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314475 | PLoS Biology in Action | Some examples of how the PLoS Biology content is used and a request for feedback from creative users | In the first month after our launch, the PDF of the “monkey-robot” article by Miguel Nicolelis received tens of thousands of downloads. We are not sure who downloaded the paper because we do not ask people to register at our site. We suspect, however, that its popularity is in part due to the widespread media coverage ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314475.xml |
503385 | Identification and characterization of a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae putative toxin-antitoxin locus | Background Certain strains of an obligate parasite of the human upper respiratory tract, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), can cause invasive diseases such as septicemia and meningitis, as well as chronic mucosal infections such as otitis media. To do this, the organism must invade and survive within both epit... | Background Culturable Haemophilus influenzae are acquired in the nasopharynx shortly after birth, and are thought to persist throughout life. H. influenzae adheres to and penetrates into and between cultured human respiratory epithelial cells, a mechanism that may contribute to its persistence in chronic obstructive pu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503385.xml |
512288 | Candidate high myopia loci on chromosomes 18p and 12q do not play a major role in susceptibility to common myopia | Background To determine whether previously reported loci predisposing to nonsyndromic high myopia show linkage to common myopia in pedigrees from two ethnic groups: Ashkenazi Jewish and Amish. We hypothesized that these high myopia loci might exhibit allelic heterogeneity and be responsible for moderate /mild or common... | Background Myopia is one of the leading causes of vision loss around the world[ 1 ]. In the United States, myopia affects approximately 25% of adult Americans[ 2 ]. Ethnic diversity appears to distinguish different groups with regard to prevalence. Caucasians have a higher prevalence than African Americans[ 3 ]. Asian ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512288.xml |
515295 | Phosphorylated guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, induced by pervanadate and Src family kinases localizes to the Golgi and subcortical actin cytoskeleton | Background The guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G (RapGEF1) along with its effector proteins participates in signaling pathways that regulate eukaryotic cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and embryonic development. It activates Rap1, Rap2 and R-Ras members of the Ras family of GTPases. C3G is activated upon ph... | Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GNEFs) are components of signaling pathways that link transmembrane receptors to intracellular GTPase family members regulating a wide variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and apoptosis. C3G (RapGEF1) is an ubiquitously expressed ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515295.xml |
549529 | Perils of paradigm: Complexity, policy design, and the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program | The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), mandated by the United States Congress in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, attempts to protect public health from adverse endocrine effects of synthetic chemical compounds by establishing a new testing regime. But the complexities and uncertainties of endocrine ... | Introduction The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) to regulate endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) as mandated in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) and the Safe Drinking Water Amendments Act of 1996 (SDWAA). Unlike the more easily... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549529.xml |
544958 | Are zinc-bound metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) involved in impaired thymulin production and thymic involution during ageing? | Background With advancing age, thymic efficiency shows progressive decline due to thymic involution allowing impaired cell-mediated immunity and the appearance of age-related diseases. The intrinsic cause of thymic involution is still undefined. Chronic inflammation and high glucocorticoids (GCs) may be involved. Howev... | Introduction The thymus gland is a central lymphoid organ in which bone marrow-derived T cell precursors undergo a complex process of maturation and differentiation leading to migration of positively selected thymocytes to the T cell-dependent peripheral areas [ 1 ]. Although thymocytes proliferation and differentiatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544958.xml |
535810 | Thromboembolic events and haematological diseases: a case of stroke as clinical onset of a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria | Some haematological diseases are associated to an increased risk of thromboembolic events. We report a case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in which a cerebrovascular event represented the first clinical manifestation of disease. PNH is associated to thromboembolic events, generally of venous districts of... | Background Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells clinically characterized by acute intravascular haemolytic crisis, in particular nocturnal, often overlapped to chronic haemolysis, and by thrombotic events and bone marrow failure. It is associated with a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535810.xml |
521681 | Normal histone modifications on the inactive X chromosome in ICF and Rett syndrome cells: implications for methyl-CpG binding proteins | Background In mammals, there is evidence suggesting that methyl-CpG binding proteins may play a significant role in histone modification through their association with modification complexes that can deacetylate and/or methylate nucleosomes in the proximity of methylated DNA. We examined this idea for the X chromosome ... | Background Although it has been known for some time that histone modifications play a role in gene expression [ 1 ], it is only in the last several years that the details of these modifications have been more fully described. Acetylation and methylation of histone tails, for example, exhibit characteristic patterns for... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521681.xml |
548151 | Results of paclitaxel (day 1 and 8) and carboplatin given on every three weeks in advanced (stage III-IV) non-small cell lung cancer | Background Both paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) have significant activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The weekly administration of P is active, dose intense, and has a favorable toxicity profile. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 51 consecutive patients receiving C and day 1 and 8 P chemotherapy (CT... | Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths all around the world. About 80% of all lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and more than 50% of these patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Meta-analysis of several randomized trials have demonstrated a modest s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548151.xml |
535804 | Testicular seminoma after the complete remission of extragonadal yolk sac tumor : a case report | Background Between 2% and 5% of malignant germ-cell tumors in men arise at extragonadal sites. Of extragonadal germ cell tumors, testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS) are present in 31–42% of cases, and CIS are reported to have low sensitivity to chemotherapy in spite of the various morphology and to have a high likelihoo... | Background Between 2% and 5% of malignant germ-cell tumors in men arise at extragonadal sites [ 1 ]. Cytogenetically most extragonadal germ-cell tumors (EGGCTs) i.e., the seminomas and non-seminomas, are similar to their testicular counterparts [ 2 , 3 ]. But there are CIS in 31–42% of EGGCT patients' testes [ 4 ]. Ult... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535804.xml |
521695 | Chromosome loops arising from intrachromosomal tethering of telomeres occur at high frequency in G1 (non-cycling) mitotic cells: Implications for telomere capture | Background To investigate potential mechanisms for telomere capture the spatial arrangement of telomeres and chromosomes was examined in G1 (non-cycling) mitotic cells with diploid or triploid genomes. This was examined firstly by directly labelling the respective short arm (p) and long arm subtelomeres (q) with differ... | Background In both plants and animals, during early meiosis in normal cells there is a clustering of all or most of the telomeres of the entire chromosome set to a single region on the nuclear membrane [ 1 - 3 ]. This meiotic looping of chromosomes with clustered ends has been termed the bouquet arrangement which appea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521695.xml |
553968 | Determining the quality of educational climate across multiple undergraduate teaching sites using the DREEM inventory | Background Our obstetrics and gynaecology undergraduate teaching module allocates 40–50 final year medical students to eight teaching hospital sites in the West Midlands region. Based on student feedback and concerns relating to the impact of new curriculum changes, we wished to objectively assess whether the education... | Background The undergraduate curriculum at our medical school was redesigned in 1998/99 to bring it in line with recommendations suggested by the General Medical Council (GMC) in Tomorrow's Doctors [ 1 ]. Obstetrics and Gynaecology is taught as a final year module. Around 20–30 students, of a total year group of around... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553968.xml |
516039 | Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis | A previous systematic review reported that topical NSAIDs were effective in relieving pain in chronic conditions like osteoarthritis and tendinitis. More trials, a better understanding of trial quality and bias, and a reclassification of certain drugs necessitate a new review. Studies were identified by searching elect... | Background A systematic review of topical NSAIDs reported that they were effective for relieving pain in both acute and chronic conditions [ 1 ]. Number-needed-to-treat (NNT), the number of patients that need to be treated for one to benefit from a particular drug, who would not have benefited from placebo, was used to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516039.xml |
514612 | Investigating the utility of combining Φ29 whole genome amplification and highly multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism BeadArray™ genotyping | Background Sustainable DNA resources and reliable high-throughput genotyping methods are required for large-scale, long-term genetic association studies. In the genetic dissection of common disease it is now recognised that thousands of samples and hundreds of thousands of markers, mostly single nucleotide polymorphism... | Background In order to locate the disease variants involved in complex common disease it is now generally accepted that very large sample numbers will be required [ 1 - 4 ]. Not only do the sample collections need to provide high quality gDNA, for the purpose of accurate genotyping, they also need to be sustainable. If... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514612.xml |
516777 | Survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer: twenty-year data from two SEER registries | Background Many researchers are interested to know if there are any improvements in recent treatment results for metastatic breast cancer in the community, especially for 10- or 15-year survival. Methods Between 1981 and 1985, 782 and 580 female patients with metastatic breast cancer were extracted respectively from th... | Background Prospective trials have the disadvantages of requiring a long time to complete, and using highly selected patient subgroups in tertiary centers. While one waits for the results to mature, this delays additional research to improve treatment. If there were a method that allowed earlier prediction of the resul... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516777.xml |
535347 | Review on "Atkins Diabetes Revolution: The Groundbreaking Approach to Preventing and Controlling Type 2 Diabetes" by Mary C. Vernon and Jacqueline A. Eberstein | null | Before beginning the review of this book, we had no particular opinion about the role of low carbohydrate diets in diabetes. In order to write a fair and unbiased review, we have done a rather extensive search on the subject. One of the most disturbing findings of our search is the amount of hostility towards low carbo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535347.xml |
547909 | A7DB: a relational database for mutational, physiological and pharmacological data related to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor | Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric proteins that are important drug targets for a variety of diseases including Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and various forms of epilepsy. One of the most intensively studied nAChR subunits in recent years has been α7. This subunit can form functional hom... | Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the most studied members of the cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) which also contains γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, glycine receptors and 5-HT 3 receptors [ 1 ]. Distinct subtypes of nAChRs mediate, for example, fast synaptic transmiss... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547909.xml |
532400 | A Global View of Gene Expression in the Aging Kidney | null | Four years ago in Science , Stuart Kim, a Stanford developmental biologist, made the case for laying down the broad strokes of a complex physiological process before defining its mechanisms. “A powerful, top-down, holistic approach,” he wrote, “is to identify all of the components of a particular cellular process, so t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532400.xml |
539233 | DNA-free RNA preparations from mycobacteria | Background To understand mycobacterial pathogenesis analysis of gene expression by quantification of RNA levels becomes increasingly important. However, current preparation methods yield mycobacterial RNA that is contaminated with chromosomal DNA. Results After sonication of RNA samples from Mycobacterium smegmatis gen... | Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease with approximately 8.8 million new cases and two million deaths per year. To understand the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis , analysis of gene expression by relative or absolute quantification of RNA levels using microa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539233.xml |
514606 | Extrinsic factors regulate partial agonist efficacy of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors | Background Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in many adult forebrain regions consist of alpha 2 + beta heteromeric channels. This subunit composition is distinct from the alpha 1 + beta channels found throughout the adult spinal cord. Unfortunately, the pharmacology of forebrain alpha 2 beta receptors are poorly d... | Background It has been well established that the amygdala is important in the acquisition and maintenance of fear/anxiety-related behaviors [ 1 ]. Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors have recently been found in the adult rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) using whole cell and intracellular electrophysiology [ 2 , 3 ]. R... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514606.xml |
549515 | The epidemiology of college alcohol and gambling policies | Background This article reports the first national assessment of patterns of drinking and gambling-related rulemaking on college campuses (e.g., punitive versus recovery oriented). Analyses relating school policies to known school rates of drinking or gambling identified potentially influential policies. These results ... | Background Young people are at increased risk for alcohol- and gambling-related problems compared to their older counterparts [ 1 - 3 ]. College and university students are at special risk because going to college often represents the first move away from their family and, as a result, fewer restrictions on their activ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549515.xml |
535353 | Oligo kernels for datamining on biological sequences: a case study on prokaryotic translation initiation sites | Background Kernel-based learning algorithms are among the most advanced machine learning methods and have been successfully applied to a variety of sequence classification tasks within the field of bioinformatics. Conventional kernels utilized so far do not provide an easy interpretation of the learnt representations i... | Background During the last years, a large number of machine learning approaches have been developed to analyze and annotate genomic sequence data. Different concepts of statistical pattern analysis and modelling are successfully used for this purpose. Sophisticated methods like Hidden Markov Models [ 1 ], neural networ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535353.xml |
524504 | Comparison of Misoprostol and Dinoprostone for elective induction of labour in nulliparous women at full term: A randomized prospective study | Background The objective of this randomized prospective study was to compare the efficacy of 50 mcg vaginal misoprostol and 3 mg dinoprostone, administered every nine hours for a maximum of three doses, for elective induction of labor in a specific cohort of nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix and more than 40... | Introduction Induction of labor is carried out for maternal and fetal indications. One of the most common indications is prolonged pregnancy [ 1 ]. Recent studies have suggested that by continuing pregnancy beyond 41 weeks, there is a statistically significant higher perinatal morbidity and mortality as well as an incr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524504.xml |
544569 | An evaluation of the effects of exogenous ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, on photosynthesis of mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars that differ in photosynthetic capacity | Background The stimulatory effect of CO 2 on ethylene evolution in plants is known, but the extent to which ethylene controls photosynthesis is not clear. Studies on the effects of ethylene on CO 2 metabolism have shown conflicting results. Increase or inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene has been reported. To unde... | Background Photosynthesis is controlled by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Of these, plant hormones have received considerable attention in the past in photosynthetic responses of plants. Ethylene is a phytohormone that influences every aspect of plant growth and development [ 1 ]. It is synthesized by the act... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544569.xml |
548145 | Molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus that leads to deleterious pulmonary pathological features. Due to its high morbidity and mortality and widespread occurrence, SARS has evolved as an important respiratory disease which may be encountered everywhere in the... | Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the first new infectious disease of this millennium. SARS has originated from Southern China at the end of 2002 and has a high mortality and morbidity. Within a period of six months beginning at the end of 2002, the disease has affected more than 8,000 people and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548145.xml |
554785 | Permissive nicotine regulation as a complement to traditional tobacco control | Background Cigarette smoking takes a staggering toll on human health and attracts considerable public health attention, yet real solutions seem distant. The 2004 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (US Senate bill S2461) would have given the US Food and Drug Administration limited authority to regulate ci... | Background Cigarette smoking is a source of worldwide misery [ 1 , 2 ] and revenue for corporations and governments. Landmark tobacco regulatory efforts in the United States include the 1992 Synar Amendment, requiring States to establish and enforce prohibitions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products to perso... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554785.xml |
544582 | Potential action of androstenedione on the proliferation and apoptosis of stromal endometrial cells | Background Hyperandrogenic conditions have been associated with a high prevalence of endometrial pathologies related to cell survival. However, the action of androgens on proliferation and apoptosis in endometrial cells is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of androste... | Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder, associated to hyperandrogenism, menstrual disturbances and in many cases to insulin resistance [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been observed that in some of PCOS women, the endometrium is thicker than that of normal cycling women [ 3 ] and a highe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544582.xml |
524510 | Production of hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines by erythroblast antigen+ and glycophorin A+ cells from human bone marrow | Background Erythroid nuclear cells (ENC) of the bone marrow (BM) have not previously been considered as important producers of wide spectrum of haemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines. The aim of the current work was to confirm the production of the main hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines in human ENC from BM. Results ... | Background Haematopoesis is regulated by lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells through a complex network of paracrine and autocrine mechanisms involving cytokines, growth factors and their receptors. However, although stromal [ 1 - 6 ], endothelial [ 7 - 10 ], megakaryocytic [ 11 , 12 ] and osteogenic cells [ 13 - 16 ] and l... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524510.xml |
532399 | A Fly Enzyme for Motor Control | null | Long-range communication requires special technology. Although we usually think of nerve cells communicating over distances measured in millimeters, they must also stretch over centimeters and even meters to enable movement and sensation throughout our bodies. In a disorder known as spastic paraplegia, people experienc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532399.xml |
521497 | Skipping the co-expression problem: the new 2A "CHYSEL" technology | The rapid progress in the field of genomics is increasing our knowledge of multi-gene diseases. However, any realistic hope of gene therapy treatment for those diseases needs first to address the problem of co-ordinately co-expressing several transgenes. Currently, the use of internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) is t... | Introduction For the last 20 years, the gene therapy field has centred many of its efforts on finding ways to deliver a therapeutic gene to certain target cells in order to produce a therapeutic result. It was soon clear that it was necessary to deliver at least two genes, because a reporter/marker gene was needed in o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521497.xml |
543574 | Lifetime total and beverage specific - alcohol intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study | Background We investigated lifetime alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk in a case-control study conducted in Buffalo, NY (1998–2001). Methods The study included 88 men, aged 45 to 85 years with incident, histologically-confirmed prostate cancer and 272 controls. We conducted extensive in-person interviews rega... | Background Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the Western countries [ 1 ]. Notwithstanding the importance of this malignancy, little is understood about its cause. To date the only well established risk factors are age, family history of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543574.xml |
546418 | Ectopic expression of PTTG1/securin promotes tumorigenesis in human embryonic kidney cells | Background Pituitary tumor transforming gene1 (PTTG1) is a novel oncogene that is expressed in most tumors. It encodes a protein that is primarily involved in the regulation of sister chromatid separation during cell division. The oncogenic potential of PTTG1 has been well characterized in the mouse, particularly mouse... | Background Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a recently characterized oncogene, was initially identified on analysis of a rat pituitary tumor [ 1 ]; subsequently, a human homologue of PTTG1 was cloned by us and others [ 2 - 4 ]. Three members (PTTG1, PTTG2 and PTTG3) of the PTTG family, which exhibit differe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546418.xml |
555464 | An ant colony optimisation algorithm for the 2D and 3D hydrophobic polar protein folding problem | Background The protein folding problem is a fundamental problems in computational molecular biology and biochemical physics. Various optimisation methods have been applied to formulations of the ab-initio folding problem that are based on reduced models of protein structure, including Monte Carlo methods, Evolutionary ... | Background Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) is a population-based stochastic search method for solving a wide range of combinatorial optimisation problems. ACO is based on the concept of stigmergy – indirect communication between members of a population through interaction with the environment. An example of stigmergy is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555464.xml |
521483 | The Internet and HIV study: design and methods | Background The Internet provides a new meeting ground, especially for gay men, that did not exist in the early 1990s. Several studies have found increased levels of high risk sexual behaviour and sexually transmissible infections (STI) among gay men who seek sex on the Internet, although the underlying processes are no... | Background Several studies have found elevated levels of high risk sexual behaviour among people who seek – and meet – sexual partners through the Internet [ 1 - 7 ] In a study conducted in a public HIV testing clinic in Denver, Colorado, for example, people who sought sex on the Internet were more likely to have had a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521483.xml |
522820 | Radiation enteropathy and leucocyte-endothelial cell reactions in a refined small bowel model | Background Leucocyte recruitment and inflammation are key features of high dose radiation-induced tissue injury. The inflammatory response in the gut may be more pronounced following radiotherapy due to its high bacterial load in comparison to the response in other organs. We designed a model to enable us to study the ... | Background Radiotherapy is widely used in treating different types of cancer and is an effective therapeutic modality against abdominal and pelvic cancers. Gastrointestinal tract damage by radiotherapy limits its efficacy in cancer treatment. The small bowel is highly radiosensitive and very mobile and is thus an impor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522820.xml |
544596 | Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides | Isolation and separation of specific molecules is used in almost all areas of biosciences and biotechnology. Diverse procedures can be used to achieve this goal. Recently, increased attention has been paid to the development and application of magnetic separation techniques, which employ small magnetic particles. The p... | Introduction Isolation, separation and purification of various types of proteins and peptides, as well as of other specific molecules, is used in almost all branches of biosciences and biotechnologies. Separation science and technology is thus very important area necessary for further developments in bio-oriented resea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544596.xml |
544555 | A Shot in the Arm for AIDS Vaccine Research | Why haven't we developed an HIV vaccine yet? And will the new roadmap from the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise help our efforts towards vaccine development? Ho addresses these crucial questions | The scientific strategic plan of the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise, published in this month's PLoS Medicine , is a clear and cogent document describing how major funders and stakeholders in HIV vaccine development should move forward in a collaborative fashion [ 1 ]. There is no doubt that this roadmap will be reg... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544555.xml |
544541 | Accessing the Microscopic World | The Exploratorium in San Francisco offers museum visitors the opportunity to use and manipulate state-of-the-art microscopes to visualize an array of living specimens | The Exploratorium, based in San Francisco, is a “hands on” science museum filled with interactive science and art exhibits, as well as a laboratory for the research and development of innovations in science education. In the summer of 2004, the Exploratorium launched the most ambitious microscope facility ever created ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544541.xml |
551602 | Evolution of the relaxin-like peptide family | Background The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1, 2 and 3, and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. The functions of relaxin-3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6 remain uncharacterised. The ev... | Background The relaxin-like peptide family includes: relaxin-1, relaxin-2, relaxin-3, and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. All share high structural similarity with insulin due to the presence of six cysteine residues, which confer two inter-chain and one intra-chain disulfide bonds. Thu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551602.xml |
553997 | Preventing complicated transseptal puncture with intracardiac echocardiography: case report | Background Recently, intracardiac echocardiography emerged as a useful tool in the electrophysiology laboratories for guiding transseptal left heart catheterizations, for avoiding thromboembolic and mechanical complications and assessing the ablation lesions characteristics. Although the value of ICE is well known, it ... | Background Since the advent of ICE in the electrophysiology practice it proved its value in guiding transseptal procedures with providing an extra safety margin for the patients. The possibility to visualize the oval fossa, the LA free wall and the aortic root helps in preventing mechanical complications. ICE can visua... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553997.xml |
522808 | Intracellular shuttling of a Drosophila APC tumour suppressor homolog | Background The Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor is found in multiple discrete subcellular locations, which may reflect sites of distinct functions. In Drosophila epithelial cells, the predominant APC relative (E-APC) is concentrated at the apicolateral adherens junctions. Genetic analysis indicates th... | Background The Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein is an important tumour suppressor in the colonic epithelium [ 1 ]. A key function of this highly conserved protein is to antagonize Wnt signalling, by constitutively downregulating the transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Armadillo, a key effector of the Wnt sign... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522808.xml |
552322 | Review of "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" by Max E. Valentinuzzi | null | The book "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" embraces various aspects of biomedical engineering as an essential resource book for physical scientists, engineers and biomedical students. The book interfaces physiologic systems with engineering principles to capture the important concepts from ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552322.xml |
544540 | Biology by Numbers—Introducing Quantitation into Life Science Education | An online educational module introduces students to concepts of quantitation and numerical simulations in developmental biology | Driven by the massive datasets that are generated by “omics” research, the molecular life sciences are entering a new phase. This phase is characterised by a shift in focus from individual genes and their products to networks and whole systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. For a thorough analysis of the behaviour of networks and thei... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544540.xml |
544554 | A Strategy for Developing an HIV Vaccine | The newly published strategic plan for developing an HIV vaccine is crucially important, say the PLoS Medicine editors, but it must be followed by clear milestones and a process for monitoring progress | In 1997, United States President Bill Clinton announced the challenge to develop an AIDS vaccine by 2007. Since 1997, the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC) has published annual reports on the global status of the effort to meet Clinton's deadline. Last year's report, entitled “AIDS Vaccine Trials—Getting the Globa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544554.xml |
551616 | Construction and analysis of tag single nucleotide polymorphism maps for six human-mouse orthologous candidate genes in type 1 diabetes | Background One strategy to help identify susceptibility genes for complex, multifactorial diseases is to map disease loci in a representative animal model of the disorder. The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a model for human type 1 diabetes. Linkage and congenic strain analyses have identified several NOD mouse Idd (... | Background Type 1 diabetes is a common, multifactorial disease believed to be caused in a proportion of cases by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells by an inflammatory infiltrate comprising T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. This process results from a complex interaction between genetic and en... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551616.xml |
554975 | The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle | The genomes of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) encode the gag, pol and env genes and contain at least six supplementary open reading frames termed tat , rev , nef , vif , vpr , vpx and vpu . While the tat and rev genes encode regulatory proteins absolutely required for virus replication, nef , v... | Introduction The viral protein R (Vpr) of HIV-1 is a small basic protein (14 kDa) of 96 amino acids, and is well conserved in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV [ 1 ]. The role of Vpr in the pathogenesis of AIDS is undeniable, but its real functions during the natural course of infection are still subject to debate. The Vpr role in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554975.xml |
552323 | Rapid self-assembly of DNA on a microfluidic chip | Background DNA self-assembly methods have played a major role in enabling methods for acquiring genetic information without having to resort to sequencing, a relatively slow and costly procedure. However, even self-assembly processes tend to be very slow when they rely upon diffusion on a large scale. Miniaturisation a... | Background There has been a rapid growth in the number of applications that are based upon DNA self-assembly, ranging from DNA microarrays (e.g. Affymetrix [ 1 ]) in the life sciences, through conformation-based mutation detection methods [ 2 , 3 ], to the ongoing development of DNA scaffolding methods of nanoassembly ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552323.xml |
553982 | Docetaxel plus cisplatin is effective for patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to previous anthracycline treatment: a phase II clinical trial | Background Patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are frequently exposed to high cumulative doses of anthracyclines and are at risk of resistance and cardiotoxicity. This phase II trial evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel plus cisplatin, as salvage chemotherapy in patients with MBC resistant to prior... | Background In the management of breast cancer, anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens remain standard adjuvant or first-line palliative treatment. Furthermore, some patients cannot be treated with anthracyclines due to impaired cardiac function. It is thus important to identify active, well-tolerated, not anthracycl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553982.xml |
553996 | Illness-related practices for the management of childhood malaria among the Bwatiye people of north-eastern Nigeria | Background A wide range of childhood illnesses are accompanied by fever,, including malaria. Child mortality due to malaria has been attributed to poor health service delivery system and ignorance. An assessment of a mother's ability to recognize malaria in children under-five was carried out among the Bwatiye, a poorl... | Background Malaria is a major cause of death among children in many parts of the world, despite the availability of simple and effective treatments [ 1 ] and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria [ 2 , 3 ]. Although, treatment often begins early and at home, a mother's inability to correctly r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553996.xml |
553983 | Ethical challenges in surgery as narrated by practicing surgeons | Background The aim of this study was to explore the ethical challenges in surgery from the surgeons' point of view and their experience of being in ethically difficult situations. Methods Five male and five female surgeons at a university hospital in Norway were interviewed as part of a comprehensive investigation into... | Background It is important for surgeons to be and to act in a right and good way towards patients, relatives, and colleagues. Studies have shown, however, that physicians often are in doubt about the best and correct actions to take for the patients in specific situations [ 1 - 3 ]. This question is not only a medical ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553983.xml |
549064 | Genome-scale approaches for discovering novel nonconventional splicing substrates of the Ire1 nuclease | Three different genome-scale screens indicate that the HAC1 mRNA is the only substrate for the Ire1 nuclease in yeast. | Background The unfolded protein response (UPR) regulates the protein-folding and secretory capacity of eukaryotic cells by monitoring conditions within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulating a downstream gene-expression program (reviewed in [ 1 - 3 ]). In yeast, about 5% of the genome is under the transcriptiona... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549064.xml |
549065 | Identification of the prokaryotic ligand-gated ion channels and their implications for the mechanisms and origins of animal Cys-loop ion channels | Acetylcholine receptor type ligand-gated ion channels are well known in animals. Homologs are identified in prokaryotes that may act as chemotactic receptors. | Background The flux of ions across excitable cellular membranes is a signaling mechanism that is extensively utilized by organisms from all the three major superkingdoms of life. This directional flow of ions across cellular membranes is mediated by a wide range of ion channels that may be gated by a variety of signals... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549065.xml |
549070 | Integration with the human genome of peptide sequences obtained by high-throughput mass spectrometry | Peptides derived from protein tandem mass spectrometry data have been mapped to the human genome sequence forming an expandable resource for the proteomic data. | Background The recent definition of the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome [ 1 , 2 ] has motivated the full annotation of the sequence. The true promise of the human genome project, to become the foundation for medical and biological research benefiting human health and quality of life [ 3 ], can only be ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549070.xml |
532398 | Cro-Magnons Conquered Europe, but Left Neanderthals Alone | null | After miners unearthed a skull and bones in a Neander Valley cave in Germany in 1856—three years before the publication of On the Origin of Species —the remains were initially described as either those of a “brutish” race or of someone disfigured by disease. As Darwinian evolution caught on, so did the realization that... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532398.xml |
521496 | Caring for family members with chronic physical illness: A critical review of caregiver literature | This article reviews 19 studies (1987–2004) on quality of life for family caregivers helping those with chronic physical illness. Here we explore the concepts of and instruments used to measure caregivers' quality of life. We were particularly interested in understanding stress-related variables and documenting factors... | Background Recent reforms in U.S. health care systems mean that individuals with long-term, complex health problems are being cared for at home by family members [ 1 ]. Specifically, changes in medical practice resulting in shorter impatient hospital stays and the search for outpatient substitutes such as home-based ca... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521496.xml |
551603 | Comparative linkage analysis and visualization of high-density oligonucleotide SNP array data | Background The identification of disease-associated genes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been increasingly reported. In particular, the Affymetrix Mapping 10 K SNP microarray platform uses one PCR primer to amplify the DNA samples and determine the genotype of more than 10,000 SNPs in the human genome... | Background The oligonucleotide Mapping 10 K arrays [ 1 ] have been used for linkage analysis [ 2 - 4 ] and their advantages in genome coverage and information content compared to microsatellite-based assays has been demonstrated. The array contains 11,550 SNPs with an average heterozygosity rate of 0.32 and an average ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551603.xml |
543575 | Respiratory symptoms in relation to residential coal burning and environmental tobacco smoke among early adolescents in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study | Background Cigarette smoking and coal burning are the primary sources of indoor air pollution in Chinese households. However, effects of these exposures on Chinese children's respiratory health are not well characterized. Methods Seventh grade students (N = 5051) from 22 randomly selected schools in the greater metropo... | Background Residential coal burning and cigarette smoking are the most common sources of indoor air pollution in Chinese households [ 1 - 3 ]. Although use of coal stoves and smoking have been linked to respiratory morbidity among adult populations in mainland China [ 1 , 4 - 6 ], little is known about how these exposu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543575.xml |
497042 | Caveolin-2 associates with intracellular chlamydial inclusions independently of caveolin-1 | Background Lipid raft domains form in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells by the tight packing of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Caveolae are invaginated structures that form in lipid raft domains when the protein caveolin-1 is expressed. The Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that repli... | Background The Chlamydiaceae are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within membrane bound inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. By mechanisms not understood in detail, inclusions avoid fusing with endosomes or lysosomes that might destroy... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497042.xml |
524511 | Characterization of an endogenous retrovirus class in elephants and their relatives | Background Endogenous retrovirus-like elements (ERV-Ls, primed with tRNA leucine) are a diverse group of reiterated sequences related to foamy viruses and widely distributed among mammals. As shown in previous investigations, in many primates and rodents this class of elements has remained transpositionally active, as ... | Background ERV-Ls are retroviral elements (retroelements) lacking the envelope gene ( env ) and exhibiting homology to the class of human endogenous retroviruses designated as HERV-L by [ 1 ]. Similar retroelements have been identified in several eutherian groups (see below), but their incidence in metatherians and mon... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524511.xml |
544597 | Murine leukemia virus (MLV) replication monitored with fluorescent proteins | Background Cancer gene therapy will benefit from vectors that are able to replicate in tumor tissue and cause a bystander effect. Replication-competent murine leukemia virus (MLV) has been described to have potential as cancer therapeutics, however, MLV infection does not cause a cytopathic effect in the infected cell ... | Background Efficient and long-lasting gene delivery is the major challenge in the development of vectors for gene therapy. Replication-competent retroviruses (RCRs) encoding suicide genes linked via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) offer a significant advantage over replication-deficient vectors in cancer gene th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544597.xml |
554784 | Reporting quality of randomized trials in the diet and exercise literature for weight loss | Background To adequately assess individual studies and synthesize quantitative research on weight loss studies, transparent reporting of data is required. The authors examined the reporting quality of randomized trials in the weight loss literature, focusing exclusively on subject characteristics as they relate to enro... | Background Current statistics indicate that approximately 64.5% of US adults can be considered overweight while 30.5% can be classified as obese [ 1 ]. Obesity is also linked to a variety of chronic diseases, and is associated with approximately 300,000 deaths each year and annual economic costs of over $117 billion [ ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554784.xml |
522821 | Evaluating the cytotoxicity of innate immune effector cells using the GrB ELISPOT assay | Background This study assessed the Granzyme B (GrB) ELISPOT as a viable alternative to the 51 Cr-release assay for measuring cytotoxic activity of innate immune effector cells. We strategically selected the GrB ELISPOT assay because GrB is a hallmark effector molecule of cell-mediated destruction of target cells. Metho... | Background Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. CTL recognize target cells through processed antigenic peptides presented via MHC. In contrast, NK cells mediate lysis of numerous cellular targets without class... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522821.xml |
544568 | Small area mapping of prostate cancer incidence in New York State (USA) using fully Bayesian hierarchical modelling | Background As part of a long-term initiative to improve cancer surveillance in New York State, small area maps of relative risk, expressed as standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), were produced for the most common cancers. This includes prostate cancer, the focus of this paper, since it is the most common non-dermatolo... | Background Geographic surveillance of chronic disease is central to understanding spatial or spatial-temporal patterns that may help to identify discrepancies in disease burden among different regions or communities. As part of ongoing efforts in New York State to understand spatial patterns of cancer and to help imple... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544568.xml |
552336 | Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia | Obesity and type 2 diabetes are occurring at epidemic rates in the United States and many parts of the world. The "obesity epidemic" appears to have emerged largely from changes in our diet and reduced physical activity. An important but not well-appreciated dietary change has been the substantial increase in the amoun... | Emerging epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome The new millennium has witnessed the emergence of a modern epidemic, the metabolic syndrome, with frightful consequences to the health of humans worldwide. The metabolic syndrome, also referred to as "Diabesity" [ 1 ] describes the increasing incidence of diabetes in combinat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552336.xml |
522809 | Reconstruction of ancestral protein sequences and its applications | Background Modern-day proteins were selected during long evolutionary history as descendants of ancient life forms. In silico reconstruction of such ancestral protein sequences facilitates our understanding of evolutionary processes, protein classification and biological function. Additionally, reconstructed ancestral ... | Background Present-day protein sequences can be used to reconstruct ancestral sequences based on a model of sequence evolution. Such knowledge about ancestral sequences is helpful for understanding the evolutionary processes as well as the functional aspects of a protein family. Existing methods of ancestral sequence r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522809.xml |
544583 | Treatment of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle and/or low back pain after delivery design of a randomized clinical trial within a comprehensive prognostic cohort study [ISRCTN08477490] | Background Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle and/or low back pain is a controversial syndrome because insight in etiology and prognosis is lacking. The controversy relates to factors eliciting pain and some prognostic factors such as the interpretation of pain at the symphysis. Recent research about treatment strategies ... | Background Since 1962[ 1 ], diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle and/or low back pain have inflicted debate and have led to considerable differences of opinions. Many articles appeared mainly in International journals and some etiological mechanisms were hypothesized. However, the subje... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544583.xml |
546419 | Diet and physical activity behavior among users of prescription weight loss medications | Background There is limited population-based data on diet and physical activity behaviors and weight loss among users of prescription weight loss medications. Most findings are from clinical settings or from research that includes organized behavioral programs. Methods We analyzed data from the 1998 Behavioral Risk Fac... | Background Lifestyle modifications, including behavior therapy, diet, and physical activity, are the cornerstone of weight management [ 1 ]. Current weight management guidelines state that prescription weight loss medication only may be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss program including diet and physical act... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546419.xml |
547908 | Clinical and cost effectiveness of mechanical support for severe ankle sprains: design of a randomised controlled trial in the emergency department [ISRCTN 37807450] | Background The optimal management for severe sprains (Grades II and III) of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle is unclear. The aims of this randomised controlled trial are to estimate (1) the clinical effectiveness of three methods of providing mechanical support to the ankle (below knee cast, Aircast ® brace an... | Background Sprains of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint account for between 3 and 5% of all emergency department (ED) attendances in the UK [ 1 ], with approximately 5600 injuries each day [ 2 ]. The injury is painful and incapacitating, and, for all but the most minor injuries, weight bearing is difficult to to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547908.xml |
524505 | Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary: potential involvement in ovarian dysfunction of ad libitum-fed broiler breeder hens | In hens, the ovarian follicles committed to ovulation are arranged in an ordered follicular hierarchy. In standard broiler breeders hens genetically selected for high growth rate the reproductive function is clearly dysfunctional. Feed restriction is needed during reproductive development to limit the formation of exce... | Background The ovary of the mature hen contains a hierarchy of yellow yolky follicles and several thousand smaller follicles from which the large yolky follicles are recruited. The yellow follicles are arranged in a size hierarchy and are committed to ovulation. In each follicle, the granulosa cells are surrounded by t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524505.xml |
539232 | Optimal cDNA microarray design using expressed sequence tags for organisms with limited genomic information | Background Expression microarrays are increasingly used to characterize environmental responses and host-parasite interactions for many different organisms. Probe selection for cDNA microarrays using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is challenging due to high sequence redundancy and potential cross-hybridization between ... | Background Expression microarrays are powerful tools for human disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment [ 1 ] offering unparalleled insight into the function of the entire genome and the dynamic interactions among genes. The ability of microarrays to identify gene expression signatures, specific subsets of genes that... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539232.xml |
553969 | Automated generation of heuristics for biological sequence comparison | Background Exhaustive methods of sequence alignment are accurate but slow, whereas heuristic approaches run quickly, but their complexity makes them more difficult to implement. We introduce bounded sparse dynamic programming (BSDP) to allow rapid approximation to exhaustive alignment. This is used within a framework w... | Background George Box [ 1 ] once remarked that, "All models are wrong, but some are useful." This statement bears much relevance to biological sequence alignment, where there is no guarantee that the alignment model will accurately represent the evolutionary (or other) processes which separated the two sequences. All t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553969.xml |
514607 | Epidemiology of the human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia; 18-year surveillance results and prevention from an Islamic perspective | Background data on HIV epidemiology and preventive measures in Islamic countries is limited. This study describes the results of 18-year of HIV surveillance in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the preventive measures implemented from an Islamic perspective. Methods surveillance for HIV has been underway in SA since 1984. Indicati... | Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major health problem worldwide despite enormous efforts to control its spread. As of December 2002, the estimated number of people living with HIV is 42 millions [ 1 ]. In year 2002 alone, the HIV epidemic claimed more than 3 million lives and an estim... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514607.xml |
554974 | Socioeconomic factors and low birth weight in Mexico | Background Low birth weight (LBW) is a public health problem linked to lack of equity in populations. Despite efforts to decrease the proportion of newborns with LBW, success has been quite limited. In recent years, studies focused on explaining how social factors influence this problem have shown that populations with... | Background On average, the worldwide incidence of low birthweight (LBW) is 17% per year, making LBW an important infant health problem in many populations [ 1 ]. The incidence of LBW varies among countries, ranging from 4% to 6% in Western countries like Sweden, France, United States and Canada (UNICEF 2003) and much h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554974.xml |
549514 | Nosocomial Plasmodium falciparum infections confirmed by molecular typing in Medellín, Colombia | Three cases of nosocomial malaria are reported from patients of the Internal Medicine Ward of a tertiary University teaching hospital in Medellin, Colombia. Epidemiological research, based on entomological captures, medical records review and interviews of nursery staff about patient care practices potentially involvin... | Background The city of Medellin is located in the north-western region of Colombia and, although malaria is endemic in the country, absence of anophelines within the city makes vector transmission of the infection impossible. However, this city, located within the Andes Mountains (6°13'N, 75°36'W) at 1,588 m above sea ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549514.xml |
514613 | Insights into the pathogenesis of vein graft disease: lessons from intravascular ultrasound | The success of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is limited by poor long-term graft patency. Saphenous vein is used in the vast majority of CABG operations, although 15% are occluded at one year with as many as 50% occluded at 10 years due to progressive graft atherosclerosis. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has g... | Introduction The success of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), although the gold standard for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease, is limited by poor long-term vein graft patency [ 1 ]. Early vein graft thrombosis (within 1 month) occurs in up to 15% of vein grafts due to graft spasm or technical ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514613.xml |
535346 | Mosquitoes and transmission of malaria parasites – not just vectors | The regional malaria epidemics of the early 1900s provided the basis for much of our current understanding of malaria epidemiology. Colonel Gill, an eminent malariologist of that time, suggested that the explosive nature of the regional epidemics was due to a sudden increased infectiousness of the adult population. His... | Introduction A strategic aim of the global commitment to Roll Back Malaria is the development of reliable and practicable forecasting methods to enable the containment of epidemics. Much of the basis of our knowledge about the causes and dynamics of malaria epidemics comes from the qualitative analyses of the large sca... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535346.xml |
535352 | Density-dependence and within-host competition in a semelparous parasite of leaf-cutting ants | Background Parasite heterogeneity and within-host competition are thought to be important factors influencing the dynamics of host-parasite relationships. Yet, while there have been many theoretical investigations of how these factors may act, empirical data is more limited. We investigated the effects of parasite dens... | Background In most models of host-parasite dynamics, the parasites are considered as part of discrete infections, involving only a single parasite. However, as the transmission stages of parasites tend to be clustered, the majority of host-parasite interactions will rather involve multiple parasite individuals. This is... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535352.xml |
549528 | Patient characteristics and clinical management of patients with shoulder pain in U.S. primary care settings: Secondary data analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey | Background Although shoulder pain is a commonly encountered problem in primary care, there are few studies examining its presenting characteristics and clinical management in this setting. Methods We performed secondary data analysis of 692 office visits for shoulder pain collected through the National Ambulatory Medic... | Background Shoulder pain is a common clinical problem in the ambulatory setting. The one year prevalence of shoulder pain is as high as 50% in the general population, and 50% of those afflicted consult a physician [ 1 , 2 ]. As many patients with shoulder pain miss work because of the condition, it should be no surpris... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549528.xml |
516038 | Work-related musculoskeletal disorders : A survey of physical therapists in Izmir-Turkey | Background This study was planned to collect data about causes, prevalence and responses to work-related musculoskeletal disorders reported by physiotherapists employed in Izmir, Turkey. Method A two-page survey with closed ended questions was used as the data collected method. This survey was distributed to 205 physio... | Background A work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMD) is defined as a musculoskeletal injury that results from a work-related event. This may result in lost work time, work restriction, or transfer to another job [ 1 - 4 ]. These types of injuries are common among physiotherapists [ 1 , 2 , 5 - 9 ]. This group has ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516038.xml |
535805 | A comparison of biologically variable ventilation to recruitment manoeuvres in a porcine model of acute lung injury | Background Biologically variable ventilation (return of physiological variability in rate and tidal volume using a computer-controller) was compared to control mode ventilation with and without a recruitment manoeuvre – 40 cm H 2 O for 40 sec performed hourly; in a porcine oleic acid acute lung injury model. Methods We... | Background A negative consequence of mechanical ventilation using lower tidal volumes (V T ) in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is alveolar collapse [ 1 - 3 ]. Numerous strategies to recruit these collapsed units have been advocated, but the efficacy of various recrui... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535805.xml |
555854 | Competition in health research: the experience of the John Curtin School of Medical Research | Background In 2002 the Australian National Competitive Grants System was opened to the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University as part of a commitment to transparency, competitiveness, and collaboration in national research funding. Results The block grant to the John Curtin School of Medica... | Discussion Australia has developed a unique blend of medical research institutions, from universities, teaching hospitals, independent medical research institutes to a range of smaller centres. Universities with medical schools have been the primary forces in medical research and many of the university teaching hospita... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555854.xml |
516776 | Hepatitis B virus variants in an HIV-HBV co-infected patient at different periods of antiretroviral treatment with and without lamivudine | Background Lamivudine inhibits replication of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is commonly used as part of antiretroviral therapy. The main limitation in the use of lamivudine is resistant mutation selection. Most of these mutations affect the YMDD motif of the HBV DNA polymerase.... | Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share common routes of transmission, mainly sexual, parenteral and vertical. Therefore, the prevalence of HBV serological markers is higher among HIV infected patients than in non-HIV infected individuals [ 1 , 2 ]. Considerable variations in the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516776.xml |
340964 | Comparing the Networks that Power Bacterial Chemotaxis | null | When we think of foraging for food, we usually imagine animals wandering in the woods, poking behind bushes and trees, trying to find something tasty. Amazingly, even single-cell bacteria display a simplified version of this behavior. Many species of bacteria can respond to chemical or nutritional cues (chemoattractant... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340964.xml |
340958 | Activating p53 in Cancer Cells with Protein Therapy Shows Preclinical Promise | null | Late-stage cancers are notoriously unresponsive to treatment, making certain hard-to-detect cancers particularly insidious. Ovarian cancer, for example, most often escapes diagnosis until the tumor has already metastasized. At this stage, ovarian cancer is classified as peritoneal carcinomatosis, a terminal condition c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340958.xml |
544965 | Managing emerging infectious diseases: Is a federal system an impediment to effective laws? | In the 1980's and 1990's HIV/AIDS was the emerging infectious disease. In 2003–2004 we saw the emergence of SARS, Avian influenza and Anthrax in a man made form used for bioterrorism. Emergency powers legislation in Australia is a patchwork of Commonwealth quarantine laws and State and Territory based emergency powers ... | The management of infectious diseases in an increasingly complex world of mass international travel, globalization and terrorism heightens challenges for Federal, State and Territory Governments in ensuring that Australia's laws are sufficiently flexible to address the types of problems that may emerge. In the 1980's a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544965.xml |
548144 | PGF2alpha induced differential expression of genes involved in turnover of extracellular matrix in rat decidual cells | In the rat, the decidual tissue is an important component for maternal recognition of pregnancy. Decidualization can be induced by either the implantation of the blastocyst or by artificial stimuli. The process of decidua formation or decidualization, is characterized by growth and differentiation of endometrial stroma... | Background The establishment of successful pregnancy requires a profound reorganization of uterine tissues. Rapid growth and differentiation of the endometrial stroma is the earliest and most striking event in pregnancy. Differentiation of stromal cells leads to the formation of unique cells, termed decidual cells, whi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548144.xml |
544959 | +874(T→A) single nucleotide gene polymorphism does not represent a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease | In the recent years, several cytokines have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and progression and many studies have correlated this risk with polymorphisms in the genes encoding these molecules. Also the type 1 cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ belongs to a cytokine class that affects the immune funct... | In the human brain several cell types are responsible for initiating and amplifying a specific inflammatory response. In Alzheimer disease (AD) signs of an inflammatory activation of microglia and astroglia are present both inside and outside amyloid deposits. Cell cultures and animal models suggest an interactive rela... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544959.xml |
521694 | Tissue Doppler echocardiography and biventricular pacing in heart failure: Patient selection, procedural guidance, follow-up, quantification of success | Asynchronous myocardial contraction in heart failure is associated with poor prognosis. Resynchronization can be achieved by biventricular pacing (BVP), which leads to clinical improvement and reverse remodeling. However, there is a substantial subset of patients with wide QRS complexes in the electrocardiogram that do... | Background Heart failure is among the most common chronic diseases in modern civilizations. The dilatation of the left ventricle frequently induces intracardiac conduction delays resulting in asynchronous left ventricular motion. This manifests as left bundle branch block in the surface ECG. Both QRS width and intraven... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521694.xml |
546196 | GATA: a graphic alignment tool for comparative sequence analysis | Background Several problems exist with current methods used to align DNA sequences for comparative sequence analysis. Most dynamic programming algorithms assume that conserved sequence elements are collinear. This assumption appears valid when comparing orthologous protein coding sequences. Functional constraints on pr... | Background The most widely used methods for aligning DNA sequences rely on dynamic programming algorithms initially developed by Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch [ 1 , 2 ]. These algorithms create the mathematically best possible alignment of two sequences by inserting gaps in either sequence to maximize the score o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546196.xml |
314474 | Long-Lasting Novelty-Induced Neuronal Reverberation during Slow-Wave Sleep in Multiple Forebrain Areas | The discovery of experience-dependent brain reactivation during both slow-wave (SW) and rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep led to the notion that the consolidation of recently acquired memory traces requires neural replay during sleep. To date, however, several observations continue to undermine this hypothesis. To address... | Introduction Sleep is important for the consolidation of newly acquired memories ( Jenkins and Dallenbach 1924 ; Fishbein 1971 ; Pearlman and Becker 1974 ; Smith and Butler 1982 ; Smith and Kelly 1988 ; Karni et al. 1994 ; Stickgold et al. 2000 ; Laureys et al. 2002 ; Fenn et al. 2003 ). The discovery of experience-dep... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314474.xml |
512289 | 'Perinatal outcome in preterm premature rupture of membranes with Amniotic fluid index < 5 (AFI < 5) | Background Our purpose was to determine whether AFI<5 cm after preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal morbidity. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of 95 singleton pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) wit... | Background Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is one of the most common complications of the pregnancy. Preterm PROM is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly because it is associated with brief latency from membrane rupture to deliver, perinatal infection, and umbilical c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512289.xml |
406405 | Dissecting the Complexities of Glucose Signaling in Yeast | xx | An organism's survival depends on developing effective strategies for identifying and adapting to available sources of food. Even organisms as small as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can respond in a complex way to the presence of different energy sources. While yeast can metabolize many different sugars, g... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406405.xml |
518968 | B-Raf specific antibody responses in melanoma patients | Background Mutations of the BRAF gene are the most common genetic alteration in melanoma. Moreover, BRAF mutations are already present in benign nevi. Being overexpressed and mutated, B-Raf is a potential target for the immune system and as this mutation seems to be an early event, a humoral immune response against thi... | Background Cutaneous malignant melanoma is responsible for 1% of all malignant tumors with a rising incidence in the Caucasian population [ 1 ]. Initial diagnosis is based on asymmetry, border regularity, multiple colours, diameter as well as elevation of the pigmented lesion. However, it is sometimes difficult to diff... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518968.xml |
548150 | Reversal of a full-length mutant huntingtin neuronal cell phenotype by chemical inhibitors of polyglutamine-mediated aggregation | Background Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder triggered by an expanded polyglutamine tract in huntingtin that is thought to confer a new conformational property on this large protein. The propensity of small amino-terminal fragments with mutant, but not wild-type, glutamine tracts to s... | Background Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder that typically has its onset in mid-life, though it may occur in the juvenile years or in the elderly, and that produces an inexorable decline to death 10–20 years later [ 1 ]. Its cardinal clinical feature is a characteri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548150.xml |
503390 | Geographic correlation between deprivation and risk of meningococcal disease: an ecological study | Background Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a serious infection which is most common in young children and adolescents. This study investigated the relationships between the incidence and age distribution of meningococcal disease, and socioeconomic environment. Methods An ecological design was used, inclu... | Background Infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom, with 1548 cases notified in England and Wales in 2001[ 1 ], an incidence rate of 3.2 cases per 100,000 per year, and a case fatality rate of around 10%[ 2 ]. The infection is most common... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503390.xml |
517508 | Tuberculosis presenting as immune thrombocytopenic purpura | Background Although various hematologic abnormalities are seen in tuberculosis, immune thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare event. Case Presentation We report a case of a 29 year-old male who was presented with immune thrombocytopenia-induced hemoptysis, macroscopic hematuria and generalized petechiae. The patient was fo... | Background During the past 2 decades, tuberculosis -both pulmonary and extrapulmonary- has re-emerged as a major health problem worldwide. Hematologic abnormalities have been described in association with mycobacterial infections for almost 100 years. Patients with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517508.xml |
517497 | Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans | Background Green tea is widely consumed in Asian countries and is becoming increasingly popular in Western countries. Epidemiologically, it has been suggested that green tea consumption prevents type 2 diabetes. The present study was aimed at providing evidence of improvement in glucose metabolism in diabetic mice and ... | Background Green tea (leaves of Camellia sinensis , Theaceae) is a popular beverage in East Asia, and also used as a herbal remedy in Europe and North America. Green tea is considered to be antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic [ 1 , 2 ], and can prevent cardiac disorders. Epidemiological... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517497.xml |
535811 | The rehydration transcriptome of the desiccation-tolerant bryophyte Tortula ruralis: transcript classification and analysis | Background The cellular response of plants to water-deficits has both economic and evolutionary importance directly affecting plant productivity in agriculture and plant survival in the natural environment. Genes induced by water-deficit stress have been successfully enumerated in plants that are relatively sensitive t... | Background The cellular response of plants to water deficits has both economic and evolutionary importance directly affecting plant productivity in agriculture and plant survival in the natural environment. Ramanathan [ 1 ] has argued, based on predictions of global environmental changes, that developing crops which ar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535811.xml |
521079 | A failed RCT to determine if antibiotics prevent mastitis: Cracked nipples colonized with Staphylococcus aureus: A randomized treatment trial [ISRCTN65289389] | Background A small, non-blinded, RCT (randomised controlled trial) had reported that oral antibiotics reduced the incidence of mastitis in lactating women with Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus )- colonized cracked nipples. We aimed to replicate the study with a more rigorous design and adequate sample size. Methods Ou... | Background Mastitis is a common problem for breastfeeding women [ 1 , 2 ]. Before planning a trial to reduce the number of lactating women who develop mastitis, we reviewed the literature to identify factors that may be associated with mastitis and to examine previous trials. A relatively small number of trials was ide... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521079.xml |
521086 | Identification of the 15FRFG domain in HIV-1 Gag p6 essential for Vpr packaging into the virion | The auxiliary regulatory protein Vpr of HIV-1 is packaged in the virion through interaction with the Gag C-terminal p6 domain. Virion packaging of Vpr is critical for Vpr to exert functions in the HIV-1 life cycle. Previous studies suggest that Vpr interacts with a (Lxx)4 domain in p6 for virion packaging. In the prese... | Findings Vpr is a 15 kDa auxiliary regulatory protein of HIV-1 produced in the late phase of the viral life cycle and packaged in the virion [ 1 - 3 ]. Thus, Vpr has the capacity to function both in the early phase and the late phase of the viral life cycle. A number of biological activities have been assigned to Vpr, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521086.xml |
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