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493271 | Smoking cigarettes of low nicotine yield does not reduce nicotine intake as expected: a study of nicotine dependency in Japanese males | Background Many Japanese believe that low-yield cigarettes are less hazardous than regular cigarettes, and many smokers consume low-yield cigarettes to reduce their risks from smoking. We evaluate the association between actual nicotine intake and brand nicotine yield, and the influence of nicotine dependence on this a... | Background 'Low-yield nicotine' cigarettes, which have brand names that include 'light,' 'mild,' or similar words, and which have nicotine yields on their packages of 0.8 mg or less, are widely consumed inside and outside Japan, and their market share is increasing. The Tobacco Institute of Japan reported that, in 2001... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493271.xml |
526390 | A further critique of the analytic strategy of adjusting for covariates to identify biologic mediation | Background Epidemiologic research is often devoted to etiologic investigation, and so techniques that may facilitate mechanistic inferences are attractive. Some of these techniques rely on rigid and/or unrealistic assumptions, making the biologic inferences tenuous. The methodology investigated here is effect decomposi... | 1. Introduction A large portion of epidemiologic research is devoted to etiologic investigation, and so techniques that may facilitate mechanistic inferences are sought by researchers and are applied frequently in their work. Unfortunately, some of these techniques have been found to provide far more ambiguous evidence... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526390.xml |
549555 | Do hormonal contraceptives stimulate growth of neurofibromas? A survey on 59 NF1 patients | Background Neurofibromas are benign tumors of the peripheral nerves and hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a tumor suppressor gene syndrome. Neurofibromas mostly start developing at puberty and can increase in size and number during pregnancy. Expression of progesterone receptors has been found in 75% of the t... | Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder with an incidence of about 1 in 3000. Multiple neurofibromas are the most significant hallmark of NF1. These benign tumors of peripheral nerves mostly start developing at puberty and can increase in size and number during pregnancy [ 1 ]. Since decades, ph... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549555.xml |
539267 | Cerebrospinal fluid levels of opioid peptides in fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain | Background The mechanism(s) of nociceptive dysfunction and potential roles of opioid neurotransmitters are unresolved in the chronic pain syndromes of fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain. Methods History and physical examinations, tender point examinations, and questionnaires were used to identify 14 fibromyalgia, 1... | Background Fibromyalgia (FM) is an enigmatic condition characterized by increased complaints of widespread pain with tenderness to palpation [ 1 ]. The tenderness is traditional tested by manually pressing over so-called tender points, but more recent studies have shown that the tenderness is generalized phenomenon [ 2... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539267.xml |
531613 | A Taxpayer-Funded Clinical Trials Registry and Results Database | It already exists within the US Food and Drug Administration, argues a former clinical reviewer of psychotropic drugs at the FDA | Over the past several years, there has been growing concern about selective publication of clinical trial results [ 1 , 2 ]. The debate has intensified since New York State Attorney General Elliot Spitzer filed suit against GlaxoSmithKline on June 2, 2004, alleging that the company was hiding data regarding the efficac... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC531613.xml |
517617 | Applying Support Vector Machines for Gene ontology based gene function prediction | Background The current progress in sequencing projects calls for rapid, reliable and accurate function assignments of gene products. A variety of methods has been designed to annotate sequences on a large scale. However, these methods can either only be applied for specific subsets, or their results are not formalised,... | Background Ongoing genome sequencing and recent developments in cDNA sequencing projects have led to an exponential rise in the amount of sequence information. This has increased the need for acquiring knowledge from sequences as to their biological function. Annotating a single sequence is the gateway to interpreting ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517617.xml |
522874 | An Ambystoma mexicanum EST sequencing project: analysis of 17,352 expressed sequence tags from embryonic and regenerating blastema cDNA libraries | An EST database has been generated for the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum . Analysis of this data has uncovered an unusual phylogenetic distribution of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1 gene family in amphibians. | Background The Caudata (tailed amphibians such as salamanders) are a major focus of work in vertebrate evolution and speciation [ 1 , 2 ]. The salamander is also an important vertebrate model organism for understanding regeneration, being one of the few vertebrates that is able to regenerate entire body structures such... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522874.xml |
526192 | Psychosocial correlates with depressive symptoms six years after a first episode of psychosis as compared with findings from a general population sample | Background Depression is frequently occurring during and after psychosis. The aim of this study was to analyze if the psychosocial characteristics associated with depression/depressive symptoms in the late phase of a first episode psychosis (FEP) population were different compared to persons from the general population... | Background Major Depression is the one of the most common psychiatric disorders and is frequently occurring in persons with psychotic disorders. Up to 25% of individuals with psychosis have this condition at some point during the course of their illness [ 1 ]. Insufficient social network, unemployment, living alone, fi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526192.xml |
517825 | The Program of Gene Transcription for a Single Differentiating Cell Type during Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis | Asymmetric division during sporulation by Bacillus subtilis generates a mother cell that undergoes a 5-h program of differentiation. The program is governed by a hierarchical cascade consisting of the transcription factors: σ E , σ K , GerE, GerR, and SpoIIID. The program consists of the activation and repression of 38... | Introduction A fundamental challenge in the field of development is to understand the entire program of gene expression for a single differentiating cell type in terms of an underlying regulatory circuit. This challenge can be met in part through recent advances in transcriptional profiling, which have made it possible... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517825.xml |
517824 | Mechanism of Prion Propagation: Amyloid Growth Occurs by Monomer Addition | Abundant nonfibrillar oligomeric intermediates are a common feature of amyloid formation, and these oligomers, rather than the final fibers, have been suggested to be the toxic species in some amyloid diseases. Whether such oligomers are critical intermediates for fiber assembly or form in an alternate, potentially sep... | Introduction Many proteins of diverse sequences, structures, and functions form morphologically similar β-sheet–rich fibrillar aggregates commonly referred to as amyloid ( Kelly 1998 ; Dobson 2001 ). Amyloid formation is associated with a range of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517824.xml |
548139 | Priorities of health policy: cost shifting or population health | Background This paper is an edited version of an invited paper submitted to the Australian Health Care Summit on 17–19 August 2003. It comments upon the policies which have dominated recent debate and contrasts their importance with the importance of five issues which have received relatively little attention. Methods ... | 1 Introduction The theme of this paper is that recent and proposed changes to the financing and delivery of health services in Australia have focused upon issues of relatively minor significance while failing to address adequately major inequities and system deficiencies. An intriguing question – not discussed in the p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548139.xml |
549596 | Open Access to Trials Register | null | I find the arguments raised by the PLoS Medicine editors very useful [ 1 ] as I had not considered that a scientific community would tolerate barring access to registers of trials. It leaves huge gaps for exploitation by privileged groups. It is not only colleagues in research and allied professions who need access but... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549596.xml |
548688 | Differences in need for antihypertensive drugs among those aware and unaware of their hypertensive status: a cross sectional survey | Background Lack of antihypertensive use among hypertensive individuals is a major public health problem. It remains unclear as to how much of this lack of treatment is because of failure to diagnose hypertension or failure to initiate drug treatment for those with a diagnosis of hypertension. The primary aim of this st... | Background Antihypertensive drug therapy can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by 25–30% [ 1 - 3 ] in those with hypertension. The 2004 Canadian hypertension guidelines [ 4 ] recommend pharmacotherapy in those patients where there is proven cardiovascular benefit from randomized controlled trial evidence. H... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548688.xml |
549541 | Spontaneous rupture of giant gastric stromal tumor into gastric lumen | Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) constitute a large majority of mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which express the c-kit proto-oncogene protein, a cell membrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity. GI stromal tumors of the stomach are usually associated with bleeding, abdominal... | Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common form of mesenchymal tumors arising from the gastrointestinal (GI) wall, mesentery, omentum or retroperitoneum that express the c-kit proto-oncogene protein [ 1 ]. This expression of c-kit distinguishes GIST from true leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, and ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549541.xml |
516045 | Similar promotion of Aβ1-42 fibrillogenesis by native apolipoprotein E ε3 and ε4 isoforms | The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele contributes to the genetic susceptibility underlying a large proportion (~40–60%) of typical, sporadic Alzheimer disease. Apolipoprotein E deficient mice made transgenic for human apolipoprotein E ε4 accumulate excess cerebral amyloid when compared to similarly prepared mice expressing hu... | Background Genetic-neuropathological correlation indicates that the apolipoprotein E type ε4 isoform specifies increased cerebral [ 1 , 2 ] and cerebrovascular [ 3 ] accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). In addition, the apolipoprotein E ε2 isoform can apparently prevent the expression of clinical Alzheimer-type deme... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516045.xml |
529262 | Differential diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis from partially-treated pyogenic meningitis by cell ELISA | Background Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a major global health problem, and it is sometimes difficult to perform a differential diagnosis of this disease from other diseases, particularly partially-treated pyogenic meningitis (PTPM). In an earlier study, we demonstrated the presence of a 30-kD protein antigen in cere... | Background Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that is prevalent in both under-developed and developing countries. An increased incidence of TBM has occurred in recent years due to the growing number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Diagnosis of TB... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529262.xml |
526186 | Radiotherapy fractionation for the palliation of uncomplicated painful bone metastases – an evidence-based practice guideline | Background This practice guideline was developed to provide recommendations to clinicians in Ontario on the preferred standard radiotherapy fractionation schedule for the treatment of painful bone metastases. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed and published elsewhere. The Supportive Care Guidel... | Background Radiotherapy is a well-recognized, effective modality in the palliative treatment of painful bone metastases. Bone metastases are a common manifestation of distant relapse from many types of malignant tumours, especially from cancers of the lung, breast, and prostate. With the advent of effective systemic th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526186.xml |
544930 | Loss of Sight and Enhanced Hearing: A Neural Picture | null | Stevie Wonder and Ray Charles are often cited as evidence that blindness confers superior musical ability. Wonder lost his sight after an incubator-related oxygen overdose during infancy; Charles lost his as a boy to glaucoma. It's impossible to know whether sight would have compromised their success, but many gifted m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544930.xml |
176546 | DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation | The origin of Borneo's elephants is controversial. Two competing hypotheses argue that they are either indigenous, tracing back to the Pleistocene, or were introduced, descending from elephants imported in the 16th–18th centuries. Taxonomically, they have either been classified as a unique subspecies or placed under th... | Introduction Elephants have a very limited distribution in Borneo, being restricted to approximately 5% of the island in the extreme northeast ( Figure 1 ). There are no historical records of elephants outside of this range. Fossil evidence for the prehistoric presence of elephants on Borneo is limited to a single spec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC176546.xml |
548677 | Infiltrative microgliosis: activation and long-distance migration of subependymal microglia following periventricular insults | Background Subventricular microglia (SVMs) are positioned at the interface of the cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma and may play a role in periventricular inflammatory reactions. However, SVMs have not been previously investigated in detail due to the lack of a specific methodology for their study exclusive of d... | Background It has become increasingly evident that the central nervous system is an immunocompetent organ [ 1 ]. Microglia are the primary immune effector cells of the brain parenchyma and functionally resemble tissue macrophages elsewhere in the body [ 1 , 2 ]. The brain ventricles are also under immune surveillance b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548677.xml |
535893 | Male Reproductive Health: A village based study of camp attenders in rural India | Background A paucity of information about male reproductive health and a perceived interest in involvement among local men provided the impetus for carrying out a village based male reproductive health camp. The aim was to investigate men's willingness to participate in such camps, and to describe reproductive health p... | Background Reproductive health is a major world priority, with particular problems in developing countries. However, as Ndong [ 1 ] states, "reproductive health generally has been synonymous with women's health", and reproductive health of men has received little attention [ 2 ]. Researchers and health planners have po... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535893.xml |
549582 | Teaching Health Workers Malaria Diagnosis | In most parts of the world, microscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosing malaria. An online tool could help to improve your diagnostic skills | Malaria kills over one million people in Africa each year and contributes 10% of the continent's burden of disease [ 1 ]. One of the factors that affects the morbidity and mortality rate is incorrect diagnosis [ 2 ]. In this article, we describe a freely available online training tool for health professionals to learn ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549582.xml |
526780 | Palmistry | A review of "On Intelligence", a book exploring brain function by entrepreneur Jeff Hawkins and science writer Sandra Blakeslee | Is Michael Moore liberal America's Rush Limbaugh? If so, is he filling a much needed, or a much lamented, gap in turning issues that are really cast in pastel shades into Day-Glo relief? In this hale monograph, Jeff Hawkins (rendered by Sandra Blakeslee) plays exactly this role for theoretical neuroscience. As a pastel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526780.xml |
523834 | The Future of Surgical Research | Surgeons seem to love publishing case series, which are of limited usefulness. How can we encourage them to do randomized clinical trials? | In 1996, Richard Horton, editor of the Lancet, chastised much of current surgical research and, in particular, questioned the usefulness of the case series as a predominant form of communication among surgeons [ 1 ]. He asked a poignant question: “Does surgical research have a future?” Nearly a decade later, it is impo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523834.xml |
514652 | A single amino acid determines preference between phospholipids and reveals length restriction for activation ofthe S1P4 receptor | Background Sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are ligands for two related families of G protein-coupled receptors, the S1P and LPA receptors, respectively. The lysophospholipid ligands of these receptors are structurally similar, however recognition of these lipids by these receptors is highly sele... | Background Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are phospholipid growth factors which are present in normal serum and plasma. These lipids elicit diverse responses from a wide range of cell types, including enhanced cell survival, cell proliferation, induction of cytoskeletal changes and chemot... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514652.xml |
515376 | Spotting Signs of Natural Selection | null | Milk, cheese, and yogurt are so ingrained in the diets of Europeans that it's easy to forget that their ancestors ever ate differently. But about 9,000 years ago, before the domestication of cows, sheep, and goats, milk was a staple only for babies. Back then—just as in most Asian and African cultures today—individuals... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515376.xml |
524034 | Regulation of FeLV-945 by c-Myb binding and CBP recruitment to the LTR | Background Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) induces degenerative, proliferative and malignant hematologic disorders in its natural host, the domestic cat. FeLV-945 is a viral variant identified as predominant in a cohort of naturally infected animals. FeLV-945 contains a unique sequence motif in the long terminal repeat (L... | Background Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a simple gammaretrovirus that induces degenerative, proliferative and malignant hematologic disorders in its natural host, the domestic cat. Like other natural retroviruses, FeLV is not a single genomic species but is a genetically complex family of closely related viruses sub... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524034.xml |
524183 | Emphysematous cystitis: An unusual disease of the Genito-Urinary system suspected on imaging | Emphysematous cystitis is a rare disease entity caused by gas fermenting bacterial and fungal pathogens. Clinical symptoms are nonspecific and diagnostic clues often arise from the unanticipated imaging findings. We report a case of 52-year-old male who presented with fever, dysuria and gross hematuria who was found to... | Introduction Emphysematous cystitis is an uncommon, but severe manifestation of infection of the urinary bladder produced by gas forming organisms. The presentation may be atypical and contrary to the degree of inflammation, patients may present with subtle clinical findings. A high index of suspicion, especially in su... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524183.xml |
535930 | Reexamining the effects of gestational age, fetal growth, and maternal smoking on neonatal mortality | Background Low birth weight (<2,500 g) is a strong predictor of infant mortality. Yet low birth weight, in isolation, is uninformative since it is comprised of two intertwined components: preterm delivery and reduced fetal growth. Through nonparametric logistic regression models, we examine the effects of gestational a... | Background Birth weight is arguably one of the strongest predictors of infant survival, yet its role as a causal predictor of mortality is poorly understood [ 1 ]. This is at least partly because low birth weight (<2,500 g) is a construct of two intricately intertwined components: preterm delivery and reduced fetal gro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535930.xml |
387275 | Semi-Supervised Methods to Predict Patient Survival from Gene Expression Data | An important goal of DNA microarray research is to develop tools to diagnose cancer more accurately based on the genetic profile of a tumor. There are several existing techniques in the literature for performing this type of diagnosis. Unfortunately, most of these techniques assume that different subtypes of cancer are... | Introduction Predicting Patient Survival When a patient is diagnosed with cancer, various clinical parameters are used to assess the patient's risk profile. However, patients with a similar prognosis frequently respond very differently to the same treatment. This may occur because two apparently similar tumors are actu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387275.xml |
526179 | Use of a Dense Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Map for In Silico Mapping in the Mouse | Rapid expansion of available data, both phenotypic and genotypic, for multiple strains of mice has enabled the development of new methods to interrogate the mouse genome for functional genetic perturbations. In silico mapping provides an expedient way to associate the natural diversity of phenotypic traits with ancestr... | Introduction The combined efforts of the public and private mouse genome sequencing consortiums have yielded important advances in understanding the structure and content of the genome ( Mural et al. 2002 ; Waterston et al. 2002 ). Identification of new genes from the sequence data and placement of all genes, along wit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526179.xml |
535924 | PASBio: predicate-argument structures for event extraction in molecular biology | Background The exploitation of information extraction (IE), a technology aiming to provide instances of structured representations from free-form text, has been rapidly growing within the molecular biology (MB) research community to keep track of the latest results reported in literature. IE systems have traditionally ... | Background We are now in an era where full genomes, data from high throughput experimental methods (e.g. micro-arrays) and electronic versions of scientific literature are easily available to every researcher over the Internet. These advances have made it possible to work on more than one gene at a time, ask complex qu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535924.xml |
539059 | The Structure of a Rigorously Conserved RNA Element within the SARS Virus Genome | We have solved the three-dimensional crystal structure of the stem-loop II motif (s2m) RNA element of the SARS virus genome to 2.7-Å resolution. SARS and related coronaviruses and astroviruses all possess a motif at the 3′ end of their RNA genomes, called the s2m, whose pathogenic importance is inferred from its rigoro... | Introduction The virus that causes SARS, like other pathogenic coronaviruses and astroviruses, possesses a linear plus-sense strand RNA genome that has a 5′ methylated cap and 3′ poly-A tail. The viral replicase is translated directly from the genomic sense-strand RNA, and it then creates a full-length complementary (m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539059.xml |
555752 | Estimating a preference-based index for a menopause specific health quality of life questionnaire | Background The aim of the study was to develop a menopause-specific, preference-based health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) index reflecting both menopausal symptoms and potential side-effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Methods The study had three phases: the development of a health state classification, a ... | Background The increasing demand for economic evaluation of health care interventions has lead to a corresponding rise in the derived demand for evidence on the key parameter inputs into cost effectiveness models. One of those inputs is the health state utility value used to estimate the quality adjusted life years (QA... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555752.xml |
544887 | Sicily statement on evidence-based practice | Background A variety of definitions of evidence-based practice (EBP) exist. However, definitions are in themselves insufficient to explain the underlying processes of EBP and to differentiate between an evidence-based process and evidence-based outcome . There is a need for a clear statement of what Evidence-Based Prac... | Background The Sicily statement on evidence-based practice "Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough, we must do" [ 1 ] Health care delivered in ignorance of available research evidence, misses important opportunities to benefit patients and may cause significant harm [ 2 - 4 ]. Providing evidence-ba... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544887.xml |
423149 | Beyond Therapy … | In response to the Blackburn and Rowley essay on the President's Council on Bioethics, several thought-provoking opinions on ethical challenges in biomedical research are expressed by prominent stakeholders | It is indeed regrettable that a distinguished and thoughtful scientist such as Elizabeth Blackburn should have been dismissed from the President's Council on Bioethics. Scientific perspectives such as hers are surely needed on this committee. Her dismissal was apparently the consequence of her disagreement with some of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423149.xml |
539065 | Cobalamin-Independent Methionine Synthase (MetE): A Face-to-Face Double Barrel That Evolved by Gene Duplication | Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to L- homocysteine (Hcy) without using an intermediate methyl carrier. Although MetE displays no detectable sequence homology with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH), both enzymes require zi... | Introduction Methionine synthases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from N5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (CH 3 -H 4 folate) to L -homocysteine (Hcy), the terminal step in the biosynthesis of methionine. Two apparently unrelated families of proteins catalyze this reaction: cobalamin-dependent methionine synthas... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539065.xml |
555746 | Functional characterization of two newly identified Human Endogenous Retrovirus coding envelope genes | A recent in silico search for coding sequences of retroviral origin present in the human genome has unraveled two new envelope genes that add to the 16 genes previously identified. A systematic search among the latter for a fusogenic activity had led to the identification of two bona fide genes, named syncytin-1 and sy... | Findings Endogenous retroviral sequences represent approximately 8% of the human genome. These sequences (called HERVs for Human Endogenous Retroviruses) share strong similarities with present-day retroviruses, and are the proviral remnants of ancestral germ-line infections by active retroviruses, which have thereafter... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555746.xml |
544878 | Blood pressure demographics: nature or nurture ... ... genes or environment? | Hypertension is a growing worldwide problem associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the rates of prevalence of hypertension are higher in some populations than others. Although ethnic and genetic factors have been implied in the past to explain this, the environmental influ... | Hypertension is a common problem, with a consistent and continuous risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke associated with rising blood pressure levels [ 1 ]. Furthermore, effective treatment of blood pressures has been shown to cause reductions in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and stroke. The m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544878.xml |
551534 | Accelerated evolution associated with genome reduction in a free-living prokaryote | Prochlorococcus sp. are marine bacteria with very small genomes. The mechanisms by which these reduced genomes have evolved appears, however, to be distinct from those that have led to small genome size in intracellular bacteria. | Background The size of bacterial genomes is primarily the result of two counteracting processes: the acquisition of new genes by gene duplication or by horizontal gene transfer; and the deletion of non-essential genes. Genomic flux created by these gains and losses of genetic information can substantially alter gene co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551534.xml |
551520 | Nuclear localization is required for Dishevelled function in Wnt/β-catenin signaling | Background Dishevelled (Dsh) is a key component of multiple signaling pathways that are initiated by Wnt secreted ligands and Frizzled receptors during embryonic development. Although Dsh has been detected in a number of cellular compartments, the importance of its subcellular distribution for signaling remains to be d... | Background The specification of cell fates during embryonic development frequently depends on inductive interactions, which involve transmission of extracellular signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. In the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signal transduction pathway, Smad proteins that are initially associa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551520.xml |
529470 | A comparison of vas occlusion techniques: cautery more effective than ligation and excision with fascial interposition | Background Vasectomy techniques have been the subject of relatively few rigorous studies. The objective of this analysis was to compare the effectiveness of two techniques for vas occlusion: intraluminal cautery versus ligation and excision with fascial interposition. More specifically, we aimed to compare early failur... | Background Vasectomy techniques have been the subject of relatively few rigorous studies. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ 1 ] noted that more research is needed to compare different methods of vasectomy. Experts have recommended the use of fascial interposition or cautery [ 1 ], cautery with clip... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529470.xml |
212695 | V(D)J Recombination and the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System | In order for the immune system to generate its vast numbers of receptors, B- and T-cell receptor genes are created by recombining preexisting gene segments. This well- coordinated set of reactions is explained | The immune system needs to be able to identify and ultimately destroy foreign invaders. To do so, it utilizes two major types of immune cells, T cells and B cells (or, collectively, lymphocytes). Lymphocytes display a large variety of cell surface receptors that can recognize and respond to an unlimited number of patho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212695.xml |
544893 | Hypoxia-mediated apoptosis in oral carcinoma cells occurs via two independent pathways | Background We are attempting to elucidate the mechanism of apoptotic cell death induced by hypoxia in oral cancer cells. Since hypoxia can render solid tumors more resistant to radiation and chemotherapy, understanding the pathways involved in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of oral cancer cells would be of significant thera... | Background Oral cancer is one of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers worldwide, and its incidence in Europe and the United States ranges from 2% to 6% among all cancer patients [ 1 , 2 ]. The 5-year survival rate of less than 50% has not substantially improved over the past several decades, since many oral carcino... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544893.xml |
529316 | DNA Methylation Profiling of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex: A Pilot Study for the Human Epigenome Project | The Human Epigenome Project aims to identify, catalogue, and interpret genome-wide DNA methylation phenomena. Occurring naturally on cytosine bases at cytosine–guanine dinucleotides, DNA methylation is intimately involved in diverse biological processes and the aetiology of many diseases. Differentially methylated cyto... | Introduction DNA methylation is indispensable for vertebrate genome function. It is involved in diverse genomic processes such as gene regulation, chromosomal stability, and parental imprinting ( Bird 2002 ), and interest in the function of DNA methylation is further heightened by the various human diseases associated ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529316.xml |
529458 | Review of, "Biostatistics and Epidemiology" by S. Wassertheil-Smoller | null | If you need to know anything basic about Biostatistics and Epidemiology, this book belongs in your library! Unlike most science and technology books – which, I have concluded after nearly 42 years in this business, tend to be written less to teach and communicate information than to impress the reader with how much the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529458.xml |
544844 | Evolutionary autonomous agents and the nature of apraxia | Background Evolutionary autonomous agents are robots or robot simulations whose controller is a dynamical neural network and whose evolution occurs autonomously under the guidance of a fitness function without the detailed or explicit direction of an external programmer. They are embodied agents with a simple neural ne... | Background The conceptual framework by which a neurological syndrome such as apraxia is presently explained is based on a computational understanding of brain function. Briefly, this framework assumes the existence of well-defined, determinate perceptual representations and motor programs that interact in a fashion sim... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544844.xml |
423161 | A Protein's Role in Progressive Renal Disease | null | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) made a brief media splash last year when a kidney transplant forced NBA superstar Alonso Mourning into early retirement. Mourning's condition elicited a flood of calls from fans offering their kidneys, but most people with kidney disease are not so lucky. Some 56,000 patients a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423161.xml |
529464 | Treatment outcomes in locally advanced colorectal carcinoma | Background Locally advanced colorectal cancers form a distinct subgroup where contiguous organs could be involved without distant metastases and so may be amenable to curative surgical resection. It was our objective to report our experience in treating six such patients with operable locally advanced colorectal carcin... | Background Locally advanced colorectal tumors constitutes to about 5 – 22% of all colorectal cancers at the time of presentation [ 1 ]. This type of tumor forms a distinct sub class of colorectal tumors characterized by aggressive local behavior in the form of invasion of adjacent organs or structures with somewhat sur... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529464.xml |
526757 | On the emergence of multifocal cancers | Several tumors can exist as multiple lesions within a tissue. The lesions may either arise independently, or they may be monoclonal. The importance of multiple lesions for tumor staging, progression, and treatment is subject to debate. Here we use mathematical models to analyze the emergence of multiple, clonally relat... | 1 Introduction The occurrence of multiple lesions is observed in a variety of cancers. That is, not one, but several lesions are observed within a given tissue. Multiple lesions can occur by two basic mechanisms [ 1 - 5 ]. Either they originate independently by separate carcinogenic events, or they are generated by a s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526757.xml |
555949 | ISSR markers show differentiation among Italian populations of Asparagus acutifolius L | Background Asparagus acutifolius L. is a dioecious and native plant species, widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin. It is known for its fine flavour and could represent an important resource for cultivation programs in desert areas. Few molecular studies have been performed on this species. In the present paper... | Background The availability of a variety of DNA markers, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) has enabled researchers to investigate genetic div... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555949.xml |
529302 | Risk factors for acute chemical releases with public health consequences: Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance in the U.S., 1996–2001 | Background Releases of hazardous materials can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. To reduce and prevent the public health consequences (victims or evacuations) from uncontrolled or illegally released hazardous substances, a more comprehensive analysis is needed to determine risk factors for hazardous materials ... | Background Recent high-profile hazardous materials incidents, such as an explosion at a pharmaceutical supply plant in Kinston, North Carolina [ 1 ] and an explosion at a manufacturing plant that makes automotive insulation products in Corbin, Kentucky [ 2 ], highlight the need to determine risk factors for hazardous m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529302.xml |
543468 | Student responses to the introduction of case-based learning and practical activities into a theoretical obstetrics and gynaecology teaching programme | Background The fourth-year Obstetrics and Gynaecology course at our institution had previously been taught using theory classes alone. A new teaching model was introduced to provide a better link with professional practice. We wished to evaluate the impact of the introduction of case discussions and other practical act... | Background In Brazil, medical school courses last for six years and demand full-time study. In our school, the curriculum follows the traditional model, and it is divided into the basic cycle (first and second years), clinical cycle (third and fourth years) and pre-intern cycle (fifth and sixth years; full-time outpati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543468.xml |
516441 | Disparities in lipid management for African Americans and Caucasians with coronary artery disease: A national cross-sectional study | Background Individuals with coronary artery disease are at high risk for adverse health outcomes. This risk can be diminished by aggressive lipid management, but adherence to lipid management guidelines is far from ideal and substantial racial disparities in care have been reported. Lipid treatment and goal attainment ... | Background Individuals with coronary disease (CAD) are at high risk for subsequent cardiovascular disease events and mortality[ 1 ]. Clinical trials have shown that this risk can be substantially reduced though the detection, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia[ 2 , 3 ]. To that end, clinical guidelines have been es... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516441.xml |
545596 | A scale of functional divergence for yeast duplicated genes revealed from analysis of the protein-protein interaction network | Protein-protein interaction networks were used to analyze the functional evolution of duplicated genes in yeast. Pairs of paralogs can be grouped into 3 classes, which likely form part of a continuous scale of diversity. | Background Complete genome analysis showed the tremendous extent to which gene and genome duplication events have shaped genomes over time. Remarkably, 30% of the Saccharomyces cerevisae genome, 40% that of Drosophila melanogaster , 50% that of Caenorhabditis elegans , and 38% of the human genome are composed of duplic... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545596.xml |
554114 | The Bosnian version of the international self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, is reliable and valid in a variety of different adult samples affected by war | Background The aim of the present study was to assess the internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity of the Bosnian version of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PTDS). The PTDS yields both a PTSD diagnosis according to the Diagno... | Background To obtain a diagnosis of PTSD and an estimation of PTSD severity a wide range of measures either relying on interviews or self-report exist in many languages. However, most of the relevant validation studies for these instruments were carried out for English-language versions [ 1 ]. For many languages, valid... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554114.xml |
514524 | Characterisation of the Escherichia coli membrane structure and function during fedbatch cultivation | Background Important parameters during recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli, such as productivity and protein activity, are affected by the growth rate. This includes the translocation of protein over the membrane to gain better folding capacity or reduced proteolysis. To vary the growth rate two techniqu... | Background For several recombinant proteins produced in Esherichia coli there seems to be a strong dependence of the productivity and product quality on the limiting substrate feed rate at induction [ 1 - 8 ]. Different feed profiles in fedbatch cultivation have thus been used to affect the growth rate and thus the pro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514524.xml |
548267 | Rivastigmine: an open-label, observational study of safety and effectiveness in treating patients with Alzheimer's disease for up to 5 years | Background Rivastigmine, a butyl- and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is approved for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data supporting the safety and efficacy of second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors, such as rivastigmine, are available for treatment up to 1 year, with limited data up to 2 1/2 y... | Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting elderly people in the United States. Prevalence is 1% to 2% at age 65 years, but increases markedly to 35% or greater by age 85. Because of a demographic shift toward a more aged population, the percentage of affected individuals is rapid... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548267.xml |
555578 | Mechanical properties of femoral trabecular bone in dogs | Background Studying mechanical properties of canine trabecular bone is important for a better understanding of fracture mechanics or bone disorders and is also needed for numerical simulation of canine femora. No detailed data about elastic moduli and degrees of anisotropy of canine femoral trabecular bone has been pub... | Background The mechanical properties of canine trabecular bone in the femoral head are important for a better understanding of normal biomechanics of the bone and are needed for assessing changes occurring under pathological conditions like osteoarthritis of the hip, osteonecrosis or Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease of the f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555578.xml |
554100 | Comparative genome analysis of cortactin and HS1: the significance of the F-actin binding repeat domain | Background In human carcinomas, overexpression of cortactin correlates with poor prognosis. Cortactin is an F-actin-binding protein involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell migration by promoting actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 mediated actin polymerization. It shares a high amino acid sequence and structural si... | Background Cortactin (also designated EMS1 , CTTN, cttn, Amplaxin, see Genecard [ 1 ]) was initially identified as one of the most prominent tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in v-Src infected chicken embryo fibroblasts [ 2 ]. Cortactin was independently isolated from mouse NIH3T3 cells [ 3 ] and human tumor cell lines ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554100.xml |
524168 | Regulation of signaling genes by TGFβ during entry into dauer diapause in C. elegans | Background When resources are scant, C. elegans larvae arrest as long-lived dauers under the control of insulin/IGF- and TGFβ-related signaling pathways. However, critical questions remain regarding the regulation of this developmental event. How do three dozen insulin-like proteins regulate one tyrosine kinase recepto... | Background Changes in environmental conditions alter the physiology of all organisms. Evolution and experience create a signaling architecture that assesses current conditions and makes changes in physiology to attain the most appropriate state for a predicted future condition. The dauer larva of C. elegans forms when ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524168.xml |
527878 | Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: one year outcome of total and separate kidney function following stenting | Background Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a known cause of hypertension and ischemic nephropathy. Stenting of the artery is a valid approach, in spite of cases of unexpected adverse evolution of renal function. Methods In this study, 27 patients with unilateral RAS were subjected to stenting and followed for a period o... | Background Renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerotic changes of the renal arteries has become a serious concern as a cause of hypertension and renal ischemia, resulting frequently in end-stage renal failure [ 1 , 2 ]. Several epidemiologic studies have shown the elevated prevalence of ischemic nephropathy, with spec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC527878.xml |
555550 | Chronic ethanol exposure increases microtubule content in PC12 cells | Background Chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to result in changes in neuronal cyto-architecture such as aberrant sprouting and alteration of neurite outgrowth. In PC12 cells, chronic ethanol treatment produces an increase in Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth that appears to require the epsilon, ... | Background Chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to cause damage to the adult and developing nervous system [ 1 , 2 ]. For example, in vivo chronic ethanol has been shown to cause aberrant sprouting of hippocampal neurites in developing rats [ 3 ], increase the length of dendrites in cerebellar Purkinje neurons [ 4 ]... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555550.xml |
519028 | Synchronously diagnosed pre-sacral neurofibroma and cutaneous spitzoid melanoma: a fortuitous association? | Background At a U.S prevalence of 1 in 3000, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1) is a relatively common disorder. Amongst a variety of others, occurrence of 2 or more neurofibromas in the same patient represents one of the major diagnostic criteria for this disorder. Rarely, ocular, cutaneous or anorectal malignant melanom... | Background Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple neurofibromas, café-au-lait spots, freckling of the inguinal or axillary regions, gliomas, iris hamartomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors [ 1 , 2 ]. Neurofibromas are typically well-delineated and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519028.xml |
555544 | A case of invasive aspergillosis in CGD patient successfully treated with Amphotericin B and INF-γ | Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare disorder of phagocytes in which absence of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in phagocytes predisposes patients to bacterial and fungal infections. The most common fungal infections in these patients are caused by Aspergillus species. Case presentation ... | Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex of phagocytic cells resulting in failure to generate reactive oxidants and the absence of a respiratory burst [ 1 ]. The disease is characterized by recurrent or persistent ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555544.xml |
548515 | Supporter or obstructer; experiences from contact person activities among Swedish women with breast cancer | Background Swedish patient associations for breast cancer patients (PABCPs) offer patients with breast cancer unlimited meetings with a breast cancer survivor, a contact person (CP). We applied the voluntary action perspective in this interview study with members of Swedish PABCPs in order to explore how women with bre... | Background Proximity to individuals and society in order to reach out and provide optimal support is basic for patient associations for cancer patients (PACPs) [ 1 , 2 ]. Swedish patient associations for breast cancer patients (PABCPs) offer breast cancer patients' unlimited meetings with a breast cancer survivor, a co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548515.xml |
514530 | Sad, blue, or depressed days, health behaviors and health-related quality of life, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1995–2000 | Background Mood disorders are a major public health problem in the United States as well as globally. Less information exists however, about the health burden resulting from subsyndromal levels of depressive symptomatology, such as feeling sad, blue or depressed, among the general U.S. population. Methods As part of an... | Background Mood disorders are a major public health problem in the United States as well as globally, imposing a substantial burden of disability, impaired quality of life, and death if they remain untreated [ 1 - 3 ]. National estimates for 12-month prevalence of depressive disorders for adults aged 18 and over range ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514530.xml |
543454 | Expressional patterns of chaperones in ten human tumor cell lines | Background Chaperones (CH) play an important role in tumor biology but no systematic work on expressional patterns has been reported so far. The aim of the study was therefore to present an analytical method for the concomitant determination of several CH in human tumor cell lines, to generate expressional patterns in ... | Background Chaperones (CH) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in tumor biology and still are holding centre stage. The heat shock response was discovered in 1962 by Ritossa [ 1 ], who reported that elevated temperature led to the appearance of a new 'puffing' pattern in the salivary gland polytene chro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543454.xml |
534804 | Early and long-term outcome of elective stenting of the infarct-related artery in patients with viability in the infarct-area: Rationale and design of the Viability-guided Angioplasty after acute Myocardial Infarction-trial (The VIAMI-trial) | Background Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is becoming the standard therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), to date most patients, even in developed countries, are reperfused with intravenous thrombolysis or do not receive a reperfusion therapy at all. In the post-lysis period t... | Background Management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has underwent considerable changes in the last two decades and the management of patients with AMI has become more established [ 1 , 2 ]. In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), primary angioplasty is becoming first-choice therapy [... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534804.xml |
519000 | Developmental Context Determines Latency of MYC-Induced Tumorigenesis | One of the enigmas in tumor biology is that different types of cancers are prevalent in different age groups. One possible explanation is that the ability of a specific oncogene to cause tumorigenesis in a particular cell type depends on epigenetic parameters such as the developmental context. To address this hypothesi... | Introduction The frequency of cancer development varies depending on the age of the host. In humans, the most common childhood cancers include tumors of the hematopoietic system, nervous system, and skeletal muscle system. In contrast, in the adult population, solid tumors of the lung, colon, breast, and prostate are m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519000.xml |
544850 | The quantal theory of how the immune system discriminates between "self and non-self" | In the past 50 years, immunologists have accumulated an amazing amount of information as to how the immune system functions. However, one of the most fundamental aspects of immunity, how the immune system discriminates between self vs. non-self, still remains an enigma. Any attempt to explain this most intriguing and f... | Introduction Perhaps one of the most unique and fundamental aspects of the immune system is the clonal nature of the response to the introduction of antigen. The "Clonal Selection Theory" as originally formulated by Burnet stated that the immune system is made up of cells, each of which are only capable of reacting wit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544850.xml |
548298 | First documented cure of a suggestive exogenous reinfection in polymyositis with same but multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis | Background MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis patients, especially in immunosuppressed. We described a young polymyositis patient on immunosuppressive therapy who was started with antituberculosis therapy as a susceptible strain of M. tuberculosis was isolated from a ... | Background World Health Organization published the Global Tuberculosis Control Report (2003) on 'World Tuberculosis Day' where India is ranked number one in the world for high incidence of smear positive cases of pulmonary (about 0.9 million) and extrapulmonary TB (about 0.2 million) every year [ 1 ]. Undoubtedly, TB i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548298.xml |
517944 | Competitive release of drug resistance following drug treatment of mixed Plasmodium chabaudi infections | Background Malaria infections are often genetically diverse, potentially leading to competition between co-infecting strains. Such competition is of key importance in the spread of drug resistance. Methods The effects of drug treatment on within-host competition were studied using the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi... | Background Malaria infections often consist of more than one parasite genotype [ 1 - 3 ]. Humans represent ecological niches for co-infecting malaria parasites, with shared predators (immune responses) and limited resources, so that competition between co-infecting malaria strains is likely to be intense [ 4 ]. Such co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517944.xml |
479045 | Evolution of a Primate Defense against Intragenomic Infiltrators | null | Anyone who uses a word processor is likely thankful for the spell checker program. But that autocorrect function can introduce errors, “correcting” the spelling of words to fit its stored repertoire, which is decidedly limited. Take that one step further and imagine a rogue program that destroys the coherence and meani... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC479045.xml |
545964 | Personal health promotion at US medical schools: a quantitative study and qualitative description of deans' and students' perceptions | Background Prior literature has shown that physicians with healthy personal habits are more likely to encourage patients to adopt similar habits. However, despite the possibility that promoting medical student health might therefore efficiently improve patient outcomes, no one has studied whether such promotion happens... | Background Our purpose was to describe both typical and outstanding personal health promotion environments experienced by medical students in U.S. medical schools. Our interest in health promotion among medical students was based on compelling data showing that physicians who have healthy personal habits are more likel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545964.xml |
548501 | Gene expression profiling revealed novel mechanism of action of Taxotere and Furtulon in prostate cancer cells | Background Both Taxotere and Capecitabine have shown anti-cancer activity against various cancers including prostate cancer. In combination, Taxotere plus Capecitabine has demonstrated higher anti-cancer activity in advanced breast cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of Taxotere and Capecitabine have n... | Background Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men in the United States with an estimated 230,110 new cases and 29,500 deaths in 2004 [ 1 ]. Initial treatment for prostate cancer is usually androgen-ablative therapy, radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548501.xml |
548273 | cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activates transcription via two distinct genetic elements of the human glucose-6-phosphatase gene | Background The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphatase to glucose, the final step in the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways. Expression of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene is induced by glucocorticoids and elevated levels of intracellular cAMP. The effect of cAMP in re... | Background The glucose-6-phosphatase system consists of the glucose-6-phosphate catalytic subunit (EC 3.1.3.9), embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via nine transmembrane domains, and the membrane spanning translocases, responsible in carrying either the substrate into the ER or the product from ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548273.xml |
524356 | Significance of MDR1 and multiple drug resistance in refractory human epileptic brain | Background The multiple drug resistance protein (MDR1/P-glycoprotein) is overexpressed in glia and blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium in drug refractory human epileptic tissue. Since various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can act as substrates for MDR1, the enhanced expression/function of this protein may increase their... | Background Failure to respond to therapeutic concentrations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is the usual basis for defining multiple drug resistant epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying resistance to AEDs are still largely unknown. It is generally believed to be a multifactorial phenomenon, depending on both pharmacody... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524356.xml |
549186 | Parental educational level and cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren in large urban areas of Turkey: Directions for public health policy | Background It is widely accepted that the development of atherosclerosis starts at an early age. However, there are very few studies evaluating the prevalence of the common clinical and behavioral cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among children, especially in developing countries. The aim of the present cross-... | Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality in developed countries and generates a major burden of morbidity throughout life [ 1 , 2 ]. Additionally, CVD emergencies have become the leading cause of death in developing countries as well [ 3 , 4 ]. Prospective and retrospective studies have... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549186.xml |
539307 | Neural network analysis in pharmacogenetics of mood disorders | Background The increasing number of available genotypes for genetic studies in humans requires more advanced techniques of analysis. We previously reported significant univariate associations between gene polymorphisms and antidepressant response in mood disorders. However the combined analysis of multiple gene polymor... | Background The increasing number of available genotypes for genetic studies in humans requires more advanced techniques of analysis [ 1 ]. Moreover, genes interact in a complex way, with some gene variants acting additively with others, in a multiplicative way or with a compensatory effect [ 2 , 3 ]. Traditional statis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539307.xml |
534810 | Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (Panthera tigris) | Eight traditional subspecies of tiger (Panthera tigris), of which three recently became extinct, are commonly recognized on the basis of geographic isolation and morphological characteristics. To investigate the species' evolutionary history and to establish objective methods for subspecies recognition, voucher specime... | Introduction The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest felid species and a widely recognized symbol of wildlife conservation. Historically tigers inhabited much of Asia, including the regions between the Caspian and Aral Seas, southeastern Russia, and the Sunda islands ( Mazak 1981 ; Hemmer 1987 ; Herrington 1987 ). S... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534810.xml |
350667 | Genetic and Functional Diversification of Small RNA Pathways in Plants | Multicellular eukaryotes produce small RNA molecules (approximately 21–24 nucleotides) of two general types, microRNA (miRNA) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). They collectively function as sequence-specific guides to silence or regulate genes, transposons, and viruses and to modify chromatin and genome structure. For... | Introduction Eukaryotic small RNAs of approximately 21–24 nucleotides function as guide molecules in a remarkably wide range of biological processes, including developmental timing and patterning, formation of heterochromatin, genome rearrangement, and antiviral defense ( Carrington and Ambros 2003 ; Finnegan and Matzk... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC350667.xml |
536008 | Evolution of Sex Chromosomes: The Case of the White Campion | null | There are many different sex-determining systems in plants and animals with separate sexes (dioecious species). In some species, environmental factors activate sex-determining genes that trigger expression of genes leading to male or female development. Other species have evolved specialized sex chromosomes. In the wel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC536008.xml |
545970 | A randomized clinical trial comparing hydrocolloid, phenytoin and simple dressings for the treatment of pressure ulcers [ISRCTN33429693] | Background Pressure sores are important and common complications of spinal cord injury. Many preventive and therapeutic approaches have been tried and new trials are evolving. One relatively recent method is application of a hydrocolloid dressing (HD). In this study we compared the therapeutic effects of HD on pressure... | Background Skin ulcers caused by pressure and strains are known by various names: decubitus ulcer, bedsore, ischemic ulcer and pressure ulcer. "Pressure ulcer", which indicates the etiology of the lesion, seems the most appropriate name [ 1 ]. An estimated 50–80% of individuals suffering from spinal cord injury develop... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545970.xml |
549192 | Effect of urbanization on bone mineral density: A Thai epidemiological study | Background The incidence of fractures in rural populations is lower than in urban populations, although the reason for this difference is unclear. This cross-sectional study was designed to examine the difference in bone mineral density (BMD), a primary predictor of fracture risk, between urban and rural Thai populatio... | Background Osteoporosis and its ultimate consequence of low traumatic fracture pose a major public health problem, because it incurs significant costs and increased risk of mortality [ 1 - 3 ]. Osteoporosis is sometimes considered a "consequence" of modernization, because the incidence of fractures in urban regions is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549192.xml |
517950 | Co-administration of a DNA vaccine encoding the prostate specific membrane antigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides suppresses tumor growth | Background Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well characterized prostate-specific tumor associated antigen. Its expression is elevated in prostate carcinoma, particularly in metastatic and recurrent lesions. These observations suggest that PSMA can be used as immune target to induce tumor cell-specific rec... | Background Carcinoma of prostate is the most common cancer in males in America, ranking as the second most common leading cause of cancer-related deaths, just after carcinoma of the lung. In addition, the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of prostate are increasing in China. Although surgery and radiation therapy re... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517950.xml |
545958 | Psychometric properties of a Swedish translation of the VISA-P outcome score for patellar tendinopathy | Background Self-administrated patient outcome scores are increasingly recommended for evaluation of primary outcome in clinical studies. The VISA-P score, developed at the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment in Melbourne, Australia, is a questionnaire developed for patients with patellar tendinopathy and the patien... | Background Patellar tendinopathy Patellar tendinopathy affects athletes in many sports and at all levels of participation, but is of particular concern for elite jumping athletes [ 1 ]. Many different types of sport activities have an increased risk for overuse of the patellar tendon including endurance sports (e.g. lo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545958.xml |
555587 | The discovery of the first human retrovirus: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 | I describe here the history leading up to and including my laboratory's discovery of the first human retrovirus, HTLV-I, and its close relative, HTLV-II. My efforts were inspired by early work showing a retroviral etiology for leukemias in various animals, including non-human primates. My two main approaches were to de... | Background After arriving at NIH in 1965 I spent my first year as a young physician caring and treating (mostly unsuccessfully) acute leukemias in children: a vivid experience and one which made me absolute in a decision to be fully involved in laboratory research and not return to clinical medicine. My research intere... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555587.xml |
555593 | Evaluation of SLC11A1 as an inflammatory bowel disease candidate gene | Background Significant evidence suggests that a promoter polymorphism withinthe gene SLC11A1 is involved in susceptibility to both autoimmune and infectious disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether SLC11A1 has a role in the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by characterizing a promoter ... | Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a number of disorders that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The three specific forms of the disease known as Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or the less well-characterized indeterminate colitis (IC), are diagnos... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555593.xml |
434151 | Functional Dissection of an Innate Immune Response by a Genome-Wide RNAi Screen | The innate immune system is ancient and highly conserved. It is the first line of defense and the only recognizable immune system in the vast majority of metazoans. Signaling events that convert pathogen detection into a defense response are central to innate immunity. Drosophila has emerged as an invaluable model orga... | Introduction As a typical metazoan suffers numerous microbial assaults during its lifespan, survival depends on robust defense strategies. Metazoan defenses are classified as either innate or adaptive. Adaptive immunity is characterized by elaborate genetic rearrangements and clonal selection events that produce an ext... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC434151.xml |
545780 | Assembly and characterization of heterochromatin and euchromatin on human artificial chromosomes | An assay of the formation of heterochromatin and euchromatin on de novo human artificial chromosomes containing alpha satellite DNA revealed that only a small amount of heterochromatin may be required for centromere function and that replication late in S phase is not a requirement for centromere function. | Background In the post-sequencing phase of genome characterization, it is important to understand the contribution of non-coding sequences to higher-order genome structure and stability. Maintenance of genome integrity and the faithful transmission of genetic information in mitosis and meiosis are essential to organism... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545780.xml |
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