline threatens independent living and is common among individuals diagnosed with cancer, especially those who are elderly. The purpose of this study was to explore whether dietary and exercise practices are associated with physical function status among older cancer survivors. Methods Mailed su... | Background There are 9.6 M cancer survivors in the US today, and 61% are age 65 or older [ 1 ]. Over the next 50 years, the number of elderly cancer survivors is expected to double [ 2 ]. Unfortunately, these individuals are at greater risk for other cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, and function... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534091.xml |
544562 | Heritability of Stroop and flanker performance in 12-year old children | Background There is great interest in appropriate phenotypes that serve as indicator of genetically transmitted frontal (dys)function, such as ADHD. Here we investigate the ability to deal with response conflict, and we ask to what extent performance variation on response interference tasks is caused by genetic variati... | Background The Stroop test [ 1 ] is arguably the best-known neuropsychological test to tap attentional (dys)function. In the color words version of this test the instruction is to attend to the color of the ink in which a word is printed and name this color aloud. At the same time, the printed words may also read certa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544562.xml |
554771 | Polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes and the risk of histologic chorioamnionitis in Caucasoid women: a case control study | Background Chorioamnionitis is a common underlying cause of preterm birth (PTB). It is hypothesised that polymorphisms in immunoregulatory genes influence the host response to infection and subsequent preterm birth. The relationship between histologic chorioamnionitis and 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 immuno... | Background Acute infection of the amniotic fluid and chorioamnion is a common cause of preterm delivery before 34 weeks gestation. Consistent with previous reports [ 1 ], an Australian study found that 31% of preterm births (PTB) before 34 weeks had histologic chorioamnionitis [ 2 ]. An inverse relationship between del... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554771.xml |
554765 | Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous dendritic cell (DC) derived-exosomes: results of thefirst phase I clinical trial | Background DC derived-exosomes are nanomeric vesicles harboring functional MHC/peptide complexes capable of promoting T cell immune responses and tumor rejection. Here we report the feasability and safety of the first Phase I clinical trial using autologous exosomes pulsed with MAGE 3 peptides for the immunization of s... | Background Immunization protocols rely on the capacity of the vaccine design to elicit long term protective, peptide specific, MHC restricted-CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses in cancer patients. In preclinical studies, few vaccination strategies were shown to counteract tumor induced-tolerance and to promote immunity t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554765.xml |
544576 | Structure and evolution of protein interaction networks: a statistical model for link dynamics and gene duplications | Background The structure of molecular networks derives from dynamical processes on evolutionary time scales. For protein interaction networks, global statistical features of their structure can now be inferred consistently from several large-throughput datasets. Understanding the underlying evolutionary dynamics is cru... | Background Molecular interaction networks are ubiquitous in biological systems. Examples include transcription control [ 1 ], signal transduction, and metabolic pathways [ 2 ]. These networks have become a focus of recent research, because of their important roles in metabolism, gene expression, and information process... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544576.xml |
497048 | Multi-component based cross correlation beat detection in electrocardiogram analysis | Background The first stage in computerised processing of the electrocardiogram is beat detection. This involves identifying all cardiac cycles and locating the position of the beginning and end of each of the identifiable waveform components. The accuracy at which beat detection is performed has significant impact on t... | Background Computerised classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a complex and multi staged process. The overall goal is to determine if the patient is 'normal' and may remain untreated, or whether the patient exhibits any cardiac abnormalities requiring treatment. The classification of the ECG by computerised ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497048.xml |
553988 | Presence of factors that activate platelet aggregation in mitral stenotic patients' plasma | Background Although the association between mitral stenosis (MS) and increased coagulation activity is well recognized, it is unclear whether enhanced coagulation remains localized in the left atrium or whether this represents a systemic problem. To assess systemic coagulation parameters and changes in platelet aggrega... | Introduction Systemic thromboembolism represents a major complication in patients with mitral stenosis (MS), especially in those who have atrial fibrillation [ 1 , 2 ]. A hypercoagulable state has been reported in patients with MS and sinus rhythm [ 3 , 4 ]. The association between MS and higher levels of coagulation i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553988.xml |
551609 | Customized birth weight for gestational age standards: Perinatal mortality patterns are consistent with separate standards for males and females but not for blacks and whites | Background Some currently available birth weight for gestational age standards are customized but others are not. We carried out a study to provide empirical justification for customizing such standards by sex and for whites and blacks in the United States. Methods We studied all male and female singleton live births a... | Background Birth weight-specific perinatal mortality curves among male and female births intersect to produce a paradox: overall perinatal mortality rates and perinatal mortality rates at lower birth weights are relatively higher among male births, while at higher birth weights perinatal mortality rates are relatively ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551609.xml |
546413 | Linking biogeography to physiology: Evolutionary and acclimatory adjustments of thermal limits | Temperature-adaptive physiological variation plays important roles in latitudinal biogeographic patterning and in setting vertical distributions along subtidal-to-intertidal gradients in coastal marine ecosystems. Comparisons of congeneric marine invertebrates reveal that the most warm-adapted species may live closer t... | Review Introduction Understanding the roles played by physiological adaptation to temperature in governing the distribution patterns of species has taken on a new urgency because of the potential effects of global warming on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. There is already compelling evidence for widespread ch... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546413.xml |
549046 | Interactions between xenoestrogens and ketoconazole on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A, in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) | Background Xenoestrogens and antifungal azoles probably share a common route of metabolism, through hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Chemical interactions with metabolic pathways may affect clearance of both xenobiotics and endobiotics. This study was carried out to identify possible chemical interactions by thos... | Background A great challenge in pharmacology and toxicology is to understand the molecular mechanisms behind how mixtures of compounds affect living organisms. This study focuses on two classes of substances, imidazoles and xenoestrogens, and how these chemicals alone and in combination affect hepatic drug-metabolizing... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549046.xml |
522817 | Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer: a clinical practice guideline | Background Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence. Its virulence, in terms of symptoms and mortality, justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. A clinical practice guideline was developed based on a systematic review investigating neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy on r... | Background Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence. Its virulence, in terms of symptoms and mortality, justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. The large and growing number of patients affected, the high mortality rates, the worldwide geographic variation in practice... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522817.xml |
554981 | Survivin 2α: a novel Survivin splice variant expressed in human malignancies | Background Survivin and its alternative splice forms are involved in critical cellular processes, including cell division and programmed cell death. Survivin is expressed in the majority of human cancers, but minimally in differentiated normal tissues. Expression levels correlate with tumor aggressiveness and resistanc... | Background Alternative splicing is estimated to occur in 40–60% of all human genes, accounting for some of the discrepancies between the large number of known proteins and the three-fold lower number of human genes in the genome. Alternative splicing generates a multitude of isoforms that have overlapping but distinct ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554981.xml |
506779 | Injuries at a Canadian National Taekwondo Championships: a prospective study | Background The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the injury rates in male and female adult Canadian Taekwondo athletes relative to total number of injuries, type and body part injured. Methods Subjects (219 males, 99 females) participated in the 1997 Canadian National Taekwondo Championships in Toronto, C... | Background With the inclusion of Taekwondo as a medal sport in the 2000 Olympic Games interest has gained momentum from participants, national governments and scientists alike. With increased participation, the issue of safety becomes very important and timely. The rules and regulations with regards to these Championsh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506779.xml |
554995 | Prevalence, types and demographic features of child labour among school children in Nigeria | Background To determine the prevalence, types and demographic features of child labour among school children in Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional interview study of 1675 randomly selected public primary and secondary school pupils aged 5 to less than 18 years was conducted in the Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun S... | Background Child labour covers all economic activities carried out by children regardless of their occupational status [ 1 ]. It has probably being in existence almost as long as the history of mankind. Economic activity is a broad concept that encompasses most productive activities of children. It includes both work t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554995.xml |
547902 | Towards an understanding of barriers to condom use in rural Benin using the Health Belief Model: A cross sectional survey | Background HIV/AIDS is the most dramatic epidemic of the century that has claimed over two decade more than 3 million deaths. Sub Saharan Africa is heavily affected and accounts for nearly 70% of all cases. Despite awareness campaigns, prevention measures and more recently promotion of anti viral regimens, the prevalen... | Background One of the current challenging tasks faced by health professionals and scientists worldwide is the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. This disease claims yearly a huge toll of deaths, productivity and economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the population is already weakened by poverty, mala... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547902.xml |
522803 | Exposure to malaria affects the regression of hepatosplenomegaly after treatment for Schistosoma mansoni infection in Kenyan children | Background Schistosoma mansoni and malaria infections are often endemic in the same communities in sub-Saharan Africa, and both have pathological effects on the liver and the spleen. Hepatosplenomegaly associated with S. mansoni is exacerbated in children with relatively high exposure to malaria. Treatment with praziqu... | Background Hepatosplenomegaly is a widespread but neglected condition affecting many communities in sub-Saharan Africa where both Schistosoma mansoni and malaria infections are endemic. Severely enlarged and hard organs may be an indicator of increased portal pressure, as well as pointing to an increased risk of portal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522803.xml |
552328 | Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope quasispecies transmission and evolution in infant rhesus macaques after oral challenge with uncloned SIVmac251: increased diversity is associated with neutralizing antibodies and improved survival in previously immunized animals | Background Oral infection of infant macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a useful animal model to test interventions to reduce postnatal HIV transmission via breast-feeding. We previously demonstrated that immunization of infant rhesus macaques with either modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing... | Background The continued need for breast-feeding in developing countries due to nutritional or socio-economic reasons poses a considerable risk for postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and breastfeeding is estimated to account for 33–50% of infant HIV infections worldwide [ 1 - 5 ]. This dilemma underscores t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552328.xml |
524255 | Predicting Risk of Mosquito-Borne Disease in Variable Environments | null | Malaria remains one of the greatest threats to global health, infecting more people than ever before. Confined mainly to the tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Central America, malaria hits Africa the hardest; the poverty-stricken lands of sub-Saharan Africa account for 90% of malaria infections worldwide. Despite ong... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524255.xml |
554759 | Involvement of β-chemokines in the development of inflammatory demyelination | The importance of β-chemokines (or CC chemokine ligands – CCL) in the development of inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis and rodents with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is strongly supported by descriptive studies and experimental models. Our recent genetic sc... | Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with features of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Although the identity of primary antigenic determinant(s) is uncertain, an interaction between β-chemokine ligands and their receptors plays a central role in the recruitm... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554759.xml |
509304 | p19 Arf Suppresses Growth, Progression, and Metastasis of Hras-Driven Carcinomas through p53-Dependent and -Independent Pathways | Ectopic expression of oncogenes such as Ras induces expression of p19 Arf , which, in turn, activates p53 and growth arrest. Here, we used a multistage model of squamous cell carcinoma development to investigate the functional interactions between Ras, p19 Arf , and p53 during tumor progression in the mouse. Skin tumor... | Introduction Tumor development and metastasis is a multistep process of somatic cell evolution that includes uncontrolled proliferation, impaired apoptosis, loss of differentiation, immortalization, neovascularization, invasion, and metastatic spread ( Hanahan and Weinberg 2000 ). This evolutionary transformation can b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509304.xml |
553977 | Low density DNA microarray for detection of most frequent TP53 missense point mutations | Background We have developed an oligonucleotide microarray (genosensor) utilizing a double tandem hybridization technique to search for 9 point mutations located in the most frequently altered codons of the TP53 gene. Isolated and multiplexed PCR products, 108 and 92 bp long, from exons 7 and 8, respectively, were obta... | Background Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. According to The World Cancer Report, cancer rates could further increase by 50% to 15 million new cases in the year 2020 [ 1 ]. The chances of surviving the onset of some common cancers depend largely on how early they are detected in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553977.xml |
516581 | WHO systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality: the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (near miss) | Aim To determine the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) worldwide (near miss). Method Systematic review of all available data. The methodology followed a pre-defined protocol, an extensive search strategy of 10 electronic databases as well as other sources. Articles were evaluated according to specifi... | Background Severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM), also known as "near miss", is defined as "A very ill pregnant or recently delivered woman who would have died had it not been that luck and good care was on her side" [ 1 , 2 ]. This concept is relatively new in maternal care, but is increasingly becoming important in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516581.xml |
532392 | Drosophila Spastin Regulates Synaptic Microtubule Networks and Is Required for Normal Motor Function | The most common form of human autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP) is caused by mutations in the SPG4 (spastin) gene, which encodes an AAA ATPase closely related in sequence to the microtubule-severing protein Katanin. Patients with AD-HSP exhibit degeneration of the distal regions of the longest a... | Introduction “Pure” autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP) is an inherited disease characterized by bilateral spasticity in the absence of other phenotypes (reviewed in Fink 2003 ; Reid 2003 ). Afflicted patients experience difficulty in walking and have a distinctive gait. Degeneration of the latera... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532392.xml |
449907 | Great Ape Genomes Offer Insight into Human Evolution | null | Some primatologists have argued that to understand human nature we must understand the behavior of apes. In the social interactions and organization of modern primates, the theory goes, we can see the evolutionary roots of our own social relationships. In the genomic era, the age-old question, What makes us human? has ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449907.xml |
521488 | UVA/UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in connective tissue diseases and related disorders: a research based review | Background Broad-band UVA, long-wave UVA1 and PUVA treatment have been described as an alternative/adjunct therapeutic option in a number of inflammatory and malignant skin diseases. Nevertheless, controlled studies investigating the efficacy of UVA irradiation in connective tissue diseases and related disorders are ra... | Background Unlike UVB radiation that can penetrate at the most into the papillary dermis, longer wavelengths in the UVA region have the capacity to reach the subcutis as well. Accordingly, as well as due to its lesser antiproliferative activity, UVB irradiation has not been established in the treatment of sclerotic dis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521488.xml |
547916 | Suppression of MMP-9 by doxycycline in brain arteriovenous malformations | Background The primary aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing doxycycline to suppress matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods Ex-vivo treatment of AVM tissues: Intact AVM tissues were treated with doxycycline for 48 hours. Active and total MMP-9 ... | Background Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) represent a relatively infrequent but devastating source of neurological morbidity in relatively young adults [ 1 ]. Prevention of new or recurrent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the primary rationale for treating AVMs. The optimal management of AVMs is not well defi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547916.xml |
544589 | Daily oviposition patterns of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) on different types of aqueous substrates | Background Anopheles gambiae Giles is the most important vector of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge of the factors that influence its daily oviposition pattern is crucial if field interventions targeting gravid females are to be successful. This laboratory study investigated the effect of oviposition subs... | Background Although An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes are nocturnal in their feeding and oviposition activities, the probable time of oviposition is determined by many factors including ambient temperature and light conditions, and the time the mosquito obtains its blood meal [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition, we hypothesised that the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544589.xml |
543580 | A survey of statistics in three UK general practice journal | Background Many medical specialities have reviewed the statistical content of their journals. To our knowledge this has not been done in general practice. Given the main role of a general practitioner as a diagnostician we thought it would be of interest to see whether the statistical methods reported reflect the diagn... | Background "Diagnosis is the keystone of good medical practice"[ 1 ] General practitioners (GPs) are primarily diagnosticians [ 2 ] yet it appears that diagnosis remains their Achilles heel[ 3 ]. The problem has its origins in a misunderstanding of the differences of the five Ps (patients, pathologies, presentations, p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543580.xml |
520755 | Determination of the differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments using local FDR | Background Thousands of genes in a genomewide data set are tested against some null hypothesis, for detecting differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments. The expected proportion of false positive genes in a set of genes, called the False Discovery Rate (FDR), has been proposed to measure the statistical s... | Background Microarrays are part of a new class of biotechnologies that allow the monitoring of the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously. Among the applications of microarrays, an important task is the identification of differentially expressed genes, i.e genes whose expressions are associated with the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520755.xml |
549536 | Proton NMR visible mobile lipid signals in sensitive and multidrug-resistant K562 cells are modulated by rafts | Background Most cancer cells are characterized by mobile lipids visible on proton NMR ( 1 H-NMR), these being comprised mainly of methyl and methylene signals from lipid acyl chains. Erythroleukemia K562 cells show narrow signals at 1.3 and 0.9 ppm, corresponding to mobile lipids (methylene and methyl, respectively), w... | Background When studied by NMR proton spectroscopy, most cancer cells are characterized by increased narrow signals at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm corresponding, respectively, to methyl and methylene resonances that belong to lipid acyl chains moving isotropically. This so-called "mobile lipid signal" (or ML signal) has been studi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549536.xml |
516032 | The contribution of demographic and morbidity factors to self-reported visit frequency of patients: a cross-sectional study of general practice patients in Australia | Background Understanding the factors that affect patients' utilisation of health services is important for health service provision and effective patient management. This study aimed to investigate the specific morbidity and demographic factors related to the frequency with which general practice patients visit a gener... | Background The frequency of patient visits to general/family practice is affected by a range of factors including patient characteristics, physician/practice factors and broader issues such as access to services. A major contributor to the variance in visit rates to general/family practitioners is the complexity of hea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516032.xml |
539238 | Walkability and self-rated health in primary care patients | Background The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived walkability and overall self-rated health among patients who use community-based clinics. Methods A cross-sectional survey was distributed to a convenience sample in three community clinics. Forms were completed by 793 clinic p... | Background Much recent interest and research has been directed at the relationship between one's health and where one lives [ 1 ]. A number of measures of health (including all-cause mortality [ 2 , 3 ], low infant birth weight [ 4 ], unintentional childhood injuries [ 5 ], hospitalization for asthma [ 6 ], and the ris... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539238.xml |
516797 | Adaptation and Immunity | The ongoing battle between hosts and pathogens has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. | The ongoing battle between hosts and pathogens has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. Because hosts and pathogens act as environments for each other, their intertwined struggle for existence is both continual and rapid. At the molecular level, this cycle of environmental change and evolutionary response ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516797.xml |
340946 | T-Cell Differentiation and Progression of HIV Infection | null | Of the 300 or so viruses that cause disease in humans, HIV may have the greatest adaptive advantage. Like most persistent viruses—including the herpesviruses Epstein–Barr and cytomegalovirus (CMV)—HIV employs various strategies to counteract its host's response to infection. But HIV possesses a unique ability to sustai... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340946.xml |
553963 | Contribution of gap junctional communication between tumor cells and astroglia to the invasion of the brain parenchyma by human glioblastomas | Background Gliomas are "intraparenchymally metastatic" tumors, invading the brain in a non-destructive way that suggests cooperation between glioma cells and their environment. Recent studies using an engineered rodent C6 tumor cell line have pointed to mechanisms of invasion that involved gap junctional communication ... | Background Glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor, is invariably associated with profuse and long-distance invasion of the brain parenchyma. Accordingly, this tumor has been defined as "intraparenchymally metastatic" [ 1 ]. Intra-parenchymal dissemination is largely responsible for systematic recurrence ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553963.xml |
518962 | Evidence for positive selection on Mycobacterium tuberculosis within patients | Background While the pathogenesis and epidemiology of tuberculosis are well studied, relatively little is known about the evolution of the infectious agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis , especially at the within-host level. The insertion sequence IS 6110 is a genetic marker that is widely used to track the transmission o... | Background How actively do populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells undergo adaptive evolution on the spatial and temporal scales of individual infections? On the one hand, the long generation time and limited sequence diversity of this organism might suggest a slow pace of adaptive evolution. On the other hand,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518962.xml |
549522 | Passive and active ventricular elastances of the left ventricle | Background Description of the heart as a pump has been dominated by models based on elastance and compliance. Here, we are presenting a somewhat new concept of time-varying passive and active elastance. The mathematical basis of time-varying elastance of the ventricle is presented. We have defined elastance in terms of... | Background The heart may be conceived as a pump that receives blood from a low-pressure system and raises it to a high-pressure system. Although the mechanism responsible for generation of wall stress (and hence left ventricular (LV) pressure) is contraction of the myocardial fibers, an analytical formulation linking t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549522.xml |
506786 | Cancer of the endometrium: current aspects of diagnostics and treatment | Background Endometrial cancer represents a tumor entity with a great variation in its incidence throughout the world (range 1 to 25). This suggests enormous possibilities of cancer prevention due to the fact that the incidence is very much endocrine-related, chiefly with obesity, and thus most frequent in the developed... | Incidence and mortality Nearly 170,000 new cases of endometrial carcinomas were estimated worldwide in 1997 [ 1 ]. However, incidences throughout different regions of the world vary considerably. Compared to Africa and Asia having the lowest rates of incidence, Western Europe, USA and Canada are shown to have the highe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506786.xml |
314481 | Researchers Add to Proteomics Toolbox | null | Genes use a simple language—written in the molecules of DNA—to build thousands of proteins in a dizzying variety of sizes and shapes. With only four different nucleotide building blocks, DNA codes for the 20 different amino acids (each with their own structures and properties) that provide the foundation for the enormo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314481.xml |
512283 | Immobilized probe and glass surface chemistry as variables in microarray fabrication | Background Global gene expression studies with microarrays can offer biological insights never before possible. However, the technology possesses many sources of technical variability that are an obstacle to obtaining high quality data sets. Since spotted microarrays offer design/content flexibility and potential cost ... | Background The generation of reliable gene expression data with cDNA microarrays requires fabrication of quality arrays. This task encompasses the amplification of adequate amounts of concentrated PCR product for use as probe from the cDNA clone, followed by ordered arraying of the probes onto coated glass slides. The ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512283.xml |
523843 | T Cells Cause Lung Damage in Emphysema | null | T lymphocytes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of smoking-related emphysema, according to a new study by researchers from Houston, Texas, United States. “We now know that T cells are not only present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], but are harmful,” comments Steven Shapiro from Brigham an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523843.xml |
544953 | A swimming robot actuated by living muscle tissue | Biomechatronics is the integration of biological components with artificial devices, in which the biological component confers a significant functional capability to the system, and the artificial component provides specific cellular and tissue interfaces that promote the maintenance and functional adaptation of the bi... | Background Many technological barriers exist for the implementation of life-like mobility in robotic and prosthetic systems. Included among these barriers are (1) the availability of high-energy density storage media, (2) the availability of adequate muscle-like actuators, and (3) the availability of biologically inspi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544953.xml |
516026 | Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes | Background The Campanulaceae (the "hare bell" or "bellflower" family) is a derived angiosperm family comprised of about 600 species treated in 35 to 55 genera. Taxonomic treatments vary widely and little phylogenetic work has been done in the family. Gene order in the chloroplast genome usually varies little among vasc... | Background The Campanulaceae sensu stricto are a nearly cosmopolitan angiosperm family consisting of latex-bearing, primarily perennial herbs or occasional subshrubs that typically have alternate leaves, sympetalous corollas, inferior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Allied to the Campanulaceae are the Lobeliaceae, Cyphia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516026.xml |
516783 | Real time electrocardiogram QRS detection using combined adaptive threshold | Background QRS and ventricular beat detection is a basic procedure for electrocardiogram (ECG) processing and analysis. Large variety of methods have been proposed and used, featuring high percentages of correct detection. Nevertheless, the problem remains open especially with respect to higher detection accuracy in no... | Background The QRS complexes and ventricular beats in an electrocardiogram represent the depolarization phenomenon of the ventricles and yield useful information about their behavior. Beat detection is a procedure preceding any kind of ECG processing and analysis. For morphological analysis this is the reference for de... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516783.xml |
518976 | Valgus and varus deformity after wide-local excision, brachytherapy and external beam irradiation in two children with lower extremity synovial cell sarcoma: case report | Background Limb-salvage is a primary objective in the management of extremity soft-tissue sarcoma in adults and children. Wide-local excision combined with radiation therapy is effective in achieving local tumor control with acceptable morbidity and good functional outcomes for most patients. Case Presentation Two case... | Background Limb-salvage is an important treatment objective for adults and children with extremity soft tissue sarcoma and often requires the use of limited surgery and irradiation [ 1 ]. Limiting the extent of resection balances the need for radical excision with the need to preserve the functional and structural inte... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518976.xml |
546188 | Patients' request for and emergency physicians' prescription of antimicrobial prophylaxis for anthrax during the 2001 bioterrorism-related outbreak | Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics by individuals worried about biological agent exposures during bioterrorism events is an important public health concern. However, little is documented about the extent to which individuals with self-identified risk of anthrax exposure approached physicians for antimicrobial ... | Background The September 11, 2001 terrorism events and the ensuing anthrax attacks in the United States were associated with widespread psychological trauma [ 1 ]. In response to the outbreak, public health officials disseminated recommendations for Bacillus anthracis postexposure prophylaxis and clinical management of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546188.xml |
523857 | Apolipoprotein M | Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a 26-kDa protein that is mainly associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma, with a small proportion present in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Human apoM gene is located in p21.31 on chromosome 6 (chromosome 17, in mouse). Human a... | Cloning and characterization of human apoM Human apolipoprotein M (apoM) was found and initially isolated from chylomicrons by Xu and Dahlbäck in 1999 [ 1 ]. When they performed SDS-PAGE for delipidated human triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRLP) and sequenced protein bands ranging from 6–45 kDa, one of sequences ident... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523857.xml |
544600 | Arrays of ultraconserved non-coding regions span the loci of key developmental genes in vertebrate genomes | Background Evolutionarily conserved sequences within or adjoining orthologous genes often serve as critical cis -regulatory regions. Recent studies have identified long, non-coding genomic regions that are perfectly conserved between human and mouse, termed ultra-conserved regions (UCRs). Here, we focus on UCRs that cl... | Background Comparative genome sequence analysis, often termed phylogenetic footprinting, has proven successful for the identification of cis -regulatory regions[ 1 , 2 ]. Recent computational and experimental studies have identified a small number of large, highly conserved enhancers, or 'global control regions', assoc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544600.xml |
544947 | Insulin expressing hepatocytes not destroyed in transgenic NOD mice | Background The liver has been suggested as a suitable target organ for gene therapy of Type 1 diabetes. However, the fundamental issue whether insulin-secreting hepatocytes in vivo will be destroyed by the autoimmune processes that kill pancreatic β cells has not been fully addressed. It is possible that the insulin se... | Background Genetic alteration of non-pancreatic cells in a diabetic person to synthesise, store and secrete insulin in the same manner as a pancreatic β cell is a potential therapy of type 1 diabetes. The hepatocyte has been suggested as a suitable target cell for such gene therapy [ 1 - 9 ]. Such cells made in vitro a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544947.xml |
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