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538274 | Blood coagulation and the risk of atherothrombosis: a complex relationship | The principles of Virchov's triad appear to be operational in atherothrombosis or arterial thrombosis: local flow changes and particularly vacular wall damage are the main pathophysiological elements. Furthermore, alterations in arterial blood composition are also involved although the specific role and importance of b... | Background The blood coagulation system comprises three basic elements: platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation, fibrin formation, and fibrinolysis. These elements interact with each other and with the blood vessel wall and under physiological conditions blood flow to tissues is unimpaired by clotting [ 1 ]. Unde... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538274.xml |
529423 | Diversity and Recognition Efficiency of T Cell Responses to Cancer | Background Melanoma patients vaccinated with tumor-associated antigens frequently develop measurable peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses; however, such responses often do not confer clinical benefit. Understanding why vaccine-elicited responses are beneficial in some patients but not in others will be important to i... | Introduction The immunotherapy of cancer holds promise in harnessing the host immune response to specifically target tumor cells without harming normal tissues. Strategies involve adoptive cellular therapy or active immune induction (commonly referred to as “cancer vaccination”). Cancer vaccines may consist of whole tu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529423.xml |
524488 | Effect of splenectomy on type-1/type-2 cytokine gene expression in a patient with adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | Background In view of clinical observations and laboratory results that support a central role of the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) pathophysiology, we studied the effect of splenectomy on type-1 and type-2 cytokine gene expression in an adult ITP case, refractory to conservative treatment. Case p... | Background Adult autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a chronic acquired organ-specific autoimmune thrombocytopenic syndrome [ 1 ]. The low peripheral platelet concentration observed in ITP is the result of reduced platelet life span because of their early removal from the peripheral blood by the activated reti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524488.xml |
533876 | Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials | Background Typically, randomization software should allow users to exert control over the different aspects of randomization including block design, provision of unique identifiers and control over the format and type of program output. While some of these characteristics have been addressed by available software, none... | Background An important aspect of any trial that should be clearly stated in the final report is the method used to assign treatments (or other interventions) to participants [ 1 ]. In the final report of the trial, authors should specify the method of sequence generation, i.e. whether they have used mechanical means, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533876.xml |
551598 | Prolonged conservative treatment or 'early' surgery in sciatica caused by a lumbar disc herniation: rationale and design of a randomized trial [ISRCT 26872154] | Background The design of a randomized multicenter trial is presented on the effectiveness of a prolonged conservative treatment strategy compared with surgery in patients with persisting intense sciatica (lumbosacral radicular syndrome). Methods/design Patients presenting themselves to their general practitioner with d... | Background One of the greatest advantages of publishing the design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) before results are available is the accessibility to criticism of the methodological quality irrespective of the results. Firstly the scientific reader must be enabled to search for epidemiological shortcomings whe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551598.xml |
545076 | Development of a questionnaire weighted scoring system to target diagnostic examinations for asthma in adults: a modelling study | Background Identification and treatment of unrecognised asthmatics in the community is important for improving the health of the individual and minimising cost and quality of life burden. It is not practical to offer clinical diagnostic assessment to whole communities, and a simple tool such as a questionnaire is requi... | Background There are individuals in the community who are asthmatic but are not receiving treatment because they are unknown to the medical services [ 1 - 5 ]. Detecting these unrecognised asthmatics may be important for short-term health, prevention of long term airway remodelling and minimisation of cost and quality ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545076.xml |
517718 | Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants. Design of a double-blind randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN73254583] | Background Enteral feeding of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is a challenge, since metabolic demands are high and administration of enteral nutrition is limited by immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract. The amino acid glutamine plays an important role in maintaining functional integrity of the gut. In addition... | Background Enteral feeding of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is a challenge, since metabolic demands are high and administration of enteral nutrition is limited by immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, small for gestational age VLBW infants may have impaired gut function, as fetal blood flow to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517718.xml |
545062 | The Prader-Willi syndrome murine imprinting center is not involved in the spatio-temporal transcriptional regulation of the Necdin gene | Background The human Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) domain and its mouse orthologue include a cluster of paternally expressed genes which imprinted expression is co-ordinately regulated by an imprinting center (IC) closely associated to the Snurf - Snrpn gene. Besides their co-regulated imprinted expression, two observati... | Background Genomic imprinting in mammals is a process that leads to the preferential mono-allelic expression of specific genes in diploid cells, depending on whether they are inherited from the sperm or from the oocyte. To date, approximately 70 mammalian imprinted genes have been identified which map to at least 11 re... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545062.xml |
524489 | Vaccine candidates derived from a novel infectious cDNA clone of an American genotype dengue virus type 2 | Background A dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2 Tonga/74) isolated from a 1974 epidemic was characterized by mild illness and belongs to the American genotype of DEN-2 viruses. To prepare a vaccine candidate, a previously described 30 nucleotide deletion (Δ30) in the 3' untranslated region of DEN-4 has been engineered into the... | Background The increased prevalence of disease caused by the mosquito-borne dengue (DEN) viruses (four serotypes; DEN-1 – DEN-4) has intensified the effort to generate a vaccine that would both confer protection and be economically feasible for use in countries with limited resources for healthcare [ 1 ]. Dengue fever ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524489.xml |
520822 | Proinflammatory role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in acute hyperoxic lung injury | Background Hyperoxic exposures are often found in clinical settings of respiratory insufficient patients, although oxygen therapy (>50% O 2 ) can result in the development of acute hyperoxic lung injury within a few days. Upon hyperoxic exposure, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is activated by a variety of p... | Background Supplemental oxygen therapy is administered for the treatment of tissue hypoxia, most commonly in an intensive care setting of respiratory insufficient patients, though its potent toxicity is well described [ 1 ]. The pathophysiology of oxygen injury is characterized by lung inflammation including activation... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520822.xml |
546219 | The stability of life satisfaction in a 15-year follow-up of adult Finns healthy at baseline | Background While physical health has improved considerably over recent decades in Finland, the disease burden of mental health, especially that of depression, has become increasingly demanding. However, we lack long-term data on the natural course of subjective well-being in the general population. The aim of this stud... | Background While physical health has improved considerably during recent decades in Finland, the disease burden of mental health – especially that of depression – has become increasingly demanding for the health care services and society. When the global disease burden – including both fatal and non-fatal outcomes – ha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546219.xml |
546231 | Differential gene expression in recombinant Pichia pastoris analysed by heterologous DNA microarray hybridisation | Background Pichia pastoris is a well established yeast host for heterologous protein expression, however, the physiological and genetic information about this yeast remains scanty. The lack of a published genome sequence renders DNA arrays unavailable, thereby hampering more global investigations of P. pastoris from th... | Background The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is well established as expression host for heterologous proteins (reviewed by [ 1 ] and [ 2 ]). However, despite the high technological impact of P. pastoris , the physiological and genetic information is still rather scarce. The genome sequence has not been published... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546231.xml |
514563 | Medical Students' and Residents' preferred site characteristics and preceptor behaviours for learning in the ambulatory setting: a cross-sectional survey | Background Medical training is increasingly occurring in the ambulatory setting for final year medical students and residents. This study looks to identify if gender, school, level of training, or speciality affects learner's (final year medical students and residents) preferred site characteristics and preceptor behav... | Background "The ideal preceptor should be like Captain Picard from Star Trek, who has a good grasp of situations but lets his subordinates push themselves to their limits without interfering/imposing his views and methods"! (survey comment) Medical care is being delivered primarily in the ambulatory setting in an incre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514563.xml |
546225 | Effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor nimesulide on cerebral infarction and neurological deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat | Background Previous studies suggest that the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide has a remarkable protective effect against different types of brain injury including ischemia. Since there are no reports on the effects of nimesulide on permanent ischemic stroke and because most cases of human stroke are caused... | Background The brain is highly sensitive to disturbance of its blood supply. Stroke is a devastating disease and is the third most common cause of death, and the most common cause of motor and mental disability in adults, in developing countries [ 1 ]. Complex pathophysiological events occur in brain during ischemic pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546225.xml |
535552 | Use of a highly sensitive two-dimensional luminescence imaging system to monitor endogenous bioluminescence in plant leaves | Background All living organisms emit spontaneous low-level bioluminescence, which can be increased in response to stress. Methods for imaging this ultra-weak luminescence have previously been limited by the sensitivity of the detection systems used. Results We developed a novel configuration of a cooled charge-coupled ... | Background It is well documented that essentially all living systems spontaneously generate and emit very low levels of light (reviewed in [ 1 ]). This ultra-weak bioluminescence is generally characterized by emission of photons (sometimes termed "biophotons") at an intensity less than 10 -14 W.cm -2 (< 1000 photons.se... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535552.xml |
539340 | Separating Wheat from Chaff in Plant Genomes | null | Plant genome sizes span the modest—54 million base pairs (Mb) in the bitter cress Cardamine amara —to the enormous—124,000 Mb in the lily Fritillaria assyriaca . By comparison, fruitfly and human genomes have 180 Mb and 3,200 Mb, respectively. Genomes of important crops such as sorghum, soybean, maize, and wheat hover ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539340.xml |
534102 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis from chronic murine infections that grows in liquid but not on solid medium | Background Old, stationary cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain a majority of bacteria that can grow in broth cultures but cannot grow on solid medium plates. These may be in a non-replicating, dormant growth phase. We hypothesised that a similar population might be present in chronic, murine tuberculosis. Me... | Background The organisms in a log phase, actively multiplying culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis all grow well on plates and are estimated as colony forming units (cfu). However, cultures that have been grown undisturbed in the depths of liquid medium for 100 days contain a majority population which grows in liquid ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534102.xml |
535546 | Assessment of FIV-C infection of cats as a function of treatment with the protease inhibitor, TL-3 | Background The protease inhibitor, TL-3, demonstrated broad efficacy in vitro against FIV, HIV and SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), and exhibited very strong protective effects on early neurologic alterations in the CNS of FIV-PPR infected cats. In this study, we analyzed TL-3 efficacy using a highly pathogenic FIV... | Background Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that infects domestic and feral cat populations worldwide. Infected cats exhibit similar disease patterns as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients by developing multiple immuno-depletive symptoms collectively referred to as acquired immunodef... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535546.xml |
526260 | Pimecrolimus 1% cream for anogenital lichen sclerosus in childhood | Background Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory disease with a predilection of the anogenital region. Because of the potential side effects of repeated local application of potent glucocorticosteroids, equally-effective, safer therapeutic options are required, especially in the treatment of children. Case present... | Background Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory sclerotic skin disease of unknown origin. LS affects all age groups and occurs in about 15% in female children mostly involving the anogenital region [ 1 ]. Major subjective complains are severe pruritus, dysuria, painful defecation and vaginism. Clinically, LS is cha... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526260.xml |
522748 | Allermatch™, a webtool for the prediction of potential allergenicity according to current FAO/WHO Codex alimentarius guidelines | Background Novel proteins entering the food chain, for example by genetic modification of plants, have to be tested for allergenicity. Allermatch™ is a webtool for the efficient and standardized prediction of potential allergenicity of proteins and peptides according to the current recommendations of the FAO/WHO Expert... | Background The safety of genetically engineered foods must be assessed before authorities in most nations will consider granting market approval. An important issue in current food safety assessment is the evaluation of the potential allergenicity of food derived from biotechnology. Since many food allergens are protei... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522748.xml |
509283 | Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis in a patient with endometriosis: case report and review of the literature | Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD) is a condition in which the menstrual cycle is associated with a number of skin findings such as urticaria, eczema, angioedema, and others. In affected women, it occurs 3–10 days prior to the onset of menstrual flow, and resolves 2 days into menses. Women with irregular menses m... | Introduction While many women complain of worsening acne and water retention during their menstrual cycle, there exist a small number in whom the menstrual cycle is associated with a variety of other skin manifestations such as urticaria, eczema, folliculitis, and angioedema. This condition is known as autoimmune proge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509283.xml |
539342 | Dispersal or Drift? More to Plant Biodiversity Than Meets the Eye | null | Over 250 million years ago (mya), all the continents of Earth formed a single land mass called Pangaea. Some 50 million years later, this supercontinent began to split in two, forming Laurasia—now North America, Asia, and Europe—and Gondwana—present-day Antarctica, Australia, South America, Africa, and India. After ano... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539342.xml |
544354 | Educational and economic determinants of food intake in Portuguese adults: a cross-sectional survey | Background Understanding the influences of educational and economic variables on food consumption may be useful to explain food behaviour and nutrition policymaking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of educational and economic factors in determining food pattern in Portuguese adults. Methods A cross... | Background There is a large published literature on associations between socio-economic position and chronic disease, with socioeconomically disadvantaged groups experiencing higher mortality and morbidity rates for coronary heart disease, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and some cancers [ 1 - 4 ]. Chronic disea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544354.xml |
545937 | Web GIS in practice II: interactive SVG maps of diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases by Primary Care Trust in London, 1997 – 2003 | Background The rates of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s, making them a major public health concern. In 2003, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in England, and around one third of those cases were diagnosed in London. Results Using GeoReveal v1.1 for ... | Background Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become a major public health concern in the UK during recent years. The rates of STDs in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s. In 2003, the number of STDs in England rose by 4% compared to 2002. Overall, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in E... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545937.xml |
193604 | Drosophila Free-Running Rhythms Require Intercellular Communication | Robust self-sustained oscillations are a ubiquitous characteristic of circadian rhythms. These include Drosophila locomotor activity rhythms, which persist for weeks in constant darkness (DD). Yet the molecular oscillations that underlie circadian rhythms damp rapidly in many Drosophila tissues. Although much progress ... | Introduction Circadian rhythms of diverse organisms are based on similar intracellular molecular feedback loops ( Dunlap 1999 ; Allada et al. 2001 ; Panda et al. 2002 ). Based on this view, it is believed that one or a small number of clock cells are sufficient for self-sustained rhythms ( Dunlap 1999 ). This is despit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC193604.xml |
539354 | Morphological brain differences between adult stutterers and non-stutterers | Background The neurophysiological and neuroanatomical foundations of persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) are still a matter of dispute. A main argument is that stutterers show atypical anatomical asymmetries of speech-relevant brain areas, which possibly affect speech fluency. The major aim of this study was to d... | Background Persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) is a relatively severe disturbance characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. These are not readily controllable and often are accompanied by other movements and by negative emotions [ 1 , 2 ]. Developmental ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539354.xml |
533862 | Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in sperm capacitation / acrosome reaction | Capacitation is an important physiological pre-requisite before the sperm cell can acrosome react and fertilize the oocyte. Recent reports from several laboratories have amply documented that the protein phosphorylation especially at tyrosine residues is one of the most important events that occur during capacitation. ... | Introduction The process of fertilization is characterized by a series of complex set of events. It involves a species-specific interaction between egg and sperm activating a chain of events that leads to formation of zygote, fetus and finally a baby. However, before a spermatozoon can fertilize an oocyte, it must unde... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533862.xml |
526262 | Patients' perspectives on high-tech home care: a qualitative inquiry into the user-friendliness of four technologies | Background The delivery of technology-enhanced home care is growing in most industrialized countries. The objective of our study was to document, from the patient's perspective, how the level of user-friendliness of medical technology influences its integration into the private and social lives of patients. Understandi... | Background The possibility of managing patients outside of the hospital has rarely been so widely considered. Indeed, home care is often seen as less costly and more patient-friendly [ 1 ]. However, the effectiveness and safety of home care have yet to be subjected to rigorous study [ 2 , 3 ]. The transfer of care from... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526262.xml |
509295 | Deconstructing Genetic Contributions to Autoimmunity in Mouse Models | null | Given the overwhelming complexity of the immune system, it's no wonder that unraveling the mechanisms responsible for immunological disease has proved so difficult. The factors that trigger autoimmunity—which involves a breakdown in the body's ability to tolerate its own molecules—are not well understood, though animal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509295.xml |
509297 | Forgetting, Reminding, and Remembering: The Retrieval of Lost Spatial Memory | Retrograde amnesia can occur after brain damage because this disrupts sites of storage, interrupts memory consolidation, or interferes with memory retrieval. While the retrieval failure account has been considered in several animal studies, recent work has focused mainly on memory consolidation, and the neural mechanis... | Introduction For more than a century, the phenomenon of retrograde amnesia (RA)—the loss of memory for events that occur prior to a variety of precipitating brain insults—has provided the foundation for theories of memory consolidation and the locus of trace storage ( McGaugh 1966 ; Davis and Squire 1984 ; Dudai and Mo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509297.xml |
539356 | Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and associated risk factors among an urban population in Haiti | Background The seroprevalence of hepatitis C varies substantially between countries and geographic regions. A better understanding of the seroprevalence of this disease, and the risk factors associated with seropositive status, supply data for the development of screening programs and provide insight into the transmiss... | Background The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies substantially in different geographic regions throughout the world [ 1 ]. Prior studies have suggested a low prevalence of HCV antibodies among a sample of patients in rural Haiti [ 2 ]. No cases of positive HCV antibody were detected among 485 patients in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539356.xml |
544397 | Dexamethasone protected human glioblastoma U87MG cells from temozolomide induced apoptosis by maintaining Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and preventing proteolytic activities | Background Glioblastoma is the deadliest and most prevalent brain tumor. Dexamethasone (DXM) is a commonly used steroid for treating glioblastoma patients for alleviation of vasogenic edema and pain prior to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, has recently been introduced in ... | Background Glioblastoma patients usually receive steroids for alleviation of vasogenic edema and pain prior to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Steroids, however, may modulate the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Dexamethasone (DXM), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is commonly used to reduce infl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544397.xml |
509281 | Activity of telithromycin and comparators against bacterial pathogens isolated from 1,336 patients with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis | Background Increasing antimicrobial resistance among the key pathogens responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections has the potential to limit the effectiveness of antibiotics available to treat these infections. Since there are regional differences in the susceptibility patterns observed and treatme... | Introduction The incidences of both the acute and chronic forms of sinusitis have been increasing, and between 10 and 15% of the population of central Europe are affected annually [ 1 ]. There are an estimated 30 million cases of ABS in the USA each year [ 2 - 4 ]. Acute sinusitis accounts for 0.5–2.0% of all upper res... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509281.xml |
193606 | Biological Clock Depends on Many Parts Working Together | null | How do people subjected to the endless dark days of winter in the far northern latitudes maintain normal daily rhythms? Though many might feel like hibernating, a highly regulated internal system keeps such impractical yearnings in check. From fruit flies to humans, nearly every living organism depends on an internal c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC193606.xml |
534114 | The docking protein Gab1 is the primary mediator of EGF-stimulated activation of the PI-3K/Akt cell survival pathway | Background Gab1 is a docking protein that recruits phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) and other effector proteins in response to the activation of many receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). As the autophosphorylation sites on EGF-receptor (EGFR) do not include canonical PI-3 kinase binding sites, it is thought tha... | Background Ligand stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the three other members of the EGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4) results in tyrosine autophosphorylation, recruitment of signaling proteins, and activation of distinct complement of signaling pathways that r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534114.xml |
535544 | Large bilateral adrenal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer | Background The adrenal gland is one of the common sites of metastasis from primary lung cancer. Adrenal metastases are usually unilateral however bilateral adrenal metastases are seen in 10% of all lung cancer patients; of these 2–3% occurs at the initial presentation of non-small cell lung cancer. Secondary tumors can... | Background The adrenal gland is a common site for metastases in breast, lung and renal cell carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma [ 1 ]. Adrenal metastasis, at the initial diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer, occurs in less than 10% of lung cancer patients [ 2 ]. Most cases involve solitary, unilateral, small asymptom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535544.xml |
544395 | The relevance of genetic analysis to dairy bacteria: building upon our heritage | Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential for the manufacture of fermented dairy products. Studies on the physiology, biochemistry and genetics of these microorganisms over the last century have contributed considerably to the improvement of fermentation processes and have resulted in better and safer products. Neverthe... | Introduction The souring of milk by microorganisms has been used for thousand of years as a natural preservation procedure [ 1 ]. The method was domesticated to manufacture man-made edible fermented products such as cheese, which appeared in the human diet some 8,000–10,000 years ago. However, up to the beginning of th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544395.xml |
534100 | Thymus-derived glucocorticoids are insufficient for normal thymus homeostasis in the adult mouse | Background It is unclear if thymus-derived glucocorticoids reach sufficient local concentrations to support normal thymus homeostasis, or if adrenal-derived glucocorticoids from the circulation are required. Modern approaches to this issue (transgenic mice that under or over express glucocorticoid receptor in the thymu... | Background Although it is clear that elevated concentrations of endogenous glucocorticoids can cause apoptosis in the thymus [ 1 - 3 ], the role of normal concentrations of glucocorticoids in thymic homeostasis remains controversial [ 4 - 7 ]. Results reported by Ashwell and colleagues suggest glucocorticoids are essen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534100.xml |
526276 | Reduced inhibitory action of a GABAB receptor agonist on [3H]-dopamine release from rat ventral tegmental area in vitro after chronic nicotine administration | Background The activation of GABA B receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been suggested to attenuate the rewarding properties of psychostimulants, including nicotine. However, the neurochemical mechanism that underlie this effect remains unknown. Since GABA B receptors modulate the release of several neuro... | Background The ventral tegmental area (VTA) represents the site of origin of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway that has been implicated in mediating the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, including nicotine [ 1 - 3 ]. The majority of cells within the ventral tegmental area consist of dopaminergic, tyros... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526276.xml |
526512 | Highly Conserved Non-Coding Sequences Are Associated with Vertebrate Development | In addition to protein coding sequence, the human genome contains a significant amount of regulatory DNA, the identification of which is proving somewhat recalcitrant to both in silico and functional methods. An approach that has been used with some success is comparative sequence analysis, whereby equivalent genomic r... | Introduction Identification and characterisation of cis -regulatory regions within the non-coding DNA of vertebrate genomes remain a challenge for the post-genomic era. The idea that animal development is controlled by cis- regulatory DNA elements (such as enhancers and silencers) is well established and has been elega... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526512.xml |
545935 | Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans contribute to intracellular lipid accumulation in adipocytes | Background Transport of fatty acids within the cytosol of adipocytes and their subsequent assimilation into lipid droplets has been thoroughly investigated; however, the mechanism by which fatty acids are transported across the plasma membrane from the extracellular environment remains unclear. Since triacylglycerol-ri... | Background The adipocyte plays a central role in overall metabolic regulation serving as a storage depot for fatty acids and as an endocrine cell to regulate energy utilization and feeding behavior [ 1 , 2 ]. The mass of adipose tissue is maintained by a well-controlled balance of cell proliferation (hyperplasia) and i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545935.xml |
533874 | Sample size for detecting differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments | Background Microarray experiments are often performed with a small number of biological replicates, resulting in low statistical power for detecting differentially expressed genes and concomitant high false positive rates. While increasing sample size can increase statistical power and decrease error rates, with too ma... | Background Microarray technology has become an important tool for studying gene expression levels on the whole genome scale [ 1 ]. One important objective of many microarray studies is to identify differentially expressed genes between different conditions. Despite the effectiveness of the technology, microarray experi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533874.xml |
517929 | Performance evaluation of commercial short-oligonucleotide microarrays and the impact of noise in making cross-platform correlations | Background Despite the widespread use of microarrays, much ambiguity regarding data analysis, interpretation and correlation of the different technologies exists. There is a considerable amount of interest in correlating results obtained between different microarray platforms. To date, only a few cross-platform evaluat... | Background There are several commercial microarray systems currently available on the market for genome-scale gene expression analysis. Different microarray manufacturers provide distinct underlying technologies, protocols and reagents specific to each system [ 1 ]. Despite the widespread use of microarrays, much ambig... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517929.xml |
546233 | T cell responses against tumor associated antigens and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients | Introduction Spontaneous T cell responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are frequently detected in peripheral blood of tumor patients of various histiotypes. However, little is known about whether these circulating, spontaneously occurring, TAA-reactive T cells influence the clinical course of diseas... | Introduction The importance of the immune system in containing tumor growth is supported by animal studies and various observations in humans [ 1 , 2 ]. These include increased prevalence of certain tumors following immunosuppression as well as the demonstration, that the presence of intralesional T cells is correlated... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546233.xml |
546227 | Article processing charges, funding, and open access publishing at Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction is an Open Access, online, electronic journal published by BioMed Central with full contents available to the scientific and medical community free of charge to all readers. Authors maintain the copyright to their own work, a policy facilitating dissemination of ... | Introduction Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction is a scientific and clinical journal established in September 2004, offering rapid peer review of research of the advanced reproductive technologies. Content is administered by two chief editors with offices in New York and Atlanta, with peer review ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546227.xml |
535550 | Biochemical prevention and treatment of viral infections – A new paradigm in medicine for infectious diseases | For two centuries, vaccination has been the dominating approach to develop prophylaxis against viral infections through immunological prevention. However, vaccines are not always possible to make, are ineffective for many viral infections, and also carry certain risk for a small, yet significant portion of the populati... | Introduction A landmark in the battle against viral infectious diseases was made in 1798 when Jenner first inoculated humans against smallpox with the less virulent cowpox. For about two centuries since then, humans relied almost exclusively on vaccines for protection against viruses. Only in the recent years, new stra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535550.xml |
544356 | Delayed bowel perforation following suprapubic catheter insertion | Background Complications of suprapubic catheter insertion are rare but can be significant. We describe an unusual complication of a delayed bowel perforation following suprapubic catheter insertion. Case presentation A gentleman presented with features of peritonitis and feculent discharge along a suprapubic catheter t... | Background Suprapubic catheterization is a common urological procedure. Complications of catheter insertion are uncommon but can be serious including bowel perforation or obstruction. We describe an unusual complication of delayed bowel perforation after suprapubic catheter insertion. Case presentation An 86 year old g... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544356.xml |
509242 | Age-associated alterations in CXCL1 chemokine expression by murine B cells | Background The CXCL1 chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC), have been shown to play a role in a number of pathophysiological disease states including endotoxin-induced inflammation and bacterial meningitis. While the expression of these chemokines has... | Background Chemokines are a superfamily of small chemotactic proteins that have been classified into four major subfamilies, namely CXC, CC, C, and CX3C, based on the presence or absence and positional arrangement of N-terminal cysteine (C) residues [ 1 - 3 ]. One of the hallmarks of chemokine function is to facilitate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509242.xml |
533860 | Clinical and inheritance profiles of Kallmann syndrome in Jordan | Background Proper management of patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) allows them to attain a normal reproductive health. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the presentation modalities, phenotypes and the modes of inheritance among 32 patients with Kallmann syndrome in Jordan. Recognition of the syndrome allows... | Background One of the most common causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is a genetically heterogeneous condition that affects approximately one in 8000 males and one in 40,000–70,000 females [ 1 - 3 ]. This recent estimate is much higher than the previously estimated prevalence of Kallma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533860.xml |
514575 | Expression of PEG11 and PEG11AS transcripts in normal and callipyge sheep | Background The callipyge mutation is located within an imprinted gene cluster on ovine chromosome 18. The callipyge trait exhibits polar overdominant inheritance due to the fact that only heterozygotes inheriting a mutant paternal allele (paternal heterozygotes) have a phenotype of muscle hypertrophy, reduced fat and a... | Background The mutation responsible for the callipyge trait is located within an imprinted gene cluster on the distal end of ovine chromosome 18 [ 1 - 3 ]. The callipyge phenotype is associated with an altered carcass composition including a 30–40% increase in muscle mass, a 6–7% decrease in carcass fat, decreased orga... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514575.xml |
449855 | HIV Infection of Naturally Occurring and Genetically Reprogrammed Human Regulatory T-cells | A T-cell subset, defined as CD4 + CD25 hi (regulatory T-cells [Treg cells]), was recently shown to suppress T-cell activation. We demonstrate that human Treg cells isolated from healthy donors express the HIV-coreceptor CCR5 and are highly susceptible to HIV infection and replication. Because Treg cells are present in ... | Introduction There is now compelling evidence that a subset of T-cells with regulatory activity suppresses T-cell activation in both mice and humans ( Sakaguchi et al. 1995 ; Asano et al. 1996 ; Suri-Payer et al. 1998 ; Takahashi et al. 1998 ; Thornton and Shevach 1998 ; Baecher-Allan et al. 2001 ; Dieckmann et al. 200... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449855.xml |
514549 | Misoprostol for treating postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN72263357] | Background Postpartum haemorrhage remains an important cause of maternal death despite treatment with conventional therapy. Uncontrolled studies and one randomised comparison with conventional oxytocics have reported dramatic effects with high-dose misoprostol, usually given rectally, for treatment of postpartum haemor... | Background Excessive bleeding from the genital tract after birth, or postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the major cause of maternal deaths in many low-income countries. The global estimate is 125,000 deaths per year [ 1 ]. In South Africa, 240 of 2,445 maternal deaths reported between 1999 and 2001 were due to postpartum ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514549.xml |
514561 | The effect of Fucus vesiculosus, an edible brown seaweed, upon menstrual cycle length and hormonal status in three pre-menopausal women: a case report | Background Rates of estrogen-dependent cancers are among the highest in Western countries and lower in the East. These variations may be attributable to differences in dietary exposures such as higher seaweed consumption among Asian populations. The edible brown kelp, Fucus vesiculosus (bladderwrack), as well as other ... | Background Epidemiological studies show that incidence rates of estrogen-dependent diseases such as cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary are among the highest in Western, industrialized countries, while rates are much lower in China and Japan [ 1 , 2 ]. These disparities may be attributable, in part, to differe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514561.xml |
545048 | Modulating HIV-1 replication by RNA interference directed against human transcription elongation factor SPT5 | Background Several cellular positive and negative elongation factors are involved in regulating RNA polymerase II processivity during transcription elongation in human cells. In recruiting several of these regulatory factors to the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter during transcription elongation, HIV-1 modulates ... | Background The elongation phase of transcription is often a critical juncture for regulating gene expression [ 1 , 2 ] and a number of genes including c-myc, c-fms, hsp70, and those encoded by HIV-1 are regulated at this stage of transcription [ 3 - 6 ]. During transcription elongation, shortly after successful initiat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545048.xml |
449896 | Honeybee Odometry: Performance in Varying Natural Terrain | Recent studies have shown that honeybees flying through short, narrow tunnels with visually textured walls perform waggle dances that indicate a much greater flight distance than that actually flown. These studies suggest that the bee's “odometer” is driven by the optic flow (image motion) that is experienced during fl... | Introduction When a scout honeybee discovers an attractive patch of flowers, she returns to the hive and performs the famous “waggle dance” to advertise the location of the food source to her nestmates ( von Frisch 1993 ). The dance consists of a series of alternating left-hand and right-hand loops, interspersed by a s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449896.xml |
520834 | Production of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not require depletion of APOBEC3G from virus-producing cells | Background The human immunodeficiency virus Vif protein overcomes the inhibitory activity of the APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase by prohibiting its packaging into virions. Inhibition of APOBEC3G encapsidation is paralleled by a reduction of its intracellular level presumably caused by the Vif-induced proteasome-dependent d... | Background Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in most primary cells and some immortalized T cell lines is dependent on the expression of a functional Vif protein. In the absence of Vif, virus replication is restricted by a host factor that was recently identified as CEM15 (now referred to as APO... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520834.xml |
545060 | An international comparative study of blood pressure in populations of European vs. African descent | Background The consistent finding of higher prevalence of hypertension in US blacks compared to whites has led to speculation that African-origin populations are particularly susceptible to this condition. Large surveys now provide new information on this issue. Methods Using a standardized analysis strategy we examine... | Background Population surveys in the US from early in the last century have consistently documented higher blood pressures and related cardiovascular sequelae in blacks compared to whites [ 1 , 2 ]. The enormous attention focused on this observation has resulted in a dichotomous view of hypertension risk: whereby popul... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545060.xml |
359389 | Reason as Our Guide | Two scientist members of the President's Council on Bioethics express their concerns about two recently issued reports by the Council in which the science is presented incompletely and myths are perpetuated | We are two of the scientist members of the President's Council on Bioethics. In late 2001, we were invited by the President of the United States to serve on this Council. The Bioethics Council was appointed by the President to “monitor stem-cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to cons... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC359389.xml |
368168 | Protein Nanomachines | At the interface of biology and nanotechnology lies an area of research that aims to construct molecular-scale machines based on protein and nucleic acid | In 1959 Richard Feynman delivered what many consider the first lecture on nanotechnology. This lecture, presented to the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology, prompted intense discussion about the possibilities, or impossibilities, of manipulating materials at the molecular level. Althoug... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368168.xml |
406398 | Learning to Change | A paper published over 20 years ago by Susan Iversen and Mortimer Mishkin on reversal learning continues to inform cognitive neuroscience today | One of the hallmarks of human nature is our remarkably flexible behaviour, especially in the social domain, which is perhaps also a major reason for our relative evolutionary success. Our social skills are already being honed in childhood and early adolescence, when we quickly become very adept at forming and breaking ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406398.xml |
529421 | Enzyme Replacement in Gaucher Disease | The development of enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher disease was a triumph of translational medicine. What were the key steps in its development? What are the controversies surrounding its use? | Gaucher disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder ( Box 1 ). A deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase ( Figure 1 ) causes accumulation of the glycolipid glucocerebroside in macrophages throughout the body. In the viscera, glucocerebroside arises mainly from the biodegradation of red and white blood cel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529421.xml |
521727 | Breaking Down the Stereotypes of Science by Recruiting Young Scientists | Thomas Jefferson University Science Outreach Program brings the scientific method into the classroom | If you ask the average ten year old in America what a scientist looks like, they almost always describe an older man with crazy white hair and a lab coat. If you ask a group of adolescents how many have looked through a microscope, few raise their hands. If you discuss the implications of genetic research with a group ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521727.xml |
545074 | The two neutrophil members of the formylpeptide receptor family activate the NADPH-oxidase through signals that differ in sensitivity to a gelsolin derived phosphoinositide-binding peptide | Background The formylpeptide receptor family members FPR and FPRL1, expressed in myeloid phagocytes, belong to the G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptor family (GPCRs). They share a high degree of sequence similarity, particularly in the cytoplasmic domains involved in intracellular signaling. The established ... | Background The molecular basis for cellular recognition of signal molecules is their binding to specific cell surface receptors [ 1 ]. Despite large structural differences between the huge numbers of extracellular ligands, many bind to (and activate) specific receptors belonging to a large family of pertussis toxin-sen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545074.xml |
517726 | Facilitating arrhythmia simulation: the method of quantitative cellular automata modeling and parallel running | Background Many arrhythmias are triggered by abnormal electrical activity at the ionic channel and cell level, and then evolve spatio-temporally within the heart. To understand arrhythmias better and to diagnose them more precisely by their ECG waveforms, a whole-heart model is required to explore the association betwe... | Background Arrhythmias, a significant direct cause of death in heart diseases, are emergent and evolvable events that come with little prior warnings and allow limited response time [ 1 ]. Although ECG waveforms – the mapping of body surface potentials of cardiac cells – have routinely been used to diagnose arrhythmias... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517726.xml |
529435 | Oxytocin and cholecystokinin secretion in women with colectomy | Background Cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations in plasma have been shown to be significantly higher in colectomised subjects compared to healthy controls. This has been ascribed to reduced inhibition of CCK release from colon. In an earlier study CCK in all but one woman who was colectomised, induced release of oxytoc... | Background The gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is synthesised in endocrine I cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine [ 1 ] and is released into the blood after ingestion of fatty and protein-rich meals [ 2 ]. CCK has various effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and acts on afferent vagal nerves [ 3 ], ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529435.xml |
521069 | A method for detecting and correcting feature misidentification on expression microarrays | Background Much of the microarray data published at Stanford is based on mouse and human arrays produced under controlled and monitored conditions at the Brown and Botstein laboratories and at the Stanford Functional Genomics Facility (SFGF). Nevertheless, as large datasets based on the Stanford Human array began to ac... | Background Expression microarrays, with the capability to measure the mRNA expression level of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, have found broad application in both clinical and basic research [ 1 - 7 ]. With the generation of large data sets from microarray experiments, statistical methods are needed to extr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521069.xml |
520820 | An integrated 4249 marker FISH/RH map of the canine genome | Background The 156 breeds of dog recognized by the American Kennel Club offer a unique opportunity to map genes important in genetic variation. Each breed features a defining constellation of morphological and behavioral traits, often generated by deliberate crossing of closely related individuals, leading to a high ra... | Background Three major advances in the development of resources for mapping canine disease genes have been: 1) the development of a radiation hybrid (RH) map composed of large numbers of microsatellite markers and genes that link the canine and human genomes [ 1 ], 2) the development of canine specific whole chromosome... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520820.xml |
521733 | Why Are So Many Bird Flowers Red? | Are bird-pollinated flowers red because bees - which might rob the flower of its nectar - cannot easily detect them, or might it be because of more subtle evolutionary trade-offs? | Most bird-pollinated flowers are both red and rich in nectar. The traditional explanation for this association is that, since red is inconspicuous to bees, it evolved to prevent bees from depleting the nectar of bird-pollinated flowers without effecting pollination. But bees can see, and they actually visit red flowers... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521733.xml |
406401 | The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think? | Gordon Shepherd challenges the notion - based on genetic evidence - that olfaction is less well developed in humans as compared to other mammals | “… a complete, comprehensive understanding of odor … may not seem a profound enough problem to dominate all the life sciences, but it contains, piece by piece, all the mysteries.” — Lewis Thomas One of the oldest beliefs about human perception is that we have a poor sense of smell. Not only is this a general belief amo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406401.xml |
423130 | Ecology Drives the Worldwide Distribution of Human Diseases | Identifying the factors underlying the origin and maintenance of the latitudinal diversity gradient is a central problem in ecology, but no consensus has emerged on which processes might generate this broad pattern. Interestingly, the vast majority of studies exploring the gradient have focused on free-living organisms... | Introduction Generally, the number of plant and animal species declines as one moves away from the equator ( Pianka 1966 ; Stevens 1989 , 1992 ; Rohde 1992 ; Brown 1995 ; Kaufman 1995 ; Rosenzweig 1995 ; Roy et al. 1998 ; Huston 1999 ; Chown and Gaston 2000 ; Hawkins and Porter 2001 ). This pattern, known as the latitu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423130.xml |
550653 | SNP genotyping to screen for a common deletion in CHARGE Syndrome | Background CHARGE syndrome is a complex of birth defects including coloboma, choanal atresia, ear malformations and deafness, cardiac defects, and growth delay. We have previously hypothesized that CHARGE syndrome could be caused by unidentified genomic microdeletion, but no such deletion was detected using short tande... | Background CHARGE Association is characterized by ocular coloboma, cranial nerve abnormalities, common outflow tract heart defects, choanal atresia, cupped-shaped pinnae, Mondini dysplasia of the inner ear [ 1 , 2 ] and growth delay. The embryology and mechanisms of maldevelopment in CHARGE are not well understood. CHA... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550653.xml |
521082 | Doublet method for very fast autocoding | Background Autocoding (or automatic concept indexing) occurs when a software program extracts terms contained within text and maps them to a standard list of concepts contained in a nomenclature. The purpose of autocoding is to provide a way of organizing large documents by the concepts represented in the text. Because... | Background Autocoding is a specialized form of machine translation. The general idea behind machine translation is that computers have the patience, stamina and speed to quickly parse through gigabytes of text, matching text terms with equivalent terms from an external vocabulary. Human translators often scoff at the o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521082.xml |
538289 | Reconstruction of the pelvic ring using an autologous free non-vascularized fibula graft in a patient with benign fibrous histiocytoma | Background Benign fibrous histiocytomas (BFH) usually presents as a small benign lesion that predominantly occurs in the skin. Only few cases of BFH arising from bone have been reported, its occurrence in pelvic bones is even rarer. Case presentation A 34-year-old female presented with BFH at a rare anatomical location... | Background Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a tumor that occurs predominantly in the skin (also called dermatofibroma) and most commonly in younger individuals. The tumor typically presents as a painless nodule varying in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. BFH of the bone has been a subject of incr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538289.xml |
340960 | When Monkeys Learn Directional Tasks, Neurons Learn Too | null | If you've ever hit a patch of ice on the road that sent your car swerving left while you resolutely—and futilely—steered right to get back in your lane, you've experienced what neuroscientists call a “visuomotor rotation task.” On a dry road, your response would have been appropriate. But under icy conditions, the same... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340960.xml |
538262 | Diversity and specificity in the interaction between Caenorhabditis elegans and the pathogen Serratia marcescens | Background Co-evolutionary arms races between parasites and hosts are considered to be of immense importance in the evolution of living organisms, potentially leading to highly dynamic life-history changes. The outcome of such arms races is in many cases thought to be determined by frequency dependent selection, which ... | Background By definition, parasites have a negative effect on host fitness. Since parasites usually show a shorter generation time than their hosts, they are also able to adapt rapidly to newly arising host genotypes. Both characteristics together select for hosts with efficient counter-adaptations. Subsequently, paras... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538262.xml |
523859 | Age related differences in individual quality of life domains in youth with type 1 diabetes | Background Investigating individual, as opposed to predetermined, quality of life domains may yield important information about quality of life. This study investigated the individual quality of life domains nominated by youth with type 1 diabetes. Methods Eighty young people attending a diabetes summer camp completed ... | Background Quality of life (QOL) is now recognized as an important outcome for people with diabetes. In general, diabetes has been shown to negatively impact QOL [ 1 ]. Tighter glycemic control is associated with better QOL, despite the increased treatment demands it commonly requires [ 2 ]. As standards for optimal gl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523859.xml |
550647 | Antiglucocorticoid RU38486 reduces net protein catabolism in experimental acute renal failure | Background In acute renal failure, a pronounced net protein catabolism occurs that has long been associated with corticoid action. By competitively blocking the glucocorticoid receptor with the potent antiglucocorticoid RU 38486, the present study addressed the question to what extent does corticoid action specific to ... | Background As part of the complex uremic metabolic syndrome, pronounced disturbances of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are commonly observed, as are pathologic changes of amino acid and protein turnover [ 1 ]. An increased net protein degradation in uremia was seen as early as 1949 by Persike and Addis [ 2 ], and in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550647.xml |
538276 | Gapped alignment of protein sequence motifs through Monte Carlo optimization of a hidden Markov model | Background Certain protein families are highly conserved across distantly related organisms and belong to large and functionally diverse superfamilies. The patterns of conservation present in these protein sequences presumably are due to selective constraints maintaining important but unknown structural mechanisms with... | Background As the genome projects continue to generate sequence data, it is increasingly common to find protein superfamilies with thousands of members in the protein database. Given sufficient numbers of sequences, sensitive iterative search and alignment procedures, such as PSI-BLAST [ 1 ] and SAM [ 2 ], often reveal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538276.xml |
544949 | Time and frequency domain methods for quantifying common modulation of motor unit firing patterns | Background In investigations of the human motor system, two approaches are generally employed toward the identification of common modulating drives from motor unit recordings. One is a frequency domain method and uses the coherence function to determine the degree of linear correlation between each frequency component ... | Introduction Common oscillations in neurophysiological activity in the human motor system have been well documented. During voluntary muscle contraction, the human central nervous system drives motor neurons at a range of frequencies which cause common modulations in the firings of these neurons. These drives are revie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544949.xml |
544961 | Australian primary care policy in 2004: two tiers or one for Medicare? | The recent primary care policy debate in Australia has centred on access to primary medical (general practice) services. In Australia, access is heavily influenced by Commonwealth Government patient rebates that provide incentives for general practitioners not to charge copayments to patients (bulk billing). A steady d... | Introduction Primary health care and community care can be thought of as a set of health programs and services. Most discussions of the primary health and community care services sector suggest that it has the following characteristics: (1) It is the first point of contact with the health system. This may occur through... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544961.xml |
439008 | A New Role for a Synaptotagmin Protein in Calcium-Dependent Exocytosis | null | The hardest working molecules in cell biology, proteins abound in a dazzling variety of shapes and sizes to carry out an equally impressive array of tasks. Many proteins function within the cell, while others get shipped out to locations both near and far. Specialized organelles within the cell package the traveling pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC439008.xml |
516799 | Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development | Besides environmental factors, plant growth depends upon endogenous signals. Bill Gray examines what these hormonal signals are and how they act to regulate many aspects of growth and development. | Phytohormones: What Are they? Plant growth and development involves the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that, together with the intrinsic genetic program, determine plant form. Fundamental to this process are several growth regulators collectively called the plant hormones or phytohormones. Thi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516799.xml |
517493 | Automatic annotation of protein motif function with Gene Ontology terms | Background Conserved protein sequence motifs are short stretches of amino acid sequence patterns that potentially encode the function of proteins. Several sequence pattern searching algorithms and programs exist foridentifying candidate protein motifs at the whole genome level. However, amuch needed and importanttask i... | Background With the completion of many genome sequencing projects and advances in the methods of automatic discovery of sequence patterns (see Brazma [ 1 ] and Brejova et al [ 2 ] for reviews), it is now possible to search or discover protein sequence motifs at the genome level. If one regards protein sequences as "sen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517493.xml |
528844 | Are the effects of nicotinic acid on insulin resistance precipitated by abnormal phosphorous metabolism? | Nicotinic acid is a unique cholesterol modifying agent that exerts favorable effects on all cholesterol parameters. It holds promise as one of the main pharmacological agents to treat mixed dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome and diabetic patients. The use of nicotinic acid has always been haunted with concerns that it ... | Background Nicotinic acid functions in the body after conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the NAD coenzyme system. Niacin reduces total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B) and Lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)). Niacin increases high... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528844.xml |
503394 | Complementary and alternative medical therapies for chronic low back pain: What treatments are patients willing to try? | Background Although back pain is the most common reason patients use complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, little is known about the willingness of primary care back pain patients to try these therapies. As part of an effort to refine recruitment strategies for clinical trials, we sought to determine i... | Background Back pain is one of the most common and costly health problems in developed countries, where more than half of adults suffer from this condition each year [ 1 ] and 70% to 80% suffer from it at some time in their lives [ 2 ]. Patients with back pain are often dissatisfied with standard medical care [ 3 ], es... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503394.xml |
516772 | Sequence periodicity of Escherichia coli is concentrated in intergenic regions | Background Sequence periodicity with a period close to the DNA helical repeat is a very basic genomic property. This genomic feature was demonstrated for many prokaryotic genomes. The Escherichia coli sequences display the period close to 11 base pairs. Results Here we demonstrate that practically only ApA/TpT dinucleo... | Background DNA sequence periodicity with the period about 10–11 base pairs (bp) has been long known in eukaryotic DNA sequences. It was discovered recently in prokaryotic sequences as well [ 1 - 6 ]. The periodicity in Eubacteria sequences usually shows the period close to 11 bp [ 1 ]. This period is clearly different ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516772.xml |
546192 | Rapid, single-tube method for quantitative preparation and analysis of RNA and DNA in samples as small as one cell | Background Current methods for accurate quantification of nucleic acids typically begin with a template preparation step in which DNA and/or RNA are freed of bound proteins and are then purified. Isolation of RNA is particularly challenging because this molecule is sensitive to elevated temperatures and is degraded by ... | Background Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with reverse transcription (RT) provides a powerful tool for accurate quantification of DNA and RNA copy numbers and has opened the way to the study of subtle modulations of gene expression in small numbers of cells, as well as small-scale genetic anal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546192.xml |
340948 | Learning-Induced Improvement in Encoding and Decoding of Specific Movement Directions by Neurons in the Primary Motor Cortex | Many recent studies describe learning-related changes in sensory and motor areas, but few have directly probed for improvement in neuronal coding after learning. We used information theory to analyze single-cell activity from the primary motor cortex of monkeys, before and after learning a local rotational visuomotor t... | Introduction Practice can induce behavioral improvement that is often specific to the situation experienced during the practice sessions (or “training”). Such findings suggest that changes occur in neurons with fine selectivity (or “tuning”) for the stimuli experienced or the movements made during training. In the visu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340948.xml |
535815 | Application of methods of identifying receptor binding models and analysis of parameters | Background Possible methods for distinguishing receptor binding models and analysing their parameters are considered. Results and Discussion The conjugate gradients method is shown to be optimal for solving problems of the kind considered. Convergence with experimental data is rapidly achieved with the appropriate mode... | Background Most medicinal preparations and biologically active substances do not penetrate into cells and must therefore exert their influence on intracellular processes by interaction with specific protein molecules at the cell surface [ 1 - 3 ], for which the name "receptors" is in common use. Hormones and drugs that... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535815.xml |
515284 | Site-specific mutagenesis of Drosophila proliferating cell nuclear antigen enhances its effects on calf thymus DNA polymerase δ | Background We and others have shown four distinct and presumably related effects of mammalian proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on DNA synthesis catalyzed by mammalian DNA polymerase δ(pol δ). In the presence of homologous PCNA, pol δ exhibits 1) increased absolute activity; 2) increased processivity of DNA syn... | Background Many Drosophila melanogaster homologs of the proteins required for both DNA replication and repair have been identified and in several cases purified to apparent homogeneity. These include DNA polymerase α holoenzyme [ 1 , 2 ], DNA polymerase δ(pol δ) [ 2 - 4 ], replication protein A (RP-A; [ 5 ]), replicati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515284.xml |
314470 | A New Gene That Shapes Mouse Pigmentation Patterning | null | Scientists have long known that variation in animal color patterns carry far more than cosmetic significance. Darwin first connected pigmentation with adaptive advantage, noting that male finches with bright red plumage enjoyed greater reproductive success than their drab competitors. Explaining why coloration confers ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314470.xml |
514603 | Short-term cytotoxic effects and long-term instability of RNAi delivered using lentiviral vectors | Background RNA interference (RNAi) can potently reduce target gene expression in mammalian cells and is in wide use for loss-of-function studies. Several recent reports have demonstrated that short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), used to mediate RNAi, can also induce an interferon-based response resulting in changes in ... | Background Gene silencing is a powerful tool with which to study protein function. Gene inactivations in mice have revolutionised the way we study both basic biology and a plethora of disease types [ 1 , 2 ]. Gene silencing in human cells has, until recently, proven difficult to achieve [ 3 ]. Research with plants, fli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514603.xml |
521684 | Strengths and weaknesses of EST-based prediction of tissue-specific alternative splicing | Background Alternative splicing contributes significantly to the complexity of the human transcriptome and proteome. Computational prediction of alternative splice isoforms are usually based on EST sequences that also allow to approximate the expression pattern of the related transcripts. However, the limited number of... | Background The large difference between cells from different tissues is the consequence of a complex regulatory machinery guiding the tissue specific expression of genes and their transcripts. Several genes have been described to exhibit differential splicing patterns for different tissues (E.g. PDE1C [ 1 ]; IRF-3 [ 2 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521684.xml |
314464 | Cell-Passage Activity Is Required for the Malarial Parasite to Cross the Liver Sinusoidal Cell Layer | Liver infection is an obligatory step in malarial transmission, but it remains unclear how the sporozoites gain access to the hepatocytes, which are separated from the circulatory system by the liver sinusoidal cell layer. We found that a novel microneme protein, named sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell tr... | Introduction Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the world, killing more than 1 million people per year. Malaria is transmitted by bites of infected mosquitoes that inject sporozoites under the skin. The first obligatory step for these parasites to establish infection in humans is migration to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314464.xml |
516028 | Cross-species global and subset gene expression profiling identifies genes involved in prostate cancer response to selenium | Background Gene expression technologies have the ability to generate vast amounts of data, yet there often resides only limited resources for subsequent validation studies. This necessitates the ability to perform sorting and prioritization of the output data. Previously described methodologies have used functional pat... | Background Gene expression profiling, along with other methods to evaluate the global changes in genomes, provides the opportunity to understand whole scale changes present in human biology. Yet the sheer mass of data presented by these techniques often makes subsequent analysis difficult. Techniques such as gene expre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516028.xml |
549538 | Changes in lipids over twelve months after initiating protease inhibitor therapy among persons treated for HIV/AIDS | Background Protease inhibitors are known to alter the lipid profiles in subjects treated for HIV/AIDS. However, the magnitude of this effect on plasma lipoproteins and lipids has not been adequately quantified. Objective To estimate the changes in plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides occurring within 12 months of init... | Introduction Abnormalities in the lipid metabolism of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), potentially induced by the disease itself and the medications used for treatment, were first reported in the early 1990s[ 1 ]. Reductions in high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were obse... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549538.xml |
521690 | The pattern of methacholine responsiveness in mice is dependent on antigen challenge dose | Background Considerable variation exists in the protocols used to induce hyperresponsiveness in murine models of allergic sensitisation. We examined the effect of varying the number of antigen exposures at challenge on the development of methacholine responsiveness in systemically sensitised mice. Methods BALB/c mice w... | Background Persistent asthma is an allergic disease characterised by airway inflammation ([ 1 - 5 ]) and hyperresponsiveness to external stimuli ([ 1 ]). Mouse models of allergic airway sensitisation are often used to elucidate the pathobiology of this disease ([ 6 - 8 ]). To date, a number of techniques have been used... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521690.xml |
546186 | Differences in codon bias cannot explain differences in translational power among microbes | Background Translational power is the cellular rate of protein synthesis normalized to the biomass invested in translational machinery. Published data suggest a previously unrecognized pattern: translational power is higher among rapidly growing microbes, and lower among slowly growing microbes. One factor known to aff... | Background Translational power is the rate of protein synthesis of a cell or culture, normalized to the amount of biomass invested in the protein synthesis machinery. We are introducing the term 'translational power' to describe precisely the same concept (and the same quantitative parameter, see Methods) that was orig... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546186.xml |
524515 | A step ahead: combining protein purification and correct folding selection | The success of recombinant protein expression seems unpredictable and even good yields of soluble proteins do not guarantee the correct folding. The search for soluble constructs can be performed by exploiting libraries and speeded up by automation, but these approaches are money and time consuming and the tags used fo... | Introduction The possibility to produce recombinant proteins instead of recovering the native molecules offers the double advantage of higher yields and of a simplified purification protocol using affinity chromatography. At least half a dozen of the purification tags that have been proposed so far are routinely fused ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524515.xml |
524501 | The pivotal role of cholesterol absorption inhibitors in the management of dyslipidemia | Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease. Ezetimibe is the first member of a new class of selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors. It impairs the intestinal reabsorption of both dietary and hepatically excreted biliary cholesterol... | Background Over 60 million Americans suffer from cardiovascular disease (CHD). The incidence of CHD and stroke has been on the rise partly because of the increase in life expectancy and the explosive epidemic of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [ 1 ]. CHD is responsible for about 38% of the overall mortality in the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524501.xml |
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