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https://algo.ulb.be/events/lunches/page/7/ | search
#### Lunches
Time-windowed graph connectivity Wed, Jan 11, 2017 12:00 CET
###### Speakers:Ingo van Duijn
Digital materials and aerospace applications Wed, Dec 14, 2016 14:30 CET
###### Speakers:Irina Kostitsyna
Wed, Dec 7, 2016 12:00 CET
###### Speakers:Michele Conforti
Characterizing Polytopes Contained in the 0/1-Cube with Bounded Chvatal-Gomory Rank Wed, Nov 30, 2016 12:00 CET
###### Speakers:Samuel Fiorini
Transfinite Ford-Fulkerson on a Finite Network Wed, Nov 23, 2016 12:00 CET
###### Speakers:Tony Huynh
Today Tony will tell us about Transfinite Ford-Fulkerson on a Finite Network.
Comparison of real roots (without numerical approximations) Wed, Nov 16, 2016 12:00 CET
###### Speakers:Aurélien Ooms
Recognizing visibility graphs of polygons with holes is hard for the existential theory of the reals Wed, Nov 9, 2016 12:30 CET
###### Speakers:Udo Hoffmann
The sandpile model on K_{m,n} and the rank of its configurations Wed, Oct 19, 2016 14:15 CEST
###### Speakers:
Mon, Jan 1, 0001 00:17 LMT
date: 2019-10-16T10:30:00.000Z title: 'Using hard-core distributions for sparse graph colouring' speakers: François Pirot duration: PT1H location: Plaine campus, NO building, 8th floor, Rotule (P.2NO8.08) geolocation: latitude: 50.82005 longitude: 4.39767 tags: Graphs Coloring Graph Coloring Sparse Graphs Writing $$\mathcal{I}(G)$$ for the collection of independent sets of a given graph $$G$$, a random independent set $$\mathcal{B}$$ drawn according to the hard-core distribution at fugacity $$\lambda$$ on $$\mathcal{I}(G)$$ satisfies for every independent set $$I\in \mathcal{I}(G)$$ that $$\Pr[\mathcal{B} = I] = \frac{\lambda^{|I|}}{Z_\lambda(G)}$$, where $$Z_\lambda(G) = \sum_{I\in \mathcal{I}(G)} \lambda^{|I|}$$ is a normalising factor, called the independence polynomial of $$G$$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6602283716201782, "perplexity": 9868.02406083896}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390437.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525223929-20200526013929-00465.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/finding-a-vertical-distance-of-niagara-falls.318817/ | # Finding a vertical distance of niagara falls?
1. Jun 8, 2009
### ob123
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Suppose the water at the top of Niagara Falls has a horizontal speed of 1.42 m/s just before it cascades over the edge of the falls. At what vertical distance below the edge does the velocity vector of the water point downward at a 61.8 ° angle below the horizontal?
2. Relevant equations
Not sure
3. The attempt at a solution
Initial velocity(u) of Niagara falls = 1.42 m/s
Angle(θ) at which it strikes the ground = 61.8o
Formula used: tan(61.8) = sq.rt(2*9.8*x/1.42)
I solved for x and got .252 m but the answer is wrong. Now I have no idea on what to do. Any help would be appreciated. Thank you.
2. Jun 8, 2009
### Physics_Math
Remember the following: the horizontal component of the velocity will never change (assuming we are only dealing with gravity). So what you need to do is find the vertical velocity that will make the velocity vector point at the desired angle. Then recall from kinematics:
vf2=vi2+2*g*d
vf is the final velocity
vi is the initial velocity
g is the acceleration due to gravity
d is the distance travelled
of course this is all for the vertical components, and vi is zero, so you just have to solve for d.
3. Jun 8, 2009
### ob123
okay but how do i find the vertical distance, I am barely on my 4th day of physics so I really do not know much. But I got these hints off my book, but I have no idea how to translate what it says into a drawing.
Sketch an arrow that represents the velocity vector after the water has fallen some vertical distance. It should be angled downward. Construct a right triangle whose hypotenuse is the velocity vector of the water, and whose sides are the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity, and . The horizontal component of the velocity is known. Use the Pythagorean theorem to solve for the magnitude of the vertical component of the velocity.
Once the vertical component of the velocity is known, use the equations of kinematics (table 3.1) to solve for the vertical displacement from the top of the waterfall. The magnitude of the vertical displacement is equal to the distance below the edge of the waterfall.
4. Jun 9, 2009
### Physics_Math
That hint your book gives you is essentially what I have told you, except I go farther and give you the equation. So you are having trouble drawing the diagram. Ok, well consider that you have two components to the velocity of the water falling from the cliff, a component in the horizontal direction (IE parallel to the ground) and a component in the vertical direction (IE perpendicular to the ground.) So draw two lines connecting at a point, but perpendicular to eachother. These are the components of the velocity of the water. Now join them with a third line to make a triangle, and this is the velocity vector. So now all you need to do is set the appropriate angle to 61.8 degrees, and this will set the length of the vertical component, because the horizontal component is already known, and you have an angle at 90 degrees as well.
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https://www.pololu.com/product/3098 | # TB67S279FTG Stepper Motor Driver Compact Carrier
Pololu item #: 3098 100 in stock Brand: Pololu Status: Active and Preferred Free add-on shipping in USA Free shipping in USA over $40 Price break Unit price (US$)
1 7.75
5 7.13
25 6.56
100 6.03
This breakout board for Toshiba’s TB67S279FTG microstepping bipoloar stepper motor driver is arranged in the popular 16-pin Pololu form factor, making it a more compact alternative to our full breakout. It features adjustable current limiting and seven microstep resolutions (down to 1/32-step). Additionally, it dynamically selects an optimal decay mode by monitoring the actual motor current, and it can automatically reduce the driving current below the full amount when the motor is lightly loaded to minimize power and heat. The TB67S279FTG has a wide operating voltage range of 10 V to 47 V, and our carrier board can deliver approximately 1.1 A per phase continuously without a heat sink or forced air flow (up to 2 A peak). It features built-in protection against under-voltage, over-current, and over-temperature conditions.
Alternatives available with variations in these parameter(s): continuous current per phase header pins soldered? Select variant…
## Overview
This product is a carrier board or breakout board for Toshiba’s TB67S2x9FTG family of stepper motor drivers; we therefore recommend careful reading of the corresponding driver’s datasheet before using this product. This stepper motor driver lets you control one bipolar stepper motor and is available in two different versions: the TB67S249FTG can deliver about 1.6 A per phase continuously (4.5 A peak), and the TB67S279FTG can deliver about 1.1 A per phase continuously (2 A peak). (See the Power Dissipation Considerations section below for more information.)
We also carry larger, complete breakout versions of the TB67S249FTG and TB67S279FTG stepper driver carriers that bring out all the pins from the driver, allowing access to all of the drivers’ features.
Here are some of the board’s key features:
• Simple step and direction control interface
• Seven different step modes: full-step, non-circular half-step, circular half-step, 1/4-step, 1/8-step, 1/16-step, and 1/32-step
• Adjustable current control lets you set the maximum current output with a potentiometer, which lets you use voltages above your stepper motor’s rated voltage to achieve higher step rates
• Advanced Dynamic Mixed Decay (ADMD) dynamically switches between slow and fast decay modes by monitoring the state of current decay (not according to fixed timing)
• Configurable Active Gain Control (AGC) can be enabled to automatically reduce drive current by up to 40% to minimize power consumption and heat generation when maximum torque is not needed.
• Motor supply voltage: 10 V to 47 V
• Maximum continuous current per phase without additional cooling:
• Built-in regulator (no external logic voltage supply needed)
• Can interface directly with 3.3 V and 5 V systems
• Under-voltage lockout and protection against over-current/short-circuit and over-temperature
• Active-low error outputs indicate over-current, over-temperature, or open-load condition
• Compact size (0.6″ × 0.8″)
• 4-layer, 2 oz copper PCB for improved heat dissipation
• Exposed solderable ground pad below the driver IC on the bottom of the PCB
This product ships with all surface-mount components—including the TB67S2x9FTG driver IC—installed as shown in the product picture.
Some unipolar stepper motors (e.g. those with six or eight leads) can be controlled by this driver as bipolar stepper motors. For more information, please see the frequently asked questions. Unipolar motors with five leads cannot be used with this driver.
## Details for item #3098
This compact version uses a TB67S279FTG driver and can deliver approximately 1.1 A per phase continuously without a heat sink or forced air flow (up to 2 A peak). It can be distinguished by the marking “S279FTG” on the driver IC.
Header pins are included but not soldered (see item #3099 for a version of this carrier with header pins already installed).
## Included hardware
The TB67S2x9FTG stepper motor driver compact carrier ships with one 1×16-pin breakaway 0.1″ male headers. The headers can be soldered in for use with solderless breadboards or 0.1″ female connectors. You can also solder your motor leads and other connections directly to the board.
## Using the driver
### Power connections
The driver requires a motor supply voltage of 10 V to 47 V to be connected across VIN and GND. This supply should be capable of delivering the expected stepper motor current.
### Motor connections
Four, six, and eight-wire stepper motors can be driven by the TB67S2x9FTG if they are properly connected; a FAQ answer explains the proper wirings in detail.
Warning: Connecting or disconnecting a stepper motor while the driver is powered can destroy the driver. (More generally, rewiring anything while it is powered is asking for trouble.)
### Step (and microstep) size
Stepper motors typically have a step size specification (e.g. 1.8° or 200 steps per revolution), which applies to full steps. A microstepping driver such as the TB67S2x9FTG allows higher resolutions by allowing intermediate step locations, which are achieved by energizing the coils with intermediate current levels. For instance, driving a motor in quarter-step mode will give the 200-step-per-revolution motor 800 microsteps per revolution by using four different current levels.
The resolution (step size) selector inputs (DMODE0, DMODE1, and DMODE2) enable selection from the seven step resolutions according to the table below. These three pins have internal 100 kΩ pull-down resistors, so the driver defaults to standby mode when these inputs are left disconnected; at least one DMODE pin must be driven high to select a step resolution and allow the driver to operate. For the microstep modes to function correctly, the current limit must be set low enough (see below) so that current limiting gets engaged. Otherwise, the intermediate current levels will not be correctly maintained, and the motor will skip microsteps.
DMODE0 DMODE1 DMODE2 Microstep Resolution
Low Low Low Standby mode (outputs disabled)
Low Low High Full step
Low High Low Non-circular half step (“a”)
Low High High 1/4 step
High Low Low Circular half step (“b”)
High Low High 1/8 step
High High Low 1/16 step
High High High 1/32 step
### Control inputs and status outputs
The rising edge of each pulse to the STEP (CLK) input corresponds to one microstep of the stepper motor in the direction selected by the DIR (CW/CCW) pin. These inputs are both pulled low by default through internal 100 kΩ pull-down resistors. If you just want rotation in a single direction, you can leave CW/CCW disconnected.
Our compact breakout board inverts the inputs for ENABLE and RESET to match the pinout of our popular A4988 carriers to make it a suitable drop-in replacement. By default, ENABLE is pulled low with a 100 kΩ resistor and RESET is pulled high with a 100 kΩ resistor. You can disable the board by driving ENABLE high (it can be connected directly to a logic high voltage between 2 V and 5.5 V, such as the driver’s own VCC output, or it can be dynamically controlled via connections to digital outputs of an MCU).
When the RESET pin is driven low, the driver resets its internal electrical angle (the state in the translator table that it is outputting) to an initial value of 45°. This corresponds to +100% of the current limit on both coils in full step and non-circular half step modes, and +71% on both coils in other microstep modes. Note that, unlike the reset pin on many other stepper drivers, the RESET pin on the TB67S2x9FTG compact carrier does not disable the motor outputs when it is asserted: when RESET is low, the driver will continue supplying current to the motor, but it will not respond to step inputs on the CLK pin.
The TB67S2x9FTG can detect several fault (error) states that it reports by driving one or both of the LO pins on the driver low (the datasheet describes what each combination of LO1 and LO2 means). This breakout board ties both LO1 and LO2 together and brings them out to the FAULT pin, and the FAULT pin is pulled high to VCC with a 100 kΩ resistor on the board. Errors are latched, so the outputs will stay off and the error flag(s) will stay asserted until the error is cleared by toggling standby mode with the DMODE pins or disconnecting power to the driver. Note that the carrier includes a 1.5 kΩ protection resistor in series with the FAULT pin that makes it is safe to connect this pin directly to a logic voltage supply, as might happen if you use this board in a system designed for the pin-compatible A4988 carrier.
### Current limiting
To achieve high step rates, the motor supply is typically higher than would be permissible without active current limiting. For instance, a typical stepper motor might have a maximum current rating of 1 A with a 5 Ω coil resistance, which would indicate a maximum motor supply of 5 V. Using such a motor with 10 V would allow higher step rates, but the current must actively be limited to under 1 A to prevent damage to the motor.
The TB67S2x9FTG supports such active current limiting, and the trimmer potentiometer on the board can be used to set the current limit:
You will typically want to set the driver’s current limit to be at or below the current rating of your stepper motor. One way to set the current limit is to put the driver into full-step mode and to measure the current running through a single motor coil without clocking the STEP input. The measured current will be equal to the current limit (since both coils are always on and limited to 100% of the current limit setting in full-step mode).
Another way to set the current limit is to measure the VREF voltage and calculate the resulting current limit. The current limit relates to VREF as follows:
TB67S249FTG text(current limit) = text(VREF) × 1.25 text(A)/text(V) text(current limit) = text(VREF) × 0.556 text(A)/text(V)
So, the current limit in amps (A) is equal to the VREF voltage in volts (V) times the corresponding multiplier, and if you have a TB67S279FTG and a stepper motor rated for 1 A, for example, you can set the current limit to about 1 A by setting the reference voltage to about 1.8 V.
Note: The coil current can be very different from the power supply current, so you should not use the current measured at the power supply to set the current limit. The appropriate place to put your current meter is in series with one of your stepper motor coils. If the driver is in full-step mode, both coils will always be on and limited to 100% of the current limit setting as (unlike some other drivers that limit it to about 70% in full-step mode). If your driver is in one of the microstepping modes, the current through the coils will change with each step, ranging from 0% to 100% of the set limit. If Active Gain Control is active, it will also further reduce the actual motor current. See the driver’s datasheet for more information.
## Active Gain Control
The TB67S2x9FTG has a feature called Active Gain Control, or AGC, that automatically optimizes the motor current by sensing the load torque applied to the motor and dynamically reducing the current below the full amount. This allows it to minimize power consumption and heat generation when the motor is lightly loaded, but if the driver senses an increased load, it will quickly ramp the current back up to the full amount to try to prevent a stall.
On our compact carrier, the AGC pin can be pulled high to enable Active Gain Control with the bottom current limit set to 60%. If the 60% setting is too aggressive, you can raise the bottom current limit to 80% by shorting across the two pads on the CL0 jumper on the back-side of the board as shown in the picture below.
For more control over the Active Gain Control settings, consider our full breakout versions of the TB67S249FTG and TB67S279FTG stepper driver carriers, as these bring out all the AGC configuration pins (AGC0, AGC1, CLIM0, CLIM1, FLIM, BOOST, and LTH).
## Power dissipation considerations
The driver ICs have maximum current ratings higher than the continuous currents we specify for these carrier boards, but the actual current you can deliver depends on how well you can keep the IC cool. The carrier’s printed circuit board is designed to draw heat out of the IC, but to supply more than the specified continuous current per coil, a heat sink or other cooling method is required.
This product can get hot enough to burn you long before the chip overheats. Take care when handling this product and other components connected to it.
Please note that measuring the current draw at the power supply will generally not provide an accurate measure of the coil current. Since the input voltage to the driver can be significantly higher than the coil voltage, the measured current on the power supply can be quite a bit lower than the coil current (the driver and coil basically act like a switching step-down power supply). Also, if the supply voltage is very high compared to what the motor needs to achieve the set current, the duty cycle will be very low, which also leads to significant differences between average and RMS currents. Additionally, please note that the coil current is a function of the set current limit, but it does not necessarily equal the current limit setting as the actual current through each coil changes with each microstep and can be further reduced if Active Gain Control is active. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2974185049533844, "perplexity": 3198.9204780017994}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824448.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213032335-20181213053835-00326.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mathcity.org/fsc/fsc_part_2_solutions/ch07 | # Unit 07: Vectors
Notes (Solutions) of Unit 07: Vectors, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12 (Mathematics FSc Part 2 or HSSC-II), Punjab Text Book Board Lahore. You can view online or download PDF. To view PDF, you must have PDF Reader installed on your system and it can be downloaded from Software section.
• Introduction
• Geometric Interpretation of Vector
• Multiplication of Vector by a Scalar
• Addition and Subtraction of two vectors
• Position Vector
• Vector in Plane
• Properties of Magnitude of a Vector
• Another Notation for representing Vectors in Plane
• AUnit Vector in the Direction of another given Vector
• The Ratio Formula
• Vector Geometry
• Exercise 7.1
• Introduction of Vector in Space
• Concept of a Vector in Space
• Properties of Vector
• Another notation for representing Vectors in Space
• Distance between two Points in Space
• Direction Angles and Direction of a Vector
• Exercise 7.2
• The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
• Deductions of the Important Results
• Perpendicular (Orthogonal) Vectors
• Properties of Dot Product
• Analytically Expression of Dot Product $u\cdot v$
• Angle between two Vectors
• Projection of One Vector upon another Vector
• Exercise 7.3
• The Cross Product or Vector Product of two Vectors
• Derivation of useful results of Cross Product
• Properties of Cross Product
• Analytically Expression of $u\times v$
• Parallel Vector
• Area of Parallelogram
• Area of Triangle
• Exercise 7.4
• Scalar Triple Product of Vectors
• Analytically Expression of $u\cdot(v\times w)$
• The Volume of the Tetrahedron
• Application of Vectors in Physics and Engineering
• Exercise 7.5
• Exercise 7.1: Q(12),Part(ii): In question, point E=5j instead of 5i — by Abdullah Zafar (Garrison Academy Kharian Cantt) 2015/10/31 13:27
• fsc/fsc_part_2_solutions/ch07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8527284860610962, "perplexity": 7294.462696572529}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00506.warc.gz"} |
https://carlosscheidegger.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/dont-fear-the-1grad-f/ | # Don’t fear the 1/|grad f|
In our Vis paper last year about continuous histograms, we show that the right continuous formulation for histograms is the integral of the inverse gradient magnitude of the scalar field over the desired isosurface:
$\pi(h) = \int_{f^{-1}(x) = h} | \nabla f(x) |^{-1} \; dS$
In this note, I want to show that for most well-behaved functions, you have no reason to be afraid of that infinity term that will prop up in critical points. More precisely: for Morse functions and critical values h, $\lim_{x \to h} \pi(x)$ exists and is the same from both sides. I’ll stick with two-dimensional functions for now, but it works for higher dimensions.
Around a critical point of a function, choose a rotated coordinate system such that $f(x,y) = k_0 x^2 +k_1 y^2 + \epsilon$, where $\epsilon$ are all third-order terms. Since this a Morse function, the critical point is non-degenerate and isolated, and so $k_0, k_1 \neq 0$.
Then, $|| \nabla f(x,y) || = g \approx \sqrt{4 k_0^2 x^2 + 4 k_1^2 y^2}$. First, we assume $k_0 = k_1$. Then,
$g = (2 \sqrt{2k}) (x^2 + y^2)^{1/2}$
$g = (2 \sqrt{2k}) r$
Now we just compute $\pi$ at a point around a critical point with radius r:
$\int_{x^2 + y^2 = r^2} (2 \sqrt{2} r)^{-1} dS = \frac{2 \pi r}{2\sqrt{2k}r} = \pi/\sqrt{2k}$
This means that around a source or a sink in 2D, the critical point tends toward a constant (since we’re getting rid of the higher-order terms). The case where $k_0 \neq k_1$ but they share a sign is also easy: simply upper-bound the integral by using a larger domain of integration (instead of an ellipse, use the corresponding larger circle) and integrand (use the smallest gradient over the ellipse). Both factors are finite, so the integral is also finite. Similarly, the case where $k_0 = - k_1$ can be solved by substituting the complicated integral over a hyperbola with an integral over a portion of the asymptotes that has greater length.
This result should not be surprising: since $\pi$ is really the continuous analog of a histogram, $\pi$ could only be infinite if the cumulative distribution function of the scalar field were discontinuous. This implies a thick slab of the field being constant (that is, $\{ f^{-1}(h) = x \}$ would have positive measure). This does not happen in Morse functions (since critical values are isolated).
I believe that a similar argument holds for Sven’s continuous scatterplots. It has to, by analogy with multi-dimensional histograms. The situation is more complicated, though, because the values where their denominator is zero are the Jacobi sets of the sets of functions, and I just don’t know enough about them to be able to tell.
(Update: fixed typos. Thanks, Gordon!) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 16, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9788589477539062, "perplexity": 287.52694611115936}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815034.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224013638-20180224033638-00064.warc.gz"} |
http://arxiver.moonhats.com/2017/02/17/chime-frb-an-application-of-fft-beamforming-for-a-radio-telescope-ima/ | CHIME FRB: An application of FFT beamforming for a radio telescope [IMA]
We have developed FFT beamforming techniques for the CHIME radio telescope, to search for and localize the astrophysical signals from Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) over a large instantaneous field-of-view (FOV) while maintaining the full angular resolution of CHIME. We implement a hybrid beamforming pipeline in a GPU correlator, synthesizing 256 FFT-formed beams in the North-South direction by four formed beams along East-West via exact phasing, tiling a sky area of ~250 square degrees. A zero-padding approximation is employed to improve chromatic beam alignment across the wide bandwidth of 400 to 800 MHz. We up-channelize the data in order to achieve fine spectral resolution of $\Delta\nu$=24 kHz and time cadence of 0.983 ms, desirable for detecting transient and dispersed signals such as those from FRBs.
C. Ng, K. Vanderlinde, A. Paradise, et. al.
Fri, 17 Feb 17
40/43
Comments: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to the XXXII International Union of Radio Science General Assembly & Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS) 2017 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3891493082046509, "perplexity": 6055.285745653877}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948516843.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212114902-20171212134902-00369.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mathwarehouse.com/algebra/linear_equation/systems-of-equation/solve-by-graphing.php | Graphing Calculator Math Worksheets Algebara Solver Chart Maker
A+ A− B
# How to solve systems of equations by Graphing
## Video on Solving by Graphing
The Graph Method
Example 1
What is the solution of the following system of equations?
$$y = x + 1 \\ y = 2x$$
Step 1
Practice Problems
Use the graph method to solve the system of equations below $y = 2x +1 \\ y = 4x -1$
Step 1
Solve the following system of linear equations by graphing. $\text{ A) } 2y = 4x + 2 \\ \text{ B) }2y = -x + 7$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.571331799030304, "perplexity": 1833.5115554405104}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256757.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00489-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/test-charge-in-electric-field.349215/ | # Test charge in electric field
1. Oct 26, 2009
### tickle_monste
Let's say I were to place a test charge, q0, in a standard electric field E = k*q1/(r^2).
How would I find the trajectory of the charge? I have been trying the method used for finding the trajectory in a gravitational field, but I believe the problem is that that formula (Gm1m2/(r^2)) assumes a uniform field, whereas in this smaller scale problem, no such approximation can be made. I'm not sure whether I should be looking for a differential equation or something like Newton's method or what.
2. Oct 26, 2009
### sweet springs
Hello
Test charges would keep still on the points during observation of electric fields by measuring the applied force/charge. In this sense trajectory of test charge does not make good sense to me. If you are interested in motion of charges, two body problem under square inverse law with parameters e1,e2,m1,m2, should be your case. I believe scale problem does not matter in square inverse law.
Regards.
3. Oct 26, 2009
### mikelepore
I think you're talking about a point charge placed into a field generated by another point charge. The direction of the resulting force is along the line connecting the two point charges, therefore the resulting acceleration is along that line.
Gm1m2/r^2 is not for a uniform gravitational field. It's for the force between two point masses, which is a radial set of directions for field lines.
4. Oct 27, 2009
### tickle_monste
Well the problem I get when I don't assume a uniform field is that the amount of acceleration is a function of position. But the position is a function of acceleration which is a function of position etc.
*EDIT* so yea, I realize now that I'm looking at a differential equation
Last edited: Oct 27, 2009 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8430097103118896, "perplexity": 364.1362200727014}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00007.warc.gz"} |
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/176114 | Infoscience
Journal article
# The Effect of Scale on the Applicability of Taylor’s Frozen Turbulence Hypothesis in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis is the central assumption invoked in most experiments designed to investigate turbulence physics with time resolving sensors. It is also frequently used in theoretical discussions when linking Lagrangian to Eulerian flow formalisms. In this work we seek to quantify the effectiveness of Taylor’s hypothesis on the field scale using water vapour as a passive tracer. A horizontally orientated Raman lidar is used to capture the humidity field in space and time above an agricultural region in Switzerland. High resolution wind speed and direction measurements are conducted simultaneously allowing for a direct test of Taylor’s hypothesis at the field scale. Through a wavelet decomposition of the lidar humidity measurements we show that the scale of turbulent motions has a strong influence on the applicability of Taylor’s hypothesis. This dependency on scale is explained through the use of dimensional analysis.We identify a ‘persistency scale’ that can be used to quantify the effectiveness of Taylor’s hypothesis, and present the accuracy of the hypothesis as a function of this non-dimensional length scale. These results are further investigated and verified through the use of large-eddy simulations. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8670055270195007, "perplexity": 916.3481064146821}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515313.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212095356-20171212115356-00525.warc.gz"} |
http://www.math.gatech.edu/seminars-colloquia/series/cdsns-colloquium/xifeng-su-20170508 | ## Weak KAM theorem for Frenkel-Kontorova models and related topics
Series:
CDSNS Colloquium
Monday, May 8, 2017 - 11:00
1 hour (actually 50 minutes)
Location:
Skiles 005
,
Beijing Normal University
Organizer:
We will consider the Frenkel-Kontorova models and their higher dimensional generalizations and talk about the corresponding discrete weak KAM theory. The existence of the discrete weak KAM solutions is related to the additive eigenvalue problem in ergodic optimization. In particular, I will show that the discrete weak KAM solutions converge to the weak KAM solutions of the autonomous Tonelli Hamilton-Jacobi equations as the time step goes to zero. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9742252826690674, "perplexity": 559.3749883561512}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867092.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525121739-20180525141739-00545.warc.gz"} |
http://softmatterlab.org/tag/maximlian-leyman/ | ## Freddie Ogemark & Maximlian Leyman defended their Master Thesis. Congrats!
Freddie Ogemark & Maximlian Leyman defended their Master thesis in Complex Adaptive Systems at Chalmers University of Technology on 14 June 2018
Title: Cooperative Robotics with Sensorial Delay
The purpose of this work is to study how the behaviour of robots changes when the data from their sensors is affected by a certain delay. Robots of the model Elisa-3 were therefore studied while performing Brownian motion and with certain features varying as a function of the intensity measured by its sensors. Introducing a delay and varying its sign is shown to have a significant effect on a robot’s behavior. A single robot moving in an intensity field is either drawn to or avoiding higher inten- sities for a positive or a negative delay respectively. In this case experimental data show good agreement with simulated behavior. Simulations also show that multi- ple robots should form clusters when interacting under the influence of a positive delay; however, only weak tendencies towards cluster formation can be seen in the experiments.
Name of the master programme: MPCAS – Complex Adaptive Systems
Supervisor: Giovanni Volpe, Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg
Examiner: Giovanni Volpe, Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg
Opponents: Andres Hansson & Richard Sundqvist, MP Complex Adaptive Systems, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology
Place: ES51, EDIT building
Time: 14 June, 2018, 17:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8204910755157471, "perplexity": 2892.9190495245048}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213737.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818193409-20180818213409-00477.warc.gz"} |
https://www.advanceduninstaller.com/One-SwitchMouse-faf8e0755fc4d7cb7815203194de6a69-application.htm | # One SwitchMouse
## How to uninstall One SwitchMouse from your computer
This page contains thorough information on how to remove One SwitchMouse for Windows. It was coded for Windows by Claro Interfaces. Open here for more details on Claro Interfaces. One SwitchMouse is normally set up in the C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse directory, depending on the user's decision. MsiExec.exe /I{0D069513-3EF5-4BFC-ADD9-5B0953C2C97B} is the full command line if you want to uninstall One SwitchMouse. Starter.exe is the One SwitchMouse's main executable file and it occupies around 59.01 KB (60424 bytes) on disk.
The executable files below are installed beside One SwitchMouse. They occupy about 310.09 KB (317528 bytes) on disk.
• One SwitchMouse.exe (251.08 KB)
• Starter.exe (59.01 KB)
This info is about One SwitchMouse version 1.0.9 only. When you're planning to uninstall One SwitchMouse you should check if the following data is left behind on your PC.
You should delete the folders below after you uninstall One SwitchMouse:
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse
Files remaining:
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\0.Wav
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\1.Wav
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\2.Wav
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\3.Wav
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\4.Wav
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• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\6.Wav
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\expired.htm
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\logo.png
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\One SwitchMouse.application
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\One SwitchMouse.exe
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\One SwitchMouse.Language.xml
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\OneSwitchMouse.ini
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\OSM_splash_page.jpg
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\reminder.htm
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\Starter.exe
• C:\Program Files (x86)\Claro Interfaces\One SwitchMouse\Starter.ini
Registry keys:
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\315960D05FE3CFB4DA9DB590352C9CB7
Additional values that are not removed:
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Installer\Products\315960D05FE3CFB4DA9DB590352C9CB7\ProductName
## How to delete One SwitchMouse from your PC with Advanced Uninstaller PRO
One SwitchMouse is an application by the software company Claro Interfaces. Frequently, computer users try to erase this program. Sometimes this is hard because performing this by hand requires some skill related to Windows internal functioning. One of the best EASY way to erase One SwitchMouse is to use Advanced Uninstaller PRO. Here is how to do this:
1. If you don't have Advanced Uninstaller PRO on your Windows PC, add it. This is good because Advanced Uninstaller PRO is an efficient uninstaller and general utility to clean your Windows PC.
• set up Advanced Uninstaller PRO
2. Start Advanced Uninstaller PRO. It's recommended to take your time to get familiar with Advanced Uninstaller PRO's interface and number of features available. Advanced Uninstaller PRO is a powerful program.
3. Click on the General Tools category
4. Press the Uninstall Programs feature
5. All the applications installed on the computer will be shown to you
6. Scroll the list of applications until you find One SwitchMouse or simply click the Search field and type in "One SwitchMouse". If it exists on your system the One SwitchMouse program will be found very quickly. After you select One SwitchMouse in the list , the following data regarding the application is made available to you:
• Safety rating (in the lower left corner). This explains the opinion other users have regarding One SwitchMouse, from "Highly recommended" to "Very dangerous".
• Reviews by other users - Click on the Read reviews button.
• Technical information regarding the app you are about to remove, by pressing the Properties button.
7. Click the Uninstall button. A window asking you to confirm will come up. accept the uninstall by pressing Uninstall. Advanced Uninstaller PRO will automatically remove One SwitchMouse.
8. After removing One SwitchMouse, Advanced Uninstaller PRO will ask you to run a cleanup. Press Next to perform the cleanup. All the items of One SwitchMouse that have been left behind will be detected and you will be able to delete them. By removing One SwitchMouse using Advanced Uninstaller PRO, you can be sure that no registry items, files or directories are left behind on your system.
Your computer will remain clean, speedy and ready to serve you properly.
## Disclaimer
This page is not a piece of advice to uninstall One SwitchMouse by Claro Interfaces from your computer, nor are we saying that One SwitchMouse by Claro Interfaces is not a good application for your PC. This text simply contains detailed info on how to uninstall One SwitchMouse supposing you decide this is what you want to do. Here you can find registry and disk entries that our application Advanced Uninstaller PRO discovered and classified as "leftovers" on other users' PCs.
2016-09-25 / Written by Daniel Statescu for Advanced Uninstaller PRO | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9897167682647705, "perplexity": 14265.059613276644}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00204.warc.gz"} |
https://majdarbash.github.io/ml%20neural%20networks/2016/12/04/machine-learning-python.html | # Python 2.7: Setting up Neural Network with PyBrain
ML Neural Networks | 04 Dec 2016
Tags: artificial-intelligence, python, pybrain, neural-networks
Today, I'm experimenting machine learning concepts in python. For this purchase I'm using PyBrain. If you would like to have a better idea about Python, I suggest having a quick glance at posts 1-10 in Python category.
PyBrain is a Machine Learning library for Python. PyBrain stands for Python-Based Reinforcemnet Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network Library.
For complete guide on installation you can get complete details from:
http://pybrain.org/docs/
In the example below, based on pybrain.org tutorial I'm creating a network, dataset and training my network on the dataset.
Installing PyBrain:
$git clone git://github.com/pybrain/pybrain.git$ python setup.py install
### Building a network
Let's build a simple network. Assume our network accepts 2 inputs, and is expected to generate 2 outputs. Let's experiment with the following network structure:
• one input layer (2 neurons)
• one hidden layer (3 neurons)
• one output layer (1 neuron)
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
net = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1);
### Activating Network
Network gets populated with random values. We can test the output of the network by activating it.
Let's pass the inputs 2 and 3 to our network:
print net.activate([2, 3])
You can check out the network structure, using the following print commands:
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
# building network
net = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1);
# activating network on input 2, 3
print net.activate([2, 3]);
# will display the network structure
print net
"""
output:
FeedForwardNetwork-8
Modules:
[, , , ]
Connections:
[ 'out'>, 'hidden0'>, 'out'>, 'hidden0'>]
"""
# output:
print net['in']
# output:
print net['out']
# output:
print net['hidden0']
When using buildNetwork the hidden layer is constructed with a sigmoid squashing function. Let's assume you would like to change the hidden layer to a different type of layer, i.e. Hyperbolic Tangent function. You can do so, by supplying the hidden layer class as an argument to buildNetwork constructor:
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
from pybrain.structure import TanhLayer
from pybrain.structure import SoftmaxLayer
# the hidden layer of network 1 is constructed
# with Hyperbolic Tangent activation function
net1 = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1, hiddenclass = TanhLayer)
# the hidden layer of network 2 is constructed
# with Softmax activation function
net2 = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1, hiddenclass = TanhLayer, outclass = SoftmaxLayer)
# network is using bias
net3 = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1, bias = True)
### Building a DataSet
SupervisedDataSet - this class is used for standard supervised learning. Supports input and target values whose size is defined.
from pybrain.datasets import SupervisedDataSet
# dataset supports 2-d input and 1-d target
ds = SupervisedDataSet(2, 1)
# data set for the XOR function
# will print dataset length
# output: 4
print len(ds)
# iterating through dataset like a dictionary
for input, target in ds:
print input, target
# will print inputs of data set
print ds['input']
# will print targets of dataset
print ds['target']
if you want to clear the dataset, you can use:
# clear the data set
ds.clear();
### Training the Neural Network on the Dataset
Now that we've got the network ready it's time to train our network. We will do so by using back propagation algorithm - BackpropTrainer class.
All we have to do is to provide our network instance and dataset instance to the trainer - instantiated from BackpropTrainer class, and then run the train method.
from pybrain.supervised.trainers import BackpropTrainer
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
from pybrain.datasets import SupervisedDataSet
from pybrain.structure import TanhLayer
# building network to be trained on XOR output
net = buildNetwork(2, 3, 1, bias = True, hiddenclass = TanhLayer)
# dataset supports 2-d input and 1-d target
ds = SupervisedDataSet(2, 1)
# data set for the XOR function
trainer = BackpropTrainer(net, ds)
# this will train the network for full epoch and return
# double which is proportional to the error.
print trainer.train()
# will continue training until results converge
# returns a list of tuples containing the errors for every training epoch
print trainer.trainUntilConvergence()
The example above is used just to show different functions and usages of these functions and won't lead to effective results. The problem with the above example is that trainUntilConvergence by default requires validationProportion. The default value is 0.25, meaning that 25% of dataset will be used for the validation dataset. These two datasets are split and don't intersect. The problem is that omitting 25% of dataset samples will lead to a badly trained network.
You can solve XOR problem using different approach:
# learn XOR with a nerual network with saving of the learned paramaters
import pybrain
from pybrain.datasets import *
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
from pybrain.supervised.trainers import BackpropTrainer
ds = SupervisedDataSet(2, 1)
net = buildNetwork(2, 4, 1, bias=True)
trainer = BackpropTrainer(net, learningrate=0.01, momentum=0.99)
trainer.trainOnDataset(ds, 1000)
trainer.testOnData()
print net.activate((1, 1))
As you notice we are trainig our network explicitly for 1000 epochs and not until the results converge with expected output. You can validate the results of the network by rounding the output:
# output: 0.0
# output: 1.0
# output: 1.0
# output: 0.0
print round(net.activate((0, 0)))
print round(net.activate((0, 1)))
print round(net.activate((1, 0)))
print round(net.activate((1, 1)))
After searching the internet for XOR pybrain example I found some reliable code, which actually doesn't ommit the solution space as mentioned in the example above. As there's no validation set, the results cannot be tested for convergence, and we have to train for certain number of epochs. Eventually the results did converge, based on evidence.
https://github.com/thedanschmidt/PyBrain-Examples/blob/master/xor.py
# learn XOR with a nerual network with saving of the learned paramaters
import pybrain
from pybrain.datasets import *
from pybrain.tools.shortcuts import buildNetwork
from pybrain.supervised.trainers import BackpropTrainer
import pickle
if __name__ == "__main__":
ds = SupervisedDataSet(2, 1)
net = buildNetwork(2, 4, 1, bias=True)
try:
f = open('_learned', 'r')
f.close()
except:
trainer = BackpropTrainer(net, learningrate=0.01, momentum=0.99)
trainer.trainOnDataset(ds, 1000)
trainer.testOnData()
f = open('_learned', 'w')
pickle.dump(net, f)
f.close()
print net.activate((1, 1))
The beauty of the code above is that the first time you run it, the file _learned does not exists and the code will jump to except clause, which will train the network and popualate the _learned file. Afterwards we will activate the network with certain input in the main scope.
In any subsequent execution of the code, _learned file will be opened successfully and the training part will be skipped. We will be able to reuse our network directry from the file!
Note the usage of pickle library which supports dumping / loading objects from / to the file. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23385199904441833, "perplexity": 6770.899955033508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00124.warc.gz"} |
http://kjim.org/journal/view.php?number=15575 | Korean J Intern Med > Volume 9(1); 1994 > Article
Hong, Hong, Lee, and Son: Effect of Non-Tumor Cell Contamination on Detection of p53 Gene Mutations in Human Gastric Cancer Cells by Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis
## Background:
We have previously studied p53 gene mutations in 25 primary gastric cancer tissues by polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis for exon 4–8 and immunohistochemical staining with anti-p53 antibody. In four cases, the discrepancy of the results was observed between the two methods. In one case, positive by PCR-SSCP but negative by immunohistochemical staining, the mutation was silent. In three cases, the p53 gene mutations were detected only by immunohistochemical staining. This discrepancy may be due to the contamination of the samples by cells without p53 gene mutation, such as non-tumor cells. This study was conducted to investigate the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP analysis to p53 gene mutations when the sample was contaminated with non-tumor cells.
## Methods:
Genomic DNA was extracted by the digestion with proteinase K and phenol-chloroform-ethanol method from two human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines, MKN-45 and KATO III. To investigate the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP, DNA extracted from cancer cells was mixed with DNA obtained from normal gastric mucosal cells at various ratios. PCR-SSCP analysis for exon 4–8 of the p53 gene was performed with the mixed DNA samples.
## Results:
In KATO III, no PCR products were generated in exon 4–8 of the p53 gene by PCR, suggesting that both alleles from exon 4–8 of the p53 gene were deleted. In MKN-45, the mobility shift was observed in exon 4. Therefore, the effect of non-tumor cell contamination on the detection of p53 gene mutations was conducted using MKN-45 and normal gastric mucosal cells. In the mixed DNA samples of MKN-45 and normal gastric mucosal cells, an extra band with the migration similar to that of MKN-45 was found in the samples of 1:8 dilution or less, while no extra band was grossly detectable in DNA of normal gastric mucosal cells and in the samples of more than 1:16 dilution.
## Conclusions:
These results suggest that the detection of p53 mutations by PCR-SSCP analysis may be underestimated in samples contaminated by a large number of non-tumor cells.
## INTRODUCTION
Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in Korea. However, little is known about the molecular and genetic basis that contributes to the development and progression of stomach cancer1). According to the current concept of multistep carcinogenesis, the activation of protooncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are involved in the carcinogenesis of a variety of human cancers25). Recently, using the technique of polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), genetic alterations in cancer cells have been extensively studied because PCR-SSCP analysis is a highly sensitive and powerful method for the detection of the genetic aberrations including point mutation612). The results reported so far suggest that the inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an essential role in the certain step of carcinogenesis process, since p53 gene mutations have been frequently observed in a wide range of human cancers.
We have previously examined p53 gene mutations in 25 primary gastric cancer tissues by PCR-SSCP analysis for exon 4–8 and immunohistochemical staining with anti-p53 antibody, DO-7, and found that 12 tissues (48%) among them had gene mutations12). In four cases, the discrepancy between the two methods was observed. In one case, which was positive by PCR-SSCP but negative by immunohistochemical staining, the mutation was nonsense mutation. In the remaining three cases, the p53 gene mutations were detected only by immunohistochemical staining. This observed discrepancy may be due to the contamination of cells with normal p53 gene, such as non-tumor cells, because the contamination may decrease the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP analysis.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP analysis for p53 gene mutations when the sample was contaminated with normal cells. In the present study, we have examined the p53 gene mutations by PCR-SSCP analysis in the mixed samples of DNAs extracted from a human gastric cancer cell line and normal gastric mucosal cells at various ratios.
## 1. Cell Lines
Two human gastric cancer cell lines, MKN-45 and KATO III, kindly donated by Dr. N. Saijo, Japan National Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, were used in this study. MKN-45 was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cells derived from liver metastasis. KATO III was signet ring cell carcinoma cells derived from pleural effusion. These cell lines were maintained as monolayer culture in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gibco), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) at 5% CO2 in a highly humidified incubator at 37°C. Non-tumor gastric mucosal cells were obtained during operation for stomach cancer from the grossly normal gastric mucosa and used after confirming non-tumor mucosal cells by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
## 2. PCR-SSCP Analysis
Genomic DNA was prepared from the cell lines by proteinase K digestion, phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, as described previously13). SSCP of DNA fragments obtained by PCR was performed by the method described by Orita et al.14,15) with slight modifications. In brief, oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by the phosphoramidite method using a DNA synthesizer 391 PCRMATE (Applied Biosystems, CS, USA) and purified with PHLC and reverse chromatography. The sequences of oligonucleotides used for the amplification of exon 4–8 of the p53 gene were those reported by Buchman et al.16) (Table 1).
In order to investigate the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP, DNA obtained from MKN-45 was mixed with DNA obtained from normal gastric mucosal cells at ratios ranging from 1:4 to 1:64. PCR was performed with 100 ng of genomic DNA mixed in a total volume of 50 μl of the reaction mixture containing 20 pmol of each primer, 200 μM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 0.1 μCi of [32p] dCTP (3,000 Ci/nmol, Amersham, UK) and 0.5 U of Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus, USA) by using an DNA Thermal Cycler (Perkin Elmer, USA) with 35 cycles of reaction. Each cycle consisted of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 62°C for 1 min and extension at 72°C for 1 min. After the full reaction, prolonged extension was performed at 72°C for 10 min.
The amplified DNA was 5 to 10 fold diluted in a solution containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10 mM EDTA, denatured at 95°C for 5 min and electrophoresed on 6% polyacrylamide gel with or without 10% glycerol. Electrophoresis was performed at 1,000 volts for 3 hr under cooling with a fan at room temperature. The gel was dried and exposed to X-ray film at −70°C for 24hr. PCR-SSCP was repeated twice to ensure the reproducibility.
## RESULTS
PCR-SSCP analysis for exon 4–8 of the p53 gene was performed with genomic DNA of two human gastric cancer cell lines, MKN-45 and KATO III. In KATO III, no amplication of the p53 gene was generated by PCR, suggesting that both alleles for exon 4–8 of the p53 gene were deleted (data not shown except for exon 4)(Fig. 1). In MKN-45, the amplified product of the mutated p53 gene was observed in exon 4 by the method of PCR-SSCP analysis. Therefore, the effect of non-tumor cell contamination on the detection of p53 gene mutations was conducted for exon 4 using MKN-45 and normal gastric mucosal cells.
In the mixed DNA samples of MKN-45 and normal gastric mucosal cells, an extra band with migration similar to that of MKN-45 was found (Fig. 2). The extra band was able to be recognized in the samples of 1:8 dilution or less, while no extra band was grossly detectable in the samples of more than 1:16 dilution. This finding suggests that the low-grade contamination should be necessary for the detection of p53 gene mutations by PCR-SSCP particularly in samples contaminated by a large number of cells without p53 gene mutation.
## DISCUSSION
Since the development of techniques for PCR-SSCP, significant advances have been made in the molecular genetics of human cancers, because of the high sensitivity and rapidity of PCR-SSCP analysis to detect gene aberrations14,15). One of the great advantages of PCR-SSCP is to detect the conformational polymorphisms of a particular fragment of DNAs using non-denaturating gel, because conformational change in the single-stranded DNAs develops and induces the band with mobility shift on non-denaturating gel during the electrophoresis while, on denaturating gel, a minute change in DNAs, such as single base substitution, is hardly detected by the electrophoresis. Therefore, PCR-SSCP analysis is very useful for detecting a minute change in a small fragment of DNA, such as point mutation, although conformational change is also affected by the condition of electrophoresis, including electrophoresis buffer, denaturing agents in gel and temperature during electrophoresis.
Recently we have conducted screening for the incidence of the p53 gene mutations in 25 primary gastric cancer tissues surgically removed by using both PCR-SSCP for exon 4–8 and immunohistochemical staining with anti-p53 antibody, DO-712). As described in the Introduction, four (16%) out of 25 cancer tissues showed the discrepancy of the results between the two methods. In one case, which showed positive PCR-SSCP but negative immunohistochemical staining, the silent mutation was observed on condon 249, AGG-CGG (Arg-Arg). In three cases, which did not show the mobility shift in PCR-SSCP, the p53 gene products were clearly stained by immunohistochemical staining. The exact mechanism by which this discrepancy develops is not clear at present. However, this discrepancy may be explained by the following factors.
If the mutation developed in genes located outside the regions tested, the mutations were not detected by the PCR-SSCP method used in this study, although exons 4 through 8 were known to be the most important regions in cell transformation. The other posibility is the decrease in the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP, when the sample was contaminated by cells with normal p53 gene, such as non-tumor cells or tumor cells with normal p53 gene. This study was aimed to clarify the influence of the contamination of tumor cells, without p53 gene mutation, on the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP analysis and to find the conditions in which the contamination of non-tumor cells, without p53 gene mutation, did not affect the detestability of p53 gene mutation, when the method of PCR-SSCP, widely used for the detection of p53 gene mutations in cancer cells obtained from patients, was employed.
It has been reported by many investigators that the gene amplification and mobility shift in PCR-SSCP are influenced by many factors, such as the primers, conformational variations of the DNA extracted, thermal cyclic conditions, compositions of ingredients of buffers, denaturing agents in gels, conditions of electrophoresis, etc. In this study, we used the PCR-SSCP method usually used for the detection of p53 gene mutations in cell lines and cancer tissues612).
On the other hand, when cancer tissues are obtained from patients, it is inevitable to contaminate non-tumor cells, although the degree of the contamination is dependent on the source of cancer cells, such as primary cancer tissue, lymph node metastasis, pleural effusion, ascites, etc., and the method used for the purification of the cancer cells. In addition, when cancer tissues were collected in the area massed with cancer cells and were proven to have p53 gene mutations, p53 gene mutations usually did not develop in all cancer cells collected. In this study, we used the MKN-45 cell line and normal cells. Therefore, the results obtained are the effect of non-tumor cell contamination on the detection of p53 gene mutations.
Previous investigations revealed that the incidence of the p53 gene mutations in primary gastric cancer tissues did not show consistency, ranging from 10% to 56%812). The difference in the incidence of p53 mutations may be due to various degrees of contaminating cells with normal p53 gene. Anyway, the contamination of the non-tumor cells is thought to affect the production of PCR products. To clarify the effect of contamination on the results of PCR-SSCP, we mixed DNAs extracted from cancer cells, MKN-45, and normal gastric mucosal cells, instead of mixing the cells, because we thought that the mixing with the genes resulted in a more accurate rate gene mixture than the mixing of the cells followed by DNA extractions.
This study was conducted with two gastric cancer cell lines, at first. However, exon 4–8 of p53 gene was not amplified in KATO III, suggesting that both alleles of exon 4–8 were deleted. In MKN-45, the amplification of aberrant p53 gene was found in exon 4. Therefore, the effect of the contamination was evaluated using DNA of MKN-45. In this study, an extra band corresponding to the mutant p53 gene could be grossly identified if the mutant DNA amount was more than one eighth of the total DNA amount.
It is of great interest that our results described above are in good agreement with the previous report by Yamada et al.8). They investigated the sensitivity of PCR-SSCP analysis using mixed DNA samples of MKN-1, human gastric adenosquamous carcinoma cell line and human placenta cells, at ratios ranging from 1:1 to 1:100 and reported that the mutated p53 gene could be identified when MKN-1 gene was present in more than one eight of the total DNA.
Our present and previous studies suggest that the mutation of p53 gene may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer, and PCR-SSCP analysis is a highly sensitive and powerful method to detect the gene aberrations, if cancer cells are not to be contaminated by cells without p53 gene mutation at the ratio of less that one eight. Because we have previously observed the discrepancy between PCR-SSCP analysis and immunohistochemical staining for the detection of p53 gene mutation, further study on the mechanism by which the discrepancy develops may be needed to interpret the results of PCR-SSCP analysis more reasonably.
## NOTES
This study was supported by a grant from the Research Project for the Development of Atomic Energy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea.
##### Fig. 1.
PCR-SSCP analysis of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines, KATO III and MKN-45, for exon 4 of the p53 gene. Lane 1, 2 and 3 are from KATO III, normal gastric mucosal cells and MKN-45, respectively. In KATO III, no amplification of the p53 gene was observed. In MKN-45, the mobility shifted band was detected (arrow).
##### Fig. 2.
PCR-SSCP analysis of mixed DNA samples of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, MKN-45, and normal gastric mucosal cells for exon 4 of the p53 gene at the ratios indicated in each lane. Arrow indicates the mobility shifted band.
##### Table 1.
The Oligonucleotide Primers used to Amplicate the Exon 4–8 of p53 Gene in Polymerase Chain Reaction
exon Codon PCR product (bp) Upstream Downstream
exon 4 33–125 293 ATCTACAGTCCCCCTTGCCG GCAACTGACCGTGCAAGTTCA
exon 5 126–201 325 TTCCTCTTCCTGCAGTACTC GCAAATTTCCTTCCACTCGG
exon 6 179–224 236 ACCATGAGCGCTGCTCAGAT AGTTGCAAACCAGACCTCAG
exon 7 225–261 139 GTGTTGTCTCCTAGGTTGGC CAAGTGGCTCCTGACCTGGA
exon 8 262–331 330 CCTATCCTGAGTAGTGGTAA CCAAGACTTAGTACCTGAAG
## REFERENCES
1. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Korea. Five year report for cancer register programme in the Republic of Korea July 1, 1982–June30, 1987. J Korean Cancer Assoc 21:151. 1989.
2. Bishop JM. The molecular genetics of cancer. Science 235:305. 1987.
3. Fearon ER, Vogelstain B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759. 1990.
4. Green MR. When the products of oncogenes and antioncogenes meet. Cell 56:1. 1989.
5. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nature 351:453. 1991.
6. Nigro JM, Baker SJ, Presinger AC, Jessup JM, Hostetter R, Cleary K, Bigner SH, Davidson N, Baylin S, Devilee P, Glover T, Collins FS, Weston A, Modali R, Harris CC, Vogelstain B. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumour types. Nature 342:705. 1989.
7. Lane DP, Benchimol S. p53: Oncogene or anti-Oncogene. Genes Dev 4:1. 1990.
8. Yamada Y, Yoshida T, Hayashi K, Sekiya T, Yokoda J, Hirohashi S, Nakatani K, Nakano H, Sugimura T, Terada M. p53 gne mutations in gastric cancer metastases and in gastric cancer cell lines derived from metastases. Cancer Res 51:5800. 1991.
9. Tamura G, Kihana T, Nomura K, Terada M, Sugimura T, Hirohashi S. Detection of frequent p53 gene mutations in primary gastric cancer by cell sorting and polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Cancer Res 51:3056. 1991.
10. Yokozaki H, Kuniyasu H, Kitadai Y, Nishimura K, Todo H, Ayhan A, Yasui W, Ito H, Tahara E. p53 point mutations in primary human gastric carcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119:67. 1992.
11. Kim J-H, Choi JJ, Noh SH, Roh JK, Min JS, Youn JK, Yoo NC, Lim HY, Carbone DP, Gazdar AF, Lee KS, Kim BS. Comparison of p53 gene mutations in paired primary and metastatic gastric tumor tissues. J Korean Med Sci 8:187. 1993.
12. Hong S-I, Hong W-S, Jang J-J, Lee D-S, Cho N-S, Jung M-E, Kim H-B, Ha G-W, Park I-C, Cho D-S, Lee J-K. Alterations of p53 gene in primary gastric cancer tissues. Anticancer Res 14:1994;(inpress).
13. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2nd ed. 917. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
14. Orita M, Suzuki Y, Sekiya T, Hayashi K. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction. Genomics 5:874. 1989.
15. Orita M, Iwahana H, Kanazawa H, Hayashi K, Sekiya T. Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2766. 1989.
16. Buchman VL, Chumakov PM, Ninkina NN, Samarina OP, Georgiev GP. A variation in the structure of the protein-conding region of the human p53 gene. Gene 70:245. 1988.
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4,798 View | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8067195415496826, "perplexity": 10383.95041192855}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494694.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220085318-20190220111318-00270.warc.gz"} |
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ICONE/proceedings-abstract/ICONE26/51494/V06BT08A018/272855?redirectedFrom=PDF | The heat transfer of the buoyancy-aided turbulent mixed convective flow in a vertical flat plate was investigated experimentally. Mass transfer experiments were carried out based on the heat and mass transfer analogy. The Rayleigh numbers ranged from 1.69 × 108 to 2.11 × 1013, depending on the height of the vertical flat plate. The Reynolds numbers varied from 4,585 to 17,320 for turbulent regimes. The test results for turbulent forced convections agreed well with the forced convection correlations established by Petukhov et al. The local heat transfer rates of the turbulent mixed flow exhibited the impairment of heat transfer compared to the forced convection and non-monotonous behavior along the axial position due to buoyancy effect. The local minimum heat transfer was 38.6% lower than the forced convection heat transfer. The turbulent mixed convection heat transfer is affected by the height of vertical plate.
This content is only available via PDF. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.854070246219635, "perplexity": 806.8959674286111}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00497.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/magnets-and-collissions.4199/ | # Magnets and collissions
1. Jul 25, 2003
### Experimenter
I am building a little experiment to demonstrate the impact of metal objects. It consists of the following two configurations:
Magnets used are grade N38 NdFeB rare earth magnets.
$RM$ - Cylindrical magnet that is 1 1/2" long x 1/2" diameter laid lengthwise
CM - 1/2" cube magnet
B - 1/2" diameter steel ball
Configuration 1:
$RM$-B-B-B
Configuration 2:
CM-B-B-B
A ball will be rolled to impact with the left side as the magnet draws it in. In theory, the impact should be transferred to the right most ball to the right of the magnet, causing it to disconnect from the group of balls to its left and roll to the right. The question is: Which of the two configurations will produce a faster propelled ball leaving the system on the right hand side. Assume that the impact force of the ball hitting the left hand side of each respective magnet is identical.
Thanks
The Experimenter
2. Jul 25, 2003
### Experimenter
Some assumptions
I should also add that the magnets are secured by paper tape so as not to move towards the ball being rolled from the left and that motion is restricted (by a track for example) to be only in the left and right directions.
Experimenter
3. Jul 25, 2003
### Experimenter
The dashes indicate touching surfaces
Just so there is no confusion
4. Jul 25, 2003
### chroot
Staff Emeritus
You have presented nowhere near enough information for any of us to have any idea what will happen.
- Warren
5. Jul 25, 2003
### arcnets
I think this assumption is problematic. No way to really ensure this, IMO...
6. Jul 25, 2003
Still waiting for my magnets I just ordered... I do know one possibility though, they shatter!
7. Jul 28, 2003
### Experimenter
What information is missing? I thought I presented all physical characteristics.
Thanks
8. Jul 28, 2003
### Experimenter
Re: Re: Magnets and collissions
One way to do this is by starting with a ball at rest to the left of the magnet. The starting distance from the magnet can be adjusted so that the force of impact is equal in both scenarios.
Thanks
Experimenter
9. Jul 28, 2003
### Experimenter
Shattering and chipping is a real problem. One way I thought of to minimize this possibility is to use a tiny steel washer to spread the force of impact from a single point on the face of the cylinder or cube, to a small circular area.
10. Jul 28, 2003
### arcnets
Re: Re: Re: Magnets and collissions
Can it? I doubt that.
You're talking about collison here, so force may not be the proper quantity at all. Momentum might.
11. Jul 28, 2003
### Experimenter
I am referred to the energy transfer to the right most sphere and the initial velocity with which it starts rolling to the right.
12. Jul 29, 2003
### arcnets
That ball is made of steel, right? Plus, it's in the magnetic field, isn't it? So it will be slowed down while rolling away. By many effects, one of which is eddy currents. So how do you want to determine its initial velocity?
13. Jul 30, 2003
### Experimenter
I only need the initial velocity at departure time (i.e. the time when it separates from the ball next to it.
Experimenter
14. Jul 30, 2003
### arcnets
I guess the most exact method to measure this would be one that uses Doppler effect - like when the police measure the speed of a car.
Maybe some stroboscopic method, or even video, will do as well. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8732659220695496, "perplexity": 1281.9714422946854}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211719.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817045508-20180817065508-00450.warc.gz"} |
https://e-algae.org/journal/view.php?number=2843 | Algae > Volume 32(4); 2017 > Article
Kim, Jo, and Kim: Effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate on growth of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from the Nakdong River, Korea
### ABSTRACT
Microcystis aeruginosa causes harmful algal blooms in the Nakdong River of Korea. We studied the effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO43) on growth of this species in BG-11 medium: each nutrient alone, NO3 : NH4+ ratio, the N : P ratio with fixed total N (TN), and the N : P ratio with fixed total P (TP). The single nutrient experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at NH4+ and NO3 concentrations of 500 μM, and at a PO43 concentration of 5 μM. The NO3 : NH4+ ratio experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when TN was 100 μM and 250 μM, and the lowest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when the TN was 500 μM. The N : P ratio with fixed TN experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 50 : 1, 20 : 1, and 100 : 1 ratios when the TN was 100, 250, and 500 μM, respectively. In contrast, the N : P ratio with fixed TP experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 200 : 1 ratio at all tested TP concentrations. In conclusion, our results imply that the NO3 : NH4+ ratio and the PO43 concentration affect the early stage of growth of M. aeruginosa. In particular, our results suggest that the maximum growth of M. aeruginosa is not simply affected by the NO3 : NH4+ ratio and the N : P ratio, but is determined by the TN concentration if a certain minimum PO43 concentration is present.
### INTRODUCTION
The Nakdong River is the longest river in the Republic of Korea, and it supplies drinking water for 13 million people. In recent years, summer blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in this river have occurred more frequently and had longer durations. The Korean government has designated M. aeruginosa as a hazardous cyanobacterium that must be controlled because it produces the toxin, microcystin as well as the compounds with unpleasant taste and odor, and because its blooms have caused fish and livestock mortality (Lee et al. 2013, National Institute of Environmental Research 2013, Ahn et al. 2015).
A high P concentration is considered the main cause of Microcystis blooms (Kim and Kang 1993, Lee et al. 1998). Schindler et al. (2008) and Schindler (2012) emphasized that N is unlikely to be the limiting factor for blooms because of the presence of N2-fixing cyanobacterium in water bodies. Moreover, when phosphate (PO43) is released from the sediment during summer, Microcystis absorbs and stores it in bottom layer (Jacobson and Halmann 1982, Jung and Cho 2003a, 2003b), then moves toward the high-intensity light at the surface, using its gas vacuole, and thereby generates blooms (Reynolds et al. 1981, Conley et al. 2009, Ahn et al. 2015).
Other studies have focused on the importance on N in cyanobacterial blooms (Conley et al. 2009, Dolman et al. 2012, Paerl et al. 2014, Hammed et al. 2016). During summer, the ammonium (NH4+) concentration increases from the sediment (Jung and Cho 2003a, 2003b). Lee and Cho (2006) reported that NH4+ affects the size of Microcystis cells. Brookes and Ganf (2001) reported that Microcystis recovers its buoyancy more quickly when the nitrate (NO3) concentration is higher. Several studies reported that a low NO3 : NH4+ ratio may promote Microcystis blooms (Liu et al. 2011, Dai et al. 2012). Thus, many studies have examined the effect of different concentrations and ratios of N and P on Microcystis proliferation and long-term growth (Park et al. 1993, Lee et al. 1998, Nalewajko and Murphy 2001, Vézie et al. 2002, Kim and Hwang 2004, Lee and Cho 2006, Baldia et al. 2007, Chen et al. 2009).
However, most these studies simply examined the effect of NO3 and PO43, and did not consider NH4+ together (Lee et al. 1998, Brookes and Ganf 2001, Baldia et al. 2007). Furthermore, there are disagreements regarding the importance of the N : P ratio on cyanobacterial blooms (Scheffer et al. 1997, Xie et al. 2003, Kim and Hwang 2004) and about whether N or P has a more significant effect on growth of Microcystis (Conley et al. 2009, Schindler 2012, Kim et al. 2013). In particular, the P concentration in the Nakdong River has decreased significantly since 2012 due to the efforts of the Four Rivers Restoration Project to improve water quality. Nevertheless, Microcystis blooms have become more serious in recent years and have even begun to occur during winter. Therefore, the studies of other nutrients rather than P have been required (Yu et al. 2014, 2015).
In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of NO3, NH4+, and PO43 on the growth of M. aeruginosa. We examined the effect of different concentrations of each nutrient alone, different NO3 : NH4+ ratios, and different N : P ratios to clarify the effects of N and P and the role of the N : P ratio on Microcystis growth. Finally, we analyzed our results in light of recent data from the Nakdong River to suggest a strategy that may help to control Microcystis blooms.
### Strain
We used a Microcystis aeruginosa strain that was collected from the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir in Dalseong-gun in Daegu, Republic of Korea on Oct 3, 2013 (Fig. 1). A colony was isolated using the capillary method (Guillard 1973). Identification was confirmed by morphological and molecular analysis, and the strain has been maintained at Kyungpook National University, Korea.
### Culture conditions
M. aeruginosa cells were cultured in BG-11 medium (Stanier et al. 1971) (Table 1), but FeCl3·6H2O was substituted for ferric ammonium citrate. NaNO3, K2HPO4, and NH4Cl were used to regulate the concentrations of NO3, PO43, and NH4+, respectively, and other nutrients of BG-11 were controlled. Before each experiment, cells were adapted to a medium without N or P for a week. In each experiment, three 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 100 mL of medium were autoclaved, and M. aeruginosa was inoculated at an initial cell density of 5,000 cells mL−1. All experiments were performed at a temperature of 30°C, light intensity of 67 ± 2 μmol photons m−2 s−1 on 16 : 8 h light-dark cycle, and at pH 8.0. The effects of NH4+, NO3, and PO43 were tested in four sets of experiments: (1) different concentrations of each nutrient alone; (2) different NO3 : NH4+ ratios; (3) different N : P ratios with fixed total N (TN) concentration and variable P concentration (“N : P ratio with fixed TN”); and (4) different N : P ratios with fixed total P (TP) concentration and variable N concentration (“N : P ratio with fixed TP”). Furthermore, the NO3 : NH4+ ratio experiments and the N : P ratio with fixed TN experiments were performed at three levels of TN (100, 250, and 500 μM), and the N : P ratio with fixed TP experiments were performed at three levels of TP (1, 5, and 10 μM). In the all experiments for PO43 concentrations and N : P ratios, the NO3 : NH4+ ratio was 10 : 1. Table 2 summarizes the experimental conditions.
### Cell counting and calculation of growth rate
M. aeruginosa cells were counted every 3 days using a light microscope (Axio Imager A1, Zeiss, Jena, Germany) and a hemocytometer (Marienfeld-Superior, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany) at a magnification of 200×. Each experiment lasted 24 days, at which the cells were in the stationary phase or death phase. After cell counting, the number of cells per unit volume and the growth rate were calculated. The maximum growth rate (μ) was calculated as: μ = ln (N2/N1)/(t2 − t1), where N2 and N1 indicate the cell density per unit volume at times t2 and t1 during the exponential growth phase (Levasseur et al. 1993).
### Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using the PASW (SPSS) statistics 18 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and Duncan’s post-hoc analysis. The results of all tests were considered significant for a p-value below 0.05.
### Effect of NO3− and NH4+ concentration
The results for single condition of NO3 and NH4+ are shown in Fig. 2. The maximum growth rate of M. aeruginosa occurred at 500 μM NO3 (μ = 0.268 d−1) and 500 μM NH4+ (μ = 0.294 d−1) (p < 0.01 for each). Although NO3 and NH4+ concentrations significantly affected the growth of M. aeruginosa (p < 0.01), but the different forms of N had similar effects on that of this species (p = 0.388). Moreover, the results showed that a minimum concentration of 100 μM NH4+ or NO3 was necessary to grow at least 1,000,000 cells mL−1, a criterion for algal blooms established by the Korean algal-bloom warning system (National Institute of Environmental Research 2013).
### Effect of PO43− concentration
The results for single condition of PO43 are shown in Fig. 3. The maximum growth rate of M. aeruginosa was at 5 μM PO43 (μ = 0.480 d−1), and growth rates at higher concentrations than 5 μM PO43 were also high but slightly lower (p < 0.01). In addition, our results showed that a minimum of 1 μM PO43 was necessary to grow at least 1,000,000 cells mL−1.
### Effect of NO3− : NH4+ ratio
The results for NO3 : NH4+ ratio of each TN level are shown in Fig. 4. At a TN concentration of 500 μM, the growth rate of M. aeruginosa was the lowest when the NO3 : NH4+ ratio was 1 : 1 (μ = 0.349 d−1) and the highest when this ratio was 100 : 1 (μ = 0.400 d−1). In contrast, the other experiments showed the highest growth rates for a NO3 : NH4+ ratio of 1 : 1 for a TN concentration of 100 μM (μ = 0.459 d−1), and 250 μM (μ = 0.421 d−1) (p < 0.01 for each comparison). Overall, the TN concentration had a significant effect on the growth of M. aeruginosa (p < 0.05), but the NO3 : NH4+ ratio had no such impact (p = 0.226). After 24 days, the cell density was not significantly different for the diverse ratios at each TN concentration (p = 0.411 for 100 μM TN; p = 0.880 for 250 μM TN; p = 0.204 for 500 μM TN). In addition, the cell density under each ratio became similar about 1,000,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 100 μM, about 1,800,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 250 μM, and about 2,500,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 500 μM.
### Effect of N : P ratio with fixed TN
The results for N : P ratio of each TN level are shown in Fig. 5. The maximum growth rate was at an N : P ratio of 50 : 1 when the TN was 100 μM (μ = 0.357 d−1), at an N : P ratio of 20 : 1 when the TN was 250 μM (μ = 0.375 d−1), and at an N : P ratio of 100 : 1 when the TN was 500 μM (μ = 0.378 d−1) (p < 0.01 for each comparison). Overall, the TN concentration (p < 0.05) and the N : P ratio (p < 0.01) each had effects on the growth of M. aeruginosa. However, after 24 days, the cell density was not statistically different for the diverse N : P ratios (p = 0.133 for 100 μM TN; p = 0.255 for 250 μM TN; p = 0.143 for 500 μM TN). The cell density under each ratio also became similar about 800,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 100 μM, about 1,500,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 250 μM, and about 2,000,000 cells mL−1 when the TN was 500 μM.
### Effect of N : P ratio with fixed TP
The results for N : P ratio of each TP level are shown in Fig. 6. At all 3 tested P concentrations, the highest population growth and growth rate were at an N : P ratio of 200 : 1 (μ = 0.433 d−1 for 1 μM TP; μ = 0.447 d−1 for 5 μM TP; μ = 0.475 d−1 for 10 μM TP) (p < 0.01 for each comparison). Thus, the TP concentration (p < 0.01) and the N : P ratio (p < 0.01) significantly affected the growth of M. aeruginosa.
### DISCUSSION
Our experiments indicated that the growth of M. aeruginosa increased as the NO3 and NH4+ concentration increased, in agreement previous studies (Vézie et al. 2002, Lee and Cho 2006, Chen et al. 2009). Rücker and Giani (2004) reported that NH4+ had a greater effect than NO3 on the early growth of Microcystis, and that the growth rate was greater for NO3 than NH4+. Our results also showed that NH4+ promoted slightly faster cell growth initially, but the difference of NO3 and NH4+ did not differently affected the growth of M. aeruginosa.
The results of our experiments on the effect of the PO43 concentration are in agreement with previous studies (Park et al. 1993, Lee et al. 1998), which reported that a minimum of 0.05 mg L−1 (1.5 μM PO43) is necessary for M. aeruginosa growth, and 0.3–0.8 mg L−1 (10–30 μM PO43) is needed for a high growth rate. Baldia et al. (2007) reported that the growth rate of M. aeruginosa increased with N concentrations up to of 620 μM (8.7 mg L−1) and with P concentrations up to 7 μM (0.22 mg L−1). Our results also indicated that maximum growth of M. aeruginosa occurred at a relatively high N concentration, but at a relatively low P concentration.
When algae absorb NH4+, they immediately incorporate it into amino acids; however, algae can only use NO3 after enzymatic reduction to NO2 and NH4+, and these enzymatic reactions require cellular energy and thereby affect cell growth (Flynn et al. 1997, Flores et al. 2005). Therefore, algae that use NH4+ before NO3 (Takamura et al. 1987, Liu et al. 2011) may experience inhibition of NO3 uptake (Dortch 1990, Dugdale et al. 2007). Similarly, our results showed that M. aeruginosa had a lower growth rate at a TN concentration of 500 μM, indicating that decreased NO3 absorption in the presence of NH4+ seemed to hinder the growth of M. aeruginosa. However, Dortch (1990) reported that inhibition of NO3 uptake by NH4+ and the preference for NH4+ uptake vary according to environmental conditions and species. We observed a similar effect for a NH4+ concentration below 250 μM, suggesting that NH4+ might inhibit NO3 uptake at concentrations above 250 μM. However, this effect only occurred during the initial growth phase, and cell densities at 24 days were similar for different TN concentrations. Therefore, our results suggest that the TN concentration has a significant role in the growth of M. aeruginosa than the form of N.
We performed two sets of experiments to determine the effect of the N : P ratio on growth of M. aeruginosa. The first set of experiments used different N : P ratios with fixed TN, and indicated that the highest growth rate was at an N : P ratio of 20 : 1 when the TN was 250 μM, similar to the results of Kim and Hwang (2004) and Lee and Cho (2006), and the highest growth rate was at an N : P ratio of 100 : 1 when the TN was 500 μM, similar to the results of Nalewajko and Murphy (2001). However, the highest population growth rate was at an N : P ratio of 50 : 1 when the TN was 100 μM, in contrast to the results of previous studies (Nalewajko and Murphy 2001, Kim and Hwang 2004, Lee and Cho 2006). Although our results were different from these previous results, their P concentrations were in the range of 2 to 12.5 μM, and the results are similar to the results of our experiments in which PO43 alone was varied (Fig. 3). Therefore, it seems that the PO43 concentration affects the growth of M. aeruginosa rather than the N : P ratio. However, this effect was limited to the initial growth phase and each cell density became similar for different TN concentrations after 24 days.
Our second set of N : P ratio experiments used different N : P ratios with fixed TP, and showed that the highest growth rates occurred at the N : P ratio of 200 : 1 in all case. Kim et al. (2013) reported that there was no significant relationship between growth of M. aeruginosa and N : P ratio. Likewise, our results suggested that the N : P ratio itself did not determine the growth of M. aeruginosa in that different results were obtained in the two sets of experiments. In addition, some studies reported that differences in the growth of Microcystis at different N : P ratios are due to difference in the TP concentration (Scheffer et al. 1997, Kim and Hwang 2004). However, our results suggest that increasing the PO43 concentration above 1 μM had no clear effect on growth of M. aeruginosa, and only the TN concentration affected cell growth when a minimum PO43 concentration was present. In other words, it seems that the absolute amount of N and P, rather than the N : P ratio, affects the growth of M. aeruginosa, and the N concentration is more critical than the P concentration.
Unlike other cyanobacterium, Microcystis cannot fix atmospheric N2 and relies on N in the water. However, this species can store extra P within its cells (Reynolds et al. 1981, Xie et al. 2003, Kim and Hwang 2004). Moreover, P-limited conditions have a less effect on small size organisms, such as Microcystis, than larger organisms because of the advantage of diffusion through an aqueous boundary layer into cell (Chisholm 1992, Lin et al. 2016). Choi and Kim (2000) also reported that Microcystis can produce organophosphate-degrading enzymes, therefore, it can use other forms of P. As a consequence, the P concentration seems less important than the N concentration for promotion of the higher growth of Microcystis.
Most of the N and P in the Nakdong River are in the forms of NH4+, NO3, and PO43. Moreover, over the past 5 years, this river has had an average the total dissolved N about 215 μM (3.02 mg L−1), and an average total dissolved P of about 1.1 μM (0.035 mg L−1) (Water Information System, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea 2016). Owing to the efforts of the Four Rivers Restoration Project, the P concentration has remained at about 0.4 μM (0.012 mg L−1) in winter, spring, and late fall. However, the P concentration has increased to about 1.5 μM (0.048 mg L−1) every summer and early fall, when most Microcystis blooms have occurred. Moreover, the amount of N, which has a greater effect on growth of Microcystis as shown in our results, has remained at 142 μM (1.98 mg L−1) or more in every season (Fig. 7A). Therefore, the concentrations of N and P in the Nakdong River are likely to be sufficient to support summer blooms of Microcystis. Furthermore, the Nakdong River has had trends of gradual decrease in the N : P ratio and the NO3 : NH4+ ratio from winter to summer of each year (Fig. 7B). However, as shown in our results, the change of N : P ratio in this river might not play a vital role in Microcystis blooms. Instead, the change of N : P ratio may be just a result from the that of the P concentration and the N concentration. In addition, the change of the NO3 : NH4+ ratio and the increased level of NH4+ in summer may favor the initial growth of Microcystis and contribute to explosive its blooms.
In conclusion, we suggest that the PO43 concentration in the Nakdong River should be reduced to below 1 μM during summer and early autumn to prevent the formation of Microcystis blooms. Alternatively, the N concentration should be regulated to reduce the growth of Microcystis while maintaining the P concentration at its current level. However, the physiology of Microcystis is incompletely understood, and the N and P cycles are complicated in Nakdong River than in controlled laboratory experiments. Therefore, further studies are required to figure out physiological characteristics of Microcystis, to identify exact cause of the change of NH4+, NO3 and PO43, and to develop effective strategies for control of Microcystis blooms.
### ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Bokhyeon Research Fund, 2015.
##### Fig. 1
Light microscopy image of a Microcystis aeruginosa colony. Scale bar represents: 100 μm.
##### Fig. 2
Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at different NO3 concentrations (A) and NH4+ concentrations (B), and maximum growth rates under all conditions (C). The PO43 concentration was controlled as 230 μM in these experiments. Asterisks above graphs of (A) and (B) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). Different letters above bars of (C) denote differences in maximum growth rate based on Duncan’s post-hoc analysis after an ANOVA revealed difference among conditions (p < 0.01). Here and below, error bars denote standard deviations of triplicate samples.
##### Fig. 3
Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at different PO43 concentrations (A) and maximum growth rates at different PO43 concentrations (B). The N concentration was controlled as 17.65 mM, and NO3 : NH4+ ratio was 10 : 1 in these experiments. Asterisks above graphs of (A) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (**p < 0.01). Different letters above bars of (B) denote differences in maximum growth rate based on Duncan’s post-hoc analysis after an ANOVA revealed difference among conditions (p < 0.01).
##### Fig. 4
Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at different NO3 : NH4+ ratios with a total N (TN) concentration of 100 μM (A), 250 μM (B), and 500 μM (C), and maximum growth rates under all conditions (D). The PO43 concentration was controlled as 230 μM in these experiments. Asterisks above graphs of (A), (B), and (C) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). Different letters above bars of (D) denote differences in maximum growth rate based on Duncan’s post-hoc analysis after an ANOVA revealed difference among conditions (p < 0.01).
##### Fig. 5
Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at different N : P ratios with a fixed total N (TN) concentration of 100 μM (A), 250 μM (B), and 500 μM (C), and maximum growth rates under all conditions (D). The NO3 : NH4+ ratio was 10 : 1 in these experiments. Asterisks above graphs of (A), (B), and (C) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). Different letters above bars of (D) denote differences in maximum growth rate based on Duncan’s post-hoc analysis after an ANOVA revealed difference among conditions (p < 0.01).
##### Fig. 6
Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at different N : P ratios with a fixed total P (TP) concentration of 1 μM (A), 5 μM (B), and 10 μM (C), and maximum growth rates under all conditions (D). The NO3 : NH4+ ratio was 10 : 1 in these experiments. Asterisks above graphs of (A), (B), and (C) denote significant differences in cell density among treatments for the indicated day based on one-way ANOVA (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). Different letters above bars of (D) denote differences in maximum growth rate based on Duncan’s post-hoc analysis after an ANOVA revealed difference among conditions (p < 0.01).
##### Fig. 7
Average nutrient levels in 5 sites (Changnyeong-Haman Weir, Dalseong Weir, Dodongseowon, Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, and Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir) of the Nakdong River (Korea) over the past 5 years. Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) (A), and the TDN : TDP ratio and the NO3 : NH4+ ratio (B). Data are from the Water information system (Water Information System, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea 2016).
##### Table 1
Concentrations of main components and trace metal solution in modified BG-11 medium
Main component Concentration (g L−1) Trace metal solution Concentration (g L−1)
Citric acid 0.006 H3BO3 0.00286
FeCl3·6H2O 0.0029 MnCl2·4H2O 0.00181
NaNO3 1.5 ZnSO4·7H2O 0.00022
K2HPO4 0.04 CuSO4·5H2O 0.00008
MgSO4·7H2O 0.075 Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.00039
CaCl2·2H2O 0.036 Co(NO3)2·6H2O 0.00005
Na2CO3 0.02 - -
Na2EDTA 0.001 - -
##### Table 2
Experimental conditions used to study growth of Microcystis aeruginosa
Experiment Concentration or ratio Controlled factor
Each nutrient alone
NO3 and NH4+ 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 μM PO43, 230 μM
PO43 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μM N, 17.65 mM, NO3 : NH4+ = 10 : 1
NO3 : NH4+ ratio TN 100 μM 1 : 1, 10 : 1, 50 : 1, 100 : 1, 200 : 1 PO43, 230 μM
TN 250 μM
TN 500 μM
N : P ratio with fixed TN TN 100 μM 5 : 1, 10 : 1, 20 : 1, 50 : 1, 100 : 1, 200 : 1 NO3 : NH4+ = 10 : 1
TN 250 μM
TN 500 μM
N : P ratio with fixed TP TP 1 μM 5 : 1, 10 : 1, 20 : 1, 50 : 1, 100 : 1, 200 : 1 NO3 : NH4+ = 10 : 1
TP 5 μM
TP 10 μM
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Takamura, N., Iwakuma, T. & Yasuno, M. 1987. Uptake of 13C and 15N (ammonium, nitrate and urea) by Microcystis in Lake Kasumigaura. J Plankton Res. 9:151–165.
Vézie, C., Rapala, J., Vaitomaa, J., Seitsonen, J. & Sivonen, K. 2002. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis strains and on intracellular microcystin concentrations. Microb Ecol. 43:443–454.
Water Information System, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea 2016. Available from: http://water.nier.go.kr . Accessed Oct 30, 2017.
Xie, L., Xie, P., Li, S., Tang, H. & Liu, H. 2003. The low TN:TP ratio, a cause or a result of Microcystis bloom? Water Res. 37:2073–2080.
Yu, JJ., Lee, HJ., Lee, K-L., Lee, IJ., Jung, GY. & Chen, SU. 2014. Effects of environmental factors on algal communities in the Nakdong River. J Korean Soc Water Environ. 30:539–548.
Yu, JJ., Lee, KL., Lee, HJ., Hwang, JW., Lyu, HS., Shin, LY., Park, AR. & Chen, SU. 2015. Relations of nutrient concentrations on the seasonality of algal community in the Nakdong River, Korea. J Korean Soc Water Environ. 31:110–119.
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http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/users/91/whuber?tab=activity&sort=all&page=1 | # whuber
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bio website quantdec.com location Northeastern US age 14 member for 2 years, 10 months seen Nov 13 at 16:03 profile views 1,296
Consultant (environmental and spatial stats a specialty), expert witness, and teacher. I can be reached through (outdated but still valid) links posted on my web site.
Twitter: @WilliamAHuber // ASA-P website: http://amstatphilly.org/
Why waste time learning, when ignorance is instantaneous?
--T(iger) Hobbes.
For any complex problem there is a simple solution. And it's always wrong.
--[Mis?]attributed to H.L. Mencken by Dava Sobel, Longitude.
# 1,389 Actions
Oct7 reviewed Reopen Outputting numbers symbolically Sep30 awarded Explainer Sep19 awarded Generalist Aug16 awarded Nice Answer Jul30 awarded Nice Answer Jul29 comment Clustering of space-time data @s.s.o I found copies of the files on a backup drive and have shared them on Dropbox. Jul28 awarded Nice Answer Jul10 reviewed Close Assumption for all the notebook Jul10 reviewed Close Positions of a string in a list Jul10 reviewed Close Assigning a given value if a function returns an error Jul10 reviewed Close Can mathematica rearrange an equation and solve/plot it? Jul10 comment Representing a Stencil of a Finite Difference Operator with Mathematica's Graphics3D @rubenvb Thank you: I see what you mean. There are arbitrary elements to that diagram--it could be drawn in many equivalent ways. However, something like it could be implemented in Mathematica, provided we settle on rules to determine which sets of line segments to draw. Jul10 comment Representing a Stencil of a Finite Difference Operator with Mathematica's Graphics3D @rubenvb That's a great idea. How would you implement it? In this diagram, renderings of such connections would all run into one another. I can think of some possibilities, such as introducing a light 3D grid, or a set of nested transparent cubes, or other such visual references, but perhaps you have a specific form of visualization in mind? Jul2 awarded Nice Answer Jun2 awarded Nice Answer Apr30 awarded Necromancer Apr30 awarded Nice Answer Apr30 revised Generating convex polyhedron from face planes? added 50 characters in body Apr30 comment Generating convex polyhedron from face planes? @level1807 Good catch! Although I haven't tested it, it looks like a bug to me--evidently from a typographical error. The intention was to to compare the chopped values to zero, not to chop the results of a floating point comparison (which makes little sense anyway). I will go ahead and modify the code in this answer. Thanks again. Apr30 comment Generating convex polyhedron from face planes? @level1807 I cannot say: as you can see from my example, I had no trouble with $50$ faces. The possible explanations for what you are encountering could range from differences among MMA versions through floating-point errors through some kind of bug in my code. It could be related to the limitations described in the introduction to this answer. If you want to resolve this you will need to find as simple as possible an example that can be reproduced and then offer it in a new question. Good luck! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19719325006008148, "perplexity": 2756.2808265933345}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00064-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=DHGGDU_2000_v24n1_29 | The Effect of Ambient Air Condition on a Hot Steel Plate Cooled by Impinging Water Jet
Title & Authors
The Effect of Ambient Air Condition on a Hot Steel Plate Cooled by Impinging Water Jet
Lee, Pil-Jong; Choi, Hae-Won; Lee, Seung-Hong;
Abstract
It is observed that the cooling capacity of impinging water jet is affected by the seasonal conditions in steel manufacturing process with large scale. To confirm this phenomena, the cooling experiments of a hot steel plate by a laminar jet were conducted for two different initial ambient air temperature($\small{10^{\circ}C}$ and $\small{40^{\circ}C}$) in a closed chamber, and an inverse heat conduction method is applied for the quantitative comparison. It is found that the cooling capacity under $\small{10^{\circ}C}$ air temperature is lower than that under $\small{40^{\circ}C}$, as is the saturated water vapor is more easily observed, and the amount of total extracted heat in the case of $\small{10^{\circ}C}$ is smaller by nearly 15% than that of $\small{40^{\circ}C}$ case. From these results, it is thought that the quantity of water vapor, which could be absorbed until saturation, effects on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer.
Keywords
Impinging Liquid Jet;Hot Steel Plate;Ambient Air Temperature;Inverse Heat Conduction;Humidity Ratio;
Language
Korean
Cited by
1.
충돌수분류에 냉각되는 고온 강판의 열전달에 있어 노즐높이의 영향에 대한 연구,이필종;최해원;이승홍;
대한기계학회논문집B, 2003. vol.27. 5, pp.668-676
References
1.
Roberts, W. L., 1983, 'Hot Rolling of Steel,' Marcel Dekker, New York
2.
Tacke, G., Litzke, H., and raquet, E., 1985, 'Investigations into the Efficiency of Cooling Systems for Wide-Strip Hot Rolling Mills and Computer-Aided Control of Strip Cooling, in Accelerated Cooling of Steel,' P.D. Southwick, Ed., The Metallurgical Socity, Warrendale. Pa., pp. 35-54
3.
Ruch, M. A., and Holman, J. P., 1975, 'Boiling Heat Transfer to a Freon-113 Jet Impinging Upward onto a Flat, Heated Surface,' Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 18, pp. 51-60
4.
Katsuta, M., and Kurose, T., 1981, '液膜の沸騰熱傳達に關する硏究(第2報 核 沸騰限界熱流束について),' 日本機械學會論文集, 第47卷, 第421號 pp. 1849-1860
5.
이기우, 김유, 1988, '충돌 수분류에 의한 고온면의 비등 열유속에 관한 연구,' 대한기계학회논문집 제12권 제1호, pp. 81-94
6.
Vader, D. T., Incropera, F. P., and Viskanta, R., 1992, 'Convective Nucleate Boiling on a Heated Surface Cooled by an Impinging, Planar Jet of Water,' J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 114, pp. 152-160
7.
Ishigai, S., Nakanishi, S., and Ochi, T., 1978, 'Boiling Heat Transfer for a Plane Water Jet Impinging on a Hot Surface,' Int. Heat Transfer Conf., 6th, pp. 445-450
8.
Kokado, J., Hatta, N., Takuda, H., Harada, J., and Yasuhira, N., 1984, 'An Analysis of Film Boiling Phenomena of Subcooled Water Spreading Radially on a Hot Steel Plate,' Arch. Eisenhuttenwes, Vol. 55, No.3, pp. 113- 118
9.
Hatta, N., Kokado, J., Takuda, H., Harada, J., and Hiraku, K., 1984, 'Predictable Modelling for Cooling Process of a Hot Steel Plate by a Laminar Water Bar,' Arch. Eisenhuttenwes, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 143-148
10.
오승묵, 이상준, 1992, '원형수직 충돌 수분류에 의한 고온강판의 냉각특성 연구,' 대한기계학회논문집 제16권 제6호, pp. 1150-1155
11.
Filipovic, J., Viskanta, R., Incropera, F. P., and Veslocki, T. A., 1994, 'Cooling of a Moving Steel Strip by an Array of Round Jets,' Steel Research, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 541-547
12.
Trujillo, D. M., INTEMP user's manual, TRUCOMP CO., CA | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 6, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5580683350563049, "perplexity": 16306.960044793996}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424200.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723002704-20170723022704-00514.warc.gz"} |
https://web2.0calc.com/questions/help-please_74857 | +0
0
36
4
Let a and b be the solutions of the equation 2x^2+6x-14=0. What is the value of (2a-3)(4b-6)?
Jul 19, 2022
#1
-1
By the quadratic formula, the solutions are (-3 \pm sqrt(37))/2. Plugging them in, we get
(2(-3 + sqrt(37)/2 - 3)(4*(-3 - sqrt(37))/2 - 6) = -14
Jul 19, 2022
#2
+2305
0
Note that$$(2a - 3)(4b - 6) = 8ab - 12b - 12a + 18 = 8ab - 12(a + b) + 18$$
By Vieta, $$a + b = {-6 \over 2} = -3$$ and $$ab = {-14 \over 2} = -7$$
Plugging these in gives us $${8 \times -7 - 12(-3) + 18} = \color{brown}\boxed{-2}$$
Jul 19, 2022
#3
+1113
+5
Jul 19, 2022
edited by nerdiest Jul 19, 2022
#4
+1113
+5
Use Quadratic Formula to find roots $$a$$ and $$b$$ $$= - 3/2 +- \sqrt37 / 2$$
Use these values in$$(2a-3)(4b-6)$$to find the answer ..... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9517531394958496, "perplexity": 7177.176029948729}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00603.warc.gz"} |
https://wumbo.net/example/verify-exponential-function-inverse-property/ | # Verify Inverse Property of Exponential Function
This example verifies the inverse property of the exponential function using the distributive property of multiplication.
2. Multiply both sides by and rearrange the equation so is on the left side.
3. Apply the power series definition of the exponential function, shown below, to both instances of the exponentail function from above.
After substituting the power series definition we are left with the following expression.
Note, the expressions where is raised to an odd power will flip the sign to negative and expressions where is raised to an even power the sign will stay positive. This is shown below.
4. Then, we can use a geometric interpretation of the distributive property of multiplication to evaluate the product of the two series. This is represented below as the area of the rectangle.
This geometric interpretation of the multiplication is illustrated in the figure below. The area of the whole is equal to all of the sub-areas summed together.
The summation of the geometric interpretation of multiplication is shown below.
5. Group the same degree polynomials and evaluate the sum.
Since and all of the other polynomials sum to this verifies the inverse property. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9673932790756226, "perplexity": 224.78620965194744}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303717.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121222643-20220122012643-00123.warc.gz"} |
https://flaviocopes.com/dom-ready/ | You can do so by adding an event listener to the document object for the DOMContentLoaded event:
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => {
//the event occurred
})
I usually don’t use arrow functions inside for the event callback, because we cannot access this.
In this case we don’t need so, because this is always document. In any other event listener I would just use a regular function:
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(event) {
//the event occurred
})
for example if I’m adding the event listener inside a loop and I don’t really know what this will be when the event is triggered. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2779165208339691, "perplexity": 1747.3544453526188}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00314.warc.gz"} |
http://stoneswww.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Energy_spectrum | # Energy level
(Redirected from Energy spectrum)
In physics, an energy level is the potential energy for a quantum mechanical state. The term is most commonly used in reference to the electron configuration in atoms or molecules. According to quantum theory, the electron can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. In other words, the energy spectrum is quantized. As with classical potentials, the potential energy is usually set to zero at infinity, leading to a negative potential energy for bound electron states.
Energy levels are said to be degenerated, if the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state.
Roughly speaking, a molecular energy state is comprised of an electronic, vibrational, and rotational component, such that:
[itex]E = E_\mathrm{electronic}+E_\mathrm{vibrational}+E_\mathrm{rotational}\,[itex]
The specific energies of these components vary with the specific energy state and the substance.
Contents
## Interactions determining the energy of a bound electron in a single atom
Assume an electron in a given atomic orbital. The energy of its state is mainly determined by the electrostatic interaction of the (negative) electron with the (positive) nucleus, calculatable using the principal quantum number [itex]n[itex].
However, there are many interactions that lead to small changes to this energy level, which can be calculated involving the other orbital electron quantum numbers [itex]l[itex], [itex]m_l[itex], [itex]m_s[itex]. The more accurate description of the electron wavefunction often leads to the splitting of the energy levels and therefore removes energy level degeneracy.
The following list gives an overview over the most important corrections to the energy level.
## Orbital state energy level
The energy level arrives from the electrostatic interaction of the electron with the positive atomic nucleus and from the energy arising from the angular momentum of the electron on its own (kinetic, magnetic).
Typical magnitude [itex]10 ... 10^{3}[itex] eV.
## Electrostatic interaction of electron with other electrons
If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level. These interactions are often neglected if the spatial overlap of the electron wavefunctions is low.
## Zeeman effect
The orbital angular momentum of the electron corresponds to a magnetic momentum, interacting with the outer magnetic field (electromagnetic interaction). Zeeman effect
The interaction energy is: [itex]U = - \mu B[itex] with [itex]\mu = q L / 2m[itex]
## Zeeman effect taking spin into account
This takes both the magnetic dipole moment due to the orbital angular momentum and the magnetic momentum arrising from the electron spin into account.
Due to relativistic effects (Dirac equation), the magnetic moment arriving from the electron spin is [itex]\mu = - \mu_B g s[itex] with [itex]g[itex] the gyro-magnetic factor (about 2). [itex]\mu = \mu_l + g \mu_s[itex] The interaction energy therefore gets [itex]U_B = - \mu B = \mu_B B (m_l + g m_s)[itex].
## Fine structure splitting
Spin-orbit effect, cf. fine structure. Typical magnitude [itex]10^{-3}[itex] eV.
## Hyperfine structure
Spin-nuclear-spin coupling (cf. hyperfine structure). Typical magnitude [itex]10^{-4}[itex] eV.
## Stark effect
Interaction with an external electric field, cf. Stark effect.
## Paschen-Back effect
• Art and Cultures
• Countries of the World (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Countries)
• Space and Astronomy | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9207779169082642, "perplexity": 1231.4827610193333}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039546945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421161025-20210421191025-00088.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2005/009254.html | # [NTG-context] Make a border around every page.
h h extern pragma at wxs.nl
Sat Mar 5 10:33:15 CET 2005
```John R. Culleton wrote:
> Some time back Hans provided a rather elabaorate macro that
> put a bevel type frame around a page. Now I am looking for
> something much less elaborate for an entire document. I wish to
> surround each page with a simple rectangle. perhaps 1 point
> thickness. The frame would be inset from the paper edge perhaps
> 3/8 inch on all four sides. The text would be set with margins of
> perhaps 3/4 inch all around on letter size paper.
>
> Can this be done simply? Is metafun the path to follow?
\setupbackgrounds[page][frame=on,frameoffset=-.5cm,rulethickness=3pt]
\starttext
\input tufte
\stoptext
----------------------------------------------------------------- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9427700638771057, "perplexity": 10358.221235685536}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894260.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00069-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://open.kattis.com/problems/whiterabbit | Kattis
# The White Rabbit Pocket Watch
Alice: How can it be?
Rabbit: Trust me Alice. It always takes the same time. When I go from my home up the road to Queen of Hearts’ Castle, my watch counts nine hours. However, if I continue down to Mad Hatter’s House, my watch counts just two hours in total. Isn’t that great?
Alice: How can it be Rabbit? The path is longer and you take a shorter time to do it? How can it be?
Rabbit: Trust me Alice! It is all recorded in my logbook. You can check it. All my trips are there...
Alice: Rabbit, I do not think it can help me...
Rabbit: Alice, no matter where you are, or where you want to go, or the track you choose, you’ll be able to find how long it takes you.
Alice: Really?
Rabbit: For sure!
Poor Rabbit, poor Alice.
White Rabbit is helping Alice finding a quick way home through the Rabbit’s hole with his holy logbook of trips. The problem lies in the chronometer of its bizarre pocket watch (it displays the hours from zero to $12$), and the way the Rabbit counts the time with it: If a journey takes $14$ hours (real time), seeing the pointer resting above number one, he assumes it took one hour.
Given that the White Rabbit is telling the truth, can you help Alice finding how long the shortest path home takes, using the Rabbit’s logbook of trips?
Your task is to find the shortest real time it takes for Alice to go from her present location to the Rabbit’s hole. For each trip, the White Rabbit wrote down the trip time, the number of visited locations (not necessarily distinct) and the sequence in which they were visited. That sequence defines the trip because there is at most one direct track between any two locations in the Wonderland and it takes the same time both ways. The White rabbit’s logbook contains trips using all roads in Wonderland; there are no direct connections beyond those implied by the trips in the log book.
## Input
The first line contains four integers $N$, $A$, $R$ and $T$, where: $N$ is the number of distinct locations; $A$ identifies the place where Alice is located; $R$ corresponds to the Rabbit’s hole location; and $T$ is the number of trips recorded in White Rabbit’s logbook. All locations are identified by numbers from $1$ to $N$. Each of the next $T$ lines describes a trip logged with format $d \, \, p \, \, a_{1} \, \, a_{2} \, \cdots \, a_{p}$, where $d$ is the trip duration (according to White Rabbit), $p$ is the number of locations and $a_{1} \, \, a_{2} \, \cdots \, a_{p}$ is the sequence of visited locations.
## Constraints
$2$ $\leq$ $N$ $\leq$ $200$ Number of locations $1$ $\leq$ $T$ $\leq$ $500$ Number of trips in the logbook $2$ $\leq$ $p$ $\leq$ $800$ Number of (possibly repeated) locations in a trip $1$ $\leq$ $d_{ij}$ $\leq$ $12$ Real time of the direct track between $a_ i$ and $a_ j$ (if it exists) There are at most $200$ direct tracks. The input will be constructed in such a way that all (real) trip durations are uniquely determined.
## Output
An integer representing the shortest (real) time it takes for Alice to get home.
Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1
3 1 3 3
3 4 1 2 3 2
4 3 1 2 1
1 4 1 2 1 3
9
Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2
5 5 1 9
0 3 1 2 3
1 4 1 4 2 3
6 4 3 4 1 3
11 5 1 3 4 2 1
4 4 1 2 4 1
6 6 1 2 3 1 4 3
7 4 2 3 4 1
11 3 4 3 5
12 5 5 2 4 2 5
6 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3732703924179077, "perplexity": 526.1850882945348}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866984.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624160817-20180624180817-00208.warc.gz"} |
https://www.edaboard.com/threads/wireless-lan-to-lan-bridge.2886/#post-11392 | # Wireless LAN to LAN bridge
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#### techie
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What is the most cost effective way of connecting two 10baseT LANs operating in 2 line-of-sight buildings less than 1KM away. The data speed required is very low and any rates of 128kbps or higher are acceptable. The connection has to be transparent (requiring no setups etc) and computers in the two buildings should appear in the network neighbourhood as on any LAN.
#### sparkytron
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It sounds like you want to use a "wireless ethernet bridge".
For example:
hxxp://www.digital-wireless.com/sem.htm
#### techie
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It may sound a silly but I would still ask. Is it possible to use a laser diode (the one found in cheap laser pointers) on the TX wires of the RJ45 cable and some sort of photodiode arragement on the other end thus forming a short range wireless ethernet extension.
:idea:
#### dpechman
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its possible to transmit data by cheap laser pointers, but not at this speed...the high speed lasers are not cheap! at least so cheap like the pointers....
i have maked some test with this pointer and works very well with low speed...(9600kbps)
#### Hishamsaleh
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thats right.... with laser beem it works perfectly.. and secured... but have two problems:
1) media between Tx and Rx must be always clear
2) Speed depends on laser transmitter effeciency which cost a lot!!!! (lets say from $1 for 3kbps to$600 50 s/t kbps...)
this was a graduation project in my college last year... the conclugion was to make rf is better speed and cost!
#### flatulent
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D-Link makes theDWL-900AP which has a bridge configuration. For security you can program the ones at each end of the link to only communicate with the other by their serial number and also to use 128 bit encryption. They have coax sockets and D-Link sells outdoor antennas with up to 20 dB gain.
#### cancel
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Not open for further replies. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20168426632881165, "perplexity": 8478.383409456954}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00706.warc.gz"} |
https://www.studysmarter.us/textbooks/physics/physics-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-strategic-approach-with-modern-physics-4th/fundamentals-of-circuits/q-38-a-capacitor-is-discharged-through-a-resistor-the-discha/ | Q. 38
Expert-verified
Found in: Page 792
### Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics
Book edition 4th
Author(s) Randall D. Knight
Pages 1240 pages
ISBN 9780133942651
# A capacitor is discharged through a resistor. The discharge current decreases to of its initial value in . What is the value of the capacitor?
The value of capacitor is .
See the step by step solution
## Step 1: Given Information
We need to find the value of capacitor.
## Step 2: Simplify
When the switch is off, the capacitor-discharge, and the current flows through the resistor. To discharge the capacitor, the charges flow through the circuit in time . The initial current is related to the final charge by equation in the form
Where is the resistance and is the capacitance. The initial current is reduced to its value, so the final current is
After solving the equation for to be in the form
Putting the values into equation to get | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8834328651428223, "perplexity": 845.1875357727462}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00192.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/users/24925/jan-blechta | # Jan Blechta
less info
reputation
18
bio website location Freiwaldau, Czech Republic age member for 1 year, 11 months seen Apr 22 at 16:44 profile views 29
3 Symmetry of the $3\times 3$ Cauchy Stress Tensor -1 Surface energy as thermodynamic potential
# 238 Reputation
-2 Surface energy as thermodynamic potential +70 Symmetry of the $3\times 3$ Cauchy Stress Tensor +45 Surface energy as thermodynamic potential +5 Can convection cells evolve in stably stratified fluid?
# 2 Questions
9 Surface energy as thermodynamic potential 3 Can convection cells evolve in stably stratified fluid?
# 8 Tags
3 continuum-mechanics × 2 0 convection 3 stress-energy-tensor 0 fluid-dynamics 3 tensors -1 thermodynamics × 2 3 metric-tensor -1 surface-tension × 2
# 3 Accounts
Computational Science 652 rep 211 Physics 238 rep 18 Stack Overflow 101 rep 1 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.743195652961731, "perplexity": 8997.641582732515}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430457960876.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501052600-00062-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/11%3A_The_Third_Law_Absolute_Entropy_and_the_Gibbs_Free_Energy_of_Formation/11.10%3A_The_Nature_of_Hypothetical_States | # 11.10: The Nature of Hypothetical States
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It is worthwhile to call attention to some important aspects of this development. The hypothetical ideal gas standard state is a wholly theoretical construct. We create this “substance” only because it is convenient to have a name for the “unreal” state of substance A, whose Gibbs free energy we have denoted as $$G^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)={\Delta }_fG^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)$$. We have developed procedures for calculating $${\Delta }_fG^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)$$ from the properties of the corresponding real gas. Given the properties of real gas A, these procedures determine $${\Delta }_fG^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)$$ uniquely. $${\Delta }_fG^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)$$ is a useful quantity; the calculation of $${\Delta }_fG^o_A\left({HIG}^o\right)$$ is “real” even though the substance it putatively describes is not.
Other hypothetical states are frequently useful. Problem 8 in this chapter considers a hypothetical liquid state of methanol at 500 K and 1 atm—conditions at which the real substance is a gas. Alternative approximations enable us to calculate the Gibbs free energy of this hypothetical state in different ways. The results have predictive value. Not surprisingly, however, the alternative approximations produce Gibbs free energy values whose quantitative agreement is poor. Were it useful to do so, we could select one particular approximation and define the Gibbs free energy of the hypothetical superheated liquid methanol to be the value produced using that approximation. This would not make the superheated liquid methanol any more real, but it would uniquely define the Gibbs free energy of the hypothetical substance.
Later in our development, we create other hypothetical reference states. As for the hypothetical ideal gas standard state, we specify unique ways to calculate the properties of these hypothetical states from measurements that we can make on real systems.
11.10: The Nature of Hypothetical States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Paul Ellgen via source content that was edited to conform to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9396976828575134, "perplexity": 525.8847346539983}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033816.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220624213908-20220625003908-00670.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/133821/why-are-negative-sets-multisets-reference-request/133863 | # Why are negative sets multisets? (Reference request)
It is easy to establish that $$\left({n\choose k}\right)=(-1)^k{-n \choose k},$$ where the symbol on the left-hand-side counts the number of multisets of $k$ elements from $n$.
On the Wikipedia page for multisets, it is further claimed that "This fact led Gian-Carlo Rota to ask "Why are negative sets multisets?". He considered that question worthy of the attention of philosophers of mathematics."
While I think it is quite plausible that Rota may well have asked this question, no citation is provided for it on Wikipedia, and my attempts to source the quote have all proved fruitless. Have you seen a quote by Rota relating "negative sets" to multisets?
-
I can't resist pointing out that this interpretation of "negative sets are multisets" is made very clear by the "Euler characteristic as generalized cardinality" point of view. In fact, since we know that $\chi (Sym^k X)=\binom{\chi(X)}{k}$, we notice that $\binom{n}{k}$ counts the number of ways of picking $k$ points among $n$ points, but on the other hand, $(-1)^k\binom{-n}{k}$ counts the number of ways of picking $k$ points among $n$ intervals (this is the same as multisets of size $k$). – Gjergji Zaimi Jun 15 '13 at 15:59
This paper by D. Loeb, "Sets with a negative number of elements": faculty.uml.edu/jpropp/negative.pdf, has a reference to a paper that Loeb and Rota wrote together. Perhaps there is a clue there- I can't find it online, though. – Sam Hopkins Jun 15 '13 at 16:54
I don't know the answer, but if you have not done so already, I'd recommend that you check the books "Discrete Thoughts" and "Indiscrete Thoughts". – Timothy Chow Jun 16 '13 at 18:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9245155453681946, "perplexity": 481.963114933856}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562832.121/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00053-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.jiskha.com/questions/514581/you-are-standing-14-feet-from-the-edge-of-a-cylindrical-water-tank-and-26-feet-from-a | # algebra
You are standing 14 feet from the edge of a cylindrical water tank and 26 feet from a point of tangency. The tank is 10 feet tall. What is the volume of the tank in cubic feet?
1. 👍 0
2. 👎 0
3. 👁 250
1. 6.4
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https://www.planettechnews.com/houston-we-have-another-problem/ | # Houston, we have another problem:
As if space travel was not already filled with enough dangers, a new study out today in the journal PLOS ONE shows that cosmic radiation – which would bombard astronauts on deep space missions to places like Mars – could accelerate the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
"Galactic cosmic radiation poses a significant threat to future astronauts," said M. Kerry O’Banion, M.D., Ph.D., a professor in the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the senior author of the study. "The possibility that radiation exposure in space may give rise to health problems such as cancer has long been recognized. However, this study shows for the first time that exposure to radiation levels equivalent to a mission to Mars could produce cognitive problems and speed up changes in the brain that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease."
While space is full of radiation, the earth’s magnetic field generally protects the planet and people in low earth orbit from these particles. However, once astronauts leave orbit, they are exposed to constant shower of various radioactive particles. With appropriate warning, astronauts can be shielded from dangerous radiation associated with solar flares. But there are also other forms of cosmic radiation that, for all intents and purposes, cannot be effectively blocked. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.811774492263794, "perplexity": 1591.5328102575777}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00483.warc.gz"} |
http://googlescholar.medcraveonline.com/scholars/article_fulltext/6468 | #### International IRATJ
Robotics & Automation Journal
Research Article
Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2017
Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm for Minimizing Total Weighted Earliness and Tardiness Penalties on a Single Machine under Aging Effect
Maziyar Yazdani1* and Reza Ghodsi2
1Department of Industrial Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
2Department of Engineering, Central Connecticut State University, USA
Received: October 16, 2016 | Published: January 06, 2017
*Corresponding author: Maziyar Yazdani, Department of Industrial Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran, Email:
Citation: Yazdani M, Ghodsi R (2017) Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm for Minimizing Total Weighted Earliness and Tardiness Penalties on a Single Machine under Aging Effect. Int Rob Auto J 2(1): 00006. DOI: 10.15406/iratj.2016.06.00006
# Abstract
In this paper, minimizing total weighted tardiness and earliness criteria on a single machine is considered. Job processing time is a linear function of its starting time and each job has a distinct due date. In this study an Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm is proposed for machine scheduling problem. Because the local search operator in IWO algorithm is designed for continuous problem only, a simple and efficient coding and decoding technique is applied to map the discrete feasible space of the permutation to a number. Then, this number is used to produce the solution. The computational results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is much better than the GA algorithm for this problem in finding the best solutions.
Keywords: Invasive weed optimization; Single machine; Total weighted tardiness/earliness; scheduling; Step-deterioration
# Introduction
Minimizing the total weighted tardiness and earliness time on a single machine with aging effect is discussed in the research at hand and an efficient IWO algorithm is proposed for this problem. In the classical scheduling problem, processing times for different jobs are assumed to be constant within the planning horizon. However, previous researches reveal that in many scheduling environments the processing time is an increasing function of start time [1]. This phenomenon is known as aging effect which relates to many practical and industrial applications. One of the aging effect situations, which is also considered in this study, is the linear position-dependent aging effect where jobs processing time is a linear function of job’s starting time.
In recent years, most policies of modern industrial organization emphasize the need for minimizing earliness and tardiness penalty. This is more important in just in time (JIT) productions. In a JIT production environment, early job must be held in inventory until their due dates and jobs completed after their due dates can cause customer dissatisfaction, contract penalties, loss of sale and loss of reputation [2]. Therefore, many researcher pay attention to this type of scheduling. This problem is categorized as an Np-hard problem [3]. Hamidinia et al. [4] proposed a genetic algorithm for minimizing total tardiness/earliness of weighted jobs in a batched delivery system [4]. A single machine scheduling problem with controllable processing times without inserted idle time to minimize total tardiness and earliness is presented by Kayvanfar et al. [5]. Kaweegitbundit developed a memetic algorithm for minimizing earliness and tardiness penalties [6] Kedad Sidhoum and Sourd proposed a neighborhood search algorithm for the single machine earliness-tardiness which jobs have distinct due dates [7]. Allaoua and Osmane proposed a new genetic algorithm inspired by the philosophy of dynamic programming, where the chromosome and the population lengths are varied from one iteration to another for earliness and tardiness problem [8]. Among the recent research in aging effect readers are referred to researches presented by [9-14]. No prior research has used IWO for the problem at hand.
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the problem considered in this study is described in more details. The proposed algorithm is presented in section 3. For evaluation of the performance of the suggested algorithm, a series of computational experiments is performed and the results of this study are reported in section 4. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper with a short summary of the work.
# Problem Definition
The problem considered in this study can be formally described as follows: Assume that there are n independent jobs $\left\{{j}_{1,}{j}_{2},.......{j}_{n}\right\}$ that are available for being processed at time zero on a single machine. The machine can only process one job at a time and processing of a job cannot be interrupted until it is entirely completed (preemption is not allowed). Each job ${\text{j}}_{\text{i}}$ has a normal processing time pj, a due date ${\text{d}}_{\text{j}}$ and positive weights for per unit earliness and tardiness. In addition, let ${\text{p}}_{\text{j}}$ and ${\text{p}}_{\left[\text{j}\right]}$ be the normal processing time and the actual processing time of the job scheduled in a sequence, respectively. If a job processed in rth position, actual processing time is:
Where bj is the aging ratio of job j?
In this problem, the objective function is minimizing the total weighted tardiness and earliness.
# Proposed IWO algorithm
Main IWO algorithm
IWO is a continuous, stochastic numerical algorithm that mimics the colonizing behavior of weeds [15]. First, a population of initial seeds is randomly spread over the entire search space. These weeds will finally grow up and execute the further steps of the algorithm. There are four steps of the algorithm as below:
Initialization: A finite number of weeds are initialized randomly in the feasible search space via a uniform function.
Reproduction: Every individual in the population is permitted to produce seeds based on its own fitness as well as the colony’s lowest and highest fitness, such that the number of seeds produced by a weed increases linearly from lowest predefined possible seed for a weed with the worst fitness to the maximum number of seeds for a plant with the best fitness so far. Smin and Smax denote minimum and maximum number of weeds respectively and are predefined.
Spatial distribution: The generated seeds are being randomly scattered over the d-dimensional search space by normally distributed random numbers with the mean equal to location of parent plant and a varying variance. This step guarantees that the produced seeds will be generated around the parent weed. However, the Standard Deviation (SD) of the random function decreases over the iterations from initial value sdinitial to final value sdfinal. Standard deviation for a particular iteration is given as in equation 2 below:
(2)
Where n is nonlinear modulation index. This step means that the probability of dropping a seed in the area around the parents decreases nonlinearly with iterations, which results in better plants and elimination of unsuitable plants. Hence, this is the selection mechanism of Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm.
Competitive exclusion: When the maximum number of individual in a colony is reached (Pmax), each weed is allowed to produce seeds and scatter them according to the mechanism indicated in the previous step. After that, parents and their new seeds are ranked together according to their fitness. Next, weeds with highest fitness are selected to reach the maximum allowable population size in a colony.
Termination condition: The entire process continues until the maximum number of iterations has been reached, and then the plant with the best fitness is the closest one to the optimal solution.
Because the IWO algorithm is designed for continues problem and the local search operator in this algorithm uses normal distribution to search the feasible space, this algorithm cannot be used directly for discrete problems without modification. Here a coding method is applied to map every permutation to a number and then use this number as the mean for the normal distribution to produce new seed (new solution). Then, using a decoding technique matches this new number to the permutation. This coding-decoding technique is described as follows.
Factoradic is a specific constructed number system and a lexicographical index arrangement for permutations [16]. The concept of the factoradic is closely connected to that of the Lehmer code [16]. This numbering system is a factorial-based mixed radix numerical system: the ith digit from right side is to be multiplied by i! And the rightmost digit is always 0, the second digit is 0, or 1, the third 0, 1 or 2 and so on [16]. For instance, 44 in decimal base can be shown as $\left({1}_{4}{3}_{3}{1}_{2}{0}_{1}{0}_{0}\right)$ in factoradic base.
(3)
The factoradic numbering system never has two possible interpretations and no number can be described in more than one way due to the fact that the sum of consecutive factorials multiplied by their index is always the next factorial minus one [16]:
Relation between factoradic base and permutations
There is a natural mapping between the permutations of n elements in lexicographical order and the integers when the integers are expressed in factoradic form. This mapping has been called the Lehmer code. For instance, with n = 3, this mapping is illustrated in Table 1.
Decimal Factoradic Permutation 010 020100 1,2,3 110 021100 1,3,2 210 120100 2,1,3 310 121100 2,3,1 410 220100 3,1,2 510 221100 3,2,1
Table 1: Natural mapping between factoradic numbers and permutations when n = 3.
For mapping permutations into factoradic numbers and vice versa, two algorithms are proposed in McCaffrey [17] and further used in Behroozi [18]. Computational complexity of both algorithms are O(n) which makes the algorithms able to efficiently map decimal numbers to factoradic numbers, factoradic numbers to the permutations and vice versa. These two algorithms are presented as Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2 below.
Algorithm 1: Mapping permutation to factoradic.
1. Step 1: Consider $f=\left\{0,1,\dots ,n-1\right\}$ as a list of possible digits for factoradic base in ascending order, and also a list of possible numbers in permutation $p=\left\{1,2,\dots ,n\right\}$
2. Step 2: For $k=1,2,\dots ,n,$ select the kth digit in permutation, and find this digit in p. Suppose that this digit is the ith digit in $p=\left\{1,2,\dots ,n\right\}$ . Choose the ith element of f, set this element as the kth element of factoradic, and omit this element from p. Table 2 demonstrates the mapping of based on Algorithm 1.
Iteration k=1 k=2 k=3 Permutation 2 3 1 P {1,2,3} {1,3} {1} F {0,1,2} {0,1,2} {0,1,2} Factoradic 1 1 0
Table 2: Mapping of based on Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 2: Mapping factoradic to permutation
1. Step 1: Like algorithm 1, consider a list of possible digits of factoradic base in ascending order $f=\left\{0,1,\dots ,n-1\right\}$ , and also a list of possible numbers in permutation
2. Step 2: For k=1,2,…,n: select the ${k}_{th}$ digit in factoradic representation, and find this digit in $f=\left\{0,1,\dots ,n-1\right\}$ . Assume that this digit is the ith digit in $f=\left\{0,1,\dots ,n-1\right\}$ . Select the ${i}_{th}$ element of p; set this element as the ${k}_{th}$ element of permutation, and omit this element from p. Table 3 demonstrates the mapping of based on Algorithm 2.
Iteration k=1 k=2 k=3 Factoradic 1 1 0 F {0,1,2} {0,1,2} {0,1,2} P {1,2,3} {1,3} {1} Permutation 2 3 1
Table 3: Mapping of $\left({1}_{2}{1}_{1}{0}_{0}\right)$ $\to$ based on Algorithm 2.
Proposed IWO algorithm
1. Step 1: Set the values of the control parameters: ${N}_{int}$ (number of initial seed), ${P}_{max}$ (maximum number of plant can be survived in every iteration), $ite{r}_{max}$ (maximum number of iterations), ${S}_{max}$ (maximum number of seed that a plant can produced according to that’s fitness), Smin (minimum number of seed that a plant can produced according to that’s fitness), n (nonlinear modulation index), $s{d}_{initial}$ (initial value of standard deviation), and $s{d}_{final}$ (final value of standard deviation).
2. Step 2: Generate initial solutions (initial seeds’ population) to initiate solution space exploration. For single machine problem with n jobs, any permutation of n number can be a feasible initial solution for problem.
3. Step 3: This step is the fitness evaluation of each seed. Calculate the values of the fitness functions for the solutions according to objective function. The seed is called a plant after assigning each fitness value to the corresponding seed.
4. Step 4: Rank the plants and plants reproduce new seeds. Plants are ranked according to the corresponding fitness values. Plants generate seeds based on the rank in the colony. The number of new seeds to be produced is computed for each plant using the linear relationship considering ${\text{S}}_{\text{min}}$ and ${\text{S}}_{\text{max}}$ .
5. Step 5: Spread the newly produced seeds. The produced seeds are spread over the search area based on the standard deviation of each step. Because this algorithm uses normal distribution to spread newly produced seed, factoridc coding is applied to map jobs permutation to a number and by using that number as the mean of normal distribution the new seed is spread.
6. Step 6: Compute the fitness values of the new plants.
7. Step 7: Is the number of the plants in the current step less than maximum number of plant?
Yes: Go to step 9.
No: Then do competitive exclusion. In proposed algorithm, k% of the plants with better fitness values is selected and other population of next iteration is selected randomly through remaining plants.
1. Step 8: Run the intensification procedure. Intensification is the search in the neighborhood of the current solutions for constructing better solutions closer to optimum solution. This is done by switching the positions of the first two jobs and then, the objective function value of this new permutation is calculated. If the objective function of the new switched permutation is better, the algorithm records this switch and its objective function value. Next, two jobs will move back to their original position before switching. Next, the position of the first job and the third job are switched. This procedure continues and is applied for the first job and all other jobs and finally the switch with the most improvement in objective function value is accepted. The same procedure is applied for job two in the new position and all jobs after second position. Thus, these steps are repeated for job in position one to job in position n-1.
In this proposed IWO algorithm, the described procedures is applied to q% of the population in every iteration randomly.
1. Step 9: Is the iteration number less than maximum number of iteration?
Yes: Repeat the algorithm again.
No: Stop. Calculate the objective function values of the current plants and choose the best among them.
# Computational Results
In this section, the performance of the proposed IWO is presented. Problems with different sizes are considered. The small size problems are associated with 10 jobs, medium size with 15 and 20 jobs, and large size with 40 and 60 jobs. The processing times are generated from the discrete uniform distribution [40,120] and weight of earliness–tardiness penalties are drawn from the discrete uniform distribution [1, 4]. The aging ratio of each job is drawn from the uniform distribution [0, 2] and the due dates of each job is drawn from the uniform distribution where and $\lambda =P\left(RDD/2\right)$ .
The two parameters RDD and TEF are the relative range of due dates and tardiness/earliness function, respectively. RDD gets the values of 0.2 and 0.5. Also TEF gets the values of 0.2 and 0.35. Table 4 shows the generated problems.
Number of Jobs TEF = 0.35 TEF = 0.2 RDD = 0.2 RDD = 0.5 10 J101 J102 15 J151 J152 20 J201 J202 40 J401 J402 60 J601 J602
Table 4: Name of problems generated with variable parameters obtained is shown in Table 5.
The following experimentally derived values are proposed for the parameters:
and $q=5%$ . And n is the number of jobs.
The proposed algorithm is evaluated against the Genetic Algorithm (GA), GA parameters are as below:
Number of initial population=50, crossover operator: uniform (80%), mutation operator: Inversion (0.02), selection operator: roulette wheel. stop condition: 10n.
For each instance both algorithms run five times independently and best and worst solutions obtained are shown in Table 5.
Problem Name Number of Jobs GA IWO Best Average Worst Best Average Worst J101 10 4916 4916 4916 4916 4916 4916 J102 10 5515 5515 5515 5515 5515 5515 J151 15 11081 11104.6 11127 11081 11081 11081 J152 15 17169 17190.6 17227 17169 17169.8 17171 J201 20 25901 25949.2 25981 25901 25901 25901 J202 20 31598 31621.8 31647 31581 31581 31581 J401 40 97783 97927.2 98026 97135 97139.8 97159 J402 40 128239 128322 128461 127989 127990.8 127995 J601 60 249017 249757.8 250785 247707 247987 248057 J602 60 202926 203481 204003 201689 201702.2 201711
Table 5: Compare best, mean and worst solutions that obtained for algorithms.
In addition, to compare the two methods, Relative Percentage Deviation (RPD) is used, which is computed in the following way:
(5)
Where as the objective function value is obtained for a given algorithm and Minsol is the best solution obtained for each instance by any of the two algorithms. Figure 1 compares the mean of PRD for the two algorithms. The computational results show that the proposed IWO has less deviation from the best solution and that the algorithm is more promising in finding near-optimum solutions.
Figure 1: Mean of PRD for two algorithms in 5 run.
# Conclusion
This research considered the single machine scheduling problem where the processing time of jobs depends on the position of the job scheduled. This problem is NP-hard and finding optimum solution for the large instances of this problem is not possible in a reasonable time. An Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm was proposed to find near-optimal solutions for this problem. The proposed algorithm employs a coding procedure to map the permutation of jobs into a continuous space where Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm can efficiently spread the new produced seed sand perform exploration. Afterward, the algorithm maps the new seed to a permutation. Moreover, a powerful intensification sub-algorithm was applied to search the promising areas of the feasible space more comprehensively. Performance of the proposed algorithm was tested using several generated problems and compared to GA algorithm. The computational results prove that the proposed algorithm is more promising than the GA algorithm used.
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## Introduction
Fundraising
Because the track team is going to regionals, they need to raise some money for the bus and the hotel. The boys team has decided to work on selling chocolate bars. They figure that this will be an excellent choice for a bunch of students.
“It is easy to sell and not expensive,” Chris says as he sells candy bars at lunch time.
At the end of the fundraiser, the team began to tally up their totals. Mark sold 72 bars and Clint sold 65 bars. Mark wants to make it look like he has sold more than Clint. Is this possible? How can he do it?
To accomplish this goal, while a dishonest, Mark will need to create a graph with misleading statistics. This happens all the time in the real – world. We will use Mark and Clint as an example of how easily people can be lead astray by misleading statistics.
What You Will Learn
In this lesson, you will learn how to complete the following skills.
• Identify and analyze misleading data displays.
• Identify and explain misleading comparisons of data.
• Design data displays to intentionally exaggerate or minimize possible comparisons.
• Revise data displays to eliminate misleading representations or conclusions.
Teaching Time
I. Identify and Analyze Misleading Data Displays
What does it mean to mislead? When we mislead someone, we want them to think something other than what is the truth. Sometimes, there can be data displays that are misleading. Let’s think about this.
When we have built graphs and plots, we have taken care to show the data correctly by choosing appropriate intervals and scales. There are a variety of ways that graphs can be displayed in a way that is misleading. At times, we simply make mistakes. Other times, however, people may try to convince us of something by manipulating a graph that may otherwise not truly support the data. We must keep a critical eye when we read graphs and compare the data.
Example
Consider the graph below of the Yula High School Graduation Rate.
We use bar graphs because they are visual devices which allow us to compare the size of the bars to interpret data.
What do the bars show you about the graduation rate at Yula High School?
It appears that the graduation rate skyrocketed. However, if you look at the scale on the $y$-axis, you can see that the entire graph is not represented. The scale only represents a range from 81 to 88 percent. This exaggerates the difference in the data. Was there an improvement from 1991 to 1992? Yes. But the improvement was only 4% where the bars can mislead into thinking that the improvement was much greater.
So you can see that the size of the intervals and bars can impact the way we interpret the data.
Example
A sales manager at Bank X prepared a report of the number of new clients they have in the quarter compared to their competitors. He prepared a graph and declared that, although they had fewer new clients, they’re not far behind. What do you think?
The graph is misleading. The number of new clients looks similar. But look at the data table:
Bank X Bank Y Bank Z
325 475 517
Bank Y has 46% more new clients and Bank Z has 59% more new clients than Bank X. Because the scale on the $y$-axis goes up to 1200, it decreases the relative size of the bars on the graph. An appropriate scale would extend to no further than 600.
Once again, we have to look at how the graph is constructed to see if the data is misleading or not.
II. Identify and Explain Misleading Comparisons of Data
We can also look at what it means when we have data that compares. In the last example, we compared different banks with new accounts. We can also look at comparisons within other arenas. Once again, look for misleading representations of the data.
Example
A hospital director was up for his evaluation. He wanted to show that he has helped the community in his years on the job. He prepared this graph for the evaluation committee to show how his work has helped to reduce cases of the flu.
True or false? Did flu cases decrease? Yes. Are they way down?
No. What trick did he use to mislead the committee? He did not change the scale but changed the size of the bar. The 1990 bar is very wide; it gives the appearance of being much bigger than 2000. Of course, the width of the bar does not make a difference for what the graph means. The flu cases dropped from about 875 to about 775. It is about a 12% decrease.
You can see that even if the comparison looks like it is true, we have to examine the actual data to see if the data display is accurate or misleading.
III. Design Data Displays to Intentionally Exaggerate or Minimize Possible Comparisons
As you can see, it is important to keep an eye on the data and the way that it is presented to us. In order to improve your skills in spotting misleading data, let’s see how you can design data displays to intentionally exaggerate or minimize comparisons. Look at this example.
Example
Mei Ling knows that her grade point average has dropped but doesn’t want her parents to notice. It went from 3.75 to 3.25 in one semester. How can she change manipulate a graph to mislead them? She decides to change the width of the bars to make the lower score look bigger.
In this graph, the second semester bar looks even bigger than the first. Of course, it’s not as tall. Do you think her parents will notice? Why or why not? Discuss your opinion with a neighbor.
IV. Revise Data Displays to Eliminate Misleading Representations or Conclusions
Now that you know how to look for misleading data representations and how to create data displays that are intentionally misleading, we can move on to correcting misleading displays. Once you have discovered that a display is misleading, the next step is to help to revise the data display so that the data is accurately shown.
Example
Four team members on the swim team recorded the following data for the 400 meter relay.
Team Member David Manual Andre Luke
Seconds 32.5 36 34 33.5
David made a graph of the data. Here is his graph.
They all told Manuel that he needs to work harder because he’s bringing the team down. Manuel has been working hard and didn’t believe the graph. He noticed that the scale was designed to show a major difference between their times.
Manuel made the graph this way.
Notice that because of the intervals that Manuel used that his time wasn’t that far from the rest of the group. Manuel’s data display was much more accurate.
Now let’s go and apply what we have learned to the problem from the introduction.
## Real-Life Example Completed
Fundraising
Here is the problem from the introduction. Reread it and then create a graph to mislead. When finished, correct your work with a friend to show an accurate graph.
Because the track team is going to regionals, they need to raise some money for the bus and the hotel. The boys team has decided to work on selling chocolate bars. They figure that this will be an excellent choice for a bunch of students.
“It is easy to sell and not expensive,” Chris says as he sells candy bars at lunch time.
At the end of the fundraiser, the team began to tally up their totals. Mark sold 72 bars and Clint sold 65 bars. Mark wants to make it look like he has sold more than Clint. Is this possible? How can he do it?
Solution to Real – Life Example
Here is how we can create a misleading graph.
Create a bar graph and skip numbers in the scale. In an appropriate graph, a scale may reach 75 or 80, beginning from 0. However, if Mark skips 0-60 on her scale, the bars will look extremely different.
In this graph, it appears that Mark sold far more bars than Clint when in reality it was only 7 more bars. You can see how changing the size of the bars can influence how the data is viewed.
Now work with a partner and create a graph that is accurate and shows that Clint sold more bars than Mark did.
## Time to Practice
Directions: Answer each of the following questions true or false.
1. To sell more a product, a company may create a display that misleads consumers.
2. You can create a graph to make it look like you have sold more of a product that you actually have.
3. Misleading statistics aren’t that relevant in sales.
4. Graphs aren’t actually misleading at all.
5. You can create a misleading graph only if your intervals are too small.
6. You can create a misleading graph whether your intervals are too small or too big.
7. The height of the bars in a bar graph can be misleading.
8. If the bars of a graph are too wide this can be misleading too.
9. You must be careful whenever you read a data display to be sure that the data is accurate.
Directions: Why are the following graphs misleading? What is the error in the conclusions drawn based on the graphs?
1. Conclusion: “The population in Dagwood is exploding!”
2. Conclusion: “George’s Café is far more successful than Rita’s Restaurant.”
3. Draw a graph to intentionally exaggerates this data: “From 2002 to 2004, the average number of semesters that students studied in order to complete their Bachelor’s Degree increased from 4.1 to 4.5.”
4. Explain the faulty conclusion that could be drawn from this graph.
5. Draw a graph to intentionally minimizes this data: “Mike had 110 customers on his paper route in March and in June only 75.”
6. Explain the faulty conclusion that could be drawn from this graph.
7. Revise your graph in number 3 to represent the data more accurately.
8. Revise your graph in number 5 to represent the data more accurately.
Jan 15, 2013 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 2, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21562278270721436, "perplexity": 1088.5049278187353}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453976406.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041936-00055-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.r-bloggers.com/sweave-lyx-from-terminal-on-mac/ | # Sweave-Lyx from terminal on Mac
November 12, 2009
By
(This article was first published on Gregor Gorjanc (gg), and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
Mark Heckmann writes:
In your paper "Using Sweave with Lyx" (great work bty) you pointed out that one can see the sweave error code when processing when starting lyx from the terminal. I just changed from Windows to Mac so that's new for me. Could you send me a few lines how to do that, that is how to operate lyx from terminal and sweave the content from the terminal.
I am not familiar with Mac, though would be happy to own one;) Since Mac OS is build on top of some linux/unix like system you need to start the terminal (console) with shell and find the lyx binary. Perhaps something like this on my linux box (text following $are shell commands) # Find the lyx binary$ which lyx
/usr/bin/lyx
# Start lyx from console
\$ lyx& | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.16127507388591766, "perplexity": 4325.517792492673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877869.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00060-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://colorcodedlyrics.com/2021/10/pixy-intro-end-of-the-forest | PIXY – Intro (End of the forest)
Intro (End of the forest)
Fairyforest : Temptation
2021.10.07
Lyrics/작사: Kevin D, GLOW
Composer/작곡: Kevin D, GLOW
Arranger/편곡: Kevin D, GLOW
Ella, Lola, Satbyeol,
Dia, Sua, Dajeong
Romanization
bulgeun dari nuneul tteugi jeon
naege nalgaereul gajeoda juryeom
yojeong han myeongeul
dalppit araero mireobeoryeo
geureomyeon neoege
binnaneun nalgaereul julkke
masheo, modeun gotonggwa duryeoumeul itge haejulkke
mashimyeon nalgaega inneun goseul bol su isseo
Where are the wings
Can you just let me know
The moon is coming closer
And soon I’ll be greedy
And I think I’m gonna have insomnia
I just feel like burning away
igose kkeuten
I just lost light and it’s too late
From you from me
I don’t know why but I can’t stay
neoye dalkomhame
Please save me show me the way
Let me know let me know let me know
Let me know let me know let me know
Hangul
붉은 달이 눈을 뜨기 전
나에게 날개를 가져다 주렴
요정 한 명을
달빛 아래로 밀어버려
그러면 너에게
빛나는 날개를 줄게
마셔, 모든 고통과 두려움을 잊게 해줄게
마시면 날개가 있는 곳을 볼 수 있어
Where are the wings
Can you just let me know
The moon is coming closer
And soon I’ll be greedy
And I think I’m gonna have insomnia
I just feel like burning away
이곳에 끝엔
I just lost light and it’s too late
From you from me
I don’t know why but I can’t stay
너에 달콤함에
Please save me show me the way
Let me know let me know let me know
Let me know let me know let me know
Translation
If you give me the shiny wings
Before the red-moon opens it’s eyes
Push one of your friends under the moon
And sacrifice her to me
And I will give all of you a piece of wing
Drink it, it will dissipate all your pain
And guide you to the wings
Where are the wings
Can you just let me know
The moon is coming closer
And soon I’ll be greedy
And I think I’m gonna have insomnia
I just feel like burning away
At the end of this road
I just lost light and it’s too late
From you from me
I don’t know why but I can’t stay
Please save me show me the way
Let me know let me know let me know
Let me know let me know let me know
Credits
Korean: genie.co.kr
Rom: colorcodedlyrics.com
Info: genie.co.kr
AOA – Come See Me (날 보러 와요)
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8845590949058533, "perplexity": 23248.694839193937}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588257.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028034828-20211028064828-00283.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/continuity-and-measuring-resistance.680247/ | # Continuity and measuring resistance.
1. Mar 22, 2013
### pyroknife
This question is for a project I'm doing for my circuits class.
I'm trying to diagnose a problem. Basically I got this coil. I measured the resistance of the coil by connecting the ends of my multimeter to the uncoated ends of the coil. I got a resistance value.
However, when I tried checking for continuity of the coil from the 2 ends, it shows up as an open circuit.
My question is is it possible to have a noticeable resistance from a coil, but no continuity?
My understanding is that with no continuity, you have an open circuit. An open circuit is basically infinite resistance, but the resistance I measured was about 80 ohms.
2. Mar 22, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
Sounds like your meter has a problem. Are the batteries fresh? What was the resistance value? If you connect the same value resistor to your meter, what does the continuity reading indicate?
Draft saved Draft deleted
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https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/model_doc/opt | Transformers documentation
OPT
Join the Hugging Face community
and get access to the augmented documentation experience
to get started
# OPT
## Overview
The OPT model was proposed in Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models by Meta AI. OPT is a series of open-sourced large causal language models which perform similar in performance to GPT3.
The abstract from the paper is the following:
Large language models, which are often trained for hundreds of thousands of compute days, have shown remarkable capabilities for zero- and few-shot learning. Given their computational cost, these models are difficult to replicate without significant capital. For the few that are available through APIs, no access is granted to the full model weights, making them difficult to study. We present Open Pre-trained Transformers (OPT), a suite of decoder-only pre-trained transformers ranging from 125M to 175B parameters, which we aim to fully and responsibly share with interested researchers. We show that OPT-175B is comparable to GPT-3, while requiring only 1/7th the carbon footprint to develop. We are also releasing our logbook detailing the infrastructure challenges we faced, along with code for experimenting with all of the released models.
Tips:
• OPT has the same architecture as BartDecoder.
• Contrary to GPT2, OPT adds the EOS token </s> to the beginning of every prompt. Note: Make sure to pass use_fast=False when loading OPT’s tokenizer with AutoTokenizer to get the correct tokenizer.
This model was contributed by Arthur Zucker, Younes Belkada, and Patrick Von Platen. The original code can be found here.
## Resources
A list of official Hugging Face and community (indicated by 🌎) resources to help you get started with OPT. If you’re interested in submitting a resource to be included here, please feel free to open a Pull Request and we will review it. The resource should ideally demonstrate something new instead of duplicating an existing resource.
Text Generation
Text Classification
⚡️ Inference
## OPTConfig
### class transformers.OPTConfig
< >
( vocab_size = 50272 hidden_size = 768 num_hidden_layers = 12 ffn_dim = 3072 max_position_embeddings = 2048 do_layer_norm_before = True _remove_final_layer_norm = False word_embed_proj_dim = None dropout = 0.1 attention_dropout = 0.0 num_attention_heads = 12 activation_function = 'relu' layerdrop = 0.0 init_std = 0.02 use_cache = True pad_token_id = 1 bos_token_id = 2 eos_token_id = 2 enable_bias = True layer_norm_elementwise_affine = True **kwargs )
Parameters
• vocab_size (int, optional, defaults to 50272) — Vocabulary size of the OPT model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by the inputs_ids passed when calling OPTModel
• hidden_size (int, optional, defaults to 768) — Dimensionality of the layers and the pooler layer.
• num_hidden_layers (int, optional, defaults to 12) — Number of decoder layers.
• ffn_dim (int, optional, defaults to 3072) — Dimensionality of the “intermediate” (often named feed-forward) layer in decoder.
• num_attention_heads (int, optional, defaults to 12) — Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer decoder.
• activation_function (str or function, optional, defaults to "relu") — The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, "gelu", "relu", "silu" and "gelu_new" are supported.
• max_position_embeddings (int, optional, defaults to 2048) — The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
• do_layer_norm_before (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether to perform layer normalization before the attention block.
• word_embed_proj_dim (int, optional) — word_embed_proj_dim can be set to down-project word embeddings, e.g. opt-350m. Defaults to hidden_size.
• dropout (float, optional, defaults to 0.1) — The dropout probability for all fully connected layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.
• attention_dropout (float, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio for the attention probabilities. layerdrop — (float, optional, defaults to 0.0): The LayerDrop probability. See the [LayerDrop paper](see https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11556) for more details.
• init_std (float, optional, defaults to 0.02) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
• use_cache (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether or not the model should return the last key/values attentions (not used by all models).
• enable_bias (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether or not if the linear layers in the attention blocks should use the bias term.
• layer_norm_elementwise_affine (bool, optional, defaults to True) — Whether or not if the layer norms should have learnable parameters.
This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a OPTModel. It is used to instantiate a OPT model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the OPT facebook/opt-350m architecture.
Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.
Example:
>>> from transformers import OPTConfig, OPTModel
>>> # Initializing a OPT facebook/opt-large style configuration
>>> configuration = OPTConfig()
>>> # Initializing a model (with random weights) from the facebook/opt-large style configuration
>>> model = OPTModel(configuration)
>>> # Accessing the model configuration
>>> configuration = model.config
## OPTModel
### class transformers.OPTModel
< >
( config: OPTConfig )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
The bare OPT Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
#### forward
< >
( input_ids: LongTensor = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
If past_key_values is used, optionally only the last decoder_input_ids have to be input (see past_key_values).
If you want to change padding behavior, you should read modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.
• head_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last decoder_input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional) — Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
• use_cache (bool, optional) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values).
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
Returns
transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• last_hidden_state (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
If past_key_values is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape (batch_size, 1, hidden_size) is output.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and optionally if config.is_encoder_decoder=True 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and optionally if config.is_encoder_decoder=True in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
The OPTModel forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.
Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTModel
>>> import torch
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> model = OPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state
## OPTForCausalLM
### class transformers.OPTForCausalLM
< >
( config )
#### forward
< >
( input_ids: LongTensor = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.List[torch.FloatTensor]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
• head_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (num_hidden_layers, num_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head). The two additional tensors are only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last decoder_input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional) — Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
• labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in [0, ..., config.vocab_size] or -100 (see input_ids docstring). Tokens with indices set to -100 are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in [0, ..., config.vocab_size].
• use_cache (bool, optional) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values).
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
Returns
transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).
• logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head))
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForCausalLM
>>> model = OPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> prompt = "Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?"
>>> inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")
>>> # Generate
>>> generate_ids = model.generate(inputs.input_ids, max_length=30)
>>> tokenizer.batch_decode(generate_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False)[0]
"Hey, are you consciours? Can you talk to me?\nI'm not consciours, but I can talk to you."
## TFOPTModel
### class transformers.TFOPTModel
< >
( *args **kwargs )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
The bare TF OPT Model outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model inherits from TFPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a tf.keras.Model subclass. Use it as a regular TF 2.0 Keras Model and refer to the TF 2.0 documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
TensorFlow models and layers in transformers accept two formats as input:
• having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or
• having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional argument.
The reason the second format is supported is that Keras methods prefer this format when passing inputs to models and layers. Because of this support, when using methods like model.fit() things should “just work” for you - just pass your inputs and labels in any format that model.fit() supports! If, however, you want to use the second format outside of Keras methods like fit() and predict(), such as when creating your own layers or models with the Keras Functional API, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument:
• a single Tensor with input_ids only and nothing else: model(input_ids)
• a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: model([input_ids, attention_mask]) or model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])
• a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: model({"input_ids": input_ids, "token_type_ids": token_type_ids})
Note that when creating models and layers with subclassing then you don’t need to worry about any of this, as you can just pass inputs like you would to any other Python function!
#### call
< >
( input_ids: typing.Union[typing.List[tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor], typing.List[numpy.ndarray], typing.List[keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor], typing.Dict[str, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor], typing.Dict[str, numpy.ndarray], typing.Dict[str, keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor], tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, numpy.ndarray, keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor, NoneType] = None attention_mask: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None head_mask: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None past_key_values: typing.Union[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor]]], NoneType] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None training: typing.Optional[bool] = False **kwargs ) transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or tuple(tf.Tensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (tf.Tensor of shape ({0})) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (tf.Tensor of shape ({0}), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
• head_mask (tf.Tensor of shape (encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (Tuple[Tuple[tf.Tensor]] of length config.n_layers) — contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding. If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last decoder_input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• use_cache (bool, optional, defaults to True) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values). Set to False during training, True during generation
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail. This argument can be used only in eager mode, in graph mode the value in the config will be used instead.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail. This argument can be used only in eager mode, in graph mode the value in the config will be used instead.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple. This argument can be used in eager mode, in graph mode the value will always be set to True.
• training (bool, optional, defaults to False) — Whether or not to use the model in training mode (some modules like dropout modules have different behaviors between training and evaluation).
Returns
transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or tuple(tf.Tensor)
A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFBaseModelOutputWithPast or a tuple of tf.Tensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• last_hidden_state (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
If past_key_values is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape (batch_size, 1, hidden_size) is output.
• past_key_values (List[tf.Tensor], optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — List of tf.Tensor of length config.n_layers, with each tensor of shape (2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
The TFOPTModel forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.
Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, TFOPTModel
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> model = TFOPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
>>> outputs = model(inputs)
>>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state
## TFOPTForCausalLM
### class transformers.TFOPTForCausalLM
< >
( *args **kwargs )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
The OPT Model transformer with a language modeling head on top.
This model inherits from TFPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a tf.keras.Model subclass. Use it as a regular TF 2.0 Keras Model and refer to the TF 2.0 documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
TensorFlow models and layers in transformers accept two formats as input:
• having all inputs as keyword arguments (like PyTorch models), or
• having all inputs as a list, tuple or dict in the first positional argument.
The reason the second format is supported is that Keras methods prefer this format when passing inputs to models and layers. Because of this support, when using methods like model.fit() things should “just work” for you - just pass your inputs and labels in any format that model.fit() supports! If, however, you want to use the second format outside of Keras methods like fit() and predict(), such as when creating your own layers or models with the Keras Functional API, there are three possibilities you can use to gather all the input Tensors in the first positional argument:
• a single Tensor with input_ids only and nothing else: model(input_ids)
• a list of varying length with one or several input Tensors IN THE ORDER given in the docstring: model([input_ids, attention_mask]) or model([input_ids, attention_mask, token_type_ids])
• a dictionary with one or several input Tensors associated to the input names given in the docstring: model({"input_ids": input_ids, "token_type_ids": token_type_ids})
Note that when creating models and layers with subclassing then you don’t need to worry about any of this, as you can just pass inputs like you would to any other Python function!
#### call
< >
( input_ids: typing.Union[typing.List[tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor], typing.List[numpy.ndarray], typing.List[keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor], typing.Dict[str, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor], typing.Dict[str, numpy.ndarray], typing.Dict[str, keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor], tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, numpy.ndarray, keras.engine.keras_tensor.KerasTensor, NoneType] = None past_key_values: typing.Union[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor]]], NoneType] = None attention_mask: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None position_ids: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None head_mask: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None labels: typing.Union[numpy.ndarray, tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Tensor, NoneType] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None training: typing.Optional[bool] = False **kwargs ) transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or tuple(tf.Tensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
• head_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (num_hidden_layers, num_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head). The two additional tensors are only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional) — Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
• labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Labels for computing the masked language modeling loss. Indices should either be in [0, ..., config.vocab_size] or -100 (see input_ids docstring). Tokens with indices set to -100 are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels in [0, ..., config.vocab_size].
• use_cache (bool, optional) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values).
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
Returns
transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or tuple(tf.Tensor)
A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of tf.Tensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• loss (tf.Tensor of shape (n,), optional, where n is the number of non-masked labels, returned when labels is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).
• logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
• past_key_values (List[tf.Tensor], optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — List of tf.Tensor of length config.n_layers, with each tensor of shape (2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or tuple(tf.Tensor): A transformers.modeling_tf_outputs.TFCausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of tf.Tensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• loss (tf.Tensor of shape (n,), optional, where n is the number of non-masked labels, returned when labels is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).
• logits (tf.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).
• past_key_values (List[tf.Tensor], optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — List of tf.Tensor of length config.n_layers, with each tensor of shape (2, batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(tf.Tensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of tf.Tensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, TFOPTForCausalLM
>>> import tensorflow as tf
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> model = TFOPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="tf")
>>> outputs = model(inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits
## OPTForSequenceClassification
### class transformers.OPTForSequenceClassification
< >
( config: OPTConfig )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
The OPT Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).
OPTForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-2) do.
Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token. If a pad_token_id is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If no pad_token_id is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the padding tokens when inputs_embeds are passed instead of input_ids, it does the same (take the last value in each row of the batch).
This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
#### forward
< >
( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
If past_key_values is used, optionally only the last decoder_input_ids have to be input (see past_key_values).
If you want to change padding behavior, you should read modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.
• head_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last decoder_input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional) — Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
• use_cache (bool, optional) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values).
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
• labels (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size,), optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in [0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]. If config.num_labels == 1 a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If config.num_labels > 1 a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).
Returns
transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.
• logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, config.num_labels)) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head))
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
• hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
The OPTForSequenceClassification forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.
Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.
Example of single-label classification:
>>> import torch
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForSequenceClassification
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")
>>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
... logits = model(**inputs).logits
>>> predicted_class_id = logits.argmax().item()
>>> model.config.id2label[predicted_class_id]
'LABEL_0'
>>> # To train a model on num_labels classes, you can pass num_labels=num_labels to .from_pretrained(...)
>>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
>>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", num_labels=num_labels)
>>> labels = torch.tensor([1])
>>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
>>> round(loss.item(), 2)
1.71
Example of multi-label classification:
>>> import torch
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForSequenceClassification
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc")
>>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", problem_type="multi_label_classification")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
... logits = model(**inputs).logits
>>> predicted_class_ids = torch.arange(0, logits.shape[-1])[torch.sigmoid(logits).squeeze(dim=0) > 0.5]
>>> # To train a model on num_labels classes, you can pass num_labels=num_labels to .from_pretrained(...)
>>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
>>> model = OPTForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
... "ArthurZ/opt-350m-dummy-sc", num_labels=num_labels, problem_type="multi_label_classification"
... )
>>> labels = torch.sum(
... torch.nn.functional.one_hot(predicted_class_ids[None, :].clone(), num_classes=num_labels), dim=1
... ).to(torch.float)
>>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
< >
( config: OPTConfig )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
The OPT Model transformer with a span classification head on top for extractive question-answering tasks like SQuAD (a linear layers on top of the hidden-states output to compute span start logits and span end logits).
This model inherits from PreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
#### forward
< >
( input_ids: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None head_mask: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None past_key_values: typing.Optional[typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[torch.Tensor]]] = None inputs_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.FloatTensor] = None start_positions: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None end_positions: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None use_cache: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None ) transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Parameters
• input_ids (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary. Padding will be ignored by default should you provide it.
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
What are input IDs?
• attention_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length), optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 for tokens that are not masked,
• 0 for tokens that are masked.
What are attention masks?
Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.
If past_key_values is used, optionally only the last decoder_input_ids have to be input (see past_key_values).
If you want to change padding behavior, you should read modeling_opt._prepare_decoder_attention_mask and modify to your needs. See diagram 1 in the paper for more information on the default strategy.
• head_mask (torch.Tensor of shape (encoder_layers, encoder_attention_heads), optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the attention modules in the encoder. Mask values selected in [0, 1]:
• 1 indicates the head is not masked,
• 0 indicates the head is masked.
• past_key_values (tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor)), optional, returned when use_cache=True is passed or when config.use_cache=True) — Tuple of tuple(torch.FloatTensor) of length config.n_layers, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)) and 2 additional tensors of shape (batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head).
Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see past_key_values input) to speed up sequential decoding.
If past_key_values are used, the user can optionally input only the last decoder_input_ids (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape (batch_size, 1) instead of all decoder_input_ids of shape (batch_size, sequence_length).
• inputs_embeds (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size), optional) — Optionally, instead of passing input_ids you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
• use_cache (bool, optional) — If set to True, past_key_values key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see past_key_values).
• output_attentions (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See attentions under returned tensors for more detail.
• output_hidden_states (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See hidden_states under returned tensors for more detail.
• return_dict (bool, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
• start_positions (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size,), optional) — Labels for position (index) of the start of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (sequence_length). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.
• end_positions (torch.LongTensor of shape (batch_size,), optional) — Labels for position (index) of the end of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (sequence_length). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.
Returns
transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• loss (torch.FloatTensor of shape (1,), optional, returned when labels is provided) — Total span extraction loss is the sum of a Cross-Entropy for the start and end positions.
• start_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Span-start scores (before SoftMax).
• end_logits (torch.FloatTensor of shape (batch_size, sequence_length)) — Span-end scores (before SoftMax).
• hidden_states (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(torch.FloatTensor), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of torch.FloatTensor (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
The OPTForQuestionAnswering forward method, overrides the __call__ special method.
Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the Module instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, OPTForQuestionAnswering
>>> import torch
>>> torch.manual_seed(4)
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> # note: we are loading a OPTForQuestionAnswering from the hub here,
>>> # so the head will be randomly initialized, hence the predictions will be random
>>> question, text = "Who was Jim Henson?", "Jim Henson was a nice puppet"
>>> inputs = tokenizer(question, text, return_tensors="pt")
... outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> answer_start_index = outputs.start_logits.argmax()
>>> answer_end_index = outputs.end_logits.argmax()
>>> predicted = tokenizer.decode(predict_answer_tokens)
>>> predicted
' Henson?'
## FlaxOPTModel
### class transformers.FlaxOPTModel
< >
( config: OPTConfig input_shape: typing.Tuple[int] = (1, 1) seed: int = 0 dtype: dtype = <class 'jax.numpy.float32'> _do_init: bool = True **kwargs )
#### __call__
< >
( input_ids: ndarray attention_mask: typing.Optional[jax._src.numpy.ndarray.ndarray] = None position_ids: typing.Optional[jax._src.numpy.ndarray.ndarray] = None params: dict = None past_key_values: dict = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None dropout_rng: PRNGKey = None deterministic: bool = True ) transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Returns
transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• last_hidden_state (jnp.ndarray of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
• hidden_states (tuple(jnp.ndarray), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of jnp.ndarray (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(jnp.ndarray), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of jnp.ndarray (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, FlaxOPTModel
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> model = FlaxOPTModel.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="jax")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state
## FlaxOPTForCausalLM
### class transformers.FlaxOPTForCausalLM
< >
( config: OPTConfig input_shape: typing.Tuple[int] = (1, 1) seed: int = 0 dtype: dtype = <class 'jax.numpy.float32'> _do_init: bool = True **kwargs )
Parameters
• config (OPTConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.
• dtype (jax.numpy.dtype, optional, defaults to jax.numpy.float32) — The data type of the computation. Can be one of jax.numpy.float32, jax.numpy.float16 (on GPUs) and jax.numpy.bfloat16 (on TPUs).
This can be used to enable mixed-precision training or half-precision inference on GPUs or TPUs. If specified all the computation will be performed with the given dtype.
Note that this only specifies the dtype of the computation and does not influence the dtype of model parameters.
If you wish to change the dtype of the model parameters, see to_fp16() and to_bf16().
OPT Model with a language modeling head on top (linear layer with weights tied to the input embeddings) e.g for autoregressive tasks.
This model inherits from FlaxPreTrainedModel. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all its model (such as downloading or saving, resizing the input embeddings, pruning heads etc.)
This model is also a Flax Linen flax.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular Flax Module and refer to the Flax documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.
Finally, this model supports inherent JAX features such as:
#### __call__
< >
( input_ids: ndarray attention_mask: typing.Optional[jax._src.numpy.ndarray.ndarray] = None position_ids: typing.Optional[jax._src.numpy.ndarray.ndarray] = None params: dict = None past_key_values: dict = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None dropout_rng: PRNGKey = None deterministic: bool = True ) transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
Returns
transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or tuple(torch.FloatTensor)
A transformers.modeling_flax_outputs.FlaxBaseModelOutput or a tuple of torch.FloatTensor (if return_dict=False is passed or when config.return_dict=False) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (OPTConfig) and inputs.
• last_hidden_state (jnp.ndarray of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.
• hidden_states (tuple(jnp.ndarray), optional, returned when output_hidden_states=True is passed or when config.output_hidden_states=True) — Tuple of jnp.ndarray (one for the output of the embeddings + one for the output of each layer) of shape (batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size).
Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the initial embedding outputs.
• attentions (tuple(jnp.ndarray), optional, returned when output_attentions=True is passed or when config.output_attentions=True) — Tuple of jnp.ndarray (one for each layer) of shape (batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length).
Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.
Example:
>>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, FlaxOPTForCausalLM
>>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> model = FlaxOPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
>>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="np")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> # retrieve logts for next token
>>> next_token_logits = outputs.logits[:, -1] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17537613213062286, "perplexity": 11215.048969148016}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00718.warc.gz"} |
https://amazon-braket-schemas-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_apidoc/braket.task_result.gate_model_task_result_v1.html | class braket.task_result.gate_model_task_result_v1.ResultTypeValue[source]
Bases: pydantic.main.BaseModel
Requested result type and value of gate model task result.
type (Union[Expectation, Sample, StateVector, Variance, Probability, Amplitude,
value
The value of the requested result
Type: Union[List, float, Dict]
Create a new model by parsing and validating input data from keyword arguments.
Raises ValidationError if the input data cannot be parsed to form a valid model.
class braket.task_result.gate_model_task_result_v1.GateModelTaskResult[source]
The gate model task result schema
braketSchemaHeader
Schema header. Users do not need to set this value. Only default is allowed.
measurements (List[List[int]]
List of lists, where each list represents a shot and each index of the list represents a qubit. Default is None.
measurementProbabilities
A dictionary of probabilistic results. Key is the measurements in a big endian binary string. Value is the probability the measurement occurred. Default is None.
Type: Dict[str, float]
measuredQubits
The indices of the measured qubits. Indicates which qubits are in measurements. Default is None.
Type: List[int]
resultTypes
Requested result types and their values. Default is None.
Type: List[ResultTypeValue]
taskMetadata
additionalMetadata | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17798249423503876, "perplexity": 8656.053353590069}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00751.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1349 | cond-mat.str-el
# Title:Low- and high-field induced uniform and staggered magnetizations of a spin ladder with DM term
Abstract: Analytic expressions for uniform and staggered magnetizations of a spin ladder with a staggered Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction along rungs are obtained in the lowest perturbative orders. The obtained formulas describe magnetic behavior in two marginal regions related to low ($h\ll h_c$) and high ($h\gg h_s$) magnetic fields.
Comments: 7 pages Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el) Cite as: arXiv:0712.1349 [cond-mat.str-el] (or arXiv:0712.1349v1 [cond-mat.str-el] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Petr Nicolaevich Bibikov [view email]
[v1] Sun, 9 Dec 2007 17:13:50 UTC (5 KB) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6999162435531616, "perplexity": 16857.386075007507}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258003.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525104725-20190525130725-00107.warc.gz"} |
http://physicsgoeasy.blogspot.com/2010_11_21_archive.html | ## Pages
### CSIR NET physics: Ferromagnetism (in short) Part 1
For reading ferromagnetism for higher level visit the link given below
CSIR NET physics: Ferromagnetism (in short) Part 1: "A ferromagnetic material has a spontaneous magnetic moment- magnetic moment even in zero applied magnetic field this means that electron s..."
CSIR NET physics : Ferromagnetism (in short) part 2: "Nature of Ferromagnetic carriers : Entire magnetization must be essentially associated with electron spin, and not at all with the orbital motion of electrons....."
Hope you like it
physics expert
### Ferromagnetism (in short) Part 2
Nature of Ferromagnetic carriers
• Entire magnetization must be essentially associated with electron spin, and not at all with the orbital motion of electrons.
• Argon core (1s22s22p63s23p6) of Fe , Co and Ni can be left out of account as a source of ferromagnetism.
• 4s electrons are responsible for electrical conductivity and crystal binding.
• Thus 3d electrons with unpaired spins are responsible for magnetization of these metals.
• An effective number of magnetic moment carriers per atom should be non integral, despite that each atom has an integral number of electrons Fe - 4 electrons : Co - 3 electrons : Ni - 2 electrons and each electron contributes a magnetic moment of 1μB due to spin alone.
• Above argument applies to free atom but here they are bound into solids where atomic levels are bounded into bands.
• Non integral values 2.22μB, 1.72μB and 0.54μB for Fe, Co, and Ni resp. of magnetic moment carriers which each atom supplies can be explained as follows : Wide 4s band of these metals overlaps with narrow 3d band. As a consequence , there is , on an average a certain fraction of total number of 3d plus 4s electrons in each band; the relative occupation of two bands being determined by fermi level EF
for example in case of nickle 10 sd electrons are distributed in them in such a way that on the average 9.40 electrons are in 3d band and 0.6 in 4s band. In accordance with hund rule 5 electrons set their spins parallel to the field and remaining 4.40 set their spins anti parallel to the field. Thus net parallel spin of Ni atom would be 5-4.40 = 0.60 and hence magnetic moment is 0.60μB agrees fairly with the experimental value
Origin of exchange interaction
• Explanation of large value of molecular field is based on non magnetic interaction that is exchange interaction.
• Exchange interaction arises as a consequence of Pauli's Exclusion principle. Because of this principle we can not change the relative orientation of two spins without changing the spatial distribution of charge , clearly indicating that interaction exists between two atoms.
• This interaction depends on relative orientation of electron spins not on the magnetic moments.
• The energy of this interaction between atoms i , j bearing spins Si , Sj is of the form Eex=-2JeSi.Sj where Je is the exchange integral , its value is related to the overlap of the charge distribution of atoms i and j i.e., on their inter atomic separation.
• Energy of parallel configuration is lower than that of anti parallel by amount 2Je this implies that former configuration is more stable favouring magnetization to occur.
• Note that exchange interaction is positive only for iron group and negative for others.
Ferromagnetic domains
• The fundamental problem of ferromagnetism is to explain why the elementary moments of a ferromagnetic material can be aligned so much more easily then those of paramagnetic materials.
• Weiss suggested that these were forces of interaction between elementary magnetic moments tending to make each one parallel to their neighbours.
• Such forces would cause all moments to be aligned in the same direction at absolute zero of temperature and this ordering of moments would continue when temperature is raised, though with increasing deviation from perfect alignment, until a critical temperature is reached , above which the moments are arranged in random, as in a paramagnetic material.
• Weiss theory can thus account for the fact that ferromagnetic materials may be spontaneously magnetized even in the absence of external magnetic field ; it does not explain why the majority of ferromagnetic are not actually found in this spontaneously magnetized state , but are much more likely to have zero magnetization.
• This difficulty can be met by introducing the hypothesis of domain theory.
• Here supposed that the forces of interaction only maintained the parallel alignment of elementary moments over fairly small regions .
• Actual specimen are composed of small regions called domains , within each of which the local magnetization is saturated.
• The direction of magnetization of different domains need not be parallel.
• The increase of gross magnetic moment of a ferromagnetic specimen in an applied magnetic field takes place by two independent processes : (1) In weak applied fields the volume of domains favorably oriented w.r.t. the field increases at the expense of unfavorably oriented domains (2) In strong applied fields the domain magnetization rotates towards the direction of the field. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8791694641113281, "perplexity": 1253.8290187549353}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189490.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00503-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/143557/the-szego-projector-the-dual-disc-bundle-overlined-and-representation-of | # The Szego projector, the dual disc bundle $\overline{D}$ and representation of $S^1$ on $H^2$($\overline{D}$)
This construction arises when constructing the Szego projector.
Let's consider the dual disc bundle $\overline{D}$ of a positive Hermitian line bundle ($L$,$h$) over a compact Kahler manifold $M$, i.e $\overline{D}$ = $\{$ $v$ $\in$$L^* : \|L^*\| \leq$$1$ $\}$.
Let $H^2$($\overline{D}$) = $Ker$ $\bar\partial$ $\bigcap$ $L^2$($\overline{D}$). Now $S^1$ acts on $H^2$($\overline{D}$): given a funtion $f\in$$H^2(\overline{D}) and \lambda\in S^1 the action gives the function (\lambda,f)\in H^2(\overline{D}) such that (\lambda,f)(p,v)=f(p,\lambda v) with (p,v)\in \overline{D}, v\in \pi^{-1}(p) We can check easily that we have a unitary representation of S^1 on H^2(\overline{D}): \lambda \longmapsto T_{\lambda} \in\mathbb{U} (H^2(\overline{D})) (unitary operators), such that T_{\lambda}(f)=(\lambda,f) Using basic representation theory of Abelian groups we know that this representation decompose in irreducible representations indexed by \mathbb{Z} (the dual group of S^1). This decompose H^2(\overline{D}) in subspaces of dimension 1 (because S^1 is Abelian). We can easily check that the subspace corresponding to k\geq0 is given by those functions which are k-linear in the direction of the fibers i.e H^2_k(\overline{D}) = \{ f\in$$H^2$($\overline{D}$): $f(p,\lambda v)=\lambda^k f(p, v)$ $\forall (p, v)\in \overline{D}$, $\lambda\in S^1 \}$
Thinking about the subspaces $H^2_k$ I wonder how it is possible that those have dimension 1. What is a basis for each subspace $H^2_k?$ I know the decomposition of the well-know space $L^2(S^1)$ in one dimesional subspaces but I am strugling to use this in the dual disc bundle case. Did I misunderstood something in the explaniation I wrote?
Thanks for your answers, if you could also give some references with more details about the Szego projector in the dual disc bundle case I would be very grateful.
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It was shown by Zelditch that the spaces $H_k$ with the standard metric on $\mathbb{C}$ are isometric to the spaces $H^0(L^k)$ of holomorphic sections of the $k$-th power of the line bundle $L$, please see arXiv: math-ph/0002009v1 (propositions 6,7).
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Many thanks for the reference, it was very useful. Let me remark one point that it is still not clear for me: In page 4 of the reference it says: "The S1 action commutes with $\bar\partial$, hence H2(X) =⊕$H^2_k$" I think that the action of S1 commutes with $\bar\partial$ implies that we have a representation of S1 and the decomposition in the direct sum is the decomposition in irreducible representations.However this seems to be a contradiction because S1 is abelian thus dim H^2_k=1 (all irreps have dim=1 when the group is Abelian). So let me ask why H^2 splits in the direct sum? Thanks David – Coffee Oct 10 '13 at 0:54
@josh the Abelian group action implies that the irreducible components are one dimensional, but they can have multiplicities. The space$H_k$ is a direct sum of all one dimensional subspaces of eigenvalue (weight) $k$. – David Bar Moshe Oct 13 '13 at 7:53
Josh: The finite-dimensionality of the spaces $H^2_k$ comes about because the underlying manifold $M$ is compact. Otherwise even these spaces would be infinite-dimensional.
The spaces $H^2_k$ and $H^2_{\ell}$ are orthogonal subspaces of $H^2$. This is basically because of Fubini's Theorem. Locally $\bar D$ looks like a product of a disk and a piece of $M$, and the integration respects that product in the sense of Fubini. It is then the usual Fourier series argument to see that these spaces are orthogonal to each other.
Here is another way to see this picture; a more pedestrian way. Take any holomorphic function $f$ on $\overline{D}$. You can restrict it to a disk $D_x$ in this disk bundle (lying in the fiber of $L^*$ over the point $x \in M$), and there you can expand it in a taylor series as follows. First, you need a complex variable on this disk. You choose a frame $\xi_x$ for $L^*$ and so any point of $\overline D_x$ is of the form $z\xi _x$. Then $z$ is your complex variable in $\overline{D}_x$. Now write $$f(z\xi _x) = \sum _{j=1} ^{\infty} s_k(x) z^k.$$ You will find that $s_k(x) /\xi _x^{\otimes k} \in L_x^{\otimes k}$, and therefore in global terms you have $$f(v) = \sum _{j=1} ^{\infty} \left < \sigma_k, v^{\otimes k}\right >, \qquad v \in \overline{D}.$$ The pairing in this formula is as follows. If you have a section $s$ of $L^{\otimes k}$ and a vector $v \in L^*_x$ then you can pair the dual objects $s(x)$ and $v^{\otimes k}$.
In words, you can write any holomorphic function as a homogeneous expansion with the $k$-homogeneous term a section of $L^{\otimes k}$. This already shows you that even non-$L^2$ holomorphic functions decompose in this "direct sum" way (which at the moment have nothing to do with $L^2$). You can now impose the $L^2$ structure and use the Fubini idea I mentioned above to see the pairwise orthogonality of these subspaces.
The finite dimensionality of $H^0(M,L^{\otimes k})$ when $M$ is compact follows from the Hodge Theorem, which is a much longer story. But it is easy to see in general that these spaces are not $1$-dimensional. From the Rep theory point of view, you don't have irreducible representations here, so there is no reason to think they are $1$-dimensional.
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## Hackerrank - Sequence Equation Solution
Beeze Aal
Given a sequence of integers, where each element is distinct and satisfies . For each where , find any integer such that and print the value of on a new line.
For example, assume the sequence . Each value of between and , the length of the sequence, is analyzed as follows:
1. , so
2. , so
3. , so
4. , so
5. , so
The values for are .
Function Description
Complete the permutationEquation function in the editor below. It should return an array of integers that represent the values of .
permutationEquation has the following parameter(s):
• p: an array of integers
Input Format
The first line contains an integer , the number of elements in the sequence.
The second line contains space-separated integers where .
Constraints
• , where .
• Each element in the sequence is distinct.
Output Format
For each from to , print an integer denoting any valid satisfying the equation on a new line.
Sample Input 0
3
2 3 1
Sample Output 0
2
3
1
Explanation 0
Given the values of , , and , we calculate and print the following values for each from to :
1. , so we print the value of on a new line.
2. , so we print the value of on a new line.
3. , so we print the value of on a new line.
Sample Input 1
5
4 3 5 1 2
Sample Output 1
1
3
5
4
2
### Solution in Python
from collections import defaultdict
d1= defaultdict(int)
n = int(input())
a = list(map(int,input().split()))
for x,y in enumerate(a,1):
d1[x]=y
d2 = {v:k for k,v in d1.items()}
for x,y in sorted(d1.items(), key=lambda k_v:k_v[1]):
print(d2[x]) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6317517757415771, "perplexity": 6751.4283140550015}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119135001-20210119165001-00177.warc.gz"} |
https://probabilityexam.wordpress.com/tag/the-law-of-total-probability/ | Exam P Practice Problem 110 – likelihood of auto accidents
Problem 110-A
An actuary studied the likelihood of accidents in a one-year period among a large group of insured drivers. The following table gives the results.
Age Group Percent of Drivers Probability of 0 Accidents Probability of 1 Accident
16-20 15% 0.20 0.25
21-30 25% 0.35 0.40
31-50 35% 0.60 0.30
51-70 20% 0.67 0.23
71+ 5% 0.50 0.35
Suppose that a randomly selected insured driver in the studied group had at least 2 accidents in the past year. Calculate the probability that the insured driver is in the age group 21-30.
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold A \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 1 \bold 7$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold B \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 2 \bold 4$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold C \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 3 \bold 0$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold D \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 4 \bold 0$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold E \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 4 \bold 5$
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Problem 110-B
An auto insurance company performed a study on the frequency of accidents of its insured drivers in a one-year period. The following table gives the results of the study.
Age Group Percent of Drivers Probability of At Least 1 Accident
16-20 10% 0.30
21-40 20% 0.20
41-65 35% 0.10
66+ 35% 0.12
A randomly selected insured driver from the study was found to have no accidents in the one-year period.
Calculate the probability that the insured driver is from the age group 16-20.
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold A \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 0 \bold 8$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold B \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 1 \bold 2$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold C \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 1 \bold 5$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold D \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 1 \bold 9$
$\displaystyle \bold ( \bold E \bold ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \bold 0 \bold . \bold 2 \bold 0$
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exam P practice problem
probability exam P
actuarial exam
actuarial practice problem
math
Daniel Ma
mathematics
dan ma actuarial science
daniel ma actuarial science
Daniel Ma actuarial
$\copyright$ 2019 – Dan Ma
Exam P Practice Problem 80 – Total Insurance Payment
Problem 80-A
An individual purchases an insurance policy to cover a random loss. If a random loss occurs during the year, the amount of loss is at least 1. Once a random loss occurs, the insurance payment to the insured is modeled by the random variable $X$ with the following density function
$\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{1}{x^2} \ \ \ \ \ 1
If there is a loss, there is only one loss in each year. In each year, the probability of a loss is 0.25. What is the probability that the annual amount paid to the policyholder under this policy is less than 2?
$\displaystyle (A) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.250$
$\displaystyle (B) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.500$
$\displaystyle (C) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.750$
$\displaystyle (D) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.875$
$\displaystyle (E) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.925$
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Problem 80-B
An individual purchases an insurance policy to cover a random loss. If a random loss occurs during the year, the loss amount is at least 1. Once a loss occurs, the insurance payment to the insured is modeled by the random variable $X$ with the following density function
$\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{1}{30} \ x(1+3x) \ \ \ \ \ 1
If there is a loss, there is only one loss in each year. In each year, the probability of a loss is 0.15. What is the probability that the annual amount paid to the policyholder under this policy is less than 2?
$\displaystyle (A) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.1500$
$\displaystyle (B) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.2833$
$\displaystyle (C) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.8500$
$\displaystyle (D) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.8735$
$\displaystyle (E) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.8925$
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$\copyright \ 2014$
Exam P Practice Problem 51 – Expected Claim Payment
Problem 51-A
The probability that a property will not be damaged in the upcoming year is 0.80. Assume that there is at most one incidence of damage in a year.
When there is a damage to the property, the amount of damage (in thousands) has an exponential distribution with mean 20.
The property owner insured the property against damage by purchasing an insurance policy with a deductible of 5.
What is the probability that the insurer’s payment to the owner will exceed 17.5?
$\displaystyle (A) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0649$
$\displaystyle (B) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0834$
$\displaystyle (C) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.3249$
$\displaystyle (D) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.4169$
$\displaystyle (E) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.8340$
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Problem 51-B
The probability that a property will not be damaged in the upcoming year is 0.80. Assume that there is at most one incidence of damage in a year.
When there is a damage to the property, the amount of damage (in thousands) has an exponential distribution with mean 20.
The property owner insured the property against damage by purchasing an insurance policy with a deductible of 5.
What is the expected payment made by the insurer to the owner of the property?
$\displaystyle (A) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 20.00$
$\displaystyle (B) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 4.00$
$\displaystyle (C) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3.89$
$\displaystyle (D) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3.50$
$\displaystyle (E) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 3.12$
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$\copyright \ 2013$
Exam P Practice Problem 40 – Total Claim Amount
Problem 40-A
The number of claims in a calendar year for an insured has a probability function indicated below.
$\displaystyle \begin{bmatrix} \text{Number of Claims}&\text{ }&\text{Probability} \\\text{ }&\text{ }&\text{ } \\ 0&\text{ }&\displaystyle \frac{27}{64} \\\text{ }&\text{ }&\text{ } \\ 1&\text{ }&\displaystyle \frac{27}{64} \\\text{ }&\text{ }&\text{ } \\ 2&\text{ }&\displaystyle \frac{9}{64} \\\text{ }&\text{ }&\text{ } \\ 3&\text{ }&\displaystyle \frac{1}{64} \end{bmatrix}$
When a claim occurs, the claim amount $X$, regardless of how many claims the insured will have in the calendar year, has probabilities $P(X=1)=0.8$ and $P(X=2)=0.2$. The claim amounts in a calendar year for this insured are independent.
Let $T$ be the total claim amount for this insured in a calendar year. Calculate $P(3 \le T \le 4)$.
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Problem 40-B
A bowl has 3 red balls and 6 white balls. Select two balls at random from this bowl with replacement. Let $N$ be the number of red balls found in the two selected balls. When $N=n$ where $n>0$, roll a fair die $n$ times.
Let $W$ be the sum of the rolls of the die. Calculate $P(4 \le W \le 5)$.
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$\copyright \ 2013$
Exam P Practice Problem 10
Problem 10a
An individual is facing an outcome of an annual financial loss $X$ (in tens of thousands of dollars) whose probability density function is given by
$\displaystyle f(x)=0.003 x^2, \ \ \ \ 0
The probability of a loss in the next year is 0.08. If there is a loss, there is only one loss in any given year. An insurance policy is available to protect against the financial loss by paying in full when a loss occurs.
1. What is the probability that the insurer’s payment to the insured will exceed 50,000? 2. What is the mean payment made by the insurer to the insured? 3. What is the variance of the amount of payment made by the insurer? $\text{ }$ Problem 10b Suppose that instead of buying a policy that pays the loss in full, the individual buys a policy that has a 80/20 coinsurance provision, i.e., the insurance company pays 80% of the loss and the insured retains the remaining 20% of a loss. Answer the same three questions. $\text{ }$ Solution is found below. $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ Solution to Problem 10a Answers $\displaystyle 10a.1 \ \ \ \ \ 0.07$ $\displaystyle 10a.2 \ \ \ \ \ 0.6$ $\displaystyle 10a.3 \ \ \ \ \ 4.44$ $\text{ }$ Let $X$ be the loss variable as described in the problem. Then the following is the probability $P(X>t)$. \displaystyle \begin{aligned}P(X>t)&=\int_t^{10} 0.003 x^2 \ dx \\&=1-0.001 t^3 \end{aligned} One important thing to keep in mind is that the occurrence of a financial loss is not certain. So the answer to question #1 is not $P(X>5)$. Let $Y$ be the insurance payment to the insured. Note that $Y$ is conditional on the occurrence of a loss. If the loss does not happen, $Y=0$. If the loss does happen, $Y=X$. Likewise, $P(Y>t)=0$ in case of no loss and $P(Y>t)=P(X>t)$ in case of a loss. So we can use the law of total probability to obtain $P(Y>5)$. \displaystyle \begin{aligned}P(Y>5)&=0 \times 0.92+P(X>5) \times 0.08 \\&=(1-0.001 5^3) \times 0.08 \\&=0.07 \end{aligned} The answers to the other two questions can also be obtained by using the law of total probability. \displaystyle \begin{aligned}E(Y)&=0 \times 0.92+\int_0^{10} x 0.003 x^2 \ dx \times 0.08 \\&=\int_0^{10} 0.003 x^3 \ dx \times 0.08 \\&=7.5 \times 0.08 \\&=0.6 \\&=\6000 \end{aligned} \displaystyle \begin{aligned}E(Y^2)&=0 \times 0.92+\int_0^{10} x^2 0.003 x^2 \ dx \times 0.08 \\&=\int_0^{10} 0.003 x^4 \ dx \times 0.08 \\&=60 \times 0.08 \\&=4.8 \end{aligned} $\displaystyle Var(Y)=4.8-0.6^2=4.44$ $\text{ }$ $\text{ }$ Answers to Problem 10b $\displaystyle 10b.1 \ \ \ \ \ 0.06046875$ $\displaystyle 10b.2 \ \ \ \ \ 0.48$ $\displaystyle 10b.3 \ \ \ \ \ 2.8416$ Exam P Practice Problem 7 Problem 7a The probability that a property will not be damaged in the upcoming year is 0.80. When there is a damage to the property, the probability density function of the amount of the damage (in thousands of dollars) is given by $\displaystyle f(x)=0.05 e^{-0.05x} \ \ \ \ \ x>0$ The property owner purchased an insurance policy that pays the amount of the damage in full during the next year. 1. What is the probability that the insurer’s payment to the owner will exceed17,500?
2. What is the mean payment made by the insurer to the owner of the property?
3. What is the variance of the amount of payment made by the insurer?
Problem 7b
The probability that a property will not be damaged in the upcoming year is 0.80. When there is a damage to the property, the probability density function of the amount of the damage (in thousands of dollars) is given by
$\displaystyle f(x)=0.05 e^{-0.05x} \ \ \ \ \ x>0$
The property owner purchased an insurance policy with a coinsurance provision that pays 80% of the amount of the damage during the next year. The remaining 20% of the amount of the damage is retained by the property owner.
1. What is the probability that the insurer’s payment to the owner will exceed \$17,500?
2. What is the mean payment made by the insurer to the owner of the property?
3. What is the variance of the amount of payment made by the insurer?
Solution is found below.
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Solution to Problem 7a
Let $X$ be the loss amount (i.e. the pdf is the one given in the problem). One important thing to keep in mind is that a loss to the property is not certain. So the answer for #1 is not $P(X>17.5)$. Let $Y$ be the payment made by the insurer to the property owner. The answer for #1 is $P(Y>17.5)$. One way to look at the problem is through the law of total probability.
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}P(Y>17.5)&=P(Y>17.5 \lvert \text{ No Damage}) \times P(\text{ No Damage}) \\&\ \ \ +P(Y>17.5 \lvert \text{ Damage}) \times P(\text{ Damage}) \\&=0 \times 0.8+e^{-0.05 (17.5)} \times 0.2 \\&=0.2 \times e^{-0.875} \\&=0.08337 \end{aligned}
The following provides the answers to the rest of the problem:
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}E(Y)&=E(Y \lvert \text{ No Damage}) \times P(\text{ No Damage}) \\&\ \ \ +E(Y \lvert \text{ Damage}) \times P(\text{ Damage}) \\&=0 \times 0.8+\frac{1}{0.05} \times 0.2 \\&=4 \\&=\4000 \end{aligned}
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}E(Y^2)&=E(Y^2 \lvert \text{ No Damage}) \times P(\text{ No Damage}) \\&\ \ \ +E(Y^2 \lvert \text{ Damage}) \times P(\text{ Damage}) \\&=0 \times 0.8+\frac{2}{0.05^2} \times 0.2 \\&=160 \end{aligned}
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}Var(Y)&=E(Y^2)-E(Y)^2 \\&=160-4^2 \\&=144 \end{aligned}
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$\displaystyle 7b.1 \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.2 e^{-1.09375}=0.0669916086$
$\displaystyle 7b.2 \ \ \ \ \ \ \3200$
$\displaystyle 7b.3 \ \ \ \ \ \ 92.16$
Exam P Practice Problem 6
Problem 6a
An auto insurer offers collison coverage to two large groups of policyholders, Group 1 and Group 2. On the basis of historical data, the insurer has determined that the loss due to collision for a policyholder in Group 1 has an exponential distribution with mean 5. On the other hand, the loss due to collision for a policyholder in Group 2 has an exponential distribution with mean 10.
Considering the two groups as one block, about 75% of the losses are from Group 1.
1. Given a randomly selected loss in this block, what is the probability that the loss is greater than 15?
2. If a randomly selected loss is greater than 15, what is the probability that it is a from a policyholder in Group 1?
Problem 6b
An auto insurer has two groups of policyholders – those considered good risks and those considered bad risks. On the basis of historical data, the insurer has determined that the number of car accidents during a policy year for a policyholder classified as good risk follows a binomial distribution with $n=2$ and $p=\frac{1}{10}$. The number of car accidents for a policyholder classified as bad risk follows a binomial distribution with $n=2$ and $p=\frac{3}{10}$. In this block of policies, 75% are classified as good risks and 25% are classified as bad risks. A new customer, whose risk class is not yet known with certainty, has just purchased a new policy.
1. What is the probability that this new policyholder is not accident-free in the upcoming policy year?
2. By the end of the policy year, it is found that this policyholder is not accident-free, what is the probability that the policyholder is a “good risk” policyholder?
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Soultion is found below.
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Solution to Problem 6a
Let $X$ be the loss amount of a randomly selected policyholder. The conditional probabilities of a loss greater than 7.5 are:
$\displaystyle P(X>15 \lvert \text{ Group 1 Policyholder})=e^{-\frac{15}{5}}$
$\displaystyle P(X>15 \lvert \text{ Group 2 Policyholder})=e^{-\frac{15}{10}}$
By the law of total probability, the unconditional probability is:
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}P(X>15)&=P(X>15 \lvert \text{ Group 1 Policyholder}) \times P(\text{ Group 1 Policyholder}) \\&\ \ \ +P(X>15 \lvert \text{ Group 2 Policyholder}) \times P(\text{ Group 2 Policyholder}) \\&=\frac{3}{4} \times e^{-\frac{15}{5}}+\frac{1}{4} \times e^{-\frac{15}{10}} \\&=\frac{3}{4} \times e^{-3}+\frac{1}{4} \times e^{-1.5} \\&=0.0931228413 \end{aligned}
The above calculation indicates that the unconditional probability is the weighted average of the conditional probabilities. The answer to the second question is obtained by applying the Bayes’ theorem:
\displaystyle \begin{aligned}P(\text{Group 1 Policyholder } \lvert X>15)&=\frac{P[(\text{Group 1 Policyholder}) \cap (X>15)]}{P(X>15)} \\&=\frac{\frac{3}{4} \times e^{-3}}{\frac{3}{4} \times e^{-3}+\frac{1}{4} \times e^{-1.5}} \\&=0.400978973 \end{aligned}
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$\displaystyle 6b.1 \ \ \ \ \frac{108}{400}=0.27$
$\displaystyle 6b.2 \ \ \ \ \frac{57}{108}=0.5278$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 185, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9856948852539062, "perplexity": 1206.7817093843507}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571651.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915155225-20190915181225-00256.warc.gz"} |
https://solvedlib.com/n/if-we-wanted-t0-do-a-t-test-on-the-numbers-from-question,2972591 | # If we wanted t0 do a t-test on the numbers from question 2_ answer the questions assuming the following:Significance interval
###### Question:
If we wanted t0 do a t-test on the numbers from question 2_ answer the questions assuming the following: Significance interval is 95% Population mean is 12.5 What are the null and alternative hypotheses? What is t-critical? What is t? Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis? Explain your conclusion
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http://clay6.com/qa/28045/a-heater-coil-is-cut-into-two-equal-parts-and-only-one-part-is-now-used-in- | # A heater coil is cut into two equal parts and only one part is now used in the heater. The heat generated will now be
$\begin {array} {1 1} (A)\;Doubled & \quad (B)\;Four\: times \\ (C)\;One\: fourth & \quad (D)\;Halved \end {array}$
$H = \large\frac{V^2\Delta t}{R}$
$H' = \large\frac{V^2}{R'}$$\Delta t$
Given $R' = \large\frac{R}{2}$
Ans : (A)
edited Mar 14, 2014 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.631026029586792, "perplexity": 1643.3424980997122}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948575124.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215153355-20171215175355-00319.warc.gz"} |
http://www.reference.com/browse/Simple+root | Definitions
# Root system
This article discusses root systems in mathematics. For root systems of plants, see root.
In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in Lie group theory. Since Lie groups (and some analogues such as algebraic groups) have come to be used in many parts of mathematics during the twentieth century, the apparently special nature of root systems belies the number of areas in which they are applied. Further, the classification scheme for root systems, by Dynkin diagrams, occurs in parts of mathematics with no overt connection to Lie groups (such as singularity theory).
## Definitions
Let V be a finite-dimensional Euclidean vector space, with the standard Euclidean inner product denoted by $\left(cdot,cdot\right)$. A root system in V is a finite set Φ of non-zero vectors (called roots) that satisfy the following properties:
1. The roots span V
2. The only scalar multiples of a root α ∈ Φ that belong to Φ are α itself and −α.
3. For every root α ∈ Φ, the set Φ is closed under reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to α. That is, for any two roots α and β, the set Φ contains the reflection of β,
4. :$sigma_alpha\left(beta\right) =beta-2frac\left\{\left(alpha,beta\right)\right\}\left\{\left(alpha,alpha\right)\right\}alpha in Phi.$
5. (Integrality condition) If α and β are roots in Φ, then the projection of β onto the line through α is a half-integral multiple of α. That is,
6. :$langle beta, alpha rangle = 2 frac\left\{\left(alpha,beta\right)\right\}\left\{\left(alpha,alpha\right)\right\} in mathbb\left\{Z\right\},$
In view of property 3, the integrality condition is equivalent to stating that β and its reflection σα(β) differ by an integer multiple of α. Note that the operator
$langle cdot, cdot rangle colon Phi times Phi to mathbb\left\{Z\right\}$
defined by property 4 is not an inner product. It is not necessarily symmetric and is linear only in the first argument.
The integrality condition also means that the ratio of the lengths (magnitudes) of any two roots cannot be 2 or greater, since otherwise either the projection of the shorter root onto the longer root will be less than half as long as the longer root, or the shorter root will be exactly half the longer root or its negative.
The cosine of the angle between two roots is constrained to be a half-integral multiple of a square root of an integer:
$langle beta, alpha rangle langle alpha, beta rangle = 2 frac\left\{\left(alpha,beta\right)\right\}\left\{\left(alpha,alpha\right)\right\} 2 frac\left\{\left(alpha,beta\right)\right\}\left\{\left(beta,beta\right)\right\} = 4 frac\left\{\left(alpha,beta\right)^2\right\}\left\{vert alpha vert^2 vert beta vert^2\right\} = 4 cos^2\left(theta\right) in mathbb\left\{Z\right\},$
These values can only be $0, pm tfrac\left\{1\right\}\left\{2\right\}, pmtfrac\left\{sqrt\left\{2\right\}\right\}\left\{2\right\}, pmtfrac\left\{sqrt\left\{3\right\}\right\}\left\{2\right\}$, corresponding to angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 150°.
The rank of a root system Φ is the dimension of V. Two root systems may be combined by regarding the Euclidean spaces they span as mutually orthogonal subspaces of a common Euclidean space. A root system which does not arise from such a combination, such as the systems A2, B2, and G2 pictured below, is said to be irreducible.
Two irreducible root systems (E11) and (E22) are considered to be the same if there is an invertible linear transformation E1E2 which sends Φ1 to Φ2.
The group of isometries of V generated by reflections through hyperplanes associated to the roots of Φ is called the Weyl group of Φ. As it acts faithfully on the finite set Φ, the Weyl group is always finite.
## Rank 1 and rank 2 examples
There is only one root system of rank 1, consisting of two nonzero vectors {α, −α}. This root system is called A1.
In rank 2 there are four possibilities, corresponding to σα(β) = β + nα, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
>
Root system A1×A1 Root system A2 Root system B2 Root system G2
Whenever Φ is a root system in V and W is a subspace of V spanned by Ψ=Φ∩W, then Ψ is a root system in W. Thus, our exhaustive list of root systems of rank 2 shows the geometric possibilities for any two roots chosen from a root system of arbitrary rank. In particular, two such roots meet at an angle of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, or 180 degrees.
## Positive roots and simple roots
Given a root system Φ we can always choose (in many ways) a set of positive roots. This is a subset $Phi^+$ of Φ such that
• for each root $alphainPhi$ exactly one of the roots $alpha, -alpha$ is contained in $Phi^+$
• For any $alpha, betain Phi^+$ such that $alpha+beta$ is a root, $alpha+betainPhi^+$.
If a set of positive roots $Phi^+$ is chosen, elements of ($-Phi^+$) are called negative roots.
An element of $Phi^+$ is called indecomposable or simple if it cannot be written as the sum of two elements of $Phi^+$. The set $Delta$ of simple roots is a basis of $V$ with the property that every vector in $Phi$ is a linear combination of elements of $Delta$ with all coefficients non-negative, or all coefficients non-positive.
It can be shown that for each choice of positive roots there exists a unique set of simple roots so that the positive roots are exactly those roots that can be expressed as a combination of simple roots with non-negative coefficients.
## Classification of root systems by Dynkin diagrams
Irreducible root systems correspond to certain graphs, the Dynkin diagrams named after Eugene Dynkin. The classification of these graphs is a simple matter of combinatorics, and induces a classification of irreducible root systems.
Given a root system, select a set Δ of simple roots as in the preceding section. The vertices of the associated Dynkin diagram correspond to vectors in Δ. An edge is drawn between each non-orthogonal pair of vectors; it is an undirected single edge if they make an angle of 120 degrees, a directed double edge if they make an angle of 135 degrees, and a directed triple edge if they make an angle of 150 degrees. The term "directed edge" means that double and triple edges are marked with an angle sign pointing toward the shorter vector.
Although a given root system has more than one possible set of simple roots, the Weyl group acts transitively on such choices. Consequently, the Dynkin diagram is independent of the choice of simple roots; it is determined by the root system itself. Conversely, given two root systems with the same Dynkin diagram, one can match up roots, starting with the roots in the base, and show that the systems are in fact the same.
Thus the problem of classifying root systems reduces to the problem of classifying possible Dynkin diagrams. The problem of classifying irreducible root systems reduces to the problem of classifying connected Dynkin diagrams. Dynkin diagrams encode the inner product on E in terms of the basis Δ, and the condition that this inner product must be positive definite turns out to be all that is needed to get the desired classification.
The actual connected diagrams are as follows. The subscripts indicate the number of vertices in the diagram (and hence the rank of the corresponding irreducible root system).
## Properties of the irreducible root systems
$Phi$ >Phi| >Phi^{<}| I >W| An (n≥1) n(n+1) n+1 (n+1)! Bn (n≥2) 2n2 2n 2 2n n! Cn (n≥3) 2n2 2n(n−1) 2 2n n! Dn (n≥4) 2n(n−1) 4 2n−1 n! E6 72 3 51840 E7 126 2 2903040 E8 240 1 696729600 F4 48 24 1 1152 G2 12 6 1 12
Irreducible root systems are named according to their corresponding connected Dynkin diagrams. There are four infinite families (An, Bn, Cn, and Dn, called the classical root systems) and five exceptional cases (the exceptional root systems). The subscript indicates the rank of the root system. In the table to the right, $|Phi^\left\{<\right\}|$ denotes the number of short roots (if all roots have the same length they are taken to be long by definition), I denotes the determinant of the Cartan matrix, and $|W|$ denotes the order of the Weyl group.
## Explicit construction of the irreducible root systems
### An
Let V be the subspace of Rn+1 for which the coordinates sum to 0, and let Φ be the set of vectors in V of length √2 and which are integer vectors, i.e. have integer coordinates in Rn+1. Such a vector must have all but two coordinates equal to 0, one coordinate equal to 1, and one equal to −1, so there are n2 + n roots in all. One choice of simple roots expressed in the standard basis is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n.
The reflection σi through the hyperplane perpendicular to αi is the same as permutation of the adjacent ith and i+1th coordinates. Such transpositions generate the full permutation group. For adjacent simple roots, σi(αi+1) = αi+1 + αi = σi+1(αi) = αi + αi+1, that is, reflection is equivalent to adding a multiple of 1; but reflection of a simple root perpendicular to a nonadjacent simple root leaves it unchanged, differing by a multiple of 0.
### Bn
B4
1 -1 0 0
0 1 -1 0
0 0 1 -1
0 0 0 1
Let V=Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in V of length 1 or √2. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n-1 (the above choice of simple roots for An-1), and the shorter root αn = en.
The reflection σn through the hyperplane perpendicular to the short root αn is of course simply negation of the nth coordinate. For the long simple root αn-1, σn-1(αn) = αn + αn-1, but for reflection perpendicular to the short root, σn(αn-1) = αn-1 + 2αn, a difference by a multiple of 2 instead of 1.
B1 is isomorphic to A1 via scaling by √2, and is therefore not a distinct root system.
### Cn
C4
1 -1 0 0
0 1 -1 0
0 0 1 -1
0 0 0 2
Let V=Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in V of length √2 together with all vectors of the form 2λ, where λ is an integer vector of length 1. The total number of roots is 2n2. One choice of simple roots is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n-1 (the above choice of simple roots for An-1), and the longer root αn = 2en. The reflection σn(αn-1) = αn-1 + αn, but σn-1(αn) = αn + 2αn-1.
C2 is isomorphic to B2 via scaling by √2 and a 45 degree rotation, and is therefore not a distinct root system.
### Dn
D4
1 -1 0 0
0 1 -1 0
0 0 1 -1
0 0 1 1
Let V=Rn, and let Φ consist of all integer vectors in V of length √2. The total number of roots is 2n(n−1). One choice of simple roots is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i < n (the above choice of simple roots for An-1) plus αn = en + en-1.
Reflection through the hyperplane perpendicular to αn is the same as transposing and negating the adjacent nth and n-1th coordinates. Any simple root and its reflection perpendicular to another simple root differ by a multiple of 0 or 1 of the second root, not by any greater multiple.
D3 reduces to A3, and is therefore not a distinct root system.
D4 has additional symmetry called triality.
### E8, E7, E6
The E8 lattice can be defined as explicitly by the set of points Γ8R8 such that:
• all the coordinates are integers or all the coordinates are half-integers (a mixture of integers and half-integers is not allowed), and
• the sum of the eight coordinates is an even integer.
Let the E8 root system be the set of vectors of length √2 in Γ8, that is: (αZ8 ∪ (Z+½)8: |α|2 = ∑αi2 = 2, ∑αi ∈ 2Z).
Then let E7 be the intersection of E8 with the hyperplane of vectors perpendicular to a fixed root in E8, and let E6 the intersection of E7 with the hyperplane of vectors perpendicular to a fixed root in E7. The root systems E6, E7, and E8 have 72, 126, and 240 roots respectively. If we continue to delete roots and reduce dimension, E5 reduces to D5, and E4 reduces to A4, so no more distinct root systems are found.
E8: even coordinates
1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
An alternative description of the E8 lattice which is sometimes convenient is the set of all points in Γ′8R8 such that
• all the coordinates are integers and the sum of the coordinates is even, or
• all the coordinates are half-integers and the sum of the coordinates is odd.
The lattices Γ8 and Γ′8 are isomorphic and one may pass from one to the other by changing the signs of any odd number of coordinates. The lattice Γ8 is sometimes called the even coordinate system for E8 while the lattice Γ′8 is called the odd coordinate system.
One choice of simple roots for E8 in the even coordinate system is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 6 and α7 = e7 + e6 (the above choice of simple roots for D7) along with α8 = β0 = $\left(textstyle sum_\left\{i=1\right\}^8e_i\right)/2$ = (½,½,½,½,½,½,½,½).
E8: odd coordinates
1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
½ ½ ½
One choice of simple roots for E8 in the odd coordinate system is: αi = ei - ei+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 7 (the above choice of simple roots for A7) along with α8 = β5, where βj = $\left(-textstyle sum_\left\{i=1\right\}^je_i+textstyle sum_\left\{i=j+1\right\}^8e_i\right)/2$. (Using β3 would give an isomorphic result. Using β1,7 or β2,6 would simply give A8 or D8. As for β4, its coordinates sum to 0, and the same is true for α1...7, so they span only the 7-dimensional subspace for which the coordinates sum to 0; in fact -2β4 = has coordinates (1,2,3,4,3,2,1) in the basis (αi).)
Deleting α1 and then α2 gives sets of simple roots for E7 and E6. Since perpendicularity to α1 means that the first two coordinates are equal, E7 is then the subspace of E8 where the first two coordinates are equal, and similarly E6 is the subspace of E8 where the first three coordinates are equal. This facilitates explicit definitions of E7 and E6 as:
E7 = (αZ7 ∪ (Z+½)7:αi2 + α12 = 2, ∑αi + α1 ∈ 2Z), E6 = (αZ6 ∪ (Z+½)6:αi2 + 2α12 = 2, ∑αi + 2α1 ∈ 2Z)
### F4
F4
1 -1 0 0
0 1 -1 0
0 0 1 0
For F4, let V=R4, and let Φ denote the set of vectors α of length 1 or √2 such that the coordinates of 2α are all integers and are either all even or all odd. There are 48 roots in this system. One choice of simple roots is: the choice of simple roots given above for B3, plus α4 = $- textstyle sum_\left\{i=1\right\}^4e_i/2$.
### G2
G2
1 -1 0
-1 2 -1
G2 has 12 roots, which form the vertices of a hexagram. See the picture above.
One choice of simple roots is: (α1, β=α2-α1) where αi = ei - ei+1 for i = 1, 2 is the above choice of simple roots for A2.
## Root systems and Lie theory
Irreducible root systems classify a number of related objects in Lie theory, notably:
In each case, the roots are non-zero weights of the adjoint representation.
## Extended and affine Dynkin diagrams
There are extensions of Dynkin diagrams, namely extended Dynkin diagrams and affine Dynkin diagrams.
Extended Dynkin diagrams are denoted with a tilde, as in $tilde A_5$.
Affine Dynkin diagrams describe Cartan matrices of affine Lie algebras. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 28, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8982290029525757, "perplexity": 567.7022403748614}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267075.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00353-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ams.org/joursearch/servlet/DoSearch?f1=msc&v1=16A54&jrnl=one&onejrnl=bull | # American Mathematical Society
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[1] Frank Quinn. Algebraic $K$-theory of poly-(finite or cyclic) groups. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 12 (1985) 221-226. MR 776473. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [2] Michael R. Stein. Whitehead groups of finite groups. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (1978) 201-212. MR 0466265. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [3] Anthony Bak. The computation of surgery groups of odd torsion groups. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 (1974) 1113-1116. MR 0494156. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [4] Sylvain E. Cappell. Unitary nilpotent groups and Hermitian $K$-theory. I. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 (1974) 1117-1122. MR 0358815. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [5] Sylvain E. Cappell. Splitting obstructions for Hermitian forms and manifolds with $Z_2 \subset \pi _1$. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 909-913. MR 0339225. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [6] Andreas Dress. Induction and structure theorems for Grothendieck and Witt rings of orthogonal representations of finite groups. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 741-745. MR 0342599. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [7] Ronnie Lee and Charles Thomas. Free finite group actions on $S^3$. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 211-215. MR 0315716. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [8] S. M. Gersten. Higher $K$-theory for regular schemes. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973) 193-196. MR 0308124. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [9] S. M. Gersten. On the spectrum of algebraic $K$-theory. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 78 (1972) 216-219. MR 0299657. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [10] David L. Rector. $K$-theory of a space with coefficients in a (discrete) ring. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 77 (1971) 571-575. MR 0292067. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [11] S. M. Gersten and D. L. Rector. A relation between two simplicial algebraic $K$-theories. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 77 (1971) 397-399. MR 0276305. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [12] Sylvain Cappell. A splitting theorem for manifolds and surgery groups. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 77 (1971) 281-286. MR 0285010. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [13] S. M. Gersten. Homotopy theory of rings and algebraic $K$-theory. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 77 (1971) 117-119. MR 0288164. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF [14] S. M. Gersten. $K$-theoretic interpretation of tame symbols on $k\left( t \right)$. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 76 (1970) 1073-1076. MR 0263895. Abstract, references, and article information View Article: PDF
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https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/eigenvector-help.68486/ | # Eigenvector help!!
Discussion in 'Math' started by u-will-neva-no, Apr 6, 2012.
1. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
Hey everyone, I have found eigenvalues to be -1,2 and 3. Working out the eigenvectors is problematic for me...
My final form is:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
-1 & \, & 2\, & 0\\
2 & \, & -1\, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0\, & 0\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
(multiplied by vector (x,y,z))
okay so my equations are (from the matrix above):
$-x+2y = 0$
$2x-y=0$
Now I could show you all my failed attempts here but I will just post the solution. Please let me know what to do...basically I always mess up on the last part and don't understand what to do after!
Solution is attached. If someone could explain how I get the solution for when
λ = -1 and then I will post my solution for the other two eigenvalues!
Thanks!
File size:
8.6 KB
Views:
20
2. ### vvkannan Active Member
Aug 9, 2008
138
11
I think the final form you have given is for eigen value 2.
Is your matrix 1 2 0
2 1 0
0 0 2
For λ=-1 equation would look like
[A +I ] [X] = 0
which would be 2 2 0 x
2 2 0 * y = 0
0 0 3 z
The first 2 equations are the same .2x+2y =0 ---> x=-y.So you can take any value of x and y would be -(x).From the 3rd equation 3z=0,z=0.
P.S:Since you didn't specify the original matrix I calculated it using the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors you gave as solution !
u-will-neva-no likes this.
3. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
Thanks for the reply, yes that was for α = 2, sorry..
Here is the matrix to solve my eigenvectors:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
2 & \, & 1, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0, & 2\\
\end{array} \right\}-\lambda \left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 0, & 0\\
0 & \, & 1, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0, & 1\\
\end{array} \right\}\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
x \\
y \\
z \\
\end{array} \right\}
$
so: for $\lambda = 2$
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
2 & \, & 1, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0, & 2\\
\end{array} \right\}-2 \left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 0, & 0\\
0 & \, & 1, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0, & 1\\
\end{array} \right\}\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
x \\
y \\
z \\
\end{array} \right\}=0
$
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
-1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
2 & \, & -1, & 0\\
0 & \, & 0, & 0\\
\end{array} \right\}\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
x \\
y \\
z \\
\end{array} \right\}=0
$
giving
$-x + 2y = 0
2x - y = 0
$
How do I get it into the form attached? I was letting x = t but then got two different values for y..
4. ### vvkannan Active Member
Aug 9, 2008
138
11
-x + 2y = 0
2x - y =0
are your equations .Just two linear equations with two unknowns.Multiply equation one by 2 and add with second one.Only 0 will satisfy the equations.And z can take any value becasue it is not going to make any difference.
u-will-neva-no likes this.
5. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
The question says to find the normalised eigenvectors which is why it has been written as $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$
Would it be possible to explain why it is that??
6. ### vvkannan Active Member
Aug 9, 2008
138
11
Yes.For a normalised eigenvector the sum of squares of its elements must be equal to 1.
So we can convert an eigenvector into normalised one by multiplying the reciprocal of square root of sum of squares of the elements.
For λ = -1 ,our eigenvector is 1
-1
0
Multiply it by 1/√(1² + -1²) so that when we square the individual terms and add we will get 1 .
u-will-neva-no likes this.
7. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
vvkannan, thank you so much for all your help!! I really appreciate it!
8. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
Hey again, I have been looking for a situation where all three equations look as though they can not be minimised. I was hoping you, i.e.vvkannan (or anyone else) could look over my workings:
The matrix that I have to solve the eigenvector is:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
2 & \, & 0, & 2\\
0 & \, & 2, & -1\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
I noticed that the equations needed to be minimised so I used the reduced row echelon form (please check my workings as I only learnt this yesterday!)
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
2 & \, & 0, & 2\\
0 & \, & 2, & -1\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
R1 will be row1, R2 = row 2 and R3 = row 3:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
0 & \, & -4, & 2\\
0 & \, & 2, & -1\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
I left R1 how it is, then did R2 -> 2R1 and left R3
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
0 & \, & 1, & -\frac{1}{2}\\
0 & \, & 2, & -1\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
Then divided R2 by -4,left R1 and R2 and did R3 ->R3 -2R2
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 2, & 0\\
0 & \, & 1, & -\frac{1}{2}\\
0 & \, & 0, & 0\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
Then R1 ->R1-2R2 and left R2 and R3:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 & \, & 0, & 1\\
0 & \, & 1, & -\frac{1}{2}\\
0 & \, & 0, & 0\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
So my equations came to:
$
x+z = 0
y - \frac{z}{2} = 0
$
So:
$
x = -z
y = \frac{z}{2}
$
(I may be wrong here so check also )
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
1 \\
\frac{-1}{2} \\
-1 \\
\end{array} \right\}
$
Then I normalised the eigenvectors:
modulus came to:
$
r = \sqrt{1^2 + \frac{-1}{2}^2 + (-1)^2} = \frac{3}{2}
$
Dividing above matrix by r gave:
$A=\left{ \begin{array}{lml}
\frac{2}{3} \\
\frac{-1}{3} \\
\frac{-2}{3}\\
\end{array} \right\}
$
Can anyone spot any mistakes? Thanks in advance!
9. ### vvkannan Active Member
Aug 9, 2008
138
11
Hi,
I can't find any mistake.Looks right to me
u-will-neva-no likes this.
10. ### u-will-neva-no Thread Starter Member
Mar 22, 2011
230
2
Thanks for checking!
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2,457 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 21, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8966342806816101, "perplexity": 2394.0298116035187}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864300.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621211603-20180621231603-00063.warc.gz"} |
https://answers.opencv.org/questions/17222/revisions/ | # Revision history [back]
### Angle correction of each line in an article
I want to correct each line in an article. if you have any idea please help me. i have used hough transformation to detect lines. but it doesn't work for all articles. so if you have any idea please help me...
### Angle correction of each line in an article
I want to correct each line in an article. if you have any idea please help me. i have used hough transformation to detect lines. but it doesn't work for all articles. so if you have any idea please help me...
# include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
IplImage* src = cvLoadImage("110.jpg");
IplImage* dst;
IplImage* color_dst;
IplImage* tempx = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(src),IPL_DEPTH_16S,1);
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
CvSeq* lines = 0;
int i;
if( !src )
return -1;
dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 1 );
color_dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 3 );
cvCanny( src, dst, 50, 200, 3 );
cvCvtColor( dst, color_dst, CV_GRAY2BGR );
CvSize size = cvGetSize(dst);
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC, 1, CV_PI/45, 50, 50, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
CvPoint* line = (CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
cvLine( color_dst, line[0], line[1], /CV_RGB(255,0,0)/cvScalar(255, 0 ,0), 4, CV_AA, 0 );
}
cvNamedWindow( "Source", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Source", dst );
cvNamedWindow( "Hough", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Hough", color_dst );
cvWaitKey(0);
return 0;
}
### Angle correction of each line in an article
I want to correct each line in an article. if you have any idea please help me. i have used hough transformation to detect lines. but it doesn't work for all articles. so if you have any idea please help me...
# include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
IplImage* src = cvLoadImage("110.jpg");
IplImage* dst;
IplImage* color_dst;
IplImage* tempx = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(src),IPL_DEPTH_16S,1);
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
CvSeq* lines = 0;
int i;
if( !src )
return -1;
dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 1 );
color_dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 3 );
cvCanny( src, dst, 50, 200, 3 );
cvCvtColor( dst, color_dst, CV_GRAY2BGR );
CvSize size = cvGetSize(dst);
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC, 1, CV_PI/45, 50, 50, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
CvPoint* line = (CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
cvLine( color_dst, line[0], line[1], /CV_RGB(255,0,0)/cvScalar(255, 0 ,0), 4, CV_AA, 0 );
}
cvNamedWindow( "Source", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Source", dst );
cvNamedWindow( "Hough", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Hough", color_dst );
cvWaitKey(0);
return 0;
}
4 Refactor code Mathieu Barnachon 4678 ●18 ●53 http://www.math-barnac...
### Angle correction of each line in an article
I want to correct each line in an article. if you have any idea please help me. i have used hough transformation to detect lines. but it doesn't work for all articles. so if you have any idea please help me...
# include <stdlib.h>
#include "stdafx.h"
#include<opencv\cv.h>
#include<opencv\cxcore.h>
#include<opencv\highgui.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
{
IplImage* src = cvLoadImage("110.jpg"); IplImage* dst;
IplImage* color_dst;
IplImage* tempx = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(src),IPL_DEPTH_16S,1);
CvMemStorage* storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0);
CvSeq* lines = 0;
int i;
if( !src )
return -1;
dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 1 );
color_dst = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(src), 8, 3 );
cvCanny( src, dst, 50, 200, 3 );
cvCvtColor( dst, color_dst, CV_GRAY2BGR );
CvSize size = cvGetSize(dst);
lines = cvHoughLines2( dst, storage, CV_HOUGH_PROBABILISTIC, 1, CV_PI/45, 50, 50, 10 );
for( i = 0; i < lines->total; i++ )
{
CvPoint* line = (CvPoint*)cvGetSeqElem(lines,i);
cvLine( color_dst, line[0], line[1], /CV_RGB(255,0,0)/cvScalar(255, /*CV_RGB(255,0,0)*/cvScalar(255, 0 ,0), 4, CV_AA, 0 );
);
}
cvNamedWindow( "Source", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Source", dst );
cvNamedWindow( "Hough", 1 );
cvShowImage( "Hough", color_dst );
cvWaitKey(0);
return 0;
} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.32180657982826233, "perplexity": 21199.932183899986}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622234.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616063154-20210616093154-00239.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-2-1st-edition/chapter-7-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions-7-1-graph-exponential-growth-functions-7-1-exercises-problem-solving-page-484/36a | ## Algebra 2 (1st Edition)
If for an exponential function $y=ab^x$ $a\gt0,b\gt1$, then it is an exponential growth function and $b$ is the growth factor. $a$ is the initial amount and the percent increase is $b-1$. Hence here the initial amount is $2500$, the percent increase is $1.5-1=0.5$, and the growth factor is $1.5$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9963371157646179, "perplexity": 173.20302644647063}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203055519-20230203085519-00254.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/79469/manipulating-list-items | # Manipulating list items
Is there a way to get the n'th element of a list, e.g. an enumerate? Itemize, enumerate and others are all wrappers for the list environment, defined in the LaTeX kernel.
Regardless of the existence of the n'th element, I want to place the items into a tabular environment. The first thing to do would be to prevent the list environment from printing the items. I couldn't exactly grasp the how list operates with \item, but I would guess calling \item does not store the contents of that item in somewhere? And I also guess that what I want to do requires some hooks, since the items are going to be placed arbitrarily in an arbitrary tabular environment? Right, I'm a bit confused.
Further explanation: I want to create a multiple choice question environment with a flexible format. Look at here. {32} means 2 tabular environments, one with 3 and the other with 2 columns. I am modifying choices environment from the exam package.
-
Can you give an example of what you want to achieve? – Guido Oct 28 '12 at 21:31
@Guido I edited the question with more explanation. – hos Oct 28 '12 at 21:41
Perhaps this might be helpful: onlyitems? How to select specific items from an item list. – Peter Grill Oct 29 '12 at 0:22
I did a workaround by writing from scratch, but answers are still welcome. – hos Oct 29 '12 at 9:50
@OnurSolmaz Why don't you post your workaround here? – egreg Dec 1 '12 at 21:53
I ended up modifying the environments from the exam package. I wanted to place the choices in flexible layouts, so I created two environments choices and choices*.
choices is a simplified version of its counterpart from the exam package. I just modified the spaces and choice label. (1 choice per line)
choices* allows you to create flexible layouts using the tabular environment. For example, if you have 5 choices, you may want to distribute it like 3x2 or 2x2x1, (3 choices for the first line, 2 choices for the second line, and vice versa).
Ah, I remember when that first happened to me. The first bit of TeX programming I learned was \expandafter. Then I asked for the TeXbook as a birthday present... – Ryan Reich Dec 2 '12 at 7:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8540336489677429, "perplexity": 1275.2083041727694}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654114.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00149-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/jimo.2021001 | # American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
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doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021001
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## Cost of fairness in agent scheduling for contact centers
Department of Industrial Engineering, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, 34794, Turkey
* Corresponding author: erhun.kundakcioglu@ozyegin.edu.tr
Received December 2019 Revised October 2020 Early access December 2020
We study a workforce scheduling problem faced in contact centers with considerations on a fair distribution of shifts in compliance with agent preferences. We develop a mathematical model that aims to minimize operating costs associated with labor, transportation of agents, and lost customers. Aside from typical work hour-related constraints, we also try to conform with agents' preferences for shifts, as a measure of fairness. We plot the trade-off between agent satisfaction and total operating costs for Vestel, one of Turkey's largest consumer electronics companies. We present insights on the increased cost to have content and a fair environment on several agent availability scenarios.
Citation: Onur Şimşek, O. Erhun Kundakcioglu. Cost of fairness in agent scheduling for contact centers. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021001
##### References:
show all references
##### References:
Required and Working Agents
Demand Volumes
Preference Scores
Distribution of Agents in Shifts
Cost and Fairness Values for P1
Total Understaffed and Working Hours for P1
Cost and Fairness Values for P2
Total Understaffed and Working Hours for P2
Model Inputs and Outputs
Inputs Outputs Demand for a Theoretical Day Scheduling/Planning Horizon Number of Agents in Each Shift Time Intervals and Possible Shifts Total Employee Cost Break Time Distribution Rules Total Shuttle Cost Shuttle (Transportation) Costs Understaffed Hours Agent Wages and Undesirability Cost of Shifts Agent-Shift Assignments Cost of Understaffing Total Satisfaction Score Shift Preference Scores of Agents Fairness Score Distribution Fairness Bounds
Inputs Outputs Demand for a Theoretical Day Scheduling/Planning Horizon Number of Agents in Each Shift Time Intervals and Possible Shifts Total Employee Cost Break Time Distribution Rules Total Shuttle Cost Shuttle (Transportation) Costs Understaffed Hours Agent Wages and Undesirability Cost of Shifts Agent-Shift Assignments Cost of Understaffing Total Satisfaction Score Shift Preference Scores of Agents Fairness Score Distribution Fairness Bounds
Inputs and a Sample Assignment
Break Time (Effectiveness) Factor
Preference Scoring Sample
$\textbf{Preference Priority}$ Preference Score First 8 Second 4 Third 2 Fourth 1 Not preferred 0
$\textbf{Preference Priority}$ Preference Score First 8 Second 4 Third 2 Fourth 1 Not preferred 0
Preference Matrix Sample
$\textbf{agents}$ shift 1 shift 2 shift 3 shift 4 shift 5 shift 6 shift 7 shift 8 agent 1 8 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 agent 2 8 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 agent 3 4 8 0 2 0 0 0 1 agent 4 4 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 agent 5 4 2 0 1 0 8 0 0 agent 6 2 1 8 4 0 0 0 0 agent 7 1 2 0 4 8 0 0 0 agent 8 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 8 agent 9 0 8 0 4 2 0 0 1
$\textbf{agents}$ shift 1 shift 2 shift 3 shift 4 shift 5 shift 6 shift 7 shift 8 agent 1 8 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 agent 2 8 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 agent 3 4 8 0 2 0 0 0 1 agent 4 4 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 agent 5 4 2 0 1 0 8 0 0 agent 6 2 1 8 4 0 0 0 0 agent 7 1 2 0 4 8 0 0 0 agent 8 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 8 agent 9 0 8 0 4 2 0 0 1
Model Parameters
Description Parameter Week Index in Planning Horizon $w$ Shift Index $s$ Time Interval Index in a Day $t$ Agent Index $i$ Individual Fairness Lower Limit $h$ Overall Fairness Lower Limit $H$ Weekly Cost Per Agent $c^\text{agent}$ Cost Estimation for 1% of Understaffing $c^{\text{understaff}}$ Cost of Shift Undesirability $c^{\text{undesirable}}_s$ Average Per Person Arrival Shuttle Cost for Intervals $c^{\text{v}}_t$ Average Per Person Departure Shuttle Cost for Intervals $c'^{\text{v}}_t$ Break Time Factor (Effectiveness) of Agent in Intervals of Shift $a^s_t$ Demand in Intervals of Weeks $d^w_t$ Agents' Preference Value of Shifts $p_{is}$ Starting Interval Binary of Shifts $s_t^s$ Ending Interval Binary of Shifts $e_t^s$
Description Parameter Week Index in Planning Horizon $w$ Shift Index $s$ Time Interval Index in a Day $t$ Agent Index $i$ Individual Fairness Lower Limit $h$ Overall Fairness Lower Limit $H$ Weekly Cost Per Agent $c^\text{agent}$ Cost Estimation for 1% of Understaffing $c^{\text{understaff}}$ Cost of Shift Undesirability $c^{\text{undesirable}}_s$ Average Per Person Arrival Shuttle Cost for Intervals $c^{\text{v}}_t$ Average Per Person Departure Shuttle Cost for Intervals $c'^{\text{v}}_t$ Break Time Factor (Effectiveness) of Agent in Intervals of Shift $a^s_t$ Demand in Intervals of Weeks $d^w_t$ Agents' Preference Value of Shifts $p_{is}$ Starting Interval Binary of Shifts $s_t^s$ Ending Interval Binary of Shifts $e_t^s$
Decision Variables
Description Notation Binary Variable of Agents' Shift in Weeks $Y_{isw}$ Individual Average Fairness Score Auxiliary Variable of Working Weeks $A_{iw}$ Individual Average Weekly Fairness Score Variable $Z_i$ Number of Agents Variable in Shifts of Weeks $X^w_s$ Understaffed Level Variable in Intervals $U^w_t$
Description Notation Binary Variable of Agents' Shift in Weeks $Y_{isw}$ Individual Average Fairness Score Auxiliary Variable of Working Weeks $A_{iw}$ Individual Average Weekly Fairness Score Variable $Z_i$ Number of Agents Variable in Shifts of Weeks $X^w_s$ Understaffed Level Variable in Intervals $U^w_t$
Shift Descriptions
Shuttle Costs
Parameter Values
Description Parameter Value Number of Weeks $|W|$ 4 Number of Shifts $|S|$ 17 Number of Time Intervals $|T|$ 24 Number of Agent $|I|$ 150 Agent Cost $c^{\text{agent}}$ ＄200 Understaffing Coeffcient $c^{\text{understaff}}$ ＄10
Description Parameter Value Number of Weeks $|W|$ 4 Number of Shifts $|S|$ 17 Number of Time Intervals $|T|$ 24 Number of Agent $|I|$ 150 Agent Cost $c^{\text{agent}}$ ＄200 Understaffing Coeffcient $c^{\text{understaff}}$ ＄10
Fairness Distribution
$Z_i$ Range/$h$ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [0-1) 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [1-2) 19 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2-3) 35 68 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 [3-4) 8 9 14 89 0 0 0 0 0 [4-5) 3 8 12 61 130 0 0 0 0 [5-6) 0 1 3 0 14 81 0 0 0 [6-7) 0 2 1 0 6 68 149 0 0 [7-8) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 77 0 [8] 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 73 150 Total Satisfaction Score 178 289 370 519 640 824 904 1123 1200 Cost (in ＄1000) 139 139 139 139 140 143 157 522 618
$Z_i$ Range/$h$ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [0-1) 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [1-2) 19 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2-3) 35 68 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 [3-4) 8 9 14 89 0 0 0 0 0 [4-5) 3 8 12 61 130 0 0 0 0 [5-6) 0 1 3 0 14 81 0 0 0 [6-7) 0 2 1 0 6 68 149 0 0 [7-8) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 77 0 [8] 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 73 150 Total Satisfaction Score 178 289 370 519 640 824 904 1123 1200 Cost (in ＄1000) 139 139 139 139 140 143 157 522 618
Comparison of P1 and P2
Overall Fairness Score 640 824 904 1123 P1 Cost (＄1000) 140 143 157 522 P2 Cost (＄1000) 139 139 141 304 (P1 Cost - P2 Cost) / P2 Cost 0.7% 2.3% 10.9% 71.5%
Overall Fairness Score 640 824 904 1123 P1 Cost (＄1000) 140 143 157 522 P2 Cost (＄1000) 139 139 141 304 (P1 Cost - P2 Cost) / P2 Cost 0.7% 2.3% 10.9% 71.5%
Fairness Distribution for P2
$Z_i$ Range/$H$ 640 824 904 1123 [0-1) 23 16 17 0 [1-2) 10 7 6 2 [2-3) 25 9 7 3 [3-4) 5 4 2 0 [4-5) 19 17 7 11 [5-6) 11 6 3 0 [6-7) 17 20 12 1 [7-8) 2 5 12 0 [8] 38 66 84 133 Cost (in ＄1000) 139 139 141 304
$Z_i$ Range/$H$ 640 824 904 1123 [0-1) 23 16 17 0 [1-2) 10 7 6 2 [2-3) 25 9 7 3 [3-4) 5 4 2 0 [4-5) 19 17 7 11 [5-6) 11 6 3 0 [6-7) 17 20 12 1 [7-8) 2 5 12 0 [8] 38 66 84 133 Cost (in ＄1000) 139 139 141 304
Available Shifts for Agent Groups
Shifts Unrestricted Pregnant Disabled Student Distant 1 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 2 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 3 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 4 $\bullet$ 5 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 6 $\bullet$ 7 $\bullet$ 8 $\bullet$ 9 $\bullet$ 10 $\bullet$ 11 $\bullet$ 12 $\bullet$ 13 $\bullet$ 14 $\bullet$ 15 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 16 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 17 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$
Shifts Unrestricted Pregnant Disabled Student Distant 1 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 2 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 3 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 4 $\bullet$ 5 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 6 $\bullet$ 7 $\bullet$ 8 $\bullet$ 9 $\bullet$ 10 $\bullet$ 11 $\bullet$ 12 $\bullet$ 13 $\bullet$ 14 $\bullet$ 15 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 16 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$ 17 $\bullet$ $\bullet$ $\bullet$
Number of Agents in Groups
Scenario Unrestricted Pregnant Disabled Student Distant high restriction 30 20 20 20 60 med. restriction 90 10 10 10 30 low restriction 120 5 5 5 15 no restriction 150 0 0 0 0
Scenario Unrestricted Pregnant Disabled Student Distant high restriction 30 20 20 20 60 med. restriction 90 10 10 10 30 low restriction 120 5 5 5 15 no restriction 150 0 0 0 0
Cost of Restriction
no rest. low rest. medium rest. high rest. total cost (＄1000) 139 139 139 159 cost gap - 0% 0% 14%
no rest. low rest. medium rest. high rest. total cost (＄1000) 139 139 139 159 cost gap - 0% 0% 14%
Cost of Fairness Levels with Restriction in ＄1000
no rest. low rest. med. rest. high rest. h=4 140 140 140 193 h=5 143 144 155 224 h=6 157 160 176 243
no rest. low rest. med. rest. high rest. h=4 140 140 140 193 h=5 143 144 155 224 h=6 157 160 176 243
Efficient Solutions for Fairness Levels with Restriction
Cost Acceptable Solution 1 Solution 2 Tolerance Cost (＄1000) 0% 139 h=0|medium rest. scenario N/A 1% 140 h=4|medium rest. scenario 2% 141 3% 143 h=5|no rest. scenario 4% 144 5% 146 10% 153 15% 160 h=5|medium rest. scenario h=6|low rest. scenario
Cost Acceptable Solution 1 Solution 2 Tolerance Cost (＄1000) 0% 139 h=0|medium rest. scenario N/A 1% 140 h=4|medium rest. scenario 2% 141 3% 143 h=5|no rest. scenario 4% 144 5% 146 10% 153 15% 160 h=5|medium rest. scenario h=6|low rest. scenario
Solution Times for Instances
Restrictions Preferences Bound $h$ for P1 $H$ for P2 Time (sec) None Individual – P1 0 3 1 7 2 17 3 1257 4 117 5 126 6 49 7 14 8 5 Overall – P2 640 12 824 18 904 16 1123 10 Low Individual – P1 0 5 4 20 5 30 6 20 Medium 0 3 4 12 5 14 6 9 High 0 2 4 7 5 9 6 6
Restrictions Preferences Bound $h$ for P1 $H$ for P2 Time (sec) None Individual – P1 0 3 1 7 2 17 3 1257 4 117 5 126 6 49 7 14 8 5 Overall – P2 640 12 824 18 904 16 1123 10 Low Individual – P1 0 5 4 20 5 30 6 20 Medium 0 3 4 12 5 14 6 9 High 0 2 4 7 5 9 6 6
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2020 Impact Factor: 1.801 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21192234754562378, "perplexity": 2171.8046585005777}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00646.warc.gz"} |
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/46903/generating-all-from-n-choose-k-configurations-of-a-simple-list | # Generating all “from n choose k” configurations of a simple list [duplicate]
Suppose that I have a 1-D list called myList. Here's an example:
myList = {"A", "B", "C", "D"};
I want to write (or find built-in) a function called getConfigurations that will return all possible "n choose k" lists. Before I explain what I mean by an "n choose k" list, let me just write down the result I would like to obtain from getConfigurations for the list myList given above:
getConfigurations[myList]
{
(* configurations when ONE element is chosen: k=1 *)
{{"A"}, {"B"}, {"C"}, {"D"}},
(* configurations when TWO elements are chosen: k=2 *)
{{"A", "B"}, {"A", "C"}, {"A", "D"}, {"B", "C"}, {"B", "D"}, {"C", "D"}},
(* configurations when THREE elements are chosen: k=3 *)
{{"A", "B", "C"}, {"A", "B", "D"}, {"A", "C", "D"}, {"B", "C", "D"}},
(* configurations when FOUR elements are chosen: k=4 *)
{{"A", "B", "C", "D"}}
}
I am not sure what (if anything) this is called in combinatorics, but it reminds me of the binomial coefficient:
$${n \choose k} = \frac{n!}{k! (n-k)!}$$
which I remember being called the "n choose k" binomial coefficient.
In the example myList given above, $n = 4$ because Length[myList] is 4. For each value of k ($k = 1, 2, 3, 4$), I want to generate all possible configurations. In my case, order does not matter, so for example, {"B", "A"} is indistinguishable from {"A", "B"}.
I think that the formula for $n \choose k$ gives the number of configurations. It turns out that
$${4 \choose 1} = 4$$ $${4 \choose 2} = 6$$ $${4 \choose 3} = 4$$ $${4 \choose 4} = 1$$
which can be seen from Table[Binomial[4, k], {k, 1, 4}].
However, I don't just want the number of possible configurations for each k; instead, I want to actually generate the configurations themselves. Is there a simple and elegant -- or perhaps even built-in -- way to do this?
-
## marked as duplicate by Mr.Wizard♦Jun 26 at 18:24
Subsets[myList, {k}] – ciao Apr 27 '14 at 21:54
See also: (17242) and (9537) – Mr.Wizard Apr 27 '14 at 23:49
Subsets does what you want:
myList = {"A", "B", "C", "D"};
Column[Table[{k, Subsets[myList, {k}]}, {k, 1, 4}]]
(*
{1,{{A},{B},{C},{D}}}
{2,{{A,B},{A,C},{A,D},{B,C},{B,D},{C,D}}}
{3,{{A,B,C},{A,B,D},{A,C,D},{B,C,D}}}
{4,{{A,B,C,D}}}
*)
- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.731323778629303, "perplexity": 3419.2899959706874}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060413.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00192-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://flyingcoloursmaths.co.uk/ask-uncle-colin-adjusting-a-sketch/ | Dear Uncle Colin,
Suppose I’ve drawn a triangle with an angle of 30º and an opposite side of 5cm. Is there a simple way to estimate what the opposite side would be if the angle was, say, 40º?
Some Kindof Estimated Trigonometric Calculation Help
Hi, SKETCH, and thanks for your message! The short answer is yes, but it’s a bit fiddly: for middling values of $\theta$ (say, between about 30º and 60º), adding a degree to the angle extends the opposite side by about 3.5º.
However, these percentages compound. Five degrees corresponds to about a 20% change, and ten degrees to about 40%. For your example, the adjusted side length would be about 7cm using this heuristic; doing it properly gives 7.27cm. That strikes me as good enough for a sketch!
For small values of $\theta$, changing $\theta$ by $k$% changes the opposite side by about $k$% as well – going from 10º to 15º is a 50% increase; your 5cm side would become 7.5cm if you did it approximately, or 7.6cm if you did it accurately.
Angles close to 90º are harder. It helps to work with the complement of the angles (by which I mean $90º - \theta$) instead of the angles themselves. Increasing the complement by a factor of $p$ decreases the opposite side by a factor of $p$: to go from 75º to 80º, the complement goes from 15º to 10º, and you would multiply your side length by 15/10.
### The gory detail
If you don’t care about the justification of it, look away now.
For small values, it’s reasonable to use the approximation $\tan(x) \approx x$, when $x$ is in radians. This also means $\frac{\tan(x)}{\tan(y)} \approx \frac{x}{y}$, no matter the units.
Similarly for values a little below $\piby 2$ radians, $\tan(x) = \cot\left(\piby2 - x\right)$.
If we call $\widetilde{x} = \piby 2 - x$, then $\frac{tan(x)}{\tan(y)} = \frac{\cot(\widetilde{x})}{\cot(\widetilde{y})} = \frac{\tan(\widetilde{y})}{\tan(\widetilde(x))} \approx \frac{\widetilde{y}}{\widetilde{x}}$. This can be converted to degrees as $\frac{\tan(x)}{\tan(y)} \approx \frac{90º - y}{90º - x}$.
The middle bit is the interesting bit. The Mathematical Ninja notes that the derivative of $\ln(tan(x))$ is $\tan(x) + \cot(x)$, which is in the neighbourhood of 2 for middling values of $x$ ((In fact, it’s between 2 and 2.3 for $\piby 6 < x < \piby 3$)) .
If I’m looking at $z = \ln(tan(x + \epsilon))$, the Taylor series gives $z \approx \ln(\tan(x)) + \epsilon (\tan(x) + \cot(x))$.
Taking $\tan(x) + \cot(x)$ to be 2 ((you can adjust the number to 2.1 or 2.2 if you want to give a slightly better approximation on average)) gives $\ln(\tan(x+\epsilon)) \approx \ln(\tan(x)) + 2\epsilon$
Taking $e^{everything}$ gives $\tan(x+\delta) \approx \tan(x) \cdot e^{2\epsilon}$.
Now, we can approximate $e^{2\epsilon}$ as $1 + 2\epsilon$ for small $\epsilon$, so increasing the angle by $\epsilon$ increases its tangent by about $200\epsilon$%.
If $\epsilon = 1º = \piby 180$ radians, $200\epsilon$ is a very small smidge less than 3.5. (The rate is between 3.5 and 4% per degree almost everywhere in that middle range).
Hope that helps!
- Uncle Colin | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9054691195487976, "perplexity": 590.6593440450175}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556482.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624171713-20210624201713-00117.warc.gz"} |
https://owenduffy.net/blog/?paged=24&cat=9 | ## W3LPL’s paired WSPRlite test – test 1
Frank, W3LPL conducted two interesting experiments with WSPRlites on 20m from the US to Europe essentially. This article discusses the first test.
The first experiment was a calibration run if you like to explore the nature of simultaneous WSRP SNR reports for two transmitters using different call signs on slightly different frequencies (19Hz in this case) feeding approximately the same power to the same antenna.
The first test uses two WSPRlites feeding the same antenna through a magic-T combiner producing a data set consisting of 900 pairs of SNR reports from Europe with only about 70 milliwatts from each WSPRlite at the antenna feed.
The data for the test interval was extracted from DXplorer, and the statistic of main interest is the paired SNR differences, these are the differences in a report from the same station of the two signals in the same measurement WSPR interval.
There is an immediate temptation of compare the average difference, it is simple and quick. But, it is my experience that WSPR SNR data are not normally distributed and applying parametric statistics (ie statistical methods that depend on knowledge of the underlying distribution) is seriously flawed.
We might expect that whilst the observed SNR varies up and down with fading etc, that the SNR measured due to one transmitter is approximately equal to that of the other, ie that the simultaneous difference observations should be close to zero in this scenario.
What of the distribution of the difference data?
Above is a frequency histogram of the distribution about the mean (0). Interpretation is frustrated by the discrete nature of the SNR statistic (1dB steps), it is asymmetric and a Shapiro-Wik test for normality gives a probability that it is normal p=1.4e-43.
So lets forget about parametric statistics based on normal distribution, means, standard deviation, Student’s t-test etc are unsound for making inferences because they depend on normality.
Nevertheless, we might expect that there is a relationship between the SNR reports for both transmitters, We might expect that SNR_W3GRF=SNR_W3LPL.
So, lets look at the data in a way that might expose such a relationship.
Above is a 3D plot of the observations which shows the count of spots for each combination of SNR due to the two transmitters. The chart shows us that whilst there were more spots at low SNR, the SNRs from both are almost always almost the same.
A small departure can be seen where a little ridge exists in front of the main data.
Lets look at in 2D. Continue reading W3LPL’s paired WSPRlite test – test 1
## Small untuned loop for receiving – is an amplifier necessary?
I have a 30″ square loop of #12 wire that I use for receiving, and when I attach it to the receiver on 40m, the audio output voltage goes up three times or more. Do I need an amplifiers, or will it worsen things?
It is possible to determine the ambient noise temperature from the true noise power change over that of a matched termination.
The equivalent noise temperature of the receiver is implied by its Noise Figure when it is terminated with a matched termination. Noise due to an open circuit or short circuit input is not defined.
The correspondent re-measured with a termination, and as it turned out, the results were much the same, so lets work the case of voltage increasing by a factor of three.
Without going any further, we can calculate the degradation in External S/N by the receiver, total noise power is proportional to (3^2) times internal noise, so S/N degradation is 10*log(9/(9-1))=0.51dB… very little.
It is true that an amplifier is unlikely to improve things and will be likely to degrade things because of intermodulation distortion that is inherent in them, more so if it overloads on broadband signal input.
But let’s go on to estimate the ambient noise figure Fa.
It is really important for this process that the AGC does not change the receiver gain, and there is no overload or clipping. The latter means DO NOT SWITCH THE AGC OFF, the S meter deflects, you need extra input attenuation to keep things linear.
Now lets assume the receiver has a Noise Figure of 6dB (most modern HF transceivers are in that ball park).
We need to estimate the gain of the antenna, we will use Calculate small loop Antenna Factor.
Ok, terminated in 50Ω, the untuned small loop has a gain of -43.4dBi. So, it captures only a very small portion of the external noise, but even so it delivers sufficient to the receiver to increase the output voltage by a factor of 3. Continue reading Small untuned loop for receiving – is an amplifier necessary?
## Small untuned loop for receiving – optimal loop load resistance
Small untuned loop for receiving set out a model for calculating the S/N degradation of an active untuned small loop antenna system.
The calculations in Small untuned loop for receiving – Trask noise and gain analysis might prompt the question of what is the optimal resistive load for an untuned small loop.
This article explores the topic for a simple model where the equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is independent of source impedance.
## A simple model for a small loop
We can construct a simple model where the loop behaves as a fixed pure inductance, and its load is a fixed pure resistance.
This is a reasonably good model for a small loop, perimeter < wl/10, not too bad for perimeter up to wl/3.
The source impedance becomes the loop’s inductive reactance Xl which is proportional to frequency, and the load is Rl.
Above is a plot of the relative power developed in the load vs the ratio of Rl/Xl.
There is a maximum where Rl=Xl, and the power captured falls away either side. Continue reading Small untuned loop for receiving – optimal loop load resistance
## Small untuned loop for receiving – Trask noise and gain analysis
The article Small untuned loop for receiving mentioned Trask’s active loop amplifier.
(Trask 2010) published a two stage design using passive augmentation, arguing certain benefits of the approach.
• Zin=2.25Ω
• NF 2.42dB
• Voltage gain 36dB
• OIP2 80dBm
• OIP3 40dBm
This article presents a noise gain analysis for the 8m perimeter loop used in the article Small untuned loop for receiving to achieve a S/N degradation of no worse than 1dB at 7MHz.
The analysis assumes linear components, that there is no significant intermodulation distortion in the preamplifier. That is a significant challenge on which success of the system depends.
## External noise
From the above chart (ITU-R P.372-12 (7/2015)), we can take the external or ambient noise figure Fa to be about 45dB at 7MHz, Ta=290*10^(45/10)=9.17e6K. Continue reading Small untuned loop for receiving – Trask noise and gain analysis
## Small untuned loop for receiving
This article walks through a case study for a small single turn untuned loop with attached 50Ω balanced preamplifier and 50Ω coaxial output to a high grade communications receiver. The objective is to achieve system S/N ration not poorer than 1dB below the external S/N (ie ExternalS/ ExternalN).
Such an antenna has utility in that it can be rotated to null out a strong noise source from a direction other than the desired signal.
The analysis assumes linear components, that there is no significant intermodulation distortion in the preamplifier. That is a significant challenge on which success of the system depends.
This is a rework of an earlier article which presented a ‘back of the envelope’ noise and gain analysis now presented as a more accurate model embodied in a spreadsheet to allow convenient exploration of variations to the scenario.
## External noise
From the above chart (ITU-R P.372-12 (7/2015)), we can take the external or ambient noise figure Fa to be about 45dB at 7MHz, Ta=290*10^(45/10)=9.17e6K. Continue reading Small untuned loop for receiving
## The Mobius strip loop – ham benefits
(Baum 1964) describes his “Moibus strip loop” (sic).
In fact it is not made from a strip conductor but rather a circle of round tube with a gap at the top, and containing a transmission line which is cross connected to the outer tube at the gap.
Two main features are claimed for this antenna:
1. cancellation of induced Compton currents in the centre conductor due to incident gamma radiation; and
2. transformation of the feed point voltage V to 2V at the transmission line at the loop feed T joint.
Feature 1 is claimed to improve S/N when irradiated by gamma radiation, the effect would be of most benefit in the event of a nearby nuclear bomb. Given that most ham stations are not EMP hardened, this is unlikely to be of material benefit to those ham stations. Continue reading The Mobius strip loop – ham benefits
## Quiet HF antennas and E and H fields in the near field zone
Hams often postulate that certain HF antennas are “low noise’ antennas.
There are many possible explanations for why an antenna captures less noise power than another, this article discusses the distribution of electric and magnetic fields (E and H) very near to a radiator, and the power captured by antennas that respond more to E or H fields.
Electromagnetic radiation consists of both and E field and a H field, and they are in the ratio of η0=µ0*c0Ω, the so-called impedance of free space, often approximated to 120πΩ or 377Ω. Close to a radiator there are components of E and H additional to the radiation components, the ratio of E/H is not simply 377Ω.
Fig 1 shows the magnitude of the ratio E/H near a quarter wave vertical over average ground at 3.6MHz. |E/H| depends on location near the antenna, and with increasing distance it converges on 377Ω.
Continue reading Quiet HF antennas and E and H fields in the near field zone
## LNR Precision small transmitting loop
LNR Precision have announced a small transmitting loop for amateur radio.
## Description
The antenna is described at (LNR Precision 2016).
The loop itself appears to be 3/8 Heliax or similar (nominally 9.5mm outer conductor diameter) in a rough circle of 45″ (1.143m) diameter.
Little information is given of the internals, but the promotional material gives a VSWR curve for a matched antenna at 7.065MHz. To their credit, they give the height above ground and ground type for their tests.
The VSWR=3 bandwidth scaled from the graph is 18kHz.
If we assume for a moment that the VSWR measurement was captured at a substantial height above ground, its behavior approaches that of the antenna in free space. Taking the assumption that the published curve is similar to the antenna in free space, we can estimate efficiency based on earlier assumptions. Such antennas very close to ground have a directivity of about 6dB (dependent on ground parameters), and that can be used with efficiency to estimate gain in proximity to ground.
The assumed values and published VSWR curve indicate an antenna system half power bandwidth of 15.6kHz and Q of 453 which implies efficiency of 2.8%.
The actual value for radiation resistance is likely to be with -50-+100% of the free space value used, and that rolls up as an uncertainty of +/-3dB in the calculated efficiency and gain. Continue reading LNR Precision small transmitting loop
## Current and voltage implications of a small transmitting loop power ratings
This article gives a simple method for calculating the key voltage and current in a small transmitting loop using observed or expected behaviour and Calculate small transmitting loop gain from bandwidth measurement.
## Method
Above is a model hypothetical 1m diameter loop of 10mm conductor on 40m with 1% radiation efficiency.
Lets say it is rated for input power being the lesser of 10W continuous, or 30W PEP SSB. Continue reading Current and voltage implications of a small transmitting loop power ratings
## CHA P-Loop 2.0 small transmitting loop
Chameleon have released their CHA-P-Loop 2.0 small transmitting loop. This article considers the likely efficiency on 40m based on their published measurements and Efficiency and gain of Small Transmitting Loops (STL).
## Description
The antenna is described at http://chameleonantenna.com/CHA%20P-LOOP%202.0/CHA%20P-LOOP%202.0.html.
This analysis does not consider the proprietary Power Compensator option for lack of sufficient information.
The loop itself appears to be LMR400 coax or similar (nominally 8.0mm outer conductor diameter) in a rough circle of 34″ (0.863m) diameter.
Little information is given of the internals, but the promotional material gives a VSWR curve for a matched antenna at 7.15MHz. To their credit, they give the height above ground and ground type for their tests, though elevation above ground was between 1/2 diameter to a full diameter of the P-LOOP 2.0 is a little vague.
## Basic loop (34″)
The VSWR=3 bandwidth scaled from the graph is 27.0kHz. The shape of the curve near minimum suggests that were the scan points sufficiently close, the minimum VSWR would be very close to 1.0 and it is taken as 1.0.
If we assume for a moment that the VSWR measurement was captured at a substantial height above ground, its behaviour approaches that of the antenna in free space. Taking the assumption that the published curve is similar to the antenna in free space, we can estimate the gain and efficiency based on earlier assumptions.
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https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcds.1996.2.397 | American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
July 1996, 2(3): 397-411. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1996.2.397
Hyperbolic measures and commuting maps in low dimension
1 Department of Mathematics, Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802
Received May 1996 Published May 1996
We study invariant measures with non-vanishing Lyapunov characteristic exponents for commuting diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds. In particular we show that for $k=2,3$ no faithful $\mathbb{Z}^k$ real-analytic action on a $k$-dimensional manifold preserves a hyperbolic measure. In the smooth case similar statements hold for actions faithful on the support of the measure. Generalizations to higher dimension are proved under certain non-degeneracy conditions for the Lyapunov exponents.
Citation: Anatole Katok. Hyperbolic measures and commuting maps in low dimension. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 1996, 2 (3) : 397-411. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1996.2.397
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/y/yong+man+ro.html | #### Sample records for yong man ro
1. Dalla pizza alla cura dell'uomo: le abilità di RoDyMan
Nunzia Bonifati
2014-12-01
Full Text Available RoDyMan, acronym for Robotic Dynamic Manipulation, is a research project funded by the European Research Council to the CREATE Consortium and carried out at PRISMA Lab in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the University of Naples Federico II. The goal is the development of a service robot able to manipulate elastic and soft objects, which change continuously density and shape. These robots will be used not only in manufacturing but also as an aid to elderly or disabled people, for medical and surgical use, and in other manual activities. Preparing a pizza involves an extraordinary level of manual dexterity: for this reason a pizzaiolo robot has been conceived. It is also a tribute to Naples, at the forefront of technology, robotics and automation, but especially of culture and gastronomy, of which pizza is a symbol and tradition. Creating a robot able to manipulate objects like humans is one of the most sought and difficult challenges of robotics. It means to replicate skills that are the result of human biological and cultural evolution. This goal is arduous, mainly for two issues. First, we do not have a total knowledge of human nature, but this is the condition to be able to replicate the human functions in a machine. Second, there are many technical limits to implement a bio‐inspired robot, not the least those making it user‐friendly and aesthetically appreciated.
2. RO 15-1788 antagonises the central effects of diazepam in man without altering diazepam bioavailability.
1982-01-01
1 In a double-blind, placebo controlled study, the efficacy of Ro 15-1788, a new benzodiazepine antagonist, in blocking the cognitive, psychomotor and subjective effects of diazepam, was investigated in a group of six healthy male volunteers. 2 The central effects of orally administered diazepam (40 mg) were most pronounced 1 h after dosing and persisted for 9 h with decreasing severity. 3 Concurrent oral administration of Ro 15-1788 (200 mg) completely prevented the impairment in cognitive a...
3. A [11C]Ro15 4513 PET study suggests that alcohol dependence in man is associated with reduced α5 benzodiazepine receptors in limbic regions.
Lingford-Hughes, Anne; Reid, Alastair G; Myers, James; Feeney, Adrian; Hammers, Alexander; Taylor, Lindsay G; Rosso, Lula; Turkheimer, Federico; Brooks, David J; Grasby, Paul; Nutt, David J
2012-02-01
Preclinical evidence suggests the α5 subtype of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor is involved in some of the actions of alcohol and in memory. The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [(11)C]Ro15 4513 shows relative selectivity in labelling the α5 subtype over the other GABA-benzodiazepine receptor subtypes in limbic regions of the brain. We used this tracer to investigate the distribution of α5 subtype availability in human alcohol dependence and its relationship to clinical variables. Abstinent (>6 weeks) alcohol-dependent men and healthy male controls underwent an [(11)C]Ro15 4513 PET scan. We report [(11)C]Ro15 4513 brain uptake for 8 alcohol-dependent men and 11 healthy controls. We found a significant reduction in [(11)C]Ro15 4513 binding in the nucleus accumbens, parahippocampal gyri, right hippocampus and amygdala in the alcohol-dependent compared with the healthy control group. Levels of [(11)C]Ro15 4513 binding in both hippocampi were significantly and positively associated with performance on a delayed verbal memory task in the alcohol-dependent but not the control group. We speculate that the reduced limbic [(11)C]Ro15 4513 binding seen here results from the effects of alcohol, though we cannot currently distinguish whether they are compensatory in nature or evidence of brain toxicity.
4. Preface in dedication to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu
Jesse Zhu; Xiaotao Bi
2006-01-01
@@ This special issue of China PARTICUOLOGY is dedicated to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu of Tsinghua University, China, to celebrate over five decades of their careers in chemical engineering research and education.
5. Preface in dedication to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu
Jesse; Zhu; Xiaotao; Bi
2006-01-01
This special issue of China PARTICUOLOGY is dedicated to Professors Yong Jin and Zhiqing Yu of Tsinghua University, China, to celebrate over five decades of their careers in chemical engineering research and education.……
6. SSFA President Sia Yong Receives Title of Friendship Ambassador
2004-01-01
<正>A ceremony was held on May 19 by the CPAFFC to confer upon Sia Yong, president of the Singa Sino Friendship Association (SSFA), the title of Friendship Ambassador in recognition of the contributions he has made to strengthening and developing the relations of friendship and cooperation between China and Singapore. CPAFFC President Chen Haosu, Vice President Li Xiaolin were present at the ceremony. President Chen presented the certificate and medal of Friendship Ambassador to Sia Yong.
7. Individual Differences in Zhong-Yong tendency and Processing Capacity
Ting-Yun eChang
2014-11-01
Full Text Available The present study investigated how an individual’s Zhong-Yong tendency is related to his/her perceptual processing capacity. In two experiments, participants completed a Zhong-Yong Thinking Style Scale and performed a redundant-target detection task. Processing capacity was assessed with a nonparametric approach (systems factorial technology, SFT and a parametric (linear ballistic accumulator model, LBA approach. Results converged to suggest a positive correlation between Zhong-Yong tendency and processing capacity. High middle-way thinkers had larger processing capacity in multiple-signal processing compared with low middle-way thinkers, indicating that they processed information more efficiently and in an integrated fashion. Zhong-Yong tendency positively correlates with the processing capacity. These findings suggest that the individual differences in processing capacity can account for the reasons why high middle-way thinkers tend to adopt a global and flexible processing strategy to deal with the external world. Furthermore, the influence of culturally dictated thinking style on cognition can be revealed in a perception task.
8. Exploring Global Perspectives: An Interview with Yong Zhao
Henshon, Suzanna E.
2017-01-01
Yong Zhao is Foundations Distinguished Professor in the School of Education with an appointment in the School of Business at the University of Kansas. Prior to joining KU, he served as the Presidential Chair, Director of the Institute for Global and Online Education, and Associate Dean in the College of Education, University of Oregon, where he…
9. SSFA President Sia Yong Receives Title of Friendship Ambassador
2004-01-01
A ceremony was held on May 19 by the CPAFFC to confer upon Sia Yong, presi-dent of the Singa Sino Friendship Association(SSFA), the title of Friendship Ambassador in recognition of the contributions he has made to strengthening and developing the relations of
10. RoMo
Pedersen, Esben Warming; Hornbæk, Kasper
2011-01-01
In TUIs, physical/digital conflicts can occur when the digital model does not match the model implied by the spatial lay- out of tangibles. We show how tangible tabletop interfaces (TTI) can be modified to allow robot movement of tangi- bles, thereby avoiding conflicts. We present RoMo, an open...
11. Professor LUO Yong-fen's Experience in Treating Facial Paralysis by Acupuncture
LI Sheng-tao; LUO Yong-fen; XIAO Yuan-chun
2005-01-01
@@ Professor LUO Yong-fenhas been engaged in acupuncture practice, teaching and scientific research for more than 40 years, and has rich and unique experience in the treatment of various disorders by acupuncture. I was lucky to follow professor LUO to do clinical practice and benefited a great deal. Now I summarized professor LUO's experience in the treatment of facial paralysis.
12. CoRoTlog
Plasson, Ph.
2006-11-01
LESIA, in close cooperation with CNES, DLR and IWF, is responsible for the tests and validation of the CoRoT instrument digital process unit which is made up of the BEX and DPU assembly. The main part of the work has consisted in validating the DPU software and in testing the BEX/DPU coupling. This work took more than two years due to the central role of the software tested and its technical complexity. The first task, in the validation process, was to carry out the acceptance tests of the DPU software. These tests consisted in checking each of the 325 requirements identified in the URD (User Requirements Document) and were played in a configuration using the DPU coupled to a BEX simulator. During the acceptance tests, all the transversal functionalities of the DPU software, like the TC/TM management, the state machine management, the BEX driving, the system monitoring or the maintenance functionalities were checked in depth. The functionalities associated with the seismology and exoplanetology processing, like the loading of window and mask descriptors or the configuration of the service execution parameters, were also exhaustively tested. After having validated the DPU software against the user requirements using a BEX simulator, the following step consisted in coupling the DPU and the BEX in order to check that the formed unit worked correctly and met the performance requirements. These tests were conducted in two phases: the first one was devoted to the functional aspects and the tests of interface, the second one to the performance aspects. The performance tests were based on the use of the DPU software scientific services and on the use of full images representative of a realistic sky as inputs. These tests were also based on the use of a reference set of windows and parameters, which was provided by the scientific team and was representative, in terms of load and complexity, of the one that could be used during the observation mode of the CoRoT instrument
13. Numerical study of compression corner flowfield using Gao-Yong turbulence model%Numerical study of compression corner flowfield using Gao-Yong turbulence model
GAO Ge; ZHANG Chang-xian; YAN Wen-hui; WANG Yong
2012-01-01
A numerical simulation of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction induced by a 24° compression corner based on Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model was presented.The convection terms and the diffusion terms were calculated using the second-order AUSM（advection upstream splitting method） scheme and the second-order central difference scheme,respectively.The Runge-Kutta time marching method was employed to solve the governing equations for steady state solutions.Significant flow separation-region which indicates highly non-isotropic turbulence structure has been found in the present work due to intensity interaction under the 24° compression corner.Comparisons between the calculated results and experimental data have been carried out,including surface pressure distribution,boundary-layer static pressure profiles and mean velocity profiles.The numerical results agree well with the experimental values,which indicate Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model is suitable for the prediction of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction in two-dimensional compression corner flows.
14. Environmental Performance Evaluation of Ro-Ro Passenger Ferry Transportation
Kristensen, Hans Otto Holmegaard; Hagemeister, Constantin
2012-01-01
With increasing focus on the environmental performance of different transport modes (for example trucks, trains, ships and aircraft) it is of utmost importance that the different transport modes are compared on an equal basis so that the environmental impact, defined as energy demand and....../or emissions per transport unit, is related to the same unit for the different transport forms. For Ro-Ro passenger ferries it can be difficult to find a suitable common transport unit, as they often transport a mix of cargo, such as passengers, passenger cars, trucks, lorries, busses and other rolling...... transport units. In this paper a method for determination of a common transport unit for Ro-Ro passenger ships will be described....
15. Evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness for Yong Gwang unit 5 reactor pressure vessel materials (Baseline Tests)
Chi Se Hwan; Kim, Joo Hag; Hong, Jun Hwa; Kwon, Sun Chil; Lee, Bong Sang [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Taejon (Korea)
1999-10-01
The dynamic fracture toughness (K{sub d}) of intermediate shell and its weld in SA 508 CI. 3 Yong Gwang 5 reactor pressure vessel was determined and evaluated. Precracked thirty six Charpy specimens were tested by using an instrumented impact tester. The purpose of present work is to evaluate and confirm the un-irradiated dynamic fracture toughness and to provide pre-irradiation baseline data for future evaluation on dynamic fracture toughness change during operation. 18 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs. (Author)
16. Argument ÜRO vastu / Joshua Muravchik
Muravchik, Joshua
2004-01-01
ÜRO rollist Somaalias, Rwandas ja Bosnias, Iisraeli eristaatusest. ÜRO silmakirjalikkusest inimõiguste alal, terrorismi legaliseerimisest, Kofi Annani juhtimisstiilist. Maailmas on pärast 1945. aastat valitsenud suhteline rahu mitte tänu ÜRO-le, vaid peamiselt USA tegevusele, leiab autor
17. Valores, Creencias Y Objectivos: Base del programa de la Escuela Experimental P.K. Yonge. (Values, Beliefs and Objectives: The Basis of Experimental Schools P.K. Yonge's Program.)
Florida Univ., Gainesville. Coll. of Education.
The values, beliefs, and objectives that form the core of the program at the Experimental School P.K. Yonge in the University of Florida are presented in this paper which is written in Spanish. This experimental school serves approximately 900 students from grades one through twelve. The function of the school is to conduct research to solve…
18. Turkish Ro-Ro Traffic in the Port of Trieste
Vittorio A. Torbianelli
2012-10-01
Full Text Available This article gives an economic and organisational analysis of the intermodal transport se1vice by means of Ro-Ro vessels between Turkey and central Europe through the port of Trieste.Many traits of this service are innovative, at least in the Mediterranean.To mention but a few: the geographical area it connects,the rapid geo-political evolution, the independent managingof the maritime route by a cons01tium of road transport companies, the use of combined road/ rail transport to reachthe European market, the air transfer of drivers, the transformationto the structure of the companies, etc. This service offersindeed a valuable example- not only because of its supeliorlogisticalefficiency compared to the road or container ship options-for the future of transport between Europe (in particularcentral- eastern European count1ies and the new markets inthe Levant, located behind the Eastern Mediterranean shores.
19. Playing "Catch-Up" with Developing Nations Makes No Sense for U.S.: An Interview with Yong Zhao
Richardson, Joan
2010-01-01
The United States should not allow itself to be sucked into a competition against developing nations such as China, says Chinese-born American scholar Yong Zhao in an interview with Kappan. Instead, the U.S. should cling to and enhance the characteristics that have made it great, encouraging creativity, flexibility, and curiosity among its…
20. Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong tolerance mechanisms to Cadmium: subcellular distribution, chemical forms and thiol pools.
Weng, Bosen; Xie, Xiangyu; Weiss, Dominik J; Liu, Jingchun; Lu, Haoliang; Yan, Chongling
2012-11-01
In order to explore the detoxification mechanisms adopted by mangrove under cadmium (Cd) stress, we investigated the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd, in addition to the change of the thiol pools in Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong, which were cultivated in sandy culture medium treated with sequential Cd solution. We found that Cd addition caused a proportional increase of Cd in the organs of K. obovata. The investigation of subcellular distribution verified that most of the Cd was localized in the cell wall, and the lowest was in the membrane. Results showed sodium chloride and acetic acid extractable Cd fractions were dominant. The contents of non-protein thiol compounds, Glutathione and phytochelatins in K. obovata were enhanced by the increasing strength of Cd treatment. Therefore, K. obovata can be defined as Cd tolerant plant, which base on cell wall compartmentalization, as well as protein and organic acids combination.
1. Fellow's Apéro
Staff Association
2017-01-01
Let's get together, meet each other, exchange experiences and ideas, and share useful information on CERN and the Staff Association. Join us for Fellow's Apéro, organised by the Staff Association on Tuesday 21 February at 16.30 in Restaurant 1. There will be drinks and snacks for everybody! We look forward to seeing you there! Please confirm your participation on Doodle http://doodle.com/poll/skvm7ucm2z78i6bt or alternatively on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/events/1862757017340069/. Your delegates in the Staff Association, Barbora & Jiri
2. Capacity Analysis of Ro-Ro Terminals by Using Simulation Modeling Method
Emin Deniz Özkan
2016-09-01
Full Text Available In Ro-Ro terminals, terminal capacity is more needed than other types of marine terminals since Ro-Ro cargoes cannot be stacked. In this sense, the variables affecting capacity of a Ro-Ro terminal can be listed as follows; number of vehicles arrived to a terminal, distance between terminals, ship capacity, terminal gates, customs control units, terminal traffic and local traffic, security check, bunkering services etc. In this study, a model generated intended for making capacity analysis in Ro-Ro terminals by using simulation modeling method. Effect of three variables to terminal capacity was investigated while generating the scenarios; ‘number of trucks arriving to terminals’, ‘distance between terminals’ and ‘Ro-Ro ship capacity’. The results show that the variable which affect terminal capacity mostly is ‘number of trucks arriving to terminals’. As a consequence of this situation, it is thought that a Ro-Ro terminal operator must prioritize the demand factor and make an effective demand forecasting in determination of the terminal area.
3. [Comparison of tests for SS-A/Ro, Ro52 and Ro60 in predicting congenital heart block].
Miyano, Akira; Nakayama, Masahiro; Waguri, Masako; Nakanishi, Isao
2014-04-01
Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a rare syndrome caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies. Anti SS-A antibodies of a mother with Sjögren syndrome are associated with congenital heart block (CHB) in the newborns with NLE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of maternal antibody titers for SS-A, Ro52 and Ro60 in mothers of newborns with CHB. The study involved a total of 304 cases, 25 from mothers of newborns with CHB, 104 from mothers of newborns without and 175 from mothers suspected to have connective tissue diseases. All sera were tested with the EliA SS-A, EliA Ro52, EliA Ro60, MESACUP Ro52 and MESACUP Ro60. The concordance rate of Ro52 assays was 93.4%, whereas Ro60 assays showed a lower concordance rate (74.7%). The areas under the curve (AUC) of the EliA assays were higher than those of the MESACUP assays. The optimal cut-off values for EliA SS-A/Ro and EliA Ro60 as derived from the ROC analysis were 2027 U/mL and 2446 U/mL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for EliA SS-A using optimal cut-off values were 96.0% and 92.3%, respectively. A titer of 90% positive predictive value for EliA SS-A was reached at a cut-off of 9897.1 U/mL, corresponding to sensitivity and specificity values of 36.0% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal cut-off value for EliA SS-A is likely to be useful for application in clinical practice for the EliA SS-A measurements in mothers to evaluate the risk of NLE for their newborns.
4. 浅析邕剧排场戏%A Brief Analysis of ＂Paichang Play＂ of Yong Opera
洪琪; 洪珏
2011-01-01
Yong opera,a unique local dramas,represents peculiar local cultural card of Nanning.＂Paichang Play＂,which was developed during Yong opera development process,is the general basic component refined from classical repertoire.The case analysis of＂Guoshan Play＂and ＂Shouzhuang Play＂shows that ＂Paichang Play＂ is the comprehensive application of basic skill and performance program of Yong opera,which should be excavated and organized for educational inheritance,promotion of operas characteristics as well as for local cultural development of Nanning.%邕剧是南宁市独有的地方戏曲剧种,是南宁市独具一格的地方文化名片。＂排场戏＂是邕剧发展历史上形成的,是从经典剧目中概括提炼出来的一种通用的基本构件。通过对＂过山＂＂收状＂等实例分析,论证＂排场戏＂是邕剧基本功和表演程式的综合运用,应及时发掘整理,以利教学传承,弘扬剧种特色,为南宁地方文化发展作出贡献。
5. man enough
徐若炫
2011-01-01
Are you man enough? Are you brave enough? Can you pick me up when I fall down? 当这首《man enough》再一次在耳畔回鸣时,你想到些什么? 伊斯坦布尔奇迹、伯纳乌之夜、梅西的记录……亦或是一幕幕经典的画面——男人的画面.
6. Probabilistic Analysis of Collision Damages with Application to ro-Ro Passenger Vessels
Pedersen, Preben Terndrup; Hansen, Peter Friis; Nielsen, Lars Peter
1997-01-01
for evaluation of the probability of a Ro-Ro passenger vessel on a given route being struck by another ship. Given a collision has taken place the spatial distribution of the collision damages is calculated. Results are presented in terms of probability distributions, for indentation depth, length and height...... of the holes and for the vertical location. The main benefit of the formulated procedure is that it allows comparisons of various navigation routes by assessing the relative frequencies of collisions. The derived procedure is applied to two typical Ro-Ro passenger vessel routes....
7. Joe Zhang, Party Man, Company Man
Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik
2014-01-01
Book review of: Joe Zhang: Party Man, Company Man. Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing, 2014. 234 pp.......Book review of: Joe Zhang: Party Man, Company Man. Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing, 2014. 234 pp....
8. Road Accident Analysis: A Case Study of Federal Route FT024 Yong Peng- Parit Sulong
Mohd Masirin Mohd Idrus
2016-01-01
9. Elements of Risk Analysis for Collision and Grounding of a RoRo Passenger Ferry
Otto, S.; Pedersen, Preben Terndrup; Samuelidis, M.
2002-01-01
Newly developed software was applied to study the effects of damages due to collision and grounding. The annual risk of collision and grounding was computed for an example RoRo passenger ferry. Collision frequency was evaluated for a specified route taking into account traffic data. Grounding...
10. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of Ro 25-8210 and Ro 25-6630
2000-01-01
Here we report the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Ro 25-8210 (1) and Ro 25-6630 (2) by using microbial reduction of a -chloromethyl ketone 4 mediated with baker's yeast and Geotrichum sp. to afford the optically active (R) and (S)-a -chlorohydrin 8 respectively as the key step.
11. Premier numéro bilingue
Esther Cloutier
2008-05-01
Full Text Available Nous sommes heureux de vous présenter ce nouveau numéro bilingue de la revue PISTES. Nous espérons ainsi faire connaître les travaux francophones sur la santé au travail dans le monde anglo-saxon. Nous vous rappelons que la traduction de ce numéro a été rendu possible grâce à une subvention du CRSH (Conseil de la recherche en sciences humaines du Canada ainsi qu’à la contribution de certains auteurs que nous tenons à remercier. Ce numéro aborde plusieurs thèmes de recherche reliés au travail...
12. Small RoPax Vessel stability study
Erichsen, Henrik; Kristensen, Hans Otto Holmegaard; Jensen, Jørgen Juncher;
2015-01-01
In 2009 new damage stability requirements for passenger ships based on a probabilistic method were adopted by IMO and are now part of the current SOLAS Chapter II-1 regulations (SOLAS 2009). The mandate from IMO was to keep the same safety level as inherent in the old deterministic damage stability......-representative”. Currently there is a renewed debate in IMO regarding the required damage stability safety level for passenger ships. The damage stability safety level for small ro/pax vessels has also been discussed outside of the IMO assuming that the damage stability safety level for small ro/pax designs is perhaps...... not sufficient, i.e. that the current safety level according to SOLAS 2009 is less than the old safety level according to SOLAS 90. In order to establish a solid foundation for the discussion, this study was made possible by a grant from The Danish Maritime Fund. The study focus on small ro/pax vessels...
13. CoRoT pictures transiting exoplanets
Moutou, Claire
2015-01-01
The detection and characterization of exoplanets have made huge progresses since the first discoveries in the late nineties. In particular, the independent measurement of the mass and radius of planets, by combining the transit and radial-velociy techniques, allowed exploring their density and hence, their internal structure. With CoRoT (2007-2012), the pioneering CNES space-based mission in this investigation, about thirty new planets were characterized. CoRoT has enhanced the diversity of giant exoplanets and discovered the first telluric exoplanet. Following CoRoT, the NASA Kepler mission has extended our knowledge to small-size planets, multiple systems and planets orbiting binaries. Exploring these new worlds will continue with the NASA/TESS (2017) and ESA/PLATO (2024) missions.
14. Nowhere Man
冯曼曼
2008-01-01
<正>He’s a real nowhere man,sitting in his nowhere land,making all his nowhere plans for nobody.时间晃晃悠悠地停留在我的十七岁,如同岁月里的河流,曲折轮回。我抬头看看那个让我感到苍白无力的天,回想着所有的故事。
15. China's IPR Mechanism:A Brilliant Decade——An Exclusive Interview with Li Yong, General Director of China Patent Agent (H.K) Ltd
Zhao Ailing
2011-01-01
@@ In the past ten years since China's entry into the WTO, great changes have taken place in the domestic and international environment of corporate intellectual property rights.What inspirations can we get from these changes? On this topic, China's Foreign Trade reporter interviewed Li Yong, managing director of China Patent Agent (H.K) Ltd.
16. RoCoS紧密纺纱新技术%RoCoS compact spinning technology
刘林兵; 高卫东; 程丙伟
2005-01-01
文章介绍了一种新的紧密纺纱技术--RoCoS(Rotorcraft Compact Spinning System).RoCoS紧密纺纱系统借助于RoCoS组合件构成三罗拉四皮辊牵伸结构,采用磁铁--机械式原理集束,相继实现纱线的牵伸、集聚和加捻.RoCoS紧密纺纱技术结构简单,安装便捷,使用可靠,维护方便,克服了传统气流集束式紧密纺技术的不足.它适于纺棉型或毛型纱线,可用于新机或老机改造,是一种有较强市场发展潜力的新型紧密纺纱技术.
17. SYNCHRONOUS EFFECT OF SLIPPING HEAVY LOADS ON RO-RO SHIP ROLLING IN WAVES
ZHANG Yin-long; SHEN Qing; CHEN Xu-jun
2006-01-01
Common effect of wave and slip of internal vehicles will make rolling of the roll-on ship serious. This is one of the important reasons for overturn of ro-ro ships. The multibody system with a floating base is composed of ro-ro ship and slipping vehicles.Takes the rolling angle of the ship and the transverse displacements of the slipping vehicles on desk as freedoms. Making use of the analysis of apparent gravitation and apparent buoyancy, the wave rolling moment is derived. By means of dynamic method of multibody system, dynamic equations of the system are established. Taking a certain channel ferry as an example, a set of numerical calculation have been carried out for rolling response of the multibody system with a floating base of a ro-ro ship and displacements response of the slipping vehicles under common effect of free slipping vehicles and wave, and a conclusion has been drawn that the motion of the numerous free slipping heavy loads will trend to be synchronous under restraining of the side-wall bulkhead with time because of repeated collision.
18. Remeasuring man.
Weisberg, Michael
2014-05-01
Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) was the most highly regarded American scientist of the early and middle 19th century. Thanks largely to Stephen Jay Gould's book The Mismeasure of Man, Morton's cranial capacity measurements of different races is now held up as a prime example of and cautionary tale against scientific racism. A team of anthropologists recently reevaluated Morton's work and argued that it was Gould, not Morton, who was biased in his analysis. This article is a reexamination of the Morton and Gould controversy. It argues that most of Gould's arguments against Morton are sound. Although Gould made some errors and overstated his case in a number of places, he provided prima facia evidence, as yet unrefuted, that Morton did indeed mismeasure his skulls in ways that conformed to 19th century racial biases. Gould's critique of Morton ought to remain as an illustration of implicit bias in science.
19. Secondary eclipses in the CoRoT light curves
Belmonte Juan Antonio
2013-04-01
Full Text Available We identify and characterize secondary eclipses in the original light curves of published CoRoT planets using uniform detection and evaluation criteria. Our analysis is based on a Bayesian statistics: the eclipse search is carried out using Bayesian model selection, and the characterization of the plausible eclipse candidates using Bayesian parameter estimation. We discover statistically significant eclipse events for two planets, CoRoT-6b and CoRoT-11b, and for one brown dwarf, CoRoT-15b. We also find marginally significant eclipse events passing our plausibility criteria for CoRoT-3b, 13b, 18b, and 21b, and confirm the previously published CoRoT-1b and CoRoT-2b eclipses.
20. Introduction au numéro
Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay
2002-01-01
Full Text Available Ce numéro de la revue Interventions économiques a pour thème la métropolisation. La revue avait invité Jean-Marc Fontan à agir à titre d’éditeur invité pour ce numéro. Il a donc organisé un séminaire en vue de produire ensuite un numéro sur ce thème. Aussi, l’article rédigé par Jean-Marc Fontan présente-t-il la problématique que nous avons voulu développer en lançant le débat et les échanges sur le thème de la métropolisation et du rôle des métropoles dans le développement régional et le déve...
1. AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap.
Horneck, Gerda; Walter, Nicolas; Westall, Frances; Grenfell, John Lee; Martin, William F; Gomez, Felipe; Leuko, Stefan; Lee, Natuschka; Onofri, Silvano; Tsiganis, Kleomenis; Saladino, Raffaele; Pilat-Lohinger, Elke; Palomba, Ernesto; Harrison, Jesse; Rull, Fernando; Muller, Christian; Strazzulla, Giovanni; Brucato, John R; Rettberg, Petra; Capria, Maria Teresa
2016-03-01
The European AstRoMap project (supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme) surveyed the state of the art of astrobiology in Europe and beyond and produced the first European roadmap for astrobiology research. In the context of this roadmap, astrobiology is understood as the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the context of cosmic evolution; this includes habitability in the Solar System and beyond. The AstRoMap Roadmap identifies five research topics, specifies several key scientific objectives for each topic, and suggests ways to achieve all the objectives. The five AstRoMap Research Topics are • Research Topic 1: Origin and Evolution of Planetary Systems • Research Topic 2: Origins of Organic Compounds in Space • Research Topic 3: Rock-Water-Carbon Interactions, Organic Synthesis on Earth, and Steps to Life • Research Topic 4: Life and Habitability • Research Topic 5: Biosignatures as Facilitating Life Detection It is strongly recommended that steps be taken towards the definition and implementation of a European Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) to streamline and optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated infrastructure and funding system.
2. Big Man
郑秀文
2012-01-01
<正>梁炳"Edmond"说他演唱会后会跟太太去旅行。无论飞机降落在地球的哪角,有伴在旁就是幸福。他的concert名字是big man,初时我看错是big mac演唱会:心想干吗是大汉堡演唱会?嘻!后来才知看错。但其实细想,在成长路上,谁不曾是活得像个傻傻的面包,一团面粉暴露在这大千世界,时间和各式人生经历就是酵母,多少年月日,你我都会发酵成长。友情也是激发彼此成长的酵母,看到对方早已经从男仔成了男人,我都原来一早已不再能够以"女仔"称呼自己。在我眼中,他的改变是大的,爱玩外向的个性收窄了,现在的我们,
3. The CoRoT Exoplanet program: status & results
Moutou C.
2011-02-01
Full Text Available The CoRoT satellite is the first instrument hunting for planets from space. We will review the status of the CoRoT/Exoplanet program. We will then present the CoRoT exoplanetary systems and how they widen the range of properties of the close-in population and contribute to our understanding of the properties of planets.
4. Coherent Ro-vibrational Revivals in a Thermal Molecular Ensemble
Bitter, Martin; Milner, Valery
2012-01-01
We report an experimental and theoretical study of the evolution of vibrational coherence in a thermal ensemble of nitrogen molecules. Rotational dephasing and rephasing of the vibrational coherence is detected by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. The existence of ro-vibrational coupling and the discrete energy spectrum of the rotational bath lead to a whole new class of full and fractional ro-vibrational revivals. Following the rich ro-vibrational dynamics on a nanosecond time scale with sub-picosecond time resolution enables us to determine the second-order ro-vibrational constant $gamma_e$ and assess new possibilities of controlling decoherence.
5. Model experiment on capsizing of damaged RO-RO passenger ship in beam seas; Sonsho shita RO-RO kyakusen no ohachu tenpuku ni kansuru mokei jikken
Haraguchi, T.; Ishida, S. [Ministry of Transportation, Tokyo (Japan)] Murashige, S. [Tokyo Univ. (Japan)
1998-12-31
In this study, a model of the RO-RO passenger ship was made, a capsizing experiment was carried out in a case of a damaged crack existed in higher wave height side in the beam seas. The main results were obtained as follows: the restored standard after damage was satisfied in the Treaty of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS90) and the capsizing would not happen in the case of no initial heel. In the case with initial heel, ship would be heeled to the side of higher wave height with damage crack, capsizing would happen when the significant wave height was higher and the permeability to the car deck was larger. That is, it was necessary for residence water to easily stay in the damage side with the initial heel in order that the capsizing happened. In the case of the capsizing with an initial heel, the critical height of the residence water on the car deck was nearly in agreement with the British proposal: calculation equations showing necessary restored performance in consideration of the permeation to the car deck, when the peak period in wave spectrum was 7 to 9 seconds. There is no agreement when the peak period is longer than that. 11 refs., 15 figs., 4 tabs.
6. Le royaume de Méroé
Claude Rilly
2010-04-01
Full Text Available La civilisation napato-méroïtique qui domine le cours du Nil moyen, d’Assouan à Khartoum, depuis le viiie siècle av. J.-C. jusqu’au ive siècle apr. J.-C., fait suite à la colonisation égyptienne du Soudan ancien. Par sa religion, son idéologie, ses institutions, sa culture matérielle, elle se rattache étroitement au modèle égyptien à tel point que l’on peut parler d’une « civilisation pharaonique » dont l’Égypte et le Soudan ancien seraient les deux versants. L’histoire du royaume de Méroé est assez mal connue dans le détail, d’une part parce que les textes méroïtiques sont peu nombreux et très partiellement compris, d’autre part en raison d’une couverture archéologique relativement récente et clairsemée. Les sources extérieures, égyptiennes, grecques et romaines, sont assez laconiques et moyennement fiables. Les progrès récents de l’archéologie et de la philologie du Soudan ancien laissent toutefois espérer de prochaines avancées.The Napatan-Meroitic civilisation flourished in the Middle Nile valley from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. It inherited from the former Egyptian colonisation cultural patterns that are obvious in religious and ideological fields as much as in institutions or artefacts. One could even speak of a “Pharaonic civilization” with two sides, Egypt and Ancient Sudan. Little is known from the history of the kingdom of Meroe, first because Meroitic texts are in small number and poorly understood and secondly because archaeological excavations are fairly recent and scattered. External sources such as Egyptian, Greek and Roman evidences are scanty and moderately reliable. However recent progress in the archaeology and philology of Ancient Sudan is currently improving the knowledge of this civilisation.
7. 邵雍思想中的性命之学%Learning of Life and Destiny in Shao Yong's Thought
刘洋
2015-01-01
性命之学在邵雍学说中占有比较独特的地位,其学贯儒道二教,并在人性学说上将两家的思想加以融合,建构了一套独特的思想学说.在人性论方面秉承着儒家的道德伦理观念,并使之与道家的自然学说相融合,将人的自然属性和社会属性融合在一起,其从人的自然属性方面入手,指出人灵于万物,同时又以儒家的道德属性为终点,以仁义礼智等来论述性命之学,为后世人性学的发展提供一种发展之路.%The learning of life and destiny takes a unique position in ShaoYong's theory which combines the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism in life and destiny theory and then constructs his own one. In accordance with the ethical and moral rules of Confucianism in the theory of human nature while linking it with the naturalistic explanations of Taoism, he combines the natural qualities of human being withthe social quality. Starting with the natural quality of human being, he points out that human being is superior to everything in the universe. At the same time, ending with the moral attribute of Confucianism, he analyzes life and destiny theory based onthe four cardinal virtues of humanity, justice, propriety and wisdom which pushes the development of the learning of life and destiny in later ages.
8. Chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol during haze periods in the mountainous city of Yong'an, China
Liqian Yin; Zhenchuan Niu; Xiaoqiu Chen; Jinsheng Chen; Lingling Xu; Fuwang Zhang
2012-01-01
Haze phenomena were found to have an increasing tendency in recent years in Yong'an,a mountainous industrial city located in the center part of Fujian Province,China.Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) in the urban area during haze periods in three seasons (spring,autumn and winter) from 2007 to 2008 were collected,and the mass concentrations and chemical compositions (seventeen elements,water soluble inorganic ions (WSlls) and carbonaceous Slecies) of PM2.5 were determined.PM25 mass concentrations did not show a distinct difference among the three seasons.The carbonaceous species organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituted up to 19.2％-30.4％ of the PM2.5 mass during sampling periods,while WSIIs made up 25.3％-52.5％ of the PM2.5 mass.The major ions in PM2.5 were SO42-,NO3- and NH4+,while the major elements were Si,K,Pb,Zn,Ca and Al.The experimental results (from data based on three haze periods with a 10-day sampling length for each period) showed that the crustal element species was the most abundant component of PM2.5 in spring,and the secondary ions species (SO42-,NO3-,NH4+,etc.) was the most abundant component in PM2.5 in autumn and winter.This indicated that dust was the primary pollution source for PM2.5 in spring and combustion and traffic emissions could be the main pollution sources for PM2.5 in autumn and winter.Generally,coal combustion and traffic emissions were considered to be the most prominent pollution sources for this city on haze days.
9. The CoRoT mission's exoplanet program
Deeg H.J.
2013-04-01
Full Text Available The CoRoT space observatory was launched at the end of 2006 and has been delivering scientific data from early 2007 until its recent interruption, on 2 Nov. 2012, leading to the discovery of over 30 transiting planets. Here we give an overview over the most relevant results from CoRoT's exoplanet detection program.
10. SyRoTek--Distance Teaching of Mobile Robotics
Kulich, M.; Chudoba, J.; Kosnar, K.; Krajnik, T.; Faigl, J.; Preucil, L.
2013-01-01
E-learning is a modern and effective approach for training in various areas and at different levels of education. This paper gives an overview of SyRoTek, an e-learning platform for mobile robotics, artificial intelligence, control engineering, and related domains. SyRoTek provides remote access to a set of fully autonomous mobile robots placed in…
11. Introduction au numéro
Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay
2005-07-01
Full Text Available Depuis quelques années, le thème de l’économie sociale fait couler beaucoup d’encre au Québec, comme ailleurs. Ce numéro présente un bilan de l’économie sociale au Québec, coordonné par Jean-Marc Fontan et Denis Bussières. Toutefois, afin d’avoir un portrait plus global et une perspective théorique sur la question, Interventions économiques a sollicité un texte de Jacques Defourny, afin de compléter le dossier. En effet, l’économie sociale, les secteurs non-marchands, les services de proximi...
12. Correction to Clark and Ro (2014).
2015-01-01
Reports an error in "Three-pronged assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder and its consequences: Personality functioning, pathological traits, and psychosocial disability" by Lee Anna Clark and Eunyoe Ro (Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2014[Jan], Vol 5[1], 55-69). There was an error in the results. Under the subheading, Personality Traits-Functioning Relations, on page 63, the second, third, and fourth paragraph have been revised. The revisions are included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2014-07188-003.) The alternative dimensional model of personality disorder (PD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Section III, has two main criteria: impairment in personality functioning and one or more pathological personality traits. The former is defined as disturbances in self-functioning (viz., identity, self-direction), and/or interpersonal functioning (viz., empathy, intimacy). Distinguishing personality functioning and traits is important conceptually, because simply having extreme traits is not necessarily pathological. However, adding personality functioning to PD diagnosis represents an empirical challenge, because the constructs overlap conceptually. Further, there is debate regarding whether diagnosis of mental disorder requires either distress or disability, concepts that also overlap with maladaptive-range personality traits and personality dysfunction. We investigated interrelations among these constructs using multiple self-report measures of each domain in a mixed community-patient sample (N = 402). We examined the structures of functioning (psychosocial disability and personality) and personality traits, first independently, then jointly. The disability/functioning measures yielded the 3 dimensions we have found previously (Ro & Clark, 2013). Trait measures had a hierarchical structure
13. 广西邕江流域贝丘遗址动物群研究%STUDY ON FAUNA FROM SHELL MIDDEN SITES ALONG YONG RIVER,GUANGXI
吕鹏
2011-01-01
In this paper, faunal remains unearthed from six shell midden sites along Yong River are discussed. The sites are located in Nanning city and Yongning county which include Baozitou( located in the first terrace of the left side of Yong River, 2km southwest of Nabei village, Liusha horticultural field, southeast of Nanning city), Huiyaotian (located in the first terrace of the left side of Yong River, at the foot of Huiyaotian mountain ridge, south of San'an horticultural field, Qingxiu district of Nanning city ) , Dingsishan (located in the first terrace of the right side of Bachi River-the main tributary of Yong River, on the Dingsishan hill, 1km northeast of Jiuwanpo administrative village,Xinxin village,Pumiao town,Yongning county) ,Niulanshi( located in the first terrace of the left side of Yong River, southwest of Xin village, Changtang town, Yongning county) , Lingwu ( located in the first terrace of the left side of Yong River,southwest of Wuhe village,Changtang town, Yongning county) and Luosishan( located in the first terrace of the right side of Yong River, on the Luosishan hill, Tianwo village, Changtang town, Yongning county ) .The sites are dated from 10000a B. P. To 6000a B. P. And can be divided into four stages; Stage 1 dates back to around 10000a B. P., Stage 2 dates back to around 8000a B. P., Stage 3 dates back to around 7000a B. P., and Stage 4 dates back to around 6000a B. P.The identified fauna include mollusks ( Gastropoda and Lamellibranchia ) , arthropods ( Custacea ) , and vertebrates ( Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia). Within these seven classes, 84 species are identified (Gastropoda includes 28 species,Lamellibranchia includes 14 species,Custacea includes 1 species,Pisces includes 6 species, Reptilia includes 4 species, Aves includes 4 species, Mammalia includes 27 species). Diachronic and synchronic studies of these taxa demonstrate the biodiversity of the Yong River shell mound sites.The four archaeological phases represent the
14. A B rief Analysis of Miu Xi-yong's Using Radix Paeoniae Alba to Pacify Liver%缪希雍白芍平肝法浅析
李晓寅; 陆海峰; 俞欣玮
2014-01-01
明代医家缪希雍善用白芍，其白芍平肝法更是独具特色，该方法被广泛运用并贯穿其整个医学理论体系，对后世关于白芍的应用研究产生了极大影响。本文通过其临证用药组进行分析，探讨了其白芍平肝法的具体运用。%Ming dynasty Medical scientist Miu Xi -yong was skillful in using radix paeoniae alba ,and his theory of using radix paeoniae alba to pacify liver was distinctive.Radix paeoniae alba's efficacy of pacifying liver had been widely used and run through his complete medical theory system .It had an enormous impact for later generations .By means of analyzing his art of constructing prescriptions ,this article discussed Miu Xi-yong using radix paeoniae alba to pacify liver .
15. POF在RoF系统中的应用%Application of POF in RoF System
齐攀; 陈舜儿; 刘伟平; 黄红斌
2007-01-01
近年来塑料光纤(POF)作为短距离高速通信中石英光纤的替代品越来越受到人们的关注,尤其是RoF技术的成熟和发展给塑料光纤带来了很大的市场发展空间.本文介绍塑料光纤的发展及RoF系统,主要分析塑料光纤在RoF系统中的应用发展.
16. Criminal Policy Perspective on Yong Cheng Experience%刑事政策视角下的永城经验研究
张荆
2011-01-01
河南省永城市经过三年多改革创新,社会治安明显好转,引起了学界的普遍关注。永城经验是什么？永城经验是否具有可复制性和可持续性？犯罪学教授专家团队为此进行了实地调研。结论是：永城经验的核心是区域特点定位准确条件下的治安手段管理创新;观念变革先行推动社会治安管理创新;建立以＂治安卡口堵控网＂为主要特色的立体治安防控网络体系;推进警务机制改革,向管理要警力;争取财政投入,迅速推进＂科技强警;＂构建新型警民关系等。永城经验既有地域的特殊性,也有跨区域的普遍性,为全国社会治安管理创新提供了新思路。而进一步探索社会治安管理创新的长效机制;＂科技强警＂中的硬件到位和软件跟进;警务评价体系变革中的调查技术手段科学化等仍要进一步完善。%After more than three years of reform and innovation,Yong Cheng city in Henan province has made a significant turn for a better social order,which arouses widespread attention in the academic world.Questions arise as： what was the Yong Cheng experience？ Can the Yong Cheng experience be replicated and sustained elsewhere To find answers to these questions,an expert team on criminology conducted onsite research.Their conclusion is that at the core of the Yong Cheng experience are conditions regarding the region＇s unique and precise location favorable to the management methods and innovation for law and order,the transformation concept of prioritizing the management and innovation of law and order in the society,establishing a ＂social security control network＂ as the main characteristic of the three-dimensional security control network system,promoting the reform of the police system,giving police strength to management,gaining financial participation,quick promotion of a ＂Strengthening police by science and technology,＂ building new police-public relations
17. Tollivaba eksport ÜRO taga kinni / Andres Reimer
Reimer, Andres
2002-01-01
Ilmunud ka: Delovõje Vedomosti 20. veebr. lk. 7.ÜRO venitab juba pool aastat Eesti vastuvõtmisega Firenze kokkuleppe liikmeks, mille abil saaksid trükikojad alustada tollivaba kauplemist Venemaaga
18. Tollivaba eksport ÜRO taga kinni / Andres Reimer
Reimer, Andres
2002-01-01
Ilmunud ka: Delovõje Vedomosti 20. veebr. lk. 7.ÜRO venitab juba pool aastat Eesti vastuvõtmisega Firenze kokkuleppe liikmeks, mille abil saaksid trükikojad alustada tollivaba kauplemist Venemaaga
19. Derivation of the parameters of CoRoT planets
Dreyer C.
2013-04-01
Full Text Available We explore the influence that limb darkening and stellar activity have in the determination of planetary parameters, highlighting the impact that they have in space-based surveys, such as CoRoT.
20. CoRoT’s first seven planets: An overview*
Barge P.
2011-07-01
Full Text Available The up to 150 day uninterrupted high-precision photometry of about 100000 stars – provided so far by the exoplanet channel of the CoRoT space telescope – gave a new perspective on the planet population of our galactic neighbourhood. The seven planets with very accurate parameters widen the range of known planet properties in almost any respect. Giant planets have been detected at low metallicity, rapidly rotating and active, spotted stars. CoRoT-3 populated the brown dwarf desert and closed the gap of measured physical properties between standard giant planets and very low mass stars. CoRoT extended the known range of planet masses down-to 5 Earth masses and up to 21 Jupiter masses, the radii to less than 2 Earth radii and up to the most inflated hot Jupiter found so far, and the periods of planets discovered by transits to 9 days. Two CoRoT planets have host stars with the lowest content of heavy elements known to show a transit hinting towards a different planet-host-star-metallicity relation then the one found by radial-velocity search programs. Finally the properties of the CoRoT-7b prove that terrestrial planets with a density close to Earth exist outside the Solar System. The detection of the secondary transit of CoRoT-1 at the 10−5-level and the very clear detection of the 1.7 Earth radii of CoRoT-7b at 3.5 10−4 relative flux are promising evidence of CoRoT being able to detect even smaller, Earth sized planets.
1. The Dushak–Erekdag Survey of roAp Stars
Tatyana Dorokhova; Nikolay Dorokhov
2005-06-01
The search of roAp stars at Mt. Dushak–Erekdag Observatory was started in 1992 using the 0.8m Odessa telescope equipped with a two-star high-speed photometer. We have observed more than a dozen stars so far and discovered HD 99563 as roAp star while BD+8087 is suspected to have rapid oscillations. Negative results of our observations for the search of rapid oscillations in four stars in NGC 752 are also discussed.
2. Anti-ENA profiles related with anti-SS-A/Ro. The detection of Ro52 and Ro60 according to the presence of SS-B/La, and ANA pattern and titer.
González, D Almeida; Rodríguez, C Casañas; Armas, L Magdalena; Varela, A Roces; Rodríguez, I Marcelino; Duarte, M Troche; de León, A Cabrera
2014-09-01
Anti-Ro52 (Ro52) and anti-Ro60 (Ro60) antibodies are associated with different clinical entities. We investigated their relationship with the presence of anti-SS-B/La (SSB) antibody, the pattern and titer of antinuclear antibody (ANA), and the variations in antibody profiles related with anti-SS-A/Ro (SSA) positivity. Our aim was to develop a strategy to increase the efficiency of anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) determinations. Statistical analyses were based on the Chi-squared test for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test to compare profiles, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to estimate the risk of variability. We analyzed 800 SSA-positive samples with Ro52 or Ro60 reactivity. The most frequent profiles were Ro52+Ro60+SSB (n=349, 43.6%); Ro52+Ro60 (n=126, 15.8%); Ro52 (n=121, 15.1%) and Ro60 (n=71, 8.9%). In samples positive only for SSA and an ANA titer ≤1:640, the most likely profile was positivity for either Ro52 or Ro60, whereas when the ANA titer was >1:640, positivity for both Ro52 and Ro60 simultaneously was more likely (pANA titer (p=0.001). When only SSA was positive and the ANA staining pattern was nucleolar, centromeric or cytoplasmic, Ro52 positivity was most likely (pANA staining pattern. In 28.7% of the patients the profile was variable. Variability was significantly greater in those with the SSA profile (23/67) than with the SSA+SSB profile (15/105; OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.1-3.3; p=0.025), and the difference in variability was greatest between the Ro52+Ro60 profile (8/23) and the Ro52+Ro60+SSB profile (8/68; OR=4.2, 95% CI=1.9-9.5; pANA pattern and titer. In general, for the most frequent anti-ENA findings, priority should be given to retesting autoantibodies not detected in the initial analysis.
3. Palestiina üritab ÜRO hääletusega riigiks saada / Kaivo Kopli
Kopli, Kaivo
2011-01-01
Palestiina esitab ÜRO-le taotluse võtta Palestiina riik ÜRO liikmeks või tunnistada Palestiinat vaatlejariigina ÜRO juures. Autori sõnul on selge, et USA paneb liikmesriigi-taotlusele veto. Võimalikest probleemidest Palestiinale vaatlejariigi staatuse andmise korral. Skeem: Palestiina pürgimused ÜRO-s
4. The oldest man ever?
Wilmoth, J; Skytthe, A; Friou, D
1996-01-01
This article summarizes recent findings in a case study of exceptional longevity. CM, a resident of San Rafael, California, was 114 years old in August 1996. He is the first properly verified case of a 114-year-old man in human history (although a few women have been known to live longer). Our...... is accurate. Based on the available information, it also seems a reasonable conjecture that he may be the oldest man alive today and perhaps the oldest man who has ever lived. This study documents an extreme example of human longevity and records characteristics of the man's life that may provide clues about...
5. "Det man siger er man selv..."
Næsby, Torben; Nørgaard, Britta; Uddholm, Mats
forhold, der er hermeneutisk, strukturelt og relationelt bestemt. Praksisviden kan ikke være objektiv i gængs forstand, men det behøver ikke at diskvalificere denne viden. Forståelse er altid knyttet til den sag og bundet til den situation man står overfor og i som professionel og som menneske....
6. Philosophical Interactions between "East and West": China, Korea, Europe and the Case of Dasan (Jeong Yak-yong, 1762–1836
Jana S. ROŠKER
2014-12-01
Full Text Available Though the Confucian system of thought, society, and government has a long history in Korea, Chinese Confucian scholars, preoccupied with the urgency of “saving the Confucian essence” used only Japan as a reference in Asia. Therefore, the present article aims to introduce Dasan 茶山 (Jeong Yak-yong 정약용, 1762–1836, who was one of the main representatives of Korean Confucian philosophy. It exposes his significance for the full-range understanding of the landscape of this important traditional East Asian stream of thought as well as for the intellectual syntheses between Confucian teachings and the Christian religion. The author analyses Dasan’s thought from the Sinological perspective and exposes several elements which represent an elaboration and an upgrading of traditional Chinese Neo-Confucian philosophy.
7. Ku-pa-ro en las tablillas de Cnoso
José L. Melena
1974-12-01
Full Text Available This paper is intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the evidence of ku-pa-ro in the Knossos Linear B tablets. Its main purpose is to set up the importance of such aromatic plant in the Mycenaean economy at Knossos and to identify what kind of sedge was concealed under the name ku-pa-ro and what part of the plant was used and for what purposes. What it is stressed is the usage of the Cyperus rotundus L. (i. e. the ku-pa-ro in the industry of perfumes and as a food additive as well. What is inferred from the discussion on the evidence of ku-pa-ro issues a series of valuable data concerning the localization of certain place-names in the map of Crete, and concerning the explanation of ideogram *171. The high qualities of ku-pa-ro preserved in the tablets lead the author to assume that such a plant was cultivated in Crete and was one of the main aromatic plants used by the Mycenaeans in the making of perfumes.
8. CoRoT data reduction by example
Weingrill, J.
2015-02-01
Data reduction techniques published so far for the CoRoT N2 data product were targeted primarily on the detection of extrasolar planets. Since the whole dataset has been released, specific algorithms are required to process the lightcurves from CoRoT correctly. Though only unflagged datapoints must be chosen for scientific processing, some flags might be reconsidered. The reduction of data along with improving the signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved by applying a one dimensional drizzle algorithm. Gaps can be filled by linear interpolated data without harming the frequency spectrum. Magnitudes derived from the CoRoT color channels might be used to derive additional information about the targets. Depending on the needs, various filters in the frequency domain remove either the red noise background or high frequency noise. The autocorrelation function or the least squares periodogram are appropriate methods to identify periodic signals. The methods described here are not strictly limited to CoRoT data but may also be applied on Kepler data or the upcoming PLATO mission. The CoRoT space mission, launched on 2006 December 27, has been developed and is operated by CNES, with the contribution of Austria, Belgium, Brazil, ESA (RSSD and Science Programme), Germany and Spain.
9. CoRoT: harvest of the exoplanet program
Moutou, Claire; Guillot, Tristan; Baglin, Annie; Bordé, Pascal; Bouchy, François; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilàrd; Deeg, Hans J
2013-01-01
One of the objectives of the CoRoT mission is the search for transiting extrasolar planets using high-precision photometry, and the accurate characterization of their fundamental parameters. The CoRoT satellite consecutively observes crowded stellar fields since February 2007, in high-cadence precise photometry; periodic eclipses are detected and analysed in the stellar light curves. Then complementary observations using ground-based facilities allows establishing the nature of the transiting body and its mass. CoRoT has acquired more than 163,000 light curves and detected about 500 planet candidates. A fraction of them (5%) are confirmed planets whose masses are independently measured. Main highlights of the CoRoT discoveries are: i) the variety of internal structures in close-in giant planets, ii) the characterisation of the first known transiting rocky planet, CoRoT-7 b, iii) multiple constraints on the formation, evolution, role of tides in planetary systems.
10. The Green Man
Watson-Newlin, Karen
2010-01-01
The Jolly Green Giant. Robin Hood. The Bamberg Cathedral. Tales of King Arthur. Ecology. What do they have in common? What legends and ancient myths are shrouded in the tales of the Green Man? Most often perceived as an ancient Celtic symbol as the god of spring and summer, the Green Man disappears and returns year after year, century after…
11. Man of Fire.
Phipps, Helene Juarez
1993-01-01
The themes of Jose Clemente Orozco's murals, several of which are found on U.S. college campuses, are as relevant today as they were during the Mexican Revolution. Orozco (1883-1949) painted the world as he saw it, portraying corruption, violence, and man's inhumanity to man. (LP)
12. Man's Role in Nature
Peterson, Roger Tory
1975-01-01
Presents a viewpoint that the civilized man, the humane man, accepts not only the humane ethic but also the conservationist's philosophy and the environmentalist's point of view because all these views are overlapping, interlocking and essential to a better and more civilized world. (BR)
13. THE MAN NATIONALITY WOMEN
1997-01-01
The Man nationality,with a population of 9,821,180,live in northeast China,mainly in Liaoning Province.They have their own language,but now most of the Man nationality people use Mandarin Chinese except for a few elderly people in the remote villages of Heilongjiang Province.
14. The Green Man
Watson-Newlin, Karen
2010-01-01
The Jolly Green Giant. Robin Hood. The Bamberg Cathedral. Tales of King Arthur. Ecology. What do they have in common? What legends and ancient myths are shrouded in the tales of the Green Man? Most often perceived as an ancient Celtic symbol as the god of spring and summer, the Green Man disappears and returns year after year, century after…
15. Structural and Biochemical Basis for Misfolded RNA Recognition by the Ro Autoantigen
Fuchs,G.; Stein, A.; Fu, C.; Reinisch, K.; Wolin, S.
2006-01-01
The Ro autoantigen is ring-shaped, binds misfolded noncoding RNAs and is proposed to function in quality control. Here we determine how Ro interacts with misfolded RNAs. Binding of Ro to misfolded precursor (pre)-5S ribosomal RNA requires a single-stranded 3 end and helical elements. As mutating most sequences of the helices and tail results in modest decreases in binding, Ro may be able to associate with a range of RNAs. Ro binds several other RNAs that contain single-stranded tails. A crystal structure of Ro bound to a misfolded pre-5S rRNA fragment reveals that the tail inserts into the cavity, while a helix binds on the surface. Most contacts of Ro with the helix are to the backbone. Mutagenesis reveals that Ro has an extensive RNA-binding surface. We propose that Ro uses this surface to scavenge RNAs that fail to bind their specific RNA-binding proteins.
16. Clinical and Pathological Roles of Ro/SSA Autoantibody System
Ryusuke Yoshimi
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are among the most frequently detected autoantibodies against extractable nuclear antigens and have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE and Sjögren's syndrome (SS. Although the presence of these autoantibodies is one of the criteria for the diagnosis and classification of SS, they are also sometimes seen in other systemic autoimmune diseases. In the last few decades, the knowledge of the prevalence of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in various autoimmune diseases and symptoms has been expanded, and the clinical importance of these antibodies is increasing. Nonetheless, the pathological role of the antibodies is still poorly understood. In this paper, we summarize the milestones of the anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody system and provide new insights into the association between the autoantibodies and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
17. Manned Flight Simulator (MFS)
Federal Laboratory Consortium — The Aircraft Simulation Division, home to the Manned Flight Simulator (MFS), provides real-time, high fidelity, hardware-in-the-loop flight simulation capabilities...
18. Manned systems technology discipline
Bretoi, Remus
1990-01-01
Viewgraphs on manned systems technology discipline for Space Station Freedom are presented. Topics covered include: crew-systems interfaces and interactions; crew training; on-board systems maintenance and support; habitability and environment; and computational human factors.
19. Rekordhind Man Ray eest
1998-01-01
Ameerika sürrealistliku fotograafi Man Ray 1926. a. Pariisis pildistatud foto 'Must ja valge, Pariis (positiiv ja negatiiv)', mis kujutab Ray armukese Kiki de Montparnasse'i portreed, maksis New Yorgi fotooksjonil 7, 3 miljonit Eesti krooni
20. Rekordhind Man Ray eest
1998-01-01
Ameerika sürrealistliku fotograafi Man Ray 1926. a. Pariisis pildistatud foto 'Must ja valge, Pariis (positiiv ja negatiiv)', mis kujutab Ray armukese Kiki de Montparnasse'i portreed, maksis New Yorgi fotooksjonil 7, 3 miljonit Eesti krooni
1. Isotope and ion selectivity in reverse osmosis desalination: geochemical tracers for man-made freshwater.
Kloppmann, Wolfram; Vengosh, Avner; Guerrot, Catherine; Millot, Romain; Pankratov, Irena
2008-07-01
A systematic measurement of ions and 2H/1H, 7Li/6Li, 11B/10B, 18O/ 16O, and 87Sr/86Sr isotopes in feed-waters, permeates, and brines from commercial reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants in Israel (Ashkelon, Eilat, and Nitzana) and Cyprus (Larnaca) reveals distinctive geochemical and isotopic fingerprints of fresh water generated from desalination of seawater (SWRO) and brackish water (BWRO). The degree of isotope fractionation during the passage of water and solutes through the RO membranes depends on the medium (solvent-water vs. solutes), chemical speciation of the solutes, their charge, and their mass difference. O, H, and Sr isotopes are not fractionated during the RO process. 7Li is preferentially rejected in low pH RO, and B isotope fractionation depends on the pH conditions. Under low pH conditions, B isotopes are not significantly fractionated, whereas at high pH, RO permeates are enriched by 20 per thousand in 11B due to selective rejection of borate ion and preferential permeation of 11B-enriched boric acid through the membrane. The specific geochemical and isotopic fingerprints of SWRO provide a unique tool for tracing "man-made" fresh water as an emerging recharge component of natural water resources.
2. Man & Sound Environment 2010.
2010-01-01
Proceedings to the conference "Man and Sound Environment 2010" arranged by The sound Envirnment Center at Lund university. Ulf Landström, Swedish Noise Research Network & Frans Mossberg The Sound Environment Centre at Lund university. CONTENTS: Preface – Symposium “Man and Sound Environment 2010” The prevalence of noise problems. Gunn Marit Aasvang, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway Effects of ...
3. ÜRO peakorterile otsitakse naabrit / Maria-Kristiina Soomre
Soomre, Maria-Kristiina, 1978-
2001-01-01
New Yorki, ÜRO peakorterist lõunasse hakatakse ehitama uut hoonet. Arhitektuurikonkursist on kutsutud osalema: David Childs, Richard Meier ja Peter Eisenmann; Schuman Lichtenstein Claman Efron ja HOK arhitektid; Kohn Pederson Fox, Davis Brody Bond, Toyo Ito ja Rem Koolhaas; Henry Cobb, James Ingo Freed ja Machado & Silvetti Associates; Christian de Portzamparc ja Gary Edward Handel & Associates
4. [Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in congenital heart block].
Barrios Prieto, Ernesto; Martínez Ceccopieri, David Alejandro; Panduro Barón, J Guadalupe; Fajardo Dueñas, Sergio
2012-06-01
Describe a case of a female patient having anti-Ro/SSA antibodies without any other risk factor or collagen disease. In her first pregnancy a congenital heart block and hydrops in the fetus were diagnosed, and these caused stillbirth. In a second pregnancy an in utero treatment resulted in the succesful delivery of a normal child.
5. ÜRO peakorterile otsitakse naabrit / Maria-Kristiina Soomre
Soomre, Maria-Kristiina, 1978-
2001-01-01
New Yorki, ÜRO peakorterist lõunasse hakatakse ehitama uut hoonet. Arhitektuurikonkursist on kutsutud osalema: David Childs, Richard Meier ja Peter Eisenmann; Schuman Lichtenstein Claman Efron ja HOK arhitektid; Kohn Pederson Fox, Davis Brody Bond, Toyo Ito ja Rem Koolhaas; Henry Cobb, James Ingo Freed ja Machado & Silvetti Associates; Christian de Portzamparc ja Gary Edward Handel & Associates
6. News from the CoRoT Space Mission
Dvorak, R; Lammer, H; Barge, P; Wuchterl, G
2009-01-01
The up to 150 day uninterrupted high-precision photometry of about 100000 stars - provided so far by the exoplanet channel of the CoRoT space telescope - gave a new perspective on the planet population of our galactic neighbourhood. The seven planets with very accurate parameters widen the range of known planet properties in almost any respect. Giant planets have been detected at low metallicity, rapidly rotating and active, spotted stars. CoRoT-3 populated the brown dwarf desert and closed the gap of measured physical properties between standard giant planets and very low mass stars. CoRoT extended the known range of planet masses down to 5 Earth masses and up to 21 Jupiter masses, the radii to less than 2 Earth radii and up to the most inflated hot Jupiter found so far, and the periods of planets discovered by transits to 9 days. Two CoRoT planets have host stars with the lowest content of heavy elements known to show a transit hinting towards a different planet-host-star-metallicity relation then the one f...
7. ÜRO raport tegi Eestist suure narkotootja / Rasmus Kagge
Kagge, Rasmus, 1977-
2006-01-01
ÜRO 2005. aasta narkoraporti andmetel on amfetamiini peamised tootjariigid Euroopas Belgia, Holland ja Poola, kuid tähtsat rolli omavad tootmises ka Bulgaaria, Eesti ja Leedu. Keskkriminaalpolitsei nõuniku Märt Palo hinnangul näitab Eesti mainimine raportis, et Eesti politsei on oma tulemustega narkootikumide vastases võitluses silma paistnud. Tabel: Narkovõitlus
8. ÜRO rahuvalvemissiooni juhtinud brasiillane leiti Haiti hotellist surnult / Heiki Suurkask
2006-01-01
ÜRO Haiti rahuvalvemissiooni juht Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar sooritas enesetapu. ÜRO rahuvalvemissioon MINUSTAH on Haitil 2005. aastast pärast nelja-aastast eemalolekut, samas jätkub seal vägivald
9. ÜRO rahuvalvemissiooni juhtinud brasiillane leiti Haiti hotellist surnult / Heiki Suurkask
2006-01-01
ÜRO Haiti rahuvalvemissiooni juht Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar sooritas enesetapu. ÜRO rahuvalvemissioon MINUSTAH on Haitil 2005. aastast pärast nelja-aastast eemalolekut, samas jätkub seal vägivald
10. Common and Specific Associations of Anti-SSA/Ro60 and Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Aurora Menéndez
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Little information exists about the association of anti-SSA/Ro60 and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 with systemic lupus erytematosus (SLE features. In this work, we analysed the associations of both anti-Ro reactivities with clinical and immunological manifestations in 141 SLE patients. Photosensitivity and xerophtalmia/xerostomia were found to be positively associated with both anti-SSA/Ro60 (P=0.024 and P=0.019, resp. and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 (P=0.026 and P=0.022, resp.. In contrast, a negative association was detected regarding anti-phospholipid antibodies, anti-SSA/Ro60 having a stronger effect (P=0.014 than anti-Ro52/TRIM21. Anti-SSA/Ro60 showed a specific positive association with hypocomplementemia (P=0.041, mainly with low C4 levels (P=0.008, whereas anti-Ro52/TRIM21 was found to be positively associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon (P=0.026 and cytopenia (P=0.048 and negatively associated with anti-dsDNA (P=0.013. Lymphocytes are involved in the relationship between anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and cytopenia since positive patients showed lower cell levels than negative patients (P=0.036. In conclusion, anti-SSA/Ro60 and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 showed both common and specific associations in SLE. These data thus increase evidence of the different associations of the two anti-Ro specificities even in a particular disease.
11. Comparison of antibody assays for detection of autoantibodies to Ro 52, Ro 60 and La associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome.
Trier, Nicole Hartwig; Nielsen, Inger Ødum; Friis, Tina; Houen, Gunnar; Theander, Elke
2016-06-01
Anti-Ro(52/60) and anti-La constitute the hallmark autoantibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome, being present in 40-70% of sera. Several anti-Ro/La assays exist, but antibody detection appears to be assay-specific, thus the aim of this study was to compare several anti-Ro/La assays. In total, 96 sera from individuals with primary Sjögren's syndrome and 114 healthy controls were tested for anti-Ro 52/60 and anti-La in 17 immunoassays. Especially the immunoassays used for detection of anti-Ro 52 differed in their sensitivity (48-79%), while only small differences in sensitivities were observed for the anti-Ro 60 (69-77%) anti-La (39-44%) assays. Concordances of 65%, 79% and 73% for the anti-Ro 52, anti-Ro 60 and anti-La assays were found, respectively. The majority of the assays yielded high specificities, primarily ranging from 97 to 100%, except from a single anti-Ro 60 assay, which yielded a specificity of 79%. Occasionally, reactivity levels were increased in a few assays, indicating that false-positive results can be obtained when applying assays of reduced specificity. In general, the commercial assays appeared to perform better than the in-house analyses. When correcting the in-house assays for background reactivity, sensitivities were reduced by approximately 7%, 17%, and 19% for anti-Ro 52, anti-Ro 60 and anti-La assays, respectively, illustrating the pitfalls when applying immunoassays for detection of autoantibodies, which in theory may apply to commercial assays as well. Finally, increased total sensitivities were obtained when combining assays. These studies contribute to clarify the clinical utility of immunoassays for detection of autoantibodies of Ro 52, Ro 60 and La and illustrate that the most efficient strategy to maximize antibody sensitivity is to combine several assays.
12. Det man hører, er man selv
Svømmekjær, Heidi Frank
2012-01-01
Katalog til udstillingen "Det man hører, er man selv" på Mediemuseet i Odense 7. september 2012 - 15. januar 2013.......Katalog til udstillingen "Det man hører, er man selv" på Mediemuseet i Odense 7. september 2012 - 15. januar 2013....
13. Ceftobiprole Medocaril: BAL5788, JNJ 30982081, JNJ30982081, RO 65-5788, RO 655788.
2006-01-01
Ceftobiprole medocaril [BAL 5788, RO 65-5788, JNJ 30982081] is a prodrug in phase III clinical development with Basilea Pharmaceutica and Cilag AG (Johnson & Johnson) for the potential treatment of serious bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ceftobiprole medocaril is the water-soluble prodrug of the pyrrolidinone cephalosporin, ceftobiprole [BAL 9141, RO 63-9141]. Because of the low water solubility of ceftobiprole, its clinical application was limited and Basilea began its investigations into ceftobiprole medocaril for further development. Ceftobiprole medocaril is being developed for IV administration and is currently undergoing phase III trials for complicated skin and skin structure infections (including MRSA) and hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia. Ceftobiprole medocaril has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria (including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria. Ceftobiprole medocaril inhibits all transpeptidases, including the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a, by a unique combination of features. PBP 2a is the primary enzyme responsible for beta-lactam drug resistance in MRSA; PBP 2a also acts as a key defense mechanism by interacting with the bacterial cell wall to form a chemical barricade that is impervious to antibiotics. Ceftobiprole medocaril has been designed specifically to bind to this penicillin-resistant target. Ceftobiprole medocaril is bactericidal and has not shown resistance development in vitro or in stringent animal models. Studies conducted by Basilea have demonstrated that ceftobiprole medocaril is readily converted to ceftobiprole, and shows markedly improved water solubility. In February 2005, Basilea Pharmaceutica AG entered into an exclusive worldwide agreement with Cilag AG International (Johnson & Johnson) to develop, manufacture and market ceftobiprole medocaril. Ortho
14. ÜRO asesekretäri kriitika USA suunal ajas viimase marru / Liise Lehtsalu
Lehtsalu, Liise
2006-01-01
ÜRO asesekretär Malloch Brown kritiseeris oma kõnes USA tahtmatust teavitada ameeriklasi ÜRO osast USA välispoliitikas. USA ÜRO-suursaadiku John Boltoni reageering Browni märkustele. Lisa: Rikaste ja vaeste riikide vastuolud
15. ÜRO asesekretäri kriitika USA suunal ajas viimase marru / Liise Lehtsalu
Lehtsalu, Liise
2006-01-01
ÜRO asesekretär Malloch Brown kritiseeris oma kõnes USA tahtmatust teavitada ameeriklasi ÜRO osast USA välispoliitikas. USA ÜRO-suursaadiku John Boltoni reageering Browni märkustele. Lisa: Rikaste ja vaeste riikide vastuolud
16. Sõjaraport õõnestab ÜRO usaldusväärsust / Jürgen Tamme
Tamme, Jürgen
2011-01-01
ÜRO Gaza sõda puudutavas raportis kritiseeritakse nii Iisraeli kui ka Palestiina islamistlikku äärmusrühmitust Hamas. ÜRO inimõiguste uurija Richard Goldstone leiab, et raport on siiski puudulik, kuna praegu omab ÜRO juba rohkem infot Gaza sõja kohta
17. Haitilased süüdistavad kooleras ÜRO rahuvalvajaid
2010-01-01
Paljud kohalikud elanikud on veendunud, et Haiti kooleraepideemia vallandamises on süüdi ÜRO stabilisatsioonimission MINUSTAH. Riigis on puhkenud ÜRO-vastased rahutused. ÜRO arvates on protestilaine algatatud presidendivalimisi nurjata soovivate poliitiliste liikumiste poolt
18. Haitilased süüdistavad kooleras ÜRO rahuvalvajaid
2010-01-01
Paljud kohalikud elanikud on veendunud, et Haiti kooleraepideemia vallandamises on süüdi ÜRO stabilisatsioonimission MINUSTAH. Riigis on puhkenud ÜRO-vastased rahutused. ÜRO arvates on protestilaine algatatud presidendivalimisi nurjata soovivate poliitiliste liikumiste poolt
19. Sõjaraport õõnestab ÜRO usaldusväärsust / Jürgen Tamme
Tamme, Jürgen
2011-01-01
ÜRO Gaza sõda puudutavas raportis kritiseeritakse nii Iisraeli kui ka Palestiina islamistlikku äärmusrühmitust Hamas. ÜRO inimõiguste uurija Richard Goldstone leiab, et raport on siiski puudulik, kuna praegu omab ÜRO juba rohkem infot Gaza sõja kohta
20. Symbolism in prehistoric man.
Facchini, F
2000-12-01
The aptitude for symbolization, characteristic of man, is revealed not only in artistic representations and funerary practices. It is exhibited by every manifestation of human activity or representation of natural phenomena that assumes or refers to a meaning. We can recognize functional symbolism (tool-making, habitative or food technology), social symbolism, (language and social communication) and spiritual symbolism (funerary practices and artistic expressions). On the basis of these concepts, research into symbolism in prehistoric man allows us to recognize forms of symbolism already in the manifestations of the most ancient humans, starting with Homo habilis (or rudolfensis). Toolmaking, social organization and organization of the territory are oriented toward survival and the life of the family group. They attest to symbolic behaviors and constitute symbolic systems by means of which man expresses himself, lives and transmits his symbolic world. The diverse forms of symbolism are discussed with reference to the different phases of prehistoric humanity.
1. 河网水动力模型在甬江流域泵站规模确定中的应用%Hydrodynamic Model for River Network in Yong River Basin to Determine the Scale of the Pumping Station
顾巍巍; 金德钢; 张卫国; 江雨田; 于慧
2015-01-01
泵站工程是平原排水系统中重要的组成部分，甬江流域受台风影响，洪涝灾害频发，启动应急泵站建设，可改善改流域排水情况。本文采用河网水动力模型，对甬江流域部分泵闸配套河道宽度和排水影响范围进行模拟，模拟结果精度较高，对甬江流域泵站工程建设规模和布局具有指导意义。%pumping station project is an important part of the drainage system ,yong river basin is often influenced by the typhoon and flood disasters ,launched the emergency construction of pumping station is a solution to improve the drainage system .Based on the hydrodynamic model for river network ,to simulate the channel width and drainage impact range of yong river basin ,The simulation results precision is high ,it has guiding significance for the construction scale and layout of pumping station project of yong river basin .
2. Man - Machine Communication
Petersen, Peter; Nielsen, Henning
1984-01-01
This report describes a Man-to-Machine Communication module which together with a STAC can take care of all operator inputs from the touch-screen, tracker balls and mechanical buttons. The MMC module can also contain a G64 card which could be a GPIB driver but many other G64 cards could be used. The soft-ware services the input devices and makes the results accessible from the CAMAC bus. NODAL functions for the Man Machine Communication is implemented in the STAC and in the ICC.
3. Bulletproof Black Man
Højer, Henrik
2016-01-01
Netflix’ kommende serie om den sorte Marvel-helt Luke Cage lander snart – midt i de aktuelle racekonflikter i USA. I GIF-anatomien "Bulletproof Black Man" sætter Henrik Højer serien ind i dens amerikanske kontekst.......Netflix’ kommende serie om den sorte Marvel-helt Luke Cage lander snart – midt i de aktuelle racekonflikter i USA. I GIF-anatomien "Bulletproof Black Man" sætter Henrik Højer serien ind i dens amerikanske kontekst....
4. Mejora del plan de eficiencia energética para el buque RO-RO Galicia sustituyendo su alumbrado fluorescente por tecnología led
2016-01-01
Resumen: ENERGÉTICA PARA EL BUQUE RO-RO GALICIA SUSTITUYENDO SU ALUMBRADO FLUORESCENTE POR TECNOLOGÍA LED”, es un trabajo académico que focaliza la herramienta tecnológica LED, integrándola en el equipo de iluminación de un buque RO-RO para conseguir mejorar su eficiencia energética. Los equipos de iluminación han sufrido una espectacular mejora con la incorporación de los sistemas LED, permitiendo ahorrar grandes cantidades de energía, incrementando la vida útil de las luminarias y reduciend...
5. Detection of small-size planetary candidates with CoRoT data
Moutou C.
2011-02-01
Full Text Available With the discovery of CoRoT-7b, the first transiting super-Earth, the CoRoT space mission has shown the capability to detect short-period rocky planets around solar-like stars. By performing a blind test with real CoRoT light curves, we want to establish the detection threshold of small-size planets in CoRoT data. We investigate the main obstacles to the detection of transiting super-Earths in CoRoT data, notably the presence of short-time scale variability and hot pixels.
6. 关于柳永艳情词同情妓女的几点思考%Sympathy for Prostitutes：on Liu- Yong Erotic＇s poetry
岳德虎
2012-01-01
Liu Yong＇s erotic word in the modern majority view was that the author is truly ignited the care of the lower prostitutes and sympathy, the most important thing is to them on an equal footing with their own to write. However, the social environment and personal experience point of view of Liu Yong, Liu Yong＇s love is indeed like a prostitute on the surface composition of sympathetic prostitute, but if the society from the time and his description of the word erotic Overall, there Many places worth considering.%柳永的艳情词在现代多数人的观点中被认为是真实地寄寓了作者对下层妓女的关怀和同情，最主要的是把她们放在了与自己同等的地位来写。但从当时的社会环境和柳永的亲身经历来看，柳永的恋妓表面上看确像具有同情妓女的成分，但如果从当时的社会风气和他艳情词的描写总体来看，还是有许多值得思考的地方。
7. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission
Ollivier, M.; Gillon, M.; Santerne, A.
2012-01-01
Aims. We report the discovery of CoRoT-16b, a low density hot jupiter that orbits a faint G5V star (mV = 15.63) in 5.3523 ± 0.0002 days with slight eccentricity. A fit of the data with no a priori assumptions on the orbit leads to an eccentricity of 0.33 ± 0.1. We discuss this value and also deri...
8. THE MASS OF CoRoT-7b
Hatzes, Artie P.; Wuchterl, Guenther [Thueringer Landessternwarte, D-07778 Tautenburg (Germany); Fridlund, Malcolm; Gandolfi, Davide [European Space Agency, ESTEC, SRE-SA, P.O. Box 299, NL-2200AG, Noordwijk (Netherlands); Nachmani, Gil; Mazeh, Tsevi [School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (Israel); Valencia, Diana [Observatoire de la Cote d' Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Hebrard, Guillaume; Borde, Pascal [Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS, Universite Pierre and Marie Curie, 98bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris (France); Carone, Ludmila; Paetzold, Martin [Rheinisches Institut fuer Umweltforschung, Universitaet zu Koeln, Abt. Planetenforschung, Aachener Str. 209, D-50931 Koeln (Germany); Udry, Stephane [Observatoire de l' Universite de Geneve, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Sauverny (Switzerland); Bouchy, Francois [Observatoire de Haute Provence, F-04670 Saint Michel l' Observatoire (France); Deleuil, Magali; Moutou, Claire; Barge, Pierre [Laboratoire d' Astrophysique de Marseille, CNRS and University of Provence, 38 rue Frederic Joliot-Curie, F-13388 Marseille Cedex 13 (France); Deeg, Hans; Tingley, Brandon [Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Dvorak, Rudolf [University of Vienna, Institute of Astronomy, Tuerkenschanzstr. 17, A-1180, Vienna (Austria); Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio, E-mail: artie@tls-tautenburg.de, E-mail: malcolm.fridlund@esa.int [IAG, University of Sao Paulo (Brazil); and others
2011-12-10
The mass of CoRoT-7b, the first transiting super-Earth exoplanet, is still a subject of debate. A wide range of masses have been reported in the literature ranging from as high as 8 M{sub Circled-Plus} to as low as 2.3 M{sub Circled-Plus }. This range in mass is largely due to the activity level of the star that contributes a significant amount of radial velocity (RV) 'jitter' and how the various methods correct this jitter. Although most mass determinations give a density consistent with a rocky planet, the lower value permits a bulk composition that can be up to 50% water. We present an analysis of the CoRoT-7b RV measurements that uses very few and simple assumptions in treating the activity signal. By analyzing those RV data for which multiple measurements were made in a given night, we remove the activity related RV contribution without any a priori model. We argue that the contribution of activity to the final RV curve is negligible and that the K-amplitude due to the planet is well constrained. This yields a mass of 7.42 {+-} 1.21 M{sub Circled-Plus} and a mean density of {rho} = 10.4 {+-} 1.8 gm cm{sup -3}. CoRoT-7b is similar in mass and radius to the second rocky planet to be discovered, Kepler-10b, and within the errors they have identical bulk densities-they are virtual twins. These bulk densities lie close to the density-radius relationship for terrestrial planets similar to what is seen for Mercury. CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b may have an internal structure more like Mercury than the Earth.
9. Mundos de roças e florestas
Joana Cabral de Oliveira
Full Text Available Resumo Pretendo explorar neste artigo as relações entre os domínios da roça (koo e da floresta (ka’a, importante oposição da cosmologia wajãpi (grupo Tupi que habita o estado do Amapá. Ka’a e koo, contudo, não se constituem como uma oposição fixa, mas antes como posições relacionais que se movem, nas quais a capoeira ocupa um papel fundamental. Algo que é evidenciado tanto numa dinâmica de ocupação territorial - por meio do cultivo de áreas de mata primária e o abandono dos roçados após a colheita -, quanto por meio das relações perspectivistas que movimentam as categorias de roça e floresta, plantas cultivadas e não-cultivadas, através de distintos sujeitos. Nesse contexto, compreender a dinâmica das relações entre floresta e roçado é fundamental para melhor refletir sobre como algumas famílias wajãpi entendem a atividade agrícola. Proponho essa reflexão estabelecendo um diálogo com ecologia histórica que aponta para a existência de florestas antropizadas, contexto em que a agricultura se apresenta como uma atividade central para a produção de biodiversidade.
10. The Mass of CoRoT-7b
Hatzes, Artie P.; Fridlund, Malcolm; Nachmani, Gil; Mazeh, Tsevi; Valencia, Diana; Hébrard, Guillaume; Carone, Ludmila; Pätzold, Martin; Udry, Stephane; Bouchy, Francois; Deleuil, Magali; Moutou, Claire; Barge, Pierre; Bordé, Pascal; Deeg, Hans; Tingley, Brandon; Dvorak, Rudolf; Gandolfi, Davide; Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio; Wuchterl, Günther; Guenther, Eike; Guillot, Tristan; Rauer, Heike; Erikson, Anders; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilard; Léger, Alain; Lammer, Helmut; Weingrill, Jörg; Queloz, Didier; Alonso, Roi; Rouan, Daniel; Schneider, Jean
2011-12-01
The mass of CoRoT-7b, the first transiting super-Earth exoplanet, is still a subject of debate. A wide range of masses have been reported in the literature ranging from as high as 8 M ⊕ to as low as 2.3 M ⊕. This range in mass is largely due to the activity level of the star that contributes a significant amount of radial velocity (RV) "jitter" and how the various methods correct this jitter. Although most mass determinations give a density consistent with a rocky planet, the lower value permits a bulk composition that can be up to 50% water. We present an analysis of the CoRoT-7b RV measurements that uses very few and simple assumptions in treating the activity signal. By analyzing those RV data for which multiple measurements were made in a given night, we remove the activity related RV contribution without any a priori model. We argue that the contribution of activity to the final RV curve is negligible and that the K-amplitude due to the planet is well constrained. This yields a mass of 7.42 ± 1.21 M ⊕ and a mean density of ρ = 10.4 ± 1.8 gm cm-3. CoRoT-7b is similar in mass and radius to the second rocky planet to be discovered, Kepler-10b, and within the errors they have identical bulk densities—they are virtual twins. These bulk densities lie close to the density-radius relationship for terrestrial planets similar to what is seen for Mercury. CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b may have an internal structure more like Mercury than the Earth.
11. Play the Man!
Edelberg, Peter
as opposites towards a heterosexual matrimonial ideal wherein men could try to establish a masculine identity. This tendency created new frontiers where homosexuals, 'perverts', 'misfits' and 'freaks' were seen as opposites of the 'real man' in the symbolic world of the early twentieth century....
12. Hunting the Wild Man
2011-01-01
Scientists and volunteers plan a new Shennongjia exploration for Bigfoot After being shelved for many years, a plan to search for the wild man in the Shennongjia forestry district is once again under way. This time, scientists want to raise as much as 10 million yuan ($1.6 million) to employ advanced technology and recruit staff worldwide for the project. 13. Ethology and Man Biology and Human Affairs, 1971 1971-01-01 Reviews four texts and compilations of papers in an effort to assess the relevance of animal behavior studies to anthropology and sociology. Concludes that where a basic element of behavior occurs widely throughout the animal kingdom, especially in the higher mammals and primates, we may expect to find a manifestation in man." Limitations of the… 14. AUTO PARTS MAN, WORKBOOK. DOVER, BUEL H. THE INFORMATION IN THIS STUDY GUIDE WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE IN THE RELATED TECHNICAL CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION PHASE OF THE AUTO PARTS MAN APPRENTICE TRAINING PROGRAM. THE MATERIAL WAS PLANNED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE STATE EDUCATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE TRADE. THE UNITS ARE (1) SCOPE AND OPPORTUNITY, (2) AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY,… 15. Reference Man anatomical model Cristy, M. 1994-10-01 The 70-kg Standard Man or Reference Man has been used in physiological models since at least the 1920s to represent adult males. It came into use in radiation protection in the late 1940s and was developed extensively during the 1950s and used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in its Publication 2 in 1959. The current Reference Man for Purposes of Radiation Protection is a monumental book published in 1975 by the ICRP as ICRP Publication 23. It has a wealth of information useful for radiation dosimetry, including anatomical and physiological data, gross and elemental composition of the body and organs and tissues of the body. The anatomical data includes specified reference values for an adult male and an adult female. Other reference values are primarily for the adult male. The anatomical data include much data on fetuses and children, although reference values are not established. There is an ICRP task group currently working on revising selected parts of the Reference Man document. 16. Man--Society--Technology. Taxis, Linda A., Ed. The 32nd annual American Industrial Arts Association (AIAA) Convention was held in Louisville in 1970. Topics for the AIAA general session addresses were: (1) "Industrial Arts--The Blender Between Social Form and Technical Function," (2) "Technology and Society: Present and Future Challenges," (3) "A Student-Oriented Industrial Arts," (4) "Man:… 17. Constructing EuroMan Sandberg, Marie; Andersen, Dorte 2008-01-01 Regionalism. In the first two parts of the article, this connection is analysed in detail. In the last part, we will illustrate how EuroMan is enacted in the Spanish region Catalonia and in the border town Görlitz-Zgorzelec in the Polish-German borderland. These two examples have been made possible... 18. Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins become self-aggregated by cell stress E. Avalos-Díaz 2011-09-01 Full Text Available Ro is a cellular particle composed by three ribonucleoproteins of 60, 54 and 52 kDa (1-3. Ro60 forms a complex with one of the 1-5 hYRNAs (4. Antigenic properties of Ro were described by Clark in 1969 using autoimmune sera (5, and it is broadly accepted that Ro is recognized by autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE, Sjögren’s syndrome (SS and neonatal lupus (6. Complexes of Ro are involved in the transcription quality control of 5S rRNA, Ro60 bind the 5S rRNA inefficient transcribed to be eliminated (7, 8. Ro is expressed broadly in nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (9-11. 19. High performance RO membranes for desalination and wastewater reclamation and their operation results. Henmi, M; Fusaoka, Y; Tomioka, H; Kurihara, M 2010-01-01 Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is one of the most powerful tools for solving the global water crisis, and is used in a variety of water treatment scenes such as drinking water purification, waste-water treatment, boiler feed water production, ultra pure water production for semiconductor industry, etc. The desired performance of RO membrane varies according to quality of feed water being treated, and Toray has been developing RO membranes with suitable characteristic for each operating condition. RO membranes for seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation are especially regarded as most promising targets. Recently, high boron removal and energy saving RO membrane for seawater desalination and low fouling RO membrane for wastewater reclamation have been developed. In this paper, the prospect of attaining these renovative RO membrane, and furthermore, job references will be discussed. 20. 论金庸小说新角色引入方式的类型及特点%The Types and Features of the Ways of Introduction to New Characters in Jin Yong's Novels 彭依伊 2016-01-01 This thesis focus onJin Yong's novels as the research of text,Propp,the morphology of stories,"new character type" theory as the arguments in support,trying to find out the way,introduced recurring characters from Jin Yong's no-vels,and to explore new characters from Jin Yong's novels,including neglected many minor characters,different way of character,plot,etc.People involved including Lu Feiqing,ChenJinnan,Zhou Zhiruo,DongfangBubai,Chen Jialuo,etc., through the analysis of these characters,Settings,and describes new character type of deep mining in the important meaning in the text structure,so as to verify the street's new role is introduced into the classification of the viewpoints and appropriate to the characteristics of Jin Yong's novels,and tries to be demonstrated.Way to explore new roles to introduce Jin Yong's martial arts,this novel type of mutual influence,is also the most innovative academic significance in this paper.%普罗普在《故事形态学》中提出的“新角色引入方式”理论已成为小说、戏剧研究的基本理论，金庸小说的角色引入方式与其颇多相合之处。金庸小说中的新角色无论其重要程度有怎样的差异，其不同的出场方式对人物形象、故事情节等大都有着直接的影响。金庸对陆菲青、陈近南、周芷若、东方不败、陈家洛等人物出场时的设置与描写，大多能契合普罗普的“新角色引入”的分类观点，在文本结构中具有重要意义。除此之外，金庸小说中新角色的引入，也有普罗普理论难以范围之处。全面分析金庸小说角色引入方式的特点，对于进一步探讨其小说情节、结构的创新性具有重要的学术价值。 1. Transit timing analysis of CoRoT-1b Csizmadia, Sz; Barge, P; Agol, E; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Almenara, J M; Bonomo, A S; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Cabrera, J; Deeg, H J; De la Reza, R; Deleuil, M; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Guenther, E W; Fridlund, M; Gondoin, P; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Lázaro, C; Leger, A; Llebaria, A; Magain, P; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Paetzold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Schneider, J; Wuchterl, G; Gandolfi, D 2009-01-01 CoRoT, the pioneer space-based transit search, steadily provides thousands of high-precision light curves with continuous time sampling over periods of up to 5 months. The transits of a planet perturbed by an additional object are not strictly periodic. By studying the transit timing variations (TTVs), additional objects can be detected in the system. A transit timing analysis of CoRoT-1b is carried out to constrain the existence of additional planets in the system. We used data obtained by an improved version of the CoRoT data pipeline (version 2.0). Individual transits were fitted to determine the mid-transit times, and we analyzed the derived$O-C$diagram. N-body integrations were used to place limits on secondary planets. No periodic timing variations with a period shorter than the observational window (55 days) are found. The presence of an Earth-mass Trojan is not likely. A planet of mass greater than$\\sim 1Earth mass can be ruled out by the present data if the object is in a 2:1 (exterior) mean mot... 2. Stellar classification of CoRoT targets Damiani, C; Moutou, C; Deleuil, M; Ysard, N; Baudin, F; Deeg, H 2016-01-01 The CoRoT faint stars channel observed about 163 600 targets to detect transiting planetary companions. Because CoRoT targets are faint (11< r <16) and close to the galactic plane, only a small subsample has been observed spectroscopically. We describe the latest classification scheme used to derive the spectral type of CoRoT targets, which is based on broadband multi-colour photometry. We assess the accuracy of this spectral classification for the first time. We find that the classification method performs better for stars that were observed during the mission-dedicated photometric ground-based campaigns.The luminosity class is wrong for less than 7% of the targets. Generally, the effective temperature of stars classified as early type (O, B, and A) is overestimated. Conversely, the temperature of stars classified as later type tends to be underestimated. This is mainly due to the adverse effect of interstellar reddening. We find that the median error on the effective temperature is less than 5% for dw... 3. On the Mass of CoRoT-7b Hatzes, Artie P; Nachmani, Gil; Mazeh, Tsevi; Valencia, Diana; Hebrard, Guillaume; Carone, Ludmila; Paetzold, Martin; Udry, Stephane; Bouchy, Francois; Borde, Pascal; Deeg, Hans; Tingley, Brandon; Dvorak, Rudolf; Gandolfi, Davide; Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio; Wuchterl, Guenther; Guenther, Eike; Rauer, Heike; Erikson, Anders; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilard; Leger, Alain; Lammer, Helmut; Weingrill, Joerg; Queloz, Didier; Alonso, Roi; Schneider, Jean 2011-01-01 The mass of CoRoT-7b, the first transiting superearth exoplanet, is still a subject of debate. A wide range of masses have been reported in the literature ranging from as high as 8 M_Earth to as low as 2.3 M_Earth. Although most mass determinations give a density consistent with a rocky planet, the lower value permits a bulk composition that can be up to 50% water. We present an analysis of the CoRoT-7b radial velocity measurements that uses very few and simple assumptions in treating the activity signal. By only analyzing those radial velocity data for which multiple measurements were made in a given night we remove the activity related radial velocity contribution without any a priori model. We demonstrate that the contribution of activity to the final radial velocity curve is negligible and that the K-amplitude due to the planet is well constrained. This yields a mass of 7.42 +/- 1.21 M_Earth and a mean density of rho = 10.4 +/- 1.8 gm cm^-3. CoRoT-7b is similar in mass and radius to the second rocky plane... 4. The secondary eclipse of CoRoT-1b Alonso, R; Aigrain, S; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barbieri, M; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Chaintreuil, S; De la Reza, R; Deeg, H J; Deleuil, M; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Fialho, F; Gondoin, P; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Magain, P; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Patzold, M; Pont, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Schneider, J; Wuchterl, G 2009-01-01 The transiting planet CoRoT-1b is thought to belong to the pM-class of planets, in which the thermal emission dominates in the optical wavelengths. We present a detection of its secondary eclipse in the CoRoT white channel data, whose response function goes from ~400 to ~1000 nm. We used two different filtering approaches, and several methods to evaluate the significance of a detection of the secondary eclipse. We detect a secondary eclipse centered within 20 min at the expected times for a circular orbit, with a depth of 0.016+/-0.006%. The center of the eclipse is translated in a 1-sigma upper limit to the planet's eccentricity of ecosomega<0.014. Under the assumption of a zero Bond Albedo and blackbody emission from the planet, it corresponds to a T_{CoRoT}=2330 +120-140 K. We provide the equilibrium temperatures of the planet as a function of the amount of reflected light. If the planet is in thermal equilibrium with the incident flux from the star, our results imply an inefficient transport mechanism ... 5. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission . XIX. CoRoT-23b: a dense hot Jupiter on an eccentric orbit Rouan, D.; Parviainen, H.; Moutou, C. 2012-01-01 We report the detection of CoRoT-23b, a hot Jupiter transiting in front of its host star with a period of 3.6314 ± 0.0001 days. This planet was discovered thanks to photometric data secured with the CoRoT satellite, combined with spectroscopic radial velocity (RV) measurements. A photometric sear... 6. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission . XIX. CoRoT-23b: a dense hot Jupiter on an eccentric orbit Rouan, D.; Parviainen, H.; Moutou, C. 2012-01-01 We report the detection of CoRoT-23b, a hot Jupiter transiting in front of its host star with a period of 3.6314 ± 0.0001 days. This planet was discovered thanks to photometric data secured with the CoRoT satellite, combined with spectroscopic radial velocity (RV) measurements. A photometric sear... 7. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XXIII. CoRoT-21b: a doomed large Jupiter around a faint subgiant star Pätzold, M.; Endl, M.; Csizmadia, Sz.; 2012-01-01 CoRoT-21, a F8IV star of magnitude V = 16 mag, was observed by the space telescope CoRoT during the Long Run 01 (LRa01) in the first winter field (constellation Monoceros) from October 2007 to March 2008. Transits were discovered during the light curve processing. Radial velocity follow-up observ... 8. Man Is a Paradox 王茂娟 2009-01-01 In the poem "Always", the author Pablo Neruda employs the first person narration to incisively reveal the paradoxical traits in human nature by exploring man in relation to love. "I" play a role shifting from a calm narrator to a furious one, and the last recovering to a mild one, which offers a multiple visual angle to observe humanity. In sum, by means of continuous changes of my inner feelings in the poem, Pablo Neruda reveals the paradoxical humanity . 9. First dose in man 2011-01-01 Du er blevet ansat som læge i et lægemiddelfirma med ansvar for planlægning og sikkerhed i fase 1 forsøg. Firmaet har udviklet tre dopamin D2-receptor antagonister til behandling af skizofreni. Lægemidlerne har undergået et omfattende farmakologisk, toksikologisk og farmaceutisk afprøvningsprogra...... fase 1 forsøg alias »First dose in man«.... 10. Biological Individuality of Man 1974-12-01 RECIPIENT’S CAT * LOO NUMBER Biological Individuality of Man 5 TlrPE OF REPORT a PERIOD COVERED Technical « PERFORMING ORO REPORT...Variability 13 A. Background , 13 B. Slatistictl Approaches to Biological Variability 13 C. Genetic Aspects of Biological Variability . 14 III...ioiological determinants of individuality. Only recently, have genetic infaienccs been investigated and the potentialities for future control of bio 11. SS-A/Ro52 promotes apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2 production Jauharoh, Siti Nur Aisyah [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta 15412 (Indonesia); Saegusa, Jun; Sugimoto, Takeshi [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Ardianto, Bambang [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55282 (Indonesia); Kasagi, Shimpei; Sugiyama, Daisuke; Kurimoto, Chiyo [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Tokuno, Osamu; Nakamachi, Yuji [Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Kumagai, Shunichi [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Kawano, Seiji, E-mail: sjkawano@med.kobe-u.ac.jp [Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo 650-0017 (Japan) 2012-01-06 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ro52{sup low} HeLa cells are resistant to apoptosis upon various stimulations. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ro52 is upregulated by IFN-{alpha}, etoposide, or IFN-{gamma} and anti-Fas Ab. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ro52-mediated apoptosis is independent of p53. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Ro52 selectively regulates Bcl-2 expression. -- Abstract: SS-A/Ro52 (Ro52), an autoantigen in systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjoegren's syndrome, has E3 ligase activity to ubiquitinate proteins that protect against viral infection. To investigate Ro52's role during stress, we transiently knocked it down in HeLa cells by siRo52 transfection. We found that Ro52{sup low} HeLa cells were significantly more resistant to apoptosis than wild-type HeLa cells when stimulated by H{sub 2}O{sub 2}- or diamide-induced oxidative stress, IFN-{alpha}, IFN-{gamma} and anti-Fas antibody, etoposide, or {gamma}-irradiation. Furthermore, Ro52-mediated apoptosis was not influenced by p53 protein level in HeLa cells. Depleting Ro52 in HeLa cells caused Bcl-2, but not other Bcl-2 family molecules, to be upregulated. Taken together, our data showed that Ro52 is a universal proapoptotic molecule, and that its proapoptotic effect does not depend on p53, but is exerted through negative regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These findings shed light on a new physiological role for Ro52 that is important to intracellular immunity. 12. Anti-SLA/LP alone or in combination with anti-Ro52 and fine specificity of anti-Ro52 antibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Zachou, Kalliopi; Gampeta, Stella; Gatselis, Nikolaos K; Oikonomou, Katerina; Goulis, John; Manoussakis, Menelaos N; Renaudineau, Yves; Bogdanos, Dimitrios P; Dalekos, George N 2015-02-01 Antibodies (Abs) to soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas (anti-SLA/LP) are considered markers of worse prognosis and outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) although this assumption has recently been attributed to their frequent co-expression with Abs against Ro52 (anti-Ro52). To assess the clinical significance of anti-SLA/LP Abs alone or in combination with anti-Ro52 in AIH patients and determine the immunodominant Ro52 epitopes according to the anti-SLA/LP status. Twenty-three anti-SLA/LP-positive and 106 anti-SLA/LP-negative AIH patients were included. Anti-SLA/LP were determined by ELISA using recombinant antigen, and confirmed by immunoblot using cytosolic rat liver fraction or HuH-7 extract. Anti-Ro52 Abs were determined by ELISA using recombinant antigen. Epitope mapping was assessed by ELISA using overlapping peptides covering the whole Ro52 protein in 26 AIH patients and 12 patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Anti-SLA/LP positivity was not associated with the clinical, laboratory or histological characteristics of AIH patients. Treatment response, corticosteroid withdrawal, relapse after stopping treatment and outcome, were not associated with the presence of anti-SLA/LP, anti-Ro52 or double reactivity. Moreover, Ro52 epitope mapping revealed new epitopes unique for AIH and independent from anti-SLA/LP positivity. Neither anti-SLA/LP nor anti-Ro52 Abs or their combination could specify a distinct group of AIH patients in terms of clinical characteristics, treatment response and outcome. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the newly discovered immunodominant epitopes of Ro52 antigen which were associated specifically with AIH have any clinical or pathogenetic significance in AIH. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 13. The pedagogical value of a student-run community-based experiential learning project: The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Public Health Screening. Wee, Liang En; Yeo, Wei Xin; Tay, Clifton M; Lee, Jeannette J M; Koh, Gerald C H 2010-09-01 We assessed the pedagogical value of a student-led community-based experiential learning project called the Public Health Screening (PHS) run by medical and nursing students of the National University of Singapore's Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS YLLSoM). We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered anonymised questionnaire on medical and nursing students who participated in PHS using the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) Survey Instrument. Participants also gave an overall score for their learning experience at the PHS. The participation rate was 93.1% (576/619) for medical students and 100% (37/37) for nursing students. All participants gave the PHS learning experience a high rating (median = 8 out of maximum of 10, inter-quartile range, 7 to 9). A majority of participants felt that PHS had helped them to improve across all domains surveyed. For medical students, those in preclinical years and females were independently more likely to feel that PHS had helped them to improve in communication skills, teamwork, ability to identify social issues, taking action, and gaining and applying their knowledge than those in clinical years and males. Improved ability to interact with patients (β=1.64, 95%CI, 1.01-2.27), appreciation of challenges to healthcare faced by Singaporeans from lower income groups (β=0.93, 95%CI, 0.49-1.37), thinking of others (β=0.70, 95%CI, 0.04-1.37) and tolerance of different people (β =0.63, 95%CI, 0.17-1.10) were strongly associated with the overall rating score. PHS was a positive learning experience in a wide range of domains for all students involved. This suggests that student-organised community-based experiential learning projects have potential educational value for both medical and nursing students. 14. Characteristics of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Yong'an-Meitai Area of the Fushan Depression, Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea Li Meijun; Wang Tieguan; Liu Ju; Zhang Meizhu; Lu Hong; Ma Qinglin; Gao Lihui 2007-01-01 The Yong'an-Meitai area is the focus of the present exploration in the Fushan Depression, Beibuwan Basin,South China Sea. All oils from this area are geochemically characterized by higher Pr/Ph ratio, higher proportion of heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons, and higher proportion of C29 regular steranes, which indicate that the organic matter of source rocks might have been deposited in an oxidizing palaeoenvironment and be dominated by higher plant organic matter input. The oil from E3w2 (the second member of Weizhou Fm. of the Oligocene) has a much higher density,relatively higher Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 ratios, and a "UCM-unresolved complex mixture" on gas chromatograms, which indicate that it has been slightly biodegraded. CPI and other terpane and sterane isomer ratios suggest they are all mature oils. The timing of oil charging in E3w2 and E2l1 (the first member of the Liushagang Fm. of the Eocene) determined by the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and thermal evolution history are from 9-3 Ma and 8-3 Ma,respectively. Thus, the interpretation of E3w2 as a secondary reservoir is unlikely. The timing of oil charging is later than that of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion of Liushagang Fm. source rocks and trap formation, which is favorable for oil accumulation in this area. All molecular parameters that are used for tracing oil filling direction decrease with shallower burial depth, which suggests vertical oil migration. The widely occurring faults that penetrate through the source rocks of the Liushagang Fm. may serve as a fine oil charging conduit. 15. 跨文化视域下金庸小说的艺术创新%Artistic Innovation in Jin Yong's Novels from a Cross- cultural Perspective 彭海云 2016-01-01 Whether it is from the Cultural Implications of view or from the art form,Jin Yong’s novels not only exemplified ancient and modern Chinese cultural heritage,but also excelled Western and Chinese culture. Jin Yong's novels have been different from the traditional classical novels,and the modern realistic novels,which have become"cultural fiction”,a combination of heritage and innovation.The novels have unique artistic aes-thetic values and profound practical guide significance,gaining more and more recognition and approval from the contemporary society.Jin Yong's novel contains many ancient Chinese cultural factors,especially the historical and cultural content that contains Chinese Confucianism,Taoism,Buddhism;the writer made a conscious choice,deformation and creation,to make it better in line with the thinking of contemporary Chinese culture and ideological values.On one hand,the novels inherited the"positive energy"and the quality of traditional cultural spirit,on the other hand;they broke"binary opposition"type of thinking.Jin Yong's novels not only employed the modern"comprehensive"way of thinking which integrating Chinese traditional culture of collusion organical-ly,but also tactfully engaged the Western mystery flashback,flashback,etc.together with traditional Chinese novels turning and concession etc.All this narration skills attributed to a three- dimensional,panorama de-scription along with good psychological description in modern Western novels;and with regard to the theme of hatred,the novels demonstrated the fusion of the traditional Chinese knight story writing methods and Western chivalry narration skills.%无论是从文化意蕴还是从艺术形式上来看，金庸小说既有对古今中国文化的传承和创新，又有对中西优秀文化的融通和超越。金庸小说已经不同于传统的古典小说，也不同于现代的现实主义小说，而是成为了一种既有师承又有创新的现代“文化小说”。这种小 16. Dispersion and nonlinear effects in OFDM-RoF system Alhasson, Bader H.; Bloul, Albe M.; Matin, M. 2010-08-01 The radio-over-fiber (RoF) network has been a proven technology to be the best candidate for the wireless-access technology, and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been established as the core technology in the physical layer of next generation wireless communication system, as a result OFDM-RoF has drawn attentions worldwide and raised many new research topics recently. At the present time, the trend of information industry is towards mobile, wireless, digital and broadband. The next generation network (NGN) has motivated researchers to study higher-speed wider-band multimedia communication to transmit (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) at a higher speed. The NGN would offer services that would necessitate broadband networks with bandwidth higher than 2Mbit/s per radio channel. Many new services emerged, such as Internet Protocol TV (IPTV), High Definition TV (HDTV), mobile multimedia and video stream media. Both speed and capacity have been the key objectives in transmission. In the meantime, the demand for transmission bandwidth increased at a very quick pace. The coming of 4G and 5G era will provide faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth. Taking advantages of both optical communication and wireless communication, OFDM Radio over Fiber (OFDM-RoF) system is characterized by its high speed, large capacity and high spectral efficiency. However, up to the present there are some problems to be solved, such as dispersion and nonlinearity effects. In this paper we will study the dispersion and nonlinearity effects and their elimination in OFDM-radio-over-fiber system. 17. First Magnetic Doppler Images of a roAp star Lüftinger, T.; Kochukhov, O.; Ryabchikova, T.; Weiss, W. W.; Ilyin, I. 2007-06-01 We present the first analysis of the magnetic field geometry and elemental abundance distributions on the surface of a rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star, using an elaborate magnetic Doppler Imaging (MDI) code (Piskunov et al. 2002, Kochukhov et al. 2002), inv, which allows to reconstruct simultaneously and consistently the magnetic field geometry and abundance distributions on a stellar surface without any a priori assumptions. We analysed Stokes I and V time series obtained with the SOFIN polarimeter and recovered the magnetic field and surface abundance structures of Fe and Nd (among others). These two elements are found to be anticorrelated. 18. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission Ollivier, M.; Gillon, M.; Santerne, A. 2012-01-01 RoT-16b is a 0.535 −0.083/+0.085 MJ, 1.17 −0.14/+0.16 RJ hot Jupiter with a density of 0.44 −0.14/+0.21 g cm-3. Despite its short orbital distance (0.0618 ± 0.0015 AU) and the age of the parent star (6.73 ± 2.8 Gyr), the planet orbit exhibits significantly non-zero eccentricity. This is very uncommon... 19. Scientific heritage of Alexandru Roşca: publications, spider collection, described species Fedoriak, Mariia 2016-04-01 During the period 1931–1939, Roşca described 13 spider species. To date, five species names have been synonymised. We propose that six species should be treated as nomina dubia because of their poor descriptions and lack of availability of types and/or other specimens. For two of Roşca’s species, Pardosa roscai (Roewer, 1951 and Tetragnatha reimoseri (Roşca, 1939, data and figures are presented and information on them is updated. 20. The Cities for No Man Marat Nevlyutov 2016-10-01 Full Text Available Contemporary urban concept asserts the need to create spaces for man. However, the idea of a "man" transformed radically from the moment of its appearance. The book by the famous Danish architect and consultant in urban design Jan Gehl, "Cities for people", is a key example to demonstrate the ambiguity of this position. The book focuses on the concept of "man", which was abandoned in modernism. And modernism is criticized by the author. But in reality, it is not about the return to the "man", but about designing "new man". Gehl describes a new urban ideology, in which his understanding of "man" coincides with the postmodernist understanding of its absence. The "man" is multiple functions, actors of the city, and it refers to the bodies that are indistinguishable in their anonymity. 1. Warm Spitzer Photometry of the Transiting Exoplanets CoRoT-1 and CoRoT-2 at Secondary Eclipse Deming, Drake; Agol, Eric; Desert, Jean-Michel; Burrows, Adam; Fortney, Jonathan J; Charbonneau, David; Cowan, Nicolas B; Laughlin, Gregory; Langton, Jonathan; Showman, Adam P; Lewis, Nikole K 2010-01-01 We measure secondary eclipses of the hot giant exoplanets CoRoT-1 at 3.6 and 4.5 microns, and CoRoT-2 at 3.6 microns, both using Warm Spitzer. We find that the Warm Spitzer mission is working very well for exoplanet science. For consistency of our analysis we also re-analyze archival cryogenic Spitzer data for secondary eclipses of CoRoT-2 at 4.5 and 8 microns. We compare the total data for both planets, including optical eclipse measurements by the CoRoT mission, and ground-based eclipse measurements at 2 microns, to existing models. Both planets exhibit stronger eclipses at 4.5 than at 3.6 microns, which is often indicative of an atmospheric temperature inversion. The spectrum of CoRoT-1 is best reproduced by a 2460K blackbody, due either to a high altitude layer that strongly absorbs stellar irradiance, or an isothermal region in the planetary atmosphere. The spectrum of CoRoT-2 is unusual because the 8 micron contrast is anomalously low. Non-inverted atmospheres could potentially produce the CoRoT-2 spect... 2. Time and man Elton, LRB 2014-01-01 Time and Man focuses on the endeavors of humans to probe the mysteries of time and to elucidate its properties. The discussions are both philosophical and factual in nature and encompass science as well as the physical sciences, biology and related disciplines (for example, evolution), and the humanities (for example, religion). Factual information is presented to help the reader gain a better understanding of the concepts associated with time.Comprised of nine chapters, this volume first considers the passage of time and the experiences which humans associate with the concept of time before r 3. Spider-man 路遇 2002-01-01 Spider-Man was first introduced in the comic(连环画） Amazing Fantasy #15(August 1962).Peter Parker,a Senior at Midtown High School,receives his powers when bitten by a exhibition(转基因） spider in a science demonstration(展览）.This bite endowed(赋予） him with the proportional(相应的） strength and agility(敏捷） of a spider along with a keen “spider sense”. 4. Time and man Elton, L. R. B 1978-01-01 Time and Man focuses on the endeavors of humans to probe the mysteries of time and to elucidate its properties. The discussions are both philosophical and factual in nature and encompass science as well as the physical sciences, biology and related disciplines (for example, evolution), and the humanities (for example, religion). Factual information is presented to help the reader gain a better understanding of the concepts associated with time.Comprised of nine chapters, this volume first considers the passage of time and the experiences which humans associate with the concept of time before r 5. On the formation age and developing process of Yong' an stone forest%基于测年法的永安石林形成年代及发育演化过程研究 池永翔; 李润; 陈植华 2011-01-01 以永安石林地区地质、水文地质资料为背景,利用不平衡铀系法,对区内不同高程的钙华沉积物岩样进行年龄测定,确定了永安石林形成年代为中更新世以来,距今约50万年.结合区域地质构造历史及沙溪河谷地貌发育演化过程,认为:永安石林的形成始于早更新世;主要是因地壳间歇性抬升运动且大潮盆地开始处于剥蚀环境,石炭二叠纪碳酸盐岩的上覆岩层逐渐被风化剥蚀后形成.%Under the background of geological and hydrogeological data in Yong' an stone forest, Uranium- series disequilibrium method is introduced in this paper to mensurate the age for calc -sinter rock samples at different heights, so the formation age of Yong' an stone forest is confirmed, that is,about 500 thousand years since Medio - Pleistocene. Combined with history of regional geological structure and evolvement process of Shaxi valley form, this paper concludes, Yong' an stone forest is formed during Early Pleistocene, its formation is resulted from intermittent uplift movement of the earth' s crust as well as gradual weathering and erosion of the carbonate rock overlying on carboniferous and Permian under the denudation environment of Dahu basin. 6. Problems and Accountability of English Translation in Jin Yong Martial Arts Novels%金庸武侠小说英译：问题及原因分析 郑穹 2014-01-01 ProblemsconcerningJinYongmartialartsnovelsremaininChinese-into-Englishtranslationalprac-tice and theory. In practice, few English translations are available. In theory, few articles are devoted to research into their English translation. The undertranslation of Jin Yong martial arts novels is symptomatic of translational imbalance translating of Chinese literature. Such cultural specific terms as xia, jianghu and martial arts constitute the challenges facing rendering Jin Yong martial arts novels. The peripheral position occupied by translated Chinese literature in the polysystem of English literature, different ideology and poetics in the English world and resistance to translated Chinese literature by English literature are also factors for the inadequacy of English translation of Jin Yong martial arts novels.%金庸武侠小说汉译英理论和实践都存在问题：英译本偏少，相关研究的论文数量不多。金庸武侠小说英译不足是中国文学译入译出失衡的一个缩影。从文化特色词来看，侠、江湖、武功等构成了金庸武侠小说英译的难点。从文化交流来看，英译中国文学在英语文学多元系统中的边缘地位、英语世界不同的意识形态和诗学、英语文学对英译中国文学的排斥也是导致金庸武侠小说英译不足的原因。 7. A search for circumbinary planets in CoRoT eclipsing binary light curves Klagyivik Peter 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Several transiting circumbinary planets have been found in data of the Kepler mission [1–5]. Both CoRoT and Kepler have surveyed similar numbers of stars, and the photometric precision of CoRoT is sufficient that it could detect most of the known circumbinary planets; the main draw-back by CoRoT is the much shorter coverage. Still, there is a high chance that some circumbinary planets may be found in its sample of eclipsing binaries (hereafter EBs. Here we report on an ongoing search for circumbinary planets in the full CoRoT data set. 8. Experimental Study of Advanced Treatment of Coking Wastewater Using MBR-RO Combined Process Zhang, Lei; Hwang, Jiannyang; Leng, Ting; Xue, Gaifeng; Chang, Hongbing A membrane bioreactor-reverse osmosis (MBR-RO) combined process was used for advanced treatment of coking wastewater from secondary biological treatment. MBR and RO units' treatment efficiency for the pollution removal were conducted, and effects of raw water conductivity and trans-membrane pressure on water yield and desalination rate in RO unit were investigated in detail. The experimental results proved that MBR-RO combined process ran steadily with good treatment effect, which could obtain stable effluent water quality and met the requirement of "Design Criterion of the Industrial Circulating Cooling Water Treatment" (GB 50050-2007). 9. Removal of organic contaminants by RO and NF membranes Yoon, Yeomin; Lueptow, Richard M. 2005-01-01 Rejection characteristics of organic and inorganic compounds were examined for six reverse osmosis (RO) membranes and two nanofiltration (NF) membranes that are commercially available. A batch stirred-cell was employed to determine the membrane flux and the solute rejection for solutions at various concentrations and different pH conditions. The results show that for ionic solutes the degree of separation is influenced mainly by electrostatic exclusion, while for organic solutes the removal depends mainly upon the solute radius and molecular structure. In order to provide a better understanding of rejection mechanisms for the RO and NF membranes, the ratio of solute radius (r(i,s)) to effective membrane pore radius (r(p)) was employed to compare rejections. An empirical relation for the dependence of the rejection of organic compounds on the ratio r(i,s)/r(p) is presented. The rejection for organic compounds is over 75% when r(i,s)/r(p) is greater than 0.8. In addition, the rejection of organic compounds is examined using the extended Nernst-Planck equation coupled with a steric hindrance model. The transport of organic solutes is controlled mainly by diffusion for the compounds that have a high r(i,s)/r(p) ratio, while convection is dominant for compounds that have a small r(i,s)/r(p) ratio. c2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 10. The CoRoT Mission - Status and Preliminary Results Fridlund, M. 2007-08-01 The CoRoT (Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) space mission is the first dedicated space mission designed to search for exo-planets akin to our own. It is a joint effort by France, Austria Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Spain and the European Space Agency. It is specifically designed to search for exo-planets much smaller than hitherto discovered. It was launched in December 2006 on a mission lasting not less than 3 years. Verification and first operations have proven the mission to superceed all expectations. This is of course most relevant in the fact that planets as small as our own Earth are detectable. In this presentation we describe the experiences of the first 6 mo0nths of the mission, the actual status of the mission, the supporting ground based program, and what we expect in the near future. After giving examples of data relevant to the topic of this session, we turn to describing the expected impact of the results of CoRoT on future endeavours such as KEPLER, Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT's) and ultimately Darwin. 11. A New Mapping Function Based on GNSS-RO observations Benedetto, Catia; Rosciano, Elisa; Vespe, Francesco; Vizziello, Giuseppe 2015-04-01 The coordinates of a static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) station placed on the ground are estimated together with the delay suffered by the incoming satellite signals through the atmosphere. The tropospheric delay (TD) is shaped as the product of the zenith delay (ZTD) times a mapping function (MF) depending on the sine of elevation angles. In processing chain, ZTD is just estimated together with the coordinates; while the MF is modelled apart, in an independent way, by using atmospheric profiles retrieved with balloon observations ( RAOB) as done for the Niell MF (1996) or provided by climate or Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models as in the Vienna MFs. The several space missions devoted to GNSS-RO (e.g. COSMIC-FORMOSAT, METOP, CHAMP, GRACE end others) are providing a huge amount of data which makes worthwhile to be attempted the reconstruction of a new mapping function based on such kind of data. Thus we have built the "Matera" MF ( MTMF) based just on GNSS-RO observations. The new MTMF will be applied to a network of EUREF GNSS stations in the Mediterranean area. Formal errors and repeatability of ZTD and coordinates estimated with the MTMF will be compared with those achieved applying other MF. In validation activities we plan to use the Bernese software. 12. CoRoT space photometry of seven Cepheids Poretti, Ennio; Rainer, Monica; Baglin, Annie; Benko, Jozsef; Debosscher, Jonas; Weiss, Werner W 2015-01-01 A few Galactic classical Cepheids were observed in the programmes of space missions as Coriolis, MOST and Kepler. An appealing opportunity was to detect additional nonradial modes, thus opening the possibility to perform asteroseismic studies and making the pulsational content of Galactic Cepheids more similar to that of Magellanic Clouds ones. However, only hints of cycle-to-cycle variations were found, without any strict periodicity. In this context the potential of the CoRoT exoplanetary data base was not fully exploited despite the wide area covered on the Galactic plane. Therefore, we investigated all the candidate Cepheids pointed out by the automatic classification of the CoRoT curves. At the end we could identify seven bona-fide Cepheids. The light curves were investigated to remove some instrumental effects. The frequency analysis was particularly delicate since these small effects can be enhanced by the large amplitude, resulting in the presence of significant, but spurious, peaks in the power spect... 13. Improved stellar parameters of CoRoT-7 Bruntt, H; Fridlund, M; Alonso, R; Bouchy, F; Hatzes, A; Mayor, M; Moutou, C; Queloz, D 2010-01-01 Accurate parameters of the host stars of exoplanets are important for the interpretation of the new planet systems that continue to emerge. The CoRoT satellite recently discovered a transiting rocky planet with a density similar to the inner planets in our solar system, a so-called Super Earth. This planet is orbiting a relatively faint G9V star called CoRoT-7, and we wish to refine its physical properties, which are important for the interpretation of the properties of the planet system. We used spectra from HARPS@ESO-3.6m and UVES@VLT-8.2m. From the analysis of Fe-1 and Fe-2 lines we determine Teff, log g and microturbulence. We use the Balmer lines to constrain Teff and pressure sensitive Mg-1b and Ca lines to constrain log g. From the analysis we find Teff=5250+-60K, log g = 4.47+-0.05, [M/H]=+0.12+-0.06, and vsini = 1.1 km/s. We compared the L/M ratio with isochrones to constrain the evolutionary status. Using the age estimate of 1.2-2.3 Gyr based on stellar activity, we determine the mass and radius 0.9... 14. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XXIII. CoRoT-21b: a doomed large Jupiter around a faint subgiant star Pätzold, M.; Endl, M.; Csizmadia, Sz. 2012-01-01 CoRoT-21, a F8IV star of magnitude V = 16 mag, was observed by the space telescope CoRoT during the Long Run 01 (LRa01) in the first winter field (constellation Monoceros) from October 2007 to March 2008. Transits were discovered during the light curve processing. Radial velocity follow-up observ......CoRoT-21, a F8IV star of magnitude V = 16 mag, was observed by the space telescope CoRoT during the Long Run 01 (LRa01) in the first winter field (constellation Monoceros) from October 2007 to March 2008. Transits were discovered during the light curve processing. Radial velocity follow... 15. Dynamic analysis of multibodies system with a floating base for rolling of ro-ro ship caused by wave and slip of heavy load SHEN Qing; LI Yue; CHEN Xu-jun 2003-01-01 Common effect of wave and slip of internal heavy load will make rolling of the roll-on ship serious. This is one of the important reasons for overturn of ro-ro ships. The multibodies System with a floating base is composed of ro-ro ship and slipping heavy load. This paper takes the rolling angle of the ship and the transverse displacement of the heavy load on desk as two freedoms. Making use of analysis of apparent gravitation and apparent buoyancy, the wave rolling moment is derived. By use of dynamic method of multibodies system with a floating base, dynamic equations of the system are established. Taking a certain channel ferry as an example, a set of numerical calculation have been carried out for rolling response of the ship and displacement response of the slipping heavy load under common effect of synchro-slipping heavy loads and wave. 16. Using Green Supply Chain Management to Meet Challenge of RoHS%以绿色供应链管理应对RoHS挑战 张军; 熊振华; 萧瑞化 2006-01-01 欧盟的电子电器产品有害物质限用指令(RoHS)于2006年7月1日起开始生效这项指令管辖范围遍及整个电子电器产业链,不仅影响整机制造商,还将涉及相关零部件、塑料等包装材料企业.因此进行绿色供应链管理是应对RoHS指令的有效措施.本文结合RoHS评价要素的展开,介绍企业如何应用AHP方法评价优选供应商,满足RoHS指令要求,从而提高产品在国际市场的竞争力. 17. Paraquat poisoning in man. Douze, J M; van Heyst, A N; van Dijk, A; Maes, R A; Drost, R H 1975-10-20 In three cases of intoxication by Gramoxone¿, the concentration of paraquat dichloride in blood, dialysate, feces, and urine was determined spectrophotometrically after a clean-up of the biological material by means of ion exchange chromatography (with Dowex 50W-X12 or Zeo-Karb 225). Although good results were obtained after clean-up with Dowex 50W-X12, Zeo-Karb was preferred as ion exchange resin, especially when large sample volumes were needed for the determination. The reported findings indicate that: only 5 to 10% of an ingested dose of paraquat dichloride is absorbed in man, Fullers' earth is very useful, and that primary, e.g. immediate, hemodialysis is necessary. 18. Caribou and Man Serge Couturier 2003-04-01 Full Text Available From April 23 to 27, 2001, more than 230 caribou experts migrated to the 9th North American Caribou Workshop, held at the tree-line in the Inuit town of Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Québec. This community of about 1800 people near Ungava Bay was chosen over larger cities in southern Québec following a survey of potential workshop participants. Holding the conference in such a particularly appropriate location was made possible by the sustained efforts of the Organizing and Scientific Committees, by the help of the sponsors, and, above all, by the tremendous support of the people of Kuujjuaq. Keeping in mind the importance of caribou to the local people and the fact that development and other fast-growing human activities have today reached the North—for many southerners, the last frontier—the theme chosen for the 9th North American Caribou Workshop was also particularly appropriate: Caribou and Man. 19. 改进的可配置RO PUF及其实现%Improvement and implementation of configurable RO PU F 丁浩; 王建业 2015-01-01 To add the number of ID extracted from physical characters of FPGA chips and play a better role in device authentica‐tion ,Maiti’s configurable RO PUF (ring‐oscillator‐based physical unclonable function) was optimized by adding the tunable de‐lay unit to the basic RO PUF .Improved configurable RO PUF was implemented on FPGA development platform .Results show that the improved configurable RO PUF can increase the amount of ID significantly with higher utility ratio of LAB (logic array block) resources in FPGA ,and improve the intra‐chip reliability and inter‐chip variation of ID .Experiments also verify the use‐fulness and feasibility of the improved configurable RO PUF .%为增加从FPGA芯片的物理特性中提取出的ID数量，更好地用于设备认证等用途，对M aiti的“可配置基于环形振荡器的物理不可克隆功能”（ring‐oscillator‐based physical unclonable function ，RO PUF）进行改进。在基本RO PUF的基础上，增加“可调延时单元”，在FPGA开发平台上进行实验。实验结果表明，改进后的RO PU F可以显著增加提取出的ID数量，提高片内逻辑阵列块（logic array block ， LAB）的资源利用率，提高ID的“片内稳定性”和“片间差异性”，验证了其有效性和可行性。 20. The anxiogenic action of RO 5-4864 in the social interaction test: effect of chlordiazepoxide, RO 15-1788 and CGS 8216. File, S E; Pellow, S 1985-01-01 RO 5-4864 (20 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine with high affinity for peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in rat kidney and brain, but not for the "classical" CNS sites, reduced the time spent by pairs of rats in active social interaction, without reducing locomotor activity, possibly reflecting an anxiogenic action. This anxiogenic effect was not reversed by chlordiazepoxide (5 or 10 mg/kg) given acutely, but was reversed by chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) given for 5 days prior to testing. RO 15-1788 (10 mg/kg), a drug that antagonises several effects of benzodiazepines but has little affinity for peripheral-type sites, had no action on the reduction in social interaction induced by RO 5-4864. However, CGS 8216 (10 mg/kg) which also antagonises the effects of benzodiazepines and has little affinity for RO 5-4864 recognition sites, significantly enhanced the reduction in social interaction caused by RO 5-4864, and the combination produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. These results are discussed in terms of possible sites of action of RO 5-4864 on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex. 1. Pre-discovery observations of CoRoT-1b and CoRoT-2b with the BEST survey Rauer, H; Kabath, P; Hedelt, P; Boër, M; Carone, L; Csizmadia, Sz; Eigmueller, P; Paris, P v; Renner, S; Tournois, G; Titz, R; Voss, H 2009-01-01 The BEST wide-angle telescope installed at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence and operated in remote control from Berlin by the Institut fuer Planetenforschung, DLR, has observed the CoRoT target fields prior to the mission. The resulting archive of stellar photometric lightcurves is used to search for deep transit events announced during CoRoT's alarm-mode to aid in fast photometric confirmation of these events. The "initial run" field of CoRoT (IRa01) has been observed with BEST in November and December 2006 for 12 nights. The first "long run" field (LRc01) was observed from June to September 2005 for 35 nights. After standard CCD data reduction, aperture photometry has been performed using the ISIS image subtraction method. About 30,000 lightcurves were obtained in each field. Transits of the first detected planets by the CoRoT mission, CoRoT-1b and CoRoT-2b, were found in archived data of the BEST survey and their lightcurves are presented here. Such detections provide useful information at the early stag... 2. Alar Pääro La Galerie Passage'is / Viivi Põlma Põlma, Viivi 2000-01-01 Iseõppijast maalikunstniku Alar Pääro esimene personaalnäitus "On aeg" 20. I-20. II La Galerie Passage'is. 1993. aastast on A. Pääro töötanud vabakutselise kunstnikuna, mida on talle võimaldanud metseen Kalev Klais 3. The Ro 15-1788 cue: Evidence for benzodiazepine agonist and inverse agonist properties Vry, J. De; Slangen, J.L. 1985-01-01 Rats discriminating Ro 15–1788 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from vehicle completely generalized this cue to typical benzodizepines, and partially generalized it to barbiturates, pentylenetetrazol, CGS 8216, β-CCM and PK 8165. CL 218 872, Ro 5–4864, phenytoine, progabide, propranolol, yohimbine and various CNS s 4. Planetary transit candidates in CoRoT LRa01 field Carone, L.; Gandolfi, D.; Cabrera, J.; 2012-01-01 We present the list of planetary transit candidates from the CoRoT LRa01 star field in the Monoceros constellation toward the Galactic anti-center direction. The CoRoT observations of LRa01 lasted from 24 October 2007 to 3 March 2008. We acquired and analyzed 7470 chromatic and 3938 monochromatic... 5. Rich Man, Poor Man: Developmental Differences in Attributions and Perceptions Sigelman, Carol K. 2012-01-01 In an examination guided by cognitive developmental and attribution theory of how explanations of wealth and poverty and perceptions of rich and poor people change with age and are interrelated, 6-, 10-, and 14-year-olds (N = 88) were asked for their causal attributions and trait judgments concerning a rich man and a poor man. First graders, like… 6. Rich Man, Poor Man: Developmental Differences in Attributions and Perceptions Sigelman, Carol K. 2012-01-01 In an examination guided by cognitive developmental and attribution theory of how explanations of wealth and poverty and perceptions of rich and poor people change with age and are interrelated, 6-, 10-, and 14-year-olds (N = 88) were asked for their causal attributions and trait judgments concerning a rich man and a poor man. First graders, like… 7. Passive Mood and Work Behavior:The Cross-level Mediating Effect of Zhong-Yong Thinking Style%坏心情与工作行为：中庸思维跨层次的调节作用 孙旭; 严鸣; 储小平 2014-01-01 本研究探讨工作中坏心情与3种工作行为(组织公民行为、反生产行为和任务绩效行为)在个体内水平的关系，以及中庸思维在二者间跨层次的调节作用。采用经验抽样方法，通过对72名员工历时两周的追踪调查，获取被试每日心情状态和每日工作行为的数据。HLM 6.02分析表明：(1)每日坏心情显著地负向影响每日的组织公民行为和任务绩效行为，而对反生产行为无显著影响；(2)中庸思维在“心情—行为”的联系间发挥调节作用，高中庸思维者的坏心情对组织公民行为的负向影响较弱，低中庸思维者的坏心情对组织公民行为的负向影响较强；高中庸思维者的坏心情对任务绩效行为产生正向影响，低中庸思维者的坏心情对任务绩效行为产生负向影响。%Individual frequently experiences passive mood, a bad internal feeling state, in workplace. However, few researches focused on the negative effect of passive mood on work behavior. As a result, we know little about how to avoid this negative effect in the work, especially in Chinese context. Based on mood-congruent theory and cognitive-affective processing system theory, we proposed a cross-level model to explain the relation between daily passive mood and three daily work behaviors, namly, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) and task performance behavior, at within-person level, and how Zhong-Yong thinking style, a Chinese indigenous cultural thinking characteristic, at between-person level moderated the negative effect of daily passive mood on work behaviors. In oreder to verify our arguments, we collected the data by two phases. In the first phase, participants completed a questionnaire including demographic and individual-level variables. Two weeks later, we conducted daily surveys for daily passive mood and three daily work behaviors, namly, OCB, CWB and task performance 8. Présentation du numéro Shirley Carter-Thomas 2011-07-01 Full Text Available Ce numéro rassemble une sélection d’articles présentés lors de la première conférence LPTS (Linguistic and Psycholinguistic approaches to Text Structuring qui s’est tenue à l’École normale supérieure (Ulm, Paris du 21 au 23 septembre 2009, conférence organisée en clôture du projet ANR Spatial Framing Adverbials. Nous avons amené au cœur des thèmes de la conférence une série de questions sur les marqueurs de structuration du discours (adverbiau... 9. Introduction à Varia, le numéro permanent Virginie Amilien 2008-12-01 Full Text Available Depuis la publication du premier numéro en 2001 consacré aux ‘traditions et identités alimentaires locales’, la revue Anthropology of Food a fait du chemin. Onze numéros ont aujourd’hui été publiés en ligne, de nouveaux thèmes ont ouvert la voie à un certain nombre de recherches et de reflexions. La contribution de nos collègues de nombreux pays s’est élargie et la mission que nous nous étions confiée au sein de l’équipe éditoriale commence à porter ses fruits. La revue reçoit aujourd’hui un ... 10. TU-CD-BRD-00: Incident Learning / RO-ILS NONE 2015-06-15 It has long been standard practice in radiation oncology to report internally when a patient’s treatment has not gone as planned and to report events to regulatory agencies when legally required. Most potential errors are caught early and never affect the patient. Quality assurance steps routinely prevent errors from reaching the patient, and these “near misses” are much more frequent than treatment errors. A growing number of radiation oncology facilities have implemented incident learning systems to report and analyze both errors and near misses. Using the term “incident learning” instead of “event reporting” emphasizes the need to use these experiences to change the practice and make future errors less likely and promote an educational, non-punitive environment. There are challenges in making such a system practical and effective. Speakers from institutions of different sizes and practice environments will share their experiences on how to make such a system work and what benefits their clinics have accrued. Questions that will be addressed include: How to create a system that is easy for front line staff to access How to motivate staff to report How to promote the system as positive and educational and not punitive or demeaning How to organize the team for reviewing and responding to reports How to prioritize which reports to discuss in depth How not to dismiss the rest How to identify underlying causes How to design corrective actions and implement change How to develop useful statistics and analysis tools How to coordinate a departmental system with a larger risk management system How to do this without a dedicated quality manager Some speakers’ experience is with in-house systems and some will share experience with the AAPM/ASTRO national Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System (RO-ILS). Reports intended to be of value nationally need to be comprehensible to outsiders; examples of useful reports will be shown. There will be ample time set 11. Revue de presse du numéro 44 2006-01-01 Liens-socio.org, juillet 2005"Vous avez tous entendus parler de la vieille querelle entre Emile Durkheim et Gabriel Tarde et vous pensiez tous que ce brave Emile avait définitivement gagné? Détrompez-vous! Ce numéro de la revue Terrain s'efforce de nous démontrer le contraire et de façon convaincante, il faut bien l'avouer! En 1890 Tarde publie Les lois de l'imitation, et s'attire les foudres de Durkheim pour qui les phénomènes sociaux sont forcément coercitifs. Or Tarde cherche à montrer le ... 12. RO brine treatment and recovery by biological activated carbon and capacitive deionization process. Tao, Guihe; Viswanath, Bala; Kekre, Kiran; Lee, Lai Yoke; Ng, How Yong; Ong, Say Leong; Seah, Harry 2011-01-01 The generation of brine solutions from dense membrane (reverse osmosis, RO or nanofiltration, NF) water reclamation systems has been increasing worldwide, and the lack of cost effective disposal options is becoming a critical water resources management issue. In Singapore, NEWater is the product of a multiple barrier water reclamation process from secondary treated domestic effluent using MF/UF-RO and UV technologies. The RO brine (concentrates) accounts for more than 20% of the total flow treated. To increase the water recovery and treat the RO brine, a CDI based process with BAC as pretreatment was tested. The results show that ion concentrations in CDI product were low except SiO2 when compared with RO feed water. CDI product was passed through a RO and the RO permeate was of better quality including low SiO2 as compared to NEWater quality. It could be beneficial to use a dedicated RO operated at optimum conditions with better performance to recover the water. BAC was able to achieve 15-27% TOC removal of RO brine. CDI had been tested at a water recovery ranging from 71.6 to 92.3%. CDI based RO brine treatment could improve overall water recovery of NEWater production over 90%. It was found that calcium phosphate scaling and organic fouling was the major cause of CDI pressure increase. Ozone disinfection and sodium bisulfite dosing were able to reduce CDI fouling rate. For sustainable operation of CDI organic fouling control and effective organic fouling cleaning should be further studied. 13. Reciprocal inhibition in man. Crone, C 1993-11-01 Reciprocal inhibition is the automatic antagonist alpha motor neurone inhibition which is evoked by contraction of the agonist muscle. This so-called natural reciprocal inhibition is a ubiquitous and pronounced phenomenon in man and must be suspected of playing a major role in the control of voluntary movements. The spinal pathways underlying this inhibitory phenomenon were studied. The disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibitory pathway between the tibial anterior muscle and the soleus alpha motor neurones was identified and described in man. It was shown that the inhibition can be evoked in most healthy subjects at rest, but the degree of inhibition varies considerably from one subject to another. It was concluded that it corresponds to the disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibitory pathway which has been extensively described in animal experiments. The disynaptic reciprocal inhibition was shown to increase during the dynamic phase of a dorsiflexion movement of the foot, but not during the tonic phase. However, when the peripheral afferent feedback from the contracting muscle was blocked by ischaemia, an increase of the inhibition was revealed also during the tonic phase of the dorsiflexion. The concealment of this increase during unrestrained peripheral feedback from the muscle was thought to be due to the post-activation depression mechanism; a mechanism which was described further and which probably involves reduced transmitter release at Ia afferent terminals as a result of previous activation of these afferent fibers. Hence the hypothesis was supported that alpha motor neurones and the corresponding inhibitory interneurones, which project reciprocal inhibition to the antagonist motor neurones, are activated in parallel during voluntary contraction of agonist muscles. An additional reciprocal inhibitory mechanism, the long latency reciprocal inhibition, was described between the tibial anterior muscle and the soleus alpha motor neurones. It was shown to be evoked by group I 14. Ameerika, Euroopa ja ÜRO võistlevad Iraagi humanitaarkriisi lahendamise pärast / Geraldine Chatelard Chatelard, Geraldine 2003-01-01 ÜRO Genfi põgenikeagentuuri teaduri sõnul ei jõua USA ÜRO tegevust, Euroopa humanitaarorganisatsioone ja Iraagi kohalikke institutsioone umbusaldades Iraagi humanitaarkriisi lahendamises kuigi kaugele 15. Light in man's environment. Marshall, J 2016-02-01 Light in the form of solar radiation influenced early civilisations and resulted in the independent development of a number of sun-worshipping dieties. These were of particular importance as hunter gatherers transformed into settled agricultural societies. All artificial light sources were synonymous with fire, and early civilisations began to expand their visual day by burning brands, oil, and candles. Fire-based light sources extended for thousands of years and were still present in the era of gas lighting. Light meant fire risk. The advent of incandescent bulbs and the era of electric lighting really only expanded in the early part of the twentieth century. Fluorescent lighting became available in the 1940s, and today the drive for low energy has resulted in a plethora of novel light sources-in particular, light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Evolution governed the development of the eye in relation to roughly 12 h of light gradually changing to 12 h of darkness. Today almost daylight levels can be achieved abruptly at the flick of a switch. Many studies have demonstrated the spectral dependence of eye health, with the retinal hazard zone associated with wavelengths in the blue, peaking at 441 nm- many of today's low-energy sources peak in this region. Given the increased longevity and artificial light sources emitting at biologically unfriendly wavelengths, attention has to be directed towards light in man's environment as a risk factor in age-related ocular diseases. 16. Of Man and Matter Brookhaven National Laboratory 1962-01-01 Filmed at Brookhaven. AGS and 20 inch bubble chamber. After a rather standard introduction, there is a 3 minute lecture by a man in a bow tie who is sitting in front of a chart with the names of particles. Presentation of Brookhaven and AGS. Explanation of how AGS works. Lecture continues for another 4 minutes. Explanation of separated beam transport system, to give particular particles to the experiments. 20 inch bubble chamber. Anti Psi minus particle discovered. Start of a "typical experiment". Nice verbal play between people in different control rooms to get the beam and images of the beam on oscilloscopes. Conversation among physicists at lunch about the anti-psi minus particle discovery at Brookhaven and at CERN "I guess someone really aught to write to them to compare notes." Discussion about the analysis. Explanation of how the analysis is done, for an event to go from a candidate to established fact. Scanning room. If a photo is of significant interest a pencil tracing is done. Measuring the interest... 17. Transfection, overexpression and clinical application of human 60 kDa Ro/SSA autoantigens in HEp-2 cells 吕良敬; 陈顺乐; 顾越英; 沈南; 鲍春德; 王元; 薛峰; 叶萍; 俞翀曌 2003-01-01 Objective To develop an improved substrate for indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF) for detecting anti-Ro60/Sjogren's syndrome A (Ro/SSA) autoantibodies.Methods 60-kDa Ro/SSA autoantigens (Ro60) cDNAs were obtained from human placental cDNA library using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were cloned into the mammalian expression vector-pEGFP-C1. Then, the recombinant plasmids were transfected into HEp-2 cells. We confirmed the overexpression, localization and antigenicity of fusion proteins in transfected cells by means of immunoblotting, confocal fluorescence microscopy and IIF. HEp-2 and HEp-Ro60 were analyzed by IIF using a panel of 10 precipitin-positive anti-Ro human sera simultaneously.Results Stable expression of Ro60-green fluorescent protein (Ro60-GFP) fusion proteins were maintained ten more generations. Ro60-GFP kept the antigenicity of Ro while demonstrating its own characteristic immunofluorescent pattern in HEp-Ro60 cells. The transfectants dramatically increased the sensitivity of IIF testing (a mean increase of 6.7-fold in endpoint titer). Eight overten (8/10) positive anti-Ro sera showed characteristic immunofluorescent patterns for HEp-Ro60, including two sera that were anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) negative for untransfected HEp-2. IIF-ANA in all healthy sera was negative for HEp-Ro60. Conclusions As a new substrate for IIF, the Ro60 transfectants can be used to detect anti-Ro antibodies. In addition, transfected HEp-2 cells keep the immunofluorescent properties of HEp-2 cells in IIF-ANA tests and can be employed as a substrate for routine IIF-ANA detection. 18. VizieR Online Data Catalog: CoRoT observation log (N2-4.4) (CoRoT 2016) COROT Team CoRoT, a space astronomy mission, has measured photometric micro-variability of stars from minutes to months (up to 150 days) with a high duty cycle (more than 90%). The mission was led by CNES in association with four French laboratories and 7 participating countries and agencies (Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Spain, and the ESA Science Programme). The satellite was composed of a PROTEUS platform (the 3rd in the series) and a unique instrument: a stellar rapid photometer. It was launched on December 27th 2006 by a Soyuz Rocket, from Baikonour. The mission has lasted almost 6 years (the nominal 3-year duration and a 3-year extension) and has observed more than 160 000 stars. It stopped sending data on November 2nd 2012. Two regions of the sky were accessible for long period of time: circles of 10 degrees centered on the equator around alpha=06:50 and alpha=18:50. They were called the CoRoT eyes: the "anticenter" and the "center eye" (as they are approximately in these directions). Each pointing covers 1.4x2.8 square degrees within one of those CoRoT eyes. The original scientific objectives were focussed on the study of stellar pulsations (asteroseismology) to probe the internal structure of stars, and the detection of small exoplanets through their "transit" in front of their host star, and the measurement of their size. This lead to introduce two modes of observations, working simultaneously: - The "bright star" mode dedicated to very precise seismology of a small sample of bright and closeby stars - The "faint star" mode, observing a very large number of stars at the same time, to detect transits, which are rare events, as they imply the alignment of the star, the planet and the observer. The large amount of data gathered in this mode turned out to be extremely fruitful for many topics of stellar physics. Beyond these two initial objectives, CoRoT data revealed stellar variability associated with various other phenomena: granulation, rotational modulation by 19. 企业信用管理制度的创新探析——湖南永利化工股份有限公司企业管理新探索%Discussion on Innovation of Enterprises＇ Credit Management System Exploring the Management of Hunan YongLi Chemical Co.Ltcl 龙小兵 2011-01-01 Currently, the credit risk and accounts receivables management issue is one of the key factors to affecting the business success. Hunan Yongli Chemieal Co.Ltd had effectively improved the company＇s accounts receivable of the market structure and customer＇s mix, improved cash flow efficiency, had a significant reduction in the risk of accounts receivable. The company ha~ also developed and improved the large customer strategic and corporate partnerships through the establishment of information management department, the establishment of customer information files, customer credit management system, the internal credit system, accounts receivable management system, aging control system, and account management in a new way.%信用风险和应收帐款管理问题是当前影响企业经营成败的关键因素之一，湖南永利化工股份有限公司通过设立信管理部门、建立客户信息档案、客户资信管理制度、内部授信制度、应收帐款管理制度、帐龄控制制度等，有效地改善了公司应帐款的市场结构和客户结构，提高了资金周转效率，应收帐款的风险大幅度降低，发展、改善了大客户的战略合作关系，在企业管理方面走出了一条新路。 20. Mode of action of the dual-action cephalosporin Ro 23-9424. Georgopapadakou, N H; Bertasso, A; Chan, K K; Chapman, J S; Cleeland, R; Cummings, L M; Dix, B A; Keith, D D 1989-07-01 Ro 23-9424 is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent composed of a cephalosporin and a quinolone moiety. Its biological properties were compared with those of its two components and structurally related cephalosporins and quinolones. Like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime but unlike its decomposition product, desacetyl cefotaxime, Ro 23-9424 bound at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml to the essential penicillin-binding proteins 1b and 3 of Escherichia coli and 1, 2, and 3 of Staphylococcus aureus. In E. coli, Ro 23-9424 produced filaments exclusively and decreased cell growth; cefotaxime produced both filaments and lysis. Like its decomposition product fleroxacin but unlike quinolone esters, Ro 23-9424 also inhibited replicative DNA biosynthesis in E. coli. In an E. coli strain lacking OmpF, growth continued after addition of Ro 23-9424, decreased after addition of cefotaxime, and stopped immediately after addition of fleroxacin. The results, together with the chemical stability of Ro 23-9424 (half-life, approximately 3 h at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C), suggest that in E. coli the compound acts initially as a cephalosporin with intrinsic activity comparable to that of cefotaxime but with poorer penetration. Subsequent to the decomposition of Ro 23-9424 to fleroxacin and desacetyl cefotaxime, quinolone activity appears. The in vitro antibacterial activity reflects both mechanisms of action. 1. Tumor-infiltrating CD45RO(+) Memory T Lymphocytes Predict Favorable Clinical Outcome in Solid Tumors. Hu, Guoming; Wang, Shimin 2017-09-04 The prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating CD45RO(+) memory T lymphocytes (CD45RO(+) T cells) in human solid tumors remains controversial. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis including 25 published studies with 4720 patients identified from PubMed and EBSCO to assess the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating CD45RO(+) T cells in human solid tumors. We found that CD45RO(+) T cell infiltration was significantly associated with improved overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in all types of solid tumors. In stratified analyses, CD45RO(+) T cell infiltration significantly improved 1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS in colorectal, gastric and esophageal cancer, but only 5-year OS in hepatocellular carcinoma. And these cells were positively associated with 1-year, 3-year and 5-year DFS in hepatocellular, colorectal and esophageal cancer. In addition, high density of intratumoral CD45RO(+) T cells inversely correlated with TNM stage of solid tumor. In conclusion, CD45RO(+) memory T lymphocyte infiltration leads to a favorable clinical outcome in solid tumors, implicating that it is a valuable biomarker for prognostic prediction for human solid malignances. 2. Ro small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins are a subclass of La ribonucleoproteins: Further characterization of the Ro and La small ribonucleoproteins from uninfected mammalian cells Hendrick, J.P.; Wolin, S.L.; Rinke, J.; Lerner, M.R.; Steitz, J.A. 1981-12-01 Small ribonucleic acid (RNA)-protein complexes precipitated by anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies from lupus patients have been examined with emphasis on their RNA components. In both ribonucleoprotein (RNP) classes, the numbers of different RNA molecules and their sequences vary between mouse and human cells. The complex mixtures of La RNAs include two previously sequenced 4.5S RNAs from mouse cells and 5S ribosomal RNA-like molecules from both mouse and human cells. All Ro and La RNAs possess 5'-triphosphates. Some La RNAs have internal modifications typical of transfer RNAs. The RoRNPs are quite stable and are localized by immunofluorescence in the cell cytoplasm, whereas the majority of the La RNPs turn over rapidly and reside in the nucleus. Despite these differences, reconstitution experiments show that the Ro particles carry the La as well as the Ro determinant. Studies using a nuclear transcription system demonstrate that most of the La RNAs are synthesized by RNA polymerase III. The possibility that the La protein(s) functions in the transcription or maturation of all RNA polymerase III transcripts is discussed. 3. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXV. CoRoT-27b: a massive and dense planet on a short-period orbit Parviainen, H; Deleuil, M; Moutou, C; Deeg, H J; Ferraz-Mello, S; Samuel, B; Csizmadia, Sz; Pasternacki, T; Wuchterl, G; Havel, M; Fridlund, M; Agnus, R; Tingley, B; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J M; Alonso, R; Baglin, A; Barros, S; Bordé, A S P; Bouchy, F; Cabrera, J; Díaz, R; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Mazeh, T; Montagnier, G; Ofir, A; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J 2014-01-01 We report the discovery of a massive and dense transiting planet CoRoT-27b on a 3.58 day orbit around a 4.2 Gyr-old G2~star. The planet candidate was identified from the CoRoT photometry, and was confirmed as a planet with ground-based spectroscopy. The confirmation of the planet candidate is based on radial velocity observations combined with imaging to rule out blends. The characterisation of the planet and its host star is carried out using a Bayesian approach where all the data (CoRoT photometry, radial velocities, and spectroscopic characterisation of the star) are used jointly. The Bayesian analysis includes a study whether the assumption of white normally distributed noise holds for the CoRoT photometry, and whether the use of a non-normal noise distribution offers advantages in parameter estimation and model selection. CoRoT-27b has a mass of10.39 \\pm 0.55\\mathrm{M}_{\\rm Jup}$, a radius of$1.01 \\pm 0.04\\mathrm{R}_{\\rm Jup}$, a mean density of$12.6_{-1.67}^{+1.92}\\mathrm{g\\,cm^{-3}}$, and ... 4. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission: VII. The "hot-Jupiter"-type planet CoRoT-5b Rauer, H; Csizmadia, Sz; Deleuil, M; Alonso, R; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carone, L; Carpano, S; De la Reza, R; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guillot, T; Günther, E; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Kabath, P; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Magain, P; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Paetzold, M; Pont, F; Rabus, M; Renner, S; Rouan, D; Shporer, A; Samuel, B; Schneider, J; Triaud, A H M J; Wuchterl, G 2009-01-01 Aims. The CoRoT space mission continues to photometrically monitor about 12 000 stars in its field-of-view for a series of target fields to search for transiting extrasolar planets ever since 2007. Deep transit signals can be detected quickly in the "alarm-mode" in parallel to the ongoing target field monitoring. CoRoT's first planets have been detected in this mode. Methods. The CoRoT raw lightcurves are filtered for orbital residuals, outliers, and low-frequency stellar signals. The phase folded lightcurve is used to fit the transit signal and derive the main planetary parameters. Radial velocity follow-up observations were initiated to secure the detection and to derive the planet mass. Results. We report the detection of CoRoT-5b, detected during observations of the LRa01 field, the first long-duration field in the galactic anticenter direction. CoRoT-5b is a "hot Jupiter-type" planet with a radius of 1.388(+0.046, -0.047) R_Jup, a mass of 0.467(+0.047, -0.024) M_Jup, and therefore, a mean density of 0.21... 5. "Det man hører, er man selv" Bonde, Lars Ole 2015-01-01 ”Det man hører, er man selv” er Danmarks Radios P3s yderst velkendte slogan. Det dukkede op i begyndelsen af (20)00erne som opfindsom og populær afspejling af en moderne forståelse af den rolle musik og medieforbrug spiller for den voksne dansker. Denne artikel handler ikke om P3 som musikkanal... 6. "Det man hører, er man selv" Bonde, Lars Ole 2015-01-01 ”Det man hører, er man selv” er Danmarks Radios P3s yderst velkendte slogan. Det dukkede op i begyndelsen af (20)00erne som opfindsom og populær afspejling af en moderne forståelse af den rolle musik og medieforbrug spiller for den voksne dansker. Denne artikel handler ikke om P3 som musikkanal... 7. Gibberellins regulate the transcription of the continuous flowering regulator, RoKSN, a rose TFL1 homologue. Randoux, Marie; Jeauffre, Julien; Thouroude, Tatiana; Vasseur, François; Hamama, Latifa; Juchaux, Marjorie; Sakr, Soulaiman; Foucher, Fabrice 2012-11-01 The role of gibberellins (GAs) during floral induction has been widely studied in the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about this control in perennials. It is thought that GA is a major regulator of flowering in rose. In spring, low GA content may be necessary for floral initiation. GA inhibited flowering in once-flowering roses, whereas GA did not block blooming in continuous-flowering roses. Recently, RoKSN, a homologue of TFL1, was shown to control continuous flowering. The loss of RoKSN function led to continuous flowering behaviour. The objective of this study was to understand the molecular control of flowering by GA and the involvement of RoKSN in this inhibition. In once-flowering rose, the exogenous application of GA(3) in spring inhibited floral initiation. Application of GA(3) during a short period of 1 month, corresponding to the floral transition, was sufficient to inhibit flowering. At the molecular level, RoKSN transcripts were accumulated after GA(3) treatment. In spring, this accumulation is correlated with floral inhibition. Other floral genes such as RoFT, RoSOC1, and RoAP1 were repressed in a RoKSN-dependent pathway, whereas RoLFY and RoFD repression was RoKSN independent. The RoKSN promoter contained GA-responsive cis-elements, whose deletion suppressed the response to GA in a heterologous system. In summer, once-flowering roses did not flower even after exogenous application of a GA synthesis inhibitor that failed to repress RoKSN. A model is presented for the GA inhibition of flowering in spring mediated by the induction of RoKSN. In summer, factors other than GA may control RoKSN. 8. Clinical Observation on Modified SiMiao YongAnTang in Treating 140 Cases of Acute Gouty Arthritis%四妙永安汤加味治疗急性痛风性关节炎140例 张勇 2012-01-01 目的:观察四妙永安汤加减治疗急性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效.方法:将140 例急性痛风性关节炎患者随机分为2 组.治疗组70 例,予四妙永安汤加减;对照组70 例,予秋水仙碱、苯溴马隆治疗,2 组疗程均为2 周.观察治疗前后病变关节肿胀、疼痛、活动等情况及血尿酸、血沉和C 反应蛋白的变化情况.结果:治疗组与对照组总有效率分别为88.57%、74.29%,不良反应发生率分别为21.43%、58.57%,2组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:四妙永安汤加减治疗急性痛风性关节炎疗效显著,不良反应发生率较低.%Objective: To observe clinical effects of modified SiMiao YongAnTang in treating acute gouty arthritis. Method: All 140 cases were randomly assigned into treatment group administered with modified SiMiao YongAnTang and control group treated with colchicines and benzbromarone. The session was two weeks for both groups. The conditions of joint swelling, pain, movement and the changes of blood uric acid, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein were observed before and after the treatment. Result: Total effective rate of treatment group was 88.57%, higher than 74.29% of control group with significant difference (P<0.05). Incidence of adverse reaction of treatment group was 21.43%,lower than 58.57% of control group with statistical meaning (P<0.05).Conclusion: Modified SiMiao YongA nTang is effective in treating acute gouty arthritis with low incidence of adverse reaction. 9. Effect of Watertight Subdivision on Subdivision Index for Medium Size Ro–Ro Passenger Ferries M. Pawlowski 2017-09-01 Full Text Available Ro-pax vessels should fulfil the requirements of the current harmonised SOLAS Convention. The study analyses the effect of various ro-pax vessel subdivision arrangements on the subdivision index. A Polish ferry was chosen as a generic ship to perform the study. For illustration of damage survivability, the attained subdivision index A was calculated for a number of modified configurations. The arrangements included single and double sides above and below the car deck, with and without a double buoyant car deck. The conclusions of the study can be used in the design of new ro-pax vessels. 10. Exploration of the brown dwarf regime around solar-like stars by CoRoT Csizmadia, Szilárd 2016-01-01 Aims. A summary of the CoRoT brown dwarf investigations are presented. Methods. Transiting brown dwarfs around solar like stars were studied by using the photometric time-series of CoRoT, and ground based radial velocity measurements. Results. CoRoT detected three transiting brown dwarfs around F and G dwarf stars. The occurence rate of brown dwarfs was found to be 0.20 +/- 0.15% around solar-like stars which is compatible with the value obtained by Kepler-data. 11. Complete atrioventricular block in adult Sjögren's syndrome with anti-Ro autoantibody. Sung, Myung Jun; Park, Sung-Hoon; Kim, Seong-Kyu; Lee, Young-Soo; Park, Chul-Yeon; Choe, Jung-Yoon 2011-06-01 Anti-Ro autoantibody is associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and neonatal lupus syndrome (i.e., congenital complete heart block in newborns). Generally, the adult atrioventricular (AV) node is believed to be relatively resistant to the scarring effects of anti-Ro/anti-La autoantibodies. However, there have been some reports of adult complete AV block in SS and SLE patients. Here, we report a case of complete heart block in primary SS with anti-Ro autoantibodies, with no other risk factor for the development of heart block, and review their etiological association. 12. Ilves osaleb ÜRO Peaassamblee 62. istungjärgul 2007-01-01 President Toomas Hendrik Ilves osaleb New Yorgis ÜRO peaassamblee 62. istungjärgu töös. Eesti riigipea osaleb ka ÜRO korraldatud kliimamuutuste konverentsil, kohtub ÜRO peasekretäri ja Makedoonia, Slovakkia ning Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina presidendiga, samuti filantroop George Sorosega ning osaleb Baltimaade riigipeade kohtumisel. T.H. Ilves külastab ka Columbia Ülikooli ning osaleb New Yorgi Eesti haridusseltsi korraldatud vastuvõtul New Yorgi Eesti Majas. Vabariigi President töövisiidil Ameerika Ühendriikides 20.-26.09.2007 13. Pulsation models for the roAp star HD 134214 Saio, H; Weiss, W W; Matthews, J M; Ryabchikova, T 2011-01-01 Precise time-series photometry with the MOST satellite has led to identification of 10 pulsation frequencies in the rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star HD 134214. We have fitted the observed frequencies with theoretical frequencies of axisymmetric modes in a grid of stellar models with dipole magnetic fields. We find that, among models with a standard composition of$(X,Z) = (0.70,0.02)$and with suppressed convection, eigenfrequencies of a$1.65\\,{\\rm M}_\\odot$model with$\\log T_{\\rm eff} = 3.858$and a polar magnetic field strength of 4.1kG agree best with the observed frequencies. We identify the observed pulsation frequency with the largest amplitude as a deformed dipole ($\\ell = 1$) mode, and the four next-largest-amplitude frequencies as deformed$\\ell = 2$modes. These modes have a radial quasi-node in the outermost atmospheric layers ($\\tau \\sim 10^{-3}$). Although the model frequencies agree roughly with observed ones, they are all above the acoustic cut-off frequency for the model atmosphere and hen... 14. Vancomycin induced Red Man Syndrome Drisyamol K.A 2016-04-01 Full Text Available Vancomycin is a glycoprotein antibiotic that has been associated with an anaphylactoid reaction termed the Red-man syndrome. It usually consists of erythema, flushing and pruritis of the face and upper torso and occasionally progresses to include dyspnoea, chest pain and hypotension. Red man syndrome (RMS is also known as “red neck syndrome. Discontinuation of the vancomycin infusion and administration of diphenhydramine can abort most of the reactions. Slow intravenous administration of vancomycin should minimize the risk of infusion-related adverse effects. Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, amphotericin B, rifampcin and teicoplanin can potentially cause red man syndrome. The effects of red man syndrome can be relieved by antihistamines. 15. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XVII. The hot Jupiter CoRoT-17b: a very old planet Csizmadia, Sz; Deleuil, M; Cabrera, J; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Almenara, J M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Cavarroc, C; Cochran, W; Deeg, H J; Diaz, R F; Dvorak, R; Endl, M; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fruth, Th; Gazzano, J C; Gillon, M; Guenther, E W; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Havel, M; Hebrard, G; Jehin, E; Jorda, L; Leger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; MacQueen, P J; Mazeh, T; Ollivier, M; Paetzold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Titz-Weider, R; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 We report on the discovery of a hot Jupiter-type exoplanet, CoRoT-17b, detected by the CoRoT satellite. It has a mass of$2.43\\pm0.30$\\Mjup and a radius of$1.02\\pm0.07$\\Rjup, while its mean density is$2.82\\pm0.38$g/cm$^3$. CoRoT-17b is in a circular orbit with a period of$3.7681\\pm0.0003$days. The host star is an old ($10.7\\pm1.0$Gyr) main-sequence star, which makes it an intriguing object for planetary evolution studies. The planet's internal composition is not well constrained and can range from pure H/He to one that can contain$\\sim380 earth masses of heavier elements. 16. A lupus-like syndrome develops in mice lacking the Ro 60-kDa protein, a major lupus autoantigen. Xue, Dahai; Shi, Hong; Smith, James D; Chen, Xinguo; Noe, Dennis A; Cedervall, Tommy; Yang, Derek D; Eynon, Elizabeth; Brash, Douglas E; Kashgarian, Michael; Flavell, Richard A; Wolin, Sandra L 2003-06-24 Antibodies against a conserved RNA-binding protein, the Ro 60-kDa autoantigen, occur in 24-60% of all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-Ro antibodies are correlated with photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions in these patients and with neonatal lupus, a syndrome in which mothers with anti-Ro antibodies give birth to children with complete congenital heart block and photosensitive skin lesions. In higher eukaryotes, the Ro protein binds small RNAs of unknown function known as Y RNAs. Because the Ro protein also binds misfolded 5S rRNA precursors, it is proposed to function in a quality-control pathway for ribosome biogenesis. Consistent with a role in the recognition or repair of intracellular damage, an orthologue of Ro in the radiation-resistant eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans contributes to survival of this bacterium after UV irradiation. Here, we show that mice lacking the Ro protein develop an autoimmune syndrome characterized by anti-ribosome antibodies, anti-chromatin antibodies, and glomerulonephritis. Moreover, in one strain background, Ro-/- mice display increased sensitivity to irradiation with UV light. Thus, one function of this major human autoantigen may be to protect against autoantibody development, possibly by sequestering defective ribonucleoproteins from immune surveillance. Furthermore, the finding that mice lacking the Ro protein are photosensitive suggests that loss of Ro function could contribute to the photosensitivity associated with anti-Ro antibodies in humans. 17. 滚装船减摇装置设计及仿真分析%Design and Analysis of Anti-Rolling Device for Ro-Ro Ships 高兆栋; 马汝建; 任升峰 2011-01-01 设计一种滚装船机械式减摇装置,该装置利用运载的车辆和货物作为减摇质量体,在不减小船舶承载能力的前提下,可以有效提高系统的质量比,得到较好的减摇效果.详细阐述了各部分的结构和功能,并通过分析减摇装置的质量比、阻尼比和固有频率比对减摇指数的影响规律,得出各参数的最佳选择范围.以宝华号滚装船的参数为样本,确定了弹簧参数和阻尼器参数.仿真结果表明,减摇装置具有较好的减摇效果.%A mechanical type anti-rolling device for ro-ro ships was designed based on the principle of extended tuned mass damp er. Compared with the existing anti-rolling devices, the device can be used not only for newly-built ships, but also for the remodel of used ships since it has the advantages of lower modified cost and easy installation. The cargoes on board are used as tuned masses for the roll ing control of the ro-ro ships in the design. The structures and functions of each part of the device are described in detail. The effects of structural parameters,such as mass ratio,damping ratio and frequency ratio,on the anti-rolling index are analyzed and an optimal range of each parameter is obtained. Taking the Baohua ro-ro ship as an example,the parameters of springs and dampers are determined. 18. 商周时期的民歌精品——鄘诗探源(下)%The Elite of Folk Songs in Shang and Zhou Period——An Exploration Into Yong Poems 丁身伟; 吴燕华 2012-01-01 该文推翻偏颇的旧说，重新对鄘诗给予阐释与评价，力图恢复其本来面目。由于历史、地域等的涉及面很广，虽然不断地寻找新的资料根据，但因年代久远，不免精粗并存。% Overturning the old beliefs, this paper gives a reillustration and reassessment of Yong poems, with an effort to restore its onginal version. Due to the long history and vast region, though constantly seeking new materials as proofs, it is hard to avoid roughness. 19. Analysis of the Constituents in “Zhu She Yong Xue Shuan Tong” by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography Lin-Lin Wang 2015-11-01 Full Text Available “Zhu She Yong Xue Shuan Tong” lyophilized powder (ZSYXST, consists of a series of saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng, which has been widely used in China for the treatment of strokes. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC method was developed to rapidly identify both major and minor saponins in ZSYXST. Some high content components were removed through PHPLC in order to increase the sensitivity of the trace saponins. Then, specific characteristic fragment ions in both positive and negative mode were utilized to determine the types of aglycone, saccharide, as well as the saccharide chain linkages. As a result, 94 saponins, including 20 pairs of isomers and ten new compounds, which could represent higher than 98% components in ZSYXST, were identified or tentatively identified in commercial ZSYXST samples. 20. Development Strategy for Xiamen Automobile Ro-roWharf%厦门汽车滚装码头发展对策 俞炳熙 2011-01-01 运用SWOT分析法研究厦门汽车滚装码头的内部优势、劣势、外部机遇、挑战,并分析了外国先进汽车滚装码头的发展现状,最后对厦门汽车滚装码头发展提出对策及建议.%The paper studies the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and challenges of Xiamen automobile ro-ro wharf and gives countermeasures and suggestions for its healthy development. 1. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission III. The spectroscopic transit of CoRoT-Exo-2b with SOPHIE and HARPS Bouchy, F; Deleuil, M; Loeillet, B; Hatzes, A P; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Benz, W; Bordé, P; Deeg, H J; De la Reza, R; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Gondoin, P; Guillot, T; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Magain, P; Mayor, M; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Pont, F; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Schneider, J; Triaud, A H M J; Udry, S; Wuchterl, G 2008-01-01 We report on the spectroscopic transit of the massive hot-Jupiter CoRoT-Exo-2b observed with the high-precision spectrographs SOPHIE and HARPS. By modeling the radial velocity anomaly occurring during the transit due to the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect, we determine the sky-projected angle between the stellar spin and the planetary orbital axis to be close to zero lambda=7.2+-4.5 deg, and we secure the planetary nature of CoRoT-Exo-2b. We discuss the influence of the stellar activity on the RM modeling. Spectral analysis of the parent star from HARPS spectra are presented. 2. Piinatud birmalased ootavad ÜRO seni jõuetut abikätt / Karin Dean Dean, Karin 2007-01-01 Buda munkade eestvedmisel toimunud massimeeleavalduste mahasurumisest Birmas. ÜRO erisaadiku Ibrahim Gambari kohtumisest nii Birma kindralite kui ka opositsiooniliidri Aung San Suu Kyiga oodatakse tulemusi ja sanktsioone Lisa: Sõjaväe haardes riik 3. Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: the CoRoT view and the future Schneider, Jean 2016-01-01 CoRoT has detected by transit several tens of objects whose radii run from 1.67 Earth radius. Their mass run from less than 5.7 Earth mass (CoRoT-24 b, Alonso et al. 2014) to 63 Jupiter mass (CoRoT-15 b, Bouchy et al. 2011). One could be tempted to think that more massive the object is, the larger it is in size and that there is some limit in mass and/or radius beyond which objects are not planets but very low mass stars below the 80 Jupiter mass limit to trigger nuclear fusion (namely "brown dwarfs" ). CoRoT findings contribute to the planet versus brown dwarf debate since there is no clear mass-radius relation. 4. Piinatud birmalased ootavad ÜRO seni jõuetut abikätt / Karin Dean Dean, Karin 2007-01-01 Buda munkade eestvedmisel toimunud massimeeleavalduste mahasurumisest Birmas. ÜRO erisaadiku Ibrahim Gambari kohtumisest nii Birma kindralite kui ka opositsiooniliidri Aung San Suu Kyiga oodatakse tulemusi ja sanktsioone Lisa: Sõjaväe haardes riik 5. 研华自动化适应RoHS的UNO系列产品上市 2007-01-01 研华自动化近期重新发布了适应RoHS的UNO系列热卖品，包括：UNO-2170，UNO-2171，UNO-3072L和UNO-3074。这些UNO产品保持了之前的优良特性，同时包含百分百的适应RoHS，现已在订购中。适应RoHS的UNO系列产品不仅使前期渠道合作者能保持原有的环境，同时适应了欧洲处理有害废物的政策。RoHS（针对有害物质在电气、电子设备中的使用）要求组成产品的元件含有最小的铅、 6. 骨干网络中RoQ攻击的监测、定位和识别%MIL-RoQ:Monitoring,Identifying and Locating the RoQ Attack in Backbone Ne two rk 文坤; 杨家海; 程凤娟; 尹辉; 王健峰 2015-01-01 降质（reduction of quality ，RoQ）攻击是一种非典型拒绝服务攻击，它利用TCP自适应机制的安全漏洞能够显著降低或抑制TCP服务质量，且具有很强的隐蔽性。现有的研究集中在针对单条网络链路上的攻击和检测。但是，Ro Q攻击的对象并不局限于此，它既可以对单条链路发动攻击，也可以有选择的对多条链路（甚至整个网络）发起攻击，造成更大的危害，所以需要有一种能够从网络全局角度分析和识别的方法。为此，提出了一种基于骨干网络流量分析的异常监测、定位和识别的方法M IL‐Ro Q （monitoring ，identifying and locating the RoQ attack in backbone network ）。主要使用主成分分析（principal component analysis ，PCA ）和频谱分析（spectrum analysis）技术对骨干流量进行流量建模分析，从全局角度监测网络流量变化情况，能够同时分析和判断多条链路的异常情况，并能准确识别出Ro Q攻击。使用了CERNET骨干网络数据进行实验分析，结果表明该方法能够有效地定位和识别RoQ 攻击；同时，攻击识别时只需要使用局部的流量数据，因而能显著降低计算量和复杂度。%Reduction of quality (RoQ) attack is an atypical denial of service (DoS) attack ,which exploits the vulnerability of TCP's adaptive behavior that can seriously reduce or inhibit the throughput of TCP flows .While most of the defensive methods are studied on the single network access link (router) ,the RoQ attack can not only launch on the single network link ,but also attack towards several links or even entire network ,which causes more severe consequences .In order to obtain a global perspective from the network and identify the attack ,in this paper we propose a traffic anomaly analysis method to monitor ,identify and locate the RoQ attack in backbone network on the basis of principal component analysis (PCA ) and spectrum analysis 7. 彰武县后新秋永安村一带珍珠岩矿地质特征%Geological characteristics of perlite in Yong'an village area of houxinqiu in zhangwu county 许云鹏; 王志; 董亚梅 2011-01-01 为研究彰武县后新秋永安村一带珍珠岩矿地质特征,对后新秋永安村一带发育的地层进行分析,结果表明:这一带地层主要为中生代义县组(Jky)火山喷出岩、熔岩及火山碎屑沉积岩.其中火山喷出岩发育,夹沉积岩扁豆体,多呈条带状分布,故推断为间歇式裂隙喷发,由基性到酸性,下部常赋存有粘土和膨润土,上部常赋存有黑曜岩、珍珠岩等矿产.%To study geological characteristics of perlite in Yong'an Village area of Houxinqiu in Zhangwu County, an analysis was made of stratums in Yong'an Village area of Houxinqiu.Results show that the statums in this area are mainly volcanic eruptive rock, lava and volcanic clastic sedimentary rock of Yi County group (Jky) in Mesozoic Era.The volcanic eruptive rock grows and clamps the sedimetary rock lenticular mass, mostly distributes in strips, and therefore is inferred as the result of intermittent fissure eruption.Lava ranges from the basic to the acid, with clay and bentonite in the lower part and obsidian, pearlite and other minerals in the upper part. 8. ÜRO ei kohusta Eestit 9. maid tähistama / Neeme Raud Raud, Neeme, 1969- 2004-01-01 Venemaa eestvõttel võttis ÜRO vastu resolutsiooni, milles kuulutatakse 9. mai Teise maailmasõja lõpu tähistamise päevaks. ÜRO peaassambleel EL-i nimel kõnelnud Hollandi suursaadik märkis, et osa alliansi riikide jaoks ei tähista 8. ja 9. mai 1945 võitu 9. CoRoBa, a Multi Mobile Robot Control and Simulation Framework Eric Colon 2008-11-01 Full Text Available This paper describes on-going development of a multi robot control framework named CoRoBa. CoRoBa is theoretically founded by reifying Real Time Design Patterns. It uses CORBA as its communication Middleware and consequently benefits from the interoperability of this standard. A multi-robot 3D simulator written in Java3D integrates seamlessly with this framework. Several demonstration applications have been developed to validate the design and implementation options. 10. The influence of antiscalants on biofouling of RO membranes in seawater desalination. Sweity, Amer; Oren, Yoram; Ronen, Zeev; Herzberg, Moshe 2013-06-15 Antiscalants are surface active polyelectrolyte compounds commonly used in reverse osmosis (RO) desalination processes to avoid membrane scaling. In spite of the significant roles of antiscalants in preventing membrane scaling, they are prone to enhance biofilm growth on RO membranes by either altering membrane surface properties or by serving as nutritional source for microorganisms. In this study, the contribution of antiscalants to membrane biofouling in seawater desalination was investigated. The effects of two commonly used antiscalants, polyphosphonate- and polyacrylate-based, were tested. The effects of RO membrane (DOW-Filmtec SW30 HRLE-400) exposure to antiscalants on its physico-chemical properties were studied, including the consequent effects on initial deposition and growth of the sessile microorganisms on the RO membrane surface. The effects of antiscalants on membrane physico-chemical properties were investigated by filtration of seawater supplemented with the antiscalants through flat-sheet RO membrane and changes in surface zeta potential and hydrophobicity were delineated. Adsorption of antiscalants to polyamide surfaces simulating RO membrane's polyamide layer and their effects on the consequent bacterial adhesion was tested using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring technology (QCM-D) and direct fluorescent microscopy. A significant increase in biofilm formation rate on RO membranes surface was observed in the presence of both types of antiscalants. Polyacrylate-based antiscalant was shown to enhance initial cell attachment as observed with the QCM-D and a parallel plate flow cell, due to rendering the polyamide surface more hydrophobic. Polyphosphonate-based antiscalants also increased biofilm formation rate, most likely by serving as an additional source of phosphorous to the seawater microbial population. A thicker biofilm layer was formed on the RO membrane when the polyacrylate-based antiscalant was used. Following 11. The Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration constant flux for assessing particulate/colloidal fouling of RO systems Salinas-Rodriguez, Sergio G. 2015-02-18 Reliable methods for measuring and predicting the fouling potential of reverse osmosis (RO) feed water are important in preventing and diagnosing fouling at the design stage, and for monitoring pre-treatment performance during plant operation. The Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration (MFI-UF) constant flux is a significant development with respect to assessing the fouling potential of RO feed water. This research investigates (1) the variables influencing the MFI-UF test at constant flux filtration (membrane pore size, membrane material, flux rate); and (2) the application of MFI-UF into pre-treatment assessment and RO fouling estimation. The dependency of MFI on flux, means that to assess accurately particulate fouling in RO systems, the MFI should be measured at a flux similar to a RO system (close to 20 L/m2/h) or extrapolated from higher fluxes. The two studied membrane materials showed reproducible results; 10% for PES membranes and 6.3% for RC membranes. Deposition factors (amount of particles that remain on the surface of membrane) were measured in a full-scale plant ranging between 0.2 and 0.5. The concept of “safe MFI” is presented as a guideline for assessing pre-treatment for RO systems. 12. Effects of the 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist Ro 04-6790 on learning consolidation. Meneses, A 2001-01-08 The 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist Ro-04-6790 or 8-OH-DPAT injection improved learning consolidation on an autoshaping task, while mCPP, scopolamine and dizocilpine decreased the performance. The effect induced by scopolamine, but not that induced by mCPP, was reversed completely by Ro-04-6790, while dizocilpine effect was antagonized partially. Nevertheless, ritanserin or WAY 100635, but not Ro 04-6790, antagonized the 8-OH-DPAT facilitatory effects on learning consolidation. As WAY 100635 did not modify the Ro 04-6790 facilitatory effect, hence 5-HT(1A), and/or 5-HT(7), but not 5-HT(6), receptors might mediate the 8-OH-DPAT facilitatory effect on learning consolidation. Since, the Ro 04-6790 facilitatory effect was unaffected by 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A)/(2B)/(2C), 5-HT(3) or 5-HT(4) receptor blockade, thereby, the facilitatory effect induced by Ro 04-6790 involved specifically 5-HT(6) receptors. Indeed, the present data provide further support to the notion that, 5-HT(6) receptors play a significant part in the learning consolidation under normal and dysfunctional memory conditions. 13. The high-energy environment in the super-earth system CoRoT-7 Poppenhaeger, K; Schröter, S; Lalitha, S; Kashyap, V; Schmitt, J H M M 2012-01-01 High-energy irradiation of exoplanets has been identified to be a key influence on the stability of these planets' atmospheres. So far, irradiation-driven mass-loss has been observed only in two Hot Jupiters, and the observational data remain even more sparse in the super-earth regime. We present an investigation of the high-energy emission in the CoRoT-7 system, which hosts the first known transiting super-earth. To characterize the high-energy XUV radiation field into which the rocky planets CoRoT-7b and CoRoT-7c are immersed, we analyzed a 25 ks XMM-Newton observation of the host star. Our analysis yields the first clear (3.5 sigma) X-ray detection of CoRoT-7. We determine a coronal temperature of ca. 3 MK and an X-ray luminosity of 3*10^28 erg/s. The level of XUV irradiation on CoRoT-7b amounts to ca. 37000 erg/cm^2/s. Current theories for planetary evaporation can only provide an order-of-magnitude estimate for the planetary mass loss; assuming that CoRoT-7b has formed as a rocky planet, we estimate that... 14. Characterisation of residual ionospheric errors in bending angles using GNSS RO end-to-end simulations Liu, C. L.; Kirchengast, G.; Zhang, K. F.; Norman, R.; Li, Y.; Zhang, S. C.; Carter, B.; Fritzer, J.; Schwaerz, M.; Choy, S. L.; Wu, S. Q.; Tan, Z. X. 2013-09-01 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is an innovative meteorological remote sensing technique for measuring atmospheric parameters such as refractivity, temperature, water vapour and pressure for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) and global climate monitoring (GCM). GNSS RO has many unique characteristics including global coverage, long-term stability of observations, as well as high accuracy and high vertical resolution of the derived atmospheric profiles. One of the main error sources in GNSS RO observations that significantly affect the accuracy of the derived atmospheric parameters in the stratosphere is the ionospheric error. In order to mitigate the effect of this error, the linear ionospheric correction approach for dual-frequency GNSS RO observations is commonly used. However, the residual ionospheric errors (RIEs) can be still significant, especially when large ionospheric disturbances occur and prevail such as during the periods of active space weather. In this study, the RIEs were investigated under different local time, propagation direction and solar activity conditions and their effects on RO bending angles are characterised using end-to-end simulations. A three-step simulation study was designed to investigate the characteristics of the RIEs through comparing the bending angles with and without the effects of the RIEs. This research forms an important step forward in improving the accuracy of the atmospheric profiles derived from the GNSS RO technique. 15. HIGH-PURITY WATER PRODUCTION BY RO/EDI SYSTEM 2001-01-01 @@ Electrodeionization(EDI),also known as continuous deionization(CDI)and packed-cell electrodialysis,is a novel hybrid separation process combining ion-exchange resin with ion-exchange membrane in one unit.The EDI process was discovered in the 1950's［1，2］in laboratory,the first commercial apparatus for the production of high-purity water was available in 1987［3］.Now the EDI technology has been found and will be continuously found its great applications in many engineering fields. In EDI,the dilute compartments are filled with mixed-bed ion-exchange resins,which enhance the transport to the membranes under the force of a direct current.The ion transport is almost entire through the ion-exchange resins and is not effected through the water.Under certain conditions,water-splitting reaction occurs in the dilute chambers and then the relative high concentrations of H+ and OH- are able to regenerate the resins continuously, With the unique “electroregeneration",the EDI unit can be considered as a mixed-bed ion-exchange column with continuous regeneration.and therefore is capable of deep deionization.Comparing with electrodialysis and ion exchange respectively,EDI has put up much superiority in water desalination. In our experiments,the processes for production of high-purity water from tap water are consisted of pretreatment (with ultrafiltration,active carbon and 10 μm-filtration),RO and EDI. 16. Institutional regulations and local practices of Social warehouse construction in Yong zheng Dynasty The investigation based on the center of Chinese language Zhupi Memorials in Yong Zheng Dynasty%雍正朝社仓建设的制度规范及其地方实践--以《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》为中心的考察 闫娜轲 2016-01-01 Social storage is an important part of the social security system in ancient China,it is often open,gra-naries and other storage duties,complement each other.After the early Qing Dynasty Kangxi start- up attempt,vig-orous promotion in Yong Zheng Dynasty,and gradually establish a more mature and powerful network of social warehouse in the country.In specific storage management,the warehousing construction of Yong Zheng Dynasty particular emphasis on local officials to interfere too much,simple and crude way of donation,embezzlement and other ills barn renovation,in Sichuan and Shanxi,Henan and other regions have achieved remarkable results.%社仓是我国古代社会保障体系的重要组成部分，它与常平仓、义仓等仓储各司其职、相互补充。清初历经康熙朝的初创尝试、雍正朝的大力推行，逐渐建立起全国范围内较为成熟有力的社仓网络。在仓储的具体管理中，雍正朝仓储建设尤其重视对地方官员过多干预、劝捐方式简单粗暴、侵吞仓谷等弊病的整治，于川陕、河南等地区取得了明显成效。 17. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission VIII. CoRoT-7b: the first Super-Earth with measured radius Léger, A; Schneider, J; Barge, P; Fridlund, M; Samuel, B; Ollivier, M; Günther, E; Deleuil, M; Deeg, H J; Auvergne, M; Alonso, R; Aigrain, S; Alapini, A; Almenara, J M; Baglin, A; Barbieri, M; Bruntt, H; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Cabrera, J; Catala, C; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Csizmadia, Sz; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Foing, B; Fressin, F; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Gondoin, Ph; Grasset, O; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Llebaria, A; Loeillet, B; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Paetzold, M; Pont, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Renner, S; Samadi, R; Shporer, A; Sotin, Ch; Tingley, B; Wuchterl, G 2009-01-01 We report the discovery of very shallow (DF/F = 3.4 10-4), periodic dips in the light curve of an active V = 11.7 G9V star observed by the CoRoT satellite, which we interpret as due to the presence of a transiting companion. We describe the 3-colour CoRoT data and complementary ground-based observations that support the planetary nature of the companion. Methods. We use CoRoT color information, good angular resolution ground-based photometric observations in- and out- of transit, adaptive optics imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy and preliminary results from Radial Velocity measurements, to test the diluted eclipsing binary scenarios. The parameters of the host star are derived from optical spectra, which were then combined with the CoRoT light curve to derive parameters of the companion. We examine carefully all conceivable cases of false positives, and all tests performed support the planetary hypothesis. Blends with separation larger than 0.40 arcsec or triple systems are almost excluded with a 8 10-4 ris... 18. Economic man as model man: Ideal types, idealization and caricatures Morgan, M.S. 2006-01-01 Economics revolves around a central character: "economic man." As historians, we are all familiar with various episodes in the history of this character, and we appreciate his ever-changing aspect even while many of our colleagues in economics think the rational economic agent of neoclassical econom 19. Rich man, poor man: developmental differences in attributions and perceptions. Sigelman, Carol K 2012-11-01 In an examination guided by cognitive developmental and attribution theory of how explanations of wealth and poverty and perceptions of rich and poor people change with age and are interrelated, 6-, 10-, and 14-year-olds (N=88) were asked for their causal attributions and trait judgments concerning a rich man and a poor man. First graders, like older children, perceived the rich man as more competent than the poor man. However, they had difficulty in explaining wealth and poverty, especially poverty, and their trait perceptions were associated primarily with their attributions of wealth to job status, education, and luck. Fifth and ninth graders more clearly attributed wealth and poverty to the equity factors of ability and effort and based their trait perceptions on these attributions. Although the use of structured attribution questions revealed more understanding among young children than previous studies have suggested, the findings suggest a shift with age in the underlying bases for differential evaluation of rich and poor people from a focus on good outcomes associated with wealth (a good education and job) to a focus on personal qualities responsible for wealth (ability and effort). 20. 失败的Man 小兵 2000-01-01 搞不清楚你要赚多少钱才会满足为什么还觉得孤独 Oh oh oh失败的 Man 越弄越糊涂Peggy Sue Mary Sherry Ronda 跟 Lulu每个女孩你都想照顾 Oh oh oh失败的 MAN 走了很多路不太舒服又不想哭想种一棵大树有了种子没有泥土迷迷糊糊突然看到上帝跟耶酥笑说你再得不到保证 Oh oh oh 1. Trees Are Useful to Man 赵明 2005-01-01 Trees are useful to man in three impor-tant ways. They provide him with wood and other products;they give him shade;they help prevent drought(干旱)and floods. Unfortunately,in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third one is the most important. Two thousand years ago a rich and pow-erful country cut down its trees to build war-ships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire,however,without its trees, its soil became hard and poor. When the em-pire fell to pieces, the home c... 2. East Man,Global Winner Wind Blew; Bai Yifeng 2007-01-01 @@ "The Global Human Settlement Environment Green Building Materials Award is a special award with a special significance.My staff and I feel so excited with this award.It is a special honor that means our independent brand,East Man Heath Paint,has received recognition in the international community. 3. Man, Controller of the Universe Olowin, R. P. 2011-06-01 The Man, Controller of the Universe painted by the renowned Mexican artist Diego Rivera in the gigantic mural of the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City is overlooked by a telescope. We acknowledge this instrument as the Plaskett Telescope at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Victoria, Canada. 4. Man and Machines: Three Criticisms. Schneider, Edward F. As machines have become a more common part of daily life through the passage of time, the idea that the line separating man and machine is slowly fading has become more popular as well. This paper examines three critics of change through their most famous works. One of the most popular views of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is that it is a… 5. Man...An Endangered Species? Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. The general theme of this 1968 yearbook is that man is a threatened species, facing overpopulation and unbridled technology - both self induced. The presentation is broad, relating to many aspects of conservation and natural resources in the United States in a descriptive, non-technical style. The yearbook is divided into major topics: Land… 6. Man...An Endangered Species? Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. The general theme of this 1968 yearbook is that man is a threatened species, facing overpopulation and unbridled technology - both self induced. The presentation is broad, relating to many aspects of conservation and natural resources in the United States in a descriptive, non-technical style. The yearbook is divided into major topics: Land… 7. New Manning System Field Evaluation 1986-03-01 our Analytic hodel (see Chapter 5, New Manning Svestem Field Evaluacion . Technical Revore No. I, RAJL-, November c t, e number or soldiers retaking...and meaningful performance measures are not only crucial to the WRAIR N Field Evaluacion but also to the Army. To know which unit does betzer than 8. Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis—Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review Gaetan Blandin; Verliefde, Arne R.D.; Joaquim Comas; Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda; Pierre Le-Clech 2016-01-01 Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be ... 9. Linc-RoR promotes c-Myc expression through hnRNP I and AUF1 Huang, Jianguo; Zhang, Ali; Ho, Tsui-Ting; Zhang, Ziqiang; Zhou, Nanjiang; Ding, Xianfeng; Zhang, Xu; Xu, Min; Mo, Yin-Yuan 2016-01-01 Linc-RoR was originally identified to be a regulator for induced pluripotent stem cells in humans and it has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanism of Linc-RoR-mediated gene expression in cancer is poorly understood. The present study demonstrates that Linc-RoR plays an oncogenic role in part through regulation of c-Myc expression. Linc-RoR knockout (KO) suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth. In particular, Linc-RoR KO causes a significant decrease in c-Myc whereas re-expression of Linc-RoR in the KO cells restores the level of c-Myc. Mechanistically, Linc-RoR interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) I and AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1), respectively, with an opposite consequence to their interaction with c-Myc mRNA. While Linc-RoR is required for hnRNP I to bind to c-Myc mRNA, interaction of Linc-RoR with AUF1 inhibits AUF1 to bind to c-Myc mRNA. As a result, Linc-RoR may contribute to the increased stability of c-Myc mRNA. Although hnRNP I and AUF1 can interact with many RNA species and regulate their functions, with involvement of Linc-RoR they would be able to selectively regulate mRNA stability of specific genes such as c-Myc. Together, these results support a role for Linc-RoR in c-Myc expression in part by specifically enhancing its mRNA stability, leading to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. PMID:26656491 10. RO-heparin Inhibits L-Selectin-mediated Neutrophils Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium Under Flow Conditions 2006-01-01 Selectins are carbohydrate-binding cell adhesion molecules that play a major role in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Accumulaed evidence has suggested that heparin's anti-inflammatory effects are mainly mediated by blocking L- or P-selectin-initiated cell adhesion. Recently, we have reported that periodate-oxidized, borohydridereduced heparin (RO-heparin) can inhibit P-selectin-mediated acute inflammation. Here we further examined the effect of RO-heparin on the adhesion of L-selectin-mediated leukocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions in vivo and in vitro. The results show that RO-heparin with a low anticoagulant activity can effectively reduce leucocyte rolling on thioglycollate-induced rat mesenteric venules and L-selectin-metadiated neutrophil rolling on TNF-α-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) under flow conditions. Our findings suggest that the effect of RO-heparin on inflammatory responses is mainly a result of its inhibiting the interaction between P- or L-selectin and its ligands. The findings also suggest that RO-heparin may be useful in preventing inflammation diseases. 11. Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and cardiac arrhythmias in the adult: facts and hypotheses. Lazzerini, P E; Capecchi, P L; Laghi-Pasini, F 2010-09-01 It is well established that the passive trans-placental passage of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies from mother to foetus is associated with the risk to develop an uncommon syndrome named neonatal lupus (NLE), where the congenital heart block represents the most severe clinical feature. Recent evidence demonstrated that also adult heart, classically considered invulnerable to the anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, may represent a target of the arrhythmogenicity of these autoantibodies. In particular, the prolongation of the QTc interval appears the most frequent abnormality observed in adults with circulating anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, with some data suggesting an association with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, also life threatening. Moreover, even though the association between anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and conduction disturbances is undoubtedly less evident in adults than in infants, from the accurate dissection of the literature data the possibility arises that sometimes also the adult cardiac conduction tissue may be affected by such antibodies. The exact arrhythmogenic mechanisms involved in foetus/newborns and adults, respectively, have not been completely clarified as yet. However, increasing evidence suggests that anti-Ro/SSA antibodies may trigger rhythm disturbances through an inhibiting cross-reaction with several cardiac ionic channels, particularly the calcium channels (L-type and T-type), but also the potassium channel hERG, whose different expression and involvement in the cardiac electrophysiology during lifespan might account for the occurrence of age-related differences. 12. CoRoT-7 b: Super-Earth or Super-Io? Barnes, Rory; Greenberg, Richard; Jackson, Brian; Kaib, Nathan A 2009-01-01 CoRoT-7 b, a planet about 70% larger than the Earth orbiting a Sun-like star, is the first-discovered rocky exoplanet, and hence has been dubbed a "super-Earth". Some initial studies suggested that since the planet is so close to its host star, it receives enough insolation to partially melt its surface. However, these past studies failed to take into consideration the role that tides may play in this system. Even if the planet's eccentricity has always been zero, we show that tidal decay of semi-major axis could have been large enough that the planet formed on a wider orbit which received less insolation. Moreover, CoRoT-7 b could be tidally heated at a rate that dominates its geophysics and drives extreme volcanism. In this case, CoRoT-7 b is a "super-Io" that, like Jupiter's volcanic moon, is dominated by volcanism and rapid resurfacing. Such heating could occur with an eccentricity of just 10^-5. This small value could be driven by CoRoT-7 c if its own eccentricity is larger than ~10^-4. CoRoT-7 b may be ... 13. Limits to the presence of transiting circumbinary planets in CoRoT data Klagyivik, P; Cabrera, J; Csizmadia, Sz; Almenara, J M 2016-01-01 The CoRoT mission during its flight-phase 2007-2012 delivered the light-curves for over 2000 eclipsing binaries. Data from the Kepler mission have proven the existence of several transiting circumbinary planets. Albeit light-curves from CoRoT have typically lower precision and shorter coverage, CoRoT's number of targets is similar to Kepler, and some of the known circumbinary planets could potentially be detected in CoRoT data as well. The aim of this work has been a revision of the entire CoRoT data-set for the presence of circumbinary planets, and the derivation of limits to the abundances of such planets. We developed a code which removes the light curve of the eclipsing binaries and searches for quasi-periodic transit-like features in a light curve after removal of binary eclipses and instrumental features. The code needs little information on the sample systems and can be used for other space missions as well, like Kepler, K2, TESS and PLATO. The code is broad in the requirements leading to detections, b... 14. Fault-tree Models of Accident Scenarios of RoPax Vessels Pedro Ant(a)o; C. Guedes Soares 2006-01-01 Ro-Ro vessels for cargo and passengers (RoPax) are a relatively new concept that has proven to be popular in the Mediterranean region and is becoming more widespread in Northern Europe. Due to its design characteristics and amount of passengers, although less than a regular passenger liner, accidents with RoPax vessels have far reaching consequences both for economical and for human life. The objective of this paper is to identify hazards related to casualties of RoPax vessels. The terminal casualty events chosen are related to accident and incident statistics for this type of vessel. This paper focuses on the identification of the basic events that can lead to an accident and the performance requirements. The hazard identification is carried out as the first step of a Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) and the modelling of the relation between the relevant events is made using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The conclusions of this study are recommendations to the later steps of FSA rather than for decision making (Step 5 of FSA). These recommendations will be focused on the possible design shortcomings identified during the analysis by fault trees throughout cut sets. Also the role that human factors have is analysed through a sensitivity analysis where it is shown that their influence is higher for groundings and collisions where an increase of the initial probability leads to the change of almost 90% of the accident occurrence. 15. Periodic variable stars in CoRoT field LRa02 observed with BEST II Kabath, P; Rauer, H; Pasternacki, T; Csizmadia, Sz; Chini, R; Lemke, R; Murphy, M; Fruth, T; Titz, R; Eigmueller, P 2009-01-01 The Berlin Exoplanet Search Telescope II (BEST II) is a small wide field-of-view photometric survey telescope system located at the Observatorio Cerro Armazones, Chile. The high duty cycle combined with excellent observing conditions and millimagnitude photometric precision makes this instrument suitable for ground based support observations for the CoRoT space mission. Photometric data of the CoRoT LRa02 target field collected between November 2008 and March 2009 were analysed for stellar variability. The presented results will help in the future analysis of the CoRoT data, particularly in additional science programs related to variable stars. BEST II observes selected CoRoT target fields ahead of the space mission. The photometric data acquired are searched for stellar variability, periodic variable stars are identified with time series analysis of the obtained stellar light curves. We obtained the light curves of 104335 stars in the CoRoT LRa02 field over 41 nights. Variability was detected in light curves... 16. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XXVII. CoRoT-28b, a planet orbiting an evolved star, and CoRoT-29b, a planet showing an asymmetric transit Cabrera, J.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Montagnier, G.; Fridlund, M.; Ammler-von Eiff, M.; Chaintreuil, S.; Damiani, C.; Deleuil, M.; Ferraz-Mello, S.; Ferrigno, A.; Gandolfi, D.; Guillot, T.; Guenther, E. W.; Hatzes, A.; Hébrard, G.; Klagyivik, P.; Parviainen, H.; Pasternacki, Th.; Pätzold, M.; Sebastian, D.; Tadeu dos Santos, M.; Wuchterl, G.; Aigrain, S.; Alonso, R.; Almenara, J.-M.; Armstrong, J. D.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Barge, P.; Barros, S. C. C.; Bonomo, A. S.; Bordé, P.; Bouchy, F.; Carpano, S.; Chaffey, C.; Deeg, H. J.; Díaz, R. F.; Dvorak, R.; Erikson, A.; Grziwa, S.; Korth, J.; Lammer, H.; Lindsay, C.; Mazeh, T.; Moutou, C.; Ofir, A.; Ollivier, M.; Pallé, E.; Rauer, H.; Rouan, D.; Samuel, B.; Santerne, A.; Schneider, J. 2015-07-01 Context. We present the discovery of two transiting extrasolar planets by the satellite CoRoT. Aims: We aim at a characterization of the planetary bulk parameters, which allow us to further investigate the formation and evolution of the planetary systems and the main properties of the host stars. Methods: We used the transit light curve to characterize the planetary parameters relative to the stellar parameters. The analysis of HARPS spectra established the planetary nature of the detections, providing their masses. Further photometric and spectroscopic ground-based observations provided stellar parameters (log g, Teff, v sin i) to characterize the host stars. Our model takes the geometry of the transit to constrain the stellar density into account, which when linked to stellar evolutionary models, determines the bulk parameters of the star. Because of the asymmetric shape of the light curve of one of the planets, we had to include the possibility in our model that the stellar surface was not strictly spherical. Results: We present the planetary parameters of CoRoT-28b, a Jupiter-sized planet (mass 0.484 ± 0.087 MJup; radius 0.955 ± 0.066 RJup) orbiting an evolved star with an orbital period of 5.208 51 ± 0.000 38 days, and CoRoT-29b, another Jupiter-sized planet (mass 0.85 ± 0.20 MJup; radius 0.90 ± 0.16 RJup) orbiting an oblate star with an orbital period of 2.850 570 ± 0.000 006 days. The reason behind the asymmetry of the transit shape is not understood at this point. Conclusions: These two new planetary systems have very interesting properties and deserve further study, particularly in the case of the star CoRoT-29. The CoRoT space mission, launched on December 27th 2006, was developed and is operated by CNES, with the contribution of Austria, Belgium, Brazil, ESA (RSSD and Science Programme), Germany, and Spain. Based on observations obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma jointly by Denmark, Finland, Iceland 17. Research and development of Ro-boat: an autonomous river cleaning robot Sinha, Aakash; Bhardwaj, Prashant; Vaibhav, Bipul; Mohommad, Noor 2013-12-01 Ro-Boat is an autonomous river cleaning intelligent robot incorporating mechanical design and computer vision algorithm to achieve autonomous river cleaning and provide a sustainable environment. Ro-boat is designed in a modular fashion with design details such as mechanical structural design, hydrodynamic design and vibrational analysis. It is incorporated with a stable mechanical system with air and water propulsion, robotic arms and solar energy source and it is proceed to become autonomous by using computer vision. Both "HSV Color Space" and "SURF" are proposed to use for measurements in Kalman Filter resulting in extremely robust pollutant tracking. The system has been tested with successful results in the Yamuna River in New Delhi. We foresee that a system of Ro-boats working autonomously 24x7 can clean a major river in a city on about six months time, which is unmatched by alternative methods of river cleaning. 18. Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from water by various nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Yüksel, Suna; Kabay, Nalan; Yüksel, Mithat 2013-12-15 The removal of an endocrine disrupting compound, bisphenol A (BPA), from model solutions by selected nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was studied. The commercially available membranes NF 90, NF 270, XLE BWRO, BW 30 (Dow FilmTech), CE BWRO and AD SWRO (GE Osmonics) were used to compare their performances for BPA removal. The water permeability coefficients, rejection of BPA and permeate flux values were calculated for all membranes used. No significant changes in their BPA removal were observed for all tight polyamide based NF and RO membranes tested except for loose NF 270 membrane. The polyamide based membranes exhibited much better performance than cellulose acetate membrane for BPA removal. Almost a complete rejection (≥ 98%) for BPA was obtained with three polyamide based RO membranes (BW 30, XLE BWRO and AD SWRO). But cellulose acetate based CE BWRO membrane offered a low and variable (10-40%) rejection for BPA. 19. Study of HD 169392A observed by CoRoT and HARPS Mathur, S; Catala, C; Benomar, O; Davies, G R; Garcia, R A; Salabert, D; Ballot, J; Mosser, B; Regulo, C; Chaplin, W J; Elsworth, Y; Handberg, R; Hekker, S; Mantegazza, L; Michel, E; Poretti, E; Rainer, M; Roxburgh, I W; Samadi, R; Steslicki, M; Uytterhoeven, K; Verner, G A; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Forteza, S Barcelo; Baudin, F; Cortes, T Roca 2012-01-01 The numerous results obtained with asteroseismology thanks to space missions such as CoRoT and Kepler are providing a new insight on stellar evolution. After five years of observations, CoRoT is going on providing high-quality data. We present here the analysis of the double star HD169392 complemented by ground-based spectroscopic observations. This work aims at characterizing the fundamental parameters of the two stars, their chemical composition, the acoustic-mode global parameters including their individual frequencies, and their dynamics. We have analysed HARPS observations of the two stars to retrieve their chemical compositions. Several methods have been used and compared to measure the global properties of acoustic modes and their individual frequencies from the photometric data of CoRoT. The new spectroscopic observations and archival astrometric values suggest that HD169392 is a wide binary system weakly bounded. We have obtained the spectroscopic parameters for both components, suggesting the origin... 20. Radial velocity follow-up of CoRoT transiting exoplanets Deleuil M. 2011-02-01 Full Text Available We report on the results from the radial-velocity follow-up program performed to establish the planetary nature and to characterize the transiting candidates discovered by the space mission CoRoT. We use the SOPHIE at OHP, HARPS at ESO and the HIRES at Keck spectrographs to collect spectra and high-precision radial velocity (RV measurements for several dozens different candidates from CoRoT. We have measured the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of several confirmed planets, especially CoRoT-1b which revealed that it is another highly inclined system. Such high-precision RV data are necessary for the discovery of new transiting planets. Furthermore, several low mass planet candidates have emerged from our Keck and HARPS data. 1. The NStED Periodogram Service and Interface for Public CoRoT Data von Braun, K; Beekley, A; Berriman, G B; Bryden, G; Chan, B; Ciardi, D R; Good, J; Harbut, M; Kane, S R; Laity, A; Lau, C; Lynn, M; McElroy, D; Plavchan, P; Regelson, M; Rey, R; Ramirez, S V; Stauffer, J; Zhang, A 2011-01-01 As part of the NASA-CNES agreement, the NASA Star and Exoplanet Database (NStED) serves as the official US portal for the public CoRoT data products. NStED is a general purpose archive with the aim of providing support for NASA's planet finding and characterization goals. Consequently, the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) developed, and NStED adapted, a periodogram service for CoRoT data to determine periods of variability phenomena and create phased photometric light curves. Through the NStED periodogram interface, the user may choose three different period detection algorithms to use on any photometric time series product, or even upload and analyze their own data. Additionally, the NStED periodogram is remotely accessed by the CoRoT archive as part of its interface. NStED is available at {\\bf http://nsted.ipac.caltech.edu}. 2. Uncovering the planets and stellar activity of CoRoT-7 using only radial velocities Faria, J P; Brewer, B J; Figueira, P; Oshagh, M; Santerne, A; Santos, N C 2016-01-01 Stellar activity can induce signals in the radial velocities of stars, complicating the detection of orbiting low-mass planets. We present a method to determine the number of planetary signals present in radial-velocity datasets of active stars, using only radial-velocity observations. Instead of considering separate fits with different number of planets, we use a birth-death Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to infer the posterior distribution for the number of planets in a single run. In a natural way, the marginal distributions for the orbital parameters of all planets are also inferred. This method is applied to HARPS data of CoRoT-7. We confidently recover both CoRoT-7b and CoRoT-7c although the data show evidence for additional signals. 3. Vacuum-Induced Coherence in Ultracold Photoassociative Ro-Vibrational Excitations Das, Sumanta; Deb, Bimalendu 2011-01-01 We show that coherence between two excited ro-vibrational states belonging to the same molecular electronic configuration arises quite naturally due to their interaction with electromagnetic vacuum. For initial preparation of a molecule in the desired ro-vibrational states, we propose to employ the method of ultracold photoassociation. Spontaneous decay of the excited molecule then gives rise to vacuum induced coherence between the excited ro-vibrational states. We demonstrate theoretically an interesting interplay of effects due to vacuum induced coherence and photoassociation. We apply our theory to photoassociation of bosonic Ytterbium (^{174}Yb) atoms which appear to be a promising system for exploring such interplay. The effects discussed here can be important for controlling decoherence and dissipation in molecular systems. 4. Report on the CoRoT Evolution and Seismic Tools Activity Monteiro, M J P F G; Montalban, J; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J; Castro, M; Degl'Innocenti, S; Moya, A; Roxburgh, I W; Scuflaire, R; Baglin, A; Cunha, M S; Eggenberger, P; Fernandes, J; Goupil, M J; Hui-Bon-Hoa, A; Marconi, M; Marques, J P; Michel, E; Miglio, A; Morel, P; Pichon, B; Moroni, P G P; Provost, J; Ruoppo, A; Suárez, J C; Suran, M; Teixeira, T C 2006-01-01 We present the work undertaken by the Evolution and Seismic Tools Activity (ESTA) team of the CoRoT Seismology Working Group. We have focused on two main tasks: Task 1 - now finished - has aimed at testing, comparing and optimising seven stellar evolution codes which will be used to model the internal structure and evolution of the CoRoT target stars. Task 2, still underway, aims at testing, comparing and optimising different seismic codes used to calculate the oscillations of models for different types of stars. The results already obtained are quite satisfactory, showing minor differences between the different numerical tools provided the same assumptions on the physical parameters are made. This work gives us confidence on the numerical tools that will be available to interpret the future CoRoT seismic data. 5. A Review on the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) Graft for Haemodialysis Vascular Access. Al Shakarchi, J; Houston, J G; Jones, R G; Inston, N 2015-07-01 With improved dialysis survival there are increasing numbers of patients who have exhausted definitive access options due to central venous stenosis and are maintaining dialysis on a central venous catheter. The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) allows an alternative by providing a definitive access solution. The aim of this study is to systematically review the published outcomes of the HeRO graft and discuss the role in complex haemodialysis patients. Electronic databases were searched for studies assessing the use of the HeRO graft for dialysis in accordance with PRISMA published up to December 31 2014. The primary outcomes for this study were 1-year primary and secondary patency rates. Secondary outcomes were rates of dialysis access associated steal syndrome, HeRO-related bacteraemia rates and rates of interventions. Following strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, eight studies including 409 patients were included in our review. Primary and secondary pooled patency rates in this complex cohort of dialysis patients were found to be 21.9% (9.6-37.2%) and 59.4% (39.4-78%). The rate of dialysis access associated steal syndrome was low at 6.3% (1-14.7%) as was the range of HeRO-related bacteraemia (0.13-0.7 events per 1000 days). This literature review shows that the HeRO graft is an acceptable option for complex dialysis patients who are catheter dependent. Owing to device availability, published data are predominantly North American and further longer-term studies in other populations may be necessary. In this challenging patient group, randomized controlled trials are required to allow comparisons with alternative access options. Copyright © 2015 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 6. The study of Be stars with the CoRoT satellite Diago, P. D.; Gutierrez-Soto, J.; Fabregat, J.; Suso, J.; COROT Be Team 2011-11-01 The CoRoT space mission, launched in December 2006, is a spacecraft devoted to the study of the stellar interiors and the exo-planet search. Concerning the seismology of the Be stars, the presence of pulsations in late-type Be stars is still a matter of controversy. It constitutes an important issue to establish the relationship between non-radial pulsations and the mass-loss mechanism in Be stars. In this field, the CoRoT satellite is providing data with an unprecedent quality and precision that is confirming non-radial pulsations in Be stars. The CoRoT Be Team is an international collaboration composed by members from France, Spain, Brazil and Belgium and is in charge of the exploitation and analysis of the Be stars data. In this work we present the highlighted results of the observed Be stars by CoRoT and the future prospects of the CoRoT Be Team. These results include the detection of the Be star HD 49 330 during an outburst phase and the measurement of the change in the oscillation spectrum during this rare event. These observations gave insight into the nature of the explosion. It will help to solve a question that has been pending for years: are oscillations the cause of the outbursts? Moreover, for the first time, the CoRoT satellite has detected simultaneously the rotational and the pulsational frequencies for the Be star HD 50 209, which constitutes a proof of the presence of pulsations in the Be stars. %J Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics VI, Proceedings of the IX Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Astronomical Society (SEA), held in Madrid, September 13 - 17, 2010, Eds.: M. R. Zapatero Osorio, J. Gorgas, J. Maiz Apellaniz, J. R. Pardo, and A. Gil de Paz., p. 531-531 7. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XVIII. CoRoT-18b: a massive hot Jupiter on a prograde, nearly aligned orbit Hébrard, G.; Evans, T. M.; Alonso, R.; Fridlund, M.; Ofir, A.; Aigrain, S.; Guillot, T.; Almenara, J. M.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Barge, P.; Bonomo, A. S.; Bordé, P.; Bouchy, F.; Cabrera, J.; Carone, L.; Carpano, S.; Cavarroc, C.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Deeg, H. J.; Deleuil, M.; Díaz, R. F.; Dvorak, R.; Erikson, A.; Ferraz-Mello, S.; Gandolfi, D.; Gibson, N.; Gillon, M.; Guenther, E.; Hatzes, A.; Havel, M.; Jorda, L.; Lammer, H.; Léger, A.; Llebaria, A.; Mazeh, T.; Moutou, C.; Ollivier, M.; Parviainen, H.; Pätzold, M.; Queloz, D.; Rauer, H.; Rouan, D.; Santerne, A.; Schneider, J.; Tingley, B.; Wuchterl, G. 2011-09-01 We report the detection of CoRoT-18b, a massive hot Jupiter transiting in front of its host star with a period of 1.9000693 ± 0.0000028 days. This planet was discovered thanks to photometric data secured with the CoRoT satellite combined with spectroscopic and photometric ground-based follow-up observations. The planet has a mass Mp = 3.47 ± 0.38 MJup, a radius Rp = 1.31 ± 0.18 RJup, and a density ρp = 2.2 ± 0.8 g cm-3. It orbits a G9V star with a mass M⋆ = 0.95 ± 0.15 M⊙, a radius R⋆ = 1.00 ± 0.13 R⊙, and arotation period Prot = 5.4 ± 0.4 days. The age of the system remains uncertain, with stellar evolution models pointing either to a few tens Ma or several Ga, while gyrochronology and lithium abundance point towards ages of a few hundred Ma. This mismatch potentially points to a problem in our understanding of the evolution of young stars, with possibly significant implications for stellar physics and the interpretation of inferred sizes of exoplanets around young stars. We detected the Rossiter-McLaughlin anomaly in the CoRoT-18 system thanks to the spectroscopic observation of a transit. We measured the obliquity ψ = 20° ± 20° (sky-projected value λ = -10° ± 20°), indicating that the planet orbits in the same way as the star is rotating and that this prograde orbit is nearly aligned with the stellar equator. The CoRoT space mission, launched on 2006 December 27, has been developed and is operated by CNES, with the contribution of Austria, Belgium, Brazil, ESA (RSSD and Science Programme), Germany and Spain.Table 2 is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org 8. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XX. CoRoT-20b: A very high density, high eccentricity transiting giant planet Deleuil, M.; Bonomo, A. S.; Ferraz-Mello, S.; Erikson, A.; Bouchy, F.; Havel, M.; Aigrain, S.; Almenara, J.-M.; Alonso, R.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Barge, P.; Bordé, P.; Bruntt, H.; Cabrera, J.; Carpano, S.; Cavarroc, C.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Damiani, C.; Deeg, H. J.; Dvorak, R.; Fridlund, M.; Hébrard, G.; Gandolfi, D.; Gillon, M.; Guenther, E.; Guillot, T.; Hatzes, A.; Jorda, L.; Léger, A.; Lammer, H.; Mazeh, T.; Moutou, C.; Ollivier, M.; Ofir, A.; Parviainen, H.; Queloz, D.; Rauer, H.; Rodríguez, A.; Rouan, D.; Santerne, A.; Schneider, J.; Tal-Or, L.; Tingley, B.; Weingrill, J.; Wuchterl, G. 2012-02-01 We report the discovery by the CoRoT space mission of a new giant planet, CoRoT-20b. The planet has a mass of 4.24 ± 0.23 MJup and a radius of 0.84 ± 0.04 RJup. With a mean density of 8.87 ± 1.10 g cm-3, it is among the most compact planets known so far. Evolutionary models for the planet suggest a mass of heavy elements of the order of 800 M⊕ if embedded in a central core, requiring a revision either of the planet formation models or both planet evolution and structure models. We note however that smaller amounts of heavy elements are expected by more realistic models in which they are mixed throughout the envelope. The planet orbits a G-type star with an orbital period of 9.24 days and an eccentricity of 0.56.The star's projected rotational velocity is vsini = 4.5 ± 1.0 km s-1, corresponding to a spin period of 11.5 ± 3.1 days if its axis of rotation is perpendicular to the orbital plane. In the framework of Darwinian theories and neglecting stellar magnetic breaking, we calculate the tidal evolution of the system and show that CoRoT-20b is presently one of the very few Darwin-stable planets that is evolving toward a triple synchronous state with equality of the orbital, planetary and stellar spin periods. The CoRoT space mission, launched on December 27th 2006, has been developed and is operated by CNES, with the contribution of Austria, Belgium, Brazil, ESA (RSSD and Science Programme), Germany, and Spain. 9. Analysis of serum anti-Ro52 positive in 238 cases%238例血清抗Ro-52抗体阳性分析 潘丽; 张园园; 杨宇溪; 李胡焕; 潘宝龙 2016-01-01 目的 探讨抗Ro-52抗体在不同疾病中的临床应用价值及意义.方法 采用欧蒙免疫印迹法检测患者血清抗Ro-52抗体,回顾性分析238例阳性结果 构成比及与其他自身抗体的关系.结果 238例阳性结果 中,构成比较高分别为系统性红斑狼疮23.5%,类风湿性关节炎16.8%和干燥综合征16.0%.抗Ro-52常伴随抗SSA、抗SSB及抗RNP出现,主要见于SLE、SS及RA.结论 自身免疫性疾病的起始和发病机制尚不清楚,其诊断和鉴别诊断也较为复杂.抗Ro-52抗体可存在多种疾病,仅能作为患者存在自身免疫疾病可能的提示,并不具备高特异性.但作为高阳性率自身抗体,在联合检测中具有一定的辅助诊断及鉴别诊断价值. 10. Obesity in the ageing man. Michalakis, K; Goulis, D G; Vazaiou, A; Mintziori, G; Polymeris, A; Abrahamian-Michalakis, A 2013-10-01 As the population is ageing globally, both ageing and obesity are recognized as major public health challenges. The aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the current evidence on the changes in body composition, energy balance and endocrine environment that occur in the ageing man. Obesity in the ageing man is related to changes in both body weight and composition due to alterations in energy intake and total energy expenditure. In addition, somatopenia (decreased GH secretion), late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), changes in thyroid and adrenal function, as well as changes in appetite-related peptides (leptin, ghrelin) and, most importantly, insulin action are related to obesity, abnormal energy balance, redistribution of the adipose tissue and sarcopenia (decreased muscle mass). A better understanding of the complex relationship of ageing-related endocrine changes and obesity could lead to more effective interventions for elderly men. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11. RenderMan design principles Apodaca, Tony; Porter, Tom 1989-01-01 The two worlds of interactive graphics and realistic graphics have remained separate. Fast graphics hardware runs simple algorithms and generates simple looking images. Photorealistic image synthesis software runs slowly on large expensive computers. The time has come for these two branches of computer graphics to merge. The speed and expense of graphics hardware is no longer the barrier to the wide acceptance of photorealism. There is every reason to believe that high quality image synthesis will become a standard capability of every graphics machine, from superworkstation to personal computer. The significant barrier has been the lack of a common language, an agreed-upon set of terms and conditions, for 3-D modeling systems to talk to 3-D rendering systems for computing an accurate rendition of that scene. Pixar has introduced RenderMan to serve as that common language. RenderMan, specifically the extensibility it offers in shading calculations, is discussed. 12. In-Building Wireless Distribution in legacy Multimode Fiber with an improved RoMMF system Visani, Davide; Petersen, Martin Nordal; Sorci, Francesca 2012-01-01 A radio over multimode fiber (RoMMF) system for in-building wireless distribution employing a directly modulated Fabry-Perot (FP) transmitter and the central launch technique is presented. The worst-case spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) exceeds 105 dB×Hz2/3 up to 525 m of OM2 multimode fiber (MMF......). Experimental and theoretical results are reported showing that this scheme outperforms a RoMMF system employing a distributed feed-back (DFB) laser diode (LD) and/or a mode scrambler to achieve overfilled launch (OFL). Long Term Evolution (LTE) signal transmission is achieved with high quality in terms... 13. VLT transit and occultation photometry for the bloated planet CoRoT-1b Gillon, Michaël; Demory, B. -O.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Barman, T; Hebb, L.; Montalban Iglesias, Josefa; Maxted, P.; Queloz, D; Deleuil, M.; Magain, Pierre 2009-01-01 We present VLT eclipse photometry for the giant planet CoRoT-1b. We observed a transit in the R-band filter and an occultation in a narrow filter centered on 2.09 microns. Our analysis of this new photometry and published radial velocities, in combination with stellar-evolutionary modeling, leads to a planetary mass and radius of 1.07 (+0.13,-0.18) M_Jup and 1.45 (+0.07,-0.13) R_Jup, confirming the very low density previously deduced from CoRoT photometry. The large occultation depth that we ... 14. Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and cardiac rhythm disturbances: Present and future perspectives. Santos-Pardo, Irene; Villuendas, Roger; Salvador-Corres, Iñaki; Martínez-Morillo, Melania; Olivé, Alejandro; Bayes-Genis, Antoni 2015-04-01 Several case reports, small case series, and original research papers have recently suggested that the action of certain auto-antibodies related to connective tissue diseases may be responsible for significant cardiac rhythm disturbances in adults. The relationship between anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and congenital complete atrioventricular block is well recognized in the fetal heart. Herein we review the emerging evidences of the link to increased levels of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies with rhythm disorders of unknown origin in the adult. Confirmation of this distinct etiology may eventually be the basis for new therapies. 15. Galactic Archaeology with CoRoT and APOGEE: Creating mock observations from a chemodynamical model Anders, F.; Chiappini, C.; Rodrigues, T. S.; Piffl, T.; Mosser, B.; Miglio, A.; Montalbán, J.; Girardi, L.; Minchev, I.; Valentini, M.; Steinmetz, M. 2016-09-01 In a companion paper, we have presented the combined asteroseismic-spectroscopic dataset obtained from CoRoT light curves and APOGEE infra-red spectra for 606 solar-like oscillating red giants in two fields of the Galactic disc (CoRoGEE). We have measured chemical abundance patterns, distances, and ages of these field stars which are spread over a large radial range of the Milky Way's disc. Here we show how to simulate this dataset using a chemodynamical Galaxy model. We also demonstrate how the observation procedure influences the accuracy of our estimated ages. 16. Galactic Archaeology with CoRoT and APOGEE: Creating mock observations from a chemodynamical model Anders, F; Rodrigues, T S; Piffl, T; Mosser, B; Miglio, A; Montalbán, J; Girardi, L; Minchev, I; Valentini, M; Steinmetz, M 2016-01-01 In a companion paper, we have presented the combined asteroseismic-spectroscopic dataset obtained from CoRoT lightcurves and APOGEE infra-red spectra for 678 solar-like oscillating red giants in two fields of the Galactic disc (CoRoGEE). We have measured chemical abundance patterns, distances, and ages of these field stars which are spread over a large radial range of the Milky Way's disc. Here we show how to simulate this dataset using a chemodynamical Galaxy model. We also demonstrate how the observation procedure influences the accuracy of our estimated ages. 17. Behavioural effects of the benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist RO 16-6028 in mice. Belzung, C; Misslin, R; Vogel, E 1989-01-01 The imidazo-diazepinone RO 16-6028 is a benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist which exhibits some anti-conflict effects in the two-chambered light/dark test without significantly affecting the behaviour of mice confronted with the staircase test. In addition, this drug slightly reduced locomotion and more markedly rearing in a free exploration procedure. These results indicate that RO 16-6028 appears to produce some anxiolytic and sedative properties like full agonists, but with weaker magnitude. This could be related to the benzodiazepine partial agonistic profile of the compound. 18. Multiple star systems observed with CoRoT and Kepler Southworth John 2015-01-01 Full Text Available The CoRoT and Kepler satellites were the first space platforms designed to perform high-precision photometry for a large number of stars. Multiple systems display a wide variety of photometric variability, making them natural benefactors of these missions. I review the work arising from CoRoT and Kepler observations of multiple systems, with particular emphasis on eclipsing binaries containing giant stars, pulsators, triple eclipses and/or low-mass stars. Many more results remain untapped in the data archives of these missions, and the future holds the promise of K2, TESS and PLATO. 19. Multiple star systems observed with CoRoT and Kepler (invited review) Southworth, John 2014-01-01 The CoRoT and Kepler satellites were the first space platforms designed to perform high-precision photometry for a large number of stars. Multiple systems display a wide variety of photometric variability, making them natural benefactors of these missions. I review the work arising from CoRoT and Kepler observations of multiple systems, with particular emphasis on eclipsing binaries containing giant stars, pulsators, triple eclipses and/or low-mass stars. Many more results remain untapped in the data archives of these missions, and the future holds the promise of K2, TESS and PLATO. 20. Teleoperators: Man's Machine Partners Corliss, William R. 1972-01-01 This booklet is about teleoperators, a class of machines that augment man rather than replace him. Teleoperators have the ability to add to man's strength, his reach, and his ability to work in hostile environments. 1. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: The first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert Deleuil, M; Alonso, R; Bouchy, F; Rouan, D 2008-01-01 Context. The CoRoT space mission routinely provides high-precision photometric measurements of thousands of stars that have been continuously observed for months. Aims. The discovery and characterization of the first very massive transiting planetary companion with a short orbital period is reported. Methods. A series of 34 transits was detected in the CoRoT light curve of an F3V star, observed from May to October 2007 for 152 days. The radius was accurately determined and the mass derived for this new transiting, thanks to the combined analysis of the light curve and complementary ground-based observations: high-precision radial-velocity measurements, on-off photometry, and high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations. Results. CoRoT-Exo-3b has a radius of 1.01+-0.07 RJup and transits around its F3-type primary every 4.26 days in a synchronous orbit. Its mass of 21.66+-1.0 MJup, density of 26.4+-5.6 g cm^-3, and surface gravity of log g = 4.72 clearly distinguish it from the regular close-in planet popula... 2. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission II. CoRoT-Exo-2b: A transiting planet around an active G star Alonso, R; Baglin, A; Ollivier, M; Moutou, C; Rouan, D; Deeg, H J; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J M; Barbieri, M; Barge, P; Benz, W; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; De la Reza, R; Deleuil, M; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Gillon, M; Gondoin, P; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Kabath, P; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Loeillet, B; Magain, P; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Pont, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Shporer, A; Schneider, J; Stecklum, B; Udry, S; Wuchterl, G 2008-01-01 Context. The CoRoT mission, a pioneer in exoplanet searches from space, has completed its first 150 days of continuous observations of ~12000 stars in the galactic plane. An analysis of the raw data identifies the most promising candidates and triggers the ground-based follow-up. Aims. We report on the discovery of the transiting planet CoRoT-Exo-2b, with a period of 1.743 days, and characterize its main parameters. Methods. We filter the CoRoT raw light curve of cosmic impacts, orbital residuals, and low frequency signals from the star. The folded light curve of 78 transits is fitted to a model to obtain the main parameters. Radial velocity data obtained with the SOPHIE, CORALIE and HARPS spectro-graphs are combined to characterize the system. The 2.5 min binned phase-folded light curve is affected by the effect of sucessive occultations of stellar active regions by the planet, and the dispersion in the out of transit part reaches a level of 1.09x10-4 in flux units. Results. We derive a radius for the planet... 3. Consideration on the fire safety of Ro/Ro ships operating in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River%对长江三峡库区汽车滚装船消防安全的思考 倪晨敬 2012-01-01 近年来随着我国经济建设的不断发展，长江三峡库区滚装船运输日趋繁忙，繁荣背后有着一个不容忽视的问题：滚装船舶火灾事故居高不下那么究竞是何原因？我们又如何吸取教训加强滚装船舶的消防安全管理？笔者结合事故分析，对预防长江三峡库区汽车滚装船舶火灾事故提出几点思考和建议.%With the continuous devdopment of China＇s economic construction in recent years, the Ro/Ro ship traffic has been also increasing. However, behind the prosperity, we cannot ignore a serious issue, the high frequency of fire accidents revolving the Ro/Ro vessels. What is the root cause？ What lessons we should learn？ What action we should take to strengthen the fire protection onboard the Ro/Ro ships？ The author, based on the accident analysis, provides in this paper some Comments and suggestions concerning lneasures to be taken to prevent fire accidents involving Ro/Ro ships carrying cars in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River. 4. 李用粹医学理论和实践中的易学烙印%Applications of Yi theory in the medical theory and practice by LI Yong-cui 魏飞跃; 文乐兮 2012-01-01 李用粹深受中国传统文化熏陶,推崇易学,不仅论病析药每每浸染易学文化色彩,而且辨证论治总能融会易学思维,尤其体现在见微知著,既病防变；分清标本缓急,相时而动；立足整体,据五行生克立法.%Li Yong-cui was deeply affected by traditional Chinese culture and accorded great importance to Yi theory. He applied Yi theory into analysis of illnesses and medicines and used thinking way of Yi in syndrome differentiation and treatments, especially in the situations like this: he could see the entirety from the small details to prevent the development of diseases; he could differentiate the symptoms and root causes, the urgent and the deferred, to take proper treatments at the right time; he could apply the rules based on the holism and the generation-inhibition among five elements. 5. Planting Performance and High-yielding Cultivation Techniques for Hybrid Rice Combination Shenliangyou 862 at Yong,an City%深两优862在永安市种植表现与高产栽培技术 林增贵 2016-01-01 深两优862是由江苏明天种业科技有限公司、南昌穗民农业科技有限公司、临湘市兆农科技研发中心，用深08S与R5662配组育成的杂交水稻新品种。具有长势旺，分蘖力强，成穗率高，有效穗多，高产稳产，米质优等特点。介绍深两优862在永安市种植表现与高产栽培技术。%A new hybrid rice combination Shenliangyou 862 derived from the cross of a sterile line Shen 08S and a restorer line R5662 was developed by Jiangsu Mingtian Seed Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Nan-chang Suimin Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd and Linxiang Zhaonong Science and Technology Research and Development Center. It showed the characteristics of vigorous growth, strong tillering ability, high earbearing tiller percentage, more effective panicle number, high and stable yield, and good quality. Planting performance and high-yielding cultivation techniques for Shenliangyou 862 at Yong,an city was in-troduced in this paper. 6. Establishment of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus embryo (RoBE-4) cells with cytolytic infection of red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). Oh, So-Young; Nishizawa, Toyohiko 2016-12-01 Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) is a member of genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae. RSIV infection causes significant economic losses of marine-fishes in East Asian countries. Grunt fin (GF) cell line has been commonly used for culturing RSIV. However, it is not suitable for definite evaluation of infectivity titer of RSIV because cells infected with RSIV are not completely cytolysed. Thus, we established a new cell line, RoBE-4, from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) eyed-egg embryos in this study. Morphologically, RoBE-4 cells were fibroblastic-like. They have been stably grown over two-years with 60 passages using Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. RoBE-4 cells infected with RSIV exhibited cytopathic effects (CPE) with cell rounding. They were cytolysed completely after ≥2 weeks of culture. Numerous RSIV particles with icosahedral morphology of approximately 122nm in diameter were observed in cytoplasmic area of infected RoBE-4 cells. The RSIV-suceptibility and amount of extracellular RSIV released by RoBE-4 cells were 100-fold higher than those by GF cells. RSIV cultured with RoBE-4 cells was highly virulent to rock bream in infection experiments. Therefore, using RoBE-4 cells instead of GF cells will enable accurate and sensitive measurement of RSIV infectivity. In addition, RoBE-4 cells might be used to produce RSIV vaccine in the future with significant reduction in cost. 7. Der Bürocomputer in einem Informationsverbund : Erfahrungen mit einem computergestützten Büro-Informationssystem (COBIS) Zimmermann, Harald H. 1981-01-01 Zimmermann beschreibt den Stand der Technik im Bereich der computergestützten Informations- und Kommunikationsprozesse im Büro (Büroautomatisierung) mit dem Schwerpunkt "Sprachverarbeitung mit dem Computer". Er geht auf das Projekt "COBIS - Labormodell eines textuellen Büro-Informations-Systems" ein und beschreibt die immer leichtere und verbesserte Integration von Kleincomputern in Informations- und Kommunikationsverbünde. 8. The human long non-coding RNA-RoR is a p53 repressor in response to DNA damage Ali Zhang; Nanjiang Zhou; Jianguo Huang; Qian Liu; Koji Fukuda; Ding Ma; Zhaohui Lu 2013-01-01 It is well known that upon stress,the level of the tumor suppressor p53 is remarkably elevated.However,despite extensive studies,the underlying mechanism involving important inter-players for stress-induced p53 regulation is still not fully understood.We present evidence that the human lincRNA-RoR (RoR) is a strong negative regulator of p53.Unlike MDM2 that causes p53 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,RoR suppresses p53 translation through direct interaction with the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I).Importantly,a 28-base RoR sequence carrying hnRNP I binding motifs is essential and sufficient for p53 repression.We further show that RoR inhibits p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.Finally,we demonstrate a RoR-p53 autoregulatory feedback loop where p53 transcriptionally induces RoR expression.Together,these results suggest that the RoR-hnRNP I-p53 axis may constitute an additional surveillance network for the cell to better respond to various stresses. 9. Apoptosis and Redistribution of the Ro Autoantigen in Balb/c Mouse Like in Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Rafael Herrera-Esparza 2006-01-01 Full Text Available In subacute cutaneous lupus eryhematosus (SCLE the cutaneous antigens constitute the main source of Ro and La autoantigens. The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate if UV light increases the availability of Ro autoantigen in the skin, also the blocking effect of Ac-DEVD-CMK a caspase inhibitor was assessed. For this purpose newborn Balb/c mice were UVB irradiated (5–30 mJ/cm2 equivalent to a moderate to severe sunburn. Animals were injected with monoclonal anti-Ro antibodies from SCLE patients. Apoptosis was also induced by anti-Fas antibody injection. Skin samples were examined by direct immunofluoresence, by TUNEL, and the expression of caspase 3 by RT-PCR. Major findings of present studies were: 1. UVB irradiation and anti-Fas induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. 2. Apoptosis redistribute the Ro antigen on cell surface and is better triggered by Ro antibody. 3. The caspase 3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK decreases the availability of Ro autoantigen in epidermis and prevents deposition of anti-Ro. In conclusion, the caspase pathway would be blocked to avoid anti-Ro deposition along skin; this finding would be a prospect in the treatment of SCLE patients. 10. 77 FR 23806 - Manning Rail, Inc.-Acquisition and Operation Exemption-Manning Grain Company 2012-04-20 ... Surface Transportation Board Manning Rail, Inc.--Acquisition and Operation Exemption--Manning Grain... 1150.31 to acquire from Manning Grain Company (MGC) and operate a 7.1-mile rail line between its point... acquire the Line in Manning Grain Company--Acquisition and Operation Exemption--Fillmore Western Railway... 11. Increased expression of the CD45RO (memory) antigen on T cells in HIV-infected children. Froebel, K S; Doherty, K V; Whitelaw, J A; Hague, R A; Mok, J Y; Bird, A G 1991-01-01 Expression of the CD45RO putative memory cell antigen on CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes of children born to HIV-infected women was investigated using the UCHL1 antibody. Significantly raised numbers of CD45RO+ CD8 lymphocytes were found in all nine of the infected children compared with uninfected and control children. Expression of CD45RO on CD4 lymphocytes was variable; absolute numbers were not increased, although the percentage was increased in four out of nine infected children. All the infected children except two (who had comparatively low numbers of CD45RO+ CD8 cells) were clinically well, which suggests that an increase in CD45RO+ CD8 cells may be indicative of a functionally active immune response against HIV. 12. Revisiting the transits of CoRoT-7b at a lower activity level Barros, S C C; Deleuil, M; Diaz, R F; Csizmadia, Sz; Cabrera, J; Chaintreuil, S; Cameron, A Collier; Hatzes, A; Haywood, R; Lanza, A F; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Bordé, R; Bouchy, F; Deeg, H J; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Grziwa, S; Gandolfi, D; Guillot, T; Guenther, E; Leger, A; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Pasternacki, T; Patzold, M; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Wuchterl, G 2014-01-01 CoRoT-7b, the first super-Earth with measured radius discovered, has opened the new field of rocky exoplanets characterisation. To better understand this interesting system, new observations were taken with the CoRoT satellite. During this run 90 new transits were obtained in the imagette mode. These were analysed together with the previous 151 transits obtained in the discovery run and HARPS radial velocity observations to derive accurate system parameters. A difference is found in the posterior probability distribution of the transit parameters between the previous CoRoT run (LRa01) and the new run (LRa06). We propose this is due to an extra noise component in the previous CoRoT run suspected to be transit spot occultation events. These lead to the mean transit shape becoming V-shaped. We show that the extra noise component is dominant at low stellar flux levels and reject these transits in the final analysis. We obtained a planetary radius,R_p= 1.585\\pm0.064\\,R_{\\oplus}$, in agreement with previous estim... 13. The Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration constant flux for assessing particulate/colloidal fouling of RO systems Salinas-Rodriguez, S.G.; Amy, G.L.; Schippers, J.C.; Kennedy, M.D. 2015-01-01 Reliable methods for measuring and predicting the fouling potential of reverse osmosis (RO) feed water are important in preventing and diagnosing fouling at the design stage, and for monitoring pre-treatment performance during plant operation. The Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration (MFI-UF) cons 14. Spectral characterization and differential rotation study of active CoRoT stars Nagel, Evangelos; Schmitt, Jürgen H M M 2016-01-01 The CoRoT space telescope observed nearly 160 000 light curves. Among the most outstanding is that of the young, active planet host star CoRoT-2A. In addition to deep planetary transits, the light curve of CoRoT-2A shows strong rotational variability and a superimposed beating pattern. To study the stars that produce such an intriguing pattern of photometric variability, we identified a sample of eight stars with rotation periods between 0.8 and 11 days and photometric variability amplitudes of up to 7.5 %, showing a similar CoRoT light curve. We also obtained high-resolution follow-up spectroscopy with TNG/SARG and carried out a spectral analysis with SME and MOOG. We find that the color dependence of the light curves is consistent with rotational modulation due to starspots and that latitudinal differential rotation provides a viable explanation for the light curves, although starspot evolution is also expected to play an important role. Our MOOG and SME spectral analyses provide consistent results, showing... 15. Approximation of functions in Besov space by deferred Cesàro mean Mradul Veer Singh 2016-04-01 Full Text Available Abstract In this paper we study the degree of approximation of functions (signals in a Besov space by trigonometric polynomials using deferred Cesàro mean. We also deduce a few corollaries of our main result and compare them with the existing results. 16. Comparative in vitro activity of Ro 09-1428, a novel cephalosporin with a catechol moiety. Qadri, S M; Ayub, A; Ueno, Y; Saldin, H 1992-01-01 The in vitro activity of Ro 09-1428, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was compared with that of other beta-lactams and aminoglycosides in 1230 clinical isolates from 1028 consecutive patients. Using an agar dilution method, the drugs were tested against 625 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, 68 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 36 Xanthomonas maltophilia, 20 Aeromonas hydrophila, 54 Acinetobacter, 373 staphylococci, and 54 strains of enterococci. More than 98% of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to Ro 09-1428, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of less than 0.03 to 4.0 micrograms/ml. Ro 09-1428 also inhibited 99% and 72% of the clinical isolates of P aeruginosa and X maltophilia, respectively. All isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were susceptible to this cephalosporin. However, only 46% of the 54 strains of enterococci exhibited in vitro susceptibility. Ro 09-1428 was found to be superior or comparable to most penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides against both gram-negative bacteria and MSSA. 17. Mixed modes in red-giant stars observed with CoRoT Mosser, B.; Barban, C.; Montalban, J.; Beck, P.G.; Miglio, A.; Belkacem, K.; Goupil, M.J.; Hekker, S.; de Ridder, J.; Dupret, M.A.; Elsworth, Y.; Noels, A.; Baudin, F.; Michel, A.E.; Samadi, R.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Catala, C. 2011-01-01 Context. The CoRoT mission has provided thousands of red-giant light curves. The analysis of their solar-like oscillations allows us to characterize their stellar properties. Aims. Up to now, the global seismic parameters of the pressure modes have been unable to distinguish red-clump giants from 18. Using SDI, SDI+ and MFI to evaluate fouling in a UR/RO desalination pilot plant Al-Hadidi, A.M.M.; Kemperman, A.J.B.; Schurer, H.; Schippers, J.C.; Wessling, M.; Meer, van der W.G.J. 2012-01-01 This paper assesses the performance of a UF/RO demonstration plant located in the Oosterschelde estuary in the south-western part of the Netherlands. Spring blooms in the seawater pose a challenge to the plant because of the resulting increased fouling potential of the water. Determinations of the f 19. EFÜN ja RoGer tunnustasid õppejõude / Mari Peetris Peetris, Mari 2008-01-01 Tallinna Ülikooli Germaani-Romaani Keelte ja Kultuuride Instituudi üliõpilasnõukogu RoGer ja Eesti Keele ja Kultuuri Instituudi üliõpilasnõukogud avaldasid tänu kõige üliõpilassõbralikematele õppejõududele 20. Stellar hydrodynamics caught in the act: Asteroseismology with CoRoT and Kepler Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen; Thompson, Michael J. 2011-01-01 Asteroseismic investigations, particularly based on data on stellar oscillations from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions, are providing unique possibilities for investigating the properties of stellar interiors. This constitutes entirely new ways to study the effects of dynamic phenomena on stel...... obtained from such investigations, across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.... 1. Bright optical dayside emission from extrasolar planet CoRoT-2b Snellen, I A G; Burrows, A 2009-01-01 We present our analysis of the red-channel CoRoT data of extrasolar planet CoRoT-2b. A deep secondary eclipse is detected at a level of 1.02+-0.20x10^-4, which suggests that all of the planet-signal detected previously in white light by Alonso et al. (2009) originates from the red channel. CoRoT-2b is the coolest exoplanet that has been detected in the optical so far. In contrast to the other planets, its measured brightness temperature of 2170+-50 K is significantly higher than its maximum hemisphere-averaged effective day-side temperature. However, it is not expected that a hot Jupiter radiates as a black body, and its thermal spectrum can deviate significantly from a Planck curve. We present models of the planet/star flux ratio as function of wavelength, which are calculated for a T/P profile in radiative and hydrostatic equilibrium, using a self-consistent atmosphere code. These are compared with the CoRoT detection. We estimate that reflected light contributes only at a 10-20% level to the total optical ... 2. ÜRO - tõeliselt üleilmne foorum / Tiina Intelmann Intelmann, Tiina, 1963- 2007-01-01 Eesti Vabariigi alaline esindaja ÜRO juures tutvustab maailmaorganisatsiooni põhikirjalisi eesmärke, globaliseerumise mõjusid tegevusele, raskusi rahvusvaheliste kokkulepete täitmisel, rahuvalve ja kohtupidamisega seotud küsimusi ning igapäevatööd 3. The LAEX and NASA portals for CoRoT public data Solano, E; Velasco, A; Ciardi, D R; Gutíerrez, R; McElroy, D L; López, M; Abajian, M; García, M; Ali, B; Sarro, L M; Berriman, G B; Bryden, G; Chan, B; Good, J; Kane, S R; Laity, A C; Lau, C; Payne, A N; Plavchan, P; Ramírez, S; Schmitz, M; Stauffer, J R; Wyatt, P L; Zhang, A 2009-01-01 * Aims. We describe here the main functionalities of the LAEX (Laboratorio de Astrofisica Estelar y Exoplanetas/Laboratory for Stellar Astrophysics and Exoplanets) and NASA portals for CoRoT Public Data. The CoRoT archive at LAEX was opened to the community in January 2009 and is managed in the framework of the Spanish Virtual Observatory. NStED (NASA Star and Exoplanet Database) serves as the CoRoT portal for the US astronomical community. NStED is a general purpose stellar and exoplanet archive with the aim of providing support for NASA planet finding and characterisation goals, and the planning and support of NASA and other space missions. CoRoT data at LAEX and NStED can be accessed at http://sdc.laeff.inta.es/corotfa/ and http://nsted.ipac.caltech.edu,respectively. * Methods. Based on considerable experience with astronomical archives, the aforementioned archives are designed with the aim of delivering science-quality data in a simple and efficient way. * Results. LAEX and NStED not only provide access t... 4. Plantio direto de alface americana sobre plantas de cobertura dessecadas ou roçadas Andréia Cristina Silva Hirata 2014-06-01 Full Text Available O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o plantio direto de alface americana no verão sobre plantas de cobertura dessecadas ou roçadas em cultivos sucessivos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Álvares Machado, São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. O fator da parcela principal foram dois manejos das plantas de cobertura (dessecadas com herbicida ou roçadas e as subparcelas, seis espécies de plantas de cobertura (Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna pruriens, Pennisetum glaucum e vegetação natural, além da testemunha sem plantas de cobertura. O manejo roçado apresentou desempenho inferior no primeiro cultivo da alface, todavia não diferiu do manejo químico no segundo cultivo. A cobertura do solo com mucuna apresentou maior produtividade da alface no primeiro cultivo devido ao excesso de palha das demais coberturas, o qual prejudicou o estabelecimento da alface. No segundo cultivo não houve diferenças entre as coberturas. A roçagem de plantas de cobertura é uma opção viável para plantio direto de alface sem herbicidas. 5. Expression of the Memory Marker CD45RO on Helper T Cells in Macaques Valentine, Michael; Song, Kejing; Maresh, Grace A.; Mack, Heather; Huaman, Maria Cecilia; Polacino, Patricia; Ho, On; Cristillo, Anthony; Chung, Hye Kyung; Hu, Shiu-Lok; Pincus, Seth H. 2013-01-01 Background: In humans it has been reported that a major site of the latent reservoir of HIV is within CD4+ T cells expressing the memory marker CD45RO, defined by the mAb UCHL1. There are conflicting reports regarding the expression of this antigen in macaques, the most relevant animal species for s 6. [Neonatal lupus erythematosus: complete atrioventricular block and SSA/Ro antibodies]. Prados, R; Maroto, E; López Longo, J; Monteagudo, I; Carreño, L; García, E J 1987-06-01 A newborn boy with complete A-V block and positive anti-SSA/Ro antibodies is reported. Authors comment on pathological findings of neonatal lupus erythematosus. They also review prognosis and clinical course and point out management of these patients before and after birth. 7. EFÜN ja RoGer tunnustasid õppejõude / Mari Peetris Peetris, Mari 2008-01-01 Tallinna Ülikooli Germaani-Romaani Keelte ja Kultuuride Instituudi üliõpilasnõukogu RoGer ja Eesti Keele ja Kultuuri Instituudi üliõpilasnõukogud avaldasid tänu kõige üliõpilassõbralikematele õppejõududele 8. Spectral characterization and differential rotation study of active CoRoT stars Nagel, E.; Czesla, S.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2016-05-01 The CoRoT space telescope observed nearly 160 000 light curves. Among the most outstanding is that of the young, active planet host star CoRoT-2A. In addition to deep planetary transits, the light curve of CoRoT-2A shows strong rotational variability and a superimposed beating pattern. To study the stars that produce such an intriguing pattern of photometric variability, we identified a sample of eight stars with rotation periods between 0.8 and 11 days and photometric variability amplitudes of up to 7.5%, showing a similar CoRoT light curve. We also obtained high-resolution follow-up spectroscopy with TNG/SARG and carried out a spectral analysis with SME and MOOG. We find that the color dependence of the light curves is consistent with rotational modulation due to starspots and that latitudinal differential rotation provides a viable explanation for the light curves, although starspot evolution is also expected to play an important role. Our MOOG and SME spectral analyses provide consistent results, showing that the targets are dwarf stars with spectral types between F and mid-K. Detectable Li i absorption in four of the targets confirms a low age of 100-400 Myr also deduced from gyrochronology. Our study indicates that the photometric beating phenomenon is likely attributable to differential rotation in fast-rotating stars with outer convection zones. 9. President Ilves kõneles Euroopa Liidu nimel ÜRO kliimakonverentsil 2007-01-01 Ingl. k. lüh. lk. 9, pealk.: Ilves addresses UN on climate change. President Toomas Hendrik Ilves kõneles 24. septembril 2007 ÜRO peakorteris toimunud kliimakonverentsil, tehes seda Euroopa Liidu eesistujamaa Portugali palvel kogu Euroopa Liidu nimel. Vabariigi President töövisiidil Ameerika Ühendriikides 20.-26.09.2007 10. Planetary transit candidates in the CoRoT-SRc01 field Erikson, A.; Santerne, A.; Renner, S.; 2012-01-01 Context. CoRoT is a pioneering space mission whose primary goals are stellar seismology and extrasolar planets search. Its surveys of large stellar fields generate numerous planetary candidates whose lightcurves have transit-like features. An extensive analytical and observational follow-up effor... 11. Uncovering the planets and stellar activity of CoRoT-7 using only radial velocities Faria, J. P.; Haywood, R. D.; Brewer, B. J.; Figueira, P.; Oshagh, M.; Santerne, A.; Santos, N. C. 2016-04-01 Stellar activity can induce signals in the radial velocities of stars, complicating the detection of orbiting low-mass planets. We present a method to determine the number of planetary signals present in radial-velocity datasets of active stars, using only radial-velocity observations. Instead of considering separate fits with different number of planets, we use a birth-death Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to infer the posterior distribution for the number of planets in a single run. In a natural way, the marginal distributions for the orbital parameters of all planets are also inferred. This method is applied to HARPS data of CoRoT-7. We confidently recover the orbits of both CoRoT-7b and CoRoT-7c although the data show evidence for the presence of additional signals. All data and software presented in this article are available online at http://https://github.com/j-faria/exoBD-CoRoT7 12. Planets and Stellar Activity: Hide and Seek in the CoRoT-7 system Haywood, R D; Queloz, D; Barros, S C C; Deleuil, M; Fares, R; Gillon, M; Lanza, A F; Lovis, C; Moutou, C; Pepe, F; Pollacco, D; Santerne, A; Segransan, D; Unruh, Y C 2014-01-01 Since the discovery of the transiting super-Earth CoRoT-7b, several investigations have yielded different results for the number and masses of planets present in the system, mainly owing to the star's high level of activity. We re-observed CoRoT-7 in January 2012 with both HARPS and CoRoT, so that we now have the benefit of simultaneous radial-velocity and photometric data. This allows us to use the off-transit variations in the star's light curve to estimate the radial-velocity variations induced by the suppression of convective blueshift and the flux blocked by starspots. To account for activity-related effects in the radial-velocities which do not have a photometric signature, we also include an additional activity term in the radial-velocity model, which we treat as a Gaussian process with the same covariance properties (and hence the same frequency structure) as the light curve. Our model was incorporated into a Monte Carlo Markov Chain in order to make a precise determination of the orbits of CoRoT-7b a... 13. Planetary transit candidates in the CoRoT LRa01 field Carone, L; Cabrera, J; Hatzes, A P; Deeg, H J; Csizmadia, Sz; Paetzold, M; Weingrill, J; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Alapini, A; Almenara, J -M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Carpano, S; Cochran, W D; Deleuil, M; Díaz, R F; Dreizler, S; Dvorak, R; Eisloeffel, J; Eigmueller, P; Endl, M; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Gazzano, J -C; Gibson, N; Gillon, M; Gondoin, P; Grziwa, S; Guenther, E W; Guillot, T; Hartmann, M; Havel, M; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Kabath, P; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; MacQueen, P J; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Nortmann, L; Ofir, A; Ollivier, M; Parviainen, H; Pepe, F; Pont, F; Queloz, D; Rabus, M; Rauer, H; Régulo, C; Renner, S; de la Reza, R; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Samuel, B; Schneider, J; Shporer, A; Stecklum, B; Tal-Or, L; Tingley, B; Udry, S; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 Context: CoRoT is a pioneering space mission whose primary goals are stellar seismology and extrasolar planets search. Its surveys of large stellar fields generate numerous planetary candidates whose lightcurves have transit-like features. An extensive analytical and observational follow-up effort is undertaken to classify these candidates. Aims: The list of planetary transit candidates from the CoRoT LRa01 star field in the Monoceros constellation towards the Galactic anti-center is presented. The CoRoT observations of LRa01 lasted from 24 October 2007 to 3 March 2008. Methods: 7470 chromatic and 3938 monochromatic lightcurves were acquired and analysed. Instrumental noise and stellar variability were treated with several filtering tools by different teams from the CoRoT community. Different transit search algorithms were applied to the lightcurves. Results: Fifty-one stars were classified as planetary transit candidates in LRa01. Thirty-seven (i.e., 73 % of all candidates) are "good" planetary candidates ba... 14. Rotation and oblique pulsation in Kepler observations of the roAp star KIC 10483436 Balona, L. A.; Cunha, M. S.; Gruberbauer, M. 2011-01-01 Photometry of KIC 10483436 was obtained continuously with 1-min exposures over a 27-d period from the Kepler satellite. The light curve shows rotational variations from surface spots with a period of 4.303 ± 0.002 d, an amplitude of about 6 mmag and eight pulsation frequencies typical of roAp stars... 15. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO 48-8071 suppresses growth of hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Liang, Yayun; Mafuvadze, Benford; Aebi, Johannes D; Hyder, Salman M 2016-01-01 Standard treatment for primary prostate cancer includes systemic exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs that target androgen receptor or antihormone therapy (chemical castration); however, drug-resistant cancer cells generally emerge during treatment, limiting the continued use of systemic chemotherapy. Patients are then treated with more toxic standard therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel and more effective treatments for prostate cancer. The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for treating endocrine-dependent cancers because cholesterol is an essential structural and functional component of cell membranes as well as the metabolic precursor of endogenous steroid hormones. In this study, we have examined the effects of RO 48-8071 (4'-[6-(allylmethylamino)hexyloxy]-4-bromo-2'-fluorobenzophenone fumarate; Roche Pharmaceuticals internal reference: RO0488071) (RO), which is an inhibitor of 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase (a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway), on prostate cancer cells. Exposure of both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant human prostate cancer cells to RO reduced prostate cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis in vitro. RO treatment reduced androgen receptor protein expression in hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells and increased estrogen receptor β (ERβ) protein expression in both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Combining RO with an ERβ agonist increased its ability to reduce castration-resistant prostate cancer cell viability. In addition, RO effectively suppressed the growth of aggressive castration-resistant human prostate cancer cell xenografts in vivo without any signs of toxicity to experimental animals. Importantly, RO did not reduce the viability of normal prostate cells in vitro. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO effectively suppresses growth of human prostate cancer cells. Our 16. Establishment of Stable SSA/Ro52 Gene Silencing Cell Lines by Lentiviral Vectors%通过慢病毒载体构建SSA/Ro52稳定基因沉默细胞系 郭娟; 周炜 2014-01-01 Objective ToestablishthestableSSA/Ro52genesilencingcelllinesbylentiviralvestorsexpressing RNA interference molecule which should be powerful tools facilitating the study of SSA/Ro52 function. Methods Four specific sequences of SSA/Ro52 (clone 1 TGGCATGGTCTCCTTCTACAA;clone 2 CTGCCT-TCTTTATGGGACTTA;clone 9 TGAGAAGTTGGAAGTGGAAAT;clone 1 1 AGTTATCCTATGGTCCTGG-GT)and unrelated control sequence S were cloned into lentiviral vector pLKO-puro,which could express short hairpin RNA (shRNA)and inhibit expression of specific gene by RNA interference mechanism. Clone 1,2,9,11 which expressing SSA/Ro52 specific sequences and control clone S were packed with pGag-Pol and pVSV-G respectively,then 293 T cells were co-transfected. Culture medium containing virus particles were collected. The viral particles which expressing specific sequences SSA/Ro52 and unrelated control sequences were used to infected Hela cells,after antibiotic selection,stable cell lines were established. We used GAPDH as an internal control in real-time PCR for the detecting of SSA/Ro52 mRNA expression. Immunoblot was performed to detect SSA/Ro52 protein expression. The degree of gene expression inhibition was represented by the ratio of SSA/Ro52 expression level in Clone1,2,9,11 transfected cells and that in cloneS.Results LentiviruseffectivelyinfectedHelacells,thevectorDNAcontainingshRNAexpressing cassette were integrated into the cellullar gemone and stable cell lines were established. After antibiotics screening for 3 days,compared to transfected cells,the control clone S,the mRNA level of SSA/Ro52 of the transfected cells Clone 1,2,9,11 were 25. 5%,31. 2%,13. 0% and 77. 2%,respectively. While the protein level of SSA/Ro52 in the experimental group were 5%,50%,10%and 80%. After 4 weeks of culture,SSA/Ro52 protein expression did not change significantly. After stimulated by interferonα(IFN-α), the transfected cells with control clone expressed increased level of SSA/Ro52 protein;while the protein level 17. Anti-TNFa treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies P. Airò 2011-09-01 Full Text Available Objective: To analyse clinical efficacy, onset of new autoantibodies or symptoms of autoimmune disease in patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis with anti-Ro/SSA treated with anti-TNFa agents. Methods: Six anti-Ro/SSA positive subjects with RA were studied every six months until 24th month of treatment in order to detect ANA titer (IFI, anti-dsDNA (Farr, anti-cardiolipin and anti-beta2glycoprotein I (ELISA, anti-ENA (CIE. The titre of anti-Ro/SSA were analysed by ELISA. Four patients were diagnosed as overlap RA/SS. Results: Six female patients (mean age 58ys, SD 9.8ys, with long-standing RA (mean 7ys, range 5-22 ys were treated with anti-TNFa agents for a mean of 31 months (SD: 20.4 m: 4 with Infliximab and 2 with Etanercept. All the patients showed a significant reduction of DAS until 24th month (p<0.006 with stability of sicca symptoms. The titer of ANA and anti-Ro/SSA was stable, while 4 subjects developed anti-dsDNA at low titer within 6-12 months. One patient withdrawn the treatment, because of lupus-like features; another one, with HCV hepatitis, interrupted Etanercept because of elevation of liver enzymes. No anticardiolipin or antibeta2GPI antibodies were detected. One subject with RA-SS also presented a primary biliary cirrhosis: clinical and histological features of cholangitis remained stable during Etanercept treatment. Conclusions: Anti-TNFa treatment showed good efficacy and safety in anti-Ro/SSA positive patients with RA. Anti-ds- DNA antibodies at low titer appeared in most patients while the onset of lupus-like disease could be considered a rare event also in RA patients with a rich autoimmune repertoire. 18. Quantum Calculation of Inelastic CO Collisions with H. III. Rate Coefficients for Ro-vibrational Transitions Song, L.; Balakrishnan, N.; Walker, K. M.; Stancil, P. C.; Thi, W. F.; Kamp, I.; van der Avoird, A.; Groenenboom, G. C. 2015-11-01 We present calculated rate coefficients for ro-vibrational transitions of CO in collisions with H atoms for a gas temperature range of 10 K ≤ T ≤ 3000 K, based on the recent three-dimensional ab initio H-CO interaction potential of Song et al. Rate coefficients for ro-vibrational v=1,j=0-30\\to v\\prime =0,j\\prime transitions were obtained from scattering cross sections previously computed with the close-coupling (CC) method by Song et al. Combining these with the rate coefficients for vibrational v=1-5\\to v\\prime \\lt v quenching obtained with the infinite-order sudden approximation, we propose a new extrapolation scheme that yields the rate coefficients for ro-vibrational v=2-5,j=0-30\\to v\\prime ,j\\prime de-excitation. Cross sections and rate coefficients for ro-vibrational v=2,j=0-30\\to v\\prime =1,j\\prime transitions calculated with the CC method confirm the effectiveness of this extrapolation scheme. Our calculated and extrapolated rates are very different from those that have been adopted in the modeling of many astrophysical environments. The current work provides the most comprehensive and accurate set of ro-vibrational de-excitation rate coefficients for the astrophysical modeling of the H-CO collision system. The application of the previously available and new data sets in astrophysical slab models shows that the line fluxes typically change by 20%-70% in high temperature environments (800 K) with an H/H2 ratio of 1; larger changes occur for lower temperatures. 19. Expression of the memory marker CD45RO on helper T cells in macaques. Michael Valentine Full Text Available BACKGROUND: In humans it has been reported that a major site of the latent reservoir of HIV is within CD4+ T cells expressing the memory marker CD45RO, defined by the mAb UCHL1. There are conflicting reports regarding the expression of this antigen in macaques, the most relevant animal species for studying HIV pathogenesis and testing new therapies. There is now a major effort to eradicate HIV reservoirs and cure the infection. One approach is to eliminate subsets of cells housing the latent reservoir, using UCHL1 to target these cells. So that such studies may be performed in macaques, it is essential to determine expression of CD45RO. METHODS: We have used immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to study cell surface expression of CD45RO on lymphocytes from PBMC, lymphoid, and GI organs of rhesus, pigtailed, and cynomolgus macaques. Both direct and indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed. FINDINGS: CD45RO is expressed on a subset of CD4+ lymphocytes of all pigtailed, a fraction of rhesus, and neither of the cynomolgus macaques studied. The binding of UCHL1 to macaque cells was of lower avidity than to human cells. This could be overcome by forming UCHL1 multimers. Directly conjugating fluors to UCHL1 can inhibit UCHL1 binding to macaque cells. Patterns of UCHL1 expression differ somewhat in macaques and humans, and from that of other memory markers often used in macaques. CONCLUSIONS: CD45RO, defined with mAb UCHL1, is well expressed on CD4+ cells in pigtailed macaques. Using tissues recovered from latently infected pigtailed macaques we are determining whether UCHL1, or other memory markers, can define the cellular locus of the reservoir. The low avidity of this interaction could limit the utility of UCHL1, in its conventional form, to eliminate cells in vivo and test this approach in macaque models of HIV infection. 20. Pre-clinical studies of Notch signaling inhibitor RO4929097 in inflammatory breast cancer cells. Debeb, Bisrat G; Cohen, Evan N; Boley, Kimberly; Freiter, Erik M; Li, Li; Robertson, Fredika M; Reuben, James M; Cristofanilli, Massimo; Buchholz, Thomas A; Woodward, Wendy A 2012-07-01 Basal breast cancer, common among patients presenting with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), has been shown to be resistant to radiation and enriched in cancer stem cells. The Notch pathway plays an important role in self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells and contributes to inflammatory signaling which promotes the breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Herein, we inhibited Notch signaling using a gamma secretase inhibitor, RO4929097, in an in vitro model that enriches for cancer initiating cells (3D clonogenic assay) and conventional 2D clonogenic assay to compare the effect on radiosensitization of the SUM149 and SUM190 IBC cell lines. RO4929097 downregulated the Notch target genes Hes1, Hey1, and HeyL, and showed a significant reduction in anchorage independent growth in SUM190 and SUM149. However, the putative self-renewal assay mammosphere formation efficiency was increased with the drug. To assess radiosensitization of putative cancer stem cells, cells were exposed to increasing doses of radiation with or without 1 μM RO4929097 in their standard (2D) and self-renewal enriching (3D) culture conditions. In the conventional 2D clonogenic assay, RO4929097 significantly sensitized SUM190 cells to ionizing radiation and has a modest radiosensitization effect in SUM149 cells. In the 3D clonogenic assays, however, a radioprotective effect was seen in both SUM149 and SUM190 cells at higher doses. Both cell lines express IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines known to mediate the efficacy of Notch inhibition and to promote self-renewal of stem cells. We further showed that RO429097 inhibits normal T-cell synthesis of some inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, a potential mediator of IL-6 and IL-8 production in the microenvironment. These data suggest that additional targeting agents may be required to selectively target IBC stem cells through Notch inhibition, and that evaluation of microenvironmental influences may shed further light on the potential effects of this inhibitor. 1. A Phase II Study of RO4929097 Gamma-Secretase Inhibitor in Metastatic Melanoma: SWOG 0933 Lee, Sylvia M.; Moon, James; Redman, Bruce G.; Chidiac, Tarek; Flaherty, Lawrence E.; Zha, Yuanyuan; Othus, Megan; Ribas, Antoni; Sondak, Vernon K. 2014-01-01 Background Aberrant Notch activation confers a proliferative advantage onto many human tumors, including melanoma. This phase II trial assessed the antitumor activity of RO4929097, a gamma-secretase inhibitor of Notch signaling, on the progression-free and overall survival of patients with advanced melanoma. Methods Chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic melanoma of cutaneous or unknown origin were treated with RO4929097 at a dose of 20 mg orally daily, 3 consecutive days per week. A two-step accrual design was used, with an interim analysis on the first 32 patients, and continuation of enrollment if ≥4/32 patients responded. Results Thirty-six patients from 23 institutions were enrolled; 32 patients were evaluable. RO4929097 was well-tolerated, and most toxicities were grade 1 or 2. The most common toxicities were nausea (53%), fatigue (41%), and anemia (22%). There was 1 confirmed partial response lasting 7 months, and 8 patients with stable disease lasting at least through week 12, with one of these continuing for 31 months. The 6-month PFS was 9% (95% CI: 2–22%), and 1-year OS was 50% (95% CI: 32–66%). Peripheral blood T cell assays showed no significant inhibition of IL-2 production, a surrogate pharmacodynamic marker of Notch inhibition, suggesting that the drug levels were insufficient to achieve Notch target inhibition. Conclusions RO4929097 showed minimal clinical activity against metastatic melanoma in this phase II trial, possibly due to inadequate exposure to therapeutic drug levels. While Notch inhibition remains a compelling target in melanoma, our results do not support further investigation of RO4929097 at this dose and schedule. PMID:25250858 2. Imaging benzodiazepine receptors in man with C-11-suriclone and positron emission tomography Frost, J.J.; Dannals, R.F.; Ravert, H.T.; Wilson, A.A.; Links, J.M.; Trifiletti, R.; Snyder, S.H.; Wagner, H.N. Jr. 1985-05-01 Suriclone is a potent cyclopyrrolone, anti-anxiety drug which binds to the benzodiazepine receptor complex (BZR) with high affinity. Suriclone binds to a site on the BZR distinct from the site where benzodiazepines bind. The K/sub D/ of suriclone at 37oC is 0.03 nM. C-11-suriclone (SUR) was synthesized by reacting C-CH3I with the appropriate amine precursor. SUR (1 ..mu..g/kg) was injected IV into a baboon alone or with 1 mg/kg of Ro-151788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, and serial PET scans of the brain were obtained. High radioactivity concentrations were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum which contain high densities of BZR, intermediate concentrations in thalamus and low concentrations in the striatum. When Ro-151788 was given a uniform distribution of radioactivity was observed; the radioactivity was reduced to ca. 25% of control values in the brain which was contained within the PET slice. SUR (0.2 ..mu..g/kg) was next administered to a human subject. From 30-60 minutes after injection high radioactivity concentrations were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, intermediate concentrations in the thalamus and a low concentration in the caudate. Radioactivity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum decreased slowly with time, implying that binding of SUR to a high affinity site had occurred. These results demonstrate utility of SUR for measuring binding to the benzodiazepine receptor complex non-invasively in man. 3. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XI. CoRoT-8b: a hot and dense sub-Saturn around a K1 dwarf Bordé, P; Deleuil, M; Cabrera, J; Jorda, L; Lovis, C; Csizmadia, S; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J M; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Benz, W; Bonomo, A S; Bruntt, H; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Deeg, H; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Gazzano, J -C; Gillon, M; Guenther, E; Guillot, T; Guterman, P; Hatzes, A; Havel, M; Hébrard, G; Lammer, H; Léger, A; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Ollivier, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Udry, S; Weingrill, J; Wuchterl, G 2010-01-01 We report the discovery of CoRoT-8b, a dense small Saturn-class exoplanet that orbits a K1 dwarf in 6.2 days, and we derive its orbital parameters, mass, and radius. We analyzed two complementary data sets: the photometric transit curve of CoRoT-8b as measured by CoRoT and the radial velocity curve of CoRoT-8 as measured by the HARPS spectrometer. We find that CoRoT-8b is on a circular orbit with a semi-major axis of 0.063 +/- 0.001 AU. It has a radius of 0.57 +/- 0.02 RJ, a mass of 0.22 +/- 0.03 MJ, and therefore a mean density 1.6 +/- 0.1 g/cm^3. With 67 % of the size of Saturn and 72 % of its mass, CoRoT-8b has a density comparable to that of Neptune (1.76 g/cm^3). We estimate its content in heavy elements to be 47-63 Earth masses, and the mass of its hydrogen-helium envelope to be 7-23 Earth masses. At 0.063 AU, the thermal loss of hydrogen of CoRoT-8b should be no more than about 0.1 % over an assumed integrated lifetime of 3~Ga. 4. Man-machine interactions 3 Czachórski, Tadeusz; Kozielski, Stanisław 2014-01-01 Man-Machine Interaction is an interdisciplinary field of research that covers many aspects of science focused on a human and machine in conjunction. Basic goal of the study is to improve and invent new ways of communication between users and computers, and many different subjects are involved to reach the long-term research objective of an intuitive, natural and multimodal way of interaction with machines. The rapid evolution of the methods by which humans interact with computers is observed nowadays and new approaches allow using computing technologies to support people on the daily basis, making computers more usable and receptive to the user's needs. This monograph is the third edition in the series and presents important ideas, current trends and innovations in the man-machine interactions area. The aim of this book is to introduce not only hardware and software interfacing concepts, but also to give insights into the related theoretical background. Reader is provided with a compilation of high... 5. [The man on the portrait]. Bergstrand, A 1996-01-01 Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1911. During the preceding year a rumour had circulated in Stockholm that she had had an affaire with one of her assistants. She received a letter, in which she was told that there had been strong opposition to her election not on scientific but moral grounds, and that she should not go to Stockholm, because nobody could forsee what reactions her appearance at the prize ceremony could evoke. Emil Kleen, a man of violent temper and radical opinions, reacted strongly to these rumours. He wrote a paper, with a violent attack on Gustaf Retzius, previous professor of Histology at Karolinska Institutet. Rightly or wrongly he suspected him to be the author of the infamous letter. Retzius is described as a dilletant in scientific matters, as a "sexual hyena" and a garroulus old man. This portrait of Retzius is of course most unfair, but the portrait of Emil Kleen by the famous swedish artist Bruno Liljefors is a masterpiece and one of the most valuable of the Swedish Medical Association. 6. Studies on bound-state spectra of Manning-Rosen potential Roy, Amlan K 2014-01-01 Accurate ro-vibrational energies, eigenfunctions, radial densities, expectation values are presented for the exponential-type Manning-Rosen (MR) potential. Bound states accurate up to ten significant figure are obtained by employing a simple, reliable generalized pseudospectral method. \\emph{All} 55 eigenstates with$n \\leq 10$are treated for arbitrary values of potential parameters, covering a wide range of interaction, through a \\emph{non-uniform, optimal} spatial radial discretization. A detailed investigation has been made on energy changes with respect to \\emph{screening and other} potential parameters. A systematic estimation of \\emph{critical} screening parameters are given for these eigenstates. Special emphasis has been given to \\emph{higher} states and in the vicinity of \\emph{critical screening} region. A thorough comparison with literature results is made wherever possible. This \\emph{surpasses} the accuracy of \\emph{all} other existing methods currently available. Several \\emph{new} states are r... 7. Semantiskie lauki K.Išiguro darbā "Neļauj man aiziet" Veltensone, Lāsma 2007-01-01 Lai gan semantiskie lauki ir tikai viens no lingvistikas aspektiem, tam ir liela nozīme un iespaids literāro darbos. Tas ir iemesls, kādēļ darba autore ir analizējusi semantisko lauku nozīmi Kazuo Išiguro romānā „Neļauj man aiziet”. Tādējādi tika izvirzīts darba mērķis izpētīt saikni starp grāmatā attēlotajiem semantiskajiem laukiem un radīto atmosfēru romānā. Lai mērķis tiktu sasniegts, autore ir analizējusi teorētisko literatūru par šo tēmu, turklāt teorija tika pastiprināta un apvienota ar... 8. The rights of man and animal experimentation. Martin, J 1990-09-01 Since emotions give contradictory signals about animal experimentation in medical science, man's relationship to animals must be based upon reason. Thomas Aquinas argues that man is essentially different from animals because man's intellectual processes show evidence of an abstract mechanism not possessed by animals. Man's rights arise in association with this essential difference. The consequence is that only man possesses true rights by Aquinas's definition; animals have them only by analogy. However, cruelty to animals is illicit and they should be protected, principally not because they have rights, but because he who is cruel to animals is more likely to be cruel to his fellowman. If there is a need for animal experimentation in science for the good of man, this approach gives philosophical justification for experimentation, since man's well-being must come before that of animals because of his unique possession of rights. However, those experiments should be carried out in the kindest way possible, to promote kindness towards man. To see man as solely part of a biological continuum in competition for rights with those beings close to him biologically, detracts from man's dignity. 9. The rights of man and animal experimentation. Martin, J 1990-01-01 Since emotions give contradictory signals about animal experimentation in medical science, man's relationship to animals must be based upon reason. Thomas Aquinas argues that man is essentially different from animals because man's intellectual processes show evidence of an abstract mechanism not possessed by animals. Man's rights arise in association with this essential difference. The consequence is that only man possesses true rights by Aquinas's definition; animals have them only by analogy. However, cruelty to animals is illicit and they should be protected, principally not because they have rights, but because he who is cruel to animals is more likely to be cruel to his fellowman. If there is a need for animal experimentation in science for the good of man, this approach gives philosophical justification for experimentation, since man's well-being must come before that of animals because of his unique possession of rights. However, those experiments should be carried out in the kindest way possible, to promote kindness towards man. To see man as solely part of a biological continuum in competition for rights with those beings close to him biologically, detracts from man's dignity. PMID:2135948 10. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission: XIII. CoRoT-14b: an unusually dense very hot Jupiter Tingley, B; Gazzano, J -C; Alonso, R; Mazeh, T; Jorda, L; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J -M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carpano, S; Carone, L; Cochran, W D; Csizmadia, Sz; Deleuil, M; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guenther, E W; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; MacQueen, P J; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Ofir, A; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Schneider, J; Shporer, A; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 In this paper, the CoRoT Exoplanet Science Team announces its 14th discovery. Herein, we discuss the observations and analyses that allowed us to derive the parameters of this system: a hot Jupiter with a mass of$7.6 \\pm 0.6Jupiter masses orbiting a solar-type star (F9V) with a period of only 1.5 d, less than 5 stellar radii from its parent star. It is unusual for such a massive planet to have such a small orbit: only one other known exoplanet with a higher mass orbits with a shorter period. 11. Ro-52抗体在自身免疫性肝病中的检测%Antibody to Ro-52 in patients with autoimmune liver disease 赵丹彤; 闫惠平; 檀玉芬; 刘妍; 赵艳; 冯霞; 向代军 2009-01-01 Objective To investigate the significance of antibody to Ro-52 in patients with autoim-mune liver disease(AILD). Methods One hundred and fifteen patients with abnormal liver functions, who had anti-Ro-52 detection by immunological blotting, were reviewed retrospectively. According to types of AILD, the clinical features were compared between patients with and without anti-Ro-52, respectively, κ test of concordance was used to provide a chance-corrected valve for immune-serological results. Results The rates of anti-Ro-52 in autoimmune hepatitis( AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis(PBC) and AIH/PBC o-verlap syndrome groups were 32.43%, 24.56% and 33.33%, respectively, there were no significant differ-enees among three groups ( x2 = 0. 949, P >0. 05). The rate of anti-soluble hver antigen/liver-pancreas ( an-ti-SLA/LP) in AIH patients with anti-Ro-52 (58.33%) was higher than AIH patients without anti-Ro-52 ( 16.00% ,P 0.40, P 0.05).抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗原抗体(anti-soluble liver antigen/liver-pancreas,anti-SLA/LP)在抗Ro-52阳性AIH组频率(58.33%)高于阴性组(16.00%)(x2=6.955,P<0.05),抗SLA/LP抗体在抗R0-52阳性AIH/PBC重叠综合征组频率(85.71%)高于阴性组(28.57%)(x2=6.109,P<0.05).抗Ro-52抗体和抗SLA/LP抗体结果有一致性(κ=0.466,P<0.05).AIH/PBC重叠综合征组抗Ro-52阳性患者IgG水平高于阴性患者(t=2.508,P<0.05).结论 抗Ro-52抗体在AIH、PBC和MH/PBC重叠综合征中的分布没有差别;抗Ro-52抗体与抗SLA/LP抗体检测结果有一致性;抗Ro-52抗体阳性MH/PBC重叠综合征患者IgG水平高于抗体阴性者. 12. Secondary eclipses in the CoRoT light curves: A homogeneous search based on Bayesian model selection Parviainen, Hannu; Belmonte, Juan Antonio 2012-01-01 We aim to identify and characterize secondary eclipses in the original light curves of all published CoRoT planets using uniform detection and evaluation critetia. Our analysis is based on a Bayesian model selection between two competing models: one with and one without an eclipse signal. The search is carried out by mapping the Bayes factor in favor of the eclipse model as a function of the eclipse center time, after which the characterization of plausible eclipse candidates is done by estimating the posterior distributions of the eclipse model parameters using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We discover statistically significant eclipse events for two planets, CoRoT-6b and CoRoT-11b, and for one brown dwarf, CoRoT-15b. We also find marginally significant eclipse events passing our plausibility criteria for CoRoT-3b, 13b, 18b, and 21b. The previously published CoRoT-1b and CoRoT-2b eclipses are also confirmed. 13. Non-coding roX RNAs prevent the binding of the MSL-complex to heterochromatic regions. Margarida L A Figueiredo 2014-12-01 Full Text Available Long non-coding RNAs contribute to dosage compensation in both mammals and Drosophila by inducing changes in the chromatin structure of the X-chromosome. In Drosophila melanogaster, roX1 and roX2 are long non-coding RNAs that together with proteins form the male-specific lethal (MSL complex, which coats the entire male X-chromosome and mediates dosage compensation by increasing its transcriptional output. Studies on polytene chromosomes have demonstrated that when both roX1 and roX2 are absent, the MSL-complex becomes less abundant on the male X-chromosome and is relocated to the chromocenter and the 4th chromosome. Here we address the role of roX RNAs in MSL-complex targeting and the evolution of dosage compensation in Drosophila. We performed ChIP-seq experiments which showed that MSL-complex recruitment to high affinity sites (HAS on the X-chromosome is independent of roX and that the HAS sequence motif is conserved in D. simulans. Additionally, a complete and enzymatically active MSL-complex is recruited to six specific genes on the 4th chromosome. Interestingly, our sequence analysis showed that in the absence of roX RNAs, the MSL-complex has an affinity for regions enriched in Hoppel transposable elements and repeats in general. We hypothesize that roX mutants reveal the ancient targeting of the MSL-complex and propose that the role of roX RNAs is to prevent the binding of the MSL-complex to heterochromatin. 14. Limits to the presence of transiting circumbinary planets in CoRoT Data Klagyivik, P.; Deeg, H. J.; Cabrera, J.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Almenara, J. M. 2017-06-01 Aims: During its flight phase, from 2007-2012, the CoRoT mission delivered light curves for over 2000 eclipsing binaries. Data from the Kepler mission have proven the existence of several transiting circumbinary planets. While light curves from CoRoT typically have lower precision and shorter coverage, the number of CoRoT targets is similar to that of Kepler and some of the known circumbinary planets could potentially be detected in CoRoT data as well. The aim of this work was to reanalyse the entire CoRoT Data set to search for the presence of circumbinary planets and to derive limits on the abundances of such planets. Methods: We developed a code that removes the signatures of eclipsing binaries from the light curves, and searches for quasi-periodic, transit-like features in the light curves after removal of binary eclipses and instrumental features. The code requires little information on sample systems and can also be used for other space missions, such as Kepler, K2, TESS, and PLATO. The code is broad in the requirements leading to detections, but was tuned to deliver an amount of detections that are manageable in a subsequent, mainly visual, assessment of their origin. Results: We identified three planet candidates in the CoRoT sample whose transits would have arisen from a single pass across the central binary; however, no candidates with transit events from multiple planetary orbits remained. We calculated the upper limits for the number of Jupiter, Saturn-, and Neptune-sized planets in co-planar orbits for different orbital period ranges. We found that there are much fewer giant planets in short periodic orbits around close binary systems than around single stars. Full Table 1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/602/A117 15. Measurements of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C, East Antarctica A. Kukui 2014-06-01 Full Text Available Concentrations of OH radicals and the sum of peroxy radicals, RO2, were measured in the boundary layer for the first time on the East Antarctic Plateau at the Concordia Station (Dome C, 75.10° S, 123.31° E during the austral summer 2011/2012. The median concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals were 3.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 9.9 × 107 molecule cm−3, respectively. These values are comparable to those observed at the South Pole, confirming that the elevated oxidative capacity of the Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer found at the South Pole is not restricted to the South Pole but common over the high Antarctic plateau. At Concordia, the concentration of radicals showed distinct diurnal profiles with the median maximum of 5.2 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 11:00 and the median minimum of 1.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 01:00 for OH radicals and 1.7 × 108 molecule cm−3 and 2.5 × 107 molecule cm−3 for RO2 radicals at 13:00 and 23:00, respectively (all times are local times. Concurrent measurements of O3, HONO, NO, NO2, HCHO and H2O2 demonstrated that the major primary source of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C was the photolysis of HONO, HCHO and H2O2, with the photolysis of HONO contributing ∼75% of total primary radical production. However, photochemical modelling with accounting for all these radical sources overestimates the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2 compared to field observations. Neglecting the OH production from HONO in the photochemical modelling results in an underestimation of the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2. To explain the observations of radicals in this case an additional source of OH equivalent to about 25% of measured photolysis of HONO is required. Even with a factor of 4 reduction in the concentrations of HONO, the photolysis of HONO represents the major primary radical source at Dome C. Another major factor leading to the large concentration of OH radicals measured at 16. Fossil Plants from the Bantou Formation of Yong' an,Fujian Province and Their Paleoclimatic Significance%福建永安坂头组植物及古气候分析 戴静; 孙柏年; 谈树成; 高博; 赵志芳; 王永栋 2013-01-01 分析了福建永安盆地早白垩世坂头植物群的组成特征.共计报道该植物群化石24属52种左右,包括未定种以及存疑种21个.植物群的组成以具鳞片状叶的松柏类化石为主,苏铁类化石次之,并以本内苏铁目占绝对优势,然后是真蕨类化石,以小羽片小而质厚为特征,银杏化石及其少见,未发现被子植物.坂头组植物的组成面貌与欧洲Wealden植物群、日本外带领石植物群,以及我国南方植物区,如浙江、山东等地的早白垩世植物群比较一致,说明坂头组合化石层位年龄为早白垩世早期.坂头组大多数植物主要分布于热带或亚热带地区,具有耐干旱炎热的特点,反映了较干旱而炎热的气候特征.除此之外,还发现少量适宜生活在温凉潮湿气候环境下的植物.根据这些对气候具有指示意义的代表分子在坂头组中的数量以及分布情况,推断永安盆地早白垩世早期气候总体上比较干旱炎热,且伴随有不同程度季节性的潮湿.%The composition of fossil plants from the Bantou Formation of Yong'an, western Fujian Province, is analyzed and summarized. 52 species (including 21 indeterminate and suspicious species) ascribed to 24 genus have been reported from the formation up to now. Among them, the conifers with spiral scales are dominant; cycads are mainly composed of Bennettitales; ferns are characterized by small and thick pinnules; Ginkgoales are very few, and angiosperms are absent. The fossil assemblage of the Bantou Florais comparatively consistent with that of the Wealden Flora in Europe, the ryoseki Flora in outer zone of Japan, as well as the Early Cretaceous floras from the South Floristic Region in China, such as Zhejiang and Shandong provinces. This indicates that the age of fossil beds of the Bantou Formation is early Early Cretaceous. Meanwhile, most of the species from the Bantou Formation are xerophilous and are mainly distributed in tropical and 17. The Socio-Technical Man Moreno, Yamir In the last 20 years or so, the field of complexity science has entered a new age. The combination of new theoretical insights and the data revolution has prepared the ground for a number of conceptual milestones in many disciplines as diverse as biology, physics, engineering, and economic and social sciences. At the same time, we have been able to identify new challenges whose solutions will confer the science of complex systems an unprecedented applied dimension. Here I would like to focus on one of these challenges: the socio-technical man. With the ever-increasing growth of both the world population and new technologies, it is fundamental for the well-being of humanity and our society to understand how humans interact among them and with the new technological environment... 18. Deformation of Man Made Objects Ibrahim, Mohamed 2012-07-01 We introduce a framework for 3D object deformation with primary focus on man-made objects. Our framework enables a user to deform a model while preserving its defining characteristics. Moreover, our framework enables a user to set constraints on a model to keep its most significant features intact after the deformation process. Our framework supports a semi-automatic constraint setting environment, where some constraints could be automatically set by the framework while others are left for the user to specify. Our framework has several advantages over some state of the art deformation techniques in that it enables a user to add new features to the deformed model while keeping its general look similar to the input model. In addition, our framework enables the rotation and extrusion of different parts of a model. 19. Tesla man out of time Cheney, Margaret 1981-01-01 Called a madman by some, a genius by others, and an enigma by nearly everyone, Nikola Tesla created astonishing, world-transforming devises that were virtually without theoretical precedent. Tesla not only discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating current machinery, but also introduced the fundamentals of robotry, computers, and missile science and helped pave the way for such technologies as satellites, microwaves, beam weapons, and nuclear fusion. Almost supernaturally gifted, Tesla was also unusually erratic, flamboyant, and neurotic. He was J. P. Morgan's client, counted Mark Twain as a friend, and considered Thomas Edison an enemy. But above all, he was the hero and mentor to many of the last century's most famous scientists. In a meticulously researched, engagingly written biography, Margaret Cheney presents the many different dimensions of this extraordinary man, capturing his human qualities and quirks as she chronicles a lifetime of discoveries that continue to alter our ... 20. Promotion of classic neutral bile acids synthesis pathway is responsible for cholesterol-lowing effect of Si-miao-yong-an decoction: Application of LC-MS/MS method to determine 6 major bile acids in rat liver and plasma. Liu, Ziying; Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Ruowen; Gu, Liqiang; Chen, Xiaohui 2017-02-20 Si-miao-yong-an decoction (SMYAD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, significantly reduced plasma TC, LDL-c levels and increased HDL-c level in hyperlipidemia rats. Liver function test and tissue section examination indicated that SMYAD improved liver function and reduced fat accumulation in hyperlipidemia rat liver. A LC-MS/MS method was established and well validated to evaluate major bile acids derived from cholesterol metabolism through the classic neutral pathway and the alternative acidic pathway (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and their taurine and glycine conjugates) in liver and plasma. Increased total 6 bile acids concentrations in both liver and plasma were observed after oral administration of 12g/kg/d, 24g/kg/d and 36g/kg/d of SMYAD in a dose dependent manner which contributed to eliminate of cholesterol. Cholic acid, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid act as the main products of bile acid classic neutral synthesis pathway and show sharp increase (p<0.01) after treatment of SMYAD at dosage of 24-36g/kg/d. For liver samples, taurocholic acid level act as the largest growth section, while in plasma samples, cholic acid act as the largest growth section after SMYAD treatment, compared with Model group. By contrast, the main products of alternative acidic pathway (chenodeoxycholic acid and its glycine and taurine conjugates) show no significant increase after treatment of SMYAD. In conclusion, the cholesterol lowing effect of SMYAD may be related with the accelerated transformation of cholesterol into bile acids through the classic neutral pathway. 1. Oedipus king: preparing man for the polis José Joaquim Pereira Melo; Renan Willian Fernandes Gomes 2013-01-01 Having Sophoclean play Oedipus King as a frame of reference, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the educative proposal conceived to the Greek Man as preparation for life in the polis. Although not intentionally, Sophocles pointed out an ideal of Man which, in his perspective, would fulfill Greek societal demands of that time. Such society was divided between myth and rationality and, as a result, Man found Himself in conflict and lacking direction for His life. Given that, Oedipus’ chara... 2. Understanding nuclear motions in molecules: Derivation of Eckart frame ro-vibrational Hamiltonian operators via a gateway Hamiltonian operator. Szalay, Viktor 2015-05-07 A new ro-vibrational Hamiltonian operator, named gateway Hamiltonian operator, with exact kinetic energy term, Tˆ, is presented. It is in the Eckart frame and it is of the same form as Watson's normal coordinate Hamiltonian. However, the vibrational coordinates employed are not normal coordinates. The new Hamiltonian is shown to provide easy access to Eckart frame ro-vibrational Hamiltonians with exact Tˆ given in terms of any desired set of vibrational coordinates. A general expression of the Eckart frame ro-vibrational Hamiltonian operator is given and some of its properties are discussed. 3. Sisters of The Iron Man Triathlon 1997-01-01 THE Iron Man Triathlon challenges even the most veteran athlete. Competitors swim 3,000 meters, followed by a 40 kilometer bike race and ending with a i0 kilometer cross-country run.The Iron Man allows athletes to display their utmost abilities. As of January 1997, triathlete Wang Dan had accumulated the highest number of points of Asian iron man triathletes, according to the Asian Iron Man Triathlon Federation. Following her lead is Chinese triathlete Xing Lin. Liu Xiaodan, Chinese third ranking triathlete, comes in 5th among Asian competitors. All three girls are just 17 years old and all natives of Shenyang, Liaoning 4. Becoming and development of man: anthroposophistic approach. Ionova E.N. 2010-04-01 Full Text Available Anthroposophistic orientated view of R.Shtayner to development of a man during all life is systematized. Anthroposophistic conception of development of a man is based on such substantive provisions: unity corporal-heartfelt-spiritual life; connection of component parts of psyche with physiological organization of man; an interconditionality of physiological, heartfelt and spiritual development is in the rhythm of seven years. It is rotined that a health, heartfelt rest and happiness, is the result of harmonic development. All three aspects are the legal certificates of constituents life of man. 5. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission - XIX. CoRoT-23b: a dense hot Jupiter on an eccentric orbit Rouan, D; Moutou, C; Deleuil, M; Fridlund, M; Ofir, A; Havel, M; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Cabrera, J; Cavarroc, C; Csizmadia, Sz; Deeg, H; Diaz, R F; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; Mazeh, T; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Samuel, B; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 We report the detection of CoRoT-23b, a hot Jupiter transiting in front of its host star with a period of 3.6314 \\pm 0.0001 days. This planet was discovered thanks to photometric data secured with the CoRoT satellite, combined with spectroscopic radial velocity (RV) measurements. A photometric search for possible background eclipsing binaries conducted at CFHT and OGS concluded with a very low risk of false positives. The usual techniques of combining RV and transit data simultaneously were used to derive stellar and planetary parameters. The planet has a mass of Mp = 2.8 \\pm 0.3 MJup, a radius of Rpl = 1.05 \\pm 0.13 RJup, a density of \\approx 3 g cm-3. RV data also clearly reveal a non zero eccentricity of e = 0.16 \\pm 0.02. The planet orbits a mature G0 main sequence star of V =15.5 mag, with a mass M\\star = 1.14 \\pm 0.08 M\\odot, a radius R\\star = 1. 61 \\pm 0.18 R\\odot and quasi-solar abundances. The age of the system is evaluated to be 7 Gyr, not far from the transition to subgiant, in agreement with the r... 6. MSF/RO/ED海水淡化技术研究%The General Conditions of MSF/RO/ED in Seawater Desalination Technology 李志敏; 曾秋苑; 李淳; 敖宁建 2012-01-01 综述了世界水资源形势以及海水淡化技术的发展现状,概括了海水淡化技术的主要方法,着重介绍了多级闪蒸海水淡化法(MSF)、反渗透法(RO)和电渗析法(ED),从各种装置的组件、能耗以及淡化过程等入手,总结3种方法的优势与不足,针对性提出了解决问题的方法以及发展方向,以降低使用成本,并探讨和展望了今后的海水淡化技术.%The situation of water resources in the whole world and the development of seawater desalination technology are summarized, various methods of water desalination technology are generalized. It emphasizes the method of multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation, the method of reverse osmosis (RO), and electrodialysis method(ED), through the components and energy consumption of all equipments and the process of seawater desalination to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. And the solutions of these disadvantages and its development direction to reduce the cost are proposed. Seawater desalination technology for the future are also discussed and prospected. 7. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XX. CoRoT-18b: a massive hot jupiter on a prograde, nearly aligned orbit Hebrard, G; Alonso, R; Fridlund, M; Ofir, A; Aigrain, S; Guillot, T; Almenara, J M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Cabrera, J; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Cavarroc, C; Csizmadia, Sz; Deeg, H J; Deleuil, M; Diaz, R F; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Gandolfi, D; Gibson, N; Gillon, M; Guenther, E; Hatzes, A; Havel, M; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Leger, A; Llebaria, A; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Parviainen, H; Patzold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 We report the detection of CoRoT-18b, a massive hot jupiter transiting in front of its host star with a period of 1.9000693 +/- 0.0000028 days. This planet was discovered thanks to photometric data secured with the CoRoT satellite combined with spectroscopic and photometric follow-up ground-based observations. The planet has a mass M_p = 3.47 +/- 0.38 M_Jup, a radius R_p = 1.31 +/- 0.18 R_Jup, and a density rho_p = 2.2 +/- 0.8 g/cm3. It orbits a G9V star with a mass M_* = 0.95 +/- 0.15 M_Sun, a radius R_* = 1.00 +/- 0.13 R_Sun, and a rotation period P_rot = 5.4 +/- 0.4 days. The age of the system remains uncertain, stellar evolution models pointing either to a few tens Ma or several Ga, while gyrochronology and lithium abundance point towards ages of a few hundred Ma. This mismatch potentially points to a problem in our understanding of the evolution of young stars, with possible significant implications for stellar physics and the interpretation of inferred sizes of exoplanets around young stars. We detected... 8. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission: XXIV. CoRoT-24: A transiting multi-planet system Alonso, R; Endl, M; Almenara, J M; Guenther, E W; Deleuil, M; Hatzes, A; Aigrain, S; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Cavarroc, C; Cabrera, J; Carpano, S; Csizmadia, Sz; Cochran, W D; Deeg, H J; Díaz, R F; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Fruth, T; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Grziwa, S; Guillot, T; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Léger, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; MacQueen, P J; Mazeh, T; Ofir, A; Ollivier, M; Pasternacki, T; Patzold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Santos, M Tadeu dos; Tingley, B; Titz-Weider, R; Weingrill, J; Wuchterl, G 2014-01-01 We present the discovery of a candidate multiply-transiting system, the first one found in the CoRoT mission. Two transit-like features with periods of 5.11 and 11.76d are detected in the CoRoT light curve, around a main sequence K1V star of r=15.1. If the features are due to transiting planets around the same star, these would correspond to objects of 3.7\\pm$0.4 and 5.0$\\pm$0.5 R_earth respectively. Several radial velocities serve to provide an upper limit of 5.7 M_earth for the 5.11~d signal, and to tentatively measure a mass of 28$^{+11}_{-11}$M_earth for the object transiting with a 11.76~d period. These measurements imply low density objects, with a significant gaseous envelope. The detailed analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic data serve to estimate the probability that the observations are caused by transiting Neptune-sized planets as$>$26$\\times$higher than a blend scenario involving only one transiting planet, and$>$900$\\times$higher than a scenario involving two blends and no planets.... 9. BEER analysis of Kepler and CoRoT light curves. III. Spectroscopic confirmation of seventy new beaming binaries discovered in CoRoT light curves Tal-Or, L.; Faigler, S.; Mazeh, T. 2015-08-01 Context. The BEER algorithm searches stellar light curves for the BEaming, Ellipsoidal, and Reflection photometric modulations that are caused by a short-period companion. These three effects are typically of very low amplitude and can mainly be detected in light curves from space-based photometers. Unlike eclipsing binaries, these effects are not limited to edge-on inclinations. Aims: Applying the algorithm to wide-field photometric surveys such as CoRoT and Kepler offers an opportunity to better understand the statistical properties of short-period binaries. It also widens the window for detecting intrinsically rare systems, such as short-period brown-dwarf and massive-planetary companions to main-sequence stars. Methods: Applying the search to the first five long-run center CoRoT fields, we identified 481 non-eclipsing candidates with periodic flux amplitudes of 0.5-87 mmag. Optimizing the Anglo-Australian-Telescope pointing coordinates and the AAOmega fiber-allocations with dedicated softwares, we acquired six spectra for 231 candidates and seven spectra for another 50 candidates in a seven-night campaign. Analysis of the red-arm AAOmega spectra, which covered the range of 8342-8842 Å, yielded a radial-velocity precision of ~1 km s-1. Spectra containing lines of more than one star were analyzed with the two-dimensional correlation algorithm TODCOR. Results: The measured radial velocities confirmed the binarity of seventy of the BEER candidates - 45 single-line binaries, 18 double-line binaries, and 7 diluted binaries. We show that red giants introduce a major source of false candidates and demonstrate a way to improve BEER's performance in extracting higher fidelity samples from future searches of CoRoT light curves. The periods of the confirmed binaries span a range of 0.3-10 days and show a rise in the number of binaries per ΔlogP toward longer periods. The estimated mass ratios of the double-line binaries and the mass ratios assigned to the single 10. Thematic trip: "Save Roşia MontanÄă" Eugenia, Marcu 2015-04-01 The name Roşia Montană, situated in Transylvania, became well known after a Romanian-Canadian company, Roşia Montană Gold Company (RMGC), obtained the concession license on exploitation for gold and silver minerals in the Roşia Montană area. The project consists of opening the largest surface gold mines in Europe using cyanide, which will include four open pits and a processing plant for gold and silver in The Roşia Valley and a tailings facility with an area of 367 hectares in the Corna Valley. One of the main fears is related to a possible ecological accident like the one in Baia Mare in 2000, when a tailing facility dam break led to cyanide pollution of Tisa and Danube rivers that resulted in the death of 1,200 tons of fish and contamination of water resources for 2 million people. This thematic trip is important for the scientific preparation of students and an opportunity to educate them in the spirit of environmental protection. The training and education of students will require assimilation and understanding, actively and consciously, using the knowledge acquired during the compulsory curriculum and training skills. REASON: The continuous degradation of the environment is a major crisis due to human intervention in nature, and the proposed Roşia Montană mining project will continue this trend. The company proposes to extract gold from mines by using the gold separation technique using cyanide, a process that involves destroying a total area of 16 km² which includes 5 mountains, 7 churches, 11 cemeteries and the ruins of Alburnus Maior Citadel, as well as creating pollution that would last for hundreds of years. The extraction of gold from low-grade ores using cyanide processes was estimated to result in a worldwide emission of 45,300 tons of hydrogen cyanide. Environmental education for a healthy life has children as target group, because they are the trustees and beneficiaries of tomorrow's natural resources and can influence the attitudes of 11. Exposure-based Algorithm for Removing Systematics out of the CoRoT Light Curves Guterman, P; Faigler, S 2015-01-01 The CoRoT space mission was operating for almost 6 years, producing thousands of continuous photometric light curves. The temporal series of exposures are processed by the production pipeline, correcting the data for known instrumental effects. But even after these model-based corrections, some collective trends are still visible in the light curves. We propose here a simple exposure-based algorithm to remove instrumental effects. The effect of each exposure is a function of only two instrumental stellar parameters, position on the CCD and photometric aperture. The effect is not a function of the stellar flux, and therefore much more robust. As an example, we show that the$\\sim2\\%$long-term variation of the early run LRc01 is nicely detrended on average. This systematics removal process is part of the CoRoT legacy data pipeline. 12. CoRoT observations of O stars: diverse origins of variability Blomme, R; Degroote, P; Mahy, L; Aerts, C; Cuypers, J; Godart, M; Gosset, E; Hareter, M; Montalban, J; Morel, T; Nieva, M F; Noels, A; Oreiro, R; Poretti, E; Przybilla, N; Rainer, M; Rauw, G; Schiller, F; Simon-Diaz, S; Smolders, K; Ventura, P; Vuckovic, M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Baudin, F; Catala, C; Michel, E; Samadi, R 2011-01-01 Six O-type stars were observed continuously by the CoRoT satellite during a 34.3-day run. The unprecedented quality of the data allows us to detect even low-amplitude stellar pulsations in some of these stars (HD 46202 and the binaries HD 46149 and Plaskett's star). These cover both opacity-driven modes and solar-like stochastic oscillations, both of importance to the asteroseismological modelling of O stars. Additional effects can be seen in the CoRoT light curves, such as binarity and rotational modulation. Some of the hottest O-type stars (HD 46223, HD 46150 and HD 46966) are dominated by the presence of red-noise: we speculate that this is related to a sub-surface convection zone. 13. VLT transit and occultation photometry for the bloated planet CoRoT-1b Gillon, M; Triaud, A H M J; Barman, T; Hebb, L; Montalban, J; Maxted, P F L; Queloz, D; Deleuil, M; Magain, P 2009-01-01 We present VLT eclipse photometry for the giant planet CoRoT-1b. We observed a transit in the R-band filter and an occultation in a narrow filter centered on 2.09 microns. Our analysis of this new photometry and published radial velocities, in combination with stellar-evolutionary modeling, leads to a planetary mass and radius of 1.07 (+0.13,-0.18) M_Jup and 1.45 (+0.07,-0.13) R_Jup, confirming the very low density previously deduced from CoRoT photometry. The large occultation depth that we measure at 2.09 microns (0.278 (+0.043,-0.066) %) is consistent with thermal emission and is better reproduced by an atmospheric model with no redistribution of the absorbed stellar flux to the night side of the planet. 14. Dinâmica evolutiva em roças de caboclos amazônicos Paulo Sodero Martins 2005-04-01 Full Text Available AS ROÇAS DE CABOCLOS são unidades de agricultura de derruba e queima de populações tradicionais nas terras firmes dos trópicos brasileiros, geralmente associados com florestas. Elas são derivadas de sistemas indígenas com algumas modificações introduzidas pelos africanos e portugueses. Neste trabalho, analisamos a estrutura de comunidade dessas roças e o papel dos fatores biológicos e culturais em manter e aumentar a variabilidade genética na mais importante espécie plantada nas roças, a mandioca (Manihot esculenta. Há um alto grau de diversidade nas roças e muitas espécies que estão normalmente presentes, como mandioca, batata-doce, inhame, ariá, araruta, cupá, amendoim, apresentam o que tem sido chamado de habilidade de combinação ecológica, o que significa que elas otimizam o uso dos fatores ambientais e recursos, minimizando a sobreposição de suas arquiteturas. A variabilidade de mandioca é ampliada pelo banco de sementes em ��reas previamente ocupadas, cruzamentos interespecíficos e intervarietais, facilitada pelo arranjo das plantações escolhido pelos caboclos. Depois de criada, a variabilidade é fixada através de clonagem vegetativa, o método de reprodução comum não apenas da mandioca, mas também de outras espécies da roça, a maioria perene e apresentando "disjunção agronômica", ou seja, reprodução e produção efetivada por diferentes órgãos da planta.THE "ROÇAS DE CABOCLOS" are the slash-and-burn agricultural units of traditional populations dwelling in the lowlands of the Brazilian Tropics, generally in association with forests. They are derived from the indigenous system with some modifications introduced by the Africans and Portuguese. In this paper we analyse the community structure of the "roças" and the role of biological and cultural factors in maintaining and augmenting the genetic variability in the most important species planted in roças, the cassava (Manihot esculenta. There 15. A self consistent chemically stratified atmosphere model for the roAp star 10 Aquilae Nesvacil, Nicole; Ryabchikova, Tanya A; Kochukhov, Oleg; Akberov, Artur; Weiss, Werner W 2012-01-01 Context: Chemically peculiar A type (Ap) stars are a subgroup of the CP2 stars which exhibit anomalous overabundances of numerous elements, e.g. Fe, Cr, Sr and rare earth elements. The pulsating subgroup of the Ap stars, the roAp stars, present ideal laboratories to observe and model pulsational signatures as well as the interplay of the pulsations with strong magnetic fields and vertical abundance gradients. Aims: Based on high resolution spectroscopic observations and observed stellar energy distributions we construct a self consistent model atmosphere, that accounts for modulations of the temperature-pressure structure caused by vertical abundance gradients, for the roAp star 10 Aquilae (HD 176232). We demonstrate that such an analysis can be used to determine precisely the fundamental atmospheric parameters required for pulsation modelling. Methods: Average abundances were derived for 56 species. For Mg, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Sr, Pr, and Nd vertical stratification profiles were empirically derived using the... 16. ASTRO APEx(®) and RO-ILS™ are applicable to medical malpractice in radiation oncology. Zaorsky, Nicholas G; Ricco, Anthony G; Churilla, Thomas M; Horwitz, Eric M; Den, Robert B 2016-11-01 To analyze malpractice trials in radiation oncology and assess how ASTRO APEx(®) and RO-ILS™ apply to such cases. The Westlaw database was reviewed using PICOS/PRISMA methods. Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to find factors associated with outcomes. Of 34 cases identified, external beam was used in 26 (77%). The most common factors behind malpractice were excessive toxicity (80%) and lack of informed consent (66%). ASTRO APEx pillars and ROI-LS had applicability to all but one case. Factors favoring the defendant included statute of limitations (odds ratio: 8.1; 95% CI: 1.3-50); those favoring the plaintiff included patient death (odds ratio: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.54-0.94). APEx and RO-ILS are applicable to malpractice trials in radiation oncology. 17. Neonatal molecular pathologies induced by maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies Herrera-Esparza R 2015-08-01 Full Text Available Maternal antinuclear antibodies with anti-Ro or anti-La specificity might be pathogenic to the fetus and could induce molecular neonatal pathologies, such as neonatal lupus (NL with or without congenital heart block (CHB. The cutaneous manifestations of neonatal lupus appear at birth or a few weeks later, and skin lesions may persist for weeks. While CHB is characterized by intrauterine bradycardia or low heart rates at birth and may persist for months, depending on the degree of blockage. Clinical and experimental data demonstrated that anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies functionally inhibit L-type calcium channels and induce abnormalities in electrical conduction of the cardiac myocytes. It has been 38 years since the first clinical description of CHB. Presently, the pathophysiology of CHB has been clarified through clinical and basic research studies. 18. The SARS algorithm: detrending CoRoT light curves with Sysrem using simultaneous external parameters Ofir, Aviv; Bonomo, Aldo Stefano; Carone, Ludmila; Carpano, Stefania; Samuel, Benjamin; Weingrill, Jorg; Aigrain, Suzanne; Auvergne, Michel; Baglin, Annie; Barge, Pierre; Borde, Pascal; Bouchy, Francois; Deeg, Hans J; Deleuil, Magali; Dvorak, Rudolf; Erikson, Anders; Mello, Sylvio Ferraz; Fridlund, Malcolm; Gillon, Michel; Guillot, Tristan; Hatzes, Artie; Jorda, Laurent; Lammer, Helmut; Leger, Alain; Llebaria, Antoine; Moutou, Claire; Ollivier, Marc; Paetzold, Martin; Queloz, Didier; Rauer, Heike; Rouan, Daniel; Schneider, Jean; Wuchterl, Guenther 2010-01-01 Surveys for exoplanetary transits are usually limited not by photon noise but rather by the amount of red noise in their data. In particular, although the CoRoT spacebased survey data are being carefully scrutinized, significant new sources of systematic noises are still being discovered. Recently, a magnitude-dependant systematic effect was discovered in the CoRoT data by Mazeh & Guterman et al. and a phenomenological correction was proposed. Here we tie the observed effect a particular type of effect, and in the process generalize the popular Sysrem algorithm to include external parameters in a simultaneous solution with the unknown effects. We show that a post-processing scheme based on this algorithm performs well and indeed allows for the detection of new transit-like signals that were not previously detected. 19. AST\\/RO A Small Submillimeter Telescope at the South Pole Stark, A A 2001-01-01 Understanding of star formation in the Universe is advancing through submillimeter-wave observations of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Technological constraints on such observations require a mixture of telescope sizes and observational techniques. For some purposes, small submillimeter-wave telescopes are more sensitive than large ones. The Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) is a small, wide-field instrument located at an excellent observatory site. By observing the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds at arcminute resolution, it provides a context for interpreting observations of distant galaxies made by large interferometric telescopes. AST/RO also provides hands-on training in submillimeter technology and allows testing of novel detector systems. 20. Self protection from anti-viral responses--Ro52 promotes degradation of the transcription factor IRF7 downstream of the viral Toll-Like receptors. Higgs, Rowan 2010-01-01 Ro52 is a member of the TRIM family of single-protein E3 ligases and is also a target for autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren\\'s syndrome. We previously demonstrated a novel function of Ro52 in the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of IRF3 following TLR3\\/4 stimulation. We now present evidence that Ro52 has a similar role in regulating the stability and activity of IRF7. Endogenous immunoprecipitation of Ro52-bound proteins revealed that IRF7 associates with Ro52, an effect which increases following TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation, suggesting that Ro52 interacts with IRF7 post-pathogen recognition. Furthermore, we show that Ro52 ubiquitinates IRF7 in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a decrease in total IRF7 expression and a subsequent decrease in IFN-alpha production. IRF7 stability was increased in bone marrow-derived macrophages from Ro52-deficient mice stimulated with imiquimod or CpG-B, consistent with a role for Ro52 in the negative regulation of IRF7 signalling. Taken together, these results suggest that Ro52-mediated ubiquitination promotes the degradation of IRF7 following TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation. As Ro52 is known to be IFN-inducible, this system constitutes a negative-feedback loop that acts to protect the host from the prolonged activation of the immune response. 1. Full-Scale Modal Analysis of a Ro-Lo Vessel in Operation Orlowitz, Esben Et skib udsættes for en kompleks vibration miljø, påvirket a have såvel som selve operationen af skibet. Særligt hydrodynamiske og -elastiske effekter er svære at bestemme teoretisk. Derfor er eksperimentelle resultater vigtige for verificering. I denne poster visses præliminære resultater fra en...... fuld skala modal test af et Ro-Lo skib.... 2. CoRoT and asteroseismology. Preparatory work and simultaneous ground-based monitoring Poretti, Ennio; Uytterhoeven, Katrien; Cutispoto, Giuseppe; Distefano, Elisa; Romano, Paolo 2007-01-01 The successful launch of the CoRoT (COnvection, ROtation and planetary Transits) satellite opens a new era in asteroseismology. The space photometry is complemented by high-resolution spectroscopy and multicolour photometry from ground, to disclose the pulsational content of the asteroseismic targets in the most complete way. Some preliminary results obtained with both types of data are presented. The paper is based on observations collected at S. Pedro Martir, Serra La Nave, La Silla, and Telescopio Nazionale Galileo Observatories. 3. EXTENDED CES(A)RO OPERATORS ON THE BLOCH SPACE IN THE UNIT BALL OF Cn 胡璋剑 2003-01-01 The paper defines an extended Cesàro operator Tg with holomorphic symbolg in the unit ball B of Cn asWhere g(z)= ∑j=1∑n zj g/ zj is the radial derivative of g. In this paper, the author characterizes g for which Tg is bounded (or compact) on the Bloch spaceB and the little Blochspace B0. 4. Remission of congenital complete heart block without anti-Ro/La antibodies: A case report Souvik Mitra 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Anti-Ro/La negative congenital heart block (CHB is uncommon. We report one such case of CHB, with no associated structural heart disease or maternal autoantibodies. The heart block reverted to sinus rhythm spontaneously at two weeks of age, and the patient remains in sinus rhythm at a one year followup. Whether patients with antibody negative complete heart block have a different clinical course is conjectural. 5. Antiscalant removal in accelerated desupersaturation of RO concentrate via chemically-enhanced seeded precipitation (CESP). McCool, Brian C; Rahardianto, Anditya; Cohen, Yoram 2012-09-01 An experimental study was carried out to demonstrate and quantify the feasibility of antiscalant (AS) removal from brackish water RO concentrate of high gypsum scaling propensity via lime treatment prior to seeded gypsum precipitation. Based on studies with model solutions, it was shown that sufficient AS removal (up to ∼90%) from RO concentrate is feasible via a lime treatment step (at a dose significantly lower than that required for conventional lime softening) to enable effective subsequent seeded gypsum precipitation. This two-step chemically-enhanced seeded precipitation (CESP) treatment of primary RO concentrate is suitable as an intermediate concentrate demineralization (ICD) stage for high recovery desalting employing secondary RO desalination. Analysis of gypsum precipitation and lime treatment kinetic data suggests that, after adequate CaCO(3) precipitation has been induced for effective AS scavenging, CaSO(4) desupersaturation can be achieved via seeded gypsum precipitation without retardation due to seed poisoning by AS. Also, the lime dose required to prevent seed poisoning during subsequent gypsum desupersaturation via seeded gypsum precipitation can be adequately assessed with a precipitation kinetics model that considers AS seed poisoning based on a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The degree of AS removal after lime treatment increased linearly with the logarithm of the single lime dose additions. Staged lime dosing (i.e., multiple lime additions), however, removed a higher degree of AS relative to an equivalent single lime dose addition since a higher driving force for CaCO(3) precipitation could be maintained over the course of the lime treatment period. 6. Remission of congenital complete heart block without anti-Ro/La antibodies: A case report. Mitra, Souvik; Saha, Anindya Kumar; Sardar, Syamal Kumar; Singh, Arun Kumarendu 2013-07-01 Anti-Ro/La negative congenital heart block (CHB) is uncommon. We report one such case of CHB, with no associated structural heart disease or maternal autoantibodies. The heart block reverted to sinus rhythm spontaneously at two weeks of age, and the patient remains in sinus rhythm at a one year followup. Whether patients with antibody negative complete heart block have a different clinical course is conjectural. 7. MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY CLIENTS ATTENDING CLINICAL UNITS OF SANTA MARCELINA, PORTO VELHO RO BRAZIL Caetano, Rosemeiry Soares; FACULDADE SÃO LUCAS; de Souza, Ana Cristina Ramos; FACULDADE SÃO LUCAS; Feitoza, Leiliane Ferreira; FACULDADE SÃO LUCAS 2014-01-01 Many people are currently using medicinal herbs as a therapeutic alternative. Current paper tries to recover and analyze popular lore on the use of medicinal plants to cure diseases. Methodology consists of data collection by interviews with clients of clinical units of the Santa Marcelina Community in Porto Velho RO Brazil. Seventy-nine species and 46 botanic families were identified with special reference to Asteraceae and Lamiaceae with 10 and 8 species each. The most mentioned species wer... 8. Raman investigation of ro-vibrational modes of interstitial H2 in Si Koch, S. G.; Lavrov, E. V.; Weber, J. 2012-08-01 A Raman scattering study of ro-vibrational transitions Q(J) of the interstitial H2 in Si is presented. It is shown that the Q(2) mode of para hydrogen is coupled to the TAX phonon of Si. The mode appears in the spectra at temperatures above 200 K. The results presented also suggest that the Q(3) transition of ortho hydrogen is resonantly coupled to the OΓ phonon. 9. Raman investigation of ro-vibrational modes of interstitial H{sub 2} in Si Koch, S.G., E-mail: sandro.koch@physik.tu-dresden.de [Technische Universitaet Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany); Lavrov, E.V.; Weber, J. [Technische Universitaet Dresden, 01062 Dresden (Germany) 2012-08-01 A Raman scattering study of ro-vibrational transitions Q(J) of the interstitial H{sub 2} in Si is presented. It is shown that the Q(2) mode of para hydrogen is coupled to the TA{sub X} phonon of Si. The mode appears in the spectra at temperatures above 200 K. The results presented also suggest that the Q(3) transition of ortho hydrogen is resonantly coupled to the O{sub {Gamma}} phonon. 10. Multiple dose study of the combined radiosensitizers Ro 03-8799 (pimonidazole) and SR 2508 (etanidazole) Bleehen, N.M.; Newman, H.F.; Maughan, T.S.; Workman, P. 1989-04-01 The hypoxic cell radiosensitizers Ro 03-8799 and SR 2508 have different clinical toxicities. The former produces an acute but transient central nervous system syndrome, whereas the latter produces cumulative peripheral neuropathy. Following single dose studies, an escalating multiple dose schedule using both drugs in combination showed no unexpected adverse reactions at lower doses. This study identifies the clinical tolerance and pharmacokinetics when doses in the region of the maximal tolerated dose are given to 26 patients receiving infusions of 0.75 g/m2 Ro 03-8799 and 2 g/m2 SR 2508 three times per week. At 15 doses, 3/4 patients experienced WHO grade 2 peripheral neuropathy, whereas at 12 doses 1/9 developed grade 2 and 6/9 developed grade 1 neuropathies. This represents a lower dose of SR 2508 than can be given alone suggesting that some interaction between the two drugs does exist in terms of chronic peripheral neurotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies show no adverse interactions between the two drugs and minimal inter-patient variation. From bivariate analysis, cumulative AUC for Ro 03-8799 has the most significant correlation with the development of peripheral neuropathy. Tumor drug concentrations normalized to the administered dose show mean values of 34 micrograms/g Ro 03-8799 and 76 micrograms/g SR 2508 30 minutes after infusion. These could be expected to produce a single dose sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.5. The combination of the two sensitizers at the maximum tolerable dose may be expected to give an increased therapeutic efficacy over either drug alone. 11. An Analysis of the Propulsion Experiments Performed on a Model Representing the Stretched PONCE DE LEON (SPDL) Class RO/RO Ship Fitted with Two Sets of Design Contrarotating Propellers (Model 5362; Propellers 4731 & 4732 and 9019 & 9020). 1981-01-01 REPRESENTING THE 5TRETCHED PONQ DE LEON (S.PI.) 9€ ASS _!"Q SHIP FITTED WITH TWO SETS OF DESIGN CONTRAROTATING PROPELLERS (MODEL 5362; PROPELLERS 4731...TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROPULSION EXPERIMENTS PER- Final FORMED ON A MODEL REPRESENTING THE STRETCHED PONCE DE LEON (SPDL...number) A ser ies of propulsion exper ments were performed on Model 5362, representing a Stretched PONCE DE LEON Clas RO/RO ship. The model was fitted 12. Water Quality of Hills Water, Supply Water and RO Water Machine at Ulu Yam Selangor Ngadiman, N.; ‘I Bahari, N.; Kaamin, M.; Hamid, N. B.; Mokhtar, M.; Sahat, S. 2016-07-01 The rapid development resulted in the deterioration of the quality of drinking water in Malaysia. Recognizing the importance of water quality, new alternatives for drinking water such as mineral water processing from reverse osmosis (RO) machine become more popular. Hence, the demand for mineral water, natural spring water or water from the hills or mountains rose lately. More consumers believed the quality of these spring water better than other source of drinking water. However, the quality of all the drinking water sources is to meet the required quality standard. Therefore, this paper aims to measure the quality of the waters from hills, from RO machine and the water supply in Ulu Yam, Selangor Batang Kali, Malaysia. The water quality was determined based on following parameters: ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3), iron (Fe), turbidity (NTU) and pH. The results show that the water from hills has better quality compared to water supply and water from RO machine. The value of NH3 ranged from 0.03 mg/L- 0.67 mg/L; Fe was from 0.03mg/L - 0.12 mg/L, turbidity at 0.42 NTU - 0.88 NTU and pH is at 6.60 - 0.71. Based on the studied parameters, all three types of water are fit for drinking and have met the required national drinking water quality standard. 13. The CoRoT discovery of a unique triple-mode cepheid in the galaxy Poretti, Ennio; Weiss, Werner W 2014-01-01 The exploitation of the CoRoT treasure of stars observed in the exoplanetary field allowed the detection of a unusual triple-mode Cepheid in the Milky Way, CoRoT 0223989566. The two modes with the largest amplitudes and period ratio of 0.80 are identified with the first (P1=1.29 d) and second (P2=1.03 d) radial overtones. The third period, which has the smallest amplitude but able to produce combination terms with the other two, is the longest one (P3=1.89 d). The ratio of 0.68 between the first-overtone period and the third period is the unusual feature. Its identification with the fundamental radial or a nonradial mode is discussed with respect to similar cases in the Magellanic Clouds. In both cases the period triplet and the respective ratios make the star unique in our Galaxy. The distance derived from the period-luminosity relation and the galactic coordinates put CoRoT~0223989566 in the metal-rich environment of the "outer arm" of the Milky Way. 14. Tropical temperature variability and Kelvin-wave activity in the UTLS from GPS RO measurements Scherllin-Pirscher, Barbara; Randel, William J.; Kim, Joowan 2017-01-01 Tropical temperature variability over 10-30 km and associated Kelvin-wave activity are investigated using GPS radio occultation (RO) data from January 2002 to December 2014. RO data are a powerful tool for quantifying tropical temperature oscillations with short vertical wavelengths due to their high vertical resolution and high accuracy and precision. Gridded temperatures from GPS RO show the strongest variability in the tropical tropopause region (on average 3 K2). Large-scale zonal variability is dominated by transient sub-seasonal waves (2 K2), and about half of sub-seasonal variance is explained by eastward-traveling Kelvin waves with periods of 4 to 30 days (1 K2). Quasi-stationary waves associated with the annual cycle and interannual variability contribute about a third (1 K2) to total resolved zonal variance. Sub-seasonal waves, including Kelvin waves, are highly transient in time. Above 20 km, Kelvin waves are strongly modulated by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in stratospheric zonal winds, with enhanced wave activity during the westerly shear phase of the QBO. In the tropical tropopause region, however, peaks of Kelvin-wave activity are irregularly distributed in time. Several peaks coincide with maxima of zonal variance in tropospheric deep convection, but other episodes are not evidently related. Further investigations of convective forcing and atmospheric background conditions are needed to better understand variability near the tropopause. 15. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with autoimmune diseases and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. Brucato, Antonio; Cimaz, Rolando; Caporali, Roberto; Ramoni, Véronique; Buyon, Jill 2011-02-01 Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are associated with neonatal lupus (congenital heart block (CHB), neonatal transient skin rash, hematological and hepatic abnormalities), but do not negatively affects other gestational outcomes, and the general outcome of these pregnancies is now good, when followed by experienced multidisciplinary teams. The prevalence of CHB, defined as an atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero, at birth, or within the neonatal period (0-27 days after birth), in the offspring of an anti-Ro/SSA-positive women is 1-2%, of neonatal lupus rash around 10-20%, while laboratory abnormalities in asymptomatic babies can be detected in up to 27% of cases. The risk of recurrence of CHB is ten times higher. Most of the mothers are asymptomatic at delivery and are identified only by the birth of an affected child. Half of these asymptomatic women develop symptoms of a rheumatic disease, most commonly arthralgias and xerophtalmia, but few develop lupus nephritis. A standard therapy for CHB is still matter of investigation, although fluorinated corticosteroids have been reported to be effective for associated cardiomyopathy. Serial echocardiograms and obstetric sonograms, performed at least every 1-2 weeks starting from the 16th week of gestational age, are recommended in anti-Ro/SSA-positive pregnant women to detect early fetal abnormalities that might be a target of preventive therapy. 16. Galactic Archaeology with asteroseismology and spectroscopy: Red giants observed by CoRoT and APOGEE Anders, F; Rodrigues, T S; Miglio, A; Montalbán, J; Mosser, B; Girardi, L; Valentini, M; Noels, A; Morel, T; Johnson, J A; Schultheis, M; Baudin, F; Peralta, R de Assis; Hekker, S; Themeßl, N; Kallinger, T; García, R A; Mathur, S; Baglin, A; Santiago, B X; Martig, M; Minchev, I; Steinmetz, M; da Costa, L N; Maia, M A G; Prieto, C Allende; Cunha, K; Beers, T C; Epstein, C; Pérez, A E García; García-Hernández, D A; Harding, P; Holtzman, J; Majewski, S R; Mészáros, Sz; Nidever, D; Pan, K; Pinsonneault, M; Schiavon, R P; Schneider, D P; Shetrone, M D; Stassun, K; Zamora, O; Zasowski, G 2016-01-01 With the advent of the space missions CoRoT and Kepler, it has become feasible to determine precise asteroseismic masses and ages for large samples of red-giant stars. In this paper, we present the CoRoGEE dataset -- obtained from CoRoT lightcurves for 606 red giant stars in two fields of the Galactic disc which have been co-observed for an ancillary project of APOGEE. We have used the Bayesian parameter estimation code PARAM to calculate distances, extinctions, masses, and ages for these stars in a homogeneous analysis, resulting in relative statistical uncertainties of$\\sim2\\%$in distance,$\\sim4\\%$in radius,$\\sim9\\%$in mass and$\\sim25\\%$in age. We also assess systematic age uncertainties due to different input physics and mass loss. We discuss the correlation between ages and chemical abundance patterns of field stars over a large radial range of the Milky Way's disc (5 kpc$
17. Removal of emerging contaminants from municipal wastewater with an integrated membrane system, MBR-RO.
Dolar, Davor; Gros, Meritxell; Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara; Moreno, Jordi; Comas, Joaquim; Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi; Barceló, Damià
2012-11-15
The presence of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment and their potential effects on living organisms has become an issue of growing concern. Among emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals may enter the aquatic environment due to their high consumption and their incomplete removal in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The main goal of this study was the assessment of the removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals found in municipal wastewater of a coastal WWTP (Castell-Platja d'Aro, Spain) using an integrated pilot scale membrane system (MBR-RO). Twenty multiple-class pharmaceuticals (including psychiatric drugs, macrolide antibiotics, β-blockers, sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, anti-inflammatories, nitroimidazole, β-agonist and antiplatelet agent) were measured in real influent with the lowest average concentration for psychiatric drugs (0.017 μg L(-1)) to the highest for macrolide antibiotics (2.02 μg L(-1)). Although some contaminants were in relatively high concentrations (even up to 2.90 μg L(-1) in the case of ofloxacin). The combination of MBR and RO treatment showed excellent overall removal of target emerging contaminants with removal rates above 99% for all of them. For some compounds (metronidazole, hydrocodone, codein, ranitidine) MBR provided high removal efficiency (up to 95%). Additionally RO membrane showed removal rates always higher than 99%.
18. RoCoMAR: Robots’ Controllable Mobility Aided Routing and Relay Architecture for Mobile Sensor Networks
Seokhoon Yoon
2013-07-01
Full Text Available In a practical deployment, mobile sensor network (MSN suffers from a low performance due to high node mobility, time-varying wireless channel properties, and obstacles between communicating nodes. In order to tackle the problem of low network performance and provide a desired end-to-end data transfer quality, in this paper we propose a novel ad hoc routing and relaying architecture, namely RoCoMAR (Robots’ Controllable Mobility Aided Routing that uses robotic nodes’ controllable mobility. RoCoMAR repeatedly performs link reinforcement process with the objective of maximizing the network throughput, in which the link with the lowest quality on the path is identified and replaced with high quality links by placing a robotic node as a relay at an optimal position. The robotic node resigns as a relay if the objective is achieved or no more gain can be obtained with a new relay. Once placed as a relay, the robotic node performs adaptive link maintenance by adjusting its position according to the movements of regular nodes. The simulation results show that RoCoMAR outperforms existing ad hoc routing protocols for MSN in terms of network throughput and end-to-end delay.
19. Exploring the helium core of the delta Scuti star CoRoT 102749568 with asteroseismology
Chen, Xinghao; Lin, Guifang; Chen, Yanhui; Guo, Junjun
2016-01-01
Based on regularities in rotational splittings, we seek possible multiplets for the observed frequencies of CoRoT 102749568. Twenty-one sets of multiplets are identified, including four sets of multiplets with $l=1$, nine sets of multiplets with $l=2$, and eight sets of multiplets with $l=3$. In particular, there are three complete triplets ($f_{10}$, $f_{12}$, $f_{14}$), ($f_{31}$, $f_{34}$, $f_{35}$), and ($f_{41}$, $f_{43}$, $f_{44}$). The rotational period of CoRoT 102749568 is estimated to be $1.34^{+0.04}_{-0.05}$ days. When doing model fittings, three $l=1$ modes ($f_{12}$, $f_{34}$, and $f_{43}$) and the radial first overtone $f_{13}$ are used. Our results shows that the three nonradial modes ($f_{12}$, $f_{34}$, and $f_{43}$) are mixed modes, which mainly provide constraints on the helium core. The radial first overtone $f_{13}$ mainly provides constraint on the stellar envelope. Hence the size of the helium core of CoRoT 102749568 is determined to be $M_{\\rm He}$ = 0.148 $\\pm$ 0.003 $M_{\\odot}$ and ...
20. Surface structure of the CoRoT CP2 target star HD 50773
Lüftinger, T; Weiss, W; Petit, P; Aurière, M; Nesvacil, N; Gruberbauer, M; Shulyak, D; Alecian, E; Baglin, A; Baudin, F; Catala, C; Donati, J -F; Kochukhov, O; Michel, E; Piskunov, N; Roudier, T; Samadi, R
2009-01-01
We compare surface maps of the chemically peculiar star HD 50773 produced with a Bayesian technique and based on high quality CoRoT photometry with those derived from rotation phase resolved spectropolarimetry. The goal is to investigate the correlation of surface brightness with surface chemical abundance distribution and the stellar magnetic field. The rotational period of the star was determined from a nearly 60 day long continuous light curve obtained during the initial run of CoRoT. Using a Bayesian approach to star-spot modelling, which in this work is applied for the first time for the photometric mapping of a CP star, we derived longitudes, latitudes and radii of four different spot areas. Additional parameters like stellar inclination and the spot's intensities were also determined. The CoRoT observations triggered an extensive ground-based spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric observing campaign and enabled us to obtain 19 different high resolution spectra in Stokes parameters I and V with NARVAL, E...
1. The variability behavior of CoRoT M-giant Stars
Lopes, C E Ferreira; Leão, I C; de Freitas, D B; Martins, B L Canto; da Costa, A D; Paz-Chinchón, F; Chagas, M L Das; Baglin, A; Janot-Pacheco, E; De Medeiros, J R
2015-01-01
For 6 years the Convection, Rotation, and Planetary Transits (CoRoT) space mission has acquired photometric data from more than one hundred thousand point sources towards and directly opposite from the inner and outer regions of the Galaxy. The high temporal resolution of the CoRoT data combined with the wide time span of the observations has enabled the study of short and long time variations in unprecedented detail. From the initial sample of 2534 stars classified as M-giants in the CoRoT databasis, we selected 1428 targets that exhibit well defined variability, using visual inspection. The variability period and amplitude of C1 stars (stars having Teff < 4200 K) were computed using Lomb-Scargle and harmonic fit methods. The trends found in the V-I vs J-K color-color diagram are in agreement with standard empirical calibrations for M-giants. The sources located towards the inner regions of the Galaxy are distributed throughout the diagram while the majority of the stars towards the outer regions of the G...
2. A MCDM Analysis of the Roşia Montană Gold Mining Project
2015-06-01
Full Text Available The need and estimated utility for a structured analysis of the Roşia Montană gold exploitation project have been palpable in the Romanian public sphere during the last 15 years and there is a vast amount of conflicting information and opinions on the benefits and risks involved. This article provides a comprehensive decision analysis of the Roşia Montană project. Over 100 documents from the past years have been gathered regarding the Roşia Montană mining project, which cover the main official, formal and less formal documents covering the case and produced by a wide range of stakeholders. These were then analyzed while designing a multi-criteria tree including the relevant perspectives under which the most commonly discussed four alternatives were analyzed. The result of this can be translated into a valuable recommendation for the mining company and for the political decision-makers. If these stakeholders want the continuation of the project and its acceptance by civil society, the key challenge is to increase the transparency of the process and improve the credibility and legal aspects; if these aspects cannot be met, the decision-makers need to pay attention to the alternatives available for a sustainable development in the area.
3. 60 kD Ro and nRNP A frequently initiate human lupus autoimmunity.
Heinlen, Latisha D; McClain, Micah T; Ritterhouse, Lauren L; Bruner, Benjamin F; Edgerton, Colin C; Keith, Michael P; James, Judith A; Harley, John B
2010-03-10
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous, humoral autoimmune disorder. The unifying feature among SLE patients is the production of large quantities of autoantibodies. Serum samples from 129 patients collected before the onset of SLE and while in the United States military were evaluated for early pre-clinical serologic events. The first available positive serum sample frequently already contained multiple autoantibody specificities (65%). However, in 34 SLE patients the earliest pre-clinical serum sample positive for any detectable common autoantibody bound only a single autoantigen, most commonly 60 kD Ro (29%), nRNP A (24%), anti-phospholipids (18%) or rheumatoid factor (15%). We identified several recurrent patterns of autoantibody onset using these pre-diagnostic samples. In the serum samples available, anti-nRNP A appeared before or simultaneously with anti-nRNP 70 K in 96% of the patients who had both autoantibodies at diagnosis. Anti-60 kD Ro antibodies appeared before or simultaneously with anti-La (98%) or anti-52 kD Ro (95%). The autoantibody response in SLE patients begins simply, often binding a single specific autoantigen years before disease onset, followed by epitope spreading to additional autoantigenic specificities that are accrued in recurring patterns.
4. Noise properties of the CoRoT data: a planet-finding perspective
Aigrain, S; Fressin, F; Alapini, A; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Barbieri, M; Barge, P; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Deeg, H; De la Reza, R; Deleuil, M; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Gondoin, P; Guterman, P; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Léger, A; llebaria, A; Magain, P; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Paezold, M; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Schneider, J; Wuchterl, G; Zucker, S
2009-01-01
In this short paper, we study the photometric precision of stellar light curves obtained by the CoRoT satellite in its planet finding channel, with a particular emphasis on the timescales characteristic of planetary transits. Together with other articles in the same issue of this journal, it forms an attempt to provide the building blocks for a statistical interpretation of the CoRoT planet and eclipsing binary catch to date. After pre-processing the light curves so as to minimise long-term variations and outliers, we measure the scatter of the light curves in the first three CoRoT runs lasting more than 1 month, using an iterative non-linear filter to isolate signal on the timescales of interest. The bevhaiour of the noise on 2h timescales is well-described a power-law with index 0.25 in R-magnitude, ranging from 0.1mmag at R=11.5 to 1mmag at R=16, which is close to the pre-launch specification, though still a factor 2-3 above the photon noise due to residual jitter noise and hot pixel events. There is evide...
5. An Intercomparison of GPS RO Retrievals with Colocated Analysis and In Situ Observations within Tropical Cyclones
Henry R. Winterbottom
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Observations from four Global Position System (GPS Radio Occultation (RO missions: Global Positioning System/Meteorology, CHAallenging Minisatellite Payload, Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate and Taiwan's FORMOsa SATellite Mission #3 (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 are collected within a 600 km radius and ±180 minute temporal window of all observed tropical cyclones (TCs from 1995 to 2006 that were recorded in the global hurricane best-track reanalysis data set (Jarvinen et al. (1984; Davis et al. (1984. A composite analysis of tropical cyclone radial mean temperature and water vapor profiles is carried out using the GPS RO retrievals which are colocated with global analysis profiles and available in situ radiosonde observations. The differences between the respective observations and analysis profiles are quantified and the preliminary results show that the observations collected within TCs correspond favorably with both the analysis and radiosonde profiles which are colocated. It is concluded that GPS RO observations will contribute significantly to the understanding and modeling of TC structures, especially those related to vertical variability of the atmospheric state within TCs.
6. 台湾海峡客滚直航与水文气象研究%On Ro- Ro Passenger Ship Direct Cross- Taiwan Strait and Hydrological - Meteorology Conditions
翁国玲; 唐寒秋; 陈宏; 李道科
2011-01-01
Based on analysis of many traffic investigation, comprehensive analysis between Fujian and Taiwan direct route opening ro - ro passenger of various factors, using the maritime traffic engineering theory, the method and risk prevention principle of Fujian and Taiwan direct cross - strait ro - ro passenger ship security for the related problems on research, put forward the corresponding security measures and management suggestions from Ship type selection, route choice etc.. In order to open Fujian and Taiwan direct cross -strait ro -ro passenger transportation, the paper puts forwards some advices.%基于大量的资料，交通调查研究与分析的基础上，综合分析闽台开通客滚直航航线的气象水文等因素，运用海上交通工程的理论、方法对闽台两岸客滚船直航安全保障的相关问题进行研究，从船型选择、航线选择等方面提出相应的安全保障措施与管理建议，以期对开辟闽台两岸客滚直航运输的运输安全提供建议。
7. Research on Business Process Simulation and Process Reengineering in Automobile Ro-Ro Terminals%汽车滚装码头业务流程仿真及流程再造研究
曹玉莲; 李文锋
2011-01-01
汽车滚装是汽车物流的重要形式.我国汽车滚装发展迅猛,但其业务流程较为传统,服务水平难以适应现代物流需求.在调研汽车滚装码头的基础上,对业务流程进行分析.通过仿真建模方法找出流程的瓶颈,提出改进措施,进行业务流程优化,并对再造后的流程进行分析,证明了流程改进的合理性.%Automobile Ro-Ro is an important form of automobile logistics. Our automobile Ro-Ro is developing rapidly, but its business process is more traditional. Service level is difficult to adapt to the modern logistics needs. This paper analysis the business processes based on the investigation of automobile Ro-Ro yard. Through the simulation modeling methods, the bottlenecks are exposed. Then it proposes the improvement measures and implements business process optimization. Finally, this paper analyzes the modified process by simulation to prove the rationality of the process improvement.
8. Implementation of a GPS-RO data processing system for the KIAPS-LETKF data assimilation system
H Kwon; J-S Kang; Y Jo; J H Kang
2015-01-01
.... As part of the KIAPS package for observation processing (KPOP) system for data assimilation, preprocessing, and quality control modules for bending-angle measurements of global positioning system radio occultation (GPS-RO...
9. Implementation of a GPS-RO data processing system for the KIAPS-LETKF data assimilation system
H. Kwon; J.-S. Kang; Y. Jo; J. H. Kang
2014-01-01
.... As part of the KIAPS Package for Observation Processing (KPOP) system for data assimilation, preprocessing and quality control modules for bending angle measurements of global positioning system radio occultation (GPS-RO...
10. ÜRO mereõiguse konventsioonide tõlgendamisel ja kohaldamisel tekkivate riikidevaheliste vaidluste lahendamise kord / Kristi Land
Land, Kristi, 1973-
2006-01-01
Lisatud tabelid: Kokkuvõte (vahe)kohtute pädevusest ÜRO 1982. aasta mereõiguse konventsiooni alusel ; Menetluse valik mereõiguse konventsiooni artikli 287(1) kohaselt ; Reservatsioonid artikli 298(1) alusel
11. Characterization of CoRoT target fields with BEST: Identification of periodic variable stars in the IR01 field
Kabath, P; Erikson, A; Hedelt, P; Rauer, H; Titz, R; Wiese, T; 10.1086/521554
2009-01-01
We report on observations of the CoRoT IR01 field with the Berlin Exoplanet Search Telescope (BEST). BEST is a small aperture telescope with a wide field of view (FOV). It is dedicated to search for variable stars within the target fields of the CoRoT space mission to aid in minimizing false-alarm rates and identify potential targets for additional science. CoRoT's observational programm started in February 2007 with the "initial run" field (IR01) observed for about two months. BEST observed this field for 12 nights spread over three months in winter 2006. From the total of 30426 stars observed in the IR01 field 3769 were marked as suspected variable stars and 54 from them showed clear periodicity. From these 19 periodic stars are within the part of the CoRoT FOV covered in our data set.
12. The man and the universe
Kolodziejska, Magdalena
2016-04-01
The universe has always aroused people's curiosity. It fascinates and at the same time scares in its vastness. Encourages us to reflect of the meaning of human life. This begs the questions: whether there is a life beyond Earth? Whether is it possible that the man is alone in such a large space? These questions still remain unanswered, and topics concerning "the cosmos" constantly evoke many emotions. It is especially fascinating for the youngest students. Quite often, preschoolers can flawlessly name the planets according to their order of appearance in relation to the sun. They are happy to take the fun inspired by journeys into space. Teaching through action is extremely important for the development of the child-man* (Piaget, 2006). The thinking originates primarily from the action. Therefore, students should undertake independent research activities, perform experiments and conduct observations and thus raise questions about the world, looking for meanings and solutions. Adults (a teacher, a person with a passion) are to be the support in the search for knowledge, its processing and cleaning. Its role is to ensure a proper development of environment that is conducive to research activity. The answer to these requirements was to create in the oldest technical school in Poland (Railway Technical College, now Technical College No. 7) the astronomical observatory, which can be used by pupils of Warsaw's kindergartens and schools. There are organized activities for children and youth in this school, as well as trainings for teachers. Younger students during such an interdisciplinary courses are, among others, the opportunity to get acquainted with the construction of the telescope, they can build their own rockets and organize their racing or create your own star constellations. Older students as a result of observations and experiments may confirm or refute the hypothesis that the universe is within each of us. The classes are enriched using applications on
13. Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later
Hollister, Leo E.
1971-01-01
Reviews three years of research on the effects of marihuana in man. Previously known clinical mental and physical effects have been confirmed. Causes and mechanisms of these effects generally remain undetermined in man and animals. Social implications and long term effects require additional study, although usage appears detrimental. (JM)
14. Alternative Frameworks for the Study of Man.
Markova, Ivana
1979-01-01
Two frameworks for the study of man are discussed. The Cartesian model views man as a physical object. A dialectic framework, with the emphasis on the self, grew out of nineteenth century romanticism and reflects the theories of Hegel. Both models have had an effect on social psychology and the study of interpersonal communication. (BH)
15. Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later
Hollister, Leo E.
1971-01-01
Reviews three years of research on the effects of marihuana in man. Previously known clinical mental and physical effects have been confirmed. Causes and mechanisms of these effects generally remain undetermined in man and animals. Social implications and long term effects require additional study, although usage appears detrimental. (JM)
16. Chemoradioprotection of the rat parotid gland by combined use of WR-2721 and Ro-07-0582
Sodicoff, M.; Conger, A.D.; Pratt, N.E.; Sinesi, M.; Trepper, P.
1979-11-01
The radioprotection of the rat parotid gland by WR-2721 alone (DMF, 2.4) was compared to the protection afforded when WR-2721 was given in combination with the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582 (DMF, 2.6). It was concluded that the radiosensitizer of malignant tumor cells Ro-07-0582 was compatible with and did not reduce the protection of normal tissue afforded by WR-2721.
17. Enzymatic cleaning of biofouled thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane operated in a biofilm membrane reactor.
Khan, Mohiuddin; Danielsen, Steffen; Johansen, Katja; Lorenz, Lindsey; Nelson, Sara; Camper, Anne
2014-02-01
Application of environmentally friendly enzymes to remove thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane biofoulants without changing the physico-chemical properties of the RO surface is a challenging and new concept. Eight enzymes from Novozyme A/S were tested using a commercially available biofouling-resistant TFC polyamide RO membrane (BW30, FilmTech Corporation, Dow Chemical Co.) without filtration in a rotating disk reactor system operated for 58 days. At the end of the operation, the accumulated biofoulants on the TFC RO surfaces were treated with the three best enzymes, Subtilisin protease and lipase; dextranase; and polygalacturonase (PG) based enzymes, at neutral pH (~7) and doses of 50, 100, and 150 ppm. Contact times were 18 and 36 h. Live/dead staining, epifluorescence microscopy measurements, and 5 μm thick cryo-sections of enzyme and physically treated biofouled membranes revealed that Subtilisin protease- and lipase-based enzymes at 100 ppm and 18 h contact time were optimal for removing most of the cells and proteins from the RO surface. Culturable cells inside the biofilm declined by more than five logs even at the lower dose (50 ppm) and shorter incubation period (18 h). Subtilisin protease- and lipase-based enzyme cleaning at 100 ppm and for 18 h contact time restored the hydrophobicity of the TFC RO surface to its virgin condition while physical cleaning alone resulted in a 50° increase in hydrophobicity. Moreover, at this optimum working condition, the Subtilisin protease- and lipase-based enzyme treatment of biofouled RO surface also restored the surface roughness measured with atomic force microscopy and the mass percentage of the chemical compositions on the TFC surface estimated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to its virgin condition. This novel study will encourage the further development and application of enzymes to remove biofoulants on the RO surface without changing its surface properties.
18. 消费时代的现实主义乡土文学实践--以贺享雍《村医之家》为例%On the Intention of Realism Native - soil Literature in the Consumerism Time：A Case from The Village Doctors by He Xiang - yong
张小兰
2015-01-01
从民间立场、地方性叙事和人文忧患意识三个命题来分析四川乡土小说作家贺享雍的小说《村医之家》在消费时代的现实主义努力。%The realism efforts in the consumerism time are reflected in the novel The Village Doctors by He Xiang -yong ,one of Sichuan native -soil novelists .The discussion about the efforts includes the folk stance ,the local color narration and the human crisis sense .
19. Human capabilities in space. [man machine interaction
Nicogossian, A. E.
1984-01-01
Man's ability to live and perform useful work in space was demonstrated throughout the history of manned space flight. Current planning envisions a multi-functional space station. Man's unique abilities to respond to the unforeseen and to operate at a level of complexity exceeding any reasonable amount of previous planning distinguish him from present day machines. His limitations, however, include his inherent inability to survive without protection, his limited strength, and his propensity to make mistakes when performing repetitive and monotonous tasks. By contrast, an automated system does routine and delicate tasks, exerts force smoothly and precisely, stores, and recalls large amounts of data, and performs deductive reasoning while maintaining a relative insensitivity to the environment. The establishment of a permanent presence of man in space demands that man and machines be appropriately combined in spaceborne systems. To achieve this optimal combination, research is needed in such diverse fields as artificial intelligence, robotics, behavioral psychology, economics, and human factors engineering.
20. The Pursuit of Identity in Invisible Man
谭佳
2013-01-01
Invisible Man is a representative work of black literature in America. In this novel, the writer Ralph Ellison depicts the hero’s growth experience in the white dominated society with his unique narrative techniques. As an individual in a society, the hero in this novel gradually realizes that he is an invisible man in the white dominated society and he doesn ’t have the social sta-tus which can be recognized by the white at all. To change this situation, the hero in this novel suffers many difficulties and hard-ships with an attempt to prove his existence in front of the white and the numerous black fellows and obtain his own identity as a black man which will be recognized by others. This paper tries to explore African American ’s pursuit of identity in Invisible Man by interpreting Ellison’s Invisible Man.
1. Galactic archaeology with asteroseismology and spectroscopy: Red giants observed by CoRoT and APOGEE
Anders, F.; Chiappini, C.; Rodrigues, T. S.; Miglio, A.; Montalbán, J.; Mosser, B.; Girardi, L.; Valentini, M.; Noels, A.; Morel, T.; Johnson, J. A.; Schultheis, M.; Baudin, F.; de Assis Peralta, R.; Hekker, S.; Themeßl, N.; Kallinger, T.; García, R. A.; Mathur, S.; Baglin, A.; Santiago, B. X.; Martig, M.; Minchev, I.; Steinmetz, M.; da Costa, L. N.; Maia, M. A. G.; Allende Prieto, C.; Cunha, K.; Beers, T. C.; Epstein, C.; García Pérez, A. E.; García-Hernández, D. A.; Harding, P.; Holtzman, J.; Majewski, S. R.; Mészáros, Sz.; Nidever, D.; Pan, K.; Pinsonneault, M.; Schiavon, R. P.; Schneider, D. P.; Shetrone, M. D.; Stassun, K.; Zamora, O.; Zasowski, G.
2017-01-01
With the advent of the space missions CoRoT and Kepler, it has recently become feasible to determine precise asteroseismic masses and relative ages for large samples of red giant stars. We present the CoRoGEE dataset, obtained from CoRoT light curves for 606 red giants in two fields of the Galactic disc that have been co-observed by the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). We used the Bayesian parameter estimation code PARAM to calculate distances, extinctions, masses, and ages for these stars in a homogeneous analysis, resulting in relative statistical uncertainties of ≲2% in distance, 4% in radius, 9% in mass and 25% in age. We also assessed systematic age uncertainties stemming from different input physics and mass loss. We discuss the correlation between ages and chemical abundance patterns of field stars over a broad radial range of the Milky Way disc (5 kpc RoGEE observations of a chemodynamical Milky Way disc model indicate that the number of high-metallicity stars in the outer disc is too high to be accounted for even by the strong radial mixing present in the model. The mock observations also show that the age distribution of the [α/Fe]-enhanced sequence in the CoRoGEE inner-disc field is much broader than expected from a combination of radial mixing and observational errors. We suggest that a thick-disc/bulge component that formed stars for more than 3 Gyr may account for these discrepancies. Our results are subject to future improvements due to (a) the still low statistics, because our sample had to be
2. Man Bites Python, Escapes Death
王淀楼
2001-01-01
自古只有蛇咬人,而南非的这位57岁的Lucas Sibanda却演绎了一场“人咬蛇”的“活剧”,他的利嘴钢牙竟然让一条巨蟒逃之夭夭,从而拾回自己一条老命。文章虽然很短,却写得文采斐然。标题出现了Python(巨蟒),而在文章里,作者却分别换用monster和reptile的表达,以求遣词之新,这在英语中称为Elegant Variation(求雅换词),以下三句中的动词你是否觉得用得也很精彩:1/A South African man bit his way to freedom. 2/I froze for almost 10 seconds. 3/Sibanda sank his teeth into…】
3. Microrecanalization after vasectomy in man.
Freund, M J; Weidmann, J E; Goldstein, M; Marmar, J; Santulli, R; Oliveira, N
1989-01-01
Previously spermatozoa in the semen of vasectomized men were reported in 62 of 63 specimens from 24 men 2 to 31 years postvasectomy (Freund and Couture, 1982). A morphologic basis and term, "microrecanalization," was proposed for this observation. Serial sections (5 mu at 200-mu intervals) of 40 specimens removed at vasovasostomy from 20 men (2 to 14 years postvasectomy) were examined and microcanals (small epithelial-lined channels) were demonstrated in 27 specimens from 18 men. In nine of the 27 specimens, spermatozoa or sperm heads were found within the microcanals. Microcanals occurred in smooth muscle, connective tissue and scar tissue, in each segment, testicular, central and abdominal, in the presence or absence of the vas deferens. Microcanal continuity was traced for 200 to 1140 microns by computerized image analysis. Microrecanalization is characterized by the absence of inflammation or sperm extravasation and is histologically distinct from vasitis nodes or sperm granuloma. Microrecanalization provides morphologic and physiologic bases for the protection of the testis and maintenance of spermatogenesis in man after vasectomy.
4. Determination of the in vivo redox potential using roGFP and fluorescence spectra obtained from one-wavelength excitation
Wierer, S.; Elgass, K.; Bieker, S.; Zentgraf, U.; Meixner, A. J.; Schleifenbaum, F.
2011-02-01
The analysis of molecular processes in living (plant) cells such as signal transduction, DNA replication, carbon metabolism and senescence has been revolutionized by the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants as specific cellular markers. Many cell biological processes are accompanied by changes in the intracellular redox potential. To monitor the redox potential, a redox-sensitive mutant of GFP (roGFP) was created, which shows changes in its optical properties in response to changes in the redox state of its surrounding medium. For a quantitative analysis in living systems, it is essential to know the optical properties of roGFP in vitro. Therefore, we applied spectrally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on purified roGFP exposed to different redox potentials to determine shifts in both the absorption and the emission spectra of roGFP. Based on these in vitro findings, we introduce a new approach using one-wavelength excitation to use roGFP for the in vivo analysis of cell biological processes. We demonstrate the ability this technique by investigating chloroplast-located Grx1-roGFP2 expressing Arabidopsis thaliana cells as example for dynamically moving intracellular compartments. This is not possible with the two-wavelength excitation technique established so far, which hampers a quantitative analysis of highly mobile samples due to the time delay between the two measurements and the consequential displacement of the investigated area.
5. Evaluation of the ethanol antagonist' Ro15-4513 on cardiovascular and metabolic responses induced by ethanol
Lerner, M.R.; Gauvin, D.V.; Holloway, F.A.; Wilson, M.F.; Brackett, D.J. (Univ. of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City (United States) Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK (United States))
1992-02-26
The putative ethanol antagonist Ro15-4513 has been reported to attenuate many behavioral responses induced by ethanol, including motor coordination, narcosis, ethanol self administration and intake, and anticonvulsant actions. This study was designed to study the effect of Ro15-4513 on cardiovascular and metabolic responses elicited by intragastric ethanol in conscious rats. Four groups of rats were catheterized under enflurane anesthesia and allowed to regain consciousness. Each group was given either 3.2, 10.0, or 32.0 mg/kg Ro15-4513 or equivalent Tween (i.p.) following ethanol. Ro15-4513 had no effect at any concentration on the decreases in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, respiration rate, and cardiac stroke volume and the increases in systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, and glucose evoked by the ethanol challenge. Blood alcohol concentrations measured throughout the study were not affected by any concentration of Ro15-4513. These data suggest that even though Ro15-4513 has significant effects on behavioral responses induced by ethanol it has no effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic responses elicited during ethanol intoxication.
6. The Roles of Tidal Evolution and Evaporative Mass Loss in the Origin of CoRoT-7 b
Jackson, Brian; Barnes, Rory; Raymond, Sean N; Fortney, Jonathan; Greenberg, Richard
2010-01-01
CoRoT-7 b is the first confirmed rocky exoplanet, but, with an orbital semi-major axis of 0.0172 AU, its origins may be unlike any rocky planet in our solar system. In this study, we consider the roles of tidal evolution and evaporative mass loss in CoRoT-7 b's history, which together have modified the planet's mass and orbit. If CoRoT-7 b has always been a rocky body, evaporation may have driven off almost half its original mass, but the mass loss may depend sensitively on the extent of tidal decay of its orbit. As tides caused CoRoT-7 b's orbit to decay, they brought the planet closer to its host star, thereby enhancing the mass loss rate. Such a large mass loss also suggests the possibility that CoRoT-7 b began as a gas giant planet and had its original atmosphere completely evaporated. In this case, we find that CoRoT-7 b's original mass probably didn't exceed 200 Earth masses (about 2/3 of a Jupiter mass). Tides raised on the host star by the planet may have significantly reduced the orbital semi-major a...
7. RoHS verification using XRF%使用荧光光谱分析法(XRF)进行RoHS验证
杨建生
2006-01-01
随着欧盟RoHS最后期限的临近，很多公司都开始采用无铅化工艺，但要确保工艺的一致性，有效的检测方法是必不可缺的，荧光光谱分析法（XRF）就是其中之一。许多晶圆制造厂已开始用XRF法在薄镀层上进行光危害性成分测量，而且还用它探测扩散阻挡层裂口。
8. On the identity of Dorylaimus robustus de Man
Loof, P.A.A.
1961-01-01
The taxonomic position of Dorylaimus robustus de Man, 1876 is fully discussed. It is concluded that D. robustus de Man, 1876 is a synonym of D. stagnalis Dujardin, 1845; also included in this synonymy are D. robustus apud de Man, 1880, apud de Man, 1884 (male, partim) and Labronema robustum (de Man,
9. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO 48-8071 suppresses growth of hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells
Liang Y
2016-05-01
Full Text Available Yayun Liang,1 Benford Mafuvadze,1 Johannes D Aebi,2 Salman M Hyder1 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; 2Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland Abstract: Standard treatment for primary prostate cancer includes systemic exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs that target androgen receptor or antihormone therapy (chemical castration; however, drug-resistant cancer cells generally emerge during treatment, limiting the continued use of systemic chemotherapy. Patients are then treated with more toxic standard therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel and more effective treatments for prostate cancer. The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for treating endocrine-dependent cancers because cholesterol is an essential structural and functional component of cell membranes as well as the metabolic precursor of endogenous steroid hormones. In this study, we have examined the effects of RO 48-8071 (4'-[6-(allylmethylaminohexyloxy]-4-bromo-2'-fluorobenzophenone fumarate; Roche Pharmaceuticals internal reference: RO0488071 (RO, which is an inhibitor of 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase (a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, on prostate cancer cells. Exposure of both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant human prostate cancer cells to RO reduced prostate cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis in vitro. RO treatment reduced androgen receptor protein expression in hormone-dependent prostate cancer cells and increased estrogen receptor β (ERβ protein expression in both hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Combining RO with an ERβ agonist increased its ability to reduce castration-resistant prostate cancer cell viability. In addition, RO effectively suppressed the
10. Application of the mechanical cutting technology for coiled tubing in Yong 25-11 well%连续油管机械切割技术在永25－11井的应用
刘海明; 叶红; 田明; 吴国洲; 肖宝军
2014-01-01
The methods,such as back-off on neutral point and explosive cutting,are commonly used to deal withФ73 mm stuck tubing inФ139.7 mm casing.The back-off technique has disadvantages of low efficiency,high labor intensity, and high workover cost.The explosive cutting,being easily affected by downhole deviation,and the dirt and scale adhere to tubing inwall,and the cutter tool can not run into the predetermined position,the effective cutting can not be implemented. To solve the problems,it was carried out the improvement of cutting technology of general mechanical internal cutter.By applying coiled tubing to transmit general machinery cutter tools,using hydraulic motor as power tools,the stuck tubing was successfully cut in Yong25-11 well,which can provide a new way for processing the stuck tubing.%处理139．7 mm套管内遇卡Ф73 mm油管的常用方法有中和点倒扣法和爆炸切割法，倒扣解卡方式效率低、劳动强度大、修井费用高；而爆炸切割法易受到井斜及油管内壁脏物、油污影响，切割弹往往下不到预定位置，无法实现有效切割。为解决现有工艺问题，对普通机械内割刀切割技术进行研究，改进传统机械内割刀切割技术，应用连续油管传输普通机械内割刀工具，采用液压马达作为动力工具，现场应用，成功切割永25－11井遇卡油管，为处理遇卡油管积累经验，提供新思路。
11. Vasodilatory effect of the stable vasoactive intestinal peptide analog RO 25-1553 in murine and rat lungs.
Jun Yin
Full Text Available RATIONALE: Stable analogs of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP have been proposed as novel line of therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD based on their bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects. We speculated that VIP analogs may provide additional benefits in that they exert vasodilatory properties in the lung, and tested this hypothesis in both ex vivo and in vivo models. METHODS: In isolated perfused mouse lungs and in an in vivo rat model, pulmonary blood vessels were preconstricted by hypoxia and hemodynamic changes in response to systemic (ex vivo or inhaled (in vivo administration of the cyclic VIP analog RO 25-1553 were determined. RESULTS: In mouse lungs, RO 25-1553 reduced intrinsic vascular resistance at normoxia, and attenuated the increase in pulmonary artery pressure in response to acute hypoxia. Consistently, inhalation of RO 25-1553 (1 mg · mL(-1 for 3 min caused an extensive and sustained (> 60 min inhibition of the pulmonary arterial pressure increase in response to hypoxia in vivo that was comparable to the effects of inhaled sildenafil. This effect was not attributable to systemic cardiovascular effects of RO 25-1553, but to a lung specific reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance, while cardiac output and systemic arterial hemodynamics remained unaffected. No adverse effects of RO 25-1553 inhalation on pulmonary gas exchange, ventilation-perfusion matching, or lung fluid content were detected. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that inhaled delivery of the stable VIP analog RO 25-1553 induces a potent and sustained vasodilatory effect in the pulmonary circulation with no detectable adverse effects. Therapeutic inhalation of RO 25-1553 may provide vascular benefits in addition to its reported anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects in COPD, yet caution is warranted given the overall poor results of vasodilator therapies for pulmonary hypertension secondary to COPD in a series of recent
12. Characterization and biotoxicity assessment of dissolved organic matter in RO concentrate from a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system.
Sun, Ying-Xue; Gao, Yue; Hu, Hong-Ying; Tang, Fang; Yang, Zhe
2014-12-01
Reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system containing organic compounds may associate with toxic risk, and its discharge might pose an environmental risk. To identify a basis for the selection of feasible technology in treating RO concentrates, the characteristics and biotoxicity of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in RO concentrates from an mWRRO system were investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic bases (HOB) accounted for 96% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the total DOM in the RO concentrate. According to the SEC chromatograph detected at 254 nm wavelength of UV, the DOM with molecular weight (MW) 1-3 kDa accounted for the majority of the basic and neutral fractions. The fluorescence spectra of the excitation emission matrix (EEM) indicated that most aromatic proteins, humic/fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial by-product-like substances existed in the fractions HOA and hydrophobic neutrals (HON). The genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 1795.6 ± 57.2 μg 4-NQOL(-1) and 2.19 ± 0.05 mg TAM L(-1), respectively. The HIN, HOA, and HOB contributed to the genotoxicity of the RO concentrate, and the HIN was with the highest genotoxic level of 1007.9 ± 94.8 μg 4-NQOL(-1). The HOA, HON, and HIN lead to the total anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate, and HOA occupied approximately 60% of the total, which was 1.3 ± 0.17 mg TAM L(-1).
13. Inhibition of the NOTCH pathway using γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097 has limited antitumor activity in established glial tumors.
Dantas-Barbosa, Carmela; Bergthold, Guillaume; Daudigeos-Dubus, Estelle; Blockus, Heike; Boylan, John F; Ferreira, Celine; Puget, Stephanie; Abely, Michel; Vassal, Gilles; Grill, Jacques; Geoerger, Birgit
2015-03-01
Notch signaling is altered in many cancers. Our previous findings in primary pediatric ependymoma support a role for NOTCH in glial oncogenesis. The present study evaluates the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097 in glial tumor models. The expression of Notch pathway genes was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR in 21 ependymoma and glioma models. NOTCH1 mutations were analyzed by DNA sequencing. RO4929097 activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, as a single agent and in combination, in glioma and ependymoma models. Notch pathway genes are overexpressed in ependymomas and gliomas along with FBXW7 downregulation. NOTCH1 mutations in the TAD domain were observed in 20% (2/10) of ependymoma primary cultures. Blocking the Notch pathway with the γ-secretase inhibitor RO4929097 reduced cell density and viability in ependymoma short-term cultures. When combined with chemotherapeutic agents, RO4929097 enhanced temozolomide effects in ependymoma short-term cultures and potentiated the cytotoxicity of etoposide, cisplatinum, and temozolomide in glioma cells. RO4929097, in combined treatment with mTOR inhibition, potentiated cytotoxicity in vitro, but did not enhance antitumor effects in vivo. In contrast, RO4929097 enhanced irradiation effects in glioma and ependymoma xenografts and showed tumor growth inhibition in advanced-stage IGRG121 glioblastoma xenografts. RO4929097-mediated effects were independent of NOTCH1 mutation status or expression levels, but associated with low IL-6 levels. In established glial tumor models, NOTCH inhibition had limited effects as a single agent, but enhanced efficacy when combined with DNA-interfering agents. These preclinical data need to be considered for further clinical development of NOTCH inhibitors in glial tumors.
14. Spontaneous rupture of atrioventricular valve tensor apparatus as late manifestation of anti-Ro/SSA antibody-mediated cardiac disease.
Cuneo, Bettina F; Fruitman, Deborah; Benson, D Woodrow; Ngan, Bo-Yee; Liske, Michael R; Wahren-Herlineus, Marie; Ho, S Yen; Jaeggi, Edgar
2011-03-01
Atrioventricular (AV) block and endocardial fibroelastosis associated with dilated cardiomyopathy are the most common clinical manifestations of anti-Ro/SSA-mediated fetal cardiac disease. Valvar dysfunction has not been a prominent feature of this disease; however, recent anecdotal cases have suggested an association between rupture of the AV valve tensor apparatus and maternal anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. In the present study, we have described the clinical and laboratory findings and reviewed the published data for infants of anti-Ro/SSA-positive pregnancies with AV valve insufficiency due to chordal rupture from the papillary muscles. The histopathologic features of the papillary muscle and ventricular free wall and septum biopsy specimens were examined and compared to the sections of AV leaflets from 6 autopsied fetuses with anti-Ro/SSA-mediated complete AV block without chordal disruption. Specific epitopes to the p200 region of Ro52, and Ro60 antibodies were evaluated in cases with chordal rupture. Severe AV valve insufficiency was detected prenatally (as early as 34 weeks of gestation) or postnatally (as late as 182 days) after areas of patchy echogenicity were noted in the papillary muscle at 19 to 22 weeks of gestation. Postnatally, urgent valve surgery was performed in 5 of 6 patients; 1 of 6 patients died preoperatively. All patients tested positive for Ro52. Valve leaflet tissue from the autopsy specimens was normal. The ventricular free wall and septum biopsy specimens from a patient with chordal rupture showed normal tissue; however, the papillary muscle biopsy specimens demonstrated severe atrophy with near total replacement of myocytes by fibrosis and dystrophic calcifications, and negative immunochemistry findings. In conclusion, these findings have defined an underappreciated complication of fetal antibody-mediated cardiac inflammation.
15. Effects of the novel 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist RO4368554 in rat models for cognition and sensorimotor gating.
Schreiber, Rudy; Vivian, Jef; Hedley, Linda; Szczepanski, Krystine; Secchi, Rob L; Zuzow, Marcus; van Laarhoven, Susanne; Moreau, Jean-Luc; Martin, James R; Sik, Ayhan; Blokland, Arjan
2007-03-01
Serotonin(6) (5-HT(6)) receptors are almost exclusively located in the central nervous system. High expression in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and striatum is consistent with a potential role in cognition and psychosis. The availability of potent, selective and brain-penetrating 5-HT(6) antagonists such as RO4368554 allows further characterization of the role of the 5-HT(6) receptor in these processes. Herein, we tested RO4368554 in several cognition tasks, as well as sensorimotor gating tests. Using scopolamine-impaired and unimpaired adult male rats, RO4368554 was given in novel object discrimination, social recognition, social discrimination, Morris water maze, passive avoidance and autoshaping procedures. RO4368554 reversed the effects of scopolamine in novel object discrimination (active doses in mg/kg, i.p., 3, 10), social recognition (3, 10), social discrimination (1, 3, 10) and passive avoidance (10, 30 i.p. and 100 p.o.) tasks. In unimpaired rats, RO4368554 enhanced object discrimination (3, 10; 4-h forgetting interval) and autoshaping learning (3), but was inactive in a water maze task (doses tested: 1-10 mg/kg, i.p.). In tests sensitive to antipsychotics, RO4368554 did not reverse sensorimotor gating deficits induced by the psychostimulants dizocilpine and amphetamine (doses tested: 1-30 mg/kg, i.p.) or neonatal lesion of the ventral hippocampus (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.). In conclusion, RO4368554 enhanced learning and memory processes in unimpaired and scopolamine-impaired rats, supporting the notion that the cognitive enhancing effects of 5-HT(6) receptor antagonists involve modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission.
16. Five Years of the RoBOT "Rocks Beneath Our Toes" High School Outreach Program
Baxter, E. F.
2011-12-01
The "Rocks Beneath Our Toes" or RoBOT Program began in 2006 as part of an NSF CAREER award through the Geochemistry and Petrology Program. The educational outreach program engages Boston area high school students in a hands on study of rocks and minerals collected in their communities. The goal is to provide high school students a unique window into modern scientific methods of geochemistry and mineralogy and create a higher level of interest and awareness of geoscience amongst Massachusetts secondary school students who are less often exposed to earth science coursework. Beginning with a joint field trip to sampling sites identified by participants, high school students work with Boston University undergraduates enrolled in Mineralogy to analyze their samples in thin section. During the field trip, each BU undergraduate is paired with a high school student. The assignment of student pairings (started in year 2) dramatically increased student interactions and enjoyment. The program culminates with a visit by the high school group to tour BU's lab facilities and work with the undergraduates using the petrographic microscopes to explore their rock. At this visit, BU undergraduates present their semester's work in one-on-one powerpoint presentations from which discussion and microscope work follow. Thus far, >50 high school students, >40 undergraduates, and 7 high school educators were involved in the program. This included participants from three different suburban Boston area high schools and with students enrolled in the BU "Upward Bound" program: an existing program designed to enhance educational opportunities for Boston inner city high school students. Participant reviews indicate great success in achieving the program's goals. Notably, both BU undergraduates and high school students rated the opportunities for interaction with eachother among the best aspects of RoBOT. On a scale of 1 to 10, BU undergraduates rated the following four categories highest
17. Significance of Anti-Ro-52 kDa and SSA Antibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases%抗Ro-52抗体与抗SSA抗体在自身免疫病中的检测意义
金燕萍; 林贵高; 阎超; 鄢盛恺
2011-01-01
Objective To investigate the clinical correlation of anti-Ro-52 and SSA antibody and to determine the clinical diagnostic value of anti-Ro-52/SSA in Chinese patients presenting with SLE,SS and other autoimmune diseases. Methods Serum samples from 50 patients with SLE, 50 with SS and 30 other autoimmune diseases were tested for the presence of anti-Ro-52 and anti-SSA using a commercial WB kit, AN A were tested by IIF,50 health people serum as controls. Results The positive rate of anti-Ro-52 and SSA in patients with SLE were 60% and 64% respectively,patients with SS were 72% and 82% respectively,patients with other autoimmune diseases were 30% and 23. 33% respectively,higher than control group (6%),and with X2 inspection,the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion High prevalence of anti-Ro-52 and SSA is of significance in diagnosis of SLE and SS,the relationship between the two needs to be further explored.%目的 探讨抗Ro-52 kDa自身抗体与抗SSA抗体的关系及其在中国人群中SLE和SS等自身免疫病的诊断价值.方法 收集自身免疫病患者血清,其中SLE 50例,SS 50例,其他自身免疫病30例,50例健康者血清作为对照,用免疫印迹法检测所有标本中抗Ro-52与抗SSA抗体,同时用间接免疫荧光法检测所有标本ANA核型.结果 抗Ro-52和抗SSA抗体阳性率在SLE患者中分别为60%和64%,在SS中分别为72%和82%,在其他自身免疫病患者中分别为30%和23.33%,均高于健康对照组(6%),经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 抗Ro-52和抗SSA抗体阳性对诊断SLE和SS有一定的临床价值,二者的确切关系还需进一步探讨.
18. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXVIII. CoRoT-28b, a planet orbiting an evolved star, and CoRoT-29b, a planet showing an asymmetric transit
Cabrera, J; Montagnier, G; Fridlund, M; Eiff, M Ammler-von; Chaintreuil, S; Damiani, C; Deleuil, M; Ferraz-Mello, S; Ferrigno, A; Gandolfi, D; Guillot, T; Guenther, E W; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Klagyivik, P; Parviainen, H; Pasternacki, Th; Pätzold, M; Sebastian, D; Santos, M Tadeu dos; Wuchterl, G; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Almenara, J -M; Armstrong, J D; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Barros, S C C; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Carpano, S; Chaffey, C; Deeg, H J; Díaz, R F; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Grziwa, S; Korth, J; Lammer, H; Lindsay, C; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ofir, A; Ollivier, M; Pallé, E; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Santerne, A; Schneider, J
2015-01-01
Context. We present the discovery of two transiting extrasolar planets by the satellite CoRoT. Aims. We aim at a characterization of the planetary bulk parameters, which allow us to further investigate the formation and evolution of the planetary systems and the main properties of the host stars. Methods. We used the transit light curve to characterize the planetary parameters relative to the stellar parameters. The analysis of HARPS spectra established the planetary nature of the detections, providing their masses. Further photometric and spectroscopic ground-based observations provided stellar parameters (log g,Teff,v sin i) to characterize the host stars. Our model takes the geometry of the transit to constrain the stellar density into account, which when linked to stellar evolutionary models, determines the bulk parameters of the star. Because of the asymmetric shape of the light curve of one of the planets, we had to include the possibility in our model that the stellar surface was not strictly spherical...
19. 3D visualization of the internal nanostructure of polyamide thin films in RO membranes
Pacheco Oreamuno, Federico
2015-11-02
The front and back surfaces of fully aromatic polyamide thin films isolated from reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were characterized by TEM, SEM and AFM. The front surfaces were relatively rough showing polyamide protuberances of different sizes and shapes; the back surfaces were all consistently smoother with very similar granular textures formed by polyamide nodules of 20–50 nm. Occasional pore openings of approximately the same size as the nodules were observed on the back surfaces. Because traditional microscopic imaging techniques provide limited information about the internal morphology of the thin films, TEM tomography was used to create detailed 3D visualizations that allowed the examination of any section of the thin film volume. These tomograms confirmed the existence of numerous voids within the thin films and revealed structural characteristics that support the water permeance difference between brackish water (BWRO) and seawater (SWRO) RO membranes. Consistent with a higher water permeance, the thin film of the BWRO membrane ESPA3 contained relatively more voids and thinner sections of polyamide than the SWRO membrane SWC3. According to the tomograms, most voids originate near the back surface and many extend all the way to the front surface shaping the polyamide protuberances. Although it is possible for the internal voids to be connected to the outside through the pore openings on the back surface, it was verified that some of these voids comprise nanobubbles that are completely encapsulated by polyamide. TEM tomography is a powerful technique for investigating the internal nanostructure of polyamide thin films. A comprehensive knowledge of the nanostructural distribution of voids and polyamide sections within the thin film may lead to a better understanding of mass transport and rejection mechanisms in RO membranes.
20. Variability in the CO ro-vibrational lines from HD163296
Hein Bertelsen, Rosina P.; Kamp, I.; van der Plas, G.; van den Ancker, M. E.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Thi, W.-F.; Woitke, P.
2016-05-01
We present for the first time a direct comparison of multi-epoch (2001-2002 and 2012) CO ro-vibrational emission lines from HD 163296. We find that both the line shapes and the FWHM (full width at half-maximum) differ between these two epochs. The FWHM of the median observed line profiles are 10-25 km s-1 larger in the earlier epoch, and confirmed double peaks are only present in high J lines from 2001 to 2002. The line wings of individual transitions are similar in the two epochs making an additional central component in the later epoch a likely explanation for the single peaks and the lower FWHM. Variations in near-infrared brightness have been reported and could be linked to the observed variations. Additionally, we use the thermo-chemical disc code PRODIMO to compare for the first time the line shapes, peak separations, FWHM, and line fluxes, to those observed. The PRODIMO model reproduces the peak separations, and low and mid J line fluxes well. The FWHM however, are overpredicted and high J line fluxes are underpredicted. We propose that a variable non-Keplerian component of the CO ro-vibrational emission, such as a disc wind or an episodic accretion funnel, is causing the difference between the two data sets collected at different epochs, and between model and observations. Additional CO ro-vibrational line detections (with cryogenic high-resolution infrared echelle spectrograph/Very Large Telescope (VLT) or Near InfraRed SPECtrometer/Keck) or [Ne II] line observations with VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid Infrared/VLT could help to clarify the cause of the variability.
1. New RoF-PON architecture using polarization multiplexed wireless MIMO signals for NG-PON
Elmagzoub, M. A.; Mohammad, Abu Bakar; Shaddad, Redhwan Q.; Al-Gailani, Samir A.
2015-06-01
Next-generation access networks require provision of wireless services and high data rate to meet the huge demands for mobility and multiple services. Moreover, reusing the currently deployed optical distribution networks (ODNs) is highly beneficial and cost effective for providing the new high data rate wireless demands. In this paper, bidirectional radio over fiber passive optical network (RoF-PON) capable of handling multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) streams at low cost, high spectral efficiency and backward compatibility with currently deployed PON, is proposed. To the best of our knowledge, all the existing RoF MIMO solutions have not considered compatibility with currently deployed ODNs. Eight laser diodes (LDs) at the central office (CO) are enough for the whole system, instead of having LD or optical transmitter at each remote antenna unit (RAU), which makes a colorless and cost-effective RAU. Twenty four wavelengths are generated using optical comb technique. Each two 16-QAM MIMO signals that have the same carrier frequency in the downstream (DS) transmission are optically combined using polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM), where each two upstream (US) MIMO signals are time division multiplexed. The PDM configuration doubles spectral efficiency with a power penalty of only 1.5 dB. The proposed architecture is a bidirectional asymmetric RoF-PON with total 40/10 Gb/s for DS/US transmission. Even after transmission over 20 km SMF and splitting ratio of 32, acceptable transmission performance and widely separated constellation diagrams for the 16-QAM signals are achieved, with bit error rate (BER) of 10-6 for DS signals and 10-3 for the US signals which can be reduced down to 10-6 by using forward error correction (FEC).
2. Application of first stage RO-EDI process in purified water preparation for pharmaceutical industry%一级RO-EDI工艺在制药纯化水制备中的应用
尤璐
2016-01-01
A pharmaceutical company in Tianjin city using municipal tap water as raw water to prepare purified water by process of filtration-softening-RO-EDI-circulating sterilization. After two years of field opera-tion, both of the desalination rates of RO device and EDI device could still reach about 97%, the water output flow was stable, and the product water quality met the requirement of purified water for pharmaceutical industry. It could be seen that, in the field of purified water preparation for pharmaceutical industry, first stage RO-EDI process had advantages of good treatment effect, stable operation, low running cost, and so on.%天津市某医药公司以自来水为水源, 采用过滤-软化-RO-EDI-循环杀菌的方式制取纯化水. 经过2年的现场运行, RO装置和EDI装置的脱盐率依然能达到97%左右, 产水量稳定, 产水水质满足制药纯化水要求,一级RO-EDI工艺在制药行业纯化水制备中具有处理效果好、 运行稳定、 运行成本低等优点.
3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF pH ON THE RO/NF MEMBRANE'S MASS TRANSFER%Ph对RO/NF膜传质影响的研究进展
潘斯源; 裘俊红; 周勇; 高从堦
2011-01-01
pH会改变RO/NF膜表面的荷电性质和孔径大小,还会通过影响溶质的存在形式来影响溶质与RO/NF膜的相互作用,所以pH会对RO/NF膜的膜材料及其水通量和截留率产生重要影响.由于这些影响的机理比较复杂,所以这一课题一直是国际上的研究热点,国内外对此已有许多报道.本文综述了pH对RO/NF膜传质影响的研究进展,并展望了pH对NF.RO膜传质影响的模型研究.%pH not only influences on the membrane surface charge properties and pore size., but also can influence the interaction between RO / NF membrane and solute by changing the solute's existence form.So pH has an important impact on the membrane materials as well as their water flux and retention.Because the impact is very complex, so this topic is always the hot spots of international research.and there have been a large number of domestic and foreign reports about that.This paper reviews the progress of experiments of the international research on this subject.
4. The research on the application of MBR-RO process in wastewater treatment%M BR －RO 组合工艺在废水处理中的应用研究进展
张文华; 安洲; 龙北生; 刘红波; 康华; 刘鹏
2015-01-01
The combination of MBR and RO technology has led to a new focus on wastewater treatment . The article describes the characteristics of MBR‐RO technology .The present situation of MBR‐RO process application in wastewater treatment are summarized ,including municipal sewage ,garbage leachate ,print‐ing and dyeing wastewater ,coal coking wastewater ,semiconductor wastewater ,and chemical wastewater . Furthermore ,it also points out the existing problems in the application and research of MBR‐RO process . Finally ,this paper prospects the development tendency of MBR‐RO process .%膜生物反应器（MBR）与反渗透（RO）的组合工艺已成为废水处理中的新热点。对MBR －RO组合工艺进行了介绍，并对组合工艺近年来在市政污水、垃圾渗滤液、印染废水、煤焦化废水、半导体废水和化工废水等废水处理中的应用以及研究成果进行了综述，进而指出了 MBR －RO在应用研究过程中存在的问题，最后对其应用前景作了展望。
5. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XIV. CoRoT-11b: a transiting massive "hot-Jupiter" in a prograde orbit around a rapidly rotating F-type star
Gandolfi, D; Alonso, R; Deleuil, M; Guenther, E W; Fridlund, M; Endl, M; Eigmüller, P; Csizmadia, Sz; Havel, M; Aigrain, S; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carpano, S; Carone, L; Cochran, W D; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Eislöffel, J; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Gazzano, J -C; Gibson, N P; Gillon, M; Gondoin, P; Guillot, T; Hartmann, M; Hatzes, A; Jorda, L; Kabath, P; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; MacQueen, P J; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Schneider, J; Stecklum, B; Tingley, B; Udry, S; Wuchterl, G; 10.1051/0004-6361/201015132
2010-01-01
The CoRoT exoplanet science team announces the discovery of CoRoT-11b, a fairly massive hot-Jupiter transiting a V=12.9 mag F6 dwarf star (M*=1.27 +/- 0.05 Msun, R*=1.37 +/- 0.03 Rsun, Teff=6440 +/- 120 K), with an orbital period of P=2.994329 +/- 0.000011 days and semi-major axis a=0.0436 +/- 0.005 AU. The detection of part of the radial velocity anomaly caused by the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect shows that the transit-like events detected by CoRoT are caused by a planet-sized transiting object in a prograde orbit. The relatively high projected rotational velocity of the star (vsini=40+/-5 km/s) places CoRoT-11 among the most rapidly rotating planet host stars discovered so far. With a planetary mass of mp=2.33+/-0.34 Mjup and radius rp=1.43+/-0.03 Rjup, the resulting mean density of CoRoT-11b (rho=0.99+/-0.15 g/cm^3) can be explained with a model for an inflated hydrogen-planet with a solar composition and a high level of energy dissipation in its interior.
6. How a Man's Diet Affects Fertility Too
... and Facts Fitness Fitness Find out more Categories Sports and Performance Training and Recovery Exercise Topics Fueling Your Workout Benefits of Physical Activity Exercise Nutrition Top Articles Man running - Protein ...
7. New Take on Man's Friendship with Fido
... Man's Friendship With Fido Surprising findings emerge about domestication To use the sharing features on this page, ... dog DNA samples, to learn more about dog domestication. SOURCE: Texas A&M University, news release HealthDay ...
8. A young man with nonhealing venous ulcers
Vloedbeld, M. G.; Venema, A. W.; Smit, A. J.
2006-01-01
A 35-year-old man presented with nonhealing ulcers at an atypical location on his left foot, caused by a combination of venous insufficiency (after deep venous thrombosis) and arterial insufficiency. The underlying cause was Buerger's disease.
9. Man-made climate change: an overview
Holopainen, E. [Helsinki Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Meteorology
1995-12-31
The first major man-made environmental problem was the soil acidification, caused primarily by the massive industrial emissions of sulphur dioxide. Then came the problem of ozone depletion, caused by the emissions of man-made halocarbons. More recently, the possibility of man-made climate change has received a lot of attention. These three man-made problems are interconnected in fundamental ways and require for their solution interdisciplinary and international approach. Narrowing of the scientific uncertainties connected with the problems mentioned above can be expected through international Global Change` programmes such as the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Periodic assessments of the type produced by the IPCC will clearly be needed. Also in the future such assessments should form the scientific basis for international negotiations and conventions on the climate change issue
10. Sex and the Man With Cancer
... and Sexual Side Effects in People with Cancer Sex and the Man With Cancer In this guide, ... you and your partner some information about cancer, sex, and sexuality. We cannot answer every question, but ...
11. Cardiology Still a Man's Field, Survey Finds
... page: https://medlineplus.gov/news/fullstory_162700.html Cardiology Still a Man's Field, Survey Finds Women less ... Dr. Claire Duvernoy, chair of the Women in Cardiology Council at the American College of Cardiology (ACC). ...
12. One Man's Trash Is Another's Fiber
... fullstory_165988.html One Man's Trash Is Another's Fiber Wasted food in U.S. would reduce nutritional shortfalls, ... the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics . SOURCE: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, ...
13. Fresh Efforts to Protect Peking Man Site
Guo Haiyan; Zhao Baohua
2002-01-01
@@ CAS scientists have worked out a plan to further protect the Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian (ZKD) in Beijing, and to renovate research facilities at this internationally renowned paleoanthropological and paleolithic location.
14. Evaluation of TEG(®) and RoTEM(®) inter-changeability in trauma patients
Hagemo, Jostein S; Næss, Paal A; Johansson, Pär;
2013-01-01
using. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Agreement was evaluated by Bland-Altman plots and calculation of limits of agreement. RESULTS: The mean ISS in the total population was 17, and the mortality was 16.5%. Mean base excess was -2.8 (SD: 4.2). The correlation coefficient for corresponding...... centres except for MA/MCF in one centre (Copenhagen). Generally, correlation coefficients were lower and agreement poorer in the one centre (Oslo) where measurements were performed bedside by clinicians. CONCLUSION: Inter-changeability between TEG(®) and RoTEM(®) is limited in the trauma setting...
15. Rotation period distribution of CoRoT and Kepler Sun-like stars
Leão, I. C.; Pasquini, L.; Ferreira Lopes, C. E.; Neves, V.; Valcarce, A. A. R.; de Oliveira, L. L. A.; Freire da Silva, D.; de Freitas, D. B.; Canto Martins, B. L.; Janot-Pacheco, E.; Baglin, A.; De Medeiros, J. R.
2015-10-01
Aims: We study the distribution of the photometric rotation period (Prot), which is a direct measurement of the surface rotation at active latitudes, for three subsamples of Sun-like stars: one from CoRoT data and two from Kepler data. For this purpose, we identify the main populations of these samples and interpret their main biases specifically for a comparison with the solar Prot. Methods: Prot and variability amplitude (A) measurements were obtained from public CoRoT and Kepler catalogs, which were combined with public data of physical parameters. Because these samples are subject to selection effects, we computed synthetic samples with simulated biases to compare with observations, particularly around the location of the Sun in the Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) diagram. Publicly available theoretical grids and empirical relations were used to combine physical parameters with Prot and A. Biases were simulated by performing cutoffs on the physical and rotational parameters in the same way as in each observed sample. A crucial cutoff is related with the detectability of the rotational modulation, which strongly depends on A. Results: The synthetic samples explain the observed Prot distributions of Sun-like stars as having two main populations: one of young objects (group I, with ages younger than ~1 Gyr) and another of main-sequence and evolved stars (group II, with ages older than ~1 Gyr). The proportions of groups I and II in relation to the total number of stars range within 64-84% and 16-36%, respectively. Hence, young objects abound in the distributions, producing the effect of observing a high number of short periods around the location of the Sun in the HR diagram. Differences in the Prot distributions between the CoRoT and Kepler Sun-like samples may be associated with different Galactic populations. Overall, the synthetic distribution around the solar period agrees with observations, which suggests that the solar rotation is normal with respect to Sun
16. RO-75: a FORTRAN code for calculation and design optimization of reverse osmosis seawater desalination plants
Glueckstern, P.; Reed, S.A.; Wilson, J.V.
1976-11-01
The reverse osmosis process has been used extensively for the conversion of brackish waters to potable water. The process is now nearing commercialization as a means for the conversion of seawater. The computer program (RO-75) is a Fortran code for the optimizatin of the design and economics of seawater reverse osmosis plants. The examples described are based on currently available, commercial membrane modules and prevailing prices. However, the code is very flexible and can be used to optimize plants utilizing future technological improvements and different economic parameters.
17. Rapid-Adiabatic Control of Ro-Vibrational Populations in Polyatomic Molecules
Zak, Emil J.; Yachmenev, Andrey
2017-06-01
We present a simple method for control of ro-vibrational populations in polyatomic molecules in the presence of inhomogeneous electric fields [1]. Cooling and trapping of heavy polar polyatomic molecules has become one of the frontier goals in high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, especially in the context of parity violation measurement in chiral compounds [2]. A key step toward reaching this goal would be development of a robust and efficient protocol for control of populations of ro-vibrational states in polyatomic, often floppy molecules. Here we demonstrate a modification of the stark-chirped rapid-adiabatic-passage technique (SCRAP) [3], designed for achieving high levels of control of ro-vibrational populations over a selected region in space. The new method employs inhomogeneous electric fields to generate space- and time- controlled Stark-shifts of energy levels in molecules. Adiabatic passage between ro-vibrational states is enabled by the pump pulse, which raises the value of the Rabi frequency. This Stark-chirped population transfer can be used in manipulation of population differences between high-field-seeking and low-field-seeking states of molecules in the Stark decelerator [4]. Appropriate timing of voltages on electric rods located along the decelerator combined with a single pump laser renders our method as potentially more efficient than traditional Stark decelerator techniques. Simulations for NH_3 show significant improvement in effectiveness of cooling, with respect to the standard 'moving-potential' method [5]. At the same time a high phase-space acceptance of the molecular packet is maintained. E. J. Zak, A. Yachmenev (submitted). C. Medcraft, R. Wolf, M. Schnell, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53, 43, 11656-11659 (2014) M. Oberst, H. Munch, T. Halfman, PRL 99, 173001 (2007). K. Wohlfart, F. Grätz, F. Filsinger, H. Haak, G. Meijer, J. Küpper, Phys. Rev. A 77, 031404(R) (2008). H. L. Bethlem, F. M. H. Crompvoets, R. T. Jongma, S. Y. T. van de
18. Transverse Myelitis Associated with Anti-Ro (SSA) Autoantibodies: A Record of Two Cases.
Melikyan, G; Abdelrahman, M H; D'Suoza, A; Akhtar, N; Elzouki, A N; Hammoudeh, M
2012-01-01
Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory process involving a restricted area of the spinal cord. The usual dramatic presentation makes TM a medical emergency. Early detection and aggressive therapy are required in order to improve the prognosis. The association of this unique clinical phenotype and autoantibody provides circumstantial evidence that an autoimmune aetiology might be involved. We describe two cases of TM associated with anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies without connective tissue disease manifestations. The two patients were treated successfully with IV steroids and cyclophosphamide.
19. Ssang Yong 2014 Remote Sensing Experiment
2016-05-25
asset to provide updated littoral information for amphibious planning. WV2 provides eight bands across the reflective solar wavelength region of 400...Spectral configuration of WorldView-2. Band Spectral Range Coastal: 400 – 450 nm Blue: 450 – 510 nm Green: 510 – 580 nm Yellow: 585 – 625 nm Red: 630...Laboratory, pages 223-228, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/ u2 /a525045.pdf. [2] Bachmann, C. M., C. R. Nichols, M. Montes, R. Li, P. Woodward, R. A
20. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of neurotensin in man
Pedersen, J H; Andersen, H O; Olsen, P S
1989-01-01
We studied the pharmacokinetics, arteriovenous extraction, and degradation sites of neurotensin (NT) in man during iv infusions of synthetic intact NT [NT-(1-13)] and the NH2-terminal metabolite NT-(1-8) during lipid ingestion and by catheterization of various vascular beds in normal subjects...... is present. Further studies are necessary to establish if the liver is a site of degradation of intact NT in man....
1. A Post-colonial Reading of Man-Man by V.S.Nailpaul%A Post-colonial Reading of Man-Man by V.S. Nailpaul
罗媛
2016-01-01
A post-colonial reading of the story of Man-Man from Miguel Street by V.S. Nailpaul in the light of Homi K. Bhabha's views about mimicry reveals that to some extent mimicry in Naipaul's post-colonial writing reflects the double edged effect of mimicry discussed by Bhabha, but is more associated with the hopelessness and predicament suffered by the once colo?nized than the resistance to the authority of the colonizer.
2. China's first deep manned submersible,JIAOLONG
LIU Feng; CUI WeiCheng; LI XiangYang
2010-01-01
@@ A deep manned submersible is indispensable to deep ocean exploration.No other equipment can bring scientists to extreme sea floor depths to do research in situ.Marine geology, seafloor geophysics, marine biology, and oceanic chemistry are the fields that scientists are particularly eager to study [1-6].Chinese scientists have long dreamed of using their own submersible to probe the deep sea.China's recent fast development of a deep manned submersible has realized that dream.
3. [Man and animal from the ethical view
Teutsch, Gotthard M.
1997-01-01
This review over the books, articles in Journals and newspapers in 1996 and 1997 reports about the development in the field of man-animal- and man-nature-relations. The review considers the following themes: development, trends and perspectives, philosophy, theology, eco-ethics, legal questions, animal experimentation, freedom of research, teaching and conscience, farm animals, hunting and fishing, zoo and circus, bio-technology, violence, killing, vegetarism and dignity of creatures. The review includes a bibliography with about 300 quatoations.
4. Crisis and Man: Literary Responses Across Cultures
Krishnaswami, Mallika
2012-01-01
Myth of Sisyphus exemplifies the situation man finds himself in irrespective of his ethnic and geographical background. Art and cultural forms gave expression to this situation and the intensity of the expression depended upon the political and social dimensions. War or peace, man is always condemned to struggle with his problems, moral or otherwise. Post war English writers focused on the social problems the British society found itself in and its helplessness in dealing with them. It was th...
5. The future of oil and hydrocarbon man
Campbell, Colin
1999-01-01
Man appeared on the planet about four million years ago, and by 1850 numbered about one billion Ten came Hydrocarbon man. World population has since increased six-fold. After the oil price shocks of the 1970s, people asked "when will production peak?". It is not easy to answer this question because of the very poor database. Reserves and the many different hydrocarbon categories are poorly defined, reporting practices are ambiguous, revisions are not backdated...
6. RoF技术在无线接入网络中的应用%The Implementation of the ROF Technology in the Wireless Access Network
曹培炎
2005-01-01
7. Measurements of tropospheric HO2 and RO2 by oxygen dilution modulation and chemical ionization mass spectrometry
J. S. Olson
2010-09-01
Full Text Available An improved method for the measurement of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2 and organic peroxy radicals (RO2, where R is any organic group has been developed that combines two previous chemical conversion/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS peroxy radical measurement techniques. Applicable to both ground-based and aircraft platforms, the method provides good separation between HO2 and RO2 and frequent measurement capability with observations of both HO2 and HO2 + RO2 amounts each minute. This allows for analyses of measured [HO2]/[HO2 + RO2] ratios on timescales relevant to tropospheric photochemistry. By varying both [NO] and [O2] simultaneously in the chemical conversion region of the PeRCIMS (Peroxy Radical CIMS inlet, the method exploits the changing conversion efficiency of RO2 to HO2 under different inlet [NO]/[O2] to selectively observe either primarily HO2 or the sum of HO2 and RO2. Two modes of operation have been established for ambient measurements: in the first half of the minute, RO2 radicals are measured at close to 100% efficiency along with HO2 radicals (low [NO]/[O2] = 2.53 × 10−5 and in the second half of the minute, HO2 is detected while the majority of ambient RO2 radicals are measured with approximately 15% efficiency (high [NO]/[O2] = 6.80 × 10−4. The method has been tested extensively in the laboratory under various conditions and for a variety of organic peroxy radicals relevant to the atmosphere and the results of these tests are presented. The modified PeRCIMS instrument has been deployed successfully using the current measurement technique on a number of aircraft campaigns, including on the NSF/NCAR C-130 during the MIRAGE-Mex and NASA INTEX-B field campaigns in the spring of 2006. A brief comparison of the peroxy radical measurements during these campaigns to a photochemical box model confirms that the PeRCIMS is able to successfully separate and measure HO2 and RO2 under the majority of tropospheric conditions.
8. Protein Kinase C-Independent Inhibition of Organic Cation Transporter 1 Activity by the Bisindolylmaleimide Ro 31-8220.
Abdullah Mayati
Full Text Available Ro 31-8220 is a potent protein kinase C (PKC inhibitor belonging to the chemical class of bisindolylmaleimides (BIMs. Various PKC-independent effects of Ro 31-8220 have however been demonstrated, including inhibition of the ATP-binding cassette drug transporter breast cancer resistance protein. In the present study, we reported that the BIM also blocks activity of the solute carrier organic cation transporter (OCT 1, involved in uptake of marketed drugs in the liver, in a PKC-independent manner. Ro 31-8220, in contrast to other pan-PKC inhibitors such as staurosporine and chelerythrine, was thus shown to cis-inhibit uptake of the reference OCT1 substrate tetraethylammonium in OCT1-transfected HEK293 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.18 μM and without altering membrane expression of OCT1. This blockage of OCT1 was also observed in human hepatic HepaRG cells that constitutionally express OCT1. It likely occurred through a mixed mechanism of inhibition. Ro 31-8220 additionally trans-inhibited TEA uptake in OCT1-transfected HEK293 cells, which likely discards a transport of Ro 31-8220 by OCT1. Besides Ro 31-8220, 7 additional BIMs, including the PKC inhibitor LY 333531, inhibited OCT1 activity, whereas 4 other BIMs were without effect. In silico analysis of structure-activity relationships next revealed that various molecular descriptors, especially 3D-WHIM descriptors related to total size, correspond to key physico-chemical parameters for inhibition of OCT1 activity by BIMs. In addition to activity of OCT1, Ro 31-8220 inhibited those of other organic cation transporters such as multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE 1 and MATE2-K, whereas, by contrast, it stimulated that of OCT2. Taken together, these data extend the nature of cellular off-targets of the BIM Ro 31-8220 to OCT1 and other organic cation transporters, which has likely to be kept in mind when using Ro 31-8220 and other BIMs as PKC inhibitors in experimental or
9. 符合RoHS禁令的厚膜金导体浆料%Performance of RoHS Compliant Thick Film Gold Conductor
Samson Shahbazi; Peter Bokalo; David Malanga; Meg Tredinnick; Jim Wood
2006-01-01
10. Li and Ag Co-Doped ZnO Photocatalyst for Degradation of RO 4 Dye Under Solar Light Irradiation.
Dhatshanamurthi, P; Shanthi, M
2016-06-01
The synthesis of Li doped Ag-ZnO (Li-Ag-ZnO) has been successfully achieved by a sonochemically assisted precipitation-decomposition method. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), photoluminescence spectra (PL), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and BET surface area measurements. The photocatalytic activity of Li-Ag-ZnO was investigated for the degradation of Reactive orange 4 (RO 4) dye in aqueous solution under solar light irradiation. Co-dopants shift the absorbance of ZnO to the visible region. Li-Ag-ZnO is found to be more efficient than Ag-ZnO, Li-ZnO, commercial ZnO and prepared ZnO at pH 7 for the mineralization of RO 4 dye under solar light irradiation. The influences of operational parameters such as the amount of photocatalyst, dye concentration, initial pH on photo-mineralization of RO 4 have been analyzed. The mineralization of RO 4 dye has been confirmed by COD measurements. A degradation mechanism is proposed for the degradation of RO 4 under solar light. The catalyst was found to be more stable and reusable.
11. HD 174884: a strongly eccentric, short-period early-type binary system discovered by CoRoT
Maceroni, C; Michel, E; Harmanec, P; Prsa, A; Briquet, M; Niemczura, E; Morel, T; Ladjal, D; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Baudin, F; Catala, C; Samadi, R; Aerts, C
2009-01-01
Accurate photometric CoRoT space observations of a secondary seismological target, HD 174884, led to the discovery that this star is an astrophysically important double-lined eclipsing spectroscopic binary in an eccentric orbit (e of about 0.3), unusual for its short (3.65705d) orbital period. The high eccentricity, coupled with the orientation of the binary orbit in space, explains the very unusual observed light curve with strongly unequal primary and secondary eclipses having the depth ratio of 1-to-100 in the CoRoT 'seismo' passband. Without the high accuracy of the CoRoT photometry, the secondary eclipse, 1.5 mmag deep, would have gone unnoticed. A spectroscopic follow-up program provided 45 high dispersion spectra. The analysis of the CoRoT light curve was performed with an adapted version of PHOEBE that supports CoRoT passbands. The final solution was obtained by simultaneous fitting of the light and the radial velocity curves. Individual star spectra were derived by spectrum disentangling. The uncerta...
12. Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) device in end-stage dialysis access: a decision analysis model.
Dageforde, Leigh Anne; Bream, Peter R; Moore, Derek E
2012-09-01
The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) dialysis access device is a permanent tunneled dialysis graft connected to a central venous catheter and is used in patients with end-stage dialysis access (ESDA) issues secondary to central venous stenosis. The safety and effectiveness of the HeRO device has previously been proven, but no study thus far has compared the cost of its use with tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) and thigh grafts in patients with ESDA. A decision analytic model was developed to simulate outcomes for patients with ESDA undergoing placement of a HeRO dialysis access device, TDC, or thigh graft. Outcomes of interest were infection, thrombosis, and ischemic events. Baseline values, ranges, and costs were determined from a systematic review of the literature. Total costs were based on 1 year of post-procedure outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test model strength. The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly dialysis access with an average 1-year cost of $6521. The 1-year cost for a TDC was$8477. A thigh graft accounted for $9567 in a 1-year time period. The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly method of ESDA. The primary determinants of cost in this model are infection in TDCs and leg ischemia necessitating amputation in thigh grafts. Further study is necessary to incorporate patient preference and quality of life into the model. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13. Subclinical Sjögren's syndrome and anti-Ro/SSA-positive autoimmune fatigue syndrome in children. Itoh, Y; Imai, T; Fujino, O; Igarashi, T; Fukunaga, Y 2002-09-01 Abstract Although Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is quite rare among children, subclinical conditions without any sicca symptoms have been reported. This condition is characterized by nonspecific rheumatic symptoms and histopathological findings in salivary glands which are equivalent to SS. Many children with subclinical SS are positive for anti-Ro/SSA. On the other hand, autoimmune fatigue syndrome (AIFS) is characterized by chronic nonspecific complaints and positive antinuclear antibodies, with or without fulfilling the criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. Although a novel autoantibody against a 62 kD nuclear protein (anti-Sa) is detected in about 40% of AIFS patients, few marker antibodies for autoimmune diseases, such as anti-DNA, anti-Sm, anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein (RNP), or anticardiolipin, are found in AIFS patients. In this study, however, anti-Ro/SSA was detected in sera from 8 out of 122 AIFS patients. Seven of the 8 anti-Ro/SSA-positive patients were female. All 8 patients had fatigue and low-grade fever, but none complained of xerosis. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that 7 sera reacted with Ro52, and that none was positive for anti-La/SSB or anti-Sa. Two of the 8 patients had histories of recurrent parotitis. Lip biopsies showed mild chronic inflammation compatible with subclinical SS in these 2 patients, although the other 6 patients had no abnormal histopathology. Thus, at least some anti-Ro/SSA-positive patients could be diagnosed as having SS. 14. Pro-inflammatory role of Anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies through the activation of Furin-TACE-amphiregulin axis. Lisi, Sabrina; Sisto, Margherita; Lofrumento, Dario Domenico; Cucci, Liana; Frassanito, Maria Antonia; Mitolo, Vincenzo; D'Amore, Massimo 2010-09-01 Prolonged inflammation can be detrimental because it may cause host toxicity and tissue damage. Indeed, excessive production of inflammatory cytokines is often associated with many autoimmune diseases. In this study we demonstrate that the anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies (Abs) stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by human healthy salivary gland epithelial cells (healthy SGEC). The secretion of these cytokines is due to amphiregulin (AREG) that is overexpressed in healthy SGEC treated with anti-Ro/SSA Abs and in Sjögren's syndrome. We have discovered that the up-regulation of AREG occurs through TNF-alpha produced following anti-Ro/SSA Abs treatment. The gene silencing technique was used to study the AREG-TNF-alpha-IL-6/IL-8 secretion pathway, demonstrating that: (i) TNF-alpha gene silencing provokes a significant decrease of proinflammatory cytokines production and AREG expression in anti-Ro/SSA Abs-treated healthy SGEC; (ii) AREG gene silencing has a potent inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in healthy SGEC treated with anti-Ro/SSA Abs. These findings indicate that TACE-mediated AREG shedding plays a critical role in TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by the human healthy salivary gland epithelial cells, suggesting that this may be one of the possible intracellular mechanisms involved in the salivary glands inflammatory response in Sjögren's syndrome. 15. Luminous intensity bilateral comparison using lamps as transfer standards between LNE (France) and INM-RO (Roumania) Obein, G.; Simionescu, M.; Dubard, J.; Seucan, A.; Bastie, J. 2017-01-01 The EUROMET project 823, "Comparison of luminous intensity and luminous flux using lamps as transfer standards" between LNE (formerly BNM), France, and INM-RO, Romania, has linked the INM-RO real-ized candela to the CCPR key comparison reference values. The comparison was registered on BIPM key comparison data base with the numbers EUROMET.PR-K3.a.1. The comparison has been piloted by LNE. It has been carried out by successive calibrations of a group of four travelling standard lamps in the two laboratories. The lamps were first calibrated by INM-RO, then cal-ibrated by LNE and calibrated by INM-RO in order to check for any drift or instability. The measurements have been performed over the period November 2004 to June 2006. According to the results of the comparison, the Degree of Equivalence of the candela realized by INM-RO to the Key Comparison Reference Value of CCPR-K3 is - 0,72 % with an expended uncertainty (k = 2) of 2.14 %. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA). 16. CoRoT-10b: a giant planet in a 13.24 day eccentric orbit Bonomo, A S; Alonso, R; Gazzano, J -C; Havel, M; Aigrain, S; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barbieri, M; Barge, P; Benz, W; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Cameron, A C; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Csizmadia, Sz; Deleuil, M; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guenther, E; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Lanza, A F; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Udry, S; Wuchterl, G 2010-01-01 The space telescope CoRoT searches for transiting extrasolar planets by continuously monitoring the optical flux of thousands of stars in several fields of view. We report the discovery of CoRoT-10b, a giant planet on a highly eccentric orbit (e=0.53 +/- 0.04) revolving in 13.24 days around a faint (V=15.22) metal-rich K1V star. We use CoRoT photometry, radial velocity observations taken with the HARPS spectrograph, and UVES spectra of the parent star to derive the orbital, stellar and planetary parameters. We derive a radius of the planet of 0.97 +/- 0.07 R_Jup and a mass of 2.75 +/- 0.16 M_Jup. The bulk density, rho_pl=3.70 +/- 0.83 g/cm^3, is ~2.8 that of Jupiter. The core of CoRoT-10b could contain up to 240 M_Earth of heavy elements. Moving along its eccentric orbit, the planet experiences a 10.6-fold variation in insolation. Owing to the long circularisation time, tau_circ > 7 Gyr, a resonant perturber is not required to excite and maintain the high eccentricity of CoRoT-10b. 17. Comparative study of the work load between one-man buses and two-man buses. Ueno,Mitsuo 1985-06-01 Full Text Available The differences in physiological and safety conditions of one-man buses and two-man buses were examined from the view point of occupational fatigue. This survey consisted of a work load study which included a time study, study of subsidiary behavior, auditory task, memory test, Galvanic Skin Response (GSR and physiological function tests and a self-administered questionnaire which involved items concerning safety and subjective fatigue complaints. The visual and postural restrictions in the one-man bus were greater than in the two-man bus. The mental capacity of the one-man bus drivers was found to be less. Greater mental fatigue and stress were observed in the one-man bus. More subjective fatigue complaints were observed in the one-man bus. More cases of near accidents were observed in the one-man bus. From these results it was concluded that the one-man bus caused bus drivers a greater mental and physical work load. 18. (Re)viver as roças: reabilitação participada das roças de São Tomé e Príncipe Vicente, Marta Alexandra Gonçalves 2016-01-01 A investigação (Re)Viver as roças – Reabilitação participada das roças de São Tomé e Príncipe, surge no âmbito de uma dissertação de natureza científica, tendo como objetivo central o desenho e implementação de uma primeira fase de um processo participado de reabilitação das roças, promovendo o envolvimento direto e ativo das comunidades locais nos processos de tomada de decisões sobre o espaço que habitam. O tema surge como uma oportunidade de procurar uma resposta para o atual e... 19. 1400客/2000米客滚船的结构设计分析%Structural Design and Analysis of 1400-Passenger/2000-Meter Ro/Ro Passenger Vessel 王艳春; 张新伟 2012-01-01 Key points of structural design of the 1400-passenger / 2000-meter Ro/Ro passenger vessel are introduces in the paper, including the hull girder longitudinal strength and stability, the structure arrangement, the arrangement and supporting structure of Ro/Ro equipments. Through the FEMstrength analysis of the ship, locations of high stress are strengthened and structures of lower stress are minimized with reasonable redundant stress level. The modification of structure is done according to the vibration analysis, which ensures the hospitality of the vessel. The vessel is already in service with excellent status. The article would be helpful for the future design of Ro/Ro passenger vessels.%主要介绍1400客/2000米客滚船的结构设计要点,包括总纵强度和稳性,结构布置,以及滚装设备的布置和加强.通过对该船的有限元强度分析对应力过大处结构进行加强,对应力较小处进行精简.做到应力均衡.通过对该船的振动分析,修改结构,保证了其作为客船的舒适性.该船已营运,营运状况良好.希望这些设计要点对后续的客滚船设计具有一定的指导和借鉴作用. 20. The transiting exoplanet CoRoT-11b and its peculiar tidal evolution Damiani C. 2011-02-01 Full Text Available CoRoT-11b is a fairly massive hot-Jupiter (Mp = 2.33 ± 0.34 MJup in a 3 days orbit around a F6 V star with an age of 2 ± 1 Gyr. The relatively high projected rotational velocity of the star (v sin i⋆ = 40 ± 5 km/s places CoRoT-11 among the most rapidly rotating planet hosting stars discovered so far. Assuming that the star is seen equator-on, the v sin i⋆ and the star radius (R∗ = 1.37±0.03 R⊙ translate into a stellar rotation period of 1.73±0.26 days. This peculiar planet/star configuration offers an unique opportunity to study the tidal evolution of the system. Owing to the strong tidal interaction, the planet would have moved outwards, from a starting semi-major axis corresponding to an orbital period almost synchronized with the stellar rotation. We found that the present value of the tidal quality factor Q′s could be measured by a timing of the mid-epoch of the transits to be observed with an accuracy of about 0.5 − 1 seconds over a time baseline of about 25 years. 1. The roAp star$\\alpha$Circini as seen by BRITE-Constellation Weiss, W W; Pigulski, A; Popowicz, A; Huber, D; Kuschnig, R; Moffat, A F J; Matthews, J M; Saio, H; Schwarzenberg-Czerny, A; Grant, C C; Koudelka, O; Lüftinger, T; Rucinski, S M; Wade, G A; Alves, J; Guedel, M; Handler, G; Mochnacki, St; Orleanski, P; Pablo, B; Pamyatnykh, A; Ramiaramanantsoa, T; Rowe, J; Whittaker, G; Zawistowski, T; Zocłonska, E; Zwintz, K 2016-01-01 We report on an analysis of high-precision, multi-colour photometric observations of the rapidly-oscillating Ap (roAp) star$\\alpha$Cir. These observations were obtained with the BRITE-Constellation, which is a coordinated mission of five nanosatellites that collects continuous millimagnitude-precision photometry of dozens of bright stars for up to 180 days at a time in two colours (Johnson B and R). BRITE stands for BRight Target Explorer. The object$\\alpha$Cir is the brightest roAp star and an ideal target for such investigations, facilitating the determination of oscillation frequencies with high resolution. This star is bright enough for complementary interferometry and time-resolved spectroscopy. Four BRITE satellites observed$\\alpha$Cir for 146 d or 33 rotational cycles. Phasing the photometry according to the 4.4790 d rotational period reveals qualitatively different light variations in the two photometric bands. The phased red-band photometry is in good agreement with previously-published WIRE da... 2. The TROVE module: A common element in Telomerase, Ro and Vault ribonucleoproteins Bateman Alex 2003-10-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Ribonucleoproteins carry out a variety of important tasks in the cell. In this study we show that a number of these contain a novel module, that we speculate mediates RNA-binding. Results The TROVE module – Telomerase, Ro and Vault module – is found in TEP1 and Ro60 the protein components of three ribonucleoprotein particles. This novel module, consisting of one or more domains, may be involved in binding the RNA components of the three RNPs, which are telomerase RNA, Y RNA and vault RNA. A second conserved region in these proteins is shown to be a member of the vWA domain family. The vWA domain in TEP1 is closely related to the previously recognised vWA domain in VPARP a second component of the vault particle. This vWA domain may mediate interactions between these vault components or bind as yet unidentified components of the RNPs. Conclusions This work suggests that a number of ribonucleoprotein components use a common RNA-binding module. The TROVE module is also found in bacterial ribonucleoproteins suggesting an ancient origin for these ribonucleoproteins. 3. Isolated Ro52 Antibodies as Immunological Marker of a Mild Phenotype of Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Diseases Navarro-Gonzálvez, José Antonio; Rodríguez-Lozano, Beatriz 2017-01-01 The term undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is used to describe undiagnosed patients that do not fulfill classification criteria for definite connective tissue disease (Systemic Lupus, Systemic Sclerosis, Sjögren Syndrome, and Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis). It is important to find serological markers as predictors of the evolution or severity of these diseases. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate if there was a milder subgroup of UCTD with a special clinical profile consisting only in the presence of anti-Ro52 autoantibodies. Immunological and clinical records of 62 patients attending the hospital during 30 months were studied. Results showed a target population formed by mostly women, aged between 40 and 80 years at the moment of the study, with a registered age of onset between 40 and 60 years. Speckled pattern was the most frequent pattern found by indirect immunofluorescence. Given the obtained results and keeping in mind possible limitations because of sample size, isolated positive anti-Ro52 autoantibodies seem to lead to a benign effect in terms of evolution of the disease. As a future objective, the follow-up of these patients should be necessary to investigate new clinical symptoms, serological markers, or development of a definite connective tissue disease over time. PMID:28210273 4. Isolated Ro52 Antibodies as Immunological Marker of a Mild Phenotype of Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Diseases Ana Alonso-Larruga 2017-01-01 Full Text Available The term undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD is used to describe undiagnosed patients that do not fulfill classification criteria for definite connective tissue disease (Systemic Lupus, Systemic Sclerosis, Sjögren Syndrome, and Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis. It is important to find serological markers as predictors of the evolution or severity of these diseases. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate if there was a milder subgroup of UCTD with a special clinical profile consisting only in the presence of anti-Ro52 autoantibodies. Immunological and clinical records of 62 patients attending the hospital during 30 months were studied. Results showed a target population formed by mostly women, aged between 40 and 80 years at the moment of the study, with a registered age of onset between 40 and 60 years. Speckled pattern was the most frequent pattern found by indirect immunofluorescence. Given the obtained results and keeping in mind possible limitations because of sample size, isolated positive anti-Ro52 autoantibodies seem to lead to a benign effect in terms of evolution of the disease. As a future objective, the follow-up of these patients should be necessary to investigate new clinical symptoms, serological markers, or development of a definite connective tissue disease over time. 5. Terahertz Initiatives at the Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) Stark, A A; Martin, C L; Chamberlin, R A; Kooi, J; Walker, C K; Stark, Antony A; Lane, Adair P.; Martin, Christopher L.; Chamberlin, Richard; Kooi, Jacob; Walker, Christopher K. 2002-01-01 The Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) is a 1.7-meter diameter offset Gregorian instrument located at the NSF Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. This site is exceptionally dry and cold, providing opportunities for Terahertz observations from the ground. Preliminary analysis of recent site testing results shows that the zenith transparency of the 1.5 THz atmospheric window at South Pole frequently exceeds 10% during the Austral winter. Routine observations at 810 GHz have been conducted over the past two years, resulting in large-scale maps of the Galactic Center region and measurements of the (13)C line in molecular clouds. During the next two years, the observatory plans to support two Terahertz instruments: 1) TREND (Terahertz Receiver with Niobium Nitride Device--K. S. Yngvesson, University of Massachusetts, P. I.), and 2) SPIFI (South Pole Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer--G. J. Stacey, Cornell University, P. I.). AST/RO could be used in future as an observational test bed... 6. Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 J. L. Fry 2013-09-01 Full Text Available At the Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study (BEACHON-RoMBAS field campaign in the Colorado front range, July–August 2011, measurements of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates enabled a study of the role of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2 in oxidation of forest-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs and subsequent aerosol formation. Substantial formation of peroxy- and alkyl-nitrates is observed every morning, with an apparent 2.9% yield of alkyl nitrates from daytime RO2 + NO reactions. Aerosol-phase organic nitrates, however, peak in concentration during the night, with concentrations up to 140 ppt as measured by both optical spectroscopic and mass spectrometric instruments. The diurnal cycle in aerosol fraction of organic nitrates shows an equilibrium-like response to the diurnal temperature cycle, suggesting some reversible absorptive partitioning, but the full dynamic range cannot be reproduced by thermodynamic repartitioning alone. Nighttime aerosol organic nitrate is observed to be positively correlated with [NO2] × [O3] but not with [O3]. These observations support the role of nighttime NO3-initiated oxidation of monoterpenes as a significant source of nighttime aerosol. Nighttime production of organic nitrates is comparable in magnitude to daytime photochemical production at this site, which we postulate to be representative of the Colorado front range forests. 7. Design of mm-RoF System Based on OFM Technique with Optimized OFDM Modulation 林如俭,; 陈翔,; 张林,; 叶家骏,; 宋英雄,; 李迎春 2012-01-01 We present the design of a novel bi-directional millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber (mm-RoF) system based on the millimeter-wave generation by optical frequency multiplication (OFM).A dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator is used to generate high-order optical side-modes which beat in the photo-detector,producing a 40-GHz carrier.Over 100-Mb/s orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme is employed.The emphasis is on developing a mathematical model for optimizing optical modulation index to the Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (IM) for OFDM signal with high peak-to-average power ratio which imposes a limitation on the system bit error rate (BER) performance due to the non-linearity of IM.The theoretical analysis on conposite carrier to composite triple beat ratio is performed based on which extension to the system BER formula for quadrature phase shift keying/ multiple quadrature amplitude modulation (QPSK/MQAM) format is presented.The experimental proof is given in a 40-GHz RoF system at a bit rate of up to 280 Mb/s in 100-MHz bandwidth. 8. Dramatic improvement of anti-SS-A/Ro-associated interstitial lung disease after immunosuppressive treatment. Paola, Caramaschi; Giuliana, Festi; Giovanni, Orsolini; Cristian, Caimmi; Domenico, Biasi 2016-07-01 The aim of the study was to report three patients affected by interstitial lung disease associated with positive anti-SS-A/Ro autoantibody who showed a dramatic improvement after immunosuppressive treatment. Medical charts were reviewed to obtain clinical data, laboratory parameters, lung function tests, high-resolution computed tomography results and response to immunosuppressive treatment. The three patients showed a clinical picture of a lung-dominant connective tissue disease characterized by a sudden onset with dyspnea, cough and subtle extrathoracic features together with positive anti-SS-A/Ro antibody and weak titer antinuclear antibodies. All three patients responded favorably to immunosuppressive therapy: Two cases were treated with a combination of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide followed by mycophenolate mofetil; in the third patient, clinical benefit was obtained after rituximab was added to corticosteroid and immunosuppressant drug. In spite of an abrupt onset with significant lung function impairment, all three patients had a favorable clinical response to immunosuppressive therapy. This report may be useful in making therapeutic decisions in case of interstitial lung disease associated with anti-SS-A antibody. 9. Search of X-ray emission from roAp stars: The case of gamma Equulei Stelzer, B; Schöller, M; Hubrig, S; Cowley, C 2011-01-01 The detection of X-ray emission from Ap stars can be an indicator for the presence of magnetic activity and dynamo action, provided different origins for the emission, such as wind shocks and close late-type companions, can be excluded. Here we report on results for gamma Equu, the only roAp star for which an X-ray detection is reported in ROSAT catalogs. We use high resolution imaging in X-rays with Chandra and in the near-infrared with NACO/VLT that allow us to spatially resolve companions down to ~1" and ~0.06" separations, respectively. The bulk of the X-ray emission is associated with a companion of gamma Equu identified in our NACO image. Assuming coevality with the primary roAp star (~900 Myr), the available photometry for the companion points at a K-type star with ~0.6 M_sun. Its X-ray properties are in agreement with the predictions for its age and mass. An excess of photons with respect to the expected background and contribution from the nearby companion is observed near the optical position of gam... 10. Uniaxial stress study of the ro-vibrational transitions of HD in Si Shi, G. A. 2005-03-01 The vibrational spectroscopy of interstitial H2 in Si gave rise to a number of perplexing puzzles that concerned the rotational motion of the defect [1]. Most experiments were interpreted in terms of a static defect whereas theory suggested that there should be a very small barrier to rotation. The position and intensity of the HD vibrational line were also anomalous. The key to the solution of these puzzles was the discovery of a new vibrational line for HD and the recognition that certain ro- vibrational transitions are possible for HD that are not possible for the H2 or D2 homonuclear molecules in Si. H2 in Si is a nearly free rotator after all. New experiments have been performed for HD in Si in which IR spectroscopy combined with uniaxial stress has been used to confirm the assignments of the ro-vibrational transitions of HD that underpin our understanding of H2 in Si. This work is supported by NSF Grant DMR 0403641. 1. M. Stavola, E E. Chen, W.B. Fowler, G.A. Shi, Physica B 340-342, 58 (2003), and references contained therein. 11. Isolated anti-Ro/SSA thrombocytopenia: a rare feature of neonatal lupus. Ayadi, Imene Dahmane; Ben Hamida, Emira; Boukhris, Mohamed Riadh; Bezzine, Ahlem; Chaouachi, Sihem; Marrakchi, Zahra 2015-01-01 We report a rare case of isolated thrombocytopenia related to anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. The mother was followed for unlabeled familial thrombocytopenia. The mother had positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. She was asymptomatic without skin lesions or other criteria neither of systemic lupus erythematosus nor other connective tissue disease. Pregnancy was uneventful. The postnatal examination was normal. On the first day of life, blood cells count showed thrombocytopenia at 40 x 10(9)/L. Within the second day of life, platelet level dropped to 20 x 10(9)/L. The management of thrombocytopenia included platelet transfusion and human immunoglobulin infusion. On the fifth day of life, there has been a drop in platelet count to 10 x 10(9)/L requiring renewed platelet transfusion and human immunoglobulin infusion. On the 10(th) of life platelets rate was stable around 60 x 10(9)/L. The infant had no evidence of cardiac, dermatologic or hepatobilary involvement initially or throughout follow up. 12. Search for Exomoons and Rings with Kepler and CoRoT Moretto Tusnski, Luis Ricardo; Silva Valio, Adriana 2015-08-01 After almost 20 years since the first exoplanet discoveries, new techniques have been developed and high precision has been achieved, which lead to a large number of small planets detected. Recently, some researchers are trying to detect exomoons: moons around exoplanets. Some methods have been proposed and studied, and the most likely to lead to a discovery is the planetary transit technique. Exomoons cause two types of effects in the planet transit light curve: photometric signatures and transit timing effects. Despite the searches and methods proposed, so far no moon has been found around exoplanets. One reason for this is the small number of searches been conducted. In this work, we present an independent serch project called PSER - Photometric Search for Exomoons and Rings. As the name states, this project looks for exomoons and exorings in Kepler and CoRoT lightcurves. To do so, we developed a program to look for exomoons signals automatically, using MCMC to fit the lightcurves. We started our search with Kepler and CoRoT confirmed single planets. After that, we will also look in Kepler Planetary Candidates. So far, no signal has been found. 13. On the rotation period distribution of CoRoT and Kepler Sun-like stars Leao, I C; Lopes, C E Ferreira; Neves, V; Valcarce, A A R; de Oliveira, L L A; da Silva, D Freire; de Freitas, D B; Martins, B L Canto; Janot-Pacheco, E; Baglin, A; De Medeiros, J R 2015-01-01 We study the distribution of the photometric rotation period (Prot), which is a direct measurement of the surface rotation at active latitudes, for three subsamples of Sun-like stars: one from CoRoT data and two from Kepler data. We identify the main populations of these samples and interpret their main biases particularly for a comparison with the solar Prot. Prot and variability amplitude (A) measurements were obtained from public CoRoT and Kepler catalogs, which were combined with public data of physical parameters. Because these samples are subject to selection effects, we computed synthetic samples with simulated biases to compare with observations, particularly around the Sun's HR-diagram location. Theoretical grids and empirical relations were used to combine physical parameters with Prot and A. Biases were simulated by performing cutoffs on the physical and rotational parameters in the same way as in each observed sample. A crucial cutoff is related with the detectability of the rotational modulation,... 14. Simultaneous manipulation and observation of multiple ro-vibrational eigenstates in solid para-hydrogen Katsuki, Hiroyuki; Ohmori, Kenji 2016-09-01 We have experimentally performed the coherent control of delocalized ro-vibrational wave packets (RVWs) of solid para-hydrogen (p-H2) by the wave packet interferometry (WPI) combined with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). RVWs of solid p-H2 are delocalized in the crystal, and the wave function with wave vector k ˜ 0 is selectively excited via the stimulated Raman process. We have excited the RVW twice by a pair of femtosecond laser pulses with delay controlled by a stabilized Michelson interferometer. Using a broad-band laser pulse, multiple ro-vibrational states can be excited simultaneously. We have observed the time-dependent Ramsey fringe spectra as a function of the inter-pulse delay by a spectrally resolved CARS technique using a narrow-band probe pulse, resolving the different intermediate states. Due to the different fringe oscillation periods among those intermediate states, we can manipulate their amplitude ratio by tuning the inter-pulse delay on the sub-femtosecond time scale. The state-selective manipulation and detection of the CARS signal combined with the WPI is a general and efficient protocol for the control of the interference of multiple quantum states in various quantum systems. 15. The fundamental parameters of the roAp star alpha Circini Bruntt, H; Cunha, M; Brandao, I M; Elkin, V G; Kurtz, D W; Davis, J; Bedding, T R; Jacob, A P; Owens, S M; Robertson, J G; Tango, W J; Gameiro, J F; Ireland, M J; Tuthill, P G 2008-01-01 We have used the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer (SUSI) to measure the angular diameter of alpha Cir. This is the first detailed interferometric study of a rapidly oscillating A (roAp) star, alpha Cir being the brightest member of its class. We used the new and more accurate Hipparcos parallax to determine the radius to be 1.967+-0.066 Rs. We have constrained the bolometric flux from calibrated spectra to determine an effective temperature of 7420+-170 K. This is the first direct determination of the temperature of an roAp star. Our temperature is at the low end of previous estimates, which span over 1000 K and were based on either photometric indices or spectroscopic methods. In addition, we have analysed two high-quality spectra of alpha Cir, obtained at different rotational phases and we find evidence for the presence of spots. In both spectra we find nearly solar abundances of C, O, Si, Ca and Fe, high abundance of Cr and Mn, while Co, Y, Nd and Eu are overabundant by about 1 dex. The results rep... 16. Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 J. L. Fry 2013-01-01 Full Text Available At the Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study (BEACHON-RoMBAS field campaign in the Colorado front range, July–August 2011, measurements of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates enabled a study of the role of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2 in oxidation of forest-emitted VOCs and subsequent aerosol formation. Substantial formation of peroxy- and alkyl-nitrates is observed every morning, with an apparent 2.9% yield of alkyl nitrates from daytime RO2 + NO reactions. Aerosol-phase organic nitrates, however, peak in concentration during the night, with concentrations up to 140 ppt as measured by both optical spectroscopic and mass spectrometric instruments. The diurnal cycle in aerosol fraction of organic nitrates shows an equilibrium-like response to the diurnal temperature cycle, suggesting some reversible absorptive partitioning, but the full dynamic range cannot be reproduced by thermodynamic repartitioning alone. Nighttime aerosol organic nitrate is observed to be positively correlated with [NO2] × [O3] but not with [O3]. These observations support the role of nighttime NO3-initiated oxidation of monoterpenes as a significant source of nighttime aerosol. Nighttime production of organic nitrates exceeds daytime photochemical production at this site, which we postulate to be representative of the Colorado front range forests. 17. Inventory of Onshore Hydrocarbon Seeps in Romania (HYSED-RO Database Artur Ionescu 2017-06-01 Full Text Available Seeps are the expression of the migration of hydrocarbons from subsurface accumulations to the surface in sedimentary basins. They may represent an important indication of the presence of petroleum (gas and oil reservoirs and faults, and are a natural source of greenhouse gas (methane and atmospheric pollutants (ethane, propane to the atmosphere. Romania is one of the countries with the largest number of seeps in the world, due to the high petroleum potential and active tectonics. Based on a review of the available literature, and on the field surveys performed by the authors during the last 17 years, we report the first comprehensive GIS-based inventory of 470 seeps in Romania (HYSED-RO, including gas seeps (10.4% of the total, oil seeps (11.7%, mud volcanoes (50.4%, gas-rich springs (12.6%, asphalt (solid seeps (4.3%, unclassified manifestations (4.0%, and uncertain seeps (6.6%. Seeps are typically located in correspondence with major faults and vertical and fractured stratigraphic contacts associated to petroleum reservoirs (anticlines in low heat flow areas, and their gas-geochemistry reflects that of the subsurface reservoirs. The largest and most active seeps occur in the Carpathian Foredeep, where they release thermogenic gas, and subordinately in the Transylvanian Basin, where gas is mainly microbial. HYSED-RO may represent a key reference for baseline characterization prior to subsurface petroleum extraction, for environmental studies, and atmospheric greenhouse gas emission estimates in Romania. 18. Constraints on the exosphere of CoRoT-7b Guenther, E W; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Lammer, H; Mura, A; Rauer, H; Schneider, J; Tulej, M; von Paris, Ph; Wurz, P 2010-01-01 Context: The small radius and high density of CoRoT-7b implies that this transiting planet belongs to a different species than all transiting planets that have previously been found. Current models suggest that this is the first transiting rocky planet found outside the solar system. Given that the planet orbits a solar-like star at a distance of only 4.5 R*, it is expected that material from its surface is released which would then form an exosphere. AIMS: {Our aim is to constrain the properties of the exosphere by observing the planet in and out-of-transit. The detection of the exosphere of CoRoT-7b would for the first time allow to study the material originating from the surface of a rocky extrasolar planet. We survey the whole optical spectrum for any lines originating from the planet, particularly focusing on spectral-lines like those that have been detected in Mercury, and Io in our solar-system.} Methods: Given that it is expected that lines originating from the exosphere will be narrow, we observed Co... 19. XX. CoRoT-20b: A very high density, high eccentricity transiting giant planet Deleuil, M; Ferraz-Mello, S; Erikson, A; Bouchy, F; Havel, M; Aigrain, S; Almenara, J -M; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bordé, P; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carpano, S; Cavarroc, C; Csizmadia, Sz; Damiani, C; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Fridlund, M; Hébrard, G; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guenther, E; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Jorda, L; Léger, A; Lammer, H; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Ollivier, M; Ofir, A; Parviainen, H; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rodríguez, A; Rouan, D; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tal-Or, L; Tingley, B; Weingrill, J; Wuchterl, G 2011-01-01 We report the discovery by the CoRoT space mission of a new giant planet, CoRoT-20b. The planet has a mass of 4.24 +/- 0.23 MJ and a radius of 0.84 +/- 0.04 RJ. With a mean density of 8.87 +/- 1.10 g/cm^3, it is among the most compact planets known so far. Evolution models for the planet suggest a mass of heavy elements of the order of 800 ME if embedded in a central core, requiring a revision either of the planet formation models or of planet evolution and structure models. We note however that smaller amounts of heavy elements are expected from more realistic models in which they are mixed throughout the envelope. The planet orbits a G-type star with an orbital period of 9.24 days and an eccentricity of 0.56. The star's projected rotational velocity is vsini = 4.5 +/- 1.0 km/s, corresponding to a spin period of 11.5 +/- 3.1 days if its axis of rotation is perpendicular to the orbital plane. In the framework of Darwinian theories and neglecting stellar magnetic breaking, we calculate the tidal evolution of t... 20. Magnetic Doppler imaging of the roAp star HD 24712 Lüftinger, T; Ryabchikova, T; Piskunov, N; Weiss, W W; Ilyin, I 2009-01-01 We present the first magnetic Doppler images of a rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star. We deduce information about magnetic field geometry and abundance distributions of a number of chemical elements on the surface of the hitherto best studied roAp star, HD 24712, using the magnetic Doppler imaging (MDI) code, INVERS10, which allows us to reconstruct simultaneously and consistently the magnetic field geometry and elemental abundance distributions on a stellar surface. For this purpose we analyse time series spectra obtained in Stokes I and V parameters with the SOFIN polarimeter at the Nordic Optical Telescope and recover surface abundance structures of sixteen different chemical elements, respectively ions, including Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, and Dy. For the rare earth elements (REE) Pr and Nd separate maps were obtained using lines of the first and the second ionization stage. We find and confirm a clear dipolar structure of the surface magnetic field and an unexpected correl... 1. Ab initio ro-vibronic spectroscopy of SiCCl (X{sup ~2}Π) Brites, Vincent [Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, LAMBE CNRS UMR 8587, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex (France); Mitrushchenkov, Alexander O.; Léonard, Céline, E-mail: celine.leonard@u-pem.fr [Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée (France); Peterson, Kirk A. [Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (United States) 2014-07-21 The full dimensional potential energy surfaces of the {sup 2}A{sup ′} and {sup 2}A{sup ′′} electronic components of X{sup ~2}Π SiCCl have been computed using the explicitly correlated coupled cluster method, UCCSD(T)-F12b, combined with a composite approach taking into account basis set incompleteness, core-valence correlation, scalar relativity, and higher order excitations. The spin-orbit and dipole moment surfaces have also been computed ab initio. The ro-vibronic energy levels and absorption spectrum at 5 K have been determined from variational calculations. The influence of each correction on the fundamental frequencies is discussed. An assignment is proposed for bands observed in the LIF experiment of Smith et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 117, 6446 (2002)]. The overall agreement between the experimental and calculated ro-vibronic levels is better than 7 cm{sup −1} which is comparable with the 10–20 cm{sup −1} resolution of the emission spectrum. 2. Marine bacterial transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and TEP precursors: Characterization and RO fouling potential Li, Sheng 2015-10-31 This paper investigated the characteristics and membrane fouling potential of bacterial transparent exopolymer particles (TEP)/TEP precursors released from two marine bacteria, Pseudidiomarina homiensis (P. homiensis) and Pseudoalteromonas atlantica (P. atlantica), isolated from the Red Sea. Results showed that both bacteria grew at the similar rate, but the production of TEP/TEP precursors from P. atlantica was higher than that from P. homiensis. During the 168. h of incubation time, production rates of TEP/TEP precursors from P. atlantica and P. homiensis were 0.30 and 0.08 xanthan gum eq. mg/L-h, respectively. Isolated bacterial TEP precursors were mainly biopolymer, and P. atlantica produced a significantly higher concentration of biopolymer than that produced by P. homiensis. TEP/TEP precursors from both marine bacteria possessed protein-like material and were very similar in composition to previously reported foulants isolated from a fouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Bacterial TEP/TEP precursors mostly consisted of aliphatic hydrocarbon from amino acids and amide group carbon of proteins (around 55%). Bacterial TEP precursors caused obvious fouling on RO membranes, which may create an ideal environment for bacteria attachment and promote to biofouling. 3. The design and application of ballast valve groups remote-control system for Ro-Ro ship%滚装船压载阀组遥控系统的设计与应用 万会雄; 明仁雄; 章琅浩 2001-01-01 了实现对滚装船压载舱压载阀的开闭实行有效的控 制，文章介绍了压载阀组遥控系统的组成、工作原理以及该系统的设计特点与应用。%To realize the effective control to starting an d shutting of ballast valve groups,this paper introduces the composition,working principle,designing features and application of ballast valve groups remote-co ntrol system for Ro-Ro ship. 4. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XII. CoRoT-12b: a short-period low-density planet transiting a solar analog star Gillon, M; Csizmadia, Sz; Fridlund, M; Deleuil, M; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Barnes, S I; Bonomo, A S; Bordé, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Cochran, W D; Deeg, H J; Dvorak, R; Endl, M; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Gandolfi, D; Gazzano, J C; Guenther, E; Guillot, T; Havel, M; Hébrard, G; Jorda, L; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Lammer, H; Lovis, C; Mayor, M; Mazeh, T; Montalbán, J; Moutou, C; Ofir, A; Ollivier, M; Pätzold, M; Pepe, F; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Samuel, B; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tingley, B; Udry, S; Weingrill, J; Wuchterl, G 2010-01-01 We report the discovery by the CoRoT satellite of a new transiting giant planet in a 2.83 days orbit about a V=15.5 solar analog star (M_* = 1.08 +- 0.08 M_sun, R_* = 1.1 +- 0.1 R_sun, T_eff = 5675 +- 80 K). This new planet, CoRoT-12b, has a mass of 0.92 +- 0.07 M_Jup and a radius of 1.44 +- 0.13 R_Jup. Its low density can be explained by standard models for irradiated planets. 5. Diazepam-induced release of behavior in an extinction procedure: its reversal by Ro 15-1788. Thiébot, M H; Childs, M; Soubrié, P; Simon, P 1983-03-18 The effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788, an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, were studied with respect to three pharmacological activities exerted by diazepam in rats. Two of these, release of shock-induced suppression of drinking and attenuation of non-reward-induced cessation of responding for food, reflect the anxiolytic property of benzodiazepines. The amnesic-like effect of diazepam was also investigated. Ro 15-1788 (in doses ranging from 4 to 16 mg/kg p.o.) completely reversed diazepam (2 mg/kg)-induced release of behavior in both punishment and non-reward procedures. In contrast, Ro 15-1788 reduced but did not completely abolish diazepam-induced amnesia. These data suggest that the anticonflict and anti-frustration effects of benzodiazepines probably involve similar receptor types which nevertheless differ from those chiefly implicated in the amnesic-like activity of benzodiazepines. 6. In vitro activity of Ro 23-9424, a dual-acting cephalosporin-quinolone antimicrobial agent. Qadri, S M; Ueno, Y; Saldin, H; Cunha, B A 1993-10-01 In vitro activity of new dual-acting antibacterial Ro 23-9429 was tested against 1294 bacterial isolates from patients in a major tertiary care referral hospital in Saudi Arabia. Its activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, fleroxacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, piperacillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, amikacin, imipenem, and vancomycin. Of the 621 members of Enterobacteriaceae tested, every single isolate was inhibited by Ro 23-9429 at minimum inhibitory concentration ranging between < .03 and 8 micrograms/mL. No other antimicrobial tested was as active as this dual-acting cephalosporin-fluoroquinolone. Similarly, all of the 255 isolates of Acinetobacter, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Xanthomonas maltophilia were susceptible to Ro 23-9429. It inhibited all the 120 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Its in vitro activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci was superior or comparable to that of other drugs that are commonly used in clinical practice. 7. A MAC Layer Based Defense Architecture for Reduction of Quality (RoQ) Attacks in Wireless LAN Singh, Jatinder; Kaur, Lakhwinder 2010-01-01 Recently an alternative of DDoS attacks called shrew attacks or Reduction of Quality (RoQ) has been identified which is very much difficult to detect. The RoQ attacks can use source and destination IP address spoofing, and they do not have distinct periodicity, and may not filter the attack packets precisely. In this paper, we propose to design the MAC layer based defense architecture for RoQ attacks in Wireless LAN which includes the detection and response stages. The attackers are detected by checking the RTS CTS packets from the MAC layer and the corresponding attack flows are blocked or rejected. By our simulation results, we show that our proposed technique achieves reduces the attack throughput there by increasing the received bandwidth and reducing the packet loss of legitimate users. 8. A Single-Chip Speech Dialogue Module and Its Evaluation on a Personal Robot, PaPeRo-Mini Sato, Miki; Iwasawa, Toru; Sugiyama, Akihiko; Nishizawa, Toshihiro; Takano, Yosuke This paper presents a single-chip speech dialogue module and its evaluation on a personal robot. This module is implemented on an application processor that was developed primarily for mobile phones to provide a compact size, low power-consumption, and low cost. It performs speech recognition with preprocessing functions such as direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, noise cancellation, beamforming with an array of microphones, and echo cancellation. Text-to-speech (TTS) conversion is also equipped with. Evaluation results obtained on a new personal robot, PaPeRo-mini, which is a scale-down version of PaPeRo, demonstrate an 85% correct rate in DOA estimation, and as much as 54% and 30% higher speech recognition rates in noisy environments and during robot utterances, respectively. These results are shown to be comparable to those obtained by PaPeRo. 9. BEER analysis of Kepler and CoRoT light curves. III. Spectroscopic confirmation of seventy new beaming binaries discovered in CoRoT lightcurves Tal-Or, Lev; Mazeh, Tsevi 2015-01-01 (abridged for arXiv) The BEER algorithm, introduced by Faigler & Mazeh (2011), searches stellar lightcurves for the BEaming, Ellipsoidal, and Reflection photometric modulations caused by a short-period companion. Applying the search to the first five long-run center CoRoT fields, we identified$481$non-eclipsing candidates with periodic flux amplitudes of$0.5-87$mmag. Optimizing the Anglo-Australian-Telescope pointing coordinates and the AAOmega fiber-allocations with dedicated softwares, we acquired$6-7$medium-resolution spectra of$281$candidates in a seven-night campaign. Analysis of the red-arm AAOmega spectra, which covered the range of$8342-8842$\\AA{}, yielded a radial-velocity precision of$\\sim1$km/s. Spectra containing lines of more than one star were analyzed with TODCOR$-$the two-dimensional correlation algorithm. The measured radial velocities confirmed the binarity of seventy of the BEER candidates$-45$single-line binaries,$18$double-line binaries, and$7\$ diluted binaries. We sho...
10. Performance of advanced methods for treatment of wastewater: UV/TiO{sub 2}, RO and UF
Al-Bastaki, N.M. [Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain (Bahrain)
2004-07-01
Photocatalytic and membrane processes are strong candidates for improving conventional water treatment processes. These advanced treatment methods are capable of removing many pollutant chemicals as well as pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to study the performance of small scale UV/TiO{sub 2} photocatalytic pilot plant process in treating secondary and tertiary treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Bahrain. The performance was evaluated in terms of the efficiency of removing a chlorine resistant parasite, namely, Strongyloides Stercolaris, in addition to reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effect of pH and exposure time were considered. The performance of the UV/TiO{sub 2} was compared with small pilot scale ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes. Treatment of the samples with each of the UV/TiO{sub 2}, UF and RO processes resulted in a complete removal of the Strongyloides Stercolaris parasites. Moreover, the chemical oxygen demand was reduced by about 50, 64 and 86% with each of UV/TiO{sub 2}, UF and RO. The specific power consumption of the UV/TiO{sub 2} process was estimated to be about 4.0 kWh/m{sup 3} for each of UV/TiO{sub 2} and sea water RO (SWRO) and 1.0 kWh/m{sup 3} and 0.9 kWh/m{sup 3} for each of brakish water RO (BWRO) and cross flow UF, respectively. The UV/TiO{sub 2} process produces no waste stream, whereas the RO and UF processes generate waste streams which are concentrated in the microorganisms and suspended organic matter, which result in a disposal problem. (author)
11. Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis—Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review
Blandin, Gaetan; Verliefde, Arne R.D.; Comas, Joaquim; Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi; Le-Clech, Pierre
2016-01-01
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application) and water management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants), FO-RO hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes, use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO) demonstrated significant improvement in water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full-scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided in the water recycling. PMID:27376337
12. Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis—Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO Hybrids: A Critical Review
Gaetan Blandin
2016-07-01
Full Text Available Forward osmosis (FO is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application and water management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants, FO-RO hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes, use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO demonstrated significant improvement in water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full-scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided in the water recycling.
13. Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis-Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review.
Blandin, Gaetan; Verliefde, Arne R D; Comas, Joaquim; Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi; Le-Clech, Pierre
2016-07-01
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application) and water management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants), FO-RO hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes, use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO) demonstrated significant improvement in water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full-scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided in the water recycling.
14. The use of HeRo catheter in catheter-dependent dialysis patients with superior vena cava occlusion.
Davis, Kathryn L; Gurley, John C; Davenport, Daniel L; Xenos, Eleftherios S
2016-01-01
Hemodialysis (HD) patients with superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion have limited access options. Femoral access is commonly employed but is associated with high complication rates. Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) catheters can be used in tunneled catheter-dependent (TCD) patients who have exhausted other access options. The HeRO graft bypasses occlusion and traverses stenosis with outflow directly into the central venous circulation. At our institution we have used the inside-out central venous access technique (IOCVA) to traverse an occluded vena cava for HeRO graft placement. We review our experience with this technique. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with HeRO graft placement at our institution. All were dependent on a tunneled femoral dialysis catheter due to central venous occlusion (CVO). The IOCVA technique was used in each case. This technique was used as last resort for patients who had no other dialysis access option. Demographics, patency rates, complications, and mortality were recorded. A total of 11 HeRO grafts were placed in 11 patients from January 2012 to June 2013, with 100% technical success rate. Three grafts were ligated due to steal syndrome. Two grafts were lost due to thrombosis. Five of 11 patients experienced a 30-day complication. Three patients died within the follow-up period; however, none were directly related to the graft placement. Follow up range was 65-573 days; 5 of 11 grafts were used for dialysis at the end of the follow-up period. The 12-month patency rate was 30%. HeRO grafts are one option for dialysis patients with CVO. There is, however, a high incidence of steal syndrome and other complications. These grafts should be offered as a final potential alternative to catheter dependence.
15. Disputas a orillas del r??o Uruguay. Guerra y paz con los minuanes en el siglo XVIII
Svriz Wucherer, Pedro Miguel Omar
2011-01-01
Diversas circunstancias llevaron a firmar un tratado de paz entre los indios minuanes y los espa??oles residentes en Buenos Aires hacia 1732. Abordaremos este proceso desde una perspectiva amplia, buscando alcanzar una comprensi??n mayor de los sucesos y sus protagonistas. Los indios que habitaban las tierras situadas entre el oriente del r??o Paran?? y el sur del r??o Ibicuy, asediaban con continuas correr??as y saqueos las ciudades de Corrientes, Santa Fe y Buenos Aires. Fundamentalmente pe...
16. The flotation of Roşia Poieni copper ore in column machine, with non-polar oils addition
Ciocani V.
2005-11-01
Full Text Available The most important natural resource of copper in Romania is the ore deposit of Roşia Poieni. At present, the utilization of Roşia Poieni poorphyry copper ore is possible by extraction in quarry of the mass ore and mineral processing into a technological flux with modest results for the value of metal recovery in concentrate 70-72 % and an average contents of 16,5 % Cu. Our researches were directed to studies regarding test and utilisation of special procedure of flotation – addition of the non-polar oil – applied to advanced grinding ore with column type machines.
17. How to separate the low amplitude delta Scuti variation from the instrumental ones in CoRoT data?
Benkő, J M
2016-01-01
Rich regular frequency patterns were found in the Fourier spectra of low-amplitude delta Scuti stars observed by CoRoT satellite (see Papar\\'o et al. 2016a,b). The CoRoT observations are, however, influenced by the disturbing effect of the South Atlantic Anomaly. The effect is marginal for high amplitude variable stars but it could be critical in the case of low amplitude variables, especially if the frequency range of the intrinsic variation overlaps the interval of the instrumental frequencies. Some tests were carried out both on synthetic and real data for distinguishing technical and stars' frequencies.
18. The gamma Dor CoRoT target HD49434. I-Results from the ground-based campaign
Uytterhoeven, K.; Mathias, P.; Poretti, E.; RAINER, M.; Martin-Ruiz, S.; Rodriguez, E.; Amado, P. J.; LeContel, D.; Jankov, S.; Niemczura, E.; Pollard, K.; Brunsden, E.; M. Paparo; Costa, V; Valtier, J.-C.
2008-01-01
Context: We present the results of an extensive ground-based photometric and spectroscopic campaign on the gamma Dor CoRoT target HD49434. This campaign was preparatory to the CoRoT satellite observations, which took place from October 2007 to March 2008. Results: The frequency analysis clearly shows the presence of four frequencies in the 0.2-1.7 c/d interval, as well as six frequencies in the 5-12 c/d domain. The low frequencies are typical for gamma Dor variables while the high frequencies...
19. Measurements of tropospheric HO2 and RO2 by oxygen dilution modulation and chemical ionization mass spectrometry
J. S. Olson
2011-01-01
Full Text Available An improved method for the measurement of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2 and organic peroxy radicals (RO2, where R is any organic group has been developed that combines two previous chemical conversion/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS peroxy radical measurement techniques. Applicable to both ground-based and aircraft platforms, the method provides good separation between HO2 and RO2 and frequent measurement capability with observations of both HO2 and HO2+RO2 amounts each minute. This allows for analyses of measured [HO2]/[HO2+RO2] ratios on timescales relevant to tropospheric photochemistry. By varying both [NO] and [O2] simultaneously in the chemical conversion region of the PeRCIMS (Peroxy Radical CIMS inlet, the method exploits the changing conversion efficiency of RO2 to HO2 under different inlet [NO]/[O2] to selectively observe either primarily HO2 or the sum of HO2 and RO2. Two modes of operation have been established for ambient measurements: in the first half of the minute, RO2 radicals are measured at close to 100% efficiency along with HO2 radicals (low [NO]/[O2] = 2.53×10−5 and in the second half of the minute, HO2 is detected while the majority of ambient RO2 radicals are measured with low efficiency, approximately 15% (high [NO]/[O2] = 6.80×10−4. The method has been tested extensively in the laboratory under various conditions and for a variety of organic peroxy radicals relevant to the atmosphere and the results of these tests are presented. The modified PeRCIMS instrument has been deployed successfully using the new measurement technique on a number of aircraft campaigns, including on the NSF/NCAR C-130 during the MIRAGE-Mex and NASA INTEX-B field campaigns in the spring of 2006. A brief comparison of the peroxy radical measurements during these campaigns to a photochemical box model indicates good agreement under tropospheric conditions where NOx (NO+NO2 concentrations are lower than 0.5 ppbV (parts per billion by
20. Measurements of tropospheric HO2 and RO2 by oxygen dilution modulation and chemical ionization mass spectrometry
J. S. Olson
2011-04-01
Full Text Available An improved method for the measurement of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2 and organic peroxy radicals (RO2, where R is any organic group has been developed that combines two previous chemical conversion/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS peroxy radical measurement techniques. Applicable to both ground-based and aircraft platforms, the method provides good separation between HO2 and RO2, and frequent measurement capability with observations of both HO2 and HO2 + RO2 amounts each minute. These improvements allow for analyses of measured [HO2]/[HO2 + RO2] ratios on timescales relevant to tropospheric photochemistry. By varying both [NO] and [O2] simultaneously in the chemical conversion region of the PeRCIMS (Peroxy Radical CIMS inlet, the method exploits the changing conversion efficiency of RO2 to HO2 under different inlet [NO]/[O2] to selectively observe either primarily HO2 or the sum of HO2 and RO2. Two modes of operation have been established for ambient measurements: in the first half of the minute, RO2 radicals are measured at close to 100% efficiency along with HO2 radicals (low [NO]/[O2] = 2.53 × 10−5 and in the second half of the minute, HO2 is detected while the majority of ambient RO2 radicals are measured with low efficiency, approximately 15% (high [NO]/[O2] = 6.80 × 10−4. The method has been tested extensively in the laboratory under various conditions and for a variety of organic peroxy radicals relevant to the atmosphere and the results of these tests are presented. The modified PeRCIMS instrument has been deployed successfully using the new measurement technique on a number of aircraft campaigns, including on the NSF/NCAR C-130 during the MIRAGE-Mex and NASA INTEX-B field campaigns in the spring of 2006. A brief comparison of the peroxy radical measurements during these campaigns to a photochemical box model indicates good agreement under tropospheric conditions where NOx (NO + NO2 concentrations are lower than 0.5 ppb
1. Cost analysis of the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) Graft compared to the tunneled dialysis catheter.
Al Shakarchi, Julien; Inston, Nicholas; Jones, Robert G; Maclaine, Grant; Hollinworth, David
2016-04-01
In end-stage renal disease patients with central venous obstruction, who have limited vascular access options, the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) Graft is a new alternative with a lower incidence of complications and longer effective device life compared to tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs). We undertook an economic analysis of introducing the HeRO Graft in the UK. A 1-year cost-consequence decision analytic model was developed comparing management with the HeRO Graft to TDCs from the perspective of the National Health Service in England. The model comprises four 3-month cycles during which the vascular access option either remains functional for hemodialysis or fails, patients can experience access-related infection and device thrombosis, and they can also accrue associated costs. Clinical input data were sourced from published studies and unit cost data from National Health Service 2014-15 Reference Costs. In the base case, a 100-patient cohort managed with the HeRO Graft experienced 6 fewer failed devices, 53 fewer access-related infections, and 67 fewer device thromboses compared to patients managed with TDCs. Although the initial device and placement costs for the HeRO Graft are greater than those for TDCs, savings from the lower incidence of device complications and longer effective device patency reduces these costs. Overall net annual costs are £2600 for each HeRO Graft-managed patient compared to TDC-managed patients. If the National Health Service were to reimburse hemodialysis at a uniform rate regardless of the type of vascular access, net 1-year savings of £1200 per patient are estimated for individuals managed with the HeRO Graft. The base case results showed a marginal net positive cost associated with vascular access with the HeRO Graft compared with TDCs for the incremental clinical benefit of reductions in patency failures, device-related thrombosis, and access-related infection events in a patient population with limited options for
2. Observations of roAp stars at the Mt.Dushak-Erekdag station of Odessa Astronomical Observatory
Dorokhova, T N
1998-01-01
Since 1992, observations of roAp stars have been carried out using the dual-channel photometer attached to the 0.8m telescope, which is situated in Central Asia, at the Mt. Dushak-Erekdag station of Odessa Astronomical Observatory. Some results of observations of gamma Equ and of HD 134214 are presented. 5 stars were investigated as roAp candidates. The Fourier spectra of 4 stars did not show any variability in the high-frequency region. The Fourier spectrum of HD 99563 revealed a peak at a frequency f=128.9 c/d and with a semi-amplitude of 3.98 mmag.
3. The Centauri project: Manned interstellar travel
Ciesla, Thomas M.
1990-01-01
The development of antimatter engines for spacecraft propulsion will allow man to expand to the nearest stellar neighbors such as the Alpha Centuri system. Compared to chemically powered rockets like the Apollo mission class which would take 50,000 years to reach the Centauri system, antimatter propulsion would reduce one way trip time to 30 years or less. The challenges encountered by manned interstellar travel are formidable. The spacecraft must be a combination of sublight speed transportation system and a traveling microplanet serving an expanding population. As the population expands from the initial 100 people to approximately 300, the terraformed asteroid, enclosed by a man-made shell will allow for expansion over its surface in the fashion of a small terrestrial town. All aspects of human life - birth; death; physical, emotional, and educational needs; and government and law must be met by the structure, systems, and institutions on-board.
4. Summertime photochemistry during CAREBeijing-2007: RO x budgets and O3 formation
A. Amoroso
2012-02-01
Full Text Available We analyze summertime photochemistry near the surface over Beijing, China, using a 1-D photochemical model (Regional chEmical and trAnsport Model, REAM-1D constrained by in situ observations, focusing on the budgets of ROx (OH + HO2 + RO2 radicals and O3 formation. The daytime average of total ROx primary production rate in Beijing is ~6.6 ppbv h−1, among the highest found in urban atmospheres. The largest primary ROx source in Beijing is photolysis of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs, which produces HO2 and RO2 at average daytime rates of 2.5 ppbv h−1 and 1.7 ppbv h−1, respectively. Photolysis of excess HONO from the unknown heterogeneous source is a predominant primary OH source at 2.2 ppbv h−1, much larger than that of O1D + H2O (0.4 ppbv h−1. The largest ROx sink is via OH + NO2 reaction (1.6 ppbv h−1, followed by formation of RO2NO2 (1.0 ppbv h−1 and RONO2 (0.7 ppbv h−1. Due to the large aerosol surface area, aerosol uptake of HO2 appears to be another important radical sink, although the estimate of its magnitude is highly variable depending on the reactive uptake coefficient value used. The daytime average O3 production and loss rates are 32 ppbv h−1 and 6.2 ppbv h−1, respectively. Assuming NO2 to be the source of excess HONO, the NO2 to HONO transformation leads to significant O3 loss and reduction of its lifetime. Our observation-based modeling analyses suggest that VOCs and heterogeneous reactions (e.g. HONO formation and aerosol uptake HO2 play major roles in the primary radical budget and O3 formation in Beijing. Among the VOC precursors for OVOCs, which strongly affect ROx budgets and O3 formation, aromatics are the largest contributor. One important ramification is that O3 production is neither NOx nor VOC limited, but in a transition regime, where reduction of either NOx or VOCs could result in reduction of O3 production. The transition regime implies more flexibility in the O3 control strategies
5. Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science
CERN. Geneva
2011-01-01
It took a man who was willing to break all the rules to tame a theory that breaks all the rules. This talk will be based on my new book Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's life in science. I will try and present a scientific overview of the contributions of Richard Feynman, as seen through the arc of his fascinating life. From Quantum Mechanics to Antiparticles, from Rio de Janeiro to Los Alamos, a whirlwind tour will provide insights into the character, life and accomplishments of one of the 20th centuries most important scientists, and provide an object lesson in scientific integrity.
6. Kan man måle lykken?
Meyer, Gitte
2017-01-01
Det kan være svært at holde sig munter, når man nok en gang bliver præsenteret for resultater med decimaler fra en trivselsmåling eller - værre - bliver bedt om selv at deltage i en sådan. I sidstnævnte tilfælde kan man blandt andet komme ud for at blive stillet spørgsmål, der drejer sig om ens...
7. Man-machine dialogue design and challenges
Landragin, Frederic
2013-01-01
This book summarizes the main problems posed by the design of a man-machine dialogue system and offers ideas on how to continue along the path towards efficient, realistic and fluid communication between humans and machines. A culmination of ten years of research, it is based on the author's development, investigation and experimentation covering a multitude of fields, including artificial intelligence, automated language processing, man-machine interfaces and notably multimodal or multimedia interfaces. Contents Part 1. Historical and Methodological Landmarks 1. An Assessment of the Evolution
8. A Man With Two Burned Ears
范图雨
2001-01-01
Mr Smith was in troublethose days. He drove a car forMr Black, a rich business-man. He worked hard and theshopkeeper liked him. But hecouldn't work when he dranktoo much. And once he al-most fell into the river whenhe drove along the bridge. MrBlack became angry and wasgoing to send him away. Hehad a big family and wasafraid of that and promisedhe would stop drinking atonce. The man told him towait to be dealt with. OneMonday morning, Mr Smithcame into the office, with twobadly burned ears. “Whathappened to your ears?”asked Mr Black.
9. Homo Tangens, or Man Touching and Tangible
J Mizinska
2011-09-01
Full Text Available The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept sense of touch, which is considered in all its aspects and dimensions. The author's aim is to determine what is touch in terms of philosophy, what types it has and what traditional functions (i.e. prior to the emergence of virtual reality each of these functions performed. The conducted research allows the author to make a conclusion about the importance of perceiving the role and significance of man as a homo tangens - man touching and tangible.
10. Otto Rank and man's urge to immortality.
Goldwert, M
1985-04-01
Otto Rank, one of Sigmund Freud's original followers, posited the existence of an "urge to immortality" as man's deepest drive. In his Psychology and the Soul, Rank traced the desire for immortality through four historical eras, with particular emphasis on the creativity of the hero and the artist. By the end of his life, Rank had not only repudiated orthodox psychoanalysis and developed then abandoned a psychology of the will, he had moved "beyond psychology" to a religious view of history and the nature of man.
11. "Kan man studere en menneskelig praksis?"
Oettingen, Alexander von
2008-01-01
Læser man bekendtgørelsen for faget pædagogik, lægger man mærke til, at faget har et dobbelt sigte. På den ene side repræsenterer pædagogik en indsigt, viden og refleksion i videnskabelige teorier og metoder, og på den anden side er det fagets opgave at kvalificere studerende til det konkrete...... pædagogiske arbejde og den pædagogiske praksis. Pædagogik er på mange måder et splittet fag....
12. Analysis and Countermeasures of Organization of Drop and Pull Transportation in Ro-Ro Transportation%滚装运输中的甩挂运输组织分析及对策
靳志宏; 韩雪梅; 靳新; 杨光敏
2013-01-01
In this paper, we analyzed quantitatively the advantage and disadvantage of the drop and pull transportation mode and conventional transportation modes in the Ro-Ro transportation market, applied the fuzzy AHP in a quantitative evaluation of the two organizational arrangements, and then proposed accordingly the implementation of drop and pull transportation in Ro-Ro transportation.%在定性分析滚装运输市场传统组织方式与甩挂组织方式优劣势的基础上，应用模糊层次分析法对滚装运输两种组织方式进行定量评价，结果表明甩挂组织方式对滚装运输整体效益贡献较大，进而对滚装运输甩挂运输组织的实施提出了对策。
13. 鲁辽滚装船甩挂运输的业务流程设计%Design of Business Process of Ro-ro Drop & Pull Transportation in Shandong-Liaoning Region
吕延昌
2014-01-01
In this paper, on the basis of the basic theory concerning the ro-ro drop & pull transportation, and the practice of this transportation mode both in China and abroad, we discussed the characteristics and prerequisite for its implementation in the Shandong-Liaoning region, presented the operational process for different vehicles under this mode, and at the end presented the ro-ro container shipping process of low-chassis trucks used specially at terminals.%在阐述滚装船甩挂运输的基本理论和国内外滚装运输的基础上，针对鲁辽滚装船开展甩挂运输的特点，论述了开展滚装船甩挂运输的前提条件。分析了厢式、敞式、仓栅式、平板半挂车和罐式半挂车的滚装船甩挂运输流程，提出了采用专用码头低底盘车装载集装箱进行滚装船运输的流程。
14. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space missionXIX. CoRoT-19b: A low density planet orbiting an old inactive F9V-star
Guenther, E W; Gazzano, J -C; Mazeh, T; Rouan, D; Gibson, N; Csizmadia, Sz; Aigrain, S; Alonso, R; Almenara, J M; Auvergne, M; Baglin, A; Barge, P; Bonomo, A S; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Bruntt, H; Cabrera, J; Carone, L; Carpano, S; Cavarroc, C; Deeg, H J; Deleuil, M; Dreizler, S; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Ferraz-Mello, S; Fridlund, M; Gandolfi, D; Gillon, M; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Havel, M; Hebrard, G; Jehin, E; Jorda, L; Lammer, H; Leger, A; Moutou, C; Nortmann, L; Ollivier, M; Ofir, A; Pasternacki, Th; Paetzold, M; Parviainen, H; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Samuel, B; Santerne, A; Schneider, J; Tal-Or, L; Tingley, B; Weingrill, J; Wuchterl, G
2011-01-01
Observations of transiting extrasolar planets are of key importance to our understanding of planets because their mass, radius, and mass density can be determined. The CoRoT space mission allows us to achieve a very high photometric accuracy. By combining CoRoT data with high-precision radial velocity measurements, we derive precise planetary radii and masses. We report the discovery of CoRoT-19b, a gas-giant planet transiting an old, inactive F9V-type star with a period of four days. After excluding alternative physical configurations mimicking a planetary transit signal, we determine the radius and mass of the planet by combining CoRoT photometry with high-resolution spectroscopy obtained with the echelle spectrographs SOPHIE, HARPS, FIES, and SANDIFORD. To improve the precision of its ephemeris and the epoch, we observed additional transits with the TRAPPIST and Euler telescopes. Using HARPS spectra obtained during the transit, we then determine the projected angle between the spin of the star and the orbi...
15. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of measuring antibodies to alpha-fodrin compared to anti-Ro-52, anti-Ro-60, and anti-La in primary Sjogren's syndrome
Pelck, R.; Manthorpe, R.; Locht, Henning
2008-01-01
OBJECTIVE: To compare sensitivity and specificity of autoantibodies to alpha-fodrin with conventional anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). Data on internal organ manifestations were correlated with presence of autoantibodies. METHODS: We collected...
16. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission IV: CoRoT-Exo-4b: A transiting planet in a 9.2 day synchronous orbit
Aigrain, S; Ollivier, M; Pont, F; Jorda, L; Almenara, J M; Alonso, R; Barge, P; Borde, P; Bouchy, F; Deeg, H; De la Reza, R; Deleuil, M; Dvorak, R; Erikson, A; Fridlund, M; Gondoin, P; Gillon, M; Guillot, T; Hatzes, A; Lammer, H; Lanza, A F; Léger, A; Llebaria, A; Magain, P; Mazeh, T; Moutou, C; Paetzold, M; Pinte, C; Queloz, D; Rauer, H; Rouan, D; Schneider, J; Wuchter, G; Zucker, S
2008-01-01
CoRoT, the first space-based transit search, provides ultra-high precision light curves with continuous time-sampling over periods, of up to 5 months. This allows the detection of transiting planets with relatively long periods, and the simultaneous study of the host star's photometric variability. In this letter, we report on the discovery of the transiting giant planet CoRoT-Exo-4b and use the CoRoT light curve to perform a detailed analysis of the transit and to determine the stellar rotation period. The CoRoT light curve was pre-processed to remove outliers and correct for orbital residuals and artefacts due to hot pixels on the detector. After removing stellar variability around each transit, the transit light curve was analysed to determine the transit parameters. A discrete auto-correlation function method was used to derive the rotation period of the star from the out-of-transit light curve. We derive periods for the planet's orbit and star's rotation of 9.20205 +/- 0.00037 and 8.87 +/- 1.12 days resp...
17. DESTRUCTION OF ANTI-SCALANTS IN RO CONCENTRATES BY ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION%反渗透浓缩液中阻垢剂的电化学破坏
杨庆峰; 马紫峰; HASSON David; SEMIAT Raphael
2004-01-01
Scaling on heat transfer surface and reverse osmosis(RO) membrane surface[35 is one of thc main problems in desalination processes. To mitigate scales, anti-scalants are often used. For RO system, membrane concentrates contain high amounts of dissolved salts and anti-sealants. Concentratcs are discharged directly. In fact, concentrates are high quality water
18. La fin du risque zéro : du homegrown jihadism au terrorisme du loup solitaire
Rémi Baudouï
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Le risque zéro représente un moment historique particulier dans la conceptualisation de la socio-politique du risque. Son application repose au début des années 1980 sur l’hypothèse de la possibilité de progresser dans le domaine de l’anticipation et de la gestion sécuritaire des crises potentielles au point de pouvoir prémunir les populations contre toute forme de menace. Il fut employé dans les domaines de la protection civile et de la sécurité militaire. Comme élément de gouvernance politique, il réfutait l’idée selon laquelle le risque existe en préalable comme catégorie d’acceptabilité collective de la menace.
19. The religiosity and the quotidian in the city of Alto Paraíso (RO)
2003-01-01
O objetivo da presente pesquisa é explicitar a relação entre a religião e a vida cotidiana na cid ade de Alto Paraíso (RO). Pretende discutir o papel do imaginário religioso no processo de ocupação de um novo espaço geográfico e na luta pela sobrevivência neste contexto. Sistematiza, assim, a história de uma cidade a partir de depoimentos de seus primeiros habitantes, perguntando pelo lugar da religião nesta memória. A metodologia privilegia o depoimento oral, colhido através da técn...
20. Physical State of the Deep Interior of the CoRoT-7b Exoplanet
Wagner, F W; Rückriemen, T; Rauer, H
2011-01-01
The present study takes the CoRoT-7b exoplanet as an analogue for massive terrestrial planets to investigate conditions, under which intrinsic magnetic fields could be sustained in liquid cores. We examine the effect of depth-dependent transport parameters (e.g., activation volume of mantle rock) on a planet's thermal structure and the related heat flux across the core mantle boundary. For terrestrial planets more massive than the Earth, our calculations suggest that a substantial part of the lowermost mantle is in a sluggish convective regime, primarily due to pressure effects on viscosity. Hence, we find substantially higher core temperatures than previously reported from parameterized convection models. We also discuss the effect of melting point depression in the presence of impurities (e.g., sulfur) in iron-rich cores and compare corresponding melting relations to the calculated thermal structure. Since impurity effects become less important at the elevated pressure and temperature conditions prevalent i... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5854708552360535, "perplexity": 12853.980265635651}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00533.warc.gz"} |
https://www.pveducation.org/ru/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=38&s=title&o=asc | # Biblio
Export 2 results:
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Filters: Author is S. P. Bremner [Clear All Filters]
A
, «Analysis of tandem solar cell efficiencies under {AM1.5G} spectrum using a rapid flux calculation method», Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, т. 16, с. 225–233, 2008.
N
, «A New Generalized Detailed Balance Formulation to Calculate Solar Cell Efficiency Limits», 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. с. 22-26, 2001. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9853795766830444, "perplexity": 18450.62455242916}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358443.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128013650-20211128043650-00036.warc.gz"} |
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-44412-3_10 | # A Comparison of Progressive and Iterative Centroid Estimation Approaches Under Time Warp
• Saeid Soheily-Khah
• Ahlame Douzal-Chouakria
• Eric Gaussier
Conference paper
Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 9785)
## Abstract
Estimating the centroid of a set of time series under time warp is a major topic for many temporal data mining applications, as summarization a set of time series, prototype extraction or clustering. The task is challenging as the estimation of centroid of time series faces the problem of multiple temporal alignments. This work compares the major progressive and iterative centroid estimation methods, under the dynamic time warping, which currently is the most relevant similarity measure in this context.
## Keywords
Centroid estimation Multiple temporal alignment Dynamic time warping Time series
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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
## Authors and Affiliations
• Saeid Soheily-Khah
• 1
Email author
• Ahlame Douzal-Chouakria
• 1
• Eric Gaussier
• 1
1. 1.Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS - LIG/AMAGrenobleFrance | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7094655632972717, "perplexity": 28131.297960690626}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00230.warc.gz"} |
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/marius.vlad0/weston/commit/48392643ec0ba66267bac199227522185fc6cd41?view=inline | Commit 48392643 by Marius Vlad Committed by Pekka Paalanen
### clients: Fix/resolved doxygen warnings
Missing/wrong parameters and '[out]' issues.
Signed-off-by:
parent eeabe17e
... ... @@ -193,10 +193,11 @@ keyboard_focus_handler(struct window *window, /** * \brief CALLBACK function, Wayland informs about key event * \param window window * \param input input * \param time time * \param key keycode * \param unicode associated character * \param state pressed or released * \param modifiers modifiers: ctrl, alt, meta etc. * \param data user data associated to the window */ static void ... ... @@ -351,8 +352,8 @@ axis_discrete_handler(struct widget *widget, struct input *input, * \param time time the event happened * \param x absolute x position * \param y absolute y position * \param sx x position relative to the window * \param sy y position relative to the window * \param x x position relative to the window * \param y y position relative to the window * \param data user data associated to the window * * Demonstrates the use of different cursors ... ...
... ... @@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ struct poly { * cancel, multiple touch-downs) needs to undo the current sample and * possibly show user feedback "wrong". * * * - : * \ * - \: \ * * IDLE * - touch down: sample, -> DOWN ... ...
... ... @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ create_file_excl(const char *fname) * \param path File path * \param prefix File name prefix. * \param suffix File name suffix. * \param name_out[out] Buffer for the resulting file name. * \param[out] name_out Buffer for the resulting file name. * \param name_len Number of bytes usable in name_out. * \return stdio FILE pointer, or NULL on failure. * ... ...
... ... @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ extern "C" { * expanded[i] = small[4]; * @endcode * * @param condition Expression to check for truth * @param cond Expression to check for truth * @param msg Message to print on failure */ #ifndef static_assert ... ...
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Finish editing this message first! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9765846133232117, "perplexity": 25412.77535398072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00493.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/329026/exotic-matter-stabilizing-wormholes | Exotic Matter: Stabilizing Wormholes
Background
I know wormholes are still hypothetical but this is pertaining to exotic matter and it's effect on wormholes. Reading through various sources, they all specify that if wormholes exist, they would collapse almost instantaneously and that the only way to stop that is by using exotic matter. The term exotic matter is used loosely and I've seen sources use other names for the material so it doesn't necessarily help to understand it.
Questions
Therefore, what properties of exotic matter are used to stabilize a wormhole? Specifically the forces needed to achieve such goal.
And why would wormholes collapse in the first place? Is it because it breaks certain laws of physics or that it requires an astronomical amount of energy that would make the entire system inefficient?
A wormhole would normally collapse not because it violates any laws of physics but because it must obey them - in particular Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Einstein (and Rosen) worked this out in the early 20th century while investigating the "Einstein-Rose bridge" that we would now call a wormhole.
Einstein couldn't keep a wormhole open because all the matter and energy he knew of was positive, and so according to his theory could only work one way.
Exotic matter is matter that is different in this key respect: it violates certain so-called "energy conditions" in general relativity that matter generally shouldn't.
In particular, it must appear for at least some observers to have negative energy. This is how it stops a wormhole from collapsing: whereas ordinary matter attracts, exotic matter repels, or more accurately in general relativity it causes spacetime to curve "in the opposite way" and so opposes the natural tendency of a wormhole throat to pull in on itself according to the equations of general relativity.
Now, whilst no one has ever seen exotic matter, and there is some doubt that exotic matter could really be created in any significant quantity - let alone manipulated and organised to hold open a wormhole - it as least theoretically possible thanks to quantum mechanics.
The attraction between two plates known as the Casimir effect is due to the negative (relative to the average) energy density between the plates.
So, since it is not actually impossible, it is possible and so physicists are happy to toy with the implications.
Even if that means also having to worry about time machines made from wormholes... but that's another story.
• Thank you for your explanation! Your answer is very informative and it also helps clear some other questions I had in mind. Have a great day! – Qubic Lens Apr 26 '17 at 22:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8401421308517456, "perplexity": 276.97455499243625}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195656.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128125557-20201128155557-00595.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/polar-coordinates-in-mecanics.262301/ | # Polar coordinates in mecanics?
1. Oct 7, 2008
### Patrick.Gh
Ok, here is my problem. I haven't taken anything vector related since at least one year ago. And back then, I wasn't such a good student.. So now my past has come back to haunt me..
I still have some basic notions, but other than that, I pretty much forgot things..
http://img393.imageshack.us/img393/8378/mec1wi0.jpg [Broken]
Can someone please explain to me why ir = cosθ . i + sinθ . j and iθ = -sinθ.i + cosθ. j ?
Why isn't for example iθ = -cosθ.i + sinθ.j?
Our teacher told us that these two are formulas. Or do they vary in each case?
(ir, iθ, i and j are vectors.)
Last edited by a moderator: May 3, 2017
2. Oct 7, 2008
### CompuChip
Well, it depends on how you choose your coordinate system. First of all, you want the unit vectors in the r and theta direction to be perpendicular to each other, and the one in the r-direction to point along the line from the origin O to M(t).
Now normally, one would choose the unit vector i along the x-axis, and j along the y-axis. Of course, for theta = 0, you see that the r-unit vector should just be i, and theta- unit vector should be along j. If you plug in theta = 0 in the sine and cosine, you will see that one of the two definitions you gave comes out wrong.
Of course, you are free to choose your i and j vectors differently (for example, i along the y axis and j along the -x or +x-axis is a possibility, although it goes against the conventions) and you would find another expression for i_theta and i_r. That is why, before solving any mechanics problem, you should always draw a picture with all the relevant basis vectors in it, so no confusion may arise about how you set up the coordinate system.
3. Oct 7, 2008
### tiny-tim
Hi Patrick.Gh!
ooh … scary!
-cosθ.i + sinθ.j is the reflection of cosθ.i + sinθ.j in the x-axis.
you want the perpendicular vector, so you want their dot-product to be zero … in this case, (cosθ . i + sinθ . j).(-sinθ.i + cosθ. j) = cosθsinθ - sinθcosθ = 0.
4. Oct 7, 2008
### Patrick.Gh
I don't know why I have this feeling you are being sarcastic :P Maybe because I'm usually sarcastic, or I have been over dramatic in the post :D
I see. So if iθ is in the opposite direction, it would still be -sinθ.i + cosθ. j since it's still perpendicular?
5. Oct 7, 2008
### HallsofIvy
No, tiny-tim is never sarcastic (he's much nicer than I am). He really meant it!
He does, however, seem to me to be wrong about one point: $-cos(\theta)i+ sin( \theta)j$ is the reflection of $cos(\theta)i+ sin(\theta)j$ in the y-axis, not the x-axis. the y coordinate is the same, $sin(\theta)$ in both, only the x coordinate, $cos(\theta)$ is negated. That's a reflection in the y-axis.
6. Oct 7, 2008
### CompuChip
Which is consistent with the image you posted.
Similar Discussions: Polar coordinates in mecanics? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8668989539146423, "perplexity": 1250.4549448827752}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00563.warc.gz"} |
http://www.archive.org/stream/europeantheories00claruoft/europeantheories00claruoft_djvu.txt | # Full text of "European theories of the drama, an anthology of dramatic theory and criticism from Aristotle to the present day, and a series of selected texts; with commentaries, biographies, and bibliographies"
## See other formats
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
Microsoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/europeantheoriesOOclaruoft
Books by Barrett H. Clark
Contemporary French Dramatists. 2nd edition. Stewart
& Kidd Co., Cincinnati.
The Continental Drama of To-day. 3rd printing. Henry
Holt, New York.
The British and American Drama of To-day. Henry Holt,
New York.
How to Produce Amateur Plays. 2nd edition. Little,
Brown, Boston.
TRANSLATIONS
Four Plays of the Free Theater, with a Preface by Brieux.
Stewart & Kidd Co., Cincinnati.
Three Modern Plays from the French, with a Preface by
Clayton Hamilton. Henry Holt, New York.
Lovers, The Free Woman, They! by Maurice Donnay.
Little, Brown, Boston.
Four Plays by Emile Augier, with a Preface by Brieux.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Two Belgian Plays, by Gustave Vanzype. Little, Brown,
Boston.
The World's Best Plays for Amateurs. (46 volumes.)
Samuel French, New York.
The Labyrinth, by Paul Hervieu (in collaboration with
L. MacClintock). B. W. Huebsch, New York.
Patriel by Victorien Sardou. 2nd printing. Doubleday,
Page, New York.
The Apostle, by P. H. Loyson. Doubleday, Page, New
York.
A False Saint, by Francois de Curel. Doubleday, Page,
New York.
Artists' Families, by Brieux. Doubleday, Page, New York.
The Fourteenth of July and Danton, by Romain Rolland.
Henry Holt, New York.
BOOKS EDITED
Plays and Players, by Walter Prichard Eaton, with a
Preface by Barrett H. Clark. Stewart & Kidd Co.,
Cincinnati.
Masterpieces of Modern Spanish Drama, edited with an
Introduction by Barrett H. Clark. Duffield & Co.,
New York.
BezacL
European Theories
of the drama
AN ANTHOLOGY OF DRAMATIC THEORY AND
CRITICISM FROM ARISTOTLE TO THE
PRESENT DAY, IN A SERIES OF
SELECTED TEXTS, WITH COM'
MENT ARIES, BIOGRAPHIES,
AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
BY
BARRETT H. CLARK
CINCINNATI
STEWART 6? KIDD COMPANY
1918
STEWART & KIDD COMPANY
P
«
V
TO
MY WIFE
A COLLABORATOR WHO INSPIRED
THIS WORK
INTRODUCTION
European Theories of the Drama is an attempt to set before the reader the devel-
opment of the theory of dramatic technique in Europe from Aristotle to the present
time. It has been my purpose to select such texts and parts of texts as have been
influential in shaping the technical form of plays. Sometimes this doctrine appears
as criticism of particular works, sometimes as the playwright's own theory of his
art, and sometimes as a history, a summing up of the dramatic products of a par-
ticular epoch.
The texts I have selected are arranged according to countries, and generally in
:hronological order, so that the whole volume, texts and preliminary historical re-
marks taken together, will furnish the reader an idea of the changes in dramatic
technique as they were gradually introduced from country to country, and century
to century.
It was no easy task to choose from the vast amount of material exactly what
iheories were most important, and reject what were foreign to my pre-conceived idea,
for I have ttied to include only the theories of dramatic form, and not venture into
the fields of ethics and esthetics. This was, of course, an impossible task, because
the technique of no true art is separable from ethical and esthetic considerations. It
was inevitable that in the greater part of the writings I was called upon to consider,
there should be constant reference to the purely psychological side of dramatic art,
and to the moral intent and influence. However, as it was out of the question to
give space in a book the size of the present one, to any of the exclusively esthetic or
moral disquisitions on the subject, I have contented myselt with including theories
dealing primarily with dramatic structure. But it will be seen that even in these,
there is a constant tendency on the part of theorists to enter into the moral side of
the drama: from Aristotle to Bernard Shaw there is a "school" of dramatic critics
which demands that the drama shall shape the morals and manners of men; to these
critics, morality is itself a part of their theory of the form. To Dumas fils, for
instance, it is the end of the drama, its excuse for existence. I have naturally allowed
these critics to speak for themselves, and not attempted to select from among their
utterances the passages dealing exclusively with dramatic form in itself. On the
3ther hand, the estheticians — like Hegel and Croce — have no place in my scheme,
for to include them meant the inclusion of the psychologists: it is only a step from
esthetics to psychology, and it would be necessary to add the interesting, but — from
ny point of view hardly pertinent — books of Gustave Le Bon and Henri Bergson,
:o mention but two modern writers.
The texts in the present collection are culled from many sources. First is the work
)f the critics pure and simple. Lessing, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Sarcey, are typical critics
)f this class. Then there are the more philosophical critics who have attempted to
compile more or less formal treatises: Aristotle, Horace, Scaliger, the Abbe d'Aubig-
INTRODUCTION
nac, Boileau, Freytag. In a third class are the dramatists themselves, who tell how
they write plays, or how plays ought to be written: Lope de Vega, Corneille, Moliere,
Farquhar, Goldoni, Diderot, Zola, Bernard Shaw. The fourth class consists of
more or less general matter contributed by dramatists, dramatic critics, or men of
letters generally who have turned their attention to dramatic theory — as for instance,
Sebillet, Cervantes, Sir Philip Sidney, Saint-Evremond, Rymer, Samuel Johnson,
Addison, Goethe, Wagner, Charles Lamb, and Brunetiere.
Why European theories? I had at first intended to use the title World Theories
of the Drama, but I freely confess that a remark of Mr. Joel Elias Spingarn's dis-
suaded me. He said that World Theories might do very well for a while, but that
probably in a few years, when we shall know more about the drama of the world
than we now do, the title would be misleading. European Theories of the Drama is,
however, a collection of the most significant theories that have influenced the drama
of our own civilization. In a volume of this sort I did not think it necessary to
consider the dramas of the East, of Russia, of the Scandinavian nations, of the
United States, or of South America. The drama of Japan and China, and that of
India, has exerted no influence at all upon that of Europe; the Russian drama —
originally an off -shoot of French drama — is only beginning to be known abroad.
Ibsen and Strindberg are of course imposing figures, and Ibsen in particular has
put his impress upon European drama, but the movement, school, or tradition, in
which he is a link, is not of sufficient importance to warrant the inclusion here of any
theory of his art, especially as he himself was little inclined to formulate such a theory.
Possibly a few words of justification for not including American dramatic theories
may not be amiss. The principal reason for this is that — until recent years, at
least — there has been no consistently developed American drama. The American
theater has been dominated from the first by English and French plays, and were I
to introduce the few American theories of the drama, I should have to place them
under France and England. There has been much good dramatic criticism in this
country: Poe, Lowell, and Irving, wrote with discernment on the subject, but it can-
not be said that they contributed to the development of the native drama ; the drama-
tists — Boucicault, Bronson Howard, and later Augustus Thomas, William Gillette,
and Clyde Fitch — have chatted interestingly about their art; and the dramatic
critics — Brander Matthews, William Winter, Henry Austin Clapp, and others —
have contributed intelligent and valuable matter to the subject; but in spite of this
activity, I do not feel justified in devoting part of this volume to America.
My acknowledgments for aid in compiling European Theories of the Drama are
numerous. It was inevitable that I should enlist the services of publishers, trans-
lators, and others in the rather formidable task I had undertaken. Among the many
who have offered helpful advice, I must mention Mr. Montrose J. Moses, Mr. Clayton
Hamilton, Professor Brander Matthews, Mr. Archibald Henderson, Mr. Joel Elias
Spingarn, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, Sir Arthur Pinero, and Mr. Lander MacClintock.
My translators have considerably lightened the burden I had at first imposed upon
myself; I am glad to acknowledge the assistance given me by Miss Mildred Rogers,
Mr. Lander MacClintock, Mrs. Ida Treat O'Neil, Mr. Hatcher H. Hughes, Mrs.
Winifred Ayres Hope, Mr. August Odebrecht, Mrs. Beatrice Stewart MacClintock,
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Hobart C, Chatfield-Taylor, Mr. Philip M. Hayden, Mr. William T. Brewster.
For permission to re-print matter from books and articles, I wish to thank Messrs.
Macniillan of London and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Little, Brown and
Co., The Yale University Press, Longmans Green and Co., Professor Brander
Matthews, Duffield & Co., Mr. Paul H. Reynolds, Dodd, Mead & Co., Small, Maynard
& Co., and Brentano's.
In almost every case I have been able to secure the best published translations of
standard and classic works, but when this was out of the question I have had to
resort to the expedient of using the next best, and I have not scrupled to modify
them after referring to the original, and in exceptional instances, to make use — with
full permission — of a phrase from the unobtainable standard translation.
For convenience' sake I have modernized the spelling throughout and at least at-
tempted to standardize such matters as punctuation, paragraphing, and capitalization.
I have thought it well to use in most cases the original titles of plays and books.
In brief, it is my intention to set before the reader not an absolutely literal re-
print of texts, no matter how corrupt or incomprehensible they may be, but, while
preserving the thought of the writer intact — so far as it is strictly germane to the
subject — to present it in the most interesting form possible.
Bahrett H. Clark.
March 28, 1918.
Xew York City.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface . vii
Greek Dramatic Criticism • . . . 3
/ Aristotle 4
— ^ The Poetic 5
Latin Dramatic Criticism 27
. Horace 28
-^The Art of Poetry 29
Dramatic Criticism of the Middle Ages 41
Donatus 42
^On Comedy and Tragedy 43
^ Dante 45
Epistle to Can Grande 47
— Dramatic Criticism of the Italian Renaissance 51
Daniello 54
Poetics 54
Minturno 55
^>The Art of Poetry 56
Scaliger 60
^Poetics 61
Castelvetro 63
XPoetics 64
Miscellaneous Critical Works 64
b Dramatic Criticism of the French Renaissance 69
e Sebillet 73
The Art of Poetry 74
De la Taille 75
The Art of Tragedy 76
Spanish Dramatic Criticism of the Golden Age 81
CONTENTS
PAGE
Spanish Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth Century ... 82
Spanish Dramatic Criticism of the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries , • • 83
Cervantes 85
Don Quixote 86
Lope de Vega 88
The New Art of Making Plays . . 89
Tirso de Molina 98
The Orchards of Toledo 94
Elizabethan Dramatic Criticism 99
Sidney 108
An Apologie for Poetry 104
Jonson 106
Timber; or, Discoveries, etc 108
To the Readers (Preface to Sejanus) Ill
Dedication to Volpone Ill
French Dramatic Criticism of the Seventeenth Century . . .115
Ogier 117
Preface to Tyre and Sidon 118
Chapelain 123
Opinions of the French Academy 125
Summary of a Poetic of the Drama 127
Abbe d'Aubignac 128
The Whole Art of the Stage 129
Corneille 136
Discourse on the Uses and Elements of Dramatic Poetry . . .139
Moliere 148
School for Wives Criticized 150
Preface to Tartufe 152
Racine 152
First Preface to The Thebdid 154
First Preface to Andromache 154
First Preface to Britannicus 155
Preface to Berenice 156
Preface to Phaedra 157
^Boileau 157
CONTENTS
PAGE
—£*The Art of Poetry 158
Saint-Evremond 162
Of Ancient and Modern Tragedy 164
Restoration and Eighteenth Century English Dramatic Criticism ^71
Dryden 174
An Essay of Dramatick Poesie 176
Preface to Troilus and Cressida 193
Milton 202
Preface to Samson Agonistes 203
Rymer 204
A Short View of Tragedy 205
Congreve 210
+ Concerning Humour in Comedy 211
Farquhar 216
xA Discourse upon Comedy 217
The Spectator 227
Johnson 228
The Rambler 230
Goldsmith 235
An Essay on the Theatre 236
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Seventeenth Century . . .241
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth Century . . . 241
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries 242
Goldoni 244
* The Comic Theater 246
Memoirs 247
German Dramatic Criticism from the Beginnings to Lessing . . 253
^ Lessing 255
Hamburg Dramaturgy 256
French Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth Century . . 271
*-^^Voltaire ...,...,..„,» 273
^j
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface to Herod and Mariamne 277
Letter to Father Poree (Preface to CEdipus) 279
A Discourse on Tragedy (Preface to Brutus) 282
Diderot 284
On Dramatic Poetry 286
Beaumarchais 299
Essay on the Serious Drama ' 301
Dedicatory Letter to The Barber of Seville 308
Modern German Dramatic Criticism 313
Schiller 316
Preface to The Robbers 318
On Tragic Art 320
Goethe 322
Conversations 325
Epic and Dramatic Poetry 337
Schlegel 339
Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature 340
Wagner . 345
The Purpose of the Opera 346
Freytag 353
The Technique of the Drama 354
French Dramatic Criticism of the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries 363
Hugo 367
Preface to Cromwell 368
Dumas fils 382
Preface to A Prodigal Father . . . 383
Sarcey 388
A Theory of the Theater 389
Zola 399
Preface to Therese Raquin 400
runetiere 402
The Law of the Drama 404
Maeterlinck 411
The Tragical in Daily Life 412
Preface to the Plays . . ....... . , 414
CONTEXTS
PAGE
English Dramatic Criticism of the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries 419
Coleridge 422
Greek Drama 423
The Progress of the Drama 425
The Drama Generally, and Public Taste 427
Notes on the Tempest 429
Shakespeare's English Historical Plays 432
Notes on Othello 433
Lamb 434
* On the Artificial Comedy of the Last Century 435
Hazlitt 440
4 On the Comic Writers of the Last Century 441
i Pinero 453
Robert Louis Stevenson: The Dramatist 454
Jones 458
Introduction to Brunetiere's Law of the Drama 460
Shaw 471
The Author's Apology 472
Letter on the Principles that Govern the Dramatist, etc. . . . 475
Archer 476
Playmaking 477
Index 483
ANCIENT GREECE
Greek Dramatic Criticism 3
Bibliography 3
Aristotle 4
Bibliography 5
The Poetic [HEPI IIOIHTIKH5] translated by Theodore Buckley
[with slight omissions] (4th Century B.C.) 5
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
GREEK DRAMATIC CRITICISM
With the exception of the more or less
fragmentary Poetics of Aristotle there is
very little in Greek literature touching
upon the subject of dramatic theory.
What we possess are (1) quotations from
Greek writers like Tneophrastus (in the
Ars Grammatica of Diomedes), and from
Greek dramatists (in The Deipnosaphists
of Athenaeus); (2) passages from Aris-
tophanes; and (3) works or fragments of
a more general character, of such writers
as Plato and Dionysius of Halicarnassus ;
and (4) the Scholia, or commentaries on
the dramatists.
Of dramatic criticism proper there is
nothing either in Plato or Aristophanes;
Plato's Republic, Phcedrus, Ion, Laws,
and other dialogues contain a good deal
on the subject of poetry, and much on
dramatic poetry, but, as might be ex-
pected, the philosopher is concerned
rather with the moral and philosophic
than the purely literary and dramatic as-
pects. Aristophanes' Frogs in particu-
lar, is full of dramatic criticism of an
indirect kind, but is neither so objective
nor so organized as to entitle it to seri-
ous consideration as a distinct theory of
the drama. It is only by inference that
the student may form any definite idea
of Aristophanes' esthetic ideals. In M.
Egger's indispensable Histoire de la
Critique chez les Orecs there is quoted a
passage attributed to Antiphanes on
tragedy and comedy. Another short pas-
sage, attributed to Simylus, practically
completes the list.
It was impossible to formulate any
considerable body of dramatic theory be-
fore the close of the great dramatic
epoch ushered in by ^Eschylus, so that
the absence of any such work as the
Poetics during that period is not sur-
prising, Aristotle had before him the
masterpieces of his country and was able
to formulate a complete body of doctrine.
While it has been pointed out that he
was at a decided disadvantage in not
knowing the literature of at least one
other nation besides his own, it is doubly
fortunate that so well-balanced a philos-
opher should have happened at the right
time to sum up the dramatic theory of
the age which immediately preceded him.
Of the rhetoricians and grammarians
who followed Aristotle, of the great
mass of Scholia on the tragedians and
Aristophanes, there is very little to be
said. Most of the commentators were
concerned almost altogether with ques-
tions of philology, grammar, and the
more formal aspects of the drama.
Much later, Plutarch — in his Compari-
son of Aristophanes and Mrnander —
turns to the drama, but his remarks are
applicable mainly to the moral and stylis-
tic side. Athenaeus (in the third century
a. d.) did no more than collect passages
from earlier writers, some few of which
are concerned with the drama.
General works on Greek literature,
criticism and critics:
Paul Masqueray, Bibliographic pratique
de la Litterature grecque, des origines
a la fin de la periods romain* (Paris,
19H).
W. Christ, Geschichte der grieschischen
Literatur (in Midler's Handbuch der
klassischen Altertumsicissenschaft. Bd.
VII, Munchen, 1890).
Emile Egger, Essai sur Vhistoire de la
Critique chez les Grecs (Paris, 3rd ed.,
1887).
Gilbert Murray, A History of Ancient
Greek Literature (New York, new ed.,
1900).
L. D. Barnett, Greek Drama, (London,
1900).
Lewis Campbell, A Guide to Greek Trag-
edy, etc. (London, 1891).
A. et M. Croiset, Histoire de la Littera-
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ture grecque. (Abridged ed., Paris,
1900. Translated as An Abridged His-
tory of Greek Literature, by George
F. Heffelbower, (New York, 190-4).
A. E. Haigh, The Attic Theater (Oxford,
1898). The Tragic Drama of the
Greeks (Oxford, i896).
C.-A.-N. Maignien, Du Thi&tre tragique
des Grecs, etc. (Lyon, 1839).
R. G. Moulton, The Ancient Classical
Drama (Oxford, 1898).
Patin, E tndes sur les tragiques grecs, 4
vols. (Paris, 1841).
L. M. Watt, Attic and Elizabethan Trag-
edy (London, 1908).
H. Weil, Etudes sur le drame antique
(Paris, 1897).
F. C. Welcker, Die grieschischen Tragb-
dien, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1839.)
Artaud, Fragments pour servir a Vhis-
toire de la comedie attique (Paris,
1863).
William Wilson Baker, De Comicis
grcecis litterarum judicibus (Harvard
Studies in Class. Phil., vol. 15, pp. 121-
240. Cambridge, 1904).
Faustin Colin, Clef de Vllistoire de la
Comedie grecque (Paris, 1856).
F. M. Cornford, The Origin of Attic
Comedy (London, 1914).
Demetrius Detscheff, De Tragcediarum
Grcpcarum conformatione scwnica ac
dramatica (Gottingen, 1904).
M.-G. Guizot, Mdnandre; Uude historique
et litteraire sur la comedie et la societe
grecque (Paris, 1855).
Jose Hillebrand, Esthetica Litteraria
Antiqua Classica, etc. (Maguntiae,
1828).
A. Thery, Histoire des opinions litteraires
(2nd ed., Paris, 1849).
Ernst Howald, Die Anfdnge der literar-
ischen Kritik bei den Grieschen (Kircb-
hain, 1910).
Abbe Jacquet, Parallele des tragiques
grecs et franqois (Lille et Lyon, 1760).
Ph. E. Legrand, Pour Vllistoire de la
Comedie nouvelle (Rev. des Etudes
grecques, vol. XV, Paris, 1902).
E. du Meril, Histoire de la Comedie an-
cienne, 2 vols. (Paris, 1864-69).
E. Miiller, Geschichte der Theorie der
Kunst bei den Alten, 2 vols. (Breslau,
1834-37).
J.-J. Rousseau, De limitation thi&trale,
essai tir4 des Dialogues de Platon
(Amsterdam, 1764).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 1 (2nd ed., New York, 1902).
Grcecorum de arte tragica judiciorum
reliquup (Bonn, 1867).
Leslie Morton Turner, Du Con/lit trag-
ique chez les Grecs et dans Shakes-
peare (Paris, 1913).
ARISTOTLE
Aristotle was born at Stagira in the
year 384 b. c. The most trustworthy
biographical account of his life is by
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his Epistle
on Demosthenes and Aristotle: "Aris-
totle was the son of Nichomachus, who
traced back his descent and his art to
Machaon, son of Esculapius; his mother
being Phasstis, a descendant of one of
those who carried the colony from Chal-
cis to Stagira. He was born in the
99th Olympiad in the archonship at
Athens of Diotrephes (384-383), three
years before Demosthenes. In the ar-
chonship of Polyzelus (367-366), after
the death of his father, in his eighteenth
year, he came to Athens, and having
joined Plato, spent twenty years with
him. On the death of Plato (May
347), in the archonship of Theopti-
ilus (348-347) he departed to Her-
mias, tyrant of Atarneus and, after three
years' stay, during the archonship
of Eubulus (345-344) he moved to
Mitylene, whence he went to Philip of
Macedon in the archonship of Pythodntus
(343-342), and spent eight years with
him as tutor of Alexander. After the
death of Philip (336), in the archonship
of Euaenetus (335-334), he returned to
Athens and kept a school in the Lyceum
for twelve years. In the thirteenth, after
the death of Alexander (June 323), in the
archonship of Cephisodorus (323-322),
ARISTOTLE
having departed to Chalcis, he died of
disease (322), after a life of three-and-
sixty years."
The Poetics (or, The Poetic, according
to the translation of the present version)
of Aristotle is the earliest critical trea-
tise extant dealing with dramatic prac-
tice and theory. Besides being a sum-
ming-up of the first great age of dra-
matic activity, it lias exercised incalcul-
able influence over the dramatists of all
European and many other nations.
There are few if any important contri-
butions to dramatic theory and criticism
which fail to take account of the work,
but owing to its obviously incomplete
form, the many corrupt portions of the
text, its compact and elliptical style, it
has been constantly misinterpreted, mis-
quoted, and misunderstood. The famous
Unities, the terms " Imitation " and
"Purgation," have in particular proved
troublesome to the Italian critics of the
Renaissance and to their followers in
France. Of late years, however, a num-
ber of valuable annotated editions, with
copious notes and explanatory matter,
have gone far to clear up the misunder-
standing. Among the recent English edi-
tions, the most significant is S. H. Butch-
er's Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and
Fine Art, containing the original text, a
translation, and a commentary.
While Aristotle based his treatise upon
the Greek poets with whose work he was
acquainted, his general premises and his
conclusions are in the main applicable to
drama in general. Although there was
an abridged version of the Poetics extant
in the late Middle Ages, it cannot prop-
erly be maintained to have made its ap-
pearance until 1499, when Giorgio Valla
published at Venice a Latin translation of
it. This was followed by the Greek text,
in the Aldine Rhetore's Gr&ci (150S).
From that time forward, the text was
translated into the vernacular, com-
mented upon, and criticized; its influence
was soon to become of the greatest im-
portance, not only in Italy, but in
France, Germany, and England.
Editions :
Among the many hundred editions of
Aristotle, it is necessary to mention only
a few. Practically all the emendations,
commentary, and theory of earlier edi-
tions are to be found in I. Bywaur's
Aristotle on the Art of Poetry (text,
translation, and notes, Oxford, 1909), and
in S. H. Butcher's Aristotle's Theory of
Poetry and Fine Art (with text of the
Poetics, translation, bibliography, and
commentary, 4th edition, revised, Lon-
don, 1911). Briefer editions — transla-
tion and notes only — are Aristotle's
Treatise on Rhetoric and Poetic, trans-
lated, with analysis and examination
questions, by Theodore Buckley (Bohn
ed., London, 1914); A. O. Prickard,
Aristotle on the Art of Poetry (London,
1891) ; and Lane Cooper, Aristotle on the
Art of Poetry (Boston, 1913).
On Aristotle and his works:
Notes, etc. in above editions.
Andre Dacier, La Poe'tique traduite en
Francois, avec des remarques critiques
(Paris, 1(392).
Charles Batteux, Les Quatre PoUiques
d'Aristote, d' Horace, de Yida, de Des-
preaux, avec les traductions et des re-
marques (Paris, 1771).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 1 (New York, 1900).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York. 1908).
Moise Schwab, Bibliographie d'Aristote
(Paris, 1896).
THE POETIC i
[360-32-2 b. c]
CHAP. I
Let us speak concerning poetry itself,
and its [different] species; what power
each possesses, and how fables must be
1 The present translation, bv Theodore
composed, in order that poetry may be
such as is fitting: further still, [let us
show] of how many and what kind of
(London and New York, late ed., 1914). The
fcot-notes. unless otherwise designated and
signed " Ed." are from that edition. Those
parts of the text enclosed in brackets (by the
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
parts it consists; and in like manner [let
us treat] concerning such other things as
pertain to this method, beginning, con-
formably to nature, first from such things
as are first.
The epic, therefore, and tragic poetry,
and moreover comedy, and dithyrambic
poetry, and the greatest part of the art
pertaining to the flute and the lyre,2 are
all entirely imitations. They differ, how-
ever, in three things; for [they differ]
either by imitating through means differ-
ent in kind, or by imitating different ob-
jects, or in a different, and not after the
same manner. For as certain persons as-
similating, imitate many things by colors
and figures, some indeed through art,
but others through custom, [and others
through voice] ; thus also in the afore-
mentioned arts, all of them indeed pro-
duce imitation in rhythm, words, and har-
mony; and in these, either distinctly, or
mingled together, as, for instance, the
arts of the flute and the lyre alone em-
ploy harmony and rhythm; and this will
also be the case with any other arts which
possess a power of this kind, such as the
art of playing on reed-pipes. But the
arts pertaining to dancing imitate by
rhythm, without harmony; for dancers,
through figured rhythms, imitate man-
ners, and passions, and actions. But the
epic alone imitates by mere words 3 or
meters, and by these either mingling
them with each other, or employing one
certain kind of meters, which method has
been adopted up to the present time.
For otherwise we should have no common
name by which we could denominate the
Mimes of Sophron and Xenarchus, and
editor of the Bohn edition) are considered
either by him or by some other editor either ms
of doubtful authenticity or else are merely aids
to render the sense clearer. Sections XX,
XXI, and XXII are omitted. They deal with
diction, language, grammar, and the like.
Section XX is, according to Butcher " prob-
ably interpolated " ; also a passage in section
XXI. Section XXII is for the most part au
thentic. but is concerned with minor points of
language. Section XXV is also omitted, as it
deals mainly with objections, or " Problems." —
Ed.
2 Cithern-playing was one of the favorite
accomplishments of the Athenian youth.
tion of iiroirotta, as Koyois i/aXois is supposed
by some to mean prose (see Robortello, p. 14).
by others, verse without music. The sense is.
therefore, " by prose or by meter, but unac-
companied by song."
the dialogues of Socrates; or those who
imitate by trimeters, or elegies, or cer-
tain other things of this kind; except
that men joining with meter the verb to
make,* call some of these makers of ele-
gies, but others epic makers, not as poets
according to imitation, but denominating
them in common according to measure.
For they are accustomed thus to denomi-
nate them, if they write anything medical
or musical in verse. There is, however,
nothing common to Homer and Empedo-
cles except the measure; on which ac-
count, it is right indeed to call the former
a poet; but the latter a physiologist
rather than a poet. In like manner,
though some one mingling all the meas-
ures, should produce imitation, as Chaere-
mon has done in his Centaur, a mixed
rhapsody of all the meters, yet he must
not be called a poet. Let it then be thus
laid down concerning these particulars.
But there are some kinds of poetry
which employ all the before-mentioned
means, I mean, rhythm, melody and
measure, such as dithyrambic poetry and
the Nomes,^ and also tragedy and com-
edy. But these differ, because some of
them use all these at once, but others
partially. I speak, therefore, of these
differences of the arts in respect to the
means by which they produce imitation.
CHAP. II
ON IMITATION AND ITS USUAL OBJECTS
But since imitators imitate those who
do something, and it is necessary that
these should either be worthy or de-
praved persons (for manners nearly al-
4 It may be necessary to observe, that the
Greek word {irotvrvs — poUtes) whence porta,
and poet, is, literally, maker; and maker, it is
well known, was once the current term for
poet in our language; and to write verses, was.
to make. Sir Philip Sidney, speaking of the
Greek word, says. " wherein, I know not
whether by luck or wisdom, we Englishmen
have met with the Greeks, in tailing him
maker." Defense of Poesy. — Twining.
s In dithyrambic or Bacchic hymns, and in
the Nomes, which were also a species of hymns
to Apollo and other deities, all the means of
imitation were employed together, and through-
out : in tragedy and comedy, separately ; some
of them in one part of the drama, and some in
another. In the choral part, however, at least,
if nowhere else. all. melody, rhythm, and words,
must probably have been used at once, as in
the hymns. — Twining.
ARISTOTLE
ways depend on these alone, since all men
differ in their manners by vice and vir-
tue) ; it is necessary either [to imitate]
those who are better than we are, or
thoi>e who are worse, or such as are like
ourselves.'^ in the same manner as paint-
ers do. For Polygnotus, indeed, painted
men more beautiful than they are, but
Pauson less so, and Dionysius painted
them as they are." But it is evident that
each of the before-mentioned imitations
will have these differences; and imita-
tion is different, by imitating different
things after this manner. For there may
be differences of this kind in dancing, in
playing on the flute, on the lyre, and also
in orations and mere measure. Thus
Homer imitates better men 8 [than exist],
but Cleophon men as they are; and Heg-
emon the Thasian, who first made paro-
dies, and Nicochares, who wrote the
like manner in dithyrambics and the
N'omi, [as Timotheus and Philoxenus
have imitated the Persians and the Cy-
clops,] one may imitate. By this very
same difference, also, tragedy differs
from comedy. For the one seeks to imi-
tate worse, but the other better men than
are.
CHAP. Ill
THE THIRD DIFFERENCE OF POETRT ACCORD-
ING TO THE MAXXER OF IMITATING
There is also a third difference of
these, consisting in the manner in which
one may imitate each of them. For by
the same instruments the same things
may be imitated, the poet sometimes
himself narrating, and sometimes assum-
ing another person [as Homer does *] ;
or speaking as the same person without
any change; or as all imitate [who do so]
by deed and action. But imitation con-
8 Or, " those who are commonly found."
7 Polygnotus and Dionvsius lived about
01. 80: Pauson about 01. 90.
8 Superior, that is. in courage, strength, ■wis-
dom, prudence, etc. — in any laudable, useful,
or admirable quality, whether such as we de-
nominate moral, or not. If superiority of
moral character only were meant, the assertion
would be false. — It is necessary to remember
here, the vide sense in which the ancients used
the terms virtue, rice — good, bad, etc. —
Twining.
» But this assertion is not correct and Ritter
shows that the words are spurious.
sists in these three differences, as we said
in the beginning; viz. in the means, the
objects, or the manner. Hence, Soph-
ocles will in one respect be the same imi-
tator as Homer, for both of them imitate
elevated characters; and in another the
same as Aristophanes, for both of them
imitate persons engaged in acting;
[io whence also it is said that certain
persons call their works dramas, because
they imitate those who are engaged in
doing something. On this account the
Dorians lay claim to the invention of
tragedy and comedy; of comedy indeed
the Megarians, as well those who are na-
tives of Greece, as being invented by
them at the time when their government
was a democracy, as those of Sicily. For
thence was the poet Epicharmus, who
was much prior to Chonides and Magnes.
But some of those Dorians who inhabit
Peloponnesus lay claim to tragedy, mak-
ing names an evidence. For they allege
that they call their villages komai, but
the Athenians demoi; as if comedians
were not so denominated from komazein,
[i. e. to rtvel] but from their wandering
through villages, being ignominiously ex-
pelled from the cities. The verb poiein
also, or to make, is by the Dorians de-
nominated dran, but by the Athenians
praltein.] And thus much concerning
the differences of imitation, as to their
number and quality.
CHAP. IV
THE CAUSES AXD PROGRESS OF POETRY
Two causes, however, and these physi-
cal, appear to have produced poetry in
general. For to imitate is congenial to
men from childhood. And in this they
differ from other animals, that they are
most imitative, and acquire the first dis-
ciplines through imitation; and that all
men delight in imitations. But an evi-
dence of this is that which happens in
the works [of artists]. For we are de-
lighted on surveying very accurate im-
ages, the realities of which are painful
to the view; such as the forms of the
bodies. The cause, however, of this is
that learning is not only most delightful
10 The learned note of Ritter seems to con-
demn the whole of this passage as spurious.
8
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
to philosophers, but in like manner to
other persons, though they partake of it
but in a small degree. For on this ac-
count, men are delighted on surveying
images, because it happens that by sur-
veying they learn and infer what each
particular is; as, that this is an image
of that man; since, unless one happen
to have seen [the reality], it is not the
imitation that pleases, but [it is through]
either the workmanship, or the color, or
some other cause of the like kind. But
imitation, harmony, and rhythm being
natural to us, (for it is evident that
measures or meters are parts of
rhythms 11), the earliest among mankind,
making a gradual progress in these
things from the beginning, produced
poetry from extemporaneous efforts.
But poetry was divided according to
appropriate, manners. For men of a
more venerable character imitated beau-
tiful actions, and the actions of such
men; but the more ignoble imitated the
actions of depraved characters, first com-
posing vituperative verses, in the same
manner as the others composed hymns
and encomiums. Of the authors, there-
fore, before Homer, we cannot mention
any poem of this kind; though it is prob-
able that there were many such writers.
But if we begin from Homer, there are
such for instance as his Margites, and
some others, in which, as being suited,
the measure is Iambic. Hence, also, the
Iambic verse is now called, because in
this meter they used to Iambize (i. e.
defame) each other. Of ancient poets,
likewise, some composed heroic poems,
and others Iambic. But as Homer was
the. greatest of poets on serious subjects,
(and this not only because he alone imi-
tated well, but also because he made dra-
matic imitations), thus too he first dem-
onstrated the figures of comedy, not
it '' Rhythm differs from meter, inasmuch
as rhythm is proportion, applied to any mo-
tion whatever; meter is proportion, applied to'
the motion of words svoken. Thus, in the*
drumming of a march, or the dancing of a
hornpipe, there is rhythm, though no meter;
in Dryden's celebrated Ode there is meter as
well as rhythm, because the poet with the
rhythm lias associated certain words. And
hence it follows, that, though Ai.tu meter is
RHYTHM, yet AJLL RHYTHM 18 NOT METER.'*
Harris's Philol. Inquiries, p. 67, — where it is
also observed, very truly, that " no English
word expresses rhythmus better than the word
time." P. 69, note. — Twining.
dramatically exhibiting invective, but
ridicule. For the Margites bears the
same analogy to comedy, as the Iliad and
Odyssey to tragedy. But when tragedy
and comedy had appeared, those poets
who were naturally impelled to each kind
of poetry, some, instead of writing Iam-
bics, became comic poets, but others, in-
stead of [writing] epic poems, became
the authors of tragedies, because these
forms [of poetry] are greater and more
esteemed than those. To consider, there-
fore, whether tragedy is now perfect in
its species or not, regarded as well with
reference to itself as to the theaters, is
the business of another treatise. Both
tragedy and comedy, therefore, at first
originated from extemporaneous efforts.
And tragedy, indeed, originated from
those who led the dithyramb, but com-
edy from those who sung the Phallic
verses, which even now in many cities
remain in use; and it gradually increased
as obvious improvements became known.
And tragedy, having experienced many
changes, rested when it had arrived at its
proper nature. ./Eschylus, also, first in-
creased the number of players from one
to two, abridged the functions of the
chorus, and made one of the players act
the chief part. But Sophocles introduced
three players into the scene, and added
scenic painting. Further still, the mag-
nitude [of tragedy increased] from small
fables and ridiculous diction, in conse-
quence of having been changed from
satyric 12 composition, it was late be tore
it acquired dignity. The meter also of
tragedy, from tetrameter, became Iam-
bic (for at first they used tetrameter in
tragedy, because poetry was then satyri-
cal, and more adapted to the dance, but
discovered a suitable meter; for the
Iambic measure is most of all adapted
to conversation. And as an evidence of
this, we most frequently speak in Iam-
bics in familiar discourse with each
1- Satyric, from the share which those fan-
tastic beings called Satyrs, the. companions and
play-fellows of Bacchus, had in the earliest
Tragedy, of which they formed the chorus.
Joking and dancing were essential attributes
of these rustic semi-deities. Hence the " In
dicrous language " and the " dancing genius "
of the old Tragedy, to which the trochaic; or
running meter here spoken of was peculiarly
ARISTOTLE
ether; but we seldom speak in hexa-
meters, and then only when we depart
from that harmony which is adapted to
conversation). Again, tragedy is said to
have been further adorned, with a multi-
tude of episodes, and other particulars.
Let, therefore, thus much said suffice
concerning the.se things; for it would per-
haps l»e a great toll to discuss every
particular.
CHAP. V
OX COMEDY AXD ITS ORIGIN" DIFFEBEXCE
OF EPIC AXD TBAGEDT
But comedy is, as we have said, an
imitation indeed of bad characters, yet it
does not imitate them according to every
vice, [but the ridiculous only]; since the
ridiculous is a portion of turpitude. For
the ridiculous is a certain error, and
turpitude unattended tcith pain, and not
destructive. Thus, for instance, a ridic-
ulous face is something deformed and
distorted without pain. The transitions,
therefore, of tragedy, and the causes
through which they are produced, are not
unknown; but [those of] comedy have
escaped our knowledge, because it was
not at first an object of attention. For
it was late before the magistrate gave a
chorus to comedians i3; but prior to that
period, the choruses were voluntary.
Comedy, however, at length having ob-
tained a certain form, those who are said
to have been poets therein are commemo-
rated. But it is unknown who it was
that introduced masks or prologues, or a
multitude of players, and such like par-
ticulars. But Epicharmus and Phormis
[were the first] to compose fables; which,
therefore, originated from Sicily. But
among the Athenians, Crates, rejecting
the Iambic form, first began generally to
compose speeches and fables. The epic,
therefore, is an attendant on tragedy,
[with the exception of the long meter,]
since through this it is an imitation of
worthy characters and actions. But it
differs from tragedy in that it has a
simple meter, and is a narration. It also
[differs from it] in length. For tragedy
is especially limited by one period of
the sun, or admits but a small variation
13 This was almost equivalent to the modern
** licensing " of plays, but was probably con-
ducted with mpre taste and less absurdity.
from this period; but the epic is not de-
fined within a certain time, and in this
it differs; though at first they observed
the same conduct with tragedy, no less
than epic poetry. With respect to the
parts, however, [of the epic and tragedy,]
some are the same in both, but others are
peculiar to tragedy. Hence he who
knows what is a good or bad tragedy,
knows the same in respect to epic poetry.
For those things which the epic pos-
sesses are to be found in tragedy; but
everything which tragedy contains is not
in the epic
CHAP. VI
OX THE FOBK AXD EXD OF TRAGEDY, AXD
OX ITS SIX PASTS, ESPECIALLY
THE PLOT
Concerning, therefore, imitative poetry
in hexameters, and comedy, we shall
s|>eak hereafter. Let us now, however,
speak concerning tragedy, assuming the
definition of its essence as arising from
what has been already said.i* Tragedy,
therefore, is an imitation of a worthy or
illustrious and perfect action, possessing
magnitude, in pleasing language, using
separately the several species of imita-
tion in its parts, by men acting, and not
through narration, through pity and fear
effecting a purification from such like
passions. But by pleasing language, I
mean language possessing rhythm, har-
mony, and melody. And it uses separ-
ately the several species [of imitation],
because some parts of the tragedy are
alone perfected through meters, and
others again through melody. But since
they produce imitation by acting, in the
first place the ornament of the spec-
tacle is will be a certain part of the trag-
H This much discussed definition of tragedy
is thus rendered by Butcher : " Tragedy, then,
is an imitation of an action that is serious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude; in lan-
guage embellished with each kind of artistic
ornament, the several kinds being found in
separate parts of the play; in the form of
action, not of narrative; through pity and fear
effecting the proi>er purgation of these emo-
tions." — Ed.
15 " Deeo ration — literally, the decoration of
the spectacle, or ityiht. In other places it is
caDed the rpecta/ie, or givht only — 6\btf It
comprehends scenrry, dre**e* — the whole visi
ble apparatus of the theater I do not know
any single English word that answers fully. to
the Greek word" — .Twining.
IO
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
edy, and in the next place the melopwia is
and the diction. For by these they pro-
duce imitation. But I call diction, in-
deed, the composition of the meters; and
melopceia that, the whole power of which
is apparent. Since, however, [tragedy]
is an imitation of action, and action is
effected by certain agents, who must
needs be persons of a certain description
both as to their manners and their senti-
ments, (for from these we say that ac-
tions derive their quality), hence there
are naturally two causes of actions, sen-
timents and moral habit, and through
these actions all men obtain or fail of the
object of their wishes. But a fable, in-
deed, is an imitation of action; for I
mean by a fable here, the composition of
incidents. By manners, I mean those
things according to which we say that
agents are persons of a certain charac-
ter; and by sentiment, that through
which those who speak demonstrate any
thing, or explain their meaning. It is
necessary, therefore, that the parts of
every tragedy should be six, from which
the tragedy derives its quality. But
these are, fable and manners, diction and
sentiment, spectacle and melopwia. Of
these parts, however, two pertain to the
means by which they imitate; one, to the
manner; and three, to the objects. And
besides these, there are no other. [Not
a few [tragic poets], therefore, as I may
say, use all these parts.] For every
tragedy has scenic apparatus, manners,
and a fable, and melody, and, in a similar
manner, sentiment. But the greatest of
these is the combination of the incidents.
For tragedy is an imitation not of men,
but of actions, [of life, and of felicity.
For infelicity consists in action, and the
end is a certain action, and not a qual-
ity]. Men, however, are persons of a
certain character, according to their
manners; but according to their actions,
they are happy, or the contrary. The
end of tragedy, therefore, does not con-
sist in imitating manners, but it embraces
16 M elopceia — literally, the making, or the
composition, of the Music; as we use Epopocia,
or according to the French termination, which
we have naturalized. Epopee, to signify epic
poetry, or epic-making , in general. — I might
have rendered it, at once, the music: but that
it would have appeared ridiculous to observe,
of a word so familiar to us, even that " its
meaning is obvious." — Twining.
manners on account of actions; so that i
the action and the fable are the end of J
tragedy. But the end is the greatest of I
all things. Moreover, without action,
tragedy cannot exist; but it may exist
without manners. For most modern
tragedies are without manners; and in
short, many poets are such as among
painters Zeuxis is when compared
with Polygnotus. For Polygnotus, in-
deed, painted the manners of the good;
but the pictures of Zeuxis are without
manners. Further still, if any one place
in a continued series moral speeches, say-
ings, and sentiments well framed, he will
not produce that which is the work of
tragedy; but that will be much more a
tragedy which uses these things as sub-
ordinate, and which contains a fable and
combination of incidents. Add to this,
that the greatest parts by which fable
allures the soul, are the revolutions and
discoveries. Again, it is likewise an evi-
dence of this, that those who attempt
to write tragedies acquire the power of
expressing a thing in tragic diction and
manners accurately, before they can com-
pose a fable, as was the case with nearly
all the first poets. The fable, therefore,
is the principal part, and as it were the
soul of tragedy; but the manners are
next in rank. [Just as in painting, if
any one were to spread the most beauti-
ful pigments on promiscuously, he would
not please the view so much as by out-
lining an image with white color only.
Tragedy also is an imitation of action,
and on this account, especially, [an imi-
tation] of agents. But the sentiments
rank third. And by them [ I mean] the
power of explaining what in inherent in
the subject, and adapted to it, which is
the peculiar province of politics 17 and
rhetoric. For the ancient poets repre-
sent those whom they introduce as speak-
ing politically; but those of the present
day, rhetorically. But the manners are
whatever shows what the deliberate
choice is. Hence those speeches are
without manners, in which there is alto-
gether nothing that the speaker may
17 The reader here must not think of our
modern politics. — The political, or civil art, or
science, was, in Aristotle's view, of wide extent
and high importance. It comprehended ethics
and eloquence, or the art of public speaking;
everything, in short, that concerned the well-
being of a state. — Twining.
ARISTOTLE
ii
choose or avoid. But sentiment is that
through which they show that a certain
thing in, or is not, or by which they uni-
versally enunciate something. And the
fourth part of tragedy is diction. But
I say, as was before observed, that dic-
tion is interpretation by the means of
•words, and which also has the same
power in verse and prose. But of the
remaining five, the melopoeia is the great-
est of the embellishments. But the
scenic decoration is alluring indeed; yet
it is most inartificial, and is in the small-
est degree akin to poetry. For the
power of tragedy remains, even when un-
accompanied with scenic apparatus and
players. And further still, the art of the
mechanic possesses more power in con-
structing the scenic apparatus than that
of the poet]
CHAP. VII
OX THE REQUISITES ASD LENGTH OF TRAGIC
ACTIOJT
These things being defined, let us in
the next place show what the combina-
tion of the incidents ought to be, since
this is the first and greatest part of
tragedy. But it is granted to us that
tragedy is the imitation of a perfect and
whole action, and of one which possesses
a certain magnitude; for there may be a
whole which has no magnitude. But a
whole is that which has a beginning, mid-
dle, and end. And the beginning is that
which necessarily is not itself posterior
to another thing; but another thing is
naturally expected to follow it. On the
contrary, the end is that which is itself
naturally adapted to be posterior to an-
other thing, either from necessity, or for
the most part ; but after this there is
nothing else. But the middle is that
which is itself after another thing, and
after which there is something else.
Hence, it is necessary that those who
compose fables properly, should neither
begin them casually, nor end them cas-
ually, but should employ the above-men-
tioned forms [of beginning, middle, and
end]. Further still, since that which is
beautiful, whether it be an animal, or
any thing else which is composed from
certain parts, ought not only to have
these parts arranged, but a magnitude
also which is not casual. For the beau-
tiful consists in magnitude and order.
Hence, neither can any very small ani-
mal be beautiful; for the survey of it is
confused, since it is effected in a time
nearly insensible. Nor yet a very large
animal; for it is not surveyed at once,
but its subsistence as one and a whole
escapes the view of the spectators; such
as if, for instance, it should be an animal
of ten thousand stadia in length. Hence,
as in bodies and in animals it is necessary
there should be magnitude; but such as
can easily be seen; thus also in fables,
there should be length, but this such as
can easily be remembered.is The defini-
tion, however, of the length with refer-
ence to contests is and the senses, does
not fall under the consideration of art.
For if it were requisite to perform a
hundred tragedies, [as is said to have
been the case more than once], the per-
formance ought to be regulated by a
clepsydra. But the definition [of the
length of the fable] according to the
nature of the thing, is this, that the fable
is always more beautiful the greater it is,
if at the same time it is perspicuous.
Simply defining the thing, however, we
may say, [that a fable has an appropri-
ate magnitude], when the time of its
duration is such as to render it probable
that there can be a transition from pros-
prosperous fortune, according to the
necessary or probable order of things as
they take place. This is a sufficient defi-
nition of magnitude.
CHAP. VIII
OS UN'ITY OF THE FABLE
The fable, however, is one, not as some
suppose, if one person is the subject of
it; for many things which are infinite in
kind happen [to one man], from a cer-
tain number of which no one event arises.
Thus, also, there are many actions of
18 The unity here spoken of, it must be re-
membered, is not absolute and simple, but
relative and compound, unity; a unity con-
sisting of different parts, the relation of which
to each other and to the whole, is easily per-
ceived at one view. On this depends the per-
ception of beauty in form. — In objects too
extended, you may be said to have parts, but
no whole : in very minute objects the whole,
but no parts. — Twining.
19 i. e. to its representation at the dramatic
contests.
12
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
one man, from which no one action is
produced. Hence all those poets appear
to have erred who have written the tler-
acleid, and These id, and such like poems.
For they suppose that because Hercules
was one person, it was fit that the fable
should be one. Homer, however, as he
excelled in other things, appears like-
wise to have seen this clearly, whether
from art, or from nature. For in com-
posing the Odyssey, he has not related
every thing which happened to Ulysses;
such as the being wounded in Parnas-
sus,-o and pretending to be insane 21 at
the muster of the Greeks; one of which
taking place, it was not necessary or
probable that the other should happen;
but he composed the Odyssey, as also his
Hind, upon one action. It is requisite,
therefore, that as in other imitative arts
one imitation is the imitation of one
thing, thus, also, [in tragedy], the fable,
since it is an imitation of action, should
' be the imitation of one action, and of
' the whole of this, and that the parts of
the transactions should be so arranged,
that any one of them being transposed,
or taken away, the whole would become
different and changed. For that which
when present or not present produces no
sensible [difference], is not a part of the
fable.
CHAP. IX
ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HISTORY AND
POETRY, AND HOW HISTORICAL MATTER
SHOULD BE USED IN POETRY
But it is evident from what has been
said, that it is not the province of a
poet to relate things which have hap-
pened, but such as might have happened,
and such things as are possible accord-
ing to probability, or which would neces-
sarily have happened. For an historian
and a poet do not differ from each other
20 This incident is, however, related, and at
considerable length, in the xixth book of the
Odyssey (v. 563 of Pope's translation), but
digressively. and incidentally; it made no es-
sential part of his general plan. — Twining.
21 A ridiculous story. — " To avoid going to
the Trojan war. Ulysses pretended to be mad;
and, to prove his insanity, went to plow with
an ox and a horse; but Palamedes, in order to
detect him. laid his infant son. Telemachus, in
the way of the plow; upon which Ulysses im-
mediately stopped, and thereby proved himself
Jo be in his right senses.'" — Twining.
because the one writes in verse and the
other in prose; for the history of Hero-
dotus might be written in verse, and yet
it would be no less a history with meter
than without meter. But they differ in
this, that the one speaks of things which
have happened, and the other of such as
might have happened. Hence, poetry is
more philosophic, and more deserving
of attention, than history. For poetry
speaks more of universals, but history
of particulars. But universal consists
indeed in relating or performing certain
things which happen to a man of a cer-
tain description, either probably or nec-
essarily, [to which the aim of poetry is
directed in giving names 22] ; but 'partic-
ular consists in narrating what, [for ex-
ample], Alcibiades did, or what he suf-
fered. In comedy, therefore, this is now
become evident. For [comic poets] hav-
ing composed a fable through things of a
probable nature, they thus give what-
ever names they please 23 to their char-
acters, and do not, like Iambic poets,
But in tragedy they cling to real names.
The cause, however, of this is that the
possible is credible. Things, therefore,
which have not yet been done, we do not
yet believe to be possible; but it is evi-
dent that things which have been done
are possible; for they would not have
been done if they were impossible. Not,
indeed, but that in some tragedies there
are one or two of known names, and the
rest are feigned; but in others there is
no known name; as, for instance, in The
Flower of Agatho. For in this tragedy,
the things and the names are alike
feigned, and yet it delights no less.
Hence, one must not seek to adhere en-
tirely to traditional fables, which are the
subjects of tragedy. For it is ridiculous
to make this the object of search, because
even known subjects are known but to a
few, though at the same time they de-
light all men. From these things, there-
fore, it is evident that a poet ought
rather to be the author of fables than of
22 Ritter well observes that the perspicuity
of this otherwise clear passage is destroyed by
this absurd interpolation.
31 Thus nearly all the names in the comedies
of Terence and Plautus, thus Dromo and Sosia
are applied to slaves, PampFiilus to a lover,
Glycerium or Philumena to a lady, Pyrgopoli-
nices or Thraso to soldiers.
ARISTOTLE
13
meters, inasmuch as be is a poet from im-
itation, and he imitates actions. Hence,
though it should happen that he relates
things which have happened, he is no
less a poet. For nothing hinders but
that some actions which have happened
are such as might both probably ** and
possibly have happened, and by [the nar-
ration of J such he is a poet.
But of simple plots and actions, the
episodic are the worst. But I call the
plot episodic, in which it is neither prob-
able nor necessary that the episodes fol-
low each other. Such plots, however, are
composed by bad poets indeed, through
their own want of ability; but by good
poets, on account of the players. For,
introducing [dramatic] contests, and ex-
tending the plot beyond its capabilities,
they are frequently compelled to distort
the connexion of the parts. But, since
tragedy is not only an imitation of a per-
fect action, but also of actions which are
terrible and piteous, and actions princi-
pally become such, [and in a greater de-
gree, when they happen contrary to opin-
ion], on account of each other.-. . . For
thus they will possess more of the mar-
velous, than if they happened from
chance and fortune; since, also, of things
which are from fortune, those appear to
be most admirable, which seem to hap-
pen as it were by design. Thus the
statue of Mityus at Argos killed him
who was the cause of the death of Mityus
24 It may appear to the reader to be a
strange observation, that " some true events
Kay be probable." But he will recollect what
sort of ccrnts, and what sort of probability.
Aristotle here speaks of: i.e. of extraordinary
ectntg, such as Poetry requires, and of that
more strict and perfect probability, that closer
connection and visible dependence of circum-
stances, which are always required from the
poet, though in such events, not often to be
found in fart, and real life, and therefore not
exjtected from the historian.
This general, and. if I may call it so. possi-
ble sort of probability, may be termed, the
piobahility of romance; and these lines of
Agatho furnish a good apologetical motto for
the novel writer. It might be prefixed, per-
haps, without impropriety, even to the best
productions of the kind — to a Clarissa or a
Cecilia. Nothing is so commonly complained
of in snch works, as their improbability .- and
often, no doubt, the complaint is well-founded:
often, however, the criticism means nothing
more than that the events are uncommon, and
proves nothing more than the want of fancy,
and an extended view of human life in the
reader. If the events were not uncommon,
where wpuld the book find readers ! — Twining.
by falling as he was surveying it. For
such events as these seem not to take
place casually. Hence it is necessary
that fables of this kind should be more
beautiful.
CHAP. X
FABLES, EITIIEK SIMPLE OK COMPOUND
Of fables, however, some are simple,
and others complex; for so also are the
actions of which fables are the imita-
tions. But I call the action simple, from
which taking place, as it has l»een de-
fined, with continuity and unity, there is
a transition without either revolution or
discovery; but complex, from which there
is a transition, together with discovery,
or revolution, or both. It is necessary,
however, that these should be effected
from the composition itself of the fable,
so that from what has formerly happened
it may come to pass that the same things
take place either necessarily or probably.
For it makes a great difference whether*
these things are effected on account of |
these, or after these. '
CHAP. XI
Now, revolution is a mutation, as has
been stated, of actions into a contrary
condition; and this, as we say, according
to the probable, or the necessary. Thus
in the (Edipus the messenger who comes
with an intention of delighting CFdipis
and liberating him from his fear respect-
ing his mother, when he makes himself
known, produces a contrary effect.
Thus, too, in the Lyncevs, he indeed is,
introduced as one who is to die, and
Danaus follows with an intention of kill-
ing him; but it happens from the course
of incidents, that Lynceus is saved, and
Danaus is slain. And discovery is, as
the name signifies, a change from igno-
rance to knowledge, or into the friend-
ship or hatred of those who are destined
to prosperous or adverse fortune. The
discovery, however, is most beautiful,
when at the same time there are, as in
the (Edipun. revolutions. There are,
therefore, other discoveries also. For
sometimes it happens, as has been before
observed, that there are discoveries of
things inanimate and casual; or if some
one has performed, or has not performed,
H
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
a thing, there is a recognition of it; but
the discovery which especially pertains to
/the fable and the action is that before
1 mentioned. For a discovery and revo-
lution of this kind will excite either pity
or fear; and tragedy is supposed to be
an imitation of such actions [as excite
fear and pity J. Again, it will happen
that infelicity and felicity will be in such
like discoveries. But since discovery is
a discovery of certain persons, some [dis-
coveries] are of one person only with
reference to another, when it is evident
who the other person is, but sometimes it
is necessary to discover both persons.
/i Thus Iphigenia was recognized by Ores-
/ tes through the sending of an epistle; but
another discovery was requisite to his
being known by Iphigenia. [Two parts
of the fable, therefore, viz. revolution
and discovery, are conversant with these
things; but the third part is pathos.
And of these, revolution and discovery
however, is an action destructive, or la-
mentable; such as death when it is obvi-
ous, grievous pains, wounds, and such
like particulars.]
CHAP. XII
OK THE PAHTS OF TRAGEDY
[But we have before spoken of the
parts of tragedy which are requisite to
constitute its quality. The parts of trag-
edy, however, according to quantity, and
into which it is separately divided, are
as follows: prologue,25 episode,26 exode,27
and chorus, of the parts of which one is
the parados ,28 but the other is the sta-
simon.-* These [five] parts, therefore,
25 Prologue — This may be compared to our
first act. — Twining.
26 Episode — i. e. a part introduced, in-
serted, etc., as all the dialogue was, originally,
between the choral odes. — Twining.
27 Exode — i.e. the going out, or exit; the
concluding act, as we should term it. The
Greek tragedies never finished with a choral
ode. — Twining.
28 Parade — i. e. entry of the chorus upon
the stage: and hence the term was applied to
u-hat they first sung, upon their entry. — Twin-
ing.
29 Stasimon — i.e. stable; because, as it is
explained, these odes were sung by the choral
troop when fixed on the stage, and at rest:
whereas the parode is said to have been sung
as they came on. Hence, the trochaic and
anaposstic measures, being lively and full of
are common to all [tragedies] ; but the
peculiar parts are [the songs] from the
scene and the kommoi. And the pro-
logue, indeed, is the whole part of the
tragedy, prior to the entrance of the
chorus. The episode is the whole part
of the tragedy between two complete
odes of the chorus. The exode is the
whole part of the tragedy, after which
there is no further melody of the chorus.
And of the chorus, the parados, indeed,
is the first speech of the whole chorus;
but the stasimon is the melody of the
chorus, without anapaest and trochee:
and the commos so is the common lamen-
tation of the chorus and from the scene.
But we have before shown what the parts
of tragedy are which must necessarily be
used; but the parts of it according to
quantity, and into which it is separately
divided, are these.31]
CHAP. XIII
THE ESSENTIALS FOR A TRAGIC PLOT
In the next place we must show, as
consequent to what has been said, what
those who compose fables ought to aim
at, and beware of, and whence the pur-
pose of tragedy is effected. Since, there-
fore, it is necessary that the composition
of the most beautiful tragedy should not
be simple, but complex, and that it should
be imitative of fearful and piteous ac-
tions — (for this is the peculiarity of
such imitation) — in the first place "it is
evident that it is not proper that worthy
men should be represented as changed
from prosperity to adversity, (for this is
neither a subject of terror nor commis-
eration, but is impious,) nor should de-
praved characters [be represented as
for this is the most foreign from tragedy
of all things, since it possesses nothing
which is proper; for it neither appeals to
moral sense, nor is piteous, nor fearful.
Nor, again, must a very depraved man
be represented as having fallen from
prosperity into adversity. For such a
composition will indeed possess moral
motion, were adapted to the parode, but not to
the stasimon. — Twining.
30 From a verb signifying to beat or strike;
alluding to the gestures of violent grief.
si Ritter, who has illustrated this whole
chapter with great learning and taste, allows
ARISTOTLE
15
(tendency, but not pity or fear. For the
one is conversant with a character which
does not deserve to be unfortunate; but
the other, with a character similar [to
one's own]. [And pity, indeed, is ex-
cited for one who does not deserve to be
unfortunate; but fear, for one who re-
sembles oneself] ; so that the event will
neither appear to be commiserable, nor
terrible. There remains therefore the
character between these. But a charac-
ter of this kind is one who neither excels
n virtue and justice, nor is changed
through vice and depravity, into misfor-
tune, from a state of great renown and
rosperity, but has experienced this
change through some [human] error;
iuch as (Edipus and Thyestes, and other
illustrious men of this kind. Hence it
necessary that a plot which is well con-
structed, should be rather single 32 than
ofold, (though some say it should be
the latter,) and that the change should
t be into prosperity from adversity,
jut on the contrary into adversity from
prosperity, not through depravity, but
through some great error, either of such
* character [as we have mentioned], or >
oetter rather than worse. But the proof
if this is what has taken place. For of
jld the poets adopted any casual fables;
jut now the most beautiful tragedies are t
composed about a few families; as for
res, Meleager, Thyestes, and Telephus,
ind such other persons as happen either
:o have suffered or done things of a
'ore, which is most beautiful according to
irt, is of this construction. Hence they
rroneously blame Euripides, who accuse
lim of having done this in his tragedies,
ind for making many of them terminate
n misfortune. For this method, as we
lave said, is right; of which this is the
greatest evidence, that in the scenes, and
rontests of the players, simple fables
vhich terminate unhappily appear to be
nost tragical, if they are properly acted.
ta utility, but doubts that it is the work of
kxistotle.
32 What is here meant by a tingle fable,
rill appear presently from the account of its
•pposite — the double fable. It must not be
onfounded with the simple fable, though in
he original both are expressed by the same
cord. The simple fable is only a fable without
evolution, or discovery. — Twining.
And Euripides, though he does not man-
age other things well, yet appears to be
the most tragic of poets.3* The fable,
however, ranks in the second place,
though by some it is said to be the first
composition, which has a twofold con-
struction, such as the Odyssey, and which
terminates in a contrary fortune, both to
the better and worse characters. It ap-
pears, however, to rank in the first place,
through the imbecility of the specta-
tors^* For the poets, in composing their
plots, accommodate themselves to the
wish of the spectators. This pleasure,
however, is not [properly] derived from
tragedy, but is rather suited to comedy.
For there, though the greatest enemies
be introduced, as Orestes and /Egisthus,
yet in the end they depart friends and
no one falls by the hand of the other.
CHAP. XIV
OF TERROR AND PITT
Terror and pity, therefore, may be pro-
duced from the sight But they may
also arise from the combination of the
incidents, which is preferable, and the
province of a better poet. For it is nec-
essary that the fable should be so com-
posed that he who hears the things which
are transacted, may be seized with hor-
ror, and feel pity, from the events, with-
out the assistance of the sight; and in
this manner any one who hears the fable
of CEdipus is affected. But to effect this
through spectacle is more inartificial, and
requires great expense. But they who
produce not the terrible, but the mon-
strous alone, through scenic representa-
tion, have nothing in common with trag-
edy. For it is not proper to expect
every kind of pleasure from tragedy, but
that which is appropriate. Since, how-
33 But below, xv. 5. Euripides is justly
charged with the improper introduction of
comic characters and language. The praise
applies only to the catastrophe.
3* That weakness which cannot bear strong
emotions, even from fictitious distress. To
some minds, everything that is not cheerful is
shocking. — But, might not the preference here
attributed to weakness, be attributed to better
causes — the gratification of philanthropy, the
love of justice, order, etc. ! — the same causes
which, just before, induced AristoUe himself to
condemn as shocking and disgusting, those
fables which involve the virtuous in calamity. —
Twining.
i6
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ever, it is necessary that the poet should
procure pleasure from pity and fear
through imitation, it is evident that this
must be effected by the circumstances.
Let us, then, ascertain what kind of
events appear to be dreadful or lament-
able. But it is necessary that actions
of this kind should either be those of
friends towards each other, or of ene-
mies, or of neither. If, therefore, an
enemy kills an enemy, he does not show-
any thing which is an object of pity,
neither while he does the deed, nor when
he is about to do it, except what arises
from the deed itself. And this will be
the case when one of those who are
neither friends nor enemies do the same.
But when these things happen in friend-
ships, as when a brother kills a brother,
or a son his father, or a mother her son,
or a son his mother, or intends to do it,
or does any thing else of the like kind —
such subjects are to be sought for. One
must not, therefore, [completely] alter
the received fables. I mean, for in-
stance, such as the fable of Clytemnestra
being slain by Orestes, and of Eriphyle
by Alcmaeon. But it is necessary that
the poet should invent the plot, and use
in a becoming manner those fables which
are handed down. What, however, we
mean by [using fables] in a becoming
manner, let us explain more clearly.
Now, the action mav take place in such
a way as the ancients have represented it,
viz. knowingly with intent; as Euripides
represents Medea killing her children.
Men may also do an action, who are igno-
rant of, and afterwards discover their
connexion [with, the injured party,] as
in the (Edipus of Sophocles. This,
therefore, is extraneous to the drama,3&
but is in the tragedy itself; as in the
Alcmaeon of Astvdamas, or Telegonus in
the Ulysses Wounded.™ Further still,
35 The murder of Laius by CEdipus, his son,
is supposed to have happened a considerable
time before the beginning of the action.—
Twinintr
36 Of these two dramas nothing more is
known than the little that Aristotle here t*>lls
us. In the first, the poet adhered so far to
historv. as to make Alcmaeon kill his mother
EriphVle. but with the improvement (accord-
ing to Aristotle's idea), of making him do it
ianorantly. The story of Telegonus is, that
he was a son of Ulysses by Circe; was sent by
her in quest of his father, whom he wounded
without knowing him, in a skirmish relative
besides these there is a third mode, when
some one is about to perpetrate, through
ignorance, an atrocious deed, but makes
the discovery before he does it. And be-
sides these there is no other mode. For
it is necessary to act, or not; and that
knowing, or not knowing. But of these,
to intend to perpetrate the deed know-
ingly, and not to perpetrate it, is the
worst; for it is wicked and not tragical;
because it is void of pathos. [Hence, no
poet introduces a character of this kind
except rarely; as in the Antigone, in
which Haemon [endeavors to kill his fa-
ther] Creon, [but does not effect his pur-
pose.] 37] For the action here ranks in
the second place. But it is better to
perpetrate the deed ignorantly, and hav-
ing perpetrated to discover; for then it
is not attended with wickedness, and the
discovery excites horror. The last mode,
however, is the best; I mean, as in the
Cresphontes, in which Merope is about to
kill her son, but does not, in consequence
of discovering that he was her son.
Thus, too, in the Iphiyenia in Tauris, in
which the sister is going to kill the
brother, [but recognizes him] ; and in the
HeUe, the son is about to betray his
mother, but is prevented by recognizing
her. Hence, as has been formerly ob-
served, tragedies are not conversant withj
manv families; for poets were enabled to
discover incident of this kind in fables,
not from art, but from fortune^ They
were compelled, therefore, to direct their
attention to those families in which ca-
lamities of this kind happened.
And thus we have spoken sufficiently
concerning the combination of the inci-
dents, and have shown what kind ol
fables ought to be employed.
CHAP. XV
With respect to manners, however
there are four things to which one ough
to direct attention: one, indeed, and th
first, th at theyj ae^aod- But the traged;
will indeed possess manners, if, as wa
said, the words or the action render an;
deliberate intention apparent; contamin
good manners, if the deliberate intentic
to some sheep, that he attempted to carry o
from the island of Ithaca.— Twining.
37 Ritter condemns this passage.
38 i. e. to history or tradition.
ARISTOTLE
17
is pood. But manners are to be found
in each genus; for both a woman and a
slave may be good; though perhaps of
these, the one is less good, and the other
is wholly bad.39 In the second place, the
manners must be adapted to the person s.
For there are manners which are charac-
terized by fortitude, but it is not suited
to a woman to be either brave or terrible.
In the third place, the manners must be
similar. For this, as was before ob-
served, differs from making the manners
to be good and adapted. In the fourth
place, they must be uniform; for if he
is anomalous who exhibits the imitation,
and expresses such like manners, at the
same time it is necessary that he should
be uniformly unequal. The example,
however, of depraved manners is indeed
not necessary; such, for instance, as that
of Menelaus in the Orestes, but an exam-
ple of unbecoming and unappropriate
manners is, the lamentation of L'lysses in
the tragedy of StjfttmJ* and the speech
of Menalippe; and the example of anom-
alous manners in the Iphigenia in Aulis.
j For Iphigenia supplicating does not at all
! resemble the Iphigenia in the latter part
' of the tragedy. It is requisite, however,
in the manners as well as in the combina-
tion of the incidents, always to investi-
gate, either the necessary or the prob-
able; so that such a person should say or
do such things, either necessarily or prob-
ably; and that it be necessary or prob-
able that this thing should be done after
that. It is evident, therefore, that the
solutions of fables ought to happen from
the fable itself, and not as in the
IMm^I from the machinery, and in the
tragedy called the Iliad, from the par-
ticulars respecting the sailing away
39 This is observed, to show the consistence
of this first precept with the next. The man-
ners must be drawn as good as may be, con-
sistently with the observance of propriety, with
respect to the general character of different
sexes, ages, conditions, etc. It might have
been objected — " You say the character must
be good. But suppose the poet has to repre-
sent, for instance, a slave* — the character'of
slaves in general is notoriously both" — The
answer • is — anything may bv good in its
kind. — Twining.
40 Of the Scylla nothing is known. — Some
fragments remain of Menalippe the Wise (for
this was the title), a tragedy of Euripides, the
subject of which is a curiosity.
41 Of Euripides. Medea is carried off, at
the end of the tragedy, in a chariot drawn by
flying dragons. — Twining.
[from Troy]. But we must employ ma-
chinery in things which are external to
the drama, which either happened before,
and which it is not possible for men to
know, or which happened afterwards, and
require to be previously foretold and an-
nounced. For we ascribe to the gods the
power of seeing all things, but we do not
admit the introduction of anything ab-
surd in the incidents,-^ but if it is intro-
duced it must be external to the tragedy ;
as in the (Edipus of Sophocles. Since,
however, tragedy is an imitation of bet-
ter things, it is necessary that we should
imitate good painters. For these, in giv-
ing an appropriate form to the image,
depict the" similitude, but increase the
beauty." "Thus, also, it is requisite that
the poet, "in imitating the wrathful and
the indolent, arid those who are similarly
affected in their manners, should form an
example of equity, as. asperity; such as
Agatho and Homer have represented
Achilles. These things, indeed, it is nec-
essary to observe; and besides these, such
perceptions of the senses as are attend-
ant upon poetry, besides the necessary
ones.44 For in these, errors are fre-
quently committed. But concerning
these things enough has been said in the
CHAP. XVI
[* 5 What discovery, however, is, has
been before stated. "But with respect to
the species of recognition, the first indeed
is the most inartificial, and that which
most poets use through being at a loss,
and is effected through signs. But of
« By incidents of the fable. Aristotle here
plainly means all those actions or events which
are essential parts of the subject or story,
whether previous to the action, and necessary
to be known, or included in it, and actually
represented in the drama.
■«3 This seems intended to explain his third
precept, of resemblance in the manners ; to
reconcile it with his first, and to show what
sort of likeness the nature of tragic imitation
requires. — Twining.
44 i. e. to the sight, and the hearing; in other
words, to actual representation.
45 The reader, who recollects the conclusion
of Sect. 14. where the author took a formal
leave of the " fable and its requisites ." and
proceeded to the second essential part of trag-
edy, the manners, will hardly be of Dacier's
opinion, who contends that this section is
rightly placed. His reasons are perfectly un-
satisfactory . — Twining.
i8
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
these, some are natural, such as the
" lance with which the earth-born 40 race
are marked," or the stars [on the bodies
of the sons] in the Thyestes of Carcinus.
Others are adventitious, and of these
some are in the body, as scars; but others
are external, such as necklaces; and such
as [the discovery] through a small boat,
in the Tyro.n These signs also may be
used in a better or worse manner. Thus
Ulysses, through his scar, is in one way
known by his nurse, and in another by
the swineherds. For the discoveries
which are for the sake of credibility,
are more inartificial, and all of them are
of this kind; but those which are from
revolution, as in the " Washing of Ulys-
ses," *8 are better. And those recogni-
tions rank in the second place, which are
invented by the poet, on which account
they are inartificial. Thus Orestes in the
Iphigenia discovers that he is Orestes.49
For she indeed recognizes her brother
through a letter, but Orestes himself
speaks what the poet designs, but not
what the fable requires; on which ac-
count it is near to the above-mentioned
error; since he might have introduced
some [of the real things as signs]. Thus,
too, in the Tereus of Sophocles, the
" voice of the shuttle [produced a rec-
ognition]." But the third mode of dis-
covery is through memory, from the sen-
sible perception of something by sight,
as in the Cyprii of Dicaeogenes; for on
46 The descendants of the original Thebans,
who, according to the fabulous history, sprung
from the earth when Cadmus sowed the
dragon's teeth, etc. — This noble race are said
to have been distinguished by the natural mark
of a lance upon their bodies.
47 Sophocles wrote two tragedies of this
name, neither of them preserved. — The story
of Tyro leads us to suppose, that Aristotle
means the little boat, trough, or, as some ren-
children, on, or near, the river: the particular
manner of the discovery it would be in vain
to guess.
4sThe ancients distinguished the different
parts of Homer's poems by different titles ac-
commodated to the different subjects, or epi-
sodes; and, in referring to him, they made uso
of these, not of the division into books. Thus,
the part of the xixth book of the Odyssey above
referred to, was called The Washing. The
Tale of Alcinous was another title, which will
presently be mentioned. — Twining.
•4fl I follow Ritter, who supplies " to Iphi-
grnia." The older editors interpolated the
passage.
seeing the picture a certain person weeps.
And in the Tale of Alcinous; for Ulysses,
on hearing the lyrist, and recollecting the
story, weeps; whence also [all these]
were recognized. The fourth mode of
discovery is derived from syllogism, 50 as
in the Choephorce — a person like me is
arrived — there is no person like me but
Orestes. — i Orestes, therefore, is arrived.
Thus too in the Iphigenia 5 * of Polyides
the sophist. For it was probable that
Orestes would syllogistically conclude
that because his sister had been immo-
lated, it would likewise happen to him to
be sacrificed. Thus also in the Tydeus **
of Theodectes, a certain person comes to
discover his son, and himself perishes.53
Another example also is in the Phinida;.
For the women, on seeing the place, in-
ferred what their fate would be, viz. that
they must needs perish in this place; for
they were exposed in it from their in-
fancy. There is also a certain compound
[discovery], which is produced from the
false inference of the spectator, as in the
Ulysses the False Messenger. For he
says he should know the bow, which he
had not seen; but the [audience], as if
he must be known through this, on this
account infer falsely. The best recogni-
tion, however, of all, is that which arises
from the things themselves, astonishment
being excited through the probable cir-
cumstances; as in the (E dip us of Sopho-
cles and the Iphigenia; (for it is prob-
able that she would be willing to send
letters) ; since such things alone are with-
out fictitious signs and necklaces.' 5 * But
the recognitions which rank in the second
place, are those which are derived from
syllogism.]
w Occasioned by reasoning; — i.e. by rea-
soning (or rather, inference, or conclusion),
in the person discovered.
■ r .i The subject appears to have been the same
as that of the Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides.
We are to suppose, that Orestes was discovered
to his sister by this natural exclamation, at the
moment when he was led to the altar of Diana
to be sacrificed. — Twining.
r.2 Of this and the preceding tragedy, we
know nothing but what wo learn here: i.e.
that in the one, a father, and in the other, the
daughters of Phineus, were discovered, and,
probably, saved, by those exclamations. —
Twining.
r>3 Nothing of thiR play is known.
B4 All this passage is hopelessly corrupt.
ARISTOTLE
19
CHAP. XVII
It is necessary, however, that the poet
should form the plots, and elaborate his
diction, in such a manner that he may as
much as possible place the thing before
his own eyes.- 55 For thus the poet per-
ceiving most acutely, as if present with
the transactions themselves, will discover
what is becoming, and whatever is re-
pugnant will be least concealed from his
view. An evidence of this is the fault
with which Carcinus is reproached. For
Amphiaraus had left the temple, which
was concealed from the spectator, who
did not perceive it, and the piece was
driven from the stage in consequence of
the indignation of the spectators. For
the poet as much as possible should co-
operate with the gestures [of the actor] ;
since those are naturally most adapted
to persuade who are themselves under
the influence of passion. Hence, also, he
agitates others who is himself agitated,
and he excites others to anger who is
himself most truly enraged. Hence,
poetry is the province either of one who
is naturally clever, or of one who is in-
sane. For these characters, the one is
easily fashioned, but the other is prone
to ecstasy. It is likewise necessary that
the poet should in a general way lay
down the fables composed by others, and
those which he composes himself, and
afterwards introduce episodes and
lengthen out [the play]. But I say that
he should give a general sketch after this
manner. Thus, for instance, in the Iphi-
qenia, a certain virgin on the point of
being sacrificed, and vanishing from the
view of those who were to sacrifice her,
and being brought to another country in
which it was a law to sacrifice strangers
to a certain goddess, she is appointed the
priestess of these rites. Some time after,
it happened that the brother of the
priestess came to this place; [but on
what account? Because some god had
ordered him, for a certain reason which
does not pertain to the general view of
the tragedy,] to come thither, [but why
he did so is foreign to the fable]. The
brother, therefore, coming, and being
made captive, discovered [his sister [,
when he is going to be sacrificed ; wheth-
5" i. e. place himself in the position of a spec-
tator.
er, as Euripides says, [by an epistle,] or,
as Polyides feigns, speaking according to
probability, because he said, it was not
only requisite that the sister, but that
he also should be sacrificed: — and hence
safety arises. After these things, the
poet having given names to the persons,
should insert the episodes; and he must
be careful that the episodes be appropri-
ate ; as that of the insanity through which
Orestes was taken captive, and his being
saved through expiation. In dramas,
therefore, the episodes are short, but by
these the epopee is lengthened. For the
fable of the Odyssey is short, viz. a cer-
tain man wandering for many years, and
persecuted by Neptune, and left alone.
And besides this, his domestic affairs
being so circumstanced, that his wealth
is consumed by suitors, and stratagems
are plotted against his son. But driven
by a tempest, he returns, and making
himself known to certain persons, he
attacks the suitors, and is himself saved,
but destroys his enemies. This, there-
fore, is the peculiarity of the fable, but
the rest is episode.
CHAP. XVIII
[In every tragedy, however, there is a
complication and development.^ And
external circumstances indeed, and some
of those that are internal, frequently
form the complication; but the rest the
development. I call, however, the com-
plication, the whole of that which extends
from the beginning to the last part, from
which there is a transition to good for-
tune; but I call the development that
part which extends from the beginning of
the transition to the end. Thus in the
Lynceus of Theodectes, the past transac-
tions, and the capture of the son, are the
complication; but the part which extends
from the charge of murder to the end, is
the development. But of tragedy there
are four species; for so many parts of it
have also been enumerated. And one
species is the complicated, of which the
56 Literally, the tying and untying. With
the French. Sa-ud and Denouement are con-
venient and established terms. I hope I shall
be pardoned for avoiding our awkward expres-
sions of th»* imti tutu and unraveling of a plot,
etc. I could find no terms less exceptionable
than those I have used. — Twining.
20
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
whole is revolution and discovery; an-
other, the pathetic, such as the tragedies
of Ajax and lxion; another, the moral,"
such as the Phthiotides and the Peleus;
hut the fourth is another such as the
Phorckh-s &« and the Prometheus, and
tragedies which represent what passes in
Hades. It is especially necessary, there-
fore, that the poet should endeavor to
have all these species; or at least that
he should have the greatest and most of
them, especially since men of the present
age calumniate the poets. For as there
have been good poets in each part of
tragedy, they now expect one poet to ex-
cel in all the parts. But it is right to
call tragedy different and the same,
though not perhaps with any reference to
the fable; but this [may be the case with
those] of which there is the same plot
and solution. But many poets compli-
cate well, and develop badly. r >9 But
both these should always be applauded.^
But it is necessary to recollect, as has
been often observed, that we must not
make tragedy an epic system. Now, I
call that tragedy an epic system, which
consists of many fables; as if some one
should compose a tragedy from the whole
account of its length, the parts receive
an appropriate magnitude. But in
dramas, the effect produced would be
very contrary to expectation. The truth
B7 i. e. in which the delineation of manners
or character is predominant. Our language, I
think, wants a word to express this sense of
the Greek riOinbv, and the Latin, moratum.
Mannered has, I believe, sometimes been used
in this sense; but so seldom, as to sound awk-
wardly. We know nothing of the subjects here
given as examples. — Twining.
M JKschylus wrote a tragedy so named. It
is difficult to imagine what he could make of
these three curious personages, who were born
old women, lived underground, and had but
one eye among them, which they used by turns;
carrying it, I suppose, in a case, like a pair of
spectacles. Such is the tale ! — Twining.
B9 No fault so common. It was with the
Greek tragedians, probably, as with Shaks-
peare. — " In many of his plays the lat-
ter part is evidently neglected. When he found
himself near the end of his work, and in view
of his reward, he shortened the labor, to
snatch the profit. He therefore remits his ef-
forts where he should most vigorously exert
them and Ins catastrophe is improbably pro-
duced, or imperfectly represented." Johnson's
Pref. to Rhakspeare. — Twining.
oo This passage is contradictory and unin-
telligible. Ritter condemns the whole as
spurious.
of this is indicated by such as have rep-
resented [in one tragedy] the whole de-
struction of Troy, and not some part of
it, as the Niobe or Medea of Euripides,
and who have not acted like .^schylus;
for these have either been condemned, or
contend without success; since Agatho
also failed in this alone. But in revolu-
tions, and in simple actions, those poets
admirably effect their aim. For this is
tragical, and has a moral tendency.
This, however, takes place when a wise
but a depraved man, such as Sisyphus, is
deceived; and a brave but unjust man is
vanquished. But this is probable, as
Agatho says. For it is probable that
many things may take place contrary to
probability. It is necessary likewise to
conceive the chorus to be one of the
players and a part of the whole, and that
it cooperates with the players, not as in
Euripides,«i but as in Sophocles. But
with other tragedians, the choral songs
do not more belong to that fable, than
to any other tragedy; on which account
the chorus sing detached pieces, inserted
at pleasure,^ of which Agatho was the
inventor. What difference, however, does
it make, to sing inserted pieces, or to
adapt the diction of one drama to an-
other, or the whole episode?
CHAP. XIX
Of the other parts of tragedy enough
has now been said. But it remains that
we should speak concerning the diction
and the sentiments. The particulars,
61 This expression does not, I think, neces-
sarily imply any stronger censure of Euripides,
than that the choral odes of his tragedies were,
in general, more loosely connected with the
subject than those of Sophocles; which, on
examination, would, 1 believe, be found true.
For that this is the fault here meant, not the
improper " choice of the persons who compose
the chorus," as the ingenious translator of
Euripides understands, is, I think, plain from
what immediately follows ; the connection be-
ing this: — "Sophocles is, in this respect, most
perfect ; Euripides less so ; as to the others,
their choral songs are totally foreign to the
subject of their tragedies."
02 It is curious to trace the gradual extinc-
tion of the chorus. At first, it was all; then,
relieved by the intermixture of dialogue, but
still principal: then, subordinate to the dia-
logue; then, digressive, and ill connected with
the piece; then, borrowed from other pieces at
pleasure — and so on, to the fiddles and the
act-tunes. The performers in the orchestra of
a modern theater are little, I believe, aware,
ARISTOTLE
21
therefore, respecting the sentiments, are
unfolded in the treatise on Rhetoric, to
which it more properly belongs. But
those things pertain to the sentiments,
which it is requisite to procure by a
reasoning process. And the parts of
these are, to demonstrate, to refute, and
to excite the passions; such as pity, or
fear, or anger, and such like; and besides
these, to amplify and extenuate. It is
evident, however, that in things, also, it
is requisite to derive what is useful from
the same fornix, when it is necessary to
procure objects of pity, or things that are
dreadful, or great, or probable. Except
that there is this difference, that things
in tragedy ought to be rendered appar-
ent without teaching, but in an oration
they are to be shown by the speaker, and
in consequence of the speech. For what
employment would there be for the ora-
tor, if the things should appear [of them-
selves] pleasing, and not through the
speech? But of things pertaining to dic-
tion, there is one species of theory re-
specting the forms of speech, which it is
the province of the actor to know, and
of him who is a master artist in this
profession. Thus, for instance, [it is
requisite he should know,] what a man-
date is, what a prayer, narration, threats,
interrogation and answer are, and what-
ever else there may be of this kind.
For from the knowledge or ignorance of
these, the poetic art incurs no blame of
any moment. For who would think that
Homer errs in what he is reproved for
by Protagoras? viz. that while he fancies
he prays, he commands, when he says,
" The wrath, O goddess, sing." For, says
he, to order a thing to be done, or not to
be done, is a mandate. Hence, this must
be omitted as a theorem pertaining to
another art, and not to poetry.
CHAP. XXIII
OJT THE EPIC POEM
Concerning the poetry, however, which
is narrative and imitative in meter, it is
evident that it ought to have dramatic
that they occupy the place, and may consider
themselves as the lineal descendants, of the
ancient chorus. Orchestra was the name of
that part of the ancient theater which was ap-
propriated to the chorus.
fables, in the same manner as tragedy,
and should be conversant with one whole
and perfect action, which has a begin-
ning, middle, and end, in order that, like
one whole animal, it may produce its
appropriate pleasure ;«3 and that it may
not be like the custom of histories, in
which it is not necessary to treat of one
action, but of one time, viz. of such things
as have happened in that time, respecting
one or more persons, the relation of each
of which things to the other is just as it
may happen. For as the sea-fight at
Salamis, and the battle with the Cartha-
ginians in Sicily, though they happened
at the same time, tend nothing to the
same end; thus also in successive times,
one thing may sometimes be connected
with another, from which no one end is
produced. But nearly all poets do this.
Hence, as we have before observed, in
this respect also Homer will appear to
be divine, when compared with other
poets, because he did not attempt to sing
of the whole of the Trojan war, though
it had a beginning and an end. For if
he had, it would have been very great,
and not sufficiently conspicuous; or if it
had been of a moderate size, it would
have been intricate through the variety
of incidents.^* But now, having selected
one part of the war, he has made use of
many episodes; such as the catalogue of
the ships, and other episodes, with which
he has adorned his poem. Other poets,
however, have composed a fable about
one man, and one time, and one action,
consisting of many parts; as the authors
of the Cyprias, and the Lesser Iliad.
[With respect to the Iliad and Odyssey,
therefore, one or two tragedies only
could be made from each. But many
might be made from the Cypriacs; and
from the Lesser Iliad more than eight;
such as the Judgment of the Arms, Phi-
loctetes, Neoptolemus, Eurypylus, The
Begging [of Ulysses], the Laccence, the
63 i. e. opposed (as appears from what fol-
lows) to that which history gives. Unity of
interest is essential to the. pleasure we expect
from the epic poem; and this cannot exist, at
least in the degree required, without unity of
action. — Twining.
64 Because " the length of the whole would "
then " not admit of a proper magnitude in the
parts " ; and thus an epic poem, constructed
upon an historical plan, would be exactly in
the same case with a tragedy " constructed on
an epic plan." — Twining.
22
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Destruction of Troy, the Return of the
CHAP. XXIV
ON THE SPECIES, PARTS, ETC. OP EPIC
POETRY
Again, it is requisite that the epic
should have the same species as tragedy.
[For it is necessary that it should be
either simple, or complex, or ethical, or
pathetic] The parts also are the same,
except the music and the scenery. For
it requires revolutions, discoveries, and
disasters; and besides these, the senti-
ments and the diction should be well
formed; all which were first used by
Homer, and are used by him fitly. For
of his two poems, the Iliad indeed con-
tains the simple and pathetic; but the
Odyssey, the complex; for through the
whole of it there is discovery 65 and
moral. And besides these things, he
excelled all poets in diction and senti-
ment. The epic, however, differs from
tragedy in the length of the composition,
and in the meter. But the proper boun-
dary of its length has been before de-
scribed; for it should be such that the
beginning and the end may be seen at
one view. [And this will be effected if
the compositions are shorter than those
of the ancient poets, and brought to the
same length with the multitude of trage-
dies that are recited at one hearing.60]
But it is the peculiarity of the epic to
possess abundantly the power of extend-
ing its magnitude; for tragedy is not
capable of imitating many actions that
are performed at the same time, but that
part only which is represented in the
scene, and acted by the players. But in
the epic, in consequence of its being a
narration, many events may be intro-
duced which have happened at the same
time, which are properly connected with
the subject, and from which the bulk of
the poem is increased. Hence, this con-
W See Pope's translation, xvi. 206, etc.,
where Ulysses discovers himself to Telemachus
— xxi. 212, to the shepherds — xxiii. 211, to
Penelope — xxiv. 875, to his father — ix. 17,
to Aleinous — iv. 150. etc., Telemachus is dis-
covered to Menelaus by his tears — v. 189, to
Helen, by his resemblance to his father — xix.
545, Ulysses is discovered to the old nurse, by
the kcpt. — Twining.
66 This is quite contrary to Aristotle's own
opinion.
tributes to its magnificence, transports
the hearer to different places, and adorns
the poem with dissimilar episodes. For
similitude of events rapidly produces sa-
tiety, and causes tragedies to fail. But
heroic meter is established by experience
as adapted to the epic. For if any one
should attempt narrative imitation in
any other meter, or in many meters min-
gled together, the unfitness of it would
be apparent. For heroic meter is of
all others the most stable and ample.
words and metaphors. For narrative
imitation excels all others.] But Iambics
and tetrameters have more motion; the
one being adapted to dancing, but the
other to acting. It would, however, be
still more absurd, to mingle them to-
gether, as Chaeremon did. Hence, no one
has composed a long poem in any other
measure than the heroic; but, as we
have said, Nature herself teaches us to
distinguish the measure best suited.
Homer, indeed, deserves to be praised
for many other things, and also because
he is the only poet who was not ignorant
what he ought to do himself. For it is
requisite that the poet should speak in
his own person as little as possible; for
so far as he does so he is not an imitator.
Other poets, therefore, take an active
part through the whole poem, and they
only imitate a few things, and seldom.
But Homer, after a short preface, imme-
diately introduces a man or a woman, or
something else that has manners; for
there is nothing in his poem unattended
with manners. It is necessary, therefore,
in tragedies to produce the wonderful;
but that which is contrary to reason
(whence the wonderful is best produced)
is best suited to the epopee, from the
agent not being seen. In the next place,
the particulars respecting the pursuit of
Hector would appear ridiculous in the
scene; the Greeks indeed standing still,
and not pursuing, and Achilles making
3igns to them, by the motion of his
head, not to engage.67 But in the epic
this is concealed. Now, the wonder-
ful pleases; of which this is an indica-
67 Pope's Iliad, xxii. 267. — Perhaps the idea
of stopping a whole army by a nod, or shake
of the head (a circumstance distinctly men-
tioned by Homer, but sunk in Mr. Pope's ver-
sion), was the absurdity here principally meant.
If this whole Homeric scene were represented
ARISTOTLE
23
tion, that all men, when they wish to
gratify their hearers, add something to
what they relate. Homer also in the
highest degree taught others how to feign
in a proper manner. But this is a para-
logism. For men fancy that when the
consequent followers or results from the
antecedent, the consequent may be con-
verted, and that the antecedent will fol-
low from the consequent. This, how-
ever, is false. [But why, if the ante-
cedent be false, so long as this other be
otherwise, should the consequent neces-
sarily follow? For through knowing the
consequent to be true, our soul paralo-
gizes, and concludes that the antecedent
also is true. And there is an example
of this in The Washing.] Again, one
should prefer things which are impos-
sible but probable, to such as are possible
but improbable. Fables also should not
be composed from irrational parts, [but
as much as possible, indeed, they should
have nothing irrational in them: if, how-
ever, this is impossible, care should be
taken that the irrational circumstance
does not pertain to the fable, as in the
case of CEdipus not knowing how Laius
died. For it must not be brought into
the drama, like the narration of the Pyth-
ian games in the Electro, or him who, in
the tragedy of the Mysians, comes from
Tegea to Mysia without speaking.] It is
ridiculous, therefore, to say, that other-
wise the fable would be destroyed; for
such fables should not at first be com-
posed. But if they are composed, and
it appears more reasonable that they
should be, the absurdity also must be
stances in the Odyssey, such as Ulysses
being left [on the shore of Ithaca by
the Phoeacians], would evidently have
been intolerable, if they had been fabri-
cated by a bad poet. But now the poet
conceals the absurdity, and renders it
pleasing by the addition of other beau-
ties. The diction, likewise, should be
labored in the sluggish parts of the poem,
and which exhibit neither manners nor
sentiment. For a very splendid diction
conceals the manners and the reasoning.
on our stage, in the best manner possible, there
can be no doubt that the effect would justify
Aristotle's observation. It would certainly set
the audience in a roar. — Twining.
CHAP. XXVI
One may, however, question whether
epic or tragic imitation is the more ex-
cellent. For if that imitation is the
better which is less troublesome to the
spectator, and such an imitation pertains
to better spectators, that which imitates
every thing is evidently attended with
molestation. For, as if the spectators
will not perceive what is acted without
the addition of much movement, they
make great gesticulations; just as bad
players on the flute turn themselves
round, when it is requisite to imitate the
action of the discus, or when they sing
of Scylla, draw to themselves the cory-
phaeus, or leader of the band. Such,
then, is tragedy, as the modern actors
are in the estimation of their predeces-
sors. Hence, Myniscus called Callipides
an ape, in consequence of carrying his
imitation to a great excess. And there
was also a similar opinion respecting
Pindar [the player]. But as these lat-
ter actors are to the former, so is the
whole art of tragedy to the epopee.
They say, therefore, that the epopee is
calculated for hearers of the better sort,
on which account it does not require
scenery; but that tragedy is calculated
for the vulgar. Hence, tragic imitation,
which is troublesome to the spectator,
will evidently be inferior to epic imita-
tion.
In the first place, however, this accusa-
tion does not pertain to the poet, but the
actor; since it is possible in reciting epic
poetry to overdo action, as Sosistratus
did, and singing likewise, as Mnastheus
of Opus did. In the next place, neither
is all motion to be despised, since neither
is every kind of dancing, but only that
which is bad; and hence Callipedes was
blamed, as others now are for imitating
light women. Further still, tragedy, in
the same manner as the epopee, may ful-
fil its purpose without gesture; for by
reading, it is manifest what kind of thing
it is. If, therefore, it is in other re-
spects better, it is not necessary that it
should be accompanied [by motion and
gesture]. In v e next place, tragedy has
every thing which the epic possesses.
For it may use meter, and it has also
music and scenery, as no small parts,
through which the pleasure it produces
is most apparent. To which may be
24
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
added, that it possesses perspicuity, both
when it is read, and when it is acted.
The end, too, of its imitation is con-
fined in less extended limits. For being
crowded into a narrower compass, it be-
comes more pleasing than if it were dif-
fused through a long period of time.
Thus, for instance, if one were to put the
(Edipus of Sophocles into as many verses
as the Iliad, [it would be less pleasing].
Again, the imitation of the epic has
less unity [than tragic imitation] ; of
which this is an indication, that from
any kind of [epic] imitation, many trage-
dies may be produced. Hence, if he who
writes an epic poem should choose a
fable perfectly one, the poem would
necessarily either appear short, as if cur-
tailed, or if it should be accompanied
with length of meter, it would seem to
be languid. But if he should compose
one fable from many fables, I mean, if
the poem should consist of many actions,
it would not possess unity. Thus, the
Iliad and Odyssey contain many such
parts, which of themselves possess mag-
nitude, though these poems are composed,
as much as possible, in the most excellent
manner, and are most eminently the imi-
tation of one action. If, therefore, trag-
edy excels in all these particulars, and
besides this, in the work of art, (for
neither tragic nor epic imitation ought
• to produce a casual pleasure, but that
which has been stated), it is evident that
it will be more excellent than the epopee,
in consequence of attaining its end in a
greater degree. And thus much concern-
ing tragedy, and the epic, as to them-
selves, their species, and their parts, their
number, and their difference, what the
causes are of their being good or bad,
and also concerning the objections which
may be made to them, and the solutions
of the objections.
ANCIENT ROME
Latin Dramatic Criticism 27
Bibliography 27
Horace 28
Bibliography ii'j
The Art of Poetry [Ars Poetica, or Epistola ad Pisones] translated by
C. Smart. Complete text. (24-20 B. C.) 29
LATIN DRAMATIC CRITICISM
Latin literature yields little more ma-
terial in dramatic criticism and theory
than Greek. As is pointed out in another
place, there is but one complete treatise
extant — the Art Poetica of Horace —
and that is far from satisfactory as a uni-
fied and clear statement of the aims or
achievements of the Latin drama. From
the beginnings of Latin literary criticism
with Cicero, to the time of Horace, there
is practically nothing relating to the sub-
ject. Cicero himself, in his Letters, Ora-
tions, and various treatises, evolves inter-
esting ideas on the drama, but nowhere
sums up any sort of complete theory of
body of doctrine. If the works of Varro
and Lucilius had been preserved, it is
doubtful whether Horace would have oc-
cupied his present position of solitary
grandeur and importance, but in the ab-
sence of anything but fragments from
these authors and from the numerous
other critics of his time and anterior to
him, we must assign to him a place of the
first importance. Mention ought per-
haps be made of a few paragraphs on
the rise of comedy in Livy's history, Ab
urbe condita Libri (vii, ii, iv, and follow-
ing), written about the time of Christ.
Not until Quintilian is there anything
approaching a systematic study of dram-
atists, while Quintilian himself — in the
Institutiones Oratoriae, Books VI and X
— adopts an historical rather than theo-
retical method, and passes brief judg-
ments on Greek and Latin authors. The
Noctes Atticae of Aulus Gellius is the
last of the Latin writings with any pre-
tension to originality concerned with our
subject.
A careful study of Henry Nettleship's
second series of Lectures and Essays —
chapter on Latin Criticism — , and of
Saintsbury's History of Criticism — first
volume — will enlighten the student as to
the details of the subject, but he will
find little other than fragments and titles
of lost works if he goes to original
sources.
References on Latin Criticism and
Latin Literature in General:
E. Hiibner, Bibliographic der klassischen
Altertumicissenschaft; Grundriss zu
Vorlesungen iiber die Geschichte und
(Berlin, 2nd ed„ 1889).
J. C. F. Baehr, Geschichte der romischen
Literatur, 4 vols. (Karlsruhe, 2d ed.,
1868-7.').
G. Bernhardy, Grundriss der romischen
Literatur (Braunschweig, 5th ed.,
187. 1 ).
R. W. Browne, A History of Roman
Classical Literature (London 1853).
M. S. Dimsdale, A History of Latin Lit-
erature (London & Xew York, 1915).
J. Wight Duff, A Literary History of
Rome (Xew York, 1909).
H. Joachim, Geschichte der romischen
Literatur (Leipzig, 1896).
27
J. W. Mackail, Latin Literature (New
York, 1895).
Henrv Nettleship, Lectures and Essays
(Oxford, 1885).
Henry Nettleship, Lectures and Essays
(2d" series, Oxford, 1895).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 1, (New York, 1900).
J. E. Sandvs, A History of Classical
Scholarship, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1903).
M. Schanz, Geschichte der romischen
Literature, 3 parts (Miinchen, 1890-
1901).
W. S. TeuffeL Geschichte der romischen
Literatur (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1872.
Eng. tr. from revised and enlarged
ed. bv L. Schwabe bv G. C. W. Warr,
2 vols., London, 1891-92).
Gaston Boissier, Le Poete Attius. Etude
sur la Tragedie latine pendant la R4-
publique (Paris, 1857).
Philippe Fabia, Les Theatres de Rome au
28
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
temps de Plaute et de Terence (Rev.
de Phil, XXI, Paris, 1897).
J. F. D' Alton, Horace and His Age
(London, 1917. See especially chap-
ter on Literary Criticism).
G. Michaut, Sur les TrUeaux latins
(Paris, 1912).
W. R. Hardie, Literary Criticism at
Rome (In Lectures on Classical Sub-
jects, London, 1903).
HORACE
Quintus Horatius Flaccus, known in
English as Horace, was born at Venusia,
near the border of Apulia, in 65 b. c.
His father, a former slave who had freed
himself before the birth of his son, sent
him to school in Rome. As a young man
Horace went to Athens and studied phil-
osophy at the famous schools. When
the Civil War broke out he enlisted in
the army of Brutus, served at Philippi,
and came back to Rome not long after.
Deprived of his property as a result of
the proscriptions, he began life anew
at the age of twenty-four as clerk in
a public office. Not long after, he at-
tracted the attention of Maecenas, and
soon became acquainted with Varius and
Vergil, henceforth devoting himself to lit-
erary pursuits. His first work, the first
book of Satires, was published 35 b. c.
About a year later, Maecenas presented
him with * the celebrated Sabine Farm,
and Horace was at liberty to the end of
his life to do as he liked. Before he died
he was famous; the Emperor Augustus
it was who commissioned him to write
the fourth book of Odes. He died eight
years before the birth of Christ.
The Epistle to the Pisos, or Art of
Poetry, has been assigned by various au-
thorities to the period between 24 and 7
B.C. Professor Nettleship (in his Lec-
tures and Essays) believes it to have been
written between 24 and 20 b. c. Its
interest and value are considerably en-
hanced in view of the fact that it is, in
Professor Saintsbury's words, " the only
complete example of literary criticism
that we have from any Roman." It is
significant that the greater part of its sub-
ject-matter is concerned with the drama.
While it has been clearly substantiated
that Horace drew upon a non-extant
treatise by Neoptolemus of Parium, an
Alexandrian critic of uncertain date, the
fact that Horace made use of and
molded the ideas of his predecessor is
important. The Art of Poetry is on the
whole a somewhat arbitrary manual; the
greatest importance must be attached to
the purely formal side of writing, the
dramatist must adhere closely to the five
acts, the chorus, and so on; proportion,
good sense, decorum, cannot be neglected.
Of the practical value of the work before
the Renaissance, it is impossible to know;
of its influence since that time, it can
only be said that it was as widespread
as that of Aristotle. Horace's doctrine
of " pleasure and profit " was to be re-
peated innumerable times, and is still a
criterion of criticism. Mr. Spingarn's
statement that " critical activity in nearly
all the countries of western Europe seems
to have been ushered in by the trans-
lation of Horace's Ars Poetica into the
vernacular tongues " is but another proof
of the popularity of the work.
Editions:
Of the numerous Latin texts of Hor-
ace, that of Bentley is on the whole
the best, though there are numerous oth-
ers. This was reedited by Zangemeister
in 1869. Among modern commentaries
are that of J. C. Orelli (4th ed. revised
by O. Hirschfelder and J. Mewes, 1886-
90), and of A. Kiessling (revised by R.
Heinze, 1898-1908). The standard Eng-
lish commentary is the two-volume edi-
tion of E. C. Wickham (1874-96).
English translations abound. Among
the early versions is The Works of Hor-
ace, translated by several hands [Dry-
den, Congreve, etc.] 2 vols., London,
translated by C. Smart, revised by T. A.
Buckley (late Bohn editions, n. d. ; The
Works of Horace, translated by I. Lons-
dale and S. Lee (London, 1873); and
HORACE
29
A Poetical Translation of the Works of
Horace, by P. Francis, 2 vols. (ed. Lon-
don, 1831).
On Horace and His Works:
H. H. Milman, The Works of Horace,
with English Sotes critical and ex-
planatory, by C. Anthon. (New edi-
tion, with Life of Horace, by H. H.
Milman, New York, ISio.)
1U\. W. Tuckwell, Horace (London,
190.)). -
Gaston Bois;-ier, L'Art poetique <t Hor-
ace et la Tragcdie romaine {Rev., de
Philol., Vol. XXII, Paris, 1S98).
Albert S. Cook, The Art of Poetry. The
Poetical Treatises of Horace, Vida,
and Boileau, with the Translations by
Howes, Pitt, and Soame, (with notes
and intro., Boston, 189J).
George Converse Fiske, Lucilius, The Art
Poetica of Horace, and Persius {Har-
vard Studies in Class. Philol., Vol.
XXIV, Cambridge, 1913).
Paul Lejay, La Date et le but de VArt
poetique d'Horce {Rev. de I'instruc-
tion pub. en Belgique, vols. XLV and
XL VI, Bruxelles, 1902-3).
Henry Nettleship, Lectures and Essays
(Oxford, 1885).
E. Norden, Die Komposition und Litera-
Pisones {Hermes, voL 40, Berlin, 1905).
Alois Patin, Der Aufbau der Ars poetica
des Horaz {Studien zur Geschichte und
Kultur des Altertums, Bd. 4, Heft 1,
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 1 (New York, 1900).
Johann Vahlen, Ueber Horatius 1 Brief
d. Wissensch. Sitzungsb., p. 589, Ber-
lin, 1906).
THE ART OF POETRY 1
{24^20 b.c?)
If a painter should wish to unite a
a variety of plumage over limbs [of
different animals] taken from every part
[of nature], so that what is a beautiful
woman in the upper part terminates un-
sightly in an ugly fish below — could you,
my friends, refrain from laughter, were
you admitted to such a sight? Believe,
ye Pisos, the book will be perfectly like
such a picture, the ideas of which, like
a sick man's dreams, are all vain and
fictitious: so that, neither head nor foot
can correspond to any one form. " Poets
and painters [you will say] have ever
had equal authority for attempting any
thing.'' We are conscious of this, and
this privilege we demand and allow in
turn: but not to such a degree that the
tame should associate with the savage;
nor that serpents should be coupled with
birds, lambs with tigers.
1 Translated, complete, by C. Smart, from
The Work.? of Horace literally translated into
English Prose (New York. n. d.). Unsigned
footnotes are by the translator. The brackets
enclose words or phrases by the translator in-
tended to complete the sense of the original.
—Ed.
In pompous introductions, and such as
promise a great deal, it generally hap-
pens that one or two verses of purple
patch-work, that may make a great show,
are tagged on; as when the grove and
the altar of Diana and the meandering
of a current hastening through pleasant
fields, or the river Rhine, or the rainbow,
is described. But here, there was no
room for these [fine things] : perhaps,
too, you know how to draw a cypress:
but what is that to the purpose, if he
who is painted for the given price, is
[to be represented as] swimming hope-
less out of a shipwreck? A large vase
at first was designed: why, as the wheel
revolves, turns out a little pitcher? In
a word, be your subject what it will, let
it be merely simple and uniform.
The great majority of us poets — fa-
ther, and youths worthy such a father —
are misled by the appearance of right.
I labor to be concise, I become obscure:
nerves and spirit fail him that aims at
the easy: one, that pretends to be sub-
lime, proves bombastical: he who is too
cautious and fearful of the storm, crawls
along the ground: he who wants to vary
30
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
his subject in a marvelous manner, paints
the dolphin in the woods, the boar in the
sea. The avoiding of an error leads to
a fault, if it lack skill.
A statuary about the -(Emilian school
shall of himself, with singular skill, both
express the nails, and imitate in brass
the flexible hair; unhappy yet in the
main, because he knows not how to finish
a complete piece. I would no more
choose to be such a one as this, had I
a mind to compose any thing, than to
live with a distorted nose, [though] re-
markable for black eyes and jetty hair.
Ye who write, make choice of a sub-
ject suitable to your abilities; and re-
volve in your thoughts a considerable
time what your strength declines, and
what it is able to support. Neither ele-
gance of style nor a perspicuous dispo-
sition, shall desert the man by whom the
subject matter is chosen judiciously.
This, or I am mistaken, will constitute
the merit and beauty of arrangement,
that the poet just now say what ought
just now to be said, put off most of his
thoughts, and waive them for the pres-
ent.
In the choice of his words, too, the
author of the projected poem must be
delicate and cautious, he must embrace
one and reject another: you will express
yourself eminently well, if a dexterous
combination should give an air of nov-
elty to a well-known word. If it hap-
pen to be necessary to explain some
abstruse subjects by new-invented terms,
it will follow that you must frame words
never heard of by the old-fashioned
Cethegi: and the license will be granted,
if modestly used: and .new and lately-
formed words will have authority, if
they descend from a Greek source, with
a slight deviation. But why should the
Romans grant to Plautus and Caecilius
a privilege denied to Vergil and Varius?
Why should I be envied, if I have it in
my power to acquire a few words, when
the language of Cato and Ennius has
enriched our native tongue, and pro-
duced new names of things? It has been,
and ever will be, allowable to coin a
word marked with the stamp in present
request. As leaves in the woods are
changed with the fleeting years; the
earliest fall off first: in this manner
words perish with old age, and those
lately invented flourish and thrive, like
men in the time of youth. We and our
works are doomed to death: whether
Neptune, admitted into the continent, de-
fends our fleet from the north winds,
a kingly work; or the lake, for a long
time unfertile and fit for oars, now main-
tains its neighboring cities and feels the
heavy plow; or the river, taught to run
in a more convenient channel, has changed
its course which was so destructive to
the fruits. Mortal works must perish:
much less can the honor and elegance of
language be long-lived. Many words
shall revive, which now have fallen off;
and many words are now in esteem
shall fall off, if it bo the will of custom,
in whose power is the decision and right
and standard of language.
Homer has instructed us in what meas-
ure the achievements of kings, and chiefs,
and direful war might be written.
Plaintive strains originally were ap-
propriated to the unequal numbers [of
the elegiac] : afterwards [love and] suc-
cessful desires were included. Yet what
author first published humble elegies, the
critics dispute, and the controversy still
waits the determination of the judge.
Rage armed Archilochus with the
iambic of his own invention. The sock
and the majestic buskin assumed this
measure as adapted for dialogue, and
to silence the noise of the populace, and
calculated for action.
To celebrate gods, and the sons of
gods, and the victorious wrestler, and
the steed foremost in the race, and the
inclination of youths, and the free joys
of wine, the muse has allotted to the
lyre.
If I am incapable and unskillful to
observe the distinction described, and the
complexions of works [of genius], why
am I accosted by the name of "Poet"?
Why, out of false modesty, do I prefer
being ignorant to being learned?
A comic subject will not be handled
in tragic verse: in like manner the ban-
quet of Thyestes will not bear to be held
in familiar verses, and such as almost
suit the sock. Let each peculiar species
[of writing J fill with decorum its proper
place. Nevertheless sometimes even
comedy exalts her voice, and passionate
Chremes rails in a tumid strain: and a
tragic writer generally expresses grief
HORACE
31
in a prosaic style. Telephus and Peleus,
when they are both in poverty and exile,
throw aside their rants and gigantic
expressions if they have a mind to move
the heart of the spectator with their com-
plaint.
It is not enough, that poems be beau-
tiful; let them be tender and affecting,
and bear away the soul of the auditor
whithersoever they please. As the hu-
man countenance smiles on those that
smile, so does it sympathize with those
that weep. If you would have me weep
you must first express the passion of
grief yourself; then, Telephus or Peleus,
your misfortunes hurt me: if you pro-
nounce the parts assigned you ill, I shall
either fall asleep or laugh.
Pathetic accents suit a melancholy
countenance; words full of menace, an
angry one; wanton expressions, a sport-
ive look; and serious matter, an austere
one. For nature forms us first within
to every modification of circumstances;
she delights or impels us to anger, or
depresses us to the earth and afflicts us
with heavy sorrow: then expresses those
emotions of the mind by the tongue, its
interpreter. If the words be discordant
to the station of the speaker, the Roman
knights and plebeians will raise an im-
moderate laugh. It will make a wide
difference, whether it be Davus that
speaks, or a hero; a man well-stricken in
years, or a hot young fellow in his bloom;
and a matron of distinction, or an offi-
cious nurse; a roaming merchant, or the
cultivator of a verdant little farm; a
Colchian, or an Assyrian; one educated
at Thebes, or one at Argos.
tion, or invent such fables as are con-
gruous to themselves. If as a poet you
have to represent the renowned Achilles;
let him be indefatigable, wrathful, in-
exorable, courageous, let him deny that
laws were made for him, let him arro-
gate everything to force of arms. Let
Medea be fierce and untractable, Ino an
object of pity, Ixion perfidious, lo wan-
dering, Orestes in distress.
If you offer to the stage anything un-
attempted, and venture to form a new
character, let it be preserved to the last
such as it set out at the be<rinning, and be
consistent with itself. It" is difficult to
write with propriety on subjects to
which all writers have a common claim;
and you with more prudence will reduce
the Iliad into acts, than if you first in-
troduce arguments unknown and never
treated of before. A public story will
become your own property, if you do
not dwell upon the whole circle of events,
which is paltry and open to every one;
nor must you be so faithful a translator,
as to take the pains of rendering [the
original] word for word; nor by imi-
tating throw yourself into straits, whence
either shame or the rules of your work
may forbid you to retreat.
Xor must you make such an exordium,
as the Cyclic writer of old : " I will sing
the fate of Priam, and the noble war."
What will this boaster produce worthy
of all this gaping? The mountains are
in labor, a ridiculous mouse will be
brought forth. How much more to the
purpose he, who attempts nothing im-
properly? "Sing for me, my muse, the|
man who, after the time of the destruc-
tion of Troy, surveyed the manners and
cities of many men." He meditates not
[to producej smoke from a flash, but I
out of smoke to elicit fire, that he may
thence bring forth his instances of the
marvelous with beauty, [such as] An-
tiphates, Scylla, the Cyclops, and Charyb-
dis. Xor does he date Diomed's re-
turn from Meleager's death, nor trace
the rise of the Trojan war from [Leda's]
eggs: he always hastens on to the event:
and hurries away his reader into the
midst of interesting circumstances, no
otherwise than as if they were [already]
known; and what he despairs of, as "to
receiving a polish from his touch, he
omits; and in such a manner forms his
fictions, so intermingles the false with
the true, that the middle is not incon-
sistent with the beginning, nor the end
with the middle.
Do you attend to what I, and the pub-
lic in my opinion, expect from you [as
a dramatic writer]. If you are desirous
of an applauding spectator, who will
wait for [the falling of] the curtain, and
till the chorus calls out ■ your plaudits " ;
the manners of every age must be marked j
by you, and a pr oper d ecorum assigned ;
to men's varying dispositions and years. '< ''
The boy, who is just able to pronounce
his words, and prints the ground with
a firm tread, delights to play with his
32
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
fellows, and contracts and lays aside
anger without reason, and is subject to
change every hour. The beardless youth,
his guardian being at length discharged,
joys in horses, and dogs, and the ver-
dure of the sunny Campus Martius; pli-
able as wax to the bent of vice, rough
to advisers, a slow provider of useful
things, prodigal of his money, high-spir-
ited, and amorous, and hasty in desert-
ing the objects of his passion. [After
this,] our inclinations being changed, the
age and spirit of manhood seeks after
wealth, and [high] connections, is sub-
servient to points of honor; and is cau-
tious of committing any action which
he would subsequently be industrious to
correct. Many inconveniences encompass
a man in years; either because he seeks
[eagerly] for gain, and abstains from
what he has gotten and is afraid to
make use of it: or because he transacts
every thing in a timorous and dispas-
sionate manner, dilatory, slow in hope,
remiss, and greedy of futurity. Peevish,
querulous, a panegyrist of former times
when he was a boy, and chastiser and
censurer of his juniors. Our advancing
years bring many advantages along with
them. Many our declining ones take
away. That the parts [therefore] be-
longing to age may not be given to a
youth, and those of a man to a boy, we
must dwell upon those qualities which
are joined and adapted to each person's
age.
| An action is either represented on the
stage, or, being done elsewhere, is there
related. The things which enter by the
ear affect the mind more languidly, than
such as are submitted to the faithful
eyes, and what a spectator presents to
himself. You must not, however, bring
upon the stage things fit only to be acted
behind the scenes: and you must take
away from view many actions, which
elegant description may soon after de-
liver in presence [of the spectators].
Let not Medea murder her sons before
the people; nor the execrable Atreus
openly dress human entrails; nor let
Progne be metamorphosed into a bird,
Cadmus into a serpent. Whatever you
show to me in this manner, not able to
give credit to, I detest.
let a play which would be inquired
after, and though seen, represented
anew, be neither shorter nor longer than j
the, fifth act. Neither let a god inter- I
fere, unless a difficulty worthy a god's J
unraveling should happen; nor let ai
fourth person be officious to speak.2
Let the chorus 3 sustain the part and
manly character of an actor: nor let
them sing anything between the acts
which is not conducive to, and fitly co-
herent with, the main design. Let them
both patronize the good,* and give them
friendly advice, and regulate the pas-
sionate, and love to appease those who
swell [with rage] : let them praise the
repast of a short meal, the salutary
effects of justice, laws, and peace with
her open gates: let them conceal what
is told to them in confidence, and sup-
plicate and implore the gods that pros-
abandon the haughty. The flute (not as
now, begirt with brass and emulous of
the trumpet, but), slender and of sim-
ple form, with few stops, was of service
to accompany and assist the chorus, and
with its tone was sufficient to fill the
rows that were not as yet too crowded,
where an audience, easily numbered, as
being small and sober, chaste and mod-
est, met together. But when the vic-
torious Romans began to extend their
territories, and an ampler wall encom- ;
passed the city, and their genius was i
indulged on festivals by drinking wine
in the day-time without censure; a
greater freedom arose both to the num- I
bers [of poetry], and the measure [of I
music]. For what taste could an unlet- I
tered clown and one just dismissed from
labors have, when in company with the
2 The poet does not forbid a fourth person I
to speak, but would have him say very little, jj
ae the Scholiast understands the precept. Xri- 81
deed, a conversation of three people is mostlj
agreeable, because it is less confused and less!
divides the attention of an audience. — Rodell.J
3 The chorus was not introduced between
the acts, merely to relieve the audience, bill
had a part in the play, and concurred with the
other actors to carry on the plot, and support
the probability of it. The Choriphteus, or
first person of the chorus, entPred in the acts,
and spoke for all those of whom the chorus
was composed; " officiumque virile defendat."
The chorus filled up the intervals of the MM
with their songs, which were composed of re-'
flections upon what was past, or their iippre-
hensions of what mipht happen. — Francis.
4 The chorus, says the poet, is to take the
side of the good and virtuous ; i. e. is always
to sustain a moral character.
HORACE
33
polite; the base, with the man of honor?
Thus the musician added new movements
and a luxuriance to the ancient art, and
strutting backward and forward, drew
a length of train over the stage: thus
likewise new notes were added to the
severity of the lyre, and precipitate elo-
quence produced an unusual language
lin the theater] : and the sentiments [of
the chorus, then] expert in teaching use-
ful things and prescient of futurity, differ
hardly from the oracular Delphi.
The poet who first tried his skill in
tragic verse for the paltry [prize of a]
goat, soon after exposed to view wild
satyrs naked, and attempted raillery with
severity, still preserving the gravity [of
tragedy] : because the spectator on fes-
tivals, when heated with wine and dis-
orderly, was to be amused with capti-
vating shows and agreeable novelty.
But it will be expedient so to recom-
mend the bantering, so the rallying
satyrs, so to turn earnest into jest; that
none who shall be exhibited as a god,
none who is introduced as a hero lately
conspicuous in regal purple and gold,
may deviate into the low style of obscure,
mechanical shops; or, [on the contrary]
while he avoids the ground, affect cloudy
mist and empty jargon. Tragedy, dis-
daining to prate forth trivial verses, like
a matron commanded to dance on fes-
tival days, will assume an air of modesty,
even in the midst of wanton satyrs. As
a writer of satire, ye Pisos, I shall never
be fond of unornamented and reigning
terms: nor shall I labor to differ so
widely from the complexion of tragedy,
as to n\ake no distinction, whether Davus
be the speaker. And the bold Pythias,
who gained a talent by gulling Simo;
or Silenus, the guardian and attendant
of his pupil-god [Bacchus]. I would
so execute a fiction taken from a well-
known story, that anybody might enter-
tain hopes of doing the same thing; but,
on trial, should sweat and labor in vain.
Such power has a just arrangement and
connection of the parts: such grace may
be added to subjects merely common.
In my judgment, the Fauns, that are
brought out of the woods, should not be
too gamesome with their tender strains,
as if they were educated in the city, and
almost at the bar ; nor, on the " other
hand, should blunder out their obscene
and scandalous speeches. For [at such
stuff J all are offended, who have a horse,
a father, or an estate: nor will they re-
ceive with approbation, nor give* the
laurel crown, as the purchasers of
parched peas and nuts are delighted
with.
A long syllable put after a short one
is terqaed an iambus, a lively measure,
whence also it commanded the name of
trimeters to be added to iambics, though
it yielded six beats of time, being simi-
lar to itself from first to last. Xot long
ago, that it might come somewhat slower
and with more majesty to the ear, it
its paternal heritage the steadfast spon-
dees; agreeing, however, by social league,
that it was not to depart from the sec-
ond s and fourth place. But this [kind
of measure] rarely makes its appearance
in the notable f - trimeters of Accius, and
brands the verse of Ennius brought upon
the stage with a clumsy weight of spon-
dees, with the imputation of being too
precipitate and careless, or disgracefully
accuses him of ignorance in his art
It is not every judge that discerns
inharmonious verses, and an undeserved
indulgence is [in this case] granted to
the Roman poets. But shall I on this
account run riot and write licentiously?
Or should not I rather suppose, that all
the world are to see my faults; secure,
and cautious [never to err] but with
hope of being pardoned? Though, per-
haps, I have merited no praise, I have
escaped censure.
Ye [who are desirous to excel], turn
over the Grecian models by night, turn
them by day. But our ancestors com-
mended both the numbers of Plautus,
and his strokes of pleasantry; too tamely,
I will not say foolishly, admiring each of
them; if you and I but know how to
distinguish a coarse joke from a smart
repartee, and understand the proper
cadence, by [using] our fingers and ears.
5 The iambic yields only the odd places to
tho spondee, the first, third, and fifth, but pre-
serves the second, fourth, and sixth for itself.
This mixture renders the verse more noble,
and it may be still trimeter, the second foot
being iambic. The comic poets, better to dis-
guise their verse, and make it appear more
like common conversation, inverted the tragic
order, and pat spondees in the even places. —
Dacier.
6 Ironically spoken.
34
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Thespis t is said to have invented a
new kind of tragedy, and to have car-
ried his pieces about in carts, which
[certain strollers] who had their faces
besmeared with lees of wine, sang and
acted. After him ^Eschylus, the inventor
of the vizard mask and decent robe,
laid the stage over with boards of a
tolerable size, and taught to speak in
lofty tone, and strut in the buskin. To
these succeeded the old comedy, not
without considerable praise: but its per-
sonal freedom degenerated into excess
and violence, worthy to be regarded by
law; a law was made accordingly, and
the chorus, the right of abusing being
taken away, disgracefully became silent.
Our poets have left no species of the
art unattempted; nor have those of them
merited the least honor, who dared to
forsake the footsteps of the Greeks, and
celebrate domestic facts; whether they
have instructed us in tragedy, or in com-
edy. Nor would Italy be raised higher
by valor and feats of arms, than by its
language, did not the fatigue and te-
diousness of using the file disgust every
one of our poets. Do you, the descend-
ants of Pompilius, reject that poem,
which many days and many a blot have
not ten times subdued to the most per-
fect accuracy. Because Democritus be-
lieves that genius is more successful than
wretched art, and excludes from Heli-
con all poets who are in their senses, a
great number do not care to part with
their nails or beard, frequent places of
solitude, shun the baths. For he will
acquire, [he thinks,] the esteem and title
of a poet, if he neither submits his head,
which is not to be cured by even three
Anticyras, to Licinius the barber. What
an unlucky fellow am I, who am purged
for the bile in spring-time ! Else nobody
would compose better poems; but the
purchase is not worth the expense.
Therefore I will serve instead of a whet-
stone, which though not able of itself to
cut, can make steel sharp: so I, who can
7 Thespis. A native of Icarius, a village in
Attica, to whom the invention of the drama
has been ascribed. Before his time there were
no performers except the chorus. He led the
way to the formation of a dramatic plot and
language, by directing a pause in the perform-
ance of the chorus, during which he came for-
ward and recited with gesticulation a very
theological story. — Wheeler.
write no poetry myself, will teach the
duty and business [of an author] ;
whence he may be stocked with rich
materials; what nourishes and forms the
poet; what gives grace, what not; what
is the tendency of excellence, what that
of error.
To have good sense, is the first prin-ij
ciple and fountain of writing well. The]
Socratic papers will direct you in the'
choice of your subjects; and words will
spontaneously accompany the subject,
when it is well conceived. He who has
learned what he owes to his country, and
what to his friends; with what affection
a parent, a brother, and a stranger, are
to be loved; what is the duty of a sen-
ator, what of a judge; what the duties
of a general sent out to war; he, [I say,]
certainly knows how to give suitable
attributes to every character. I should
direct the learned imitator to have a re-
gard to the mode of nature and manners, (
and thence draw his expressions to the {
life.s Sometimes a play, that is showy
with common-places, and where the man-
ners are well marked, though of no ele-
gance, without force or art, gives the
people much higher delight and more .
effectually commands their attention, ,
than verse void of matter, and tuneful :
trifles.
To the Greeks, covetous of nothing
but praise, the muse gave genius; to the
Greeks the power of expressing them-
selves in round periods. The Roman
youth learn by long computation to sub-
divide a pound into an hundred parts.
Let the son of Albinus tell me, if from
five ounces one be subtracted, what re-
mains? He would have said the third
of a pound. — Bravely done ! you will be
able to take care of your own affairs.
An ounce is added: what will that be?
Half a pound. When this sordid rust
and hankering after wealth has once
tainted their minds, can we expect that
such verses should be made as are
worthy of being anointed with the oil
of cedar, and kept in the well-polished
cypress? »
8 Truth, in poetry, means such an expres-
sion, ns conforms to the general nature of
things ; falsehood, that which, however suitable
to the particular instance in view, doth yet not
correspond to such general nature. — Tr.
9 To preserve their books, the ancients
rubbed them with oil of cedar, and kept them
HORACE
35
Poets wish either to profit or to de-
light; or to deliver at once both the
pleasures and the necessaries of life.
Whatever precepts you give, be concise,
that docile minds may soon comprehend
what is said, and faithfully retain it.
All superfluous instructions flow from
the too full memory. Let whatever is
imagined for the sake of entertainment,
have as much likeness to truth as pos-
sible; let not your play demand belief
for whatever [absurdities] it is inclin-
able [to exhibit]: nor take out of a
witch's belly a living child, that she had
dined upon. The tribes of the seniors
rail against everything that is void of
edification: the exalted knights disregard
poems which are austere. He who joins
the instructive with the agreeable, car-
ries off every vote,™ by delighting and
This book gains money for the Sosii;
this crosses the sea, and continues to its
renowned author a lasting duration.
Yet there are faults, which we should
be ready to pardon: for neither does the
string [always] form the sound which
the hand and conception [of the per-
former] intends, but very often returns
a sharp note when he demands a flat ; nor
will the bow always hit whatever mark
it threatens. But when there is a great
majority of beauties in a poem, I will
not be offended with a few blemishes,
which either inattention has dropped, or
human nature lias not sufficiently pro-
vided against. What therefore [is to
be determined in this matterj ? As a
transcriber, if he still commits the same
fault though he has been reproved, is
without excuse; and the harper who al-
ways blunders on the same string, is
sure to be laughed at; so he who is
excessively deficient becomes another
Choerilus; whom, when I find him toler-
able in two or three places, I wonder at
with laughter; and at the same time am
I grieved whenever honest Homer grows
drowsy? But it is allowable, that sleep
should steal upon [the progress ofj a
long work.
As is painting, so is poetry: some
pieces will strike you more if you stand
in cases of cypress, because these kinds of
wood were not liable to corruption.
10 Omne tulit punctum. Alluding to the
manner of voting at the comma by putting a
point over the name of a candidate. — Tr.
near, and some if you are at a greater
distance: one loves the dark; another,
which is not afraid of the critic's subtile
judgment, chooses to be seen in the light;
the one has pleased once; the other will
give pleasure if ten times repeated.
O you elder of the youths, though you
are framed to a right judgment by your
father's instructions, and are wise in
yourself, yet take this truth along with
you, [and J remember it; that in cer-
tain things a medium and tolerable de-
gree of eminence may be admitted: a
counselor and pleader" at the bar of the
middle rate is far removed from the
merit of eloquent Messala, nor has so
much knowledge of the law as Cassellius
Aulus, but yet he is in request; [but]
a mediocrity in poets neither gods, nor
men, nor [even] the booksellers' shops
have endured. As at an agreeable en- .
tertainment discordant music, and muddy
perfume, and poppies mixed with Sar-
dinian u honey give offense, because the
supper might have passed without them;
so poetry, created and invented for the
delight of our souls, if it comes short
ever so little of the summit, sinks to the
bottom.
He who does not understand the game,
abstains from the weapons of the Cam-
pus Martius: and the unskillful in the
tennis ball, the quoit, and the troques,
keeps himself quiet; lest the crowded
ring should raise a laugh at his expense:
notwithstanding this, he who knows noth-
ing of verses presumes to compose. Why
not! He is free-born, of a good family;
above all, he is registered at an eques-
trian sum of monies, and clear from
every vice. You, [I am persuaded,] will
neither say nor do anything in opposi-
tion to Minerva: such is your judgment,
such your disposition. But if ever you
shall write anything, let it be submitted
to the ears of Metius [Tarpa], who is a
judge, and your father's, and mine; and
let it be suppressed till the ninth year,
own custody. You will have it in your
power to blot out what you have not
can never return.
11 Sardinia was full of bitter herbs, from
v hence the honey was bitter. White poppy
st ed, roasted, was mingled with honey by the
ancients.
36
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Orpheus, the priest and interpreter of
the gods, deterred the savage race of
men from slaughters and inhuman diet;
hence said to tame tigers and furious
lions. Amphion, too, the builder of the
Theban wall, was said to give the stones
motion with the sound of his lyre, and
to lead them whithersoever he would, by
, engaging persuasion. This was deemed
wisdom of yore, to distinguish the pub-
lic from private weal; things sacred
from things profane; to prohibit a pro-
miscuous commerce between the sexes;
ito give laws to married people; to plan
out cities; to engrave laws on [tables of]
wood. This honor accrued to divine
poets, and their songs. After these, ex-
cellent Homer and Tyrtaeus animated
the manly mind to martial achievements
with their verses. Oracles were deliv-
ered in poetry, and the economy of life
pointed out, and the favor of sovereign
princes was solicited by Pierian strains,
games were instituted, and a [cheerful]
period put to the tedious labors of the
day; [this I remind you of,] lest haply
you should be ashamed of the lyric muse,
and Apollo the god of song.
It has been made a question, whether
good poetry be derived from nature or
from art. For my part, I can neither
conceive what study can do without a
rich natural vein, nor what rude genius
can avail of itself: so much does the
one require the assistance of the other,
and so amicably do they conspire [to
produce the same effect]. He who is
industrious to reach the wished-for goal,
has done and suffered much when a boy;
he has sweated, and shivered with cold;
he has abstained from love and wine;
he who sings the Pythian strains, was
first a learner, and in awe of a master.
But [in poetry] it is now enough for a
man to say to himself: " I make ad-
mirable verses: a murrain seize the hind-
most: it is scandalous for me to be out-
stripped, and fairly to acknowledge that
I am ignorant of that which I never
learned."
As a crier who collects the crowd to-
gether to buy his goods, so a poet rich
in land, rich in money put out at inter-
est, invites flatterers to come [and praise
his works] for a reward. But if he be
one who is well able to set out an ele-
gant table, and give security for a poor
man, and relieve him when entangled
in gloomy lawsuits; I shall wonder if
with his wealth he can distinguish a true
friend from a false one. You, whether
you have made, or intend to make, a
present to any one, do not bring him
full of joy directly to your finished
verses: for then he will cry out:
"Charming, excellent, judicious"; he
will turn pale; at some parts he will
even distill the dew from his friendly
eyes; he will jump about; he will beat
the ground [with ecstasy]. As those
who mourn friends at funerals for pay,
do and say more than those that are
afflicted from their hearts; so the sham
admirer is more moved than he that
praises with sincerity. Certain kings are
said to ply with frequent bumpers, and
by wine make trial of a man whom they
are sedulous to know, whether he be
worthy of their friendship or not. Thus,
if you compose verses, let not the fox's
concealed intentions impose upon you.
If you had recited anything to Quin-
tilius, he would say, " Alter, I pray, this
and this": if you replied, you could do
it no better, having made the experiment
twice or thrice in vain; he would order
you to blot out, and once more apply to
the anvil your ill-formed verses: if you
choose rather to defend than correct a
fault, he spent not a word more nor
fruitless labor, but you alone might be
fond of yourself and your own works,
without a rival. A good and sensible
man will censure spiritless verses, he will
condemn the rugged, on the incorrect
he will draw across a black stroke with
his pen; he will lop off ambitious [and
redundant] ornaments; he will make him
throw light on the parts that are not
perspicuous; he will arraign what is ex-
pressed ambiguously; he will mark what
should be altered; [in short,] he will
be an Aristarchus: 12 he will not say,
" Why should I give my friend offense
about mere trifles?" These trifles will
lead into mischiefs of serious conse-
quence, when once made an object of
ridicule, and used in a sinister manner.
1 2 Aristarchus was a critic, who wrote above
four score volumes of comments on the Greek
poets. His criticisms on Homer were so much
esteemed that no line was thought genuine
until he had acknowledged it. He was sur-
named the prophet or diviner, for his sagac-
ity. — Francis.
HORACE
37
Like one whom an odious plague or
jaundice, fanatic phrensy or lunacy, dis-
tresses; those who are wise avoid a mad
poet, and are afraid to touch him: the
boys jostle him, and the incautious pur-
sue him. If, like a fowler intent upon
his game, he should fall into a well or a
ditch while he belches out his fustian
verses and roams about, though he should
cry out for a long time, "Come to my
assistance, O my country-men"; not one
would give himself the trouble of tak-
ing him up. Were any one to take pains
to give him aid, and let down a rope;
" How do you know, but he threw him-
self in hither on purpose?" I shall say:
and will relate the death of the Sicilian
poet. Empedocles, while he was ambi-
tious of being esteemed an immortal god,
in cold blood leaped into burning .Etna.
Let poets have the privilege and license
to die [as they please]. He who saves
a man against his wilL does the same
with him who kills him [against his
will J. Neither is it the first time that
he has behaved in this manner; nor, were
he to be forced from his purposes, would
he now become a man, and lay aside
his desire of such a famous death.
Neither does it appear sufficiently, why
he makes verses: whether he has defiled
his father's ashes, or sacrilegiously re-
moved the sad enclosure of the vindic-
tive thunder: it is evident that he is
mad, and like a bear that has burst
through the gates closing his den, this
unmerciful rehearser chases the learned
and unlearned. And whomsoever he
seizes, he fastens on and assassinates
with recitation: a leech that will not quit
the skin, till satiated with blood.
THE MIDDLE AGES
Dramatic Criticism of the Middle Ages 41
Bibliography 41
JElics Donatds 42
Bibliography 42
On Comedy and Tragedy \_De Comcedia et Tragcedia] translated by
Mildred Rogers. (4th Century A. D.) Complete .... 43
Dante Alighieiu 45
Bibliography 46
Letter to Can Grande [Eputola XZ] translated by C. S. Latham.
(1318?) Extracts ... „ . . 47
DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE MIDDLE AGES
The absence of any body of dramatic
work, and the unsettled conditions of
Europe between the disintegration of the
Roman Empire and the earliest dawn of
the Renaissance, easily account for the
dearth of dramatic criticism during the
Dark Ages. Such doctrine as exists is
in the form of more or less cut-and-dried
commentary, most of it based on other
work of a similar nature. Or else we
have the altogether moral — chiefly non-
literary — treatises of Tertullian (De
Spectaculis) and of St, Cyprian on the
same subject, dating respectively from
the second and third centuries. The
greater part of these treatises and frag-
ments are little other than repetitions
of the ideas of Aristotle and Horace or
of other early Greek and Latin writers.
The chief interest of the fragmentary
tractates of Donatus, Evanthius, and Di-
omedes, is due to their preserving stray
sentences from Cicero and Theophrastus.
Donatus quotes Cicero's famous saying
on comedy — that it is " imitatio vitae,
speculum consuetudinis, imago veritatis "
— Diomedes, Theophrastus' definitions of
comedy and tragedy. Donatus (together
with Evanthius — the commentaries De
Comcedia et Tragcedia are often printed
together) acquired no small degree of
fame for his Commentary on Terence,
which appeared for many years in nearly
every edition of the Roman dramatist.
Diomedes, another fourth century gram-
marian, devotes sections of the Third
Book of his Ars Grammatica to a sum-
mary treatment of dramatic principles.
This is based upon the non-extant De
Poet is of Suetonius. The early Church
Fathers — St. Ambrose, Lactantius,
Chrysostom, and Prudentius and even
Augustine — had written on the drama,
but their attitude, needless to say, was
almost exclusively a moral one. The
Seventh century scholar, Isidore of Se-
ville, in his encyclopedic Origines — or
Etymologiae — gives two small sections
to drama, but these yield nothing new.
They merely help bridge the gap from
Horace to the Renaissance. The Moor-
abridged version of Aristotle's Poetics
in the Twelfth century, and added his
commentary. Mr. Spingarn mentions
Johannes Januensis de Balbis, who in
the year 1286", distinguishes tragedy and
comedy in his Catholicon. Horace* who,
as has been pointed out, was the chief
inspiration of these sporadic treatises, is
at least referred to by John of Salisbury
(Twelfth century), in his Policraticus.
The ilagnae Derivationes of Uguccione
da Pisa has been pointed out as a source
of Dante's definitions of comedy and
tragedy. Dante himself, in the four-
teenth century, on the threshold of the
Renaissance, still adheres to the Hora-
tian theory. The brevity, the tone of
final authority, the dependence on clas-
sical precedent in Dante's Epistle may
well serve to illustrate the state of mind
of mediaeval scholars so far as they were
concerned with dramatic theory.
General references on the literature of
the Middle Ages:
J. E. Sandys, A History of Classical
Scholarship from the Sixth Century
B. C. to the end of the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1903).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. I (New York, 1900).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (^nd ed.,
matter, fuller bibl. and notes, see
Fusco's translation, as La Critica Let-
teraria nel Rinascimento, with a pref-
ace bv Croce (Bari, 1905).
W. P. Ker, The Dark Ages (New York,
1904).
41
42
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der
Literatur des Mittelalters im Abend-
lande, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1874-87).
Max Manitius, Geschichte der latein-
ischen Literatur des Mittelalters. Teil
I. (From Justinian to the middle of
the 10th century.) (Mi'mchen, 1911.)
F. J. Snell, The Fourteenth Century
(New York, 1899).
A. H. L. Heeren, Geschichte der klas-
sischen Literatur im Mittelalter, 2
vols. (330-1400 a. d.) (Gottingen, 1822).
Amable Jourdain, Recherches critiques
sur Vage et Vorigine des traductions
latines d'Aristote, et sur les commen-
taires grecs ou arabes employe's par
les docteurs scolastiques (2nd ed.,
Paris, 1843).
G. Gregory Smith, The Transition Period
(New York, 1900).
Henry Hallam, Introduction to the Lit-
erature of Europe, in the Fifteenth,
Sixteenth, and Sevententh Centuries
(new ed., London, 1872).
Karl Borinski, Die Antike in Poetik und
Kunsttheorie. I. Mittelalter, Renais-
sance, Barock (Leipzig, 1914).
Leon C16dat, Le Th4dtre au moyen-age
(Paris, 1897).
^LIUS DONATUS
The only facts known about Donatus
are that he flourished in the middle of
the fourth century, a. d., and that he was
the teacher of St. Jerome. His best
known works are the various grammat-
ical and rhetorical treatises recently gath-
ered together under the title of Ars
Grammatica; the Enarrationes and
scholia on the plays of Terence, and the
fragment De Comcedia et Tragcedia.
The Grammar was used for centuries
and the word Donat became a common
noun designating an elementary gram-
mar. The Commentaries and fragment
on Comedy and Tragedy were included
in all the early printed editions of Ter-
ence. The influence exerted by these
works extended throughout the middle
ages into the seventeenth century, until
the Poetics of Aristotle was known and
accepted throughout the greater part of
civilized Europe. Giraldi Cintio in
Italy, and Lope de Vega in Spain, owe
not a little to the Commentaries and the
De Comcedia et Tragcedia.
The fragment here printed contains
little that is new and original; the ref-
erences and quotations from Horace are
sufficient indication of the source of most
of his ideas. His importance lies rather
in the fact that he is the last of the Lat-
ins to formulate any theory, even a de-
rived one, of the drama. He belongs
to the Middle Ages in spirit; his schol-
astic mind and temper were evidently
what appealed to his followers. He is
the connecting link between Horace and
Dante; Donatus is the last of the Ro-
mans; Dante, though his meager refer-
ence to drama is of the spirit of the
dark ages is chronologically the imme-
diate precursor of the early Renaissance
critics.
Aeli Donat % quod tertur
Terenti, 2 vols. (Leipzig,
Editions:
P. Wessner,
C omentum
1902-05).
Donati Fragmentum de Comcedia et
Tragcedia (in Gronovius' Thesaurus
Graecarum Antiquitatum) , vol. VIII
(Venetiis, 1735). i
The first printed edition of the Commen-
taries on Terence was published at
Cologne, 1470-72, and was followed by
three others in the same century. —
Most of these contained the De Comce-
dia et Tragcedia.
References: (On late Latin and Mid-
dle Ages literature, see references under
Latin Dramatic Criticism.)
On Donatus and his works:
Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 8
(Cambridge, 1910).
Nouvelle Biographie ginirale, vol. 14
(Paris, 1855).
l Together with this fragment is another, en-
titled Eranthii et Donati de Tragaedia et
Comcedia. — Ed.
JELIUS DOXATUS
43
Bioqraphie unicerseUe, vol. 11 (Paris,
18o_').
Ludwig Schopen, De Terentio et Donato
eius interprete (Bonn, 18^1).
Minton Warren, On Five Xezv Manu-
scripts of the Commentary of Donatus
to Terence (in Harvard Studies in
Classical Philology, vol. XVII, Cam-
bridge, V. S. A., 1906).
J. E. Sandvs, A History of Classical
Scholarship, vol. I (Cambridge, 1903).
G. Saintsbury, A History of Criticism,
vol. 2 (New York, 190-2).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (New
York, 1908).
Gustave Lanson, L'Idee de la tragidie
avant Jodelle (in Recue d'histoire lit-
teraire de la France, Paris, 1904).
Wilhelm Cloetta, Beitrcige zur Littera-
turgeschichte des Mittelalters und der
Renaissance (Halle, 1S90-92).
H. T. Karsten, De comm. Don. ad Ter-
enti fabulas origine et compositione
(Leiden, 1907).
ON" COMEDY AND TRAGEDY i
[De Comcedia et Tragcedia]
(4th Century a. d.)
Comedy is a story treating of various
habits and customs "of public and private
affairs, from which one may learn what
is of use in life, on the one hand, and
what must be avoided, on the other.
The Greeks denned it as follows: Kuftatdia
early ISiwtikuv Kal icokiTiKwv xpaffiarwy
clkivovvos repioxv- Cicero says that com-
edy is " a copy of life, a mirror of cus-
tom, a reflection of truth." Comedies,
moreover, are so named from early cus-
tom; since in country towns composi-
tions of this sort were originally played
among the Greeks; as in Italy the people
used to be held at crossroads by games
where a measure of speech was intro-
duced while the acts were being changed.
Or dvo Tbiv Kw/iuv; this is, from the acts
of the lives of men who inhabit country
towns because of the mediocrity of the
happy; not in kingly halls, like tragic
characters. Comedy, indeed, comprises
action and speech, since it is verse based
upon a representation of life and an
imitation of customs. It is uncertain
which of the Greeks first invented com-
edy; of the Latins there is no doubt.
Livius Andronicus first invented comedy
and the national drama ; he said, ** Com-
edy is the mirror of everyday life," nor
into a mirror we easily perceive the fea-
tures of the truth in the reflection; and
so, in reading a comedy do we easily ob-
serve the reflection of life and of cus-
i Translated, complete, for the present col-
lection by Mildred Rogers. It has not before
appeared in English. — Ed.
torn. The plan of its origin moreover
comes all the way from foreign states
and customs, for the Athenians, preserv-
ing the culture of Attica, when they
wished to observe people living evil lives,
used to come from every quarter with
joy and alacrity to the country towns
and there used to make known the life
of individuals using their names; hence
the name is made, as it is called in a
comedy. These compositions, moreover,
were first acted in pleasant meadows.
Xor were rewards lacking whereby the
talents of learned men might be incited
to the art of writing; prizes were offered
to the actors as well, that they might
practice the pleasing modulations of
speech for the pleasure of praise. Also
a goat was given to them, because this
animal was considered a charm against
mistakes; hence the name of tragedy.
Some, however, preferred that tragedy
should be spoken of and called from the
lees, or dregs of oil, which is a watery
fluid. When these plays were first acted
by artists for the glory of Father Liber,
the actual authors of the comedies and
tragedies began to worship and adore
the divinity of this god as to a paternal
deity. A probable explanation of this
exists; for these unfinished verses were
so produced that it was best for his
glory and wondrous deeds to be thereby
honored and proclaimed; then, little by
little the renown of this art spread.
Thespis, however, first brought these
writings to the notice of every one.
Afterwards, .Eschylus, following the ex-
44
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ample, made some public. Of these Hor-
ace speaks thus in his De Arte Poetica:
lgnotum tragicae genus invenisse Ca-
viaenae dicitur, et plaustris vex-isse Poe-
7iiata Thespis, quae cane-rent, agerentque
pemncti faecibus ora post hunc per-
sonae, pallaeque repertor honestae
AUschylus, et modicis instravit pulpita
tignis: Et docuit magnumque loqui,
nitique cothurno. Successit vetus hie
Comoedia non sine multa laude: sed in
vitiwm libertas excidit, et vim Dignam
lege regi: lex est accepta: chorusque tur-
piter obticuit sublato jure noeendi. Nil
intentatum nostri liquere Poetae: nee
minimum meruere decus, vestigia Oraeca
ausi deserere, et celebrare domestica
facta, vel qui praetextas, vel qui docuere
togatas.
[see p. 33]
Story [fabula] is the generic term, and
its two chief divisions are comedy and
tragedy. If the plot be Latin it is called
Praetexta; comedy has, moreover, many
subdivisions. For it may be in Greek
dress; in Roman, it may be a comedy
of the booths — Atellanian — or farcical
— Rhintonica — or the bare-foot — Plani-
pedia. This term of Bare-foot is ap-
plied because of the low order of the
plot or the poorness of the players, who
wear no sock or buskin on the stage
or platform, but go bare- footed; or it
may be because these comedies are not
concerned with the affairs of people in
towers or attics but of the inhabitants of
low humble places. Cincius and Faliscus
are said to have been the first actors
who played comedy; Minutius and Pro-
thonius the first who played tragedy.
All comedies are subdivided into four
classes: the title-role, the scene of action,
the situation, and the outcome. Here
follow certain examples: of the title role,
are the Phormio, the Hecyra, the Cur-
culio, the Epidicus. Of the scene are
the Andria, the Leucadia, and the Brun-
disina. Of the situation are the Eu-
nuch us, the Asinaria, and the Captivi.
Of the outcome are the Commorientes,
menos. There are three kinds of com-
edy: the Palliata, in which the actors
wear Greek costumes; by some this is
called the Tabernaria. Secondly, the To-
gata, in which the actors wish to wear
togas. Thirdly, the Atellana; this sort
of comedy is full of witticisms and jokes;
this is a time-honored form. Every com-
edy is divided into four parts: the pro-
logue, the Protasis, the Epitasis, and the
Catastrophe. The prologue is the first
speech, called irpoXoyos by the Greeks;
that is, an address preceding the actual
structure of the story. There are four
kinds of prologues: HvaariKos, a lauda-
tory passage wherein the author or the
story is praised; Avairopticbs, one in which
an opponent is cursed or the audience
thanked; 'TTroOeriKbs, one telling the plot
of the play; and one, M(kt6j, a com-
posite which contains all of the above
elements. There were some who wished
this to be between a prologue and a
preface, inasmuch as a prologue is to a
certain extent the introduction of the
story wherein something more is told
than in the plot, to the audience; either
from the poet or from needs of the
drama itself or the actor. The preface
is where an account of the plot is given.
The first part, or Protasis, is the be-
ginning of the action of the drama,
wherein part of the play is developed,
and part withheld in order to create sus-
pense. The second part, or Epitasis
marked the ascent and further develop-
ment of difficulties or, as I have said,
the knot of the entire coil. The last
part, or Catastrophe, is the solution,
pleasing to the audience, and made clear
to every one by an explanation of what
has passed.
In a great many stories the titles
themselves stand before the authors'
names; in some, the authors precede the
titles. Antiquity explains this variety of
usage, for when certain narratives were
first given out their titles were men-
tioned before their authors, so that no
unpopularity could harm them l>ecause
of the author. When, however, after the
publication of many works the author
had gained some renown, their names
stood first, so that through the attrac-
tion of their names their works were
successful.
It is obvious that acts were written
for various games. For there are four
kinds of games which the Curule /Ediles
provided for the public. There are the
Megalenses games, sacred to the great
DANTE ALIGHIERI
45
gods; these are called iieyaKeaios by the
Greeks. There are the funeral games in-
stituted to keep back the populace while
the funeral rites decreed for a Patrician
were being carried out. There are the
plebeian games given for the benefit of
the plebs. There are the Apollonian
games sacred to Apollo. On the stage
there were always two altars; one to the
right for Liber, one to the left for the
god in whose honor the festival was held.
Hence Terence's Andrian says, Ex ara
hac sumc verbenas. [Take some foliage
from the altar.]
They always bring on Ulysses in Greek
costume either because he finally pre-
tended madness when he wanted to be
ruler so that he should not be forced
ignorantly to go to war, or because of
his unusual wisdom under the cover of
which he was of such great help to his
comrades. For his nature was always
that of a deceitful person. Some say
that the inhabitants of Ithaca, like the
Locrians, always wore pallas. The ac-
tors impersonating Achilles and Xeo-
royal scepters. The reason of this con-
vention is held to be that they never
entered the rites of conspiracy with the
other Greek youths to carry on the war
with Troy, nor were they ever under
the command of Agamemnon.
The old men in comedies wear white
costumes, because they are held to be
the oldest sort. Young men wear a va-
riety of colors. The slaves in comedy
wear thick shawls, either as a mark of
their former poverty, or in order that
they may run the faster. Parasites wear
twisted pallas. Those who are happy
wear white robes; the unhappy wear
soiled robes; the rich wear royalpurple,
paupers wear reddish-purple"; the sol-
dier carries a purple chlamys; a girl
wears a foreign robe; a procurer, a robe
of many colors; yellow, to designate
greed, is given to the courtesan. These
garments are called syrmata — attired in
trains because they are dragged. This
custom originated from the luxuriant ex-
travagances of the stage. The same gar-
ments worn by mourning characters de-
note neglect through carelessness.
Woven curtains are spread on the
stage as ornament; they are painted in
many colors, and were used in Rome after
the custom of the AttaUan kingdom; in
place of these, Liparian hangings were
used at a later period. There is also a
curtain used for farces; this is hung be-
fore the audience while the sets of the
production are being changed.
The actors speak the dialogue. The
songs are arranged in measures, not by
the author, but by some one skilled in
music of this sort. For all the songs are
not sung throughout in the same meas-
ures, but in different ones, in order to
mark which group of three are singing
the reciprocal measures of the song. The
people who used to make this sort of
measures placed their name at the front,
above the title and the author and the
cast.
Songs of this sort were arranged for
flutes so that when these had been heard,
many of the people could learn what play
was going to be acted before the title
was announced to the audience. They
were, moreover, played on " equal " or
" unequal " flutes, and right- or left-
handed. The right-handed, or Lydian,
ones proclaimed the production of a com-
edy of serious and solemn character;
the left-handed, or Serranian, ones an-
nounced humor in the comedy in the
lightness of its catastrophe. In cases,
though, where a " right " and " left "
ceremony was required, it meant that the
play combined seriousness and gayety
combined.
DANTE ALIGHIERI
Dante Alighieri was born at Florence
in May, 1265. His familv was of noble
extraction, though they "had been for
some time in reduced circumstances.
Little is known of the poet's early years
except what is told in the Vita Nuova:
his love for Beatrice, whom he first saw
when he was nine years old. His second
meeting, nine years later, resulted in the
writing of his first known work, a sonnet.
46
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
This sonnet, copies of which he sent to
various poets, brought him friends, chief
among whom was Guido Cavalcanti.
Beatrice died in 1390, and the young
Dante devoted himself heart and soul to
the study of philosophy and literature.
At the same time, however, he engaged
in business and political enterprises. In
1289 he fought with the Florentine Guelfs
in the Battle of Campaldino. In the Di-
vina Com/media he relates that he was en-
gaged in other battles. Not later than
1298 Dante married. Of his married
life little is known, except that when he
settled at Ravenna in later years his
wife was not with him. They had four
children, all of whom were born in Flor-
ence before 1304. In 1295, or the year
after, he enrolled in the Guild of Phy-
sicians and Apothecaries, and began an
active political career, which was to end
in disaster. In the year 1300 he went
as ambassador to San Gemignano on
a special mission. Soon after, in the
same year, he was elected one of the
six Priors, who stood highest in the gov-
ernment of Florence. It was not long
before one of the numerous political
feuds — between the Blacks and the
Whites — broke out. The leaders of both
factions were banished, and Dante was
sent on a mission to Rome. In his ab-
sence from home, in 1301, Charles of
Valois entered Florence and sewed
seeds of discord. The next year Dante
learned that he had been fined on a
false charge of corrupt dealings. He dis-
regarded the fine and was condemned to
exile on pain of death. He never saw
Florence again. For nearly twenty years
he lived in poverty, wandering from city
to city. Very little is known of these
last years. He went first to Siena,
where he joined other conspirators in an
attempt to return, but in 1304 he left
the conspirators, and went to Verona and
later Padua. He was in Paris, and per-
haps in England during the following
years, but was again in Italy in 1310 and
1311. The letters he wrote to the Flor-
entines at that time, full of imprecations
and threats, resulted in his exclusion from
the number of exiles who were finally
allowed to return in 1311. After further
wanderings, he went to Verona again,
where he was the guest of Can Grande
della Scala, to whom he wrote his famous
Epistle. In 1317 or 1318 he went to Ra-
venna, where he lived with his children
and finished the Divina Commedia, on
which he had been working for many
years. Toward the end of his life he vis-
ited Mantua and Piacenza. In 1321 he
was sent as ambassador to Venice to set-
tle a dispute, but the Venetians, refusing
to allow the ambassadors to return by
sea, forced them to pursue a difficult and
unhealthy route; Dante was taken ill in
consequence, and in September, 1321, died
at Ravenna.
The Epistle to Can Grande was written
not later than 1318, and was first printed,
in very corrupt form, by G. Baruffaldi
(Venice, 1700). It contains a full ex-
planation of the scope and purpose of
the Divina Commedia. Dante's remarks
on comedy, which are here re-printed,
are incidental. They are interesting
tion extending from Donatus to the early
Renaissance critics, than as an intrin-
sically valuable document. Dante reiter-
ates the usual philological statement as
to the etymology of the word " Comedy "
and quotes Horace in support of his use
of the word in connection with his poem.
Editions :
Among the standard texts of Dante
containing the Epistolce is Tutte le opere
di Dante Alighieri; nuovamente rivedute
nel testo dal Dr. E. Moore, etd., with dic-
tionary, indexes, etc., by Paget Toynbee
(3rd ed., Oxford, 1904), and Karl Witte's
Dantis Alighieri Epistolae quae extant,
cum notis (Patavii, 1827). Besides the
translation here used, are: P. H. Wick-
steed, Translation of the Latin Works of
Dante (London, 1904), and Katharine
Hilliard's translation of the Convito
(London, 1889).
On Dante and his works:
Edward Moore, Studies in Dante, 4
series (Oxford, 1896-1917).
Charles Allen Dinsmore, Aids to the
Study of Dante (Boston, 1903).
C. H. Grandgent, Dante (New York,
1916).
J. R. Smith, The Earliest Lives of Dante
(\ew York, 1901).
Paget Toynbee, Dante. Alighieri, His Life
and his Works (4th ed., New York,
1910).
DANTE ALIGHIERI
47
Paget Toynbee, Dante Studies and Re-
rches (London, 1902).
CI. A. Seartazzini, Encyclopedia Dantesca,
2 vols. (Milano, 1905).
George Saintsburv, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 1 (New York, 1902).
Vittorio Imbriani, Studi Danteschi (Fi-
renze, 1891).
Karl Witte, Dante-Forschungen, 1st and
2nd series (Halle, 1869, Heilbronn,
1876. Translated by C. Mabel Law-
rence and Philip H. Wieksteed as Es-
says on Dante, Boston, 1898).
Cesare Balbo, Vita di Dante (augmented
ed., Firenze, 1853).
F. J. SnelL Handbook to the Works of
Dante (London, 1909).
Special references on the Epistle to
Can Grande:
C. S. Latham, A Translation of Dante's
Eleven Epistles (Boston, 1892).
Francesco d'Ovidio, L'Epistola a Can-
grande (In Rerista d'ltalia, anno 2,
v. 3, Roma, 1899).
Francesco Torraca, L'Epistola a Can-
grande (In Rerista d'ltalia, anno 2,
pp. 601-636, Roma, 1899).
C. H. Herford, Dante's Theory of Poetry
(In Quarterly Review, v. 213, London,
1910).
EPISTLE TO CAN GRANDE i
[Epistola XI]
Section 10.— The title of the book is:
" Here beginneth the Comedy of Dante
Alighieri, a Florentine by birth, but not
by character." And for the comprehen-
sion of this it must be understood that
the word " Comedy ■ is derived from
kuut], village, and w5ij, which meaneth
song; hence comedy is, as it were, a vil-
lage song. Comedy is in truth a certain
kind of poetical narrative that differeth
from all others. It differeth from trag-
edy in its subject-matter, — in this way,
that Tragedy in its beginning is admir-
able and quiet, in its ending or catas-
trophe foul and horrible; and because of
this the word " Tragedy " is derived from
rpd'/oj, which meaneth goat, and uSy.
Tragedy is, then, as it were, a goatish
song; that is, foul like a goat, as doth
appear in the tragedies of Seneca. Com-
edy, indeed, beginneth with some adverse
circumstances, but its theme hath a
happy termination, as doth appear in
1 Extract from A Translation of Dante's
Eleven Letters, by C. S. Latham (Boston,
1892).
the comedies of Terence. And hence cer-
tain writers were accustomed to say in
their salutations in place of a greeting,
" a tragic beginning and a comic end-
ing." Likewise they differ in their style
of language, for Tragedy is lofty and
sublime, Comedy mild and humble, — as
Horace says in his Poetica, where he con-
cedeth that sometimes comedians speak
like tragedians and conversely:
Interdum tamen et vocem comoedia tollit,
Iratusque Chremes tumido delitigat ore;
Et tragicus plerumque dolet sermone pe-
destri.
From which it is evident why the present
work is called a comedy. For if we con-
sider the theme, in its beginning it is hor-
rible and foul, because it is Hell; in its
ending, fortunate, desirable, and joyful,
because it is Paradise; and if we con-
sider the style of language, the style is
careless and humble, because it is the
vulgar tongue in which even housewives
hold converse. . . .
ITALY — I
THE REXAISSANXE
Italian Renaissance Dramatic Criticism 51
Bibliography 52
Bernardino Daniello 54
Bibliography 54
Poetics [Poetica] translated by Lander MaeClintock. (1536.) Ex-
tracts 54
Antonio Sebastiano Minturno 55
Bibliography 55
The Art of Poetry [Arte Poetica] translated by Ida Treat O'Xeil.
(1564.) Extracts 56
Julius Cesar Scaliger 60
Bibliography 60
Poetic* [Poetices Libri Septem] translated by F. M. Padelford.
(1561.) Extracts 61
Lodoyico Casteltetro 63
Bibliography 63
Poetics [Poetica d'Aristoiele vulgarizzata e esposta] translated by
H. B. Charlton. (1570.) Extracts 64
Miscellaneous Critical Works [Opere Varie Critiche] (Posthumous. —
Late 16th Century) translated by H. B. Charlton. Extracts. . 64
Note. Brief Extract from Cecchi's Prologue to La Romanesca
(1574) 66
ITALIAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE RENAISSANCE
The Italian Renaissance, bringing with
it as it did a re-birth of interest in the
art and literature of antiquity, is the
starting point of modern literary criti-
cism. After the discovery of the ancient
texts, commentators, translators, editors
were not wanting, and it was not long
before they began to expound theories
of their own. It has already been shown
(p. 2S) how the Ars Poet tea of Horace
had been the basis of what was written
on the subject of the drama between
the Augustan period and the early Ren-
aissance. Donatus and Diomedes both
quote largely from it, and most of their
ideas were based upon it. Aristotle, on
the other hand, was practically unknown;
his influence in classical antiquity was,
according to Spingarn, u so far as it is
possible to judge, very slight." The
manuscript of the Poetics was preserved
in the East. The first Oriental version
was translated from the Syriac into Ara-
bic (about 935 a. d.) by Abu-Baschar.
In the twelfth century Averroes made an
abridged version; this in turn was trans-
lated into Latin in the thirteenth century
by a German of the name of Hermann,
and by Mantinus of Tortosa in Spain in
the fourteenth. One of the extremely
rare references to Aristotle is found in
Roger Bacon; Petrarch just mentions
him.
Giorgio Valla published his Latin trans-
lation of the Poetics at Venice in 149S.
This was followed by the Aldine edition
of the original Greek text in 1508. In
1536 Allessandro de' Pazzi published the
Greek original together with a revised
Latin text, and in 1548 Robortello pub-
lished the first commentary (with a Latin
translation). Bernardo Segni, hi 1549,
was the first to publish an Italian trans-
lation.
Among the earliest treatises on the art
of poetry was that of Vida, whose De
Arte Poetica appeared in 15^7; con-
trary to practically every other work of
similar title, this influential poem con-
tains no reference to the drama. Two
years later, however, Trissino published
the first four books of his Poetica, but
not until 1563, when two books were
added, did he consider the drama.
Dolce's translation of Horace in 1535
was followed the next year by the ver-
nacular Poetica of Daniello, whose few
references to tragedy and comedy, based
upon Horace and Aristotle, are "the first
of their kind to appear in the Italian
language. The same year saw Pazzi's
edition and Trincaveli's Greek text.
From this time on, the influence of Aris-
totle as an arbiter in the art of poetry
was to spread. Robortello's In Librvm
Aristotelis de Arte Poetica Explicationes
(1548) is the first complete commentary
of the Poetics. Segni's translation was
published the next year. In 1550 ap-
peared Maggi's Explicationes (written
with Lombardi), similar to the commen-
tary of Robortello. Both are diffuse, de-
tailed, and pedantic, and rarely depart
from what the authors understood, or
misunderstood, in Aristotle. Muzio [Mu-
tio] published an Arte Poetica in 1551.
Varchi in his Lezzioni (1553) upheld the
Aristotelian ideals of tragedy. The Dis-
corso sulle Comedie e sulle Tragedie of
the famous novelist Giraldi Cintio, which
was written in 1543, but not published
until 1554, carried on the Ari-totelian
tradition begun by Daniello. This was
to continue in one form or another
throughout the Renaissance and be taken
up later in France. Minturno's two
treatises, De Poeta (1559) and Arte
Poetica (1564), the first in Latin, the
second in Italian, were the fullest discus-
sions of the theory of poetry and drama
yet written. The influence of Aristotle
and Horace is everywhere evident, but, as
will be seen from the extracts here print-
ed, the Italian critic has expounded and
amplified after his own manner. The
Commnxtarii of Vettori [Victorius],
printed in 1560, was another Latin treat-
ise explaining the Poetics. The folio w-
51
52
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ing year Julius Caesar Scaliger, one of the
most influential theorists since antiquity,
published his Latin work, Poetices Libri
Septem. As Scaliger had lived in France
for some years (his book was published
at Lyons) and was acquainted with many
contemporary writers, his influence was
widespread, though not so much during
the sixteenth as the seventeenth century.
The Poetics of Scaliger, which was an
" attempt to reconcile Aristotle's Poetics,
not only with the precepts of Horace
and the definitions of the Latin gram-
marians, but with the whole practice of
Latin tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry,"
is a long, erudite and dogmatic treatise
in which the canons of Aristotle are nar-
rowed and confined to rules of the strict-
est sort. In 1563 the last two parts of
Trissino's Poetica appeared. Castejvfitro
was the next to enter the field of criti-
cism. His Poetica (a commentary on
and translation of Aristotle's Poetics)
was published in 1570. This work was
of prime importance, for one reason be-
cause it contained the first formulation
of the unity of place, supposed to have
been derived from Aristotle. The imme-
diate effect of this, as will be seen later,
was to start the endless discussion in
France of the famous " three Unities."
Jean de la Taille, in 1572, was the first
to insist on them in that country. Castel-
vetro was likewise the first to consider
a play as limited and directly affected by
stage representation. The Italian critics
from the time of Castelvetro to the end
of the century, carried on discussions of
varying degrees of importance, though
none of them exerted an influence equal
to that of Scaliger, Castelvetro or Min-
turno. Piccolomini's edition of the Poet-
ics was published in 1575, Viperano's De
Arte Poetica in 1579. Patrizzi's Delia
Poetica (1586), Tasso's Discorsi dell'
Arte Poetica (1587), Denores' Poetica
(1588), Buonamici's Discorsi Poetici
(1597), Ingegneri's Poesia Bappresenta-
References on Italian literature in
general
G. Tiraboschi, Storia delta letteratura
italiana, 9 vols. (Firenze, 1805-1813).
F. De Sanctis, Storia delta letteratura
italiana, 2 vols. (6th ed., Napoli, 1893).
tiva (1598), and Summo's Discorsi Poet-
ici (1600), testify to the prodigious activ-
ity of the period.
Such are the outstanding works which
treat in greater or less degree the theory
of the drama. If we add the prefaces
and prologues to the plays of Cecchi,
Giraldi Cintio, Gelli, Aretino, and II
Lasca (the Gelosia, Strega, and JCArzi-
goglio in particular) and the references
in the works of Speroni,* Luisino,2 Par-
tenio,3 Fracastoro,^ Capriano,s Michele,o
Beni,7 and Zinano 8 are added, the list of
writers on the subject of the drama is
nearly exhausted.
Aristotle; the study of the Poetics, and
that of the Ars Poetica of Horace, was
the basis of their commentaries. Much
of the great mass of this material is
textual comment, more or less intelli-
gent and illuminating; much is repeti-
tion, classification, philological analysis;
but out of it all there emerges the true
spirit of enlightened criticism. The be-
ginning of the sixteenth century was a
period of darkness; the end found Italy
Spain, and England, followed in her
she had been the first to discover and
discuss.
1 A letter, written in 1565, on the interpre-
tation of the word katharsis. (Sperone Bpe-
roni, vol. V, Opere, Venezia, 1740.) Also
Giuditio sopra la trayedia de Canace, etc.
(1550).
2 F. Luisino, In Librura Q. Eoratii Flacci
de Arte Poetica Commentarius (1554).
3 B. Partenio, Delia Imitatione Poetica
(1560).
4 G. Fracastoro, Naugerius, sive de Poetica
Dialogus (1555).
5 G. P. Capnano, Delia Vera Poetica (1555).
c Agostino Michele, Disco mo in cui si <ti-
viostra come si possono sc rive re le Commedie
e le Tragedie in Prosa (1592).
1 Paolo Beni. Disputatio in qua ostenditur
prcestare Comwdiam atque Tragtediarn me-
trorum vinexdis solvere (1600).
8 Zinano, Discorso delta Trayedia (Reggio,
1590).
A. Bartoli, Storia delta letteratura itali-
ana, 7 vols. (Firenze, 1878-89).
F. Flamini, Studi di storia lettcrnria
italiana e straniera (Livorno, 1895).
G. Koerting, Geschichte der Literatur
Italien* im Zeitaltcr der Renaissance,
3 vols. (Leipzig, 1878-84.).
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE DRAMATIC CRITICISM
53
A. Gaspary, Geschichte der italienischen
Littraiu'r, 2 vols. (Strassburg, 1885-
88).
A. Lbert, Allgemeine Geschichte der
Literatur des Mittelalters im Abend-
land. 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1S74-87).
Nicola Zingarelli, Storia letteraria d'ltalia
(Milano, 1903).
A. D'Ancona e O. Bacci, Manuel* della
letteratura italiana, 5 vols. (Torino,
1897-1900).
G. Mazzoni, Avriamento alio studio cri-
tico delle letters italiane (Firenze,
1907).
J. A. Svmonds, Renaissance ro Italy, 1
vols. (New York, 1888).
V . Canello, Storia della letteratura itali-
ana nel secolo XVI (Milano, 1880).
B. Croce, La Critica letteraria (-2nd ed.,
Roma, 1896).
, Estetica come scienza delT espres-
sione e linguistica generate {-2nd ed.,
Milano, 1904).
, Per la storia della critica e storio-
grafia letteraria (Napoli, 1903).
, Saggi sulla letteratura italiana del
seicento (Bari, 1910).
Francis Henry Cliffe, A Manual of Ital-
ian Literature (London, 1896).
Richard Garnett, A History of Italian
Literature (New York, 1898).
\V. Cloetta, Beitrage zur Litteratur-
geschichte des Mittelalters und der
Renaissance, 2 vols. (Halle, 1890-92).
Kritischer Jahresbericht uber die Fort-
schritte der Romanischen Philologie
(Miinchen, Leipzig, Erlangen, etc., 1890
to date), is always useful.
Robert F. Arnold, Kultur der Renais-
sance (Leipzig, 1905).
Nicola Zingarelli, Storia letteraria d'ltalia
(Milano, 1903).
References on Italian drama:
A. d'Ancona, Oriqini del teatro italiano,
2 vols, (2nd ed.', Torino, 1891).
Des Boulmiers, Histoire anecdotique et
raisomu-e du theatre italien, etc., 7
vols. (Paris, 1769).
G. Apollinaire, Le Theatre italien (Paris,
1910).
P. Bettoli, Storia del teatro drammatico
italiano dalla fine del secolo XV alia
fine del secolo XIX (Bergamo, 1901).
P. Emiliani-Giudici, Storia del teatro in
Italia (Milano, 1860).
J. L. Klein, Geschichte des italienischen
Dramas (Leipzig, 1868).
E. Masi, Studi sulla storia del teatro
italiano (Firenze, 1891).
F. et C. Parfaict, Histoire de I'ancien
theatre italien, etc. (Paris, 1767).
L. Riccoboni, Histoire du thidtre italien,
etc. (Paris, 1730).
, Dell' Arte Rappresentativa, Capi-
toli sei (Ixmdon, 1728).
E. Bertana, La Tragedia (In the Storie
dei generi Utterati italiani, Milano,
1906).
F. Neri, La tragedia italiana del cinque-
cento (Roma, 1904).
G. B. Pellizzaro, La commedia del secolo
XVI (Yicenza, 1901).
D'Origny, Annates du Theatre italien de-
puis son origine jusqu'a nos jours, 3
vols. (Paris, 1788).
A. Biancale, La Tragedia italiana del 500
(Roma, 1901).
References on the literature of the
Italian Renaissance, especially on dra-
matic criticism:
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2d ed.,
New York, 1908. Italian translation,
La Critica letteraria nel Rinascimento,
by Antonio Fusco, Bari, 1905, contains
raphy).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
J. E. Sandys, A History of Classical
Scholarship, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1903).
Alfredo Rolla, Storia delle idee estitiche
in Italia (Torino, 1905).
I. G. Isola, Critica del Rinascimento, 2
vols. (Livorno, 1907).
T. Klette, Beitrage zur Geschichte und
Litteratur der italienischen Gelehrten-
renaissance, 3 parts (Greifswald, 1S8S-
90).
K. Yossler, Poetische Theorien in der
italienischen Friihrenaissance (Berlin,
1900).
F. Foffano, Ricerche letterarie (Livorno,
1897).
Max J. Wolff, Die Theorie der italien-
ischen Tragbdie im 16. Jahrhundert
(In Archiv fur der neueren Sprachen
und Literaturen, Bd. 128, n. serie, bd.
28, Braunschweig, 1912).
K. Borinski, Die Poetik der Renaissance,
und die Anfange der litterarischen
54
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Kritik in Deutschland (Berlin, 1886).
, Die Ant ike in Poetik und Kunst-
theorie. I, Mittelalter, Renaissance,
Barock (Leipzig, 1914).
H. Breitinger, Les Unite's d'Aristote
avant le Cid de Corneille (2nd ed.,
Geneve, 1895).
J. Ebner, Beitrag zu einer Oeschichte
der dram.atisch.en Einheiten in It alien
(Erlangen, 1898).
A. Graf, Attraverso il Cinquecento (To-
rino, 1888).
A. Benoist, Les Theories dramatiques
avant les Disc ours de Corneille (In
Annates de la Faculty des Lettres de
Bordeaux, 1891).
Aug. Thery, Histoire des opinions lit-
ter aires chez les anciens et chez les
modernes, 2 vols, (new ed., Paris,
1849).
L. Ceci, Un' occhiata alio svolgvmento
storico della critica letteraria e politico
del seicento (Firenze, 1878).
Dannheisser, Zur Oeschichte der Einhei-
ten (In Zeitschrift fur franzbsische
Sprache und Litteratur, v. XIV (1892).
BERNARDINO DANIELLO
Nothing is known of the life of Ber-
nardino Daniello except that he was a
native of Lucca and that he died at
Padua in 1565. He was known as a
scholar, made translations from and com-
mentaries on classical works, and wrote
on Dante. His Poetica was his most fa-
mous work.
Daniello's Poetica (1536) is without
doubt the first work of its sort since
antiquity, and the few passages relative
to the drama are of great historical im-
portance. Daniello's ideas are of course
derived from the ancients, but they are
clearly stated, and must have exercised a
profound influence over his contempor-
aries and successors. Saintsbury says:
"The first author of one [a theory of
poetry] is generally taken to be Daniello
... it has such good claims to be among
the very earliest vernacular disputations
of a general character on poetry in
Italy." There is a mixture of Aristotle
and Horace in the work. According to
Spingarn, " In the Poetica of Daniello
(1536) occurs the first allusion in mod-
ern literary criticism to the Aristotelian
notion of ideal imitation." The idea that
it is the function of the poet to teach
fand to delight is decidedly Horatian, as
are indeed the critic's rules for tragedy
and comedy.
Edition:
The only edition of Daniello's Poetic
is that printed at Venice in 1536: La
Poetica di Bernardino Daniello Luc-
chese.
\
On Daniello and his works:
Colle, Storia scientifica-letteraria dello
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (New
York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
POETICS i
[La Poetica]
(1536)
... And the materials and subjects
may be many and varied, for to some, as
to the writers of comedy, they may be of
more common stuff: everyday occur-
rences, not to say lowly and common-
l Translated selections by Leander MacOlin-
tock. — Ed.
place, while the tragic poets treat of
deaths of high kings and the ruin of
great empires. ... [p. 34.]
. . . Similarly, one must be careful that
the plot of tragedies be clearly put to-
gether, and as tragedy is an imitation of
MINTURNO
55
the most terrible and pitiful things, it
does not seem to me permissible to intro-
duce into it just and virtuous men
changed into unjust and wicked ones
through the adversity of fortune — a
thing rather shocking than pitiful or
fearful. On the contrary, one must show
the wicked and the evil changed by for-
tune into good and just men. Nor does
one deny the right to the tragic poet to
lower himself when he wishes, to humble
speech, in order to weep and lament.
For it does not seem right for a man
who is banished from his country, how-
ever great and noble his lineage, to use
pompous and proud words to other peo-
ple. Nor is the writer of comedy to be
prevented from using some of the gran-
diloquence of the tragic poet, on occa-
sion. As for instance, an angry father to
his son in order to have more power and
influence over him. And since some
things are done on the stage and some
only referred to, it behoves us to see
what can be acted, and what cannot.
The things which cannot be done are the
cruel deeds, the impossible, and the un-
seemly. As if Medea, in full view of the
gaping multitude should kill her own
children and then tear the murdered ones
limb from limb. And as if Progne with
her husband and sister and sons should,
in full view of the spectators, grow wings
and become birds; and in comedies there
should be lascivious kisses, embraces, and
the like. Comedy should not exceed the
limit of five acts, nor comprise less; four
characters must not speak at once, but
only two or three at most, while the
others stand to one side quietly listening.
Nor must any deity be brought in, except
in cases where man is unable by his own
efforts to unravel some tangle without
divine aid and intercession. Let the
chorus in tragedy (since they are no
longer employed in comedy, but in their
stead, and between the acts music and
songs and Morenche and jesters, in order
that the stage may not remain empty) —
let the chorus in tragedy, I say, take the
part of the just and the good, wrong-
fully oppressed, and favor these. Let
them advise friends, favor those who
hate sin, laud sobriety, justice, law, and
peace, and pray the gods that, disdain-
ing fortune, lofty palaces and proud
towers with their summits menacing
heaven, they descend to console the mis-
erable and "the afflicted. [p. 38.]
ANTONIO SEBASTIANO (MIXTURNO)
Antonio Sebastiano, better known un-
der the name of Minturno, was born at
Trajetto. Very little is known of his life,
which was spent in the church. He was
Bishop of Ugento, and assisted at the
Council of Trent. In 1565 he was trans-
ferred to Crotone in Calabria, where he
died in 1574. Besides his Poetica and
De Poeta, he wrote a number of retigious
works and some Rime. In his day, he
was considered a man of great learning.
Among the contributions to the Ren-
aissance theory of poetry in general —
Minturno has added the Horatian ele-
ment of " delight," as well as instruc-
tion. Minturno's interpretation of Aris-
totle is on the whole intelligent and
illuminating. The first of Minturno's two
treatises was the De Poeta, written in
Latin and published in 1559. It is a
long and thoroughgoing Art of Poetry,
based upon Latin literature; the Arte
Poetica, in Italian and published in 1563,
takes its examples to a certain extent
from Italian literature, though of neces-
sity most of the plays discussed are
Greek and Latin. While both works are
similar in character, there is, on the
whole, very little repetition in the Poet-
ica, which is a much clearer and more
interesting treatment of the subject than
the De Poeta. Minturno's treatises soon
became known abroad, and his influence
was perceivable in Spain, France, and
England, at a comparatively early date.
Editions:
The De Poeta Libri Sex was published
at Venice in 1559, the Arte Poetica,
also at Venice, in 1563. Neither has
been translated. In H. B. Charlton's
Castelvetro't Theory of Poetry (Man-
56
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Chester, 1913), there are many quota-
tions from both works.
3vS
14
On Minturno and his works:
Nouvelle Biographic generate, vol
(Paris, 1801).
Nuova Enciclopedia italiano, vol.
(Torino, 1882).
Crescimbeni, Istoria della vulgar poesia
Lib. II (Roma, 1698, and later).
Rene Rapin, Avertissement (In Reflex-
ions touchant la Poetique, Paris, 1674.
His critical Works, translated, ap-
peared in London in 1706).
Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. IX (ed. 1721).
H. Breitinger, Les Unitis d'Aristote
avant le Cid de Corneille (Geneve,
1895).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism, in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism., vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
THE ART OF POETRY i
[Arte Poetica]
(1563)
Ang. What is dramatic poetry?
Min. Imitations of things — to be pre-
sented in the theater — complete and per-
fect in form and circumscribed as to
length. Its form is not that of narra-
tion; it introduces several persons who
act and converse. Their speech is suave
and pleasing, and they may dance or
sing, since dramatic poetry employs the
three mediums of expression, using them
individually or conjointly. Nor should
there be lacking a proper stage equip-
ment for the pleasure and profit of the
onlooker.
Ang. How many kinds of subjects
are treated in the theater?
Min. Three in all. One class records
serious and grave happenings and con-
cerns those of high rank — the great and
the illustrious. This is the field of the
tragic poet. A second recognizes the
middle strata of society — common folk
of the city or the country: the fanner,
the common soldier, the petty merchant,
and similar persons. These afford mat-
ter for comedy. The third division has
to do with humble persons, mean and
ludicrous, with all those in fact who
seem most fitted to provoke merriment,
thus supplying subject matter for satiri-
cal poetry.
Ang. So, then, dramatic poetry is di-
vided into three parts?
Min. It has in truth three divisions.
l Extracts here translated — by Ida Treat
O'Neil — for the first time in English. The
treatise is in dialogue, form. — Ed.
The first of these is called tragedy, the
second comedy, and the third by the an-
cients was termed satyric drama.
Ang. A little later I will question you
in detail concerning the nature of each
of these forms. But now I should like
to have you elucidate further the general
definition of dramatic poetry.
Min. You will understand it clearly
if you remember that during our conver-
sation of yesterday I said that the dra-
matic poet differs in technique from the
lyric or the epic poet. The lyric poet
simply narrates, without laying aside his
own personality; the epic poet some-
times retains his personality and some-
times abandons it, speaking at times for
himself, and as often introducing other
persons who speak. But the dramatic
poet, of whom we are now speaking,
from first to last speaks through the
lips of others. This may be observed
not only in the tragedies of Sophocles
and of Euripides but also in some of our
own — notably the work of Dolce and of
Alemanni, two of the brightest orna-
ments of our literature — as well as in
the comedies of Terence and Plautus.
Min. The common purpose of all poets
is, as Horace teaches, that of providing
pleasure and profit. But the manner in
which each poet may delight and instruct
will be demonstrated when we discuss the
different forms of poetry. And although
stage apparatus is a necessary comple-
ment of dramatic poetry, however, since
dramatic poetry has three divisions, we v
MIXTURXO
57
can better understand what each division
demands in the way of apparatus when
discussing each of the three forms sepa-
rately. So that, reserving the discussion
of these two topics to a fitting place and
time, there now remains for me to answer
your question concerning the length of
the dramatic form.
Ang. That, indeed, remains for dis-
cussion.
Min. How long a time should be given
to the actual performance of the dra-
matic poem is not for the poet to deter-
mine. For even if there were a hun-
dred tragedies or a hundred comedies to
be presented, each would demand a cer-
tain definite period of time. Just as
when there are many speakers and law-
yers concerned in a single case, each
must be given an opportunity for expres-
sion. But in so far as the nature of the
subject is concerned, the action should
be prolonged until there ensues some
change of fortune — from good to ill, or
from grievous to gay. One who care-
fully studies the works of the greatest
among the ancients will discover that the
action of the dramatic poem transpires
in a day, or is never prolonged beyond
two, just as it is said that the action of
the longest epic poem should transpire
in a year.
Ang. How much time shall we give to
the performance of these poems, since
their action takes place in less than two
days?
Min. Not less than three— hours nor
more than four; lot neither too great
brevity rob the work of its beauty and
leave the desire of the hearers unsatis-
fied, nor excessive length deprive the
poem of its proportion, spoil its charm,
and render it boresome to the beholders.
And indeed the wise poet should so meas-
ure the time with the matter to be pre-
sented that those who hear the work
should rather deplore its brevity than re-
gret having remained too long to listen.
Ang. I now understand perfectly the
definition of dramatic poetry. Now will
you tell me how many divisions there are
to the dramatic poem, that I may better
understand its composition?
Sipnor Vespasiano yesterday when he
questioned me concerning the parts of
the epic poem, that the divisions are not
of the same nature, since some concern
the quality and some the quantity — that
is, the body — of the work. And since
the quality of the poem is due partly to
the very essence of the work and partly
to chance, there are six essential parts of
such a poem: the plot, the manners or
customs, the sentiments expressed, the
words, the singing, and the apparatus of
the stage. I shall not attempt to define
four of these divisions, for they are char-
acteristic of every form of poetry, and I
ing them during the discussion of epic
poetry yesterday. I shall refer to them
when it is necessary during the explana-
tion of the individual poems. If you
have no objection I shall postpone until
that time the discussion of the singing
and of the stage apparatus
Ang. And why not?
Min. It is a most reasonable arrange-
ment, for dramatic poetry is either trag-
edy, or comedy, or satyric drama; that
is to say, the genus is found in each of
its species, nor can it be separated from
them, as you may easily understand.
Just as the animal is to be found in
man, in the horse, in the lion, and in
every other sort of animal, so it cannot
exist independently, separated from
them, except in the mind, or accord-
ing to Plato, where mortal eye may not
see.
Ang. I shall not ask you how the acci-
dental quality of the poem may be di-
vided, for I remember well that yester-
day you informed Signor Vespasiano that
such divisions are the episodes. These,
like the plot, are imitations of the deeds
and the sayings of others; they are gar-
nished with the same ornaments as the
plot, adorned with like colors, and tend-
ing toward the same end. And since the
action of the poem must transpire in one
or two days, and must arrive speedily at
its conclusion in order to satisfy the im-
patience of the onlookers who cannot re-
main indefinitely in the theater, these epi-
sodes should be neither so frequent nor
so long as in epic poetry, which may in-
clude the happenings of a year as well as
many other incidents brought from with-
out to render the poem longer and more
varied. The episodes in a dramatic poem
should be few and brief. But I should
like to inquire how many and of what
58
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
nature are the parts into which the body
of the poem may be divided?
Min. We may say that there are four
of them, since that was the opinion of
Aristotle, and we shall name them as he
did: Prologues, Discourses, Choruses,
and Exits. I will reserve the explana-
tion of each of these until I come to
treat the different forms of dramatic
poetry, since each of them has its pro-
logues, its discourses, its choruses, and
its exits.
Min. Tragedy is concerned with the
imitation of serious and weighty happen-
ings, embodied in a complete and per-
fect form, circumscribed as to length.
The language of tragedy is suave. The
divisions of the poem are so organized
that each has its place. It does not sim-
ply narrate, but introduces persons who
act and speak, arousing feelings of pity
and terror, and tending to purge the
mind of the beholder of similar passions,
to his delight and profit.
Ang. Will you elucidate all the parts
of the definition?
Min. In yesterday's discussion I spoke
at length of the meaning of " imitation,"
which may be regarded as the basis of
all poetry, as well as of painting and
sculpture. In the same discourse I ex-
plained in full how the form, in every
sort of poetry, must be unified, complete,
and perfect, and of a given length. To-
day I have said enough concerning the
length. But since every complete action
has a beginning, a middle, and an end,
as I demonstrated yesterday, we should
consider not only how long the action
should be prolonged and where it should
finish, but also where it should begin.
And truly, he who would make a good
beginning in narrating an incident, should
begin where it is fitting, neither com-
mencing his narration with the most re-
cent details, nor going back to those most
remote and faraway.
Min. You are doubtless aware already
that what distinguishes tragedy from
comedy and satyric drama is the imita-
tion of grave and weighty happenings,
together with the ennobling influence
upon manners. Thus, since these grave
and weighty happenings furnish the mat-
ter for tragedy, the ennobling or purifi-
cation of manners is the end toward
which all effort is directed.
Ang. I should like you to speak at
greater length concerning the matter and
the purpose, particularly the purpose.
Min. Then, you will understand the
purpose of tragic poetry when you have
learned the mission of the tragic poet.
His mission is no other than that of em-
ploying verses so instructive, so pleasing,
and so moving, that they tend to purge
of passion the mind of the hearer. All
dramatic poets whose plays are presented
in the theater declare that their mission
is to instruct, but the tragic poet creates
before our eyes an image of life, showing
us the behavior of those who, remark-
able among men for their rank, their posi-
tion, and for the favors of fortune, have
fallen into extreme misery through hu-
man error. Froni this we learn not to
place too great trust in worldly prosper-
ity, that nothing here below is so dur-
able and stable that it may not fall and
perish, no happiness but may change to
misery, nothing so high but that it may
become base and infamous. And seeing
others endure such changes of fortune,
we learn to guard against unexpected
evil, and if misfortune does come, we
may learn to endure it patiently. The
tragic poet aside from the suavity of his
verse and the elegance of his speech,
affords much pleasure to the onlooker by
the use of singing and dancing. In fact,
he presents nothing that does not please
us, nor does he move us without charm;
but with the force of his words and the
weight of his thoughts, he can stir up
passions in the mind, producing wonder,
fear, and pity. What is more tragic than
to move others? What is so moving as
the terrible unexpected, such as the cruel
death of Hippolytus, the wild and pite-
ous madness of Hercules, the unhappy
exile of CEdipus? And all this terror
and pity frees us most pleasantly from
similar passions, for nothing else so
curbs the indomitable frenzy of our
minds. No one is so completely the vic-
tim of unbridled appetites, that, being
moved by fear and pity at the unhappi-
ness of others, he is not impelled to throw
off the habits that have been the cause
of such unhappiness. And the memory
of the grave misfortunes of others not
only renders us more ready and willing
MINTUBNO
59
to support our own; it makes us more
wary in avoiding like ills. The physi-
cian who with a powerful drug extin-
guishes the poisonous spark of the mal-
ady that afflicts the body, is no more
powerful than the tragic poet who purges
the mind of its troubles through the emo-
tions aroused by his charming verses.
Min. Before I define comedy, I shall
speak briefly of its three general divisions
and how and when they came into being.
During the feasts of Bacchus, or of the
pastoral Apollo, the young men warmed
with food and wine used to jest among
themselves, speaking often of the defects
of the great men of those days when the
Republic was in the hands of the people,
who listened eagerly to slander of the
nobles and of the prominent citizens. It
the poets, already given to attacking the
evil customs of the age. So it was that
these poets, possessing a certain erudi-
tion and charm of style, following the
custom of the young men at the feasts
of their gods, began to write little plays
and present them publicly.
Ang. But before you define comedy,
tell me what is the mission of the comic
poet?
Min. What else but that of teaching
and pleasing? According to Plato, the
gods took pity on the tedious life of
and labors, and that they might not lack
recreations and that they might take
heart again, the gods established festi-
vals, banquets, and games, favored by
Bacchus, Apollo, and the Muses. Then
mankind, celebrating these holidays with
poetry and with music, discovered com-
edy. And comedy not only delighted the
hearer with imitations of pleasant things
and with the charm of words, but since
in those days poetry afforded a certain
way in which to educate children to a
proper manner of living — it even bet-
tered their lives, affording as it did an
image of their customs and everyday ex-
istence. It pleased them greatly to see
the happenings of their own lives enacted
by other persons. I shall not speak of
the suavity of the language which is al-
ways one of the delights of comedy. The
comic poet moves his hearers, though he
does not stir them as deeply as the tragic
poet. The comic poet awakes in the
souls of those who listen pleasant and
humane feelings.
Ang. Will you define comedy for us?
Min. Though Cicero may define com-
edy as an imitation of life, a mirror of
manners, an image of truth, neverthe-
less according to the opinion of Aris-
totle, we might say that it is no other
than an imitation of pleasing and amus-
ing happenings, whether public or pri-
vate. It must be presented in a complete
and perfect form, and is circumscribed
as to length. It does not consist of
simple narration, but introduces persons
of humble or mediocre fortune, who
act and converse just as do the others.
Its language is suave and pleasing, and
it lacks neither singing nor dancing. . . .
Its construction is even, and each part
has its proper place.
Ang. Explain to me the divisions of
the definition.
Min. I shall not speak of its presen-
tation — in verses, with dancing and sing-
ing, sometimes with all three forms and
sometimes with only part — nor concern-
ing the subject matter or the form (that
it should be unified and perfect and of a
given length). I have already said
enough concerning these things. Xor will
I lose time in explaining that the inci-
dents adapted to comedy are amusing and
ludicrous, and that the persons are of
humble station and equal rank; for this
is the very nature of comedy, and is
what distinguishes it from tragedy.
6o
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
JULIUS CAESAR SCALIGER
Julius Caesar Sealiger, as he called
himself, was born probably at Padua
in 1484. He was the son of Benedetto
Bordoni, a miniature painter. His own
version of his noble parentage and life's
adventures has been discredited and it
has been established that he studied
ated with a degree of M.D., and left
home to seek his fortune. He went to
Verona, where he made many acquaint-
ances. In 1525 the Bishop of Agen in-
duced him to come to Agen, where he
continued his practice. In France, where
he spent the remainder of his life, he
soon fell in love with a young woman,
and in 1528 became a naturalized French-
man and married her. He pursued lit-
erary and scientific studies, which occu-
pied him to the end of his life. Among
his first literary efforts are his tracts
attacking Erasmus; but the great scholar
refused to reply. He then attacked Car-
dan, who died shortly after. During his
long residence at Agen he gradually be-
came known not only in France, but
throughout Europe. One of the few
events in his life of which any record ex-
ists is a charge of heresy in 1538, but
Sealiger was acquitted. He died at Agen
in 1558, one of the. most celebrated men
of his time.
Besides the Poetices, Scaliger's literary
works include a number of rather crude
poems, several ietters, dissertations and
commentaries on Hippocrates, Aristotle,
and Theophrastus, various fragments of
treatises on botany, and a tractate on
comic meters, De comics dimensionibus.
Few similar works have enjoyed such uni-
versal renown as the Poetices Libri Sep-
ta m, first published at Lyons in 1561.
The work, written in Latin, is long, ram-
bling, sketchy, violent in tone, dogmatic,
scholastic, and pedantic, but with all its
imperfections, it was the first work to
attempt a standardization of literary
form and content. Aristotle was not
only Scaliger's guiding light; he was so
twisted and misinterpreted as to become
Editions:
The Poetices Libri Septem was first pub-
lished at Lyons in 1561. Often re-
printed during the sixteenth and sev-
enteenth centuries. The only English
translation is a slim volume of selec-
tions: Select Translations from Scali-
ger's Poetics, by F. M. Padelford (New
York, 1905).
On Sealiger and his works:
Biographie universelle, vol. 38 (Paris,
1861).
Joseph Justus Sealiger, De Vetustate et
splendore gentis Scaligene et Julii
Cceseris Scaligeri (Leyden, 1594).
Magen, Documents sur Julius Cwsar
Sealiger et sa famille (Agen, 1873).
Bourrousse de Laffore, Etude sur Jules
Cesar de Lescale (Agen, 1860).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (New
York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
Victor Beranek, Martin Optiz in seinem
Verhaltnis zu Sealiger und Bonsard
(Wien, 1883).
Jakob Bernays, Zwei Abhandlungen iiber
die aristotelische Theorie des Dramas
(Berlin, 1880).
E. Lintilhac, De J.-C. Scaligeri Poetica
(Paris, 1887).
Scaligeriana, 2 series (complete ed., Am-
sterdam, 1740).
Eduard Brinkschulte, Julius Ccesar Sruli-
gers kunsttheoretische Anschauungen
(Bonn, 1913).
Charles Nisard, Les Oladiateurs de In R<'-
publique des lettres au XV", XVI*,
et XV IP siecles, 2 vols. (Paris, 1800).
H. Breitinger, Les Unitis d' A nutate
avant le Cid de Corneille (2nd ed.,
Geneve, 1895).
Antoine Benoist, Les Theories drama-
tiques avant les Dixcours de Corneille
(In Annates des Paculth des lettres
de Bordeaux, 1892).
JULIUS CAESAR SCALIGER
61
POETICS i
[Poetices Libri Septem]
(1561)
Tragedy, like comedy, is patterned
after real life, but it differs from comedy
in the rank of the characters, in the na-
ture of the action, and in the outcome.
These differences demand, in turn, differ-
ences in style. Comedy employs charac-
ters from rustic, or low city life, such
as Chremes, Davus, and Thais. The be-
ginning of a comedy presents a confused
state of affairs, and this confusion is
happily cleared up at the end. The lan-
guage is that of everyday life. Tragedy,
on the other hand, employs kings and
princes, whose affairs are those of the
city, the fortress, and the camp. A trag-
edy opens more tranquilly than a com-
edy, but the outcome is horrifying. The
language is grave, polished, removed from
the colloquial. AH things wear a trou-
bled look; there is a pervading sense of
doom, there are exiles and deaths. Tra-
dition has it that the Macedonian king
Archelaus, the intimate friend and pa-
tron of Euripides, asked the poet to
make him the hero of a tragedy, but
that Euripides replied: "Indeed, I can-
quate misfortune."
The definition of tragedy given by
Aristotle is as follows: "Tragedy is an
imitation of an action that is illustrious,
complete, and of a certain magnitude, in
embellished language, the different kinds
of embellishments being variously em-
ployed in the different parts, and not in
the form of narration, but through pity
and fear effecting the purgation of such-
like passions." I do not wish to attack
this definition other than by adding my
own: A tragedy is the imitation of the
adversity of a distinguished man; it em-
ploys the form of action, presents a dis-
astrous denouement, and is expressed in
impressive metrical language. Though
Aristotle adds harmony and song, they
are not, as the philosophers say, of the
essence of tragedy; its one and only
essential is acting. Then the phrase " of
. by F. M PaiMford (Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1905). — Ed.
a certain magnitude" is put in to dif-
ferentiate the tragedy from the epic,
which is sometimes prolix. It is not
always so, however, as the work of Mu-
saeus illustrates. Further, the mention
of purgation is too restrictive, for not
every subject produces this effect. " A
phrase, means not too long and not too
short, for a few verses would not satisfy
the expectant public, who are prepared to
atone for the disgusting prosiness of
many a day by the enjoyment of a few
hours. Prolixity, however, is just as bad,
when you must say with Plautus: "My
legs ache with sitting, and my eyes with
looking." (1, 6.)
Although tragedy resembles this epic
poetry, it differs in rarely introducing
persons of the lower classes, such as mes-
sengers, merchants, sailors, and the like.
Comedies, on the other hand, never admit
kings, save in such a rare instance as the
Amphitryon of Plautus. I would limit
this generalization, of course, to those
plays which employ Greek characters and
the Greek dress, for the Romans have
admitted at will the dignified toga and
trabea. . . . Tragedy and comedy are
alike in mode of representation, but
differ in subject-matter and treatment.
The matters of tragedy are great and
terrible, as commands of kings, slaugh-
ters, despair, suicides, exiles, bereave-
ments, parricides, incests, conflagrations,
battles, the putting out of eyes, weeping,
wailing, bewailing, eulogies, and dirges.
In comedy we have jests, revelling, wed-
dings with drunken carousals, tricks
played by slaves, drunkenness, old men
deceived and cheated of their money. . . .
Now, a tragedy, provided it is a gen-
uine tragedy, is altogether serious, but
there have been some satyrical plays
which differed little from comedies.
Save in the gravity of some of the
characters. We have an illustration in
the Cyclops of Euripides, where all is
wine and jesting, and where the outcome
is so happy that all the companions of
Ulysses are released, and the Cyclops
62
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
alone suffers in the loss of his eye. The
conclusion of this play was not unlike
that of a mime, for the stage was
wholly deserted on the exit of Ulysses,
the giant with the rock alone remaining.
There are, on the other hand, many
comedies which end unhappily for some
of the characters. . . . Hence it is by no
means true, as has hitherto been taught,
that an unhappy issue is essential to
tragedy. It is enough that the play con-
tain horrible events.
When authors take their plots from
history, they must be careful not to de-
part too widely from the records. In
the early writers such care was by no
means taken. Thus ^Eschylus followed
Greek history in binding Prometheus to
the rock, but he invented the fiction of
his undoing by the thunderbolt, for tragic
effect. There should be no dire event at
the end, but only at the beginning, where
he is bound to Caucasus. However,
some have it that the eagle was driven
away by Hercules; others that he killed
it with his arrows; and still others that
Prometheus was set free by Jupiter
himself, because he warned the god not
to cohabit with Thetis, lest she should
bear him a son more illustrious than the
Helen which were utterly contrary to
well-known history. The same author
has been censured for bringing wicked
and impure women into his plays. What
is viler, the critic says, than Phaedra,
Jocasta, Canace, and Pasiphae, by whose
infamy society is corrupted? But we
reply that these women were not crea-
tures of his imagination, but were taken
from life. Forsooth, if we are to hear
of no wickedness, history must be done
away with. So those comedies should be
prized which make us condemn the vices
which they bring to our ears, especially
when the life of impure women ends in
an unhappy death.
The events themselves should be made
to have such sequence and arrangement
as to approach as near as possible to
truth, for the play is not acted solely to
strike the spectator with admiration or
consternation — a fault of which, accord-
ing to the critics, /Eschylus was often
guilty — but should also teach, move, and
as in comedy, or with things serious, if
rightly ordered. Disregard of truth is
hateful to almost every man. Therefore
neither those battles or sieges at Thebes
which are fought through in two hours
please me, nor do I take it to be the
part of a discreet poet to pass from
Delphi to Athens, or from Athens to
Thebes, in a moment of time. Thus
.(Eschylus has Agamemnon killed and
buried so suddenly that the actor has
scarcely time to breathe. Nor is the
casting of Lichas into the sea by Her-
cules to be approved, for it cannot be
represented without doing violence to
truth.
The content of a play should be as
concise as possible, yet also as varied and
manifold as possible; for example, He-
cuba in Thrace, Achilles forbidding her
murder of Polyxena, and the blinding of
not be introduced, their apparitions, or
ghosts, or specters, are substituted.
Thus, as noted above, .Eschylus intro-
duces the apparitions of Polydorus and
Darius, and in Ovid, Ceyx appears to
Alcyone. If a tragedy is to be com-
posed from this last story, it should not
begin with the departure of Ceyx, for as
the whole time for stage-representation
is only six or eight hours, it is not true
to life to have a storm arise, and the
ship founder, in a part of the sea from
which no land is visible. Let the first act
be a passionate lamentation, the chorus
to follow with execrations of sea-life;
the second act, a priest with votive offer-
ings conversing with Alcyone and her
nurse, altars, fire, pious sentiments, the
chorus following with approbation of the
vows; the third act, a messenger an-
nouncing the rising of a storm, together
with rumors as to the ship, the chorus to
follow with mention of shipwrecks, and
much apostrophizing of Neptune; the
fourth act tumultuous, the report found
true, the shipwrecks described by sailors
and merchants, the chorus bewailing the
event as though all were lost; the fifth
act, Alcyone peering anxiously over the
sea and sighting far off a corpse, fol-
lowed by the resolution, when she was
about to take her own life. This sample
outline can be expanded by the introduc-
tion of other characters. (Ill, 97.)
LODOVICO CASTE LVETRO
63
LODOVICO CASTELVETRO
Lodovieo Castelvetro was born at Mo-
dena in 1505 of an old and noble family.
His education was thorough and varied.
He attended the universities of Bologna,
Ferrara, Padua, and Siena. He studied
law and took a degree at Siena in that
profession out of deference to his fa-
thers wishes. After making a trip to
Rome, he returned to Siena where he
applied himself to the studies for which
he felt himself best suited. His relin-
quishment of the law displeased his par-
ents, and he returned, in bad health, to
Modena. There he engaged in literary
pursuits, in spite of his poor health. He
was a conspicuous figure in Modena in
what practically amounted to an acad-
emy. In 1553 he began the bitter liter-
ary quarrel with Caro which resulted
eventually in bis exile. It began with a
criticism of a poem of Caro's, and soon
both parties resorted to intrigue and
even violence. Caro is said to have
started the inquiry which led to the ar-
rest of several members of the ** acad-
emy " on the suspicion of heresy. While
Castelvetro himself was not arrested, he
decided to go to Rome and defend him-
self, but seeing that he was not likely to
make out a good case he escaped and
went to Chiavenna on the Swiss-Italian
frontier. In 1561 he was excommuni-
cated. He then appealed to the Coun-
cil of Trent and was advised to return
to Rome. He determined, however, to
leave the country, and went to Lyons,
but the war of the Catholics and Prot-
estants, then in progress, soon forced
him to leave. He went to Geneva, and
thence to Chiavenna, where he lectured.
Not long after, Castelvetro's brother,
who was in the good graces of Maxi-
milian II, urged Lodovieo to come to
Vienna. In that city he published his
Poetica, dedicating it to Maximilian. On
the outbreak of the plague he returned to
Chiavenna, where he died in 1571.
Castelvetro's translation of Aristotle's
Poetics and his lengthy commentary are,
like the work of Scaliger, a landmark in
modern dramatic criticism. Like with
Sealiger's treatise, Castelvetro's is crude,
pedantic, inaccurate, but to the scholars
of the time it was infinitely suggestive.
Castelvetro not only interpreted Aristotle
too freely, he frequently mistranslated
him in order to establish a point. Cas-
telvetro's formulation of the three Unities
was the beginning of innumerable dis-
putes throughout Europe.
Editions:
The Poetica d'Aristotele vulgarizzata e
esposta was first published at Vienna
in 1570. But the second edition (Basle,
The Opera Varie Critiche, with Mura-
tori's Life of Castelvetro, appeared in
Milan in 17^7. The only English
translation of the Poetica consists in
the important passages, quoted in H.
B. Charlton's Castelvetro's Theory of
Poetry (Manchester, 1913).
On Castelvetro and his work:
L. Muratori, Vita dell' autore (in the
Opere Varie Critiche, Milano, 1727).
Xoucells Biographie generate, vol. 9
(Paris, 1854).
A. Caro, Apologia degli Ac'ademici di
Bianchi di Roma contra M. Lodovieo
Castelvetro (Parma, 1588).
Cavazzuti, Lodovieo Castelvetro (Mo-
dena, 1903).
A. Plonchar, I) Ala Vita e delle opere
di L. Castelvetro (Conegliano, 1878).
Bavle, Dictionary (2nd ed., London,
1735).
H. B. Charlton, Castelvetro's Theory of
Poetry (Manchester Univ. Press, 1913).
A. Fusco, La Poetica di Lodovieo Cas-
telvetro (Xapoli, 1904).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 190-2).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd etL,
New York, 1908).
H. Breitinger, Les Unite's d'Aristote
avant le Cid de Corneille (Geneve,
1895).
A. Benoist, Les Theories dramatiques
avant les Diseours de Corneille (in
Annates de la Faculty des lettres de
Bordeaux, 1891).
64
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
POETICS i
[Poetica d'Ariatotele vulgarizzata e esposta]
(1570)
MISCELLANEOUS CRITICAL WORKS
[Opere Varie Critiche] 1
(printed 1727)
Tragedy cannot effect its proper func-
tion with a reading, without staging and
acting.
In poetry there are possible two modes
of representing action, viz., either by
words and things, or by words alone;
one of these modes is more similar to the
thing represented, the other less; words
and things together are the more sim-
ilar mode, words alone the less; for in
the former, words are represented by
words and things by things, whilst in
the latter both words and things are
represented by words alone.
The time of the representation and
that of the action represented must be
exactly coincident . . . and the scene of
the action must be constant, being not
merely restricted to one city or house,
but indeed to that one place alone which
could be visible to one person.
Tragedy ought to have for subject an
action which happened in a very limited
extent of place and in a very limited
extent of time, that is, in that place
and in that time, in which and for which
the actors representing the action re-
main occupied in acting; and in no other
place and in no other time. . . .
The time of action ought not to ex-
ceed the limit of twelve hours.
There is no possibility of making the
spectators believe that many days and
nights have passed, when they them-
selves obviously know that only a few
hours have actually elapsed; they refuse
to be so deceived.
It is more marvelous when a great
Poetry, by H. B. Charlton (Manchester, 1913).
— Ed.
mutation of a hero's fortune is made,
in a very limited time and a very
limited place, than when it is made in
a longer time and in varied and larger
places.
It was Aristotle's opinion that the plot
of tragedy and comedy ought to com-
prise one action only, or two whose in-
terdependence makes them one, and
ought rather to concern one person than
a race of people. But he ought to have
justified this, not by the fact that a plot
is incapable of comprising more actions,
but by the fact that the extreme tem-
poral limit of twelve hours and the re-
striction of the place for the perform-
ance, do not permit a multitude of ac-
tions nor the action of a whole race, nor
indeed do they permit the whole of one
complete action, if it is of any length i
and this is the principal reason and the
necessary one for the unity of action,
that is, for the limitation of the plot to
but one action of one person, or two
actions, which by their interdependence
can be counted one.
No drama can be praiseworthy which
has not two actions, that is, two plots,
though one is principal and the other
accessory.
There is no doubt that there is more
pleasure in listening to a plot contain-
ing many and diverse actions than in
listening to that which contains but one.
Singleness of plot is not in the least
introduced on account of its necessity,
but on account of the poet's eagerness
for glory, and to demonstrate the ex-
cellence and the singularity of his genius
. . . for the judgment and the industry
of the poet is demonstrated when with
a plot comprising but a single action of
LODOVICO CASTE LVETRO
65
a single person, that is, with a plot ap-
parently without any promise of success
in it, he nevertheless furnishes the spec-
tators with as much delight as other
poets can scarcely do with plots com-
prising many persons. . . . The plot of
drama should necessarily comprise one
action of one person, or two, interde-
pendent on each other. . . .
Tragedy is an imitation of an action,
magnificent, complete, which has magni-
tude, and comprises each of those species,
which represent with speech made de-
lightful separately in its parts, and not
by narration, and, moreover, induces
through pity and fear, the purgation
of such passions.
Tragedy can have either a happy or
a sorrowful ending, as can comedy; but
the joy or the sorrow of the tragic end-
ing is different from the joy or the sor-
row of the comic ending. The joyful
denouement of tragedy is formed by the
cessation to the hero or to one dear to
him, of impending death or sorrowful
life or threatened loss of kingship; and
the sorrowful denouement is formed by
the occurrence of these things. The
happy denouement of comedy is formed
by the removal of insult from the hero
or from one dear to him, or by the ces-
sation of a longstanding shame, or by
the recovery of an esteemed person or
possession which was lost, or by the ful-
fillment of his love; and the sorrowful
denouement of comedy is formed by the
occurrence of the opposite of these
things.
Tragedy without a sad ending cannot
excite and does not excite, as experience
shows, either fear or pity.
The solution of the plot ought to be
brought about by the plot itself, i.e., the
striking of the danger and the ceasing
of the difficulty should themselves be
constituents of the plot, following the
nature of the danger and of the differ-
ence bv verisimilitude.
. . . Tragedy is not imitation of men,
but of actions.
The plot is the constitution of the
things, i.e., the invention of the things
or the subject: which invention or sub-
ject comprises the invention of the vis-
ible things and the invention of the in-
visible things.
In most actions, men do not hide their
character, but exhibit them.
Poets who make tragedies without
character and thought, do not really imi-
tate human action; for in the operation
of human action, character and thought
are always revealed, though sometimes
more, sometimes less.
I fail to see how there could be a good
tragedy without character.
If the plot is the end of tragedy and
of all poetry, if it is not a thing "acces-
sory to character, but on the contrary,
character is necessary to the plot, the'n
many authors of great fame, ancient and
modern, including Julius Caesar Scaliger,
have gravely erred in their opinion that
it was the intention of good poets like
Homer and Vergil to depict and demon-
strate to the world, let us say, an in-
dignant captain as excellently as pos-
sible, a valiant soldier, a wise man, and
their moral natures; with much more
of the same twaddle: for if this were
true, then character would not be, as
Aristotle says, secondary to action, but
action would be secondary to character.
Moreover, such a subject could not be
really poetic: it is much rather philo-
sophic.
Character comes in because persons
come in in action; but persons are not
introduced in action because a display
of character is required.
Though character is not a part of the
action, yet it accompanies it inseparably,
being revealed together with the action:
hence character ought not to be consid-
ered as part separate from the action, for
without it the action would not be per-
formed.
• » • • • •
In questions constituting the species
of poetry, no account at all should be
66
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
taken of goodness or badness, extreme
or moderate: these things should be con-
sidered only in so far as the aim is to
arouse pity and fear in the minds of the
audience.
If poetry has been fashioned primarily
for delight, and not for utility, why in
one species of poetry, i.e., tragedy, is
utility chiefly sought? Why is not de-
light sought primarily in this species,
without regard to utility?
According to Aristotle, there are four
kinds of pleasure. The first is the pleas-
ure arising from the sad state of a per-
son, good or moderately good, who falls
from happiness to misery: this pleasure
we have called oblique, and shown that
it is caused obliquely. The second is the
pleasure arising from the happy fate of
a person, good or moderately good, and
from the sad state of the wicked; this
pleasure we have called direct, and shown
that it arises directly. The third is the
pleasure of the happy fate common to
persons of all kinds, friends and enemies:
this pleasure can be called direct popu-
lar pleasure. The fourth is the pleasure
caused by a fearful and monstrous spec-
tacle; this can be called artificial spec-
tacular pleasure. Now, Aristotle accepts
in tragedy the first and second kinds of
pleasure, and commends them, the first,
however, more than the second; but he
will not have them in comedy: the third
and the fourth, as far as tragedy is con-
cerned, he dismisses with blame.
[In the same work Castelvetro states in
tabular form the various functions and
parts of comedy.]
The function of comedy is the being
moved by pleasing things appealing to
the sentiments or the imagination. Com-
edy has to do with human turpitude,
either of mind or of body; but if of the
mind, arising from folly, not from vice;
if of the body, a turpitude neither pain-
ful nor harmful.
The greatest source of the comic is
deception, either through folly, drunken-
ness, a dream, or delirium; or through
ignorance of the arts, the sciences, and
one's own powers; or through the nov-
elty of the good being turned in a wrong
direction or of the engineer hoist with
his own petard; or through deceits fash-
ioned by man or by fortune.
Its plot comprises only actions pos-
sible to happen, those which have actually
happened having no place in it at all. -
[From the Opere Varie Critiche, p. 81 J
The private action of a private citizen
is the subject of comedy, as the actions
of kings are the subject of tragedy.
2 By way of comparison with the theoretical '
treatises above-printed, a few lines are here in-
cluded from the Prologue to Gianmaria
Cecchi's play. La Rumanesca (1574): "The
Farsa is a new third species between tragedy
and comedy. It enjoys the liberties of both,
and shuns their limitations ; for it receives into
its ample boundaries great lords and princes,
which comedy does not, and, like a hospital
or inn, welcomes the vilest and most plebeian
of the people, to whom Dame Tragedy has
never stooped. It is not restricted to certain
motives ; for it accepts all subjects — grave
and gay, profane and sacred, urbane and
crude, sad and pleasant. It does not care for
time or place. The scene may be laid in a
church, or a public square, or where you will;
and if one day is not long enough, two or
three may be employed. What, indeed, does it
matter to the Farsa f In a word, this mod-
ern mistress of the stage is the most amusing,
most convenient, the sweetest, prettiest country
lass that can be found upon our earth.
(From J. A. Symonds' Renaissance in Italy, |
vol. 2. New York, n. d.) .— Ed.
FRANCE — I
French Dramatic Criticism of the Renaissance 69
Bibliography 70
Thomas Sebillet 73
Bibliography 73
Art of Poetry [Art Poetique Francois pour I'inst ruction des jeune*
studieus et encor peu avancez en la poesie francoise\ translated
by the editor. (15±8.) Extracts 71
Jean de la Taille 75
Bibliography 76
The Art of Tragedy [Art de la Tragedie, in Saul le furieujc] trans-
lated by the editor. (1572.) Extracts 76
Note. Extracts from the Art poetique of Pierre de Laudun
d'Aigaliers, and the Premiere Preface to La Franciade of Pierre
de Ronsard 78
FRENCH DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE RENAISSANCE
While many of the ideas incorporated
into the dramatic treatises of the later
Renaissance in France were derived from
Minturno. Scaliger, Castelvetro, and
other Italian theorists, the beginnings
in France hark back to the Middle Ages
and antiquity. The commentaries and
fragments of Donatus and Diomedes
were first published toward the end of
the fifteenth century. Horace was also
known to the grammarians and schol-
ars, while the architectural treatises of
Vitruvius and Alberti, containing chap-
ters on the theater, were freely drawn
upon. As in Italy, Aristotle's Poetict
was seldom referred to; not until the
middle of the sixteenth century does he
become a force to be reckoned with.
Among the earliest French writings on
the drama was the introductory mat-
ter — Praenotamenta — to Jodocus Ba-
dius' edition of Terence (1504). This is
practically a summing-up of the doc-
trines of the Middle Ages. Badius' edi-
tion of Seneca (15 14), in which he was
aided by others, contains commentaries,
and the usual excerpts from Donatus
and Diomedes. These preliminary and
running commentaries constituted a ver-
itable " practical dramaturgy." Mean-
time, foreign influences were at work:
Polydorus Vergil's De rerum inventori-
bus (1513), with its section on comedy,
was known, and later (1544) translated
quies, and Letters, however meager in
their references to Aristotle, helped to
disseminate the ideas of preceding ages.
Lazare de Baif, one of the first transla-
tors of Greek plays, composed a DiMni-
tinn de la tragedie which he prefixed to
his version of the Electra (1537). His
conception in this note, as in the Dedica-
tion to his Hecuba (1544), was purely
classical. In Buchanan's Dedication to
his Latin translation of the Alcestis
(printed 1554), there is a new note:
the poet urges the tragic writer to turn
aside from the conventional themes of
69
murder, parricide, etc. Meanwhile, the
numerous editions of Terence (1529, 1542,
and 1552) continued to print the commen-
taries of Donatus, Diomedes, and inv.ni-
ably quote Horace. In Jean Bouchot's
Epistre responsive au Roy de la Basoche
de Bordeaux (written in 1526, and pub-
lished in 1545) the usual classification of
drama into the two categories of Comedy
and Tragedy is modified to include the
Satyre.
The very earliest Rhetorics and Arts
of Poetry are of little importance as re-
gards dramatic theory — the first of
these is Eustache Deschamps' Art de
dictier (finished in 1393). Together with
the numerous treatises on versification,
they may be ignored. Pierre Fabri's
manual, Le Grand et vray art de pleine
Rhetorique, was published in 1521; this
was followed in 1539 by Gracian du
Pont's L'Art poetique, which contains
Both Arts belong in spirit to the late
Middle Ages. The Art poetique of
Thomas Sebillet, published in 1548, is in-
teresting chiefly because of the parallel
made between the old French " moralite "
and the tragedies of antiquity. The
work likewise contains probably the first
trace of the influence of Aristotle's
Poetics in France. Sebillet, whose work
appeared only a year before Du Bellay's
Defense, foreshadows, in spirit at least,
some of the reforms advocated by the
spokesman of the Pleiade. Joachim Du
Bellay's Defense et illustration de la
langue francoise (1549) heralded the
opening of a new era and announced
the close of the old. Of vast importance
in the realm of French literature, it con-
tains nothing but a single brief reference
to drama — in which he urges dramatists
to write plays after the manner of the
in 1550 by the Quintil Horatian sur la
Defense et illustration de la langue fran-
coise, the author of which was recently
proved to be Barthelemy Aneau, instead
7o
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
of Charles Fontaine, to whom it had been
ascribed as late as 1898. Among the
early distinct references to Aristotle's the-
ory is the three-line sentence * from a
speech in Jodelle's CUopdtre, the first
French tragedy (1555); it states the fa-
mous Unity of Time, derived and devel-
oped from a passage in the Poetics. An-
other Art Poitique, that of Jacques Pe-
letier du Mans (1555), though based to a
great extent so far as drama is con-
cerned, upon Horace, Donatus, and Dio-
medes, incorporates many of the theories
of the Pleiade. It was up to that date
the fullest exposition of dramatic theory
in France. One of the few independent-
minded dramatists of the period was
Jacques Grevin who, in his prefatory
Bref Discours pour I 'intelligence de ce
theatre, printed with his tragedy, La
Mort de Cesar (1562), maintained that
he was justified in using the soldiers in
his play as a chorus, that he should not
be blamed for refusing to follow the
example of the ancients, because " dif-
ferent nations demand different ways of
doing things." While he mentions Aris-
totle, he is hopelessly ignorant of the
meaning and significance of the Poetics.
Pierre Ronsard, the chief of the Pleiade,
makes a few references to drama in his
three short treatises on poetry: Abrege
de VArt poUique francois (1565), and
the first and second Prefaces to the
But by all odds the most significant
treatise of the period was Jean de la
Taille's Art de la T rage" die, prefixed to
his play Saul le furieux (1572). By this
time Aristotle was an authority, and his
Italian commentators well known in
France. As has already been pointed
1 Avant que ce soleil, qui vient ores de
naitre,
Ayant trace" son jour chez sa tante se
plonye,
CUopdtre mourral
out, Taille was influenced by Castelvetro,
from whom he received and stated the
theory of the three unities, which were
for the first time in France distinctly
formulated in his short preface. Two
important works, the Arts poeliques of
Pierre de Laudun d'Aigaliers (1598),
and of Vauquelin de la Fresnaye (pub-
lished 1605), are among the last works
of their kind of the French Renaissance.
Laudun was "probably the first Euro-
pean critic to argue formally against " 2
the twenty-four rule supposed to have
been laid down by Aristotle. Vauquelin
practically translates the whole of Hor-
ace's Ars Poetica in his treatise, while
the rest of his work is based on Aristotle
and his Italian commentators.
It is impossible to mention every writes
of this period who in a preface, an Art
of Poetry, or letter, refers to the drama.
There are, however, a number of dram-
atists and a few others whose casual
references are of value and interest. To
the two books on architecture already
mentioned as containing sections on the
theater may be added Serlio's work on
perspective, which was translated into
French in 1545 by Jehan Martin. The
prefaces, dedications, etc., of many
printed plays of Alexandre Hardy and
Robert Gamier may be consulted; like-
wise the prefaces to the following plays:
Les Abuzez (1543), by Charles Ltienne;
Abraham sacrifiant (1550) by Theo-
dore de Beze; Les Corrivaux (1562)
by Jean de la Taille; Avian, by Andr6
de Rivaudeau; Les Jaloux, Les E sprits,
and Dedication to Monsieur d'Ambroise
(all of 1579) by Pierre de Larivey, also
the same author's Prologue to La Con-
stance, printed in 1611; Rigulus (1582)
by Jean de Beaubreuil; Les Neapoli-
taines (1584) by Francois d'Amboise;
and Esther (1585) by P. Mathieu.
2 J. H. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (1908).
General References on French litera-
ture:
L. Petit de Julleville (editor), Histoire
de la langue et de la litte'rature fran-
caise des origines a 1900, 8 vols. (Paris,
1896-99).
Ferdinand Brunetiere, Histoire de la lit-
te'rature francaise classique, 3 vols.
(Paris, 1905-12).
, Manuel de Vhistoire de la litera-
ture francaise (Paris, 1897).
Gustave Lanson, Histoire de la litte'ra-
ture francaise (12th ed., Paris, 1912).
DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF FRENCH RENAISSANCE 71
Emile Faguet, Histoire de la litterature
francaise, 2 vols. (Paris, 1900).
Rene" Doumic, Histoire de la litterature
francaue (Paris, 1900).
J. Demogeot, Histoire de la litterature
francaise (24 th ed., Paris, 1S92).
H. P. Junker, Grundriss der Geschichte
der franzosischen Literatur, (2nd ed.,
Munster, 1894).
Edward Dowden, A History of French
' Literature (New York, 1897).
C. H. Conrad Wright, A History of
French Literature (Oxford, 1912).
Niceron, Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire
des hommes illustres dans la ripub-
lique des lettres, 43 vols. (Paris, 1729-
45).
[La Valliere] Bibliotheque du Theatre
Francois, 3 vols. (Dresde, 1768).
De Leris, Dictionnaire portatif historique
et litteraire des theatres (2nd ed.,
Paris, 1763).
P.-L. Jacob (ed.), Bibliotheque drama-
tique de Monsieur de Soleinne (cat-
alog), 5 vols. (Paris, 1843-44).
Gustave Lanson, Manuel bibliographique
de la litterature francaise moderne,
(1500-1900), 5 vols. (Paris, 1909-14).
L.-P. Betz, La litterature comparee (2nd
ed., Strasbourg, 1904).
Charles GideL, Histoire de la litterature
francaise, depuis son origine jusqu'a
la Renaissance, (Paris, 1875).
, The same: . . . depuis la Renais-
sance jusqu'a la fin du XVII' siecle
(Paris, 1S77).
F. Godefroy, Histoire de la litterature
francaise depuis le XVI' siecle jus-
qu'a nos jours, 10 vols. (2nd ed., Paris,
1878-79).
General References on French Drama:
Francois et Claude Parfaict, Histoire du
Theatre Francois depuis son origine
jusqu'a present (Paris, 1754—55).
S. Chappuzeau, Le Theatre francois (ed.,
Paris, 1876).
Beauchamps, Recherches sur les Theatres
de France (Paris, 1735).
J. Baudrais, Essais historiques sur Vori-
gine et les progres de Vart dramatique
en France 3 vols. (Paris, 1791).
Germain Bapst, Essai sur Vhistoxre du
theatre ("Paris, 1893).
W. Creizenach, Geschichte des neueren
Dramas, 3 vols. (Halle, 1893-1909).
J. L. Klein, Geschichte des Dramas, 13
vols. (Leipzig, 1865-76).
L. Petit de Julie vile, Le Theatre en
France (7th ed., Paris, 1908).
C. Barthelemy, Histoire de la Comedie
en France (Paris, 1886).
A. Rover, Histoire unicerselle du theatre,
4 vols. (Paris, 1869-70).
Ferdinand Brunetiere, Les Epoques du
Theatre francais (1636-1850). (Paris,
1892.)
, L' Evolution d'un genre: la Trag-
e'die (In Etudes critiques sur Vhistoire
de la litterature franqaise, 7 erne serie,
Paris, 1905).
Fontenelle, Histoire du Theatre francois
(In vol. Ill, (Euvres, Paris, 1790).
J.-L. Geoffroy, Cours de litte'rature dra-
matique, 6 vols. (Paris, 1819-20).
Julien Le Rousseau, Le Progres de la lit-
te'rature dramatique (Paris, 1865).
Leon Levrault, Drame et Tragedie
(Paris, n. d.).
, La Comedie (Paris, n. d.).
Eugene Lintilhac, Histoire generate du
theatre en France, 5 vols. (Paris, 1904-
11).
H.-J.-J. Lucas, Histoire philosophique et
litteraire du theatre francais depuis
son origine jusqu'a nos jours, 3 vols.
(2nd ed., Bruxelles, 1862-63).
Frederick Hawkins, Annals of the
French Stage, 2 vols. (London, 1884).
Chevalier de Mouhy, Abrege de Vhistoire
du theatre franqois, 3 vols. (Paris,
1780).
Karl Mantzius, A History of Theatrical
A rt, trans, by Louise von Cossel, 5 vols.
(London, 1903-09).
D. Germano, Evolution historique du
theatre francais (Caltanissetta, 1902).
Paul de Saint-Victor, Les Deux Masques,
3 vols. (Paris, 1880-84).
References on early French literature
and Criticism:
Paul Albert, La Litterature francaise des
origines a la fin du XVI' siecle (Paris,
1894).
E. Langlois, De Artibus Rhetorica
Rhythmica (Paris, 1890).
Heinrich Morf, Geschichte der franzosi-
schen Literatur im Zeitalter der Ren-
aissance (2nd ed., Strassburg, 1914).
Emile Egger, L'HellenUme en France,
3 vols. (Paris, 1869).
72
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Emile Faguet, Le Seizieme siecle (Paris,
1893).
, La Tragedie franqaise au XVI*
siecle (2nd ed., Paris, 1912).
, Les Manif estes dramatiques avant
Corneille (In Revue des cours et con-
ferences, IX, No. 6, Paris, 1900).
Emile Chasles, La Comedie en France au
XVI* siecle (Paris, 1862).
C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Tableau historique
et critique de la Poesie franqaise et du
theatre franqais au XVI" siecle (Re-
vised and augmented eds., Paris, 1842
and after).
Ferdinand Brunetiere, L'Evolution des
genres dans I'histoire de la literature.
Introduction: L'Evolution de la crit-
ique depuis la Renaissance jusqu'a nos
jours (6th ed., Paris, 1914).
Henri Carton, Histoire de la critique
litteraire en France (Paris, 1886).
Leon Levrault, La Critique litteraire
(Paris, n. d.).
Eugene Lintilhac, La TMorie du theatre
en France de Scaliger a Victor Hugo
(In Nouvelle Revue, N. S., IX, Paris,
1901).
J. Marsan, La Pastorale dramatique en
France a la fin du XVI" siecle et au
commencement du XVII" siecle (Paris,
1905).
E. J. B. Rathery, Influence de I'ltalie
sur les lettres franqaises depuis le
XIII s siecle jusqu'au regne de Louis
XIV (Paris, 1853).
Eugene Rigal, De Jodelle a Moliere
(Paris, 1911).
, Le Theatre franqais avant la pdri-
ode classique (Paris, 1901).
, Alexandre Hardy et le theatre
franqais a la fin du XVI" siecle et au
commencement du XV IP siecle (Paris,
1889).
A. Rosenbauer, Die poetischen Theorien
der Plejade nach Ronsard und Dubel-
lay (Erlangen, 1895).
Emile Roy, Etude sur le Th6dtre fran-
qais du XIV" et XV" siecles (Paris,
1901).
T. Rucktaschel, Einige Arts poitiques
aus der Zeit Ronsard's und Malherbe's
(Leipzig, 1889).
G. Gregory Smith, The Transition Pe-
riod (New York, 1900).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
Joseph Texte, L'Influence italienne dans
la Renaissance franqaise (In Etudes de
litterature europeene, Paris, 1898).
Arthur Tilley, From Montaigne to Mo-
liere (London, 1908).
, The Literature of the trench Ren-
aissance, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1904).
Henri Tivier, Histoire de la literature
dramatique en France depuis ses or-
igines jusqu'au Cid (Paris, 1873).
Pierre Toldo, La Comedie franqaise de
la Renaissance (In Revue d'histoire
litUraire de la France, Paris, 1897-98-
99, 1900).
P. Villey, Les Sources d'idees au XVI*
siecle. Textes choisis et commentes
(Paris, 1912).
Ernest Martineche, La Comedie es-
pagnole en France (Paris, 1900).
J. W. Cunliffe, Early French Tragedy in
the Light of Recent Scholarship {Jour-
nal of Comparative Literature, I,
1903).
Jules Guillemot, L'Evolution de I'idee
dramatique etc. (Paris, 1910).
A. Benoist, Les Theories dramatiques
avant les Discours de Corneille (In
Annates de la Faculte des Lettres de
Bordeaux, 1891).
H. Breitinger, Les Unites d'Aristote
avant le Cid de Corneille (2nd ed.,
Geneve, 1895).
M.-A.-A. Chassang, Des essais drama-
tiques invites de lantiquitd au XIV et
XV* siecles (Paris, 1852).
E. Cougny, Des Representations drama-
tiques et particulierement de la come-
die politique dans les colleges au seiz-
ieme siecle (Paris, 1868).
Jules Haraszti, La Comedie franqaise de
la Renaissance et la scene (In Revue
d'histoire litteraire de la France,
Paris, 1905).
H. C. Lancaster, A Neglected Passage
on the Three Unities of the French
Classical Drama (In Modern Language
Ass'n Publications, vol. XXI II, Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1908).
, The French Tragi-comedy : its Or-
igin and Development from 1552 to
1628 (Baltimore, 1907).
Gustave Lanson, Le Theatre franqais au
temps d' Alexandre Hardy (In II om-
mes et Livres, Paris, 1895).
, Les Origines de la tragtdie clas-
THOMAS SEBILLET
73
tique en France (In Revue d'histoire
litteraire de la France, Paris, 1903).
, L'ldee de la tragedie avant Jodelle
(In Revue d'hutoire litteraire de la
France, Paris, 1904).
, La Substitu(iori~de la tragedie aux
mysteres et aux moralites (Revue
d'hutoire litteraire de la France,
Paris, 1903).
, La Tragedie en France avant Cor-
neille (In Bulletin de V Association des
E It res de Sevres, 1906).
Georges Pellissier, Les Arts Poitiques
anttrieurs a Vauquelin (In L'Art
PoUique de Vauquelin de la Fresnaye,
Paris, 1885).
Charles Arnaud, Les Theories drama-
tiques au XVII* siecle. Etude sur la
vie et les ceuvres de I' Abbe d'Aubignac
(Paris, 1888).
franzbsuche Tragbdie, vornehmlich im
XVI. Jahrhundert. (Gotha, 1858).
Hecq et Paris, La Poetique francaise au
Moyen-dge et a la Renaissance (Brux-
elles, 1896).
Marcel Hervier, Les Ecrivains francais
jug4s par leurs contemporains. I.
7 VI' et XVII* siecles (Paris, 1911).
Alfred Michiels, Histoire des idees lit-
teraires en France, 2 vols. (Bruxelles,
3rd ed., 1848).
Philarete Chasles, Etudes sur le seizieme
siecle en France (Paris, 1848).
A. Darmsteter et A. Hatzfeld, Le Seiz-
ieme siecle en France (Paris, 1878). .
B. Pifteau and J. Goujon, Histoire du
theatre en France des origines au Cid
(1396-1630) (Paris, 1879).
THOMAS SEBILLET
Thomas Sebillet — or Sibilet, as it is
often spelled — was born in 1512, prob-
ably at Paris. The little that is known
of his life has been gleaned from his
writings. He studied for the law and
was an " avocat " in the Parleinent de
Paris, but he soon turned to literary pur-
suits. He went to Italy in 1549. He
was the friend of some of the most prom-
inent literary men of his day, among
them Du Bellay, Pasquier, and L'Es-
toile. He was imprisoned for political
reasons. A speech of his, made in Parle-
ment in 1589, gives evidence of his more
or less reactionary attitude toward the
political movements of his day. He died
at Paris the same year.
Sebillet's Art Poetique is a distinct de-
parture from the Rhetorics and Poetics
which preceded it. Sebillet, as the friend
of Du Bellay, must have been influenced
by many of the ideas which were about
to be promulgated by the members of the
Pleiade. It is highly significant that his
book, which precedes Du Bellay's Def-
fense by one year, advocates some of the
reforms suggested in that epoch-making
manifesto. Spingarn says that Sebillet's
parage about the French Morality "ex-
hibits perhaps the earliest trace of the
influence of Italian ideas on French crit-
icism." He also remarks that it exhib-
its in all probability the "first trace of
Aristotefianism in French critical litera-
ture." Sebillet's work may, therefore,
stand as a sort of dramatic manifesto of
the Pleiade, for as has been said, Du
Beilay scarcely touches upon the drama.
Editions:
The Art Poetique Francois pour f in-
struction des jeunes studieus et encor
peu avancez en la poesie francoise was
first published at Paris in 154S. It went
through seven editions in a little over
twenty-five years. It has been re-printed
by the Societe des Textes francais mod-
ernes, and edited by Felix Gaiffe, Paris,
1910.
Among Sebillet's other works are polit-
ical tracts, various translations (1581
and 1584), and a translation of Euri-
pides Iphigenia (Paris, 1549).
On Sebillet and his work:
Felix Gaiffe, Introduction to re-print of
the Art Poetique (Paris, 1910).
Erich Liiken, Du Bellay's Defence et
illustration de la largue francoyse ta
74
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ihrem Verhaltnis zu Sebillets Art
Poetique (Oldenburg, 1913).
Nouvelle Biographie generate, vol. 43
(Paris, 1867).
Biographie universelle, vol. 39.
Ferdinand Brunetiere, Histoire de la Lit-
terature franqaise classique, vol. 1
(Paris, 1905).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
ART OF POETRY i
[Art poetique]
(1548)
(Book 2. Chapter VIII)
Dialogue and its Kinds. The Eclogue,
the Morality, and the Farce
A common and successful sort of poem
is that written in the " prosomilitical "
or conversational style, which, by proso-
popoeia employs personalities speaking in
tbeir own persons. This sort of poem is
called by the Greeks a Dialogue.
Dialogue. — The Dialogue includes a
number of sub-divisions, which we shall
consider in due order. But you must
notice that each of these kinds has a com-
mon and particular name by which it is
known: as, for instance, Eclogue, Moral-
ity, and Farce. But, exclusive of these
particular terms, the poem in which char-
acters are introduced, speaking to each
other, goes under the generic term of
Dialogue. What, I ask, is Marot's Le
Jugement de Minos? And what are
many other such poems which you will
find in reading the French poets? In-
deed, you will find the Dialogue utilized
even in epigrams, as in the second book
of Marot's Epigrammes, the one begin-
ning:
MAROT
Muse, dy moy, pourquoy a ma maitresse
Tu n'as sceu dire Adieu a son depart?
SA MUSE
Pource que lors je mouru de dvstresse,
Et que d'un mort un mot jamais ne part.
MAROT
Muse, dy moy, comment donques Dieu-
gard
Tu luy peus dire ainsi de mort ravie?
l Here translated, with omissions, for the
first time into English, by the editor. — Ed.
SA MUSE
Va pauvre sot, son celeste regard
La revoyant ma redonne la vie.
And Saint-Gelays' Epiiaphe de feu
Monsieur Bude", which is as follows:
A. Qui est ce corps que si grand peuple
suyt?
B. Las c'est Bude" au cercceil estendu.
A. Que ne font done les cloches plus
grand bruit.
B. Son bruit sans cloche est assez en-
tendu.
A. Que n'a Ion plus en torches de-
sp.endu,
Selon la mode acoustumie et saint?
B. A fin qu'il soit par Vobscur entendu
Que des Franqois la lumiere est
esteinte.
The Eclogue. — The Eclogue is Greek
by invention, Latin by usurpation, and
French by imitation. For Theocritus the
Greek poet is the one whom Vergil used
as a model in his Eclogues, and these
works of Vergil were the models of
Marot and other French poets. All
three sorts [that is, Greek, Latin, and
French] must be your example. Notice
now that this poem, which they called
Eclogue, is more often than not in dia-
logue form, in which shepherds and the
like are introduced, in pastoral settings,
conversing of deaths of princes, the ca-
lamities of the times, the overthrow of
republics, the happy outcomes and events
of fortune, poetic praises, or the like, in
the form of very obvious allegory, so
obvious that the names of the characters,
the people themselves and the rightful .
application of the pastoral dialogue will
stand revealed like painting under a glass
JEAN DE LA TAILLE
75
— as in the Tityre of M. de Vergile and
in the Eclogue he wrote on the death of
Madame Loyse [de Savoye] mother of
the late King Francois, first of his name
and of glorious memory; and in that
which he wrote at the request of the late
King, the characters in which went under
the names of Pan and Robin. . . .
The Morality. — Greek or Latin Trag-
edy. — The French Morality in some way
represents Greek and Latin tragedy,
principally in that it treats of grave and
important subjects. If the French had
managed to make the ending of the Mor-
ality invariably sad and dolorous, the
Morality would now be a tragedy.
The Temper of the French. — But in
this, as in everything else, we have fol-
lowed our temperament, which is to take
from what is foreign not everything we
see, but only what we judge will be to
our advantage. For in the Morality, as
the Greeks and Latins did in their trag-
edies, we show illustrious deeds, magni-
ficent and virtuous, true, or at least true
to life; and otherwise as regards what is
useful for information on our customs
and life, not binding ourselves to any
sadness or pleasure of the issue. . . .
The Second Kind of Morality. — There
is another sort of Morality, besides the
which we follow the allegory, or moral
sense (hence the name Morality), which
treats either a moral proposition, in
which some character, neither man nor
woman, represents some attributed ab-
straction, or else some other allegory in-
tended for our instruction, or guidance
in our manners.
The Virtue of the Morality. — In spite
of everything, I believe that the first vir-
tue of "the Morality, and of every other
sort of Dialogue, is the expression of the
moral sense of the piece, or allegory. . . .
In spite of the fact that, as Horace says
in his A rs Poetica the poet mingles the
delightful with the profitable and earns
the applause and approbation of every
one, we to-day do not write pure Moral-
ities nor pure and simple farces, de-
siring rather to mix the two, and derive
pleasure and profit, by employing con-
secutive and alternate rhyme, short and
long lines, and making of our plays a
hotch-potch.
Farce. Latin Comedy. — Our farce
has little of the Latin Comedy in it
And, to tell the truth, the acts and
scenes of Latin comedy would result only
in a tiresome polixity. For the true
subject of the French Farce or Sottie is
a trifling, broad piece, inciting pleasure
and laughter.
The subjects of Greek and Latin com-
edy were far different, for in them there
was more morality than laughter, and
often as much of truth as of fable. Our
Moralities stand midway between comedy
and tragedy and our Farces are in reality
what the Latins caDed Mimes, or Pria-
peet, the purpose and end of which was
unrestrained laughter, for every licence
was permitted, as is nowadays the case
with our own farces.
JEAN DE LA TAILLE
Jean de la Taille was born at Bonda-
roy about 1540. His noble birth and
good education enabled him to make a
name for himself, which he did, both as
soldier and man of letters. He studied
at first under Muret, then entered the
law department of the University of
Orleans. But his interest in literature
led him to abandon his profession. It is
sure that he was influenced by Ronsard
and Du Bellay. Regarding his military
exploits, we know that he was in camp
near Blois in 1563, in the battle of Dreux,
at Arnay-le-Duc with the Prince of Na-
varre, and at Loudun in 1568. After
Arnay-le-Duc he entered the service of
the Prince. He took cold after the battle
of Coutras, and died.
Taille was not merely a theorist, like
Sebillet, but a practising dramatist as
well. Although he disagreed with Se-
billet and maintained that the old French
farce and morality were ameres epiceries,
and that the true drama had scarcely
76
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
begun in France, he was none the less an
innovator. Perhaps his chief importance
consists in his having formulated the
third Unity, that of place. It is prob-
able that this was derived from Castel-
vetro's Poetica, which had just appeared
(1570). In common with other theorists,
he upheld the dignity of tragedy, and
lence and bloodshed on the stage. His
references to Aristotle mark the final ac-
ceptance in France of the Poetics,
On the drama:
Preface to Les Corrivaux (1562). Art
de la Tragedie, in Saul le furieux (1572).
Editions:
With the exception of the very rare
first edition of Taille's Saul le furieux
(1572) which contains the Art de la Tra-
gedie, there is only one edition, the re-
print of the Art by itself in Hugo Schlen-
sog's dissertation on the Lucelles of
Louis le Jars and Jacques Duhamel
(Freiburg i. Br., 1906). Taille's comedy
Les Corrivaux (1562) with prefatory
matter touching upon the drama, is re-
printed in the (Euvres (see below).
Taille's works, including two plays be-
sides those already mentioned, but ex-
cluding Saul and the Art de la Tragtdie,
and with a Notice on the author, are re-
printed: (Euvres, 4 vols., edited by Ren£
de Maulde (Paris, 1878).
On Taille and his works:
Prefaces to the editions cited.
A. Werner, Jean de la Taille und sein'
Saul le furieux (Leipzig, 1908).
G. Baguenaulr de Puchesse, Jean et
Jacques de la Taille (in Lectures et
Memoires de Sainte-Croix, vol., VI,
Orleans, '1889).
Biographie universelle, vol. 40 (Paris).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
THE ART OF TRAGEDY i
{Art de la trag&die (in) Saul le furieux]
(1572)
to the lot of France during your Civil
Wars, and the death of King Henry, and
the King his son, and the King of Na-
varre your uncle, and the deaths of so
many other princes, lords, knights and
gentlemen, are all so great and sorrowful
that one needs no other material with
which to make tragedies. Although such
things are the proper material for trag-
edy, they would only remind us of past
and present sorrows, and I shall willingly
leave them aside, preferring rather to
scribe the unhappiness of others than
our own. ... I now wish to dedicate to
you a tragedy about the most miserable
prince who ever wore crown, the first
whom God chose to rule over His peo-
ple. This is the first play I have ever
written. I wish here, in making this ded-
ication, to reveal to all one of the most
marvelous secrets of the whole Bible, one
1 Translated for the first time, with slight
abridgments, by the editor. — Ed.
of the greatest mysteries of that great
Lord of the World, and one of His most
terrible providences. In order that you
may enjoy the pleasure I desire for you
without further delay, it has occurred to
me to give you a sort of overture, and
some foretaste of the tragedy, by clarify-
ing the principal points, merely in touch-
ing upon them.
Tragedy is by no means a vulgar kind
of poetry; it is rather the most elegant,
beautiful, and excellent of all. Its true
province is the depiction of the pitiful
ruin of lords, the inconstancy of for-
tune, banishments, wars, pests, famines,
captivity, and the execrable cruelties of
tyrants; in short, tears and extreme mis-
ery. It does not treat of those things
which happen every day and for clear
reasons — such as a natural death, or the
death of a man by the hand of his
enemy, or an execution according to law,
— the result of one's just deserts.
Such occurrences do not easily move us,
JEAN DE LA TAILLE
77
would scarcely bring a tear to the eye.
This is because the true and only end
of tragedy is to move and arouse keenly
the passions of each of us; and to this
end the subject must be pitiful and poig-
nant in itself, and able at once to arouse
in us some passion, }, Such a subject is
the story of him who was made to eat
his own" sons, the father, though unwit-
tingly, being the sepulchre of his chil-
dren"; or of him who could find no exe-
cutioner to end his days and his sor-
rows, and was forced to perform the
terrible deed with his own hand. Nor
must the story treat of very bad lords,
who deserve punishment for their hor-
rible crimes; nor, for the same reason,
must it treat of the wholly good, men of
pure and upright lives, like Socrates —
even though he was unjustly poisoned.
This is why subjects of the sort will
always be cold, and unworthy the name
of tragedy. This is why the story of
Abraham, in which God merely tries
Abraham and pretends to make him sac-
rifice Isaac, is not a fit subject, because
there is no misfortune at the end. Like-
wise with the story of Goliath, the enemy
of Israel and of our religion; when
Goliath is killed by his enemy David, we
are so far from feeling compassion that
we are rather delighted and relieved.
The story, or play, must alway^be pre-
sented as occurring on the same day, in
the same time, and in the sameplace.
One must also be careful to do nothing
on the stage but what can easily and
decently be performed; no murders or
other "forms of death, pretended or
otherwise, for the audience will invar-
iably detect the trick. It was not art
when some one, with too little reverence,
performed the crucifixion of our great
Savior on the stage. As to those who
declare that a tragedy must always be
joyous at the first and sad at the end,
and a comedy (which is like a tragedy
as regards the art and general form,
but not the subject) be just the reverse,
let me tell them that this is not always
the case, among the great diversity of
subjects and manner of treating them in
both kinds. The principal point in trag-
edy is to know how to dispose and con-
struct it well, so that the story may
change, rise and fall, turning the minds
of the spectators hither and thither, al-
lowing them to see joy suddenly turned
to sorrow, and sorrow to joy, as hap-
pens in actual life. The story must be
well combined, interlaced, broken up, and
begun again, and most especially, con-
ducted at the end to the resolution and
point which the author originally de-
signed. Nor must there be anything in
it useless, superfluous, or out of place.
If the subject be taken from the divine
writings, avoid long discourses on the-
ology, for these are what detract from
the plot; they belong rather to a ser-
mon. And for the same reason, do not
introduce that sort of character which
is called Faincte [Invented] which never
existed, like Death, Truth, Avarice, the
World, and suchlike, for it would be
necessary to have people " invented " in
the same way to take pleasure in them.
So much for the subject. As for the art
necessary to treat it and write it down,
it must be divided into five acts, at
end of each of which the stage is free
of actors, and the sense perfectly clear.
There must be a chorus, that is, a com-
pany of men or women who, at the end
of the act, hold discourse upon what has
been said during it, and, above alL to
keep silent and yet express without
words what is happening off-stage. The
beginning of the story or subject, but
toward the middle, or the end (and this
is one of the principal secrets of the art
I am speaking of), after the manner of
the best ancient poets and their great
heroical works, in order that the audience
may not listen coldly, but with the at-
tention, born of the knowledge of the
beginning, and being in sight of the end
afterward. But it would take me too
long to outline in detail that which the
great Aristotle in his Poetics, and Hor-
ace after him (though not so adroitly)
has written at greater length than I,
who am attempting only to make clear
this matter to you; my discourse is not
intended for the ears of the very serious
and learned. I shall treat only of the
tragedies, comedies, farces, and morali-
ties (wherein there is often neither sense
nor reason, but only ridiculous dis-
courses and nonsense), and other sorts
of plays which are not constructed with
true art, as were the plays of Sophocles,
Euripides, and Seneca, and are conse-
78
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
nificant things, good merely as pastimes
for the lower classes, the common people,
and frivolous-minded. I wish that all
such trivial nonsense which spoils the
purity of our language, could be ban-
ished from France, and that we had
adopted and naturalized true tragedy and
comedy, which have scarcely become
known to us, and which would indeed in
French form possess what grace they
now have in Latin and Greek. I would
to heaven that our kings and great ones
knew what pleasure there is in hearing
recited and seeing acted a real tragedy
or comedy on a stage such as I could de-
vise, and which was formerly held in
such high esteem as a pleasure for the
Greeks and Romans. And I venture
to assert that such plays, simply acted
by intelligent actors who, with the
propriety of their acting and recita-
tion, in a language not smacking of
Latin, by a direct and fearless pro-
nunciation not reminiscent of the student
nor the pedant, and with none of the non-
sense of farce, would serve as the most
pleasant pastime to the great — when
they come for rest to the city, after ex-
ercising, hunting and hawking. Besides,
I do not care (in thus writing) about the
bitter malice and brutal contempt of
those who, because they are fighters, look
down upon men of letters, as if knowl-
edge and virtue, which reside only in the
spirit, enfeebled the body, the heart, and
the arms; and nobility were dishonored
by another sort of nobility, to wit, knowl-
edge.
Now, as France has not yet a true
tragedy, unless it be a translation, I pub-
lish this one, under your protecting
favor, Madame, as you are one of the
few of our time who protect the arts
and sciences, and in order to make your
name known to posterity, your kindness,
your knowledge and courtesy, and that
future generations may know that you
sometimes took notice of those who had
something to say besides the usual vul-
garities and barbarities of the ignor-
ant.2 . . .
2 It may be well to record the words
of at least one critic, probably the first in Eu-
rope, who vigorously protested against the
Unity of Time. In the Art poetique (1598) of
Fierre de Laudun d'Aigaliers, the author says:
" In the first place, this law, if it is observed
by any of the ancients, need not force us to
restrict our tragedies in any way, since we are
not bound by their manner of writing or by
the measure of feet and syllables with which
they compose their verses. In the second place,
if we were forced to observe this rigorous law,
we should fall into one of the greatest of ab-
surdities, by being obliged to introduce impos-
sible and incredible things in order to enhance
the beauty of our tragedies, or else they would
lack all grace; for besides being deprived of
matter, we could not embellish our poems with
long discourses and various interesting events.
In the third place, the action of the Troades,
an excellent tragedy by Seneca, could not have
occurred in one day, nor could even some of
the plays of Euripides or Sophocles. In the
fourth place, according to the definition al-
ready given [on the authority of Aristotle J,
tragedy is the recital of the lives of heroes, the
fortune and grandeur of kings, princes, and
others ; and all this could not be accomplished
in one day. Besides, a tragedy must contain
five acts, of which the first is joyous, and the
succeeding ones exhibit a gradual change as I
have already indicated above; and this change
a single day would not suffice to bring about.
In the fifth and last place, the tragedies in
which this rule is observed are not any better
than the tragedies in which it is not observed;
and the tragic poets, Greek and Latin, or even
French, do not and need not and cannot ob-
serve it, since very often in a tragedy the
whole life of a prince, king, emperor, noble,
or other person is represented ; — besides a
thousand other reasons which I could advance
if time permitted, but which must be left for
a second edition." Translated by J. E. Spin-
garn, in his History of Literary Criticism in
the Renaissance.
Ronsard's brief plea on behalf of the Unity
of Time (in the Premiere Pre" face to La Fran-
ciade, 1572) runs as follows: "Tragedy and
comedy are circumscribed and limited to a
short space of time, that is, to one whole day.
The most excellent masters of this craft com-
mence their works from one midnight to an-
other, and not from sunrise to sunset, in order
to have greater compass and length of time."
(Translated by Spingarn, in the book cited
above.) — Ed.
SPAIN
Spanish Dramatic Criticism of the Golden Age 81
Spanish Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and
Twentieth Centuries 82
Bibliography 83
Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra 85
Bibliography 86
Don Quixote [Don Quixote] anonymous translation (1605). Ex-
tracts from Chap. 48 86
Lope de Vega 88
Bibliography 88
The New Art of Making Plays in This Age [Arte nuevo le hacer
comedias en este tiempo] translated by William T. Brewster.
(1609.) Complete text 89
Tirso de Molina [Gabriel Tellez] 93
Bibliography 93
The Orchards of Toledo [Cigarrales de Toledo'] translated by Wini-
fred Ayres Hope. (1624.) Extracts 94
SPANISH DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE GOLDEN AGE
Spanish literature as a whole has been
rather freer from outside influence than
that of other nations. The drama of the
great age — the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries — was decidedly
unclassic. The masterpieces of Lope de
Vega and Calderon are, compared with
the masterpieces of Corneille and Ra-
cine, shapeless and crude; they re-
semble rather the plays of the Eliza-
bethans. The earliest Spanish criticism
touching upon the theory of the drama
are: the Arte de Trobar (written 1423,
and later known as the Arte cinoria)
of Enrique, Marquis (?) de Villena; the
Preface to The Proverbs (1437) the
Letter to the Constable of Portugal, of
the Marquis de Santillana; and the Arte
of Juan del Encina. The first of these
was finished in 1434, the next two about
the same time, while the last was pub-
lished in 1496. Argore de Molina wrote
a treatise on poetics which he prefixed to
his Conde Lucanor (1575). But Spanish
criticism proper did not begin until to-
ward the close of the sixteenth century.
Juan Diaz (or Alfonso) Rengifo's Arte
Poetica Espanola (1592), was a standard
treatise on rhetoric, and was derived for
the most part from Italian Renaissance
critics.i Alfonso Lopez [El Pinciano]
published in 1596 his Filosofla Antigua
Poetica, in effect a protest against the
prevailing "irregular" drama; Juan de
la Cueva finished the writing of his
in 1774) ; Carvallo published his Cisne de
A polo in 1602; Luis Carillo his Libro de
Erudicion Poitica in 1611; while Cas-
cales' Tablas poeticas did not appear
until 1616. All these works are unmis-
takably Italian in origin, and such ele-
ments of classicism as are found in them
are derived through Minturno, Scaliger,
Robortello, and their contemporaries
l A curious and valuable document of the
time, though not dealing with dramatic tech-
nique, is El viage entrenido (1603-04) of
Agustin de Rojas Villandrando. — Ed.
8i
Juan de Mariana's Tratado contra lot
Juegos Publico* (1609) may be men-
tioned among the attacks on the drama
of the day. (An earlier attack, De
Bege, appeared ten years before.) In
1609 Lope de Vega published his famous
manifesto, the Arte neuvo de hazer come-
dian en este tiempo, which was a protest
against the rules, especially the Unities.
Cervantes' attack on Lope s practice ap-
peared in the 48th chapter of Don
Quixote, part I, which was published in
however, and a number of " defenders "
of the form in which he had succeeded,
published their justifications of his dra-
matic methods. The most interesting of
these defenses is found in the Cigarrales
de Toledo of the dramatist Tirso de
Molina, which was published in 1624.
Before this defense appeared, however,
Lope had been defended by Francesco
de la Barreda (in his Invectiva y Apolo-
gia, 1622), Julius Columbarius (in his
Expostulate Spongiae — 1618), Alfonso
Sanchez; and by Carlos Boil and " Ric-
ardo del Turia" (Pedro Juan de Rejaule
y Toledo). Boil's Romance a un licen-
ciado que desebea hacer comedian, and
Turia's Apologetico de lag comedian es-
panolas both appeared in the Norte de
la Poenia espanola (1616). In the Dedi-
cation to his play Pampeyo (1618)
Christ6val de Mesa protests against the
licence of Lope's dramas. There is an-
other in Cristobal Suarez de Figueroa's
El Pasagero (1618). Among the later
manifestos may be mentioned Diego de
Colmenares' Centura de Lope de Vega
Carpio, o dincurso de la nueva poenia,
con una respuesta (1630), Gonzales de
Salas' Neuva Idea de la Tragedia An-
tigua, etc. (1633), and Juan Perez de
Montalban's Prologue to the first volume
of his Comedian (1638), his Para Todos
(1632), Jos£ Pellicer de Salas de Tovar's
Idea de la Comedia de Costilla (1639).
Calderon, the dominating figure of the
mid-seventeenth century, is said to have
82
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
written on the drama, but his Defensa de
la comedia has not yet been published.
The various Prefaces contain very little
dramatic theory. One of the most im-
portant critics of the period was the cele-
brated Balthazar Gracian, whose Agu-
deza y certe de ingenio was published in
1648. In 1650 appeared Diego Vich's
Breve discurso de las Comedias y de su
representation. With the decline of the
drama came a corresponding decline of
dramatic criticism and theory. Not until
the advent of Luzan was there any out-
standing Art of Poetry, criticism, or
preface.
The Eighteenth Century
The eighteenth century in Spain marks
the decline of the Golden Age of Spanish
drama, and the ascendancy of foreign,
chiefly French, influence. The outstand-
ing figure is Luzan, whose Poetica was
published in 1737. It was the author's
purpose to make Spanish poetry con-
form to " rules prevailing among the cul-
tured nations." He drew largely upon
Boileau, Aristotle and the contemporary
Italian critics: Muratori, Gravina, etc.
His ideas were opposed in the Diaro de
los Literatos de Espana, founded in 1737
by Francisco Manuel de Huerta y Vega
and Juan Martinez Salafranca, and Leo-
poldo Geronimo Puig. He was likewise
defended, in the same paper, by Jose
Gerardo de Hervas y Cobo de la Torre,
who in 1742 wrote a Satira contra los
rnalos escritores de su tiempo. Feyjoo's
magazine, in imitation of the Spectator,
the Teatro Critico universal, first ap-
peared in 1726, and continued until 1739.
His Cartas eruditas y curiosas (1740-60)
went far to disseminate European ideas
of literature into Spain. Martin Sar-
miento is the author of a posthumous
Memorias para la historia de la poesia, y
poetas espanoles (1745). In 1749 Bias
de Nasarre wrote a preface (Dissertation
o prologo) to two of Cervantes' plays,
and attempted to discredit the old plays
of Spain. Joseph Carillo attacked
Nasarre the following year in his Sin
Razon itnpugnada, and Zabaleta in his
Discurso critico (1750) defended Lope
and his school. In the same year,
Thomas de Yriarte published a transla-
tion of Horace's Ars Poetica. Mon-
tiano y Luyando furthered the work of
gallicizing Spanish literature in his de-
fense of the French rules as used in his
plays; his Discurso sobre las Tragedias
appeared in 1750; one of comedies being
published the same year, and a third in
1753. Among the more pedantic writ-
ings was the Betorica (1757) of Greg-
orio Mayans y Siscar, chiefly derived
from the Latins. Luis Joseph Velazquez
published his Origines de la Poesia Cas-
tellana three years before. Nicolas Fer-
nandez de Moratin, a dramatist of un-
equal power, wrote a number of trac-
tates and prefaces, some of which de-
fended his own plays, while others at-
tacked the old autos, which were at the
time prohibited. In 1762 he plead for
the French rules in the preface of his
unsuccessful play, La Petimetra. The
same year he published three discourses,
chief among which was the Desengano al
Teatro Espafwl. In 1770 he published
the preface to his play Hortnesinda,
which was written, however, by Bernas-
cone. It was attacked by Juan Pelaez
in the Beparos sobre la Tragedia in-
tinued, and in 1773 Sebastian y Latre
issued a defense of the Unities in his
Ensayo sobre el Teatro Espanol. The
publication, in 1785-86, of Vicente Gar-
cia de la Huerta's selection of old plays
in his Theatro Hespanol, and the pre-
faces, especially the Escena Espanola
defendida (1786), called down upon him
the wrath of a number of writers, who
blamed him for omitting such dramatists
as Lope de Vega, Tirso, and Alarc6n.
The tracts and pamphlets of the time
were numerous, though few of them are
of any value. Among Huerta's antag-
onists may be mentioned Forner, Sanian-
Sego, Yriarte and Jovellanos. The
popular dramatist, Ramon de la Cruz,
especially in his preface to the Teatro
(1786-91), did much to free the drama
from formal restrictions. He was also
the first to introduce Shakespeare to his
country. His version of Hamlet is
dated 1772. Leandro Fernandez de
Moratin, one of the best dramatists of
the late eighteenth century, was an ar-
version of Hamlet in 1798*), and of
Moliere. His early plays were written
according to the French " rules," but he
SPANISH DRAMATIC CRITICISM
83
soon freed himself, and in his prefaces
and pamphlets declared the independence
of the stage. His plays, Derotta de los
Pedantes (1789), and the Nueva Drama
(1792) are attacks on dramatists and out-
worn rules. In the Prologo of the first
part of the second volume of his Works,
he further discusses his theories. The
Duke of Almodovar went still further in
destroying the old Spanish tradition; his
Letras en Francia appeared in 1781.
nlxeteexth akd twentieth
Centuries
The modern epoch in Spain produced
many dramatists: from the very begin-
nings to the present time Spain's
dramatic output has been uninterrupted.
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries,
however, contributed little beyond the
plays themselves, and recently, a mass of
historical erudition. The Romantic im-
petus from France was felt early in
Spain, with the dramatist Martinez de la
Rosa, who was followed by the Duke de
Revas, and Antonio Garcia Gutierrez
Zorilla, and Tamayo y Baus, all repre-
sentatives of the drama during the first
half of the century.
The recent drama — with Jose Eche-
garay and Benito Perez-Galdos pre-
eminent — held its own with that of mod-
ern nations, and the twentieth century
boasts at least a dozen younger drama-
tists. Chief among the critics and his-
torians is Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo,
whose Historia de las ideas esteticas en
Espana belongs to the eighties.
General references on Spanish Litera-
ture:
George Ticknor, History of Spanish Lit-
erature, 3 vols. (6th ed., Boston, 1888.
corrections, by Gayangos and Yedia, 4
J. C. L. S. de Sismondi, De la Literature
du midi de I' Europe (3rd ed., 4 vols.,
Paris, 1829. Translated as Historical
View of the Literature of the South
of Europe, 2 vols. Bonn ed., London,
1853).
James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of
Spanish Literature (London, 1898).
, Bibliographie de I'histoire de la
littirature espagnole (Paris, 1913).
Heinrieh Morf, Die romanishen Litera-
turen uml Sprachen (Berlin, 1909).
F. Wolf, Studien zur Geschichte der
spanischen und portugiesischen Na-
tionalliteratur (Berlin, 1859).
H. B. Clarke, Spanish Literature: an
Elementary Handbook (2nd ed., Lon-
don, 1909).
Rudolf Beer, Spanische Literatur-
geschichte, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1903).
Angel Salcedo y Ruiz, La Literatura
Espanola, 3 vols. (2nd ed., Madrid,
1915-16).
Ernest Merimee, Pricis d'histoire de la
littirature espagnole (Paris, 1908).
Julio Cejador y Frauca, Historia de la
lengua y literatura castellana, 5 vols,
Hispanic Society of America (pub.)
Biblioyraphie hispanique (New York,
annual nos. 1905 to date).
P. Bouterwek, History of Spanish Liter-
ature (Trans, by T. Ross, London,
1847).
P. A. Becker, Geschichte der spanishen
Literatur (Strassburg, 1904).
Spanish Literature [a bibliography] (in
Pratt Institute Lectures, nos. 30-31,
Brooklyn, 1894-95).
William Hanssler, A Handy Biblio-
graphical Guide to the Study of the
Spanish Language and Literature, etc.
(St Louis, 1915).
A. Puibusque, Histoire comparee des lit-
teWatures espagnole et francaise, 2
vols. (Paris, 1843).
B. de los Rios de Lamperez, Del siglo
1910).
M. Menendez y Pelayo, Estudios de
critica literaria, 5 vols. (Madrid, 1893-
1908).
Boris de Tannenberg, L'Espagne lit-
teraire, portraits d'hier et d'aujourd'-
hui (Paris, 1903).
A. Morel-Fatio, L'Espagne au XVI* et
au XVII' siecle (Heilbronn, 1878).
, Etudes sur I'Espagne, 2 vols. (2nd
ed., Paris, 1895-1906).
84
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
P. F. B. Garcia, La Literatura espanola
en el siglo XIX (Madrid, 1891).
Jose Manuel Aicardo, De literatura con-
General references on Spanish drama:
el Origen y progresos de la Comedia
y del histrionismo en Espana (Madrid,
1804).
A. F. von Schack, Geschichte des drama-
tischen Literatur und Kunst in
Spanien, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1845-46).
, Nachtrdge, etc. (Frankfurt a/M.,
1854).
ischen Nationaldramas, 2 vols. (Leip-
zig, 1890).
Franz Grillparzer, Studien zum span-
ischen Theater (in vol. 17, Cotta ed.
Grillparzers sdmtliche Werke).
Louis de Viel-Castel, Essai sur le ThMtre
espagnol, 2 vols. (Paris, 1882).
Jose Yxart, El arte esce"nico en Espana
C. A. de la Barrera y Leirado, Catdlogo
bibliogrdfico del teatro antiguo Es-
pahol desde sus origenes hasta med-
John Chorley, Notes on the National
Drama in Spain (Fraser's Magazine,
London, July, 1859).
Cotarelo y Mori, Bibliografla de las con-
troversias sobre la Licitud del Teatro
M. Damas-Hinard, Discours sur Vhis-
toire et Vesprit du theatre espagnol
(Paris, 1847).
J. Ebner, Zur Geschichte des klassischen
Dramas in Spanien (Passau, 1908).
Juan Nicolas Bohl von Faber, Teatro
Espanol anterior d Lope de Vega
(Hamburgo, 1832).
Alfred Gassier, Le ThMtre espagnol
(Paris, 1898).
Antonio Canovas del Castillo, El Teatro
espanol (Barcelona, 1906).
M. A. Fee, Etudes sur Vancien thMtre
espagnol (Paris, 1873).
Manuel Cafiete, Teatro Espanol del siglo
G. H. Lewes, The Spanish Drama (Lon-
don, 1845).
H. Lucas, Le ThMtre espagnol (Paris,
1851).
A. Morel-Fatio and L. Rouanet, Le
ThMtre espagnol (Paris, 1900).
Jos6 Francos Rodriguez, El Teatro en
J. Sanchez Arjona, Noticias referentes
d los anales del teatro en Sevilla desde
Lope de Rueda hasta fines del siqlo
XVII (Sevilla, 1898).
A. Ludwig Stiefel, Spanisches Drama bis
1800 (in Kritischer Jahresbericht uber
die Fortschritte der romanischen
Philologie, vol. 7, 1905).
Thomas de Erauso y Zavaleta, Discurso
Critico sobre . . . las Comedias de Es-
C. Perez Pastor, Nuevos Datos acerca
del Histrionismo espanol en los siglos
Henri Merimee, L'Art dramatique a Va-
lencia, depuis les origines jusqu' a«
commencement du XVIIe siecle (Tou-
louse, 1913).
The. G. Ahrens, Zur Charakteristik des
spanischen Dramas im Anfang des
XVII. Jahrhunderts (Halle, 1911).
M. Damis-Hinard, Le ThMtre espagnol
au siecle d'or (Paris, 1853).
David Hannay, The Later Renaissance
(New York, 1898).
A. Morel-Fatio, La Comedia espagnole
du XVII" siecle (Paris, 1885).
, Les defenseurs de la Comedia (in
the Bulletin hispanique Bordeaux,
1902).
H. A. Rennert, The Spanish Stage in the
Time of Lope de Vega (New York,
1909).
A. Anaya, An Essay on Spanish Liter-
ature . . . followed by a History of
the Spanish Drama (London, 1818).
L. Viardot, Etudes sur Vhistoire des in-
stitutions de la UttSrature, du thMtre,
et des beaux-arts en Espagne (Paris,
1835).
J.-J.-A. Bertrand, L. Tieck et le thMtre
espagnol (Paris, 1914).
Henry Lyonnet, Le ThMtre en Espagne
(Paris, 1897).
Manuel Bueno, Teatro Espaiiol contem-
A. J. Bastinos, Arte dramdtico espanol
contempordneo (Barcelona, 1914).
F. W. Chandler, Aspects of Modern
Drama (New York, 1914).
Barrett H. Clark, The Continental Drama
of Today (2nd ed., New York, 1914).
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES Y SAAVEDRA
85
References on Spanish criticism:
Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, Historia
de las Ideas estt'ticas en Espaua, 9
vols. (2nd ed., Madrid, 1890, and fol-
lowing) .
F. Fernandez y Gonzalez, Historia de la
Critica literaria en Espana, etc. (Ma-
drid, 1870).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
H. Breitinger, Les Unites d'Aristote
avant le Cid de Corneille (Geneve,
1895).
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES Y SAAVEDRA
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was
born at Alcala de Henares in 1547. In
all probability Miguel was with his
father and the rest of the family in
Madrid, Seville, and again, in 1556, Ma-
drid. It was in this city that he first
met Lope de Rueda, one of the early
Spanish dramatists. In 15G9 Cervantes'
first work — six small poems — appeared
in a large collection edited by Cervantes'
supposed schoolmaster, Juan Lopez de
Hoyos. Toward the end of the same
year, Cervantes was in Rome with Car-
dinal Acquaviva. It is probable that in
1570 he enlisted in the regular army,
that the following year he was on board
the iJarquesa during the Battle of Le-
panto, and that he was wounded. He
returned to Messina and recuperated, and
was, in 157-2, transferred to another regi-
ment. He spent the greater part of the
ensuing three years in Palermo and Na-
ples. In 1575 he was granted leave to
and his brother embarked was captured
by pirates, the passengers carried into
slavery and placed under guard at Al-
giers. During the next two years he
made two or three unsuccessful at-
tempts to escape, and in 1577 was bought
by the Viceroy. Several attempts on>
the part of Cervantes and his family to
free him, proved fruitless, until in 1580
a ransom was raised and he went
to Constantinople; thence he returned to
Spain. During the next few years he
wrote a number of plays. In 1584 he
married and the following year published
his novel, Galatea. In 1587 Cervantes
went to Seville to assist in the provis-
ioning of the Armada, for he found it
impossible to make a living by writing.
He was employed in the commissary de-
partment until 1590, when he applied to
the king for a position in the American
colonies, but was refused. Two years
later he was imprisoned for an unknown
reason, but was soon released. He was
continually getting into financial diffi-
culties with the government, and was
finally dismissed. Between the publica-
tion of the Galatea and Don Quixote, in
1605, Cervantes had written only a few
occasional poems. Don Quixote was im-
mediately successful, though the author
next few years he wrote very little. In
1612 he became reconciled with Lope de
Vega, whom he had criticized in Don
Quixote. The next year he published his
Xovelas exemplares, in 1614 the Viage
del Parnaso. In 1615 he published a
volume of plays and entremeses. with an
interesting preface. Meanwhile a second
appearance in 1614, in which the author,
who called himself Alonso Fernandez de
Avellaneda, tried to cover the subjects
which Cervantes had announced in the
first part. In all probability this im-
posture set Cervantes to work, for in
1615 the true second part appeared.
While he was engaged in publishing
his Persiles y Siyismunda he died, in
1616.
Cervantes' importance as a critic of
the drama lies in his having set himself
against the national type of drama.
There may have been some personal
animus in his attack, as Lope de Vega
had referred slightingly to him a short
86
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
time before the publication of Don
Quixote, and Lope was the chief repre-
sentative of the popular drama. It is
rather odd, too, that many of Cervantes'
own plays were written more or less in
the manner of Lope. The famous pas-
sage on the drama (Chapter 48 of the
first part) contains, as has been pointed
out, a curious parallel to Sidney's stric-
tures on English drama, particularly
where he speaks of the absurdity of the
violation of the Unity of Time.
On the drama:
Don Quixote, part 1, chapter 48 (1605).
Viage del Parnaso (1614).
Preface to Ocho comedias y ocho en-
tremeses nuevos (1615).
Editions:
The first part of Don Quixote was pub-
lished at Madrid in 1605. There are
innumerable editions, among the best
of which is that in the Hartzenbusch
edition of the Obras completas, 1-2 vols.
Works are in course of publication,
under the editorship of James Fitz-
maurice-Kelly, 8 vols. (Glasgow, 1901-
06). Among the editions of Don Quix-
ote may be mentioned those of
and Fitzmaurice-Kelley and Ormsby,
2 vols. (London, 1899-1900). English
translations by Shelton, Motteux,
Smollett and Ormsby (numerous mod-
ern editions). There is a French
translation of some of Cervantes'
plays, together with the Preface re-
ferred to: ThSdtre de Michel Cer-
vantes, translated by Alphonse Itoyer
(Paris, n. d.). The Viage del Parnaso,
with an interesting appendix, is trans-
lated by James Y. Gibson (London,
1883).
On Cervantes and his works:
Leopold Rius, Biblografia critica de las
obras de Miguel de Cervantes Saave-
Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Vida de
rid, 1819).
James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Miguel de Cer-
vantes Saavedra, a Memoir (Oxford,
1913).
M. A. Buchanan, Cervantes as a Drama-
tist (in Modern Language Notes, vol.
33, 1908).
N. Diaz de Escovar, Apuntes escenicos
Marcel Dieulafoy, Le The'dtre e'difiant
(Paris, 1907).
S. Salas Garrido, Exposicion de los ideas
esteticas de Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra (Malaga, 1905).
DON QUIXOTE i
[Don Quixote]
(1605)
". . . . I was discouraged, too, when-
ever I reflected on the present state of
the drama, and the absurdity and inco-
herence of most of our modern comedies,
whether fictitious or historical; for the
actor and author both say that they must
please the people, and not produce com-
positions which can only be appreciated
by half a score of men of sense; and
that they would rather gain subsistence
by the many than reputation by the few.
What other fate, then, could I expect
but that, after racking my brains to
produce a reasonable work, I should get
1 Reprinted extracts from the anonymous
translation of Don Quixote (New York, n. d.).
— Ed.
nothing but my labor for my pains? I
theatrical managers that they would not
only gain more credit, but eventually
find it much more advantageous to pro-
duce better dramas; but they will not
listen to reason. Conversing one day
with a fellow of this kind, I said, ' Do you
not remember that, a few years since,
three tragedies were produced which
both the ignorant and the wise, the vul-
gar as well as the cultivated; and that
by those three pieces the players gained
more than by thirty of the best which
have since been represented?' 'I sup-
pose you mean the Isabella, Phyllis, and
(Ml
ich
Led
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES Y SAAVEDRA
87
Alexandra' he replied. 'The same,' said
1 ; ' And pray recollect, that although they
were written in strict conformity to the
rules of art, they were successful: the
whole blame, therefore, is not to be as-
cribed to the taste of the vulgar. There
is nothing absurd, for instance, in the
play of Ingratitude Revenged, nor in the
Xuman'ta, nor in the Merchant Lover,
much less in the Favorable Enemy, or in
some others composed by ingenious poets,
to their own renown and the profit of
Bm»c who acted them.' To these I added
other arguments, which I thought in some
degree perplexed him, but were not so
convincing as to make him reform his
erroneous practice."
" Signor Canon," said the priest, " you
have touched upon a subject which has
revived in me an old grudge I have borne
against our modern plays, scarcely less
than I feel towards books of chivalry;
for though the drama, according to
Cicero, ought to be the mirror of human
life, an exemplar of manners and an im-
age of truth, those which are now pro-
duced are mirrors of inconsistency, pat-
terns of folly, and images of licentious-
ness. What, for instance, can be more
absurd than the introduction in the first
scene of the first act of a child in swad-
dling clothes, that in the second makes
his appearance as a bearded man? Or
to represent an old man valiant, a young
man cowardly, a footman rhetorician, a
page a privy councillor, a king a water
carrier, and a princess a scullion? Nor
are they more observant of place than of
time. I have seen a comedy, the first
act of which was laid in Europe, the
second in Asia, and the third in Africa;
and had there been four acts, the fourth
would doubtless have been in America.
If truth of imitation be an important
requisite in dramatic writing, how can
anyone with a decent share of under-
standing bear to see an action which
passed in the reign of King Pepin or
Charlemagne ascribed to the Emperor
Heraclius, who is introduced carrying the
cross into Jerusalem, or receiving the
holy sepulchre, like Godfrey of Boulogne,
though numberless years had elapsed be-
tween these actions? and. when the piece
is founded on fiction, to see historical
events mingled with facts relating to dif-
ferent persons and times? — and, all this
without any appearance of probability,
but, on the contrary, full of the grossest
absurdity? And yet there are people
who think all this perfection, and call
everything else mere pedantry. The
sacred dramas, too — how they are made
to abound with faults and incomprehen-
sible events, frequently confounding the
miracles of one saint with those of an-
other; indeed, they are often introduced
in plays on profane subjects, merely to
please the people. Thus is our natural
taste degraded in the opinion of culti-
vated nations, who, judging by the ex-
travagance and absurdity of our produc-
tions, conceive us to be in a state of ig-
norance and barbarism. It is not a suf-
ficient excuse to say that the object in
permitting theatrical exhibitions being
chiefly to provide innocent recreation for
the people, it is unnecessary to limit and
restrain the dramatic author within strict
rules of composition; for I affirm that
the same object is, beyond all compar-
ison, more effectually attained by legiti-
mate work. The spectator of a good
drama is amused, admonished, and im-
proved by what is diverting, affecting
and moral in the representation; he is
cautioned against deceit, corrected by ex-
ample, incensed against vice, stimulated
to the love of virtue. Such are the effects
produced by dramatic excellence; but
they are not to be expected on our pres-
ent ?tage, although we have many au-
thors perfectly aware of the prevailing
defects, but who justify themselves by
saying that, in order to make their works
saleable, they must write what the thea-
ter will purchase. We have a proof of
this even in the happiest genius of our
country, who has written an infinite num-
ber of dramatic works with such vivacity
and elegance of style, such loftiness of
sentiment, and richness of elocution, that
his fame has spread over the world;
nevertheless, in conforming occasionally
to the bad taste of the present day, his
productions are not all equally excel-
lent. Besides the errors of taste, some
authors have indulged in public and pri-
vate scandal, insomuch that the actors
have been obliged to abscond. These and
every other inconvenience would be ob-
viated if some intelligent and judicious
person of the court were appointed to
examine all plays before they are acted,
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
and without whose approbation none
should be performed. Thus guarded, the
comedian might act without personal
risk, and the author would write with
more circumspection; and by such a
regulation, works of merit might be
more frequent, to the benefit and honor
of the country. And, in truth, were the
same or some other person appointed to
examine all future books of chivalry, we
might hope to see some more perfect
productions of this kind to enrich our
language, and which, superseding the old
romances, would afford rational amuse-
ment, not only to the idle alone, but to
the active; for the bow cannot remain
always bent, and relaxion both of body
and mind, is indispensable to all."
(I, 48).
FELIX LOPE DE VEGA CARPIO
Lope Felix de Vega Carpio — better
known simply as Lope de Vega — was
born at Madrid in 1562. According to
all accounts, he was very precocious; he
himself claims to have written a four-act
play at the age of twelve. Very little
is known of his youth except that he
became a page in the service of the
Bishop of Carthagena, and 'that he went
to the University at Alcala de Henares.
When he left the University — probably
in 1581 — he worked under Geronimo
Velazquez, a theater manager in Madrid.
In 1583 he became a member of the Ex-
pedition to the Azores. On his return, he
had begun to acquire a reputation as a
poet and dramatist. In 1588 he was ban-
ished temporarily for writing libels. He
went to Valencia, but shortly after re-
turned to Madrid, and carried off and
married the daughter of a former regidor
of the city. They went to Lisbon,
whence Lope embarked in the Armada,
on the San Juan. During the stormy
voyage and in the midst of the combat
Lope was writing with the utmost assid-
uity. When he returned to Spain he
settled at Valencia, where he continued
to write. In 1590 he left and went to
Alba de Tonnes, where he became secre-
tary to the Duke of Alba. After the
death of his wife, probably in 1595, Lope
left Alba de Tormes and went to
Madrid, where he married again in 1598,
the same year in which he published his
novel, the Arcadia. He continued to
publish poems, novels and epics. About
the year 1609 Lope seems to have
turned his thoughts toward religion, and
in that year he describes himself as a
Familiar of the Inquisition. The follow-
ing year he entered a monastery and in
1614 was admitted to the order, after the
death of his son and wife. But, as ever,
he found time to make love, write poems
and plays, and participate in state func-
tions. Toward the end of his life, he
seems to have been overcome by remorse,
after the death of one of his favorite
mistresses and the drowning of another
son. He died in 1635. Throughout his
long career he wrote plays, the number
of which ranges somewhere between
twelve and twenty-five hundred.
Lope is primarily important as a
dramatist, though in his prefaces, dedi-
cations, and verses, and above all in his
Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este
tiempo (probably 1609), he had clear
vision and common sense as a critic of
his own work. His Arte nuevo is a
document of the utmost importance, be-
cause it voices the sentiments of the
greater part of the dramatists and public
of the time. It is an explanation and
justification of the free and unclassic
romantic drama of the Golden Age of
Spain.
On the drama:
Prefaces and dedications to the various
Comedias, especially in Partes IX
(1618), XIII (1620), XVII (1622),
XIX (1627), and XXIII (1638).
These are reprinted in Obras ed. by
Menendez y Pelayo and the Real Acad-
emia Kspaiiola, 13 vols. (Madrid, 1890-
1902). The Arte nuevo de hacer
comedias en este tiempo originally ap-
LOPE DE VEGA
89
peared in the Rimas (Madrid, 1609).
The Rimas are published in fac-simile
bv the Hispanic Society of America
("New York, 1903). The Arte by
Morel-Fatio, with notes, in the Bulletin
hispanique (Paris, Oct.-Dec., 1904).
It is translated as The Xew Art of
Making Plays in This Age, by Wil-
liam T. Brewster, with an introduction
by Brander Matthews (Dramatic Mu-
seum of Columbia University, New
York, 1914).
On Lope de Vega and his works:
Perez de Montalban, Fama Postuma
— , Para todos (Madrid, 1632).
Henry Richard, Lord Holland, Some Ac-
count of the Lives and Writings of
Lope Felix de Vega Carpio and Guil-
len de Castro (London, 1817).
Cayetano Alberto de la Barrera, Nueva
Biografia de Lope de Vega (Madrid,
1890).
Alfred Morel-Fatio, Les Origines de
Lope de Vega (In the Bulletin his-
panique, VII, p. 38, Paris, 1905).
Cristobal Perez Pastor, Datos descono-
cidos para la Vida de Lope de Vega
(In Homenaje d Menendez y Pelayo.
Madrid, 1900. New ed. in Tomillo's
Proceso de Lope de Vega, etc., Madrid,
1901).
Hugo Albert Rennert, The Life of Lope
de Vega (London, 1904).
, The Spanish Stage in the Time of
Lope de Vega (New York, 1909).
James Fitzmaiirice-Kelly, Lope de Vega
and the Spanish Drama (London,
1902).
Camille Le Senne and Guillot de Saix,
Lope de Vega, L'Etoile de Seville.
Etude et version francaise integrals.
Preface par Henry Roujon (Paris,
1912).
Brander Matthews, Introduction to The
Xt-io Art of Writing Plays, etc. (Xew
York, 19U).
Camille Pitollet, La Poetique de Lope
(In Le Siecle, Paris, Nov., 1905).
THE NEW ART OF WRITING PLAYS IN THIS AGEi
[Arte wuevo de hacer comedies en este tiempo]
(1609)
1. You command me, noble spirits,
flower of Spain, — who in this congress
and renowned academy will in short
space of time surpass not only the as-
semblies of Italy which Cicero, envious
of Greece, made famous with his own
name, hard by the Lake of Avernus, but
also Athens, where in the Lyceum of
Plato was seen high conclave of philos-
ophers, — to write you an art of the play
which is to-day acceptable to the taste of
the crowd.
2. Easy seems this subject, and easy it
would be for any one of you who had
written very few comedies, and who
knows more about the writing of them
and of all these things; for what con-
demns me in this task is that I have
written them without art.
3. Not because I was ignorant of the
precepts; thank God, even while I was a
1 Translated by "William T. Brewster in the
Papers on Plauilakinn I, with an introduction
by Brander Matthews (Dramatic Museum of
Columbia University, New York, 1914),
tyro in grammar, I went through the
books which treated the subject, before
I had seen the sun run its course ten
times from the Ram to the Fishes;
4. But because, in fine, I found that
comedies were not at that time, in Spain,
as their first devisers in the world
thought that they should be written;
but rather as many rude fellows man-
aged them, who confirmed the crowd in
its crudeness; and so they were intro-
duced in such wise that he who now
writes them artistically dies without fame
and guerdon; for custom can do more
among those who lack light of art than
reason and force.
5. True it is that I have sometimes
written in accordance with the art which
few know; but, no sooner do I see com-
ing from some other source the mon-
strosities full of painted scenes where
the crowd congregates and the women
when I have to write a comedy I lock in
•go
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
the precepts with six keys, I banish Ter-
tence and Plautus from my study, that
they may not cry out at me; for truth,
«even in dumb books, is wont to call aloud ;
.and I write in accordance with that art
which they devised who aspired to the
applause of the crowd; for, since the
crowd pays for the comedies, it is fitting
to talk foolishly to it to satisfy its
taste.
6. Yet the comedy has its end estab-
lished like every kind of poem or poetic
art, and that has always been to imitate
the actions of men and to paint the
customs of their age. Furthermore, all
poetic imitation whatsoever is composed
of three things, which are discourse,
agreeable verse, harmony, that is to say
music, which so far was common also to
tragedy; comedy being diiferent from
tragedy in that it treats of lowly and
plebeian actions, and tragedy of royal
and great ones. Look whether there be
in our comedies few failings.
7. Auto was the name given to them,
for they imitate the actions and the
doings of the crowd. Lope de Rued a
was an example in Spain of these princi-
ples, and to-day are to be seen in print
prose comedies of his so lowly that he
introduces into them the doings of
mechanics and the love of the daughter
of a smith; whence there has remained
the custom of calling the old comedies
entremeses, where the art persists in all
its force, there being one action and
that between plebeian people; for an en-
tremes with a king has never been seen.
And thus it is shown how the art, for
very lowness of style, came to be held in
great disrepute, and the king in the com-
edy to be introduced for the ignorant.
8. Aristotle depicts in his Poetics, —
although obscurely. — the beginning of
comedy; the strife between Athens and
Megara as to which of them was the first
inventor; they of Megara say that it was
Epicarmus, while Athens would have it
that Maynetes was the man. ^Elius
Donatus says it had its origin in ancient
sacrifices. He names Thespis as the
author of tragedy, — following Horace,
who affirms the same, — as of com-
edies, Aristophanes. Homer composed
the Odyssey in imitation of comedy, but
the Iliad was a famous example of
tragedy, in imitation of what I called
my Jerusalem an epic, and added the
term tragic; and in the same manner
all people commonly term the Inferno,
the Purgatorio, and the Paradiso of the
celebrated poet, Dante Alighieri, a.
comedy, and this Manetti recognizes in
his prologue.
9. Now, everybody knows that comedy,
as if under suspicion, was silenced for
a certain time, and that hence also sa-
tire was born, which being more cruel,
more quickly came to an end, and gave
place to the New Comedy. The chor-
uses were the first things; then the fixed
number of the characters was intro-
duced; but Menander, whom Terence fol-
lowed, held the choruses in despite, as
offensive. Terence was more circum-
spect as to the principles; since he never
elevated the style of comedy to the great-
ness of tragedy, which many have con-
demned as vicious in Plautus; for in this
respect Terence was more wary.
10. Tragedy has as its argument his-
tory, and comedy fiction; for this rea-
son it was called flat-footed, of humble
argument, since the actor performed
without buskin or stage. There were
comedies with the pallium, mimes, come-
dies with the toga, fabulae alellanae, and
comedies of the tavern, which were also,
as now, of various sorts.
11. With Attic elegance the men of
Athens chided vice and evil custom in
their comedies, and they gave their prizes
both to the writers of verse and to the
devisers of action. For this Tully called
comedies " the mirror of custom and a
living image of the truth," — a very high
tribute, in that comedy ran even with
history. Look whether it be worthy of
this crown and glory!
12. But now I perceive that you are
saying that this is merely translating
books and wearying with painting this
mixed-up affair. Believe me, there has
been a reason why you should be re-
minded of some of these things; for you
see that you ask me to describe the art
of writing plays in Spain, where what-
ever is written is in defiance of art; and
to tell how they are now written con-
trary to the ancient rule and to what is
founded on reason, is to ask me to draw
on my experience, not on art, for art
speaks truth which the ignorant crowd
gainsays.
LOPE DE VEGA
9i
13. If, then, you desire art, I beseech
you, men of genius, to read the very
learned Robortello of Udine and you will
see in what he says concerning Aristotle
and especially in what he writes about
comedy, as much as is scattered among
many books; for everything of to-day is
in a state of confusion.
14. If you wish to have my opinion of
the comedies which now have the upper
id and to know why it is necessary
that the crowd with its laws should main-
tain the vile chimera of this comic mon-
ster, I will tell you what I hold, and do
ou pardon me, since I must obey who-
ever has power to command me, — that,
gilding the error of the crowd, I desire
to tell you of what sort I would have
them; for there is no recourse but to fol-
low art, observing a mean between the
two extremes.
15. Let the subject be chosen and do
not be amused, — may you excuse these
precepts ! — if it happens to deal with
kings; though, for that matter, I under-
stand that Philip the Prudent, King of
Spain and our lord, was offended at see-
ing a king in them; either because the
matter was hostile to art or because the
royal authority ought not to be repre-
sented among the lowly and the vulgar.
16. This is merely turning back to the
Old Comedy, where we see that Plautus
introduced gods, as in his Amphitryon
he represents Jupiter. God knows that
I have difficulty in giving this my appro-
bation, since Plutarch, speaking of Men-
ander, does not highly esteem Old Com-
edy. But since we are so far away
from art and in Spain do it a thousand
wrongs, let the learned this once close
their lips.
IT. Tragedy mixed with comedy and
Terence with Seneca, though it be like
» another minotaur of Pasiphae, will ren-
der one part grave, the other ridiculous;
for this variety causes much delight.
Nature gives us good example, for
through such variety it is beautiful.
IS. Bear in mind that this subject
should contain one action only, seeing to
it that the story in no manner be epi-
sodic; I mean the introduction of other
things which are beside the main pur-
pose; nor that any member be omitted
which might ruin the whole of the con-
text. There is no use in advising that
it should take place in the period of one
sun, though this is the view of Aristotle;
but we lose our respect for him when
we mingle tragic style with the humble-
ness of mean comedy. Let it take place
in as little time as possible, except when
the poet is writing history in which some
years have to pass; these he can relegate
to the space between the acts, wherein,
if necessary, he can have a character go
on some journey; a thing that greatly
offends whoever perceives it. But let
not him who is offended go to see them.
19. Oh! how lost in admiration are
many at this very time at seeing that
years are passed in an affair to which
an artificial day sets a limit; though for
this they would not allow the mathemat-
ical day ! But, considering that the
wrath of a seated Spaniard is immoder-
ate, when in two hours there is not pre-
sented to him everything from Genesis
to the Last Judgment, I deem it most fit-
ting if it be for us here to please him,
for us to adjust everything so that it
succeeds.
20. The subject once chosen, write in
prose, and divide the matter into three
acts of time, seeing to it, if possible, that
in each one the space of the day be not
broken. Captain Virues, a worthy wit,
divided comedy into three acts, which be-
fore had gone on all fours, as on baby's
feet, for comedies were then infants. I
wrote them myself, when eleven or
twelve years of age, of four acts and of
four sheets of paper, for a sheet con-
tained each act; and then it was the
fashion that for the three intermissions
were made three little entremeses, but
to-day scarce one, and then a dance, for
the dancing is so important in comedy
that Aristotle approves of it, and Athen-
aeus, Plato and Xenophon treat of it,
though this last disapproves of indecor-
ous dancing; and for this reason he is
vexed at Callipides, wherein he pre-
tends to ape the ancient chorus. The
matter divided into two parts, see to the
connection from the beginning until the
action runs down; but do not permit the
untying of the plot until reaching the
last scene; for the crowd, knowing what
the end is, will turn its face to the door
and its shoulder to what it has awaited
three hours face to face; for in what ap-
pears, nothing more is to be known.
92
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
21. Very seldom should the stage re-
main without some one speaking, be-
cause the crowd becomes restless in these
intervals and the story spins itself out
at great length; for, besides its being a
great defect, the avoidance of it increases
grace and artifice.
22. Begin then, and, with simple lan-
guage, do not spend sententious thoughts
and witty sayings on family trifles, which
is all that the familiar talk of two or
three people is representing. But when
the character who is introduced per-
should be gravity and wit; for then
doubtless is truth observed, since a man
speaks in a different style from what is
common when he gives counsel, or per-
Aristides, the rhetorician, gave us war-
rant for this; for he wishes the language
of comedy to be pure, clear, and flexible,
and he adds also that it should be taken
from the usage of the people, this being
different from that of polite society; for
in the latter case the diction will be ele-
gant, sonorous, and adorned. Do not
drag in quotations, nor let your language
offend because of exquisite words; for,
if one is to imitate those who speak, it
should not be by the language of Pan-
chaia, of the Metaurus, of hippogriffs,
demi-gods and centaurs.
23. If the king should speak, imitate as
much as possible the gravity of a king;
if the sage speak, observe a sententious
modesty; describe lovers with those pas-
sions which greatly move whomever lis-
tens to them; manage soliloquies in such
a manner that the recitant is quite trans-
formed, and in changing himself, changes
the listener. Let him ask questions and
reply to himself, and if he shall make
plaints, let him observe the respect due
to women. Let not ladies disregard
their character, and if they change cos-
tumes, let it be in such wise that it may
be excused; for male disguise usually is
very pleasing. Let him be on his guard
against impossible things, for it is of the
chiefest importance that only the like-
ness of truth should be represented. The
lackey should not discourse of lofty af-
fairs, not express the conceits which we
have seen in certain foreign plays; and
in no wise let the character contradict
himself in what he has said; I mean to
say, forget,— as in Sophocles one blames
CKdipus for not remembering that he has
killed Laius with his own hand. Let the
scenes end with epigram, with wit, and
with elegant verse, in such wise that, at
his exit, he who spouts leave not the audi-
ence disgusted. In the first act set for
the case. In the second weave together
the events, in such wise that until the
middle of the third act one may hardly
guess the outcome. Always trick ex-
pectancy; and hence it may come to pass
that something quite far from what is
promised may be left to the understand- '
ing. Tactfully suit your verse to the
subjects being treated. Dtcimas are
good for complainings; the sonnet is good I
for those who are waiting in expecta- |
tion; recitals of events ask for romances, I
though they shine brilliantly in octavas.
Tercets are for grave affairs and redon-
dillas for affairs of love. Let rhetorical
figure be brought in, as repetition or
anadiplosis, and in the beginning of these j
same verses the various forms of ana-
phora; and also irony, questions, apos-
trophes, and exclamations.
24. To deceive the audience with the )
truth is a thing that has seemed well, as 1
Miguel Sanchez, worthy of this memorial |
for the invention, was wont to do in all :
his comedies. Equivoke and the uncer- I
tainty arising from ambiguity have al- I
ways held a large place among the crowd,
for it thinks that it alone understands J
what the other one is saying. Better still 1
are the subjects in which honor has a
part, since they deeply stir everybody;
along wth them go virtuous deeds, for
virtue is everywhere loved; hence we see,
if an actor chance to represent a traitor,
he is so hateful to every one that what lie
wishes to buy is not sold him, and the
crowd flees when it meets him; but if he
is loyal, they lend to him and invite him,
and even the chief men honor him, love
him, seek him out, entertain him, and ac-
claim him.
25. Let each act have but four sheets,
for twelve are well suited to the time and
the patience of him who is listening. In
satirical parts, be not clear or open, since
it is known that for this very reason
comedies were forbidden by law in
Greece and Italy; wound without hate,
for if, perchance, slander be done, ex-
pect not applause, nor aspire to fame.
TIRSO DE MOLINA
93
26. These things you may regard as
jiphorisms which you get not from the
Undent art, which the present occasion
jillows no further space for treating;
jiince whatever has to do with the three
fesinds of stage properties which Vitru-
Irius speaks of, concerns the impresario;
iust as Valerius Max'unus, Petrus Crini-
itus, Horace in his Epistles, and others
■describe these properties, with their
•drops, trees, cabins, houses, and simu-
llated marbles.
2~. Of costume Julius Pollux would
itell us if it were necessary, for in Spain
jit is the case that the comedy of to-day
[is replete with barbarous things: a Turk
{wearing the neck -gear of a Christian,
land a Roman in tight breeches.
28. But of all, nobody can I call more
barbarous than myself, since in defiance
[of art I dare to lay down precepts, and
I allow myself to be borne along in the
vulgar current, wherefore Italy and
France call me ignorant. But what can
1 1 do if I have written four hundred and
eighty-three comedies, along with one
which I have finished this week ? For all
of these, except six, gravely sin against
art. Yet, in fine, I defend what I have
written, and I know that, though they
might have been better in another man-
ner, they would not have had the vogue
which they have had; for sometimes that
which is contrary to what is just, for that
How Comedy reflects this life of man,
How true her portraiture of young and
old;
How subtle rcit, polished in narrow span,
And purest speech, and more too you
behold;
What grave consideration mixed with
smiles,
What seriousness, along with pleasant
jest;
Deceit of slaves; how woman oft beguiles
How full of slyness is her treacherous
breast;
How silly, awkward swains to sadness
run,
How rare success, though all seems
well begun.
Let one hear with attention, and dis-
pute not of the art; for in comedy every-
thing will be found of such a sort that in
listening to it everything becomes evi-
dent.
TIRSO DE MOLINA
Gabriel Tellez, known as Tirso de Mo-
lina, was born at Madrid probably in
1570. He was graduated from the Uni-
versity of Alcala, and in 1613 he took
orders. Very little is known of his life,
though it is likely that he traveled a great
deal and was a soldier. Toward the end
of his life he became prior of the Mon-
astery at Soria. He was a prolific play-
wright, whose chief claim lies in his hav-
ing created the character of Don Juan,
in his Don Juan. He died at Soria in
1648.
Tirso was one of the defenders of the
free romantic comedia, and his few refer-
ences to the drama are in defense of
Lope de Vega, the greatest of the writ-
ers of that sort of play. In his Cigar-
rales de Toledo (1624), he includes a
play, El Yergonzoso en Palacio, and
after it, introduces a fictitious discussion
in dialogue-form. One person attacks
Tirso for violating the Unities. Another,
Tirso himself, speaking through him, as-
sails the critic and defends the free form.
Tirso's criticism is rather a reflection of
the spirit of the time than a true defense
of a form which very few writers adhered
to or wished for.
On the drama:
Tirso's only remarks on dramatic theory
are found in the Cigarrales de Toledo
(1624).
Editions:
The various editions of the plays con-
tain biographies, and in some cases
extracts from the Cigarrales de Toledo.
The passages on the drama are quoted
fully in Menendez y Pelayo's Historia
de las ideas esteticas en Espana (2nd
94
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
ed., Madrid 1890, ff.). The plays are
found in the Comedias escogidas, 2
vols. (Madrid, 1850), and in the Com-
edias de Tirso de Molina, 2 vols. (Ma-
drid, 1906-07).
On Tirso de Molina and his works:
M. Menendez y Pelayo, Estudios de
critica literdria, 5 vols. (2nd series,
P. Mufioz Pefia, El teatro del Maestro
B. de los Rios de Lamperez, Tirso de \
Articulos biograficos y criticos de varios
autores acerca de . . . Tellez y sus >
obras (In the Biblioteca de autores es-
paiioles, vol. 5, pp. xi-xxxv, Madrid,
1850).
THE ORCHARDS OF TOLEDO i
[Cigarrales de Toledo]
(1624)
". . . Among the many blemishes (par-
don my presumption ! ) what tries my
patience is to see how ruthlessly the poet
disregards in this play the limits and
laws with which the first inventors of
drama [comedia] so carefully defined its
cardinal principle, namely, that a play
must concern itself with an action whose
beginning, middle, and end occupy at the
most twenty-four hours, and one and the
same place. He has cunningly given us
a spectacle of the conquest of love cov-
ering a period of at least a month and a
half. And yet, even in that time, it seems
to us impossible (with the preservation
of any decency) that so illustrious and
discreet a lady should bring herself so
blindly to pursue a shepherd, make him
her secretary, declare her purpose
through riddles, and finally risk her rep-
utation to the bold ruthlessness of a man
of such humble origin." The ill-natured
disputant was continuing when Don Al-
point is not well taken, since the play
under discussion has observed the laws
which are now recognized; and it seems
to me that the position merited by our
modern Spanish plays, which are com-
parable to those of antiquity, marks a
distinct step in advance, however they
fail to take into account the cardinal
principle of the Masters. What if these
Masters did maintain that a play must
represent an action which could logically
take place within twenty-four hours?
What greater inconvenience can there be
than that within that short time a dis-
l Especially translated sections for this col-
lection by Winifred Ayres Hope. — Ed.
creet gallant should fall in love with a
prudent lady, court her, make love to
her, woo her — all within a single day, if
you please, and after claiming her for the
morrow, must needs marry her that very
night? What opportunity is there to
arouse jealousy, engender despair, bring
hope to the lover, and depict all the
other uncertainties and accidents without
which love is a matter of no importance?
Or how can a lover boast that he
is constant and loyal, if there be not
allowed several days to elapse, — months,
even years, — in which he may prove his
constancy? These inconveniences are
greater in the judgment of any one of
moderate intelligence, than that which
would ensue were the audience allowed
to witness everything without leaving
their seats, in order to follow the hap-
penings of many days. Just as he who
reads a story in a few pages covering
the events of a protracted period and oc-
curing in many places, so the spectator at
a play — which is an image and represen-
tation of the story's action — can see it
interpret and shadow forth the ortunes
of the lovers, depicting to the life what
happens to them. Now, since these
things cannot happen in the space of a
single day, the dramatist must assume
that everything happens as he shows it,
in order that the action may be perfect.
Not in vain is poetry called a living
picture, imitating the passive picture
which, in the small space of a yard and
a half of plane surface shows perspective
and distance in manner to bestow upon
the beholder an illusion of reality. It is
not just that the license granted to the
TIRSO DE MOLIXA
95
dl be withheld from the pen. And if
ou argue by way of reply that we of the
ame craft owe it to the initiators to
rd their principles intact, I answer
t although veneration is due the mas-
rs for having set out in difficulty —
hich hampers all things in their begin-
ing — yet it is undeniable that, adding
lerfection to their invention (a thing
sary, but at the same time easy),
is Genius which, when the fundamental
ws fail to help, knows how to change
le accidental, improving it by experi-
There is this difference between
Mature and Art: that what the former
■egan, cannot be changed; thus the pear-
will bear pears to eternity, and the
the uncouth acorn, and notwithstand-
g the difference of soil and the varying
"uences of the atmosphere and climate
which they are subject, she produces
hem over and over again. Amid other
hanges, species is constant- Does it
natter how much the Drama may modify
he laws of its ancestors, ingeniously mix-
ng tragedy with comedy and producing
i pleasant type of play of the two — and
>artaking of the character of each — in-
:roducing serious characters from the
one, and waggish and absurd characters
from the other? I claim that if the pre-
eminence in Greece of ^Eschylus and
Euripides (as among the Latins of Sen-
eca and Terence) suffices to establish the
laws of these M asters who are now so
vigorously upheld, the excellence of our
Spanish Lope de Vega makes his im-
provements in both styles of play so con-
spicuous that the authority be brings to
this improvement is sufficient to reform
the old laws. And since the Drama is so
highly esteemed for subtlety and perfec-
tion, "that fact makes it a school in itself,
and gives us, who are proud to be fol-
lowers, the right to be proud of such a
Master, and gladly to defend his doctrine
against whosoever shall violently impugn
it. As to the fact that in many passages
of his writings he says that he does not
observe the ancient art, in order that he
may make his own acceptable to the peo-
ple", that is only the result of his innate-
modesty; it is said so that malicious ig-
norance may not attribute to arrogance
what is as a matter of fact well-bred per-
fection. As for us, it is right that we-
should look to him as the reformer of the
Xew Drama; and such we esteem him.
ENGLAND — I
ELIZABETHAN* PERIOD
LIZABETHAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM 99
Note. Brief extracts from prefaces by John Fletcher, John Web-
ster, and Thomas Middleton 100
Bibliography 101
r Philip Sidney 103
Bibliography 103
An Apologie for Poetry [or The Defence of Poesie]. (1595.) Ex-
tracts 104
•ex Joxsox 106
Bibliography 107
Timber; or, Discoveries made upon Men and Matter. (1641.) Ex-
tracts 108
To the Readers [In Sejanus, printed 1605]. Complete .... Ill
Dedication to Yolpone, or the Fox (printed 1607). Extracts . .111
ELIZABETHAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM
English literary criticism is derived
>artly from the ancients, and partly from
he Italian scholars. Recent research has
■evealed many Italian sources drawn
lpon by Sidney and Jonson. The earliest
formal" treatise touching upon literature
n England is Leonard Coxe's Arte or
Jrafte of Rhetoryke, written about 15^4;
ius was derived in part from Melanch-
ix>n. Thomas Wilson's Arte of Rhet-
)rike followed in 1553. More important
still is Roger Ascham's Scholemaster
(1570) which contains the first reference
in English to Aristotle's Poetic*. George .
Whetstone's Dedication to Promo* and
Cassandra (1578) is a curious criticism
of the drama of other nations and an at-
tempt to reconcile Platonism and the
drama. The English stage was at sev-
eral times the subject of controversies be-
tween the dramatists and their adherents,
and the Puritanical element. The first of
these controversies called forth a number
of interesting attacks and defenses,
among them three or four of some value
as criticism of the drama. In 1577 John
Xorthbrooke published his Treatise
wherein Dicing, Dauncing, vaine Playet
or Enterluds, with other idle Pastime*,
§c, commonly used on the Sabaoth Day,
and reproued by the Authoritie of the
Word of God and auntient Writer*.
Then followed Stephen Gosson's The
Schools of Abuse (1579), another attack.
Thomas Lodge replied in his Defence of
Poetry, Music, and Stage Play* (1579).
Later in the same year Gosson published
his A Short Apologie of the Schools of
Abuse, etc. Henry Denham's A Second
and Third Blast of Retreat from Plays
and Theatres appeared in 1580. Gosson's
Playes confuted in five Action*, etc., was
Sir Philip Sidney wrote his Defence of
Poesy, or Apologie for Poetry (published
1595), a reply to the Puritan attacks on
the stage. Three further attacks may be
mentioned: Philip Stubbes' The Anat-
99
omie of Abuses (1583), George Whet-
stone's A Touchstone for the Time
(1584), and William Rankins' A Mirrour
of Mon*ter* (1587). William Webbe's
A Discourse of English Poetrie (1586)
is a more ambitious formal treatise on
writing, while Puttenham's Arte of Bng-
lish Poesie (1589) furthered the work of
classification and introducing foreign —
chiefly Italian — meters and forms. Sir
John Harington's Apologie of Poetry
(1591) was, like Sidney's similar work, a
defense against the " Puritan attacks.
When Sidney's Defence was published in
1595, it was already fairly well known,
as it had circulated in manuscript for
some years. It is rigidly classical in its
remarks on the drama, and follows the
Italian Renaissance scholars in demand-
ing greater verisimilitude, and an adher-
ence to the Unities. It is curious to note
the absence of any such declaration of
independence as Lope de Vega's 2Ve»
Art among the Elizabethan dramatists,
most of whom were directly opposed to
all formulas. The greatest" critical trea-
tises of the period were classic in tend-
ency, and the two most important — Sid-
ney's and Jonson's — are directed against
current practices in playwriting. Ba-
con's remarks on the drama — in the Es-
say*, the Advancement of Learning, and
the De Augment is — could be condensed
into one or two pages. The dramatists
say of their art; a dozen Dedications and
a few Prologues of Jonson,i Chapman,*
Fletcher.s Marston,* Middleton.5 Hey-
1 Prologue to Every Man in His Humour
(printed 1616). To the Readers in Seianu*
(printed 1605); Dedication to Vol pone
(printed 1607) ; Prologue to Epicane (printed
1609?).
2 Dedication to The Revenge of Bussy d'Am-
bois (printed 1613).
3 Pre/are to The Faithful Shepherdess
(printed 1609).
*To the General Reader, in Sophronisba
(printed 1606).
5 Preface to The Roaring Girl (printed
1611).
IOO
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
wood,o Webster/ and Field.s are prac-
tically all that have direct bearing upon
the subject. Ben Jonson's Discoveries
closes the period. This work (pubbshed
in 164.1) is of prime importance, though
unfortunately it is, as has been said, not
a representative apology or explanation
of the current practice, but an attack
upon it»
Note. If only to prove the scantiness of
dramatic theory among the dramatists of the
Elizabethan period, I have below re-printed a
few brief extracts from the most important
prefaces to plays:
John Webster, To the Reader (in The
White Devil, 1612): ". . . If it be ob-
jected this is no true dramatic poem, I
shall easily confess it; non potes in nugas
dicere plura meas, ipse ego quam dixi.
Willingly, and not ignorantly, in this
kind have I faulted; for should a man
present to such an auditory the most
sententious tragedy that ever was written,
observing all the critical laws, as height
of style and gravity of person, enrich it
with the sententious chorus, and, as it
were, liven death in the passionate and
weighty Nuntius; yet, after all this di-
vine rapture, O dura messorum ilia, the
breath that comes from the uncapable
multitude is able to poison it; and, ere it
be acted, let the author resolve to fix to
every scene this of Horace, Haec porcis
hodie comedenda relinques. ..."
John Fletcher, To the Reader (in The
Faithful Shepherdess, 1609) : " If you be
not reasonably assured of your knowledge
in this kind of poem, lay down the book,
the prologue. It is a pastoral tragi-
comedy, which the people seeing when it
was played, having ever had a singular
gift in denning, concluded to be a play
of country hired shepherds in gray cloaks,
with curtailed dogs in strings, sometimes
laughing together, and sometimes killing
one another; and, missing Whitsun-ales,
cream, wassail, and morris-dances, began
to be angry. In their error I would not
have you fall, lest you incur their cen-
6 Dedication to The Iron Age (printed
1632).
7 To the Reader, in The White Devil
(printed 1612).
8 To the Reader in A Woman is a Weather-
cock (1612).
sure. Understand, therefore, a pastoral
to be a representation of shepherds and
shepherdesses with their actions and pas-»
sions, which must be such as may agree
with their natures, at least not exceeding
they are not to be adorned with any art,
but such improper ones as nature is said
to bestow, as singing and poetry; or such
as experience may teach them as the vir-
tues of herbs and fountains, the ordinary
course of the sun, moon, and stars, and
such like. But you are ever to remem-
ber shepherds to be such as all the an-,
cient poets, and modern, of understand-
ing, have received them; that is, the own-]
ers of flocks, and not hirelings. A tragi-
comedy is not so called in respect of
mirth and killing, but in respect it wants
death, which is enough to make it no
tragedy, yet it brings some near it, which
is enough to make it no comedy, which
must be a representation of familiar peo-
ple, with such kind of trouble as no life
be questioned; so that a god is as lawful
in this as in a tragedy, and mean people
as in a comedy. Thus much I hope will
serve to justify my poem, and make you
understand it; to teach you more for
nothing, I do not know that I am in con-
science bound."
Thomas Middleton, To the Comic Play-
readers, Venery and Laughter (in The
Roaring Girl, 1611): "The fashion of
play-making I can properly compare to
nothing so naturally as the alteration of
apparel; for in the time of the great
quilted with mighty words to lean pur-
pose, was only then in fashion: and as
the doublet fell, neater inventions began
to set up. Now, in the time of spruce-
ness, our plays follow the niceness of
our garments, single plots, quaint con-
ceits, lecherous jests, dressed up in hang-
ing sleeves; and those are fit for the
times and termers. Such a kind of light-
color stuff, mingled with divers colors,
you shall find this published comedy;
good to keep you in an afternoon from
dice at home in your chambers; and for
venery, you shall find enough for six-
pence, but well couched an you mark
it. . . ."
ELIZABETHAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM
101
General references on English litera-
re:
W. Ward and A. R. Waller, editors,
The Cambridge Hiitory of English
Literature, 14 vols. (Cambridge and
New York, 1907-17).
enrv Morley, English Writers, 11 vols.
(London, 1887-95).
ndrew Lang, History of English Litera-
ture (London, 1912).
. P. Halleck, History of English Litera-
ture (New York, 1900).
ichard Garnett and Edmund Gosse,
English Literature, 4 vols. (New York,
1908).
topford A. Brooke, English Literature
(Ed., New York, 1907).
I. L. Mezieres, Histoire critique de la
litterature anglaise, 3 vols. (Paris,
1834).
William Vaughn Moody and R. M.
Lovett, A History of English Litera-
ture (New York, 1911).
V. R. Nieoll and T. Seecombe, A His-
tory of English Literature, 3 vols.
(New York, 1907).
I. S. Pancoast, An Introduction to Eng-
lish Literature (New York, 1894. See
3rd ed.).
Jeorge Saintsbury, A Short History of
English Literature (New York, 1898).
. Korting, Orundriss der Oeschichte der
englischen Literatur (3rd ed., Minister,
1899).
Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, Diction-
ary of National Biography, 66 vols.
(London, 1885-1901).
E. F.ngel, A History of English Litera-
ture (London, 1902).
General references on English drama:
R. W. Lowe, Bibliographical Account of
En'ilish Theatrical Literature (Lon-
don, 1888).
K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey, English
Drama, a Working Basis (WelleMey,
1896).
David Erskine Baker, Biographia Dra-
matica. etc., 3 vols. (Continuation, Lon-
don, 1S11).
, The Companion to the Playhouse,
2 vols. (London, 1764).
W. R. Chetwood, The British Theatre
(Dublin. 1750).
J. L. Klein. Oeschichte des Dramas, vols.
IS and 13 (Leipzig, 1S65-76).
W. Creizenach, Geschichte des neueren
Dramas (Halle, 1893-1909; vol. iv
translated by Cecile Hugon as The
English Drama in the Age of Shake-
speare, London, 1916).
John Doran, A nnals of the English Stage,
2 vols. (London, 1864).
Percy Fitzgerald, .ZVeip History of the
English Stage (London, 1882).
F. G. Fleay, A Biographical Chronicle of
the English Drama (London, 1891).
John Genest, Some Account of the Eng-
lish Stage, 10 vols. (Bath, 1S3-2).
E. Malone, Historical Account of the Rise
and Progress of the English Stage (in
3rd vol., ed. of Shakespeare, London,
1821).
D. E. Oliver, The English Stage (Lon-
don, 1912).
A. S. Rappoport, The English Drama
(London, n. d.).
R. F. Sharp, A Short History of the Eng-
lish Stage (London, 1909).
A. W. Ward, History of English Dra-
matic Literature to the Death of Queen
Anne, 3 vols, (new ed., New York,
1899).
Arnold Wynne, The Growth of English
Drama (Oxford, 1914).
Felix E. Schelling, English Drama (New
York, 1914).
T. Hawkins, The Origin of the English
Drama, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1773).
E. K. Chambers, The Mediaval Stage, 2
vols. (Oxford, 1903).
Charles Dibdin, A Complete History of
the Stage, 5 vols. (London^ 1800).
John Downes, Roscius Anglicanus, or an
historical view of the Stage, etc. (new
ed., London, 1789).
S. A. Dunham, Lives of British Drama-
tists, -2 vols. (London, 1847).
Thomas Gilliland, The Dramatic Mirror:
containing the History of the Stage,
from the earliest period to the present
time, etc., 2 vols. (London, 1808).
L. N. Chase, The English Heroic Play
(New York, 1903).
Jeannette Marks, English Pastoral
Drama (London, 1908).
F. H. Ristine, English Tragicomedy
(New York, 1910).
Felix E. Schelline. The English Chronicle
Play (New York, 1902).
A. H. Thorndvke, Tragedy (Boston,
1908).
102
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Watson Nicholson, The Struggle for a
Free Stage in London (Boston, 1906).
Charles Hastings, The Theatre in France
and England (London, 1901).
References on Elizabethan drama:
Felix E. Schelling, Elizabethan Drama, 2
vols. (Boston, 1908).
J. P. Collier, The History of English
Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shake-
speare, and Annals of the Stage to the
Restoration, 3 vols, (new ed., London,
1879).
J. M. Robertson, Elizabethan Literature
(New York, 1914).
Felix E. Schelling, English Literature
(New York, 1910).
T. Seccombe and J. W. Allen, The Age
of Shakespeare, 2 vols. (London, 1903).
F. Guizot, Shakespeare and His Times
(trans., New York, 1855).
William Hazlitt, Lectures on the Dra-
matic Literature of the Age of Queen
Elizabeth (London, 1821).
James Russell Lowell, The Old English
Dramatists (ed., Boston, 1892).
A. Mezieres, Pr4d4cesseurs et contem-
porains de Shakespeare (Paris, 1881).
, Contemporains et successeurs de
Shakespeare (Paris, 1881).
George Saintsbury, History of Eliza-
bethan Literature (ed., London, 1906).
M. A. Scott, The Elizabethan Drama,
especially in its Relations to the Ital-
ians of the Renaissance (New Haven,
1894).
A. C. Swinburne, The Age of Shake-
speare (London, 1908).
J. A. Symonds, Shakespeare's Predeces-
sors in the English Drama (London,
1881).
Barrett Wendell, The Temper of the
Seventeenth Century in English Litera-
ture (New York, 1904).
E. P. Whipple, Literature of the Age of
Elizabeth (Boston, 1869).
F. S. Boas, Shakespeare and his Prede-
cessors (ed., New York, 1904).
J. W. Cunliffe, The Influence of Italian
on Early Elizabethan Drama (in Mod-
ern Philology, 4, 1906).
, The Influence of Seneca on Eliza-
bethan Tragedy (London, 1893).
IN. Drake, Shakespeare and His Times
(London, 1817).
Harriet Ely Fansler, The Evolution of
Technique in Elizabethan Tragedy
(Chicago, 1914).
W. J. Courthope, History of English
Poetry, vols. I-III (London, 1895-
1903).
F. G. Fleay, A Chronicle History of the
London Stage (1559-1642) (London,
1890).
J.-J. Jusserand, Le ThMtre en Angle-
terre jusqu' aux predecesseurs immedi-
ats de Shakespeare (2nd ed., Paris,
1881).
[W. C. Hazlitt, ed.] The English Drama
and Stage Under the Tudor and Stuart
Princes — 1543-1664 — Illustrated by a
Series of Documents, Treatises, and
Poems, etc. (London, 1869).
J. A. Lester, Connections Between the
Drama of France and Great Britain,
particularly in the E lizabelhan Period
(Cambridge, Mass., 1902).
L. Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in
England (New York, 1902).
J. P. Collier, ed., The Alley n Papers
(London, 1843).
References on English criticism, Eliza-
bethan in particular :
George Saintsbury, A History of English
Criticism (New York, 1911).
H. S. Symmes, Les Debuts de la critique
* dramatique en Angleterre jusqu' a la
mort de Shakespeare (Paris, 1903).
J. E. Spin gam, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
Felix E. Schelling, Poetic and Verse
Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth
L. S. Friedland, Dramatic Unities in
, England (in Journal of English ana
Germanic Philology, vol. 10, no. 1
1911).
David Klein, Literary Criticism from thi
Elizabethan Dramatists (New York
1910).
Laura J. Wylie, Studies in the Evolution
of English Criticism (Boston, 1894).
P. Hamelius, Die kritik in der englischtt
Litteratur der 17. und 18. Jahrhunderti
(Leipzig, 1897).
C. W. Moulton, The Library of Litrran,
Criticism of English and American Au-
thors, 8 vols. (Buffalo, 1901-05).
F. Gregory Smith, Elizabethan Critical
Essays, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1904).
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
103
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
Philip Sidney was born at Penshurst
n 1554. He came of a noble and well-
cnown family, his father being Deputy of
'. Ireland. He attended school at Shrews-
>ury and later went to Oxford, which he
left in 1571 without taking his degree,
and went to stay with his father at Lud-
low. The next year he went to Paris
with a commission to negotiate for the
marriage of the Queen with the Duke
d A It- neon. He remained there in the
King's service and was a witness of the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and es-
caped with his life only by taking refuge
in the English Embassy. From Paris
the young Philip escaped to Germany,
visiting Strassburg, Heidelberg, and
Frankfurt. Together with his friend
Languet, he traveled for the next three
years, through Austria, Hungary, and
Italy; he returned through Bohemia and
Germany, and was again at Ludlow in
1575. His uncle Leicester readily took
the young man under his protection, and
Sidney became a courtier. In 1577 he
was sent to confer with Rudolf II and
the Elector Palatine in Germany on polit-
ical business, and returned home by way
of the Netherlands, where he met William
of Orange. His diplomatic missions were
highly successful, and Sidney soon found
himself in the Queen's confidence. He
was later involved in trouble incident
istration in Ireland. In 1579 the Queen
was again considering an alliance with
the former Duke d'Alengon, now the
Duke d'Anjou. His opposition to the
match brought him into disfavor, and in
1580 he retired from Court, and began
work on his Arcadia. Soon, however, the
disgraced Leicester induced his nephew
knighted, and the same year his marriage
to a daughter of Walsingham caused him
to relinquish certain claims he had in
America. But two years after, he was
planning an expedition to the New
World, and would have gone had not
Drake informed the Queen that he was
about to sail — contrary to her wishes.
Two months later Sidney went to the
Low Countries, and the following year
engaged in war. He died from a wound
Sidney's only work concerned with the
drama was the Apologie for Poetry —
or Defence of Poesie. This was begun
in all probability in 1581, as a reply to
Gosson's The Schoole of Abuse (1579),
a Puritan attack on plays and poetry.
Sidney's Defence is more than a reply,
it is a glorification of art and its influence
on the mind and conduct of human
beings. He touches, incidentally, as it
were, on the various forms of literature,
and his remarks on the drama reveal an
extensive knowledge of the classics and
the Italian commentators on Aristotle.
Aristotle first became an influence in
English literature through the Apologie,
and the first mention of the Unities is
likewise found in this work. It must be
borne in mind that the Apologie was
written before the great period of activ-
ity in the field of Elizabethan drama, and
that the plays upon which Sidney might
base his judgments or make strictures,
were the indigenous interludes, morali-
ties, farces, and classical tragedies writ-
ten prior to 1580.
Editions:
Two editions appeared at London in
1595: The Defence of Poetie, and An.
Apologie for Poetrie. The latter is
generally regarded as the better text of
the two. It is re-printed in Arber's
English Reprints and in the first vol-
ume of G. Gregory Smith's Elizabethan
Critical Essays, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1904).
On Sidney and his works:
Collins, Sidney Papers, 2 vols. (London,
1745).
Fulke Greville, Life of Sidney (London,
165-2).
Fox Bourne, Memoir of Sir Philip Sid-
ney (London, 1862).
Julius Llovd, Life of Sir Philip Sidney
(London, 1862).
Prefaces to the Arber, Grosart, and
Smith eds. of Sidney's works.
104
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
J. A. Symonds, Sir Philip Sidney {Eng-
lish Men of Letters Series, late ed.,
London, 1906).
J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary
Criticism in the Renaissance (2nd ed.,
New York, 1908).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
AN APOLOGIE FOR POETRY i
(or A Defence of Poesie)
(1595)
No, perchance it is the Comic, whom
naughty play-makers and stage-keepers
have justly made odious. To the argu-
ment of abuse, I will answer after. Only
thus much now is to be said, that the
comedy is an imitation of the common
errors of our life, which he representeth
in the most ridiculous and scornful sort
that may be; so as it is impossible that
any beholder can be content to be such
a one.
Now, as in Geometry the oblique must
be known as well as the right, and in
Arithmetic the odd as well as the even,
so in the actions of our life, who seeth
not the filthiness of evil wanteth a great
foil to perceive the beauty of virtue.
This doth the comedy handle so in our
private and domestical matters, as with
hearing it we get as it were an experi-
ence, what is to be looked for of a nig-
gardly Demea, of a crafty Davus, of a
flattering Gnato, of a vainglorious
Thraso, and not only to know what ef-
fects are to be expected, but to know
who be such, by the signifying badge
given them by the comedian. And little
reason hath any man to say that men
learn by seeing it so set out, sith, as I
said before, there is no man living but,
by the force truth hath in nature, no
sooner seeth these men play their parts,
but wisheth them in Pistrinum; although
perchance the sack of his own faults lie
so behind his back that he seeth not him-
self dance the same measure; whereto
yet nothing can more open his eyes than
to find his own actions contemptibly set
forth. So that the right use of comedy
(I think) by nobody be blamed, and
much less of the high and excellent trag-
edy, that openeth the greatest wounds,
1 Re-printed, with omissions, from Smith's
Elizabethan Critical Essays (Oxford, 1904). —
Ed.
and showeth forth the ulcers that are
covered with tissue; that maketh kings
fear to be tyrants, and tyrants manifest
their tyrannical humors; that with stir-
ring the effects of admiration and com-
miseration, teacheth the uncertainty of
this world, and upon how weak founda-
tions guilden roofs are builded; that
maketh us know
Qui sceptra saevus duro bnperio regit,
Timet timentes, met us in auclorem
redit.
But how much it can move, Plutarch
yieldeth a notable testimony of the abom-
inable tyrant Alexander Pherasns, from
whose eyes a tragedy well made and
represented, drew abundance of tears,
who, without all pity, had murdered infi-
nite numbers, and some of his own blood.
So as he, that was not ashamed to make
matters for tragedies, yet could not re-
sist the sweet violence ot a tragedy.
And if it wrought no further good in
him, it was that he, in despite of himself,
withdrew himself from hearkening to that
which might mollify his hardened heart.
. Our Tragedies, and Comedies (not
without cause cried out against), observ-
ing rules neither of honest civility nor of
skillful poetry, excepting Oorboduo
(again, I say, of those that I have seen),
which notwithstanding, as it is full of
stately speeches and M'ell sounding
phrases, climbing to the height of Sene-
ca's style, and as full of notable moral-
ity, which it doth most delightfully teach,
and so obtain the very end of poesy; yet
in truth it is very defectious in the cir-
cumstances: which grieveth me, because
it nrght not remain as an exact model of
all tragedies. For it is faulty both in
place and time, the two necessary com-
panions of all corporal actions. For
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
105
where the stage should always represent
but one place, and the uttermost time
presupposed in it should be, both by
Aristotle's precept and common reason,
but one day: there is both many days,
and many places, inartificially imagined.
But if it be so in Gorboduc, how much
more in all the rest? Where you sliall
have Asia of the one side, and Afric of
the other, and so many other under-
kingdoms, that the player, when he
cometh in, must ever begin with telling
where he is, or else the tale will not be
conceived. Now ye shall have three
ladies walk to gather flowers, and then we
must believe the stage to be a garden.
By and by we hear news of shipwreck in
the same place, and then we are to blame,
if we accept it not for a rock. Upon the
back of that, comes out a hideous mon-
ster, with fire and smoke, and then the
miserable beholders are bound to take it
for a cave. While in the meantime, two
armies fly in, represented with four
swords and bucklers, and then what hard
heart will not receive it for a pitched
field?/
Now, of time they are much more lib-
eral. For ordinary it is that two young
princes fall in love: after many traverses,
she is got with child, delivered of a fair
boy; he is lost, groweth a man, falls in
love, and is ready to get another child,
and all this in two hours' space: which
how absurd it is in sense, even sense may
Imagine, and art hath taught, and all an-
cient examples justified: and at this day,
the ordinary players in Italy will not err
in. Yet will some bring in an example
of Eunuchus in Terence, that containeth
matter of two days, yet far short of
twenty years. True it is, and so was it
to be played in two days, and so fitted to
the time it set forth. And though Plau-
tus hath in one place done amiss, let us
hit with him, and not miss with him.
But they will say, how then shall we
set forth a story, which containeth both
many places, and many times? And do
they not know that a tragedy is tied to
the laws of poesy, and not "of history?
not bound to follow the story, but having
liberty either to feign a quite new
matter, or to frame the history to the
most tragical conveniency? Again, many
things may be told which cannot be
shewed, if they know the difference be-
twixt reporting and representing. As
for example, I may speak (though I
am here) of Peru, and in speech digress
from that to the description of Calcutta:
but in action, I cannot represent it with-
out Pacolet's horse: and so was the man-
ner the ancients took, by some Nuncius
to recount things done in former time,
or other place.
Lastly, if they will represent an his-
tory, they must not (as Horace saith)
begin Ab ovo: but they must come to
the principal point of that one action,
which they will represent. By example
this will be best expressed. I have a
story of young Polydorus delivered for
safety's sake, with great riches, by his
father Priam to Polymnestor, king of
Thrace, in the Trojan War time. He,
after some years, hearing the overthrow
of Priam, for to make the treasure his
own, murdereth the child : the body of the
child is taken up by Hecuba; she the
same day findeth a sleight to be revenged
most cruelly of the tyrant. Where now
would one of our tragedy-writers begin
but with the delivery of the child? Then
should he sail over into Thrace, and so
spend I know not how many years, and
travel numbers of places. But where
doth Euripides? Even with the finding
of the body, leaving the rest to be told
by the spirit of Polydorus. This need
no further to be enlarged, the dullest wit
may conceive it.
But besides these gross absurdities, how
all their plays be neither right tragedies,
nor right comedies: mingling kings and
clowns, not because the matter so carrieth
it: but thrust in clowns by head and
shoulders, to play a part in majestical
matters, with neither decency nor discre-
tion. So as neither the admiration and
commiseration, nor the right sportfulne>s,
is by their mongrel Tragi-comedy ob-
tained. I know Apuleius did somewhat
so, but that is a thing recounted with
space of time, not represented in one
moment: and I know, the ancients have
one or two examples of Tragi-comedies,
as Plautus hath Amphitryo. But if we
mark them well, we shall find that they
never, or very daintily, match hornpipes
and funerals. So falleth it out, that,
having indeed no right comedy, in that
comical part of our tragedy we have
nothing but scurrility, unworthy of any
io6
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
chaste ears: or some extreme shew of
doltishness indeed fit to lift up a loud
laughter and nothing else: where the
whole tract of a comedy should be full of
delight, as the tragedy should be still
But our comedians think there is no
delight without laughter: which is very
wrong, for though laughter may come
with delight, yet cometh it not of de-
light, as though delight should be the
cause of laughter. But well may one
thing breed both together. Nay, rather
in themselves they have as it were a kind
of contrariety: for delight we scarcely
do, but in things that have a conveniency
to ourselves or to the general nature:
laughter almost ever cometh of things
most disproportioned to ourselves and na-
ture. Delight hath a joy in it, either
permanent or present. Laughter hath
only a scornful tickling. For example,
we are ravished with delight to see a fair
woman, and yet are far from being moved
to laughter. We laugh at deformed crea-
tures, wherein certainly we cannot de-
light. We delight in good chances, we
laugh at mischances; we delight to hear
the happiness of our friends or country,
at which he were worthy to be laughed
at that would laugh; we shall contrarily
laugh sometimes to find a matter quite
mistaken and go down the hill against
the bias, in the mouth of some such men,
as for the respect of them, one shall be
heartily sorry, yet he cannot choose but
laugh; and so is rather pained, than de-
lighted with laughter. Yet I deny not,
but that they may go well together; for
as in Alexander's picture well set out,
we delight without laughter, and in
twenty mad antics we laugh without de-
light: so in Hercules, painted with his
great beard and furious countenance, in
woman's attire, spinning at Omphale's
commandment, it breedeth both delight
and laughter.
But I speak to this purpose, that all-
the end of the comical part be not upon;
such scornful matters as stirreth laugh-',
ter only : but, mixt with it, that delight- \
ful teaching which is the end of poesy, j
And the great fault even in that point '
of laughter, and forbidden plainly by
Aristotle, is, that they stir laughter in
sinful things, which are rather execrable
than ridiculous; or in miserable, which
are rather to be pitied than scorned.
For what is it to make folks gape at a
wretched beggar, or a beggarly clown; or,
against law of hospitality, to jest at
strangers because they speak not Eng-
lish so well as we do? What do we
learn? Sith it is certain
Nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se,
Quam quod ridicuhs homines facit.
But rather a busy loving courtier, a
heartless threatening Thraso; a self-wise-
seeming schoolmaster; an awry -trans-
formed traveler: these if we saw walk in
stage names, which we play naturally,
therein were delightful laughter, and
teaching delightfulness: as in the other,
the tragedies of Buchanan do justly
bring forth a divine admiration. But I
have lavished out too many words of this
play matter. I do it because, as they
are excelling parts of poesy, so is there
none so much used in England, and none
can be more pitifully abused. Which
like an unmannerly daughter, shewing a.
bad education, causeth her mother Poesy's
honesty to be called into question.
BEN JONSON
Ben Jonson was born at Westminster
in 1573. His first education was received
at a school near his home, and continued
at the Westminister School, where he re-
ceived a thorough training. It has some-
times been said that he went to Cam-
bridge, but this has never been proved.
It is likely that he applied himself to a
trade, probably bricklaying — his step-
father's trade. Either a few years be-
fore or after 1592 he was a soldier in the
Low Countries. He was married no later
than that year. About five years after,
he had become an actor, and in 1597 was
BEN JONSON
107
engaged to revise plays. The next year
he produced Every Man in his Humour,
in which Shakespeare acted. The Case is
Altered also belongs to the same year.
At this time he was in prison as tiie re-
sult of a duel in which he had killed his
adversary. He was released by benefit
of clergy — having turned Catholic mean-
while — and again set to work for the
stage. In Cynthia? $Revels (1600) he gave offense to two of his fellow-drama- tists, Dekker and Marston, and fore- stalled their attack by writing The Poe- taster (1601). Dekker replied with his Histriomastrix (160:?). Jonsou next turned his attention to tragedy, and produced Sejanus in 1603. He then turned his hand to masques for the court of King James, recently called to the throne, and was associated for years with Inigo Jones. By 1604 he had be- come reconciled with Dekker and Mars- ton and collaborated with them in the writing of the comedy Eastward Ho (1604). Together with "his collaborators, Jonson was again sent to prison for some offense caused by the play, and the next year he and Chapman were imprisoned for the same reason, but were soon after freed. The next few years saw the pro- duction of Jonson's best works: Volpone, or the Fox (1605), Epiccene (1609), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614), and a number of his finest masques. In 1616 Jonson determined to write no more for the stage, except to compose occasional masques. In 1618 he went to Scotland, remaining there a year and a half and making the acquaintance of Drummond of Hawthorndon, who has preserved the famous Conversations with Jonson. His return to England was marked by several visits to his noble friends and patrons, for he had become a well-known figure. After the acces- sion of Charles I, Jonson turned once more to the stage, and produced his later comedies. He died in 1637. Jonson's attitude toward poetry and drama was largely influenced by Sidney's Defence. In the Introduction to his Seventeenth Century Essays, Mr. Spin- garn quotes parallel passages from the two poets. Jonson's critical utterances, in his Prologues, Prefaces, his Conversa- tions with Drummond, and, throughout the Discoveries, were to a great extent the result of definite literary influences. He was a classic, no doubt, and sought support in the doctrines of Aristotle, Horace, and their modern imitators. The influence exerted on him by Heinsius has been pointed out. Jonson had him- self translated Horace's Ars Poetica. Mr. Spingarn regards Jonson as "per- haps the first Englishman with the criti- cal temper." Jonson's criticism is to be found in many places, but its crystalliza- tion is in the Discoveries, published in 1641. But it was left to Dryden to de- velop a well-defined system of criticism. On the drama: Jonson's critical utterances are scattered through the prologues and in the dia- logue of Every Man in his Humour, Every Man Out of his Humour, and The Poetaster. The more important criticisms are: To the Readers, in Sejanus (printed 1605). To the Most Noble and Most Equal Sis- ters, the two Famous Universities, etc., in Volpone, or the Fox (printed 1607). Prologue to Epicame (printed 1609?). Timber; or, Discoveries made upon Men and Matter (1641). Ben Jonson's Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden (published London, 184;?). Editions: The first and second folios of Jonson' works appeared respectively in 1616 and 1640. The first modern edition is that of Gifford, 9 vols., London, 1816. This is re-printed in 3 vols. (London, 1870). There are numerous other edi- tions, among them a 2-volume selection of the plavs (Mermaid Series, London and New York, 1S93-94). The Discoveries have been often re- printed: bv Felix E. Schelliner (Boston, 1892) ; by" J. E. Spingarn, Critical Es- says of the Seventeenth Century, voL 1 (Oxford, 1908); Maurice Castelain (Paris, 1907); and H. Morlev (Lon- don, IS9-2). On Jonson and his works: Prefatory material to editions cited. A. C. Swinburne, A Study of Ben Jonsou (London, 1889). io8 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA J. A. Symonds, Ben Jonson (London, 1886). C. H. Herford, Ben Jonson (in Diction- ary of National Biography, vol. 30, London, 1892). W. H. T. Bandissin, Ben Jonson und seine Schule, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1836). M. Castelain, Ben Jonson, I'homme et I'ceuvre (Paris, 1907). P. Aronstein, Ben Jonson's Theorie des Lustspiels (in Anglia, vol. 17, Halle, 1894). H. Grossmann, Ben Jonson als Kritiker (Berlin, 1898). H. Reinsch, Jonson's Poetik und seine Beziehungen zu Horaz (Nauinburg, 1898). Felix E. Schelling, Jonson and the Clas- sical School (Modern Language Asso- ciation Publications, Baltimore, 1898). P. Simpson, " Tanquam Explorator": Jonson's Method in the Discoveries (Modern Language Review, vol. 2, 1907). R. A. Small, The Stage-quarrel Between Ben Jonson and the so-called Poetas- ters (in Forschungen zu englische Sprache und Literatur, Breslau, 1899). J. E. Spingarn, Sources of Jonson's " Discoveries " (in Modern Philology, vol. 2, 1905). TIMBER; OR DISCOVERIES MADE UPON MEN AND MATTER i (1641) The parts of a comedy and tragedy. — The parts of a comedy are the same with a tragedy, and the end is partly the same, for they both delight and teach; the comics are called SiSdcncaXot of the Greeks no less than the tragics. A ristotle. — Plato. — Homer. — Nor is the moving of laughter always the end of comedy; that is rather a fowling for the people's delight, or their fooling. For, as Aristotle says rightly, the mov- ing of laughter is a fault in comedy, a kind of turpitude that depraves some part of a man's nature without a dis- ease. As a wry face without pain moves laughter, or a deformed vizard, or a rude clown dressed in a lady's habit and using her actions; we dislike and scorn such representations which made the ancient philosophers ever think laughter unfitting in a wise man. And this induced Plato to esteem of Homer as a sacrilegious per- son, because he presented the gods some- times laughing. As also it is divinely said of Aristotle, that to seem ridiculous is a part of dishonesty, and foolish. The wit of the old comedy. — So that what either in the words or sense of an author, or in the language or actions of men, is awry or depraved does strangely stir mean affections, and provoke for the most part to laughter. And therefore it l Re-printed, with omissions, from Spel- ling's edition of the Discoveries (Boston, 1892).— Ed. was clear that all insolent and obscene speeches, jests upon the best men, in- juries to particular persons, perverse and sinister sayings (and the rather unex- pected) in the old comedy did move laughter, especially where it did imitate any dishonesty, and scurrility came forth in the place of wit, which, who under- stands the nature and genius of laughter cannot but perfectly know. A ristophanes. — Plautus. — Of which Aristophanes affords an ample harvest, having not only outgone Plautus or any other in that kind, but expressed all the moods and figures of what is ridiculous oddly. In short, as vinegar is not ac- counted good until the wine be corrupted, so jests that are true and natural seldom raise laughter with the beast, the multi- tude. They love nothing that is right and proper. The farther it runs from reason or possibility with them the better it is. Socrates. — Theatrical wit. — What could have made them laugh, like to see Socra- tes presented, that example of all good life, honesty, and virtue, to have him hoisted up with a pulley, and there play the philosopher in a basket; measure how many foot a flea could skip geometrically, by a just scale, and edify the people from the engine. This was theatrical wit, right stage jesting, and relishing a playhouse, invented for scorn and laughter; whereas, if it had savored of equity, truth, perspi- cuity, and candor, to have fasten a wise BEN JONSON 109 or a learned palate, — spit it out pres- ently! this is bitter and profitable: this instructs and would inform us: what need we know anything, that are nobly born, more than a horse-race, or a hunt- ing-match, our day to break with citizens, and such innate mysteries? The cart. — This is truly leaping from the stage to the tumbril again, reducing all wit to the original dung-cart. Of the magnitude and compass of any fable, epic or dramatic. What the measure of a fable is. — The fable or plot of a poem defined. — The epic fable, differing from the dramatic. — To the resolving or this question we must first agree in the definition of the fable. The fable is called the imitation of one entire and perfect action, whose parts are so joined and knit together, as nothing in the structure can be changed, or taken away, without impairing or troubling the whole, of which there is a proportion- able magnitude in the members. As for example: if a man would build a house, he would first appoint a place to build it in, which he would define within cer- tain bounds; so in the constitution of a poem, the action is aimed at by the poet, which answers place in a building, and that action hath his largeness, compass, and proportion. But as a court or king's palace requires other dimensions than a private house, so the epic asks a magni- tude from other poems, since what is place in the one is action in the other; the difference is in space. So that by this definition we conclude the fable to be the imitation of one perfect and entire action, as one perfect and entire place is required to a building. By perfect, we understand that to which nothing is wanting, as place to the building that is raised, and action to the fable that is formed. It is perfect, perhaps not for a court or king's palace, which requires a greater ground, but for the structure he would raise; so that space of the action may not prove large enough for the epic fable, yet be perfect for the dramatic, and whole. What we understand by whole. — Whole we call that, and perfect, which hath a beginning, a midst, and an end. So the place of any building may be whole and entire for that work, though too little for a palace. As to a tragedy or a comedy, the action may be con- venient and perfect that would not fit an epic poem in magnitude. So a lion is a perfect creature in himself, though it be less than that of a buffalo or a rhinocerote. They differ but in specie: either in the kind is absolute; both have their parts, and either the whole. There- fore, as in every body so in every action, which is the subject of a just work, there is required a certain proportionable greatness, neither too vast nor too mi- nute. For that which happens to the eyes when we behold a body, the same happens to the memory when we contem- plate an action. I look upon a mon- strous giant, as Tityus, whose body cov- ered nine acres of land, and mine eye sticks upon every part; the whole that consists of those parts will never be taken in at one entire view. So in a fable, if the action be too great, we can never comprehend the whole together in our imagination. Again, if it be too lit- tle, there ariseth no pleasure out of the object; it affords the view no stay; it is beheld, and vanisheth at once. As if we should look upon an ant or pismire, the parts fly the sight, and the whole con- sidered is almost nothing. The same happens in action, which is the object of memory, as the body is of sight. Too vast oppresseth the eyes, and exceeds the memory; too little scarce admits either. What w the utmost bounds of a fable. — Now, in every action it behooves the poet to know which is his utmost bound, how far with fitness and a necessary propor- tion he may produce and determine it; that is, till either good fortune change into the worse, or the worse into the better. For as a body without propor- tion cannot be goodly, no more can the action, either in comedy or tragedy, with- out his fit bounds: and every bound, for the nature of the subject, is esteemed the best that is largest, till it can increase no more; so it behooves the action in tragedy or comedy to be let grow till the necessity ask a conclusion; wherein two things are to be considered: fir^t, that it exceed not the compass of one day; next, that there be place left for digression and art. For the episodes and digressions in a fable are the same that no EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA household stuff and furniture are in a house. And so far from the measure and extent of a fable dramatic. What by one and entire. — Now that it should be one and entire. One is consid- erable two ways; either as it is only separate, and by itself, or as being com- posed of many parts, it begins to be one as those parts grow or are wrought to- gether. That it should be one the first away alone, and by itself, no man that hath tasted letters ever would say, espe- cially having required before a just mag- nitude and equal proportion of the parts in themselves. Neither of which can pos- sibly be, if the action be single and sepa- rate, not composed of parts, which laid together in themselves, with an equal and fitting proportion, tend to the same end; which thing out of antiquity itself hath deceived many, and more this day it doth deceive. Hercules. — Theseus. — Achilles. — Ulysses. — Homer and Vergil. — Apneas. — Venus. — So many there be of old that have thought the action of one man to be one, as of Hercules, Theseus, Achilles, Ulysses, and other heroes; which is both foolish and false, since by one and the same person many things may be sever- ally done which cannot fitly be referred or joined to the same end: which not only the excellent tragic poets, but the best masters of the epic, Homer and Vergil, saw. For though the argument of an epic poem be far more diffused and poured out than that of tragedy, yet Vergil, writing of yEneas, hath pre- termitted many things. He neither tells how he was born, how brought up, how he fought with Achilles, how he was snatched out of the battle by Venus; but that one thing, how he came into Italy, he prosecutes in twelve books. The rest of his journey, his error by sea, the sack of Troy, are put not as the argument of the work, but episodes of the argument. So Homer laid by many things of Ulysses, and handled no more than he saw tended to one and the same end. Theseus. — Hercules. — Juvenal. — Codrus. — Sophocles. — Ajax. — Ulysses. — Contrary to which, and foolishly, those poets did, whom the philosopher taxeth, of whom one gathered all the actions of Theseus, another put all the labors of Hercules in one work. So did he whom Juvenal mentions in the beginning, "hoarse Codrus," that recited a volume compiled, which he called his Theseide, not yet finished, to the great trouble both of his hearers and himself; amongst which there were many parts had no coherence nor kindred one with another, so far they were from being one action, one fable. For as a house, consisting of divers materials, becomes one structure and one dwelling, so an action, composed of divers parts, may become one fable, epic or dramatic. For example, in a tragedy, look upon Sophocles his Ajax: Ajax, deprived of Achilles' armor, which he hoped from the suffrage of the Greeks, disdains; and, growing impatient of the injury, rageth, and runs mad. In that humor he doth many senseless things, and at last falls upon the Grecian flock and kills a great ram for Ulysses: re- turning to his senses, he grows ashamed of the scorn, and kills himself; and is by the chiefs of the Greeks forbidden burial. These things agree and hang together, not as they were done, but as seeming to be done, which made the action whole, entire, and absolute. The conclusion concerning the whole, and the parts.— Which are episodes. — Ajax and Hector. — Homer. — For the whole, as it consisteth of parts, so with- out all the parts it is not the whole; and to make it absolute is required not only the parts, but such parts as are true. For a part of the whole was true; which, if you take away, you either change the whole or it is not the whole. For if it be such a part, as, being present or ab- sent, nothing concerns the whole, it can- not be called a part of the whole; ant such are the episodes, of which here after. For the present here is one exam- ple: the single combat of Ajax an( Hector, as it is at large described ir Homer, nothing belongs to this Ajax of Sophocles. You admire no poems but such as n like a brewer's cart upon the stones hobbling: Et, quae per salebras, altaque sc cadunt, Accius et quidquid Pacuviusque vc munt Attonitusque legis terrai, frugiferai. BEN JONSON in TO THE READERS 2 (Dedication of Sejanus: His Fall) (1605) . . . First, if it be objected that what I publish is no true poem in the strict laws of time, I confess it: as also in the want of a proper chorus; whose habit and moods are such and so different, as not any, whom I have seen since the an- cients, no, not they who have most pres- ently affected laws, have yet come in the way of. Nor is it needful, or almost pos- sible in these our times, and to such audi- tors as commonly things are presented, to observe the old state and splendor or dramatic poems, with preservation of any 2 Re-printed, with omissions, from the Gif- ford-Cunningham edition of Jonson's Works. — Ed. popular delight. But of this I shall take more seasonable cause to speak, in my observations upon Horace his Art of Poetry, which, with the text translated, I intend shortly to publish. In the mean- time, if in truth of argument, dignity of persons, gravity and height of elocution, fullness and frequency of sentence, I have discharged the other offices of a tragedy writer, let not the absence of these forms be imputed to me, wherein I shall give you occasion hereafter, and without my boast, to think I could better prescribe, than omit the due use for want of con- venient knowledge. . . . DEDICATION' TO VOLPOXE, OR THE FOX 3 [To the Most Noble and Most Equal Sisters, The Two Famous Universities, For Their Love and Acceptance Shown to His Poem in the Presentation, Ben Jonson, The Grateful Acknowledger, Dedicates both it and Himself] (1607) ... I have labored for their instruc- tion and amendment, to reduce not only the ancient forms, but manners of the scene, the easiness, the propriety, the innocence, and last, the doctrine, which is the principal end of poesy, to inform men in the best reason of living. And though my catastrophe may, in the strict rigor of comic law, meet with censure, 3 Re-printed, with omissions, from the Gif- ford-Cunningham edition of the Works. — Ed. as turning back to my promise; I desire the learned and charitable critic to have so much faith in me, to think it was done of industry: for, with what ease I could have varied it nearer his scale (but that I fear to boast my own faculty) I could here insert But my special aim being to put the snaffle in their mouths that cry out, We never punish vice in our in- terludes, &c, I took the more liberty; though not without some lines of exam- ple, drawn even in the ancients them- selves, the goings out of whose comedies are not always joyful, but oft-times the bawds, the servants, the rivals, yea, and the masters are mulcted; and fitly, it be- ing the office of a comic poet to" imitate justice, and instruct to life, as well as purity of language, or stir up gentle af- fections: to which I shall take the occa- sion elsewhere to speak. . . . FRANCE — n CLASSICAL PERIOD ? rexch Dramatic Criticism of the Seventeenth Century . . .115 1 Bibliography 116 ■"rancois Ogier 117 Bibliography . .117 ! Preface to Tyre and Sidon [Preface (to the) Tyr et Sidon (of) Jean de Schelandre] translated by August Odebrecht. (1628.) With minor omissions 118 ~EAN Chapelain 123 I Bibliography 123 The Cid Quarrel 123 | Opinions of the French Academy on the Tragi-Comedy " The Cid " [Les Sentimens de I'Academie francoise sur la T ragi-comedie du Cid] translated by the editor. (1637.) Extracts 125 Summary of a Poetic of the Drama [Sommaire d'une Poetique dramatique] translated by the editor. (Posthumous.) Complete 127 Francois Hedelin, Abbe d'Aubignac 128 Bibliography 128 The Whole Art of the Stage [La Pratique du theatre'] anonymous translation (1657). Extracts 129 j ierre Corneille 136 Bibliography 137 First Discourse. On the Uses and Elements of Dramatic Poetry [Premier Discours. De I'Utilite et des Parties du Poeme drama- tique] translated by Beatrice Stewart MacClintock. (1660.) With minor omissions 139 Ieax-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere 148 Bibliography 149 School for Wives Criticized [La Critique de I'Ecole des femmes] translated by Henri Van Laun. (1663.) Extracts from scenes . 150 Preface to Tartufe [Preface (to) Tartufe] translated by Henri Van Laun. (1669.) Extracts 152 ii3 ii4 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Jean Racine 152 Bibliography 153 Preface to La Thebaide [Preface (to) La Thebaide] translated by the editor. (1664.) Complete 154 First Preface to Andromaque [Premiere Preface (to) Andromaque} translated by the editor. (1668.) Extracts 154 First Preface to Britannicus [Premiere Preface (to) Britannicus] translated by the editor. (1670.) Extracts 155 Preface to Berenice [Preface (to) Berenice] translated by the editor. (1674.) Extracts 156 Preface to Phedre [Preface (to) Phedre] translated by the editor. (1677.) Extracts 157 Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux 157 Bibliography 158 The Art of Poetry [Art Poetique\ translated by Soames Extracts 158 Saint-Evremond 162 Bibliography 163 Of Ancient and Modern Tragedy [De la Tragedie ancienne et mo- derne\ anonymous translation (written 1672). Complete . . .164 FRENCH DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY While no very distinct line of demarca- on can be drawn between the end of the xteenth and beginning of the seven- renth centuries in French literary criti- -111. it is at least convenient to consider sixteenth as marking the end of a age in the development from the tra- itions of the middle ages and an im- ortant connecting link with the een- jry in which the classic ideal received s" final impetus in the Art Poe'tique f Boileau (1674). The main current as in favor of classicism, i. e., an ad- erence to the precepts, however misun- erstood, of Aristotle and Horace; but rom time to time there arose a voice 1 protest; Grevin and Laudun d'Aiga- ers, among others, objected to the rigid lules, and declared in favor of greater iberty. The same sort of protest was eard occasionally in the following een- ury, from Ogier, in his Preface to lchelandre*s Tyr et Sidon (16^8), from lardy, rather by his practice, however, han in his prefaces; from Durval in his ireface to Agarite (1636), from Moliere iter in the century; and from numerous thers. But in spite of these more or jss sporadic manifestos, the main cur- ent was rigidly classic. The earlier irefaces, like that of Pierre Troterel to is play Les Corricaux (161-2), of Ma- esehal to La Genereuse AUemande 1621), Isnard's preface to Pichou's La 7 Uis de Scire (1631), Gombauld's to imaranthe (1631), Jean de Mairet's veri- able Poetic prefixed to his Silvanire [1631), the occasional prefaces to Du tyer's, Claveret's, and Desmarets de iaint-Sorlin's plays — all helped to pave he way for Jean Chapelain's many and •ft-repeated pleas for the Unities, and the amous Cid Controversy. This eontro- ersy, which will lie treated at greater ength in connection with Chapelain, •ailed forth a large number of pamphlets, for and against the young Corneille, vhose " irregular " Cid, produced in 1636, was one of the most successful plays of the century. Georges de Seudery's 06- serrations sur le Cid (published in 1637, when nearly all the controversial tracts appeared) was followed in quick succes- sion by Faret's (?) Defense du Cid, further attacks and defenses by Corneille himself, Mairet, Scudery again, Sorel, the anonymous Discours a Cliton, and finally by the Sentiment de I'Academie fran- coise tvr la tragi-comedie du Cid (1638), written principally and edited by Chape- lain. Corneille's Preface*, Avertisse- ments, and the like, begun in 1632 in Clitandre — were appearing meanwhile, but his most important critical and theo- retical contributions, the Discours and Examens, were not printed until the edi- tion of 1660. Other indications of the general trend of ideas on the drama may be found in works of less importance from the viewpoint of actual influence on contemporaries; in the Lett res of Chape- lain and of Jean-Louis Guez de Bal- zac, many of which are concerned with the question of the Rules and the Cid Controversy, while a single letter of Racan (to Menage, 1654) registers an- other protest against the strict regula- tions of classicism. Following immedi- ately upon the Cid controversy came Sarasin's Discours sur la fragidie (1639), a formal treatise founded upon Aristotelian principles, and, the next year, La Mesnardiere's Art Poe'tique, a pedantic and voluminous ultra-classic work. Another pedantic work, but of vaster importance and fame, appeared in 1657, the Pratique du theatre, of Francois Hedelin, Abbe d'Aubignac. This was the first work attempting to treat of the actual writing of plays, though the au- thor more often than not strays from his professed purpose and theorizes at great length. Corneille, who had long strug- gled to reconcile his practice with his theory, and his theory with his practice, replied to d'Aubignac and his other U5 n6 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA critics in his famous Discours and Exa- vi f ns (1660). Moliere, on the other hand, whose first critical words appeared in 1659, nowhere attempts to "justify" himself in like manner, but roundly de- clares that to please is the great and only rule. Racine, whose Preface to La Thebaide was first printed in 1664, is in his own way a follower of Aristotle. Rapin's Reflexions sur In Podtique (1674), translated into English by Rymer almost immediately after its publication in French, is a rather heavy and scholas- tic piece of work. But the same year (1674) saw the publication of the cele- brated Art Poetique of Boileau, which contains in concise form all the more or less consistent attempts to formulate a definite classic standard. Boileau stands for order, " good sense," and reason. Among the earliest French " essays " are the handful of short writings of Saint- Evremond, composed between 1666 and 1677, on Racine and Corneille, on ancient, French, English, and Italian drama. To- ward the end of the century there ap- peared a number of larger treatises, dealing with aspects of the drama, none of which, however, was of great impor- tance. Baillet's Jugement des savantt (1687), and Bayle's celebrated Diction- naire historique et critique (1697), and the welter of pamphlets and books oc- casioned by the Ancients and Modems Quarrel, are not primarily concerned with the drama, though they may be con- sulted on particular points. General references on Seventeenth Century French literature: Paul Albert, La Litterature francaise au XV IP siecle (Paris, 1895). A. Dupuy, Histoire de la litterature francaise au XVIP siecle (Paris, 1892). Emile Faguet, Le Dix-septieme siecle (Paris, 1890). L.-H. Follioley, Histoire de la litterature frangaise au XVH" siecle, 3 vols. (Tours, 1885). F. Lotheissen, Geschichte der fran- zosischen Literatur im 17. Jahrhundert, 4 vols. (Wien, 1874-84). Georges Longhaye, Histoire de la littera- ture francaise au XVH" siecle, 5 parts (Paris, 1895-98). F. Guizot, Corneille et son temps (new ed., Paris, 1852. Translated as Cor- neille and his Times, New York, 1871). Paul Lacroix, XVIP Siecle: Lettres, Sci- ences, et arts (Paris, 1882). Voltaire, Le Siecle de Louis XIV (Paris, 1751). Demogeot, Tableau de la Litterature francaise au XVH" siecle avant Cor- neille et Descartes (Paris, 1859). On the drama of the seventeenth cen- tury: Jules Bonnassies, Les Auteurs dra- matiques et la Comedie francaise h Paris aux XVII' et XVI IP siecles (Paris, 1874). F. Delavigne, La Trai/Sdie chretienne au XVIP siecle. Etudes litteraires (Tou- i louse, 1847). Eugene Despois, Le Theatre franga'a j sous Louis XIV (Paris, 1874). G. Fagniez, L'Art dramatique et le (/out i public dans la premiere moitie du i XVIP siecle (in the Correspondant, - N. S., vol. 216, Paris, 1913). Victor Fournel, La Litterature ind6- f pendante et les ecrivains oublies au I XVIP siecle (Paris, 1862). Eleanor Jourdain, An Introduction to the French Classical Drama (Oxford, 1912). Jules Lemaitre, La Comedie apre* Mo- liere et le The&tre de Dancourt (Paris, 1882). Eugene Lintilhac, La Comedie: XVIP siecle (Paris, 1908). Eugene Rigal, Le Thedtre francais avant \ la periode classique (Paris, 1901). On French criticism in the seventeenth century: Francisque Vial et Louis Denise, I(Ues et doctrines du XVIP siecle (Paris, 1906). Auguste Bourgoin, Les Maitres de la critique au XVIP siecle (Paris, 1889). Charles Arnaud, Les Theories dra- matiques au XVIP siecle. Etude sur la vie et les ceuvres de I'Abbe d'Aubig- nac (Paris, 1888). FRANXOIS OGIER 117 lharles Livet, Predeux et ridicules (2nd I ed., Paris, 1870). L Wilrnotte, La Critique litte'raire au XVII Steele (in Etudes critiques sur la [ tradition litteraire en France, Paris, 1909). icorge Saintsbuiy, A History of Criti- cism, vol. 2 (New York, 190-2). L Delfour, Les Ennemis de Racine au XVII' sucle (Paris, 1859). General references on the Acadimie '■ancaise: elli>son et d'Olivet, Histoire de VAcadi- vt ie francoise (new ed., 2 vols., Paris, ISoS). Paul Mesnard, Histoire de I'Academie francaise (Paris, 1857). A. Fabre, Chapelain et nos deux pre- mieres Academies (Paris, 1890). L. Petit de Julleville, Histoire de la langue et de la Litterature francaise, vol i (Paris, 1897). G. Boissier, L'Academie francaise sous VAncien RSghne (Paris, 1909). Charles Marty-Laveaux, Les Rigistres de PAcademie francaise, 3 vols. (Paris, 1893). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, L'Academie fran- caise (in Xouveaux Lundis, voL 12, Paris, 1863-70). Leon Vincent, The French Academy (Boston, 1901). FRANCOIS OGIER Francois Ogier (who signs himself in ne place as a "native of Paris") was orn early in the seventeenth century, ."othing is known of him except through is various writings. He entered the hurch at an early age and became predicateur du roi." He manifested |n early liking for letters, and began his terary career with an attack on Ga- asse's Doctrine curieuse (1623)-. The rgument was continued, and resulted in 'gier's Jugement et Censure of the Doc- rine. After a good deal of controversy :\e opponents were reconciled. J.-L. G. e Balzac took part in the quarrel and ided with Ogier, who later defended lalzac in the Apologie, in 1627. In e published the Preface to Jean de chelandre's plav, Tyr et Sidon, orig- lally published "in 1608. In 1648 Ogier r ent to Munster and was present at the igning of the Treaty of Westphalia. A he next year he returned to Paris, reached for some time, and finally re- ired, devoting his efforts entirely to writing and the publishing of his works, le died at Paris in 1670. With the exception of the Preface to •chelandre's play, Ogier's works con- ist of poems, sermons, and various riticisms of literature. Ogier was not . man of the theater, though his inter- ■st in the drama is manifest in the Preface. He was, indeed, little more than an amateur, but perhaps as such he was the better able to see the futility of subjecting poets and dramatists to rules. It was he, rather than Chapelain and Boileau, who applied the standard of reason and commonsense to works of art. But, as has been pointed out, the current of the time was against him, and it did not turn until the early years of the nineteenth century. Editions: The second edition of Schelandre's Tyr et Sidon, which contains Ogier's pref- ace, was published at Paris in 1628. Its exact title is Preface au Lecleur, par F.OJ 3 . [Francois Ogier, Parisien]. The Preface and play are re-printed in the eighth volume of Viollet-le-duc's Ancien Theatre francois (Paris, 1856). On Ogier and his work: Bavle, Dictionnaire (English ed., Lon- don, 1735). Xouvelle Biographie g&nbrale, voL 38 (Paris, 1861). George Saintsburv, A History of Criti- cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902). Aulard, article in Bulletin de la Faculti des lettres de Poitiers (Avril, 1883). n8 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA PREFACE TO TYRE AND SIDON i [Preface au Lecteur (to) Tyr et Sidon] (1628) . . . Those who favor the ancient poets will find something to criticize in our author's invention, and those who follow the moderns will find some little fault with his style. These former, who are the erudite, for whose criticism we have the highest regard, say that our tragi- comedy is not composed according to the rules that the ancients have pre- scribed for the stage, on which they were willing to perform nothing but events which can take place in the course of one day. And yet, in the first as well as in the second part of our play, there are found things which cannot be in- cluded in a single day, but which re- quire an interval of several days to be put into execution. But then, too, the ancients, in order to avoid this inconvenience of connect- ing in a few hours events far removed in time, have fallen into two errors as important as those that they wished to avoid: the one, in the fact that, fore- seeing very well that a variety of events is necessary to render the performance pleasing, they cause a number of inci- dents and encounters to take place in one and the same day, which probably cannot have happened in such a short space of time. That offends the judi- cious spectator who desires a real or imaginary interval between those events, in order that in his mind he may not discover anything too unnatural in # them, and that it may not seem that the char- acters are assigned to appear at a given moment, like Dei ex Machind, which were also used very often out of season. This fault is noticeable in nearly all the plays of the ancients, and especially in those in which there occurs some recog- nition of a child formerly abandoned; for directly, in order to strengthen some conjecture founded on age, features, or on some ring or other clew, the person who was employed to lose it, the shep- herd who has reared it, the old woman who has nursed it, etc., all meet and l Translated, with minor omissions, for the first time in English, by August Odebrecht. — Ed. suddenly appear on the stage, as if by magic, although it is probable that all these people can be assembled only after the expenditure of much time and pains. All the tragedies and comedies of the an- cients are full of examples of this kind. Sophocles himself, the most regular of all, in his (Edipus Rex, which is offered to us by the experts as the model of a perfect tragedy, has fallen into this error: for, at the very moment when Creon has returned from the Delphian oracle, when great difficulty is being experienced in attempting to discover the author of Laius' death, at the mo- ment when they have sent for a former ( servant who may have some information j concerning it, and who is to arrive forth- j with, suddenly the poet brings upon the scene the old man who had formerly j carried off the child CEdipus, and who i had received him from the hands of this old servant whom they are expecting. \ So that the entire affair is revealed in a moment, for fear that the action of the tragedy may exceed in length the time of i one day. Who does not see at this point that the unexpected arrival of the old ; man from Corinth has been prepared j beforehand and is too farfetched, and that it is not at all likely that a man who was not called in for this purpose, should arrive and converse with CEdipus i just in the short interval of time which , elapses since Laius' old servant has been J sent for? Is not this to bring these two characters together in spite of them- selves, and to discover at one moment the secret of the death of this unfortu- nate prince? Because of this consideration for put- ting off nothing to an imaginary mor- row, it happens, too, that the poets cause certain actions to follow one other immediately, although of necessity they require an appreciable interval between them in order to be appropriately car- ried out. As when ^Eschylus brings in Agamemnon with funeral ceremony, ac- companied by a long train of mourners and by libations, at the very moment when he has just been killed. Whereas: FRANCOIS OGIER ii9 !us murder must have thrown the entire n al house and the whole city into dis- order, when the body is to be concealed jr abandoned by the murderers, and then the whole stage should be filled jith violent outbursts of compassion and f vengeance, they march in great Memnity and in good order in the liner al procession of this unhappy jrince, whose blood is still warm and Iho, so to speak, is only half dead. I The second disadvantage that the an- ient poets have incurred because they fish to confine the events of a tragedy Hthin one day, is their being compelled jbntinually to introduce messengers in frder to relate the events which have oc- lurred on the preceding days, and the purpose of the events which are taking i lace on the stage at the moment So [nat, in nearly all the acts, these gen- Ueiuen entertain the audience with a ttngthy enumeration of tiresome in- trigues which make the spectator lose Uatience, however well disposed he may [je to listen. Indeed it is a tedious hing, that one and the same person hould occupy the stage all the time, ;nd it is more suitable for a good inn han becoming to an excellent tragedy p see messengers continually arriving here. Here it is necessary to avoid as puch as possible those tiresome speakers ►'ho relate the adventures of others, and o put the persons themselves into ac- ion, leaving these long narrations to the listorians or to those who have taken .harge of composing the plots and the Tibjects of the plays that are being per- ormed. What difference is there, pray, tetween The Persians of .Escbylus and a imple narrative of what occurred be- ween Xerxes and the Greeks? Is there my thing so dull or so uninteresting? Vnd the disgust of the reader, whence ■omes it if not from the fact that a nessenger plays in it the part of all the •haracters, and that the poet has re- cused to violate that law that we are vrongfully accused of having violated? 3ut 1 am in no mood to criticize further he works of a poet who had the cour- age to fight valiantly for the liberty of lis country, during those famous days if Marathon, of Salamis and of Plataea. Let us leave him to hold forth in such a •vay as may please him concerning the flight of the Persians, since he had such a good share in their defeat, and let us pass on. Poetry, and especially that which is written for the theater, is composed only for pleasure and amusement, and this pleasure can arise only from the va- riety of the events which are represented on the stage, which events, not being able to occur easily in the course of one day, the poets have been constrained to aban- don gradually the practice of their predecessors who confined themselves within too narrow limits; and this change is not so recent that we have no exam- ples of it from antiquity. Whoever will carefully consider the Antigone of Sophocles will find that a night inter- venes between the first and the second burial of Polynices; otherwise, how could Antigone have deceived the guards of the body of this unfortunate prince the first time, and avoid being seen by so many people, except in the darkness of the night? For on the second occa- sion she comes to the body aided by a heavy rain which causes all the guards to retire, while she, in the midst of the storm, buries her brother and pays her last respects to him. Whence it hap- pens that the tragedy of Antigone repre- sents the events of two days at least; since the pretended crime of that princess presupposes Creon's law which is pro- claimed publicly and in broad daylight, on the stage and in the presence of the elders of Thebes. Here then is the order of this tragedy: the law or the inter- diction of Creon, made and proclaimed during the day; the first burial of Poly- nices, that I maintain took place at night; the second during a great storm in broad daylight; that is the second day. But we have a much more famous ex- ample of a comedy by Menander (for our critics demand that we observe the same rule in comedies as in tragedies in relation to the difficulty that we are considering) entitled 'EavrorTiftopvperos, translated by Terence, in which, without any doubt, the poet includes the events of two days, and introduces the actors who bear witness to the fact in very plain terms. In act one, scene two, Chremes warns his son not to stray too far from the house, in view of the fact 120 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA that it is already very late. In act two, scene four, Clitipho and his band enter the house to sup with the old man, and the night is spent there in pleasant oc- cupations. The next day Chreines rises early to inform Menedemus of the re- turn of his son, and he goes out of the house rubbing his eyes and uttering these words: Luces cit hoc iatn, etc., tha day is bee/inning to dawn, etc. For if there is any one bold enough to say that Menander and Terence have erred in this passage, and that they have forgot- ten themselves in respect to the propri- eties that must be preserved in the the- ater, let him beware lest he offend as well the leading men among the Romans, Scipio and Laelius, whom Cornelius Nepos considers to be the real authors of this comedy, rather than Terence. It can be seen, then, by this, that the ancients and the most excellent masters of the profession have not always ob- served that rule which our critics de- sire to make us so religiously preserve at the present time. For if, however, they have nearly always observed it, it is not because they believed themselves abso- lutely compelled to do so in order to satisfy the spectator's imagination, to which they had done just as much vio- lence in the two ways that I have pointed out, but it was their custom to dare to deviate only very slightly from the path that had been marked out for them by their predecessors. Which appears in the fact that the least innovations in the theater are cited by the ancients as very important and very remarkable changes in the state. Sophocles invented the buskin and added three actors to the choruses that before his time consisted only of twelve. This change is of very little importance and concerns only the stature of the actor and the size of the choruses, which are always unpleasant of whatever size or quality they appear. Now, in my opinion, there are two reasons why the ancient writers of tragedy have not dared to deviate, un- less it be very little and by degrees, from their first models. The first is that their tragedies formed a part of the worship of the gods and of the cere- monies of religion, in which, innovations being always offensive and changes hard to appreciate, unless they take place of their own accord and, as it were, imper- ceptibly, it happened that the poets dared undertake nothing that was not in keeping with the usual custom. And perhaps that is also the reason why, al- though they represent atrocious deeds, accompanied and followed by murders and other kinds of cruelty, on the other hand, they never shed blood in the pres- ence of the audience, and all those bloody executions are understood to take place behind the scenes, and that, for fear that the solemnity of the occasion may be desecrated by the sight of some homi- cide; for, if one consider well, the Ajax of Sophocles does not kill himself on the stage, but in a neighboring thicket^ from which his voice and his last sighs can be easily heard. The second reason why ancient trage- dies are nearly all alike and are, nearly all of them, full of choruses and of mes- sengers, arises from the fact that the poets, wishing to carry off the prize destined to the one who composed the best work, forced themselves to write according to the desire and taste of the people and of the judges, who, without doubt, would have refused to admit among the number of contestants any one who had not followed the rules of composition observed before his time on such occasions. The subject matter it- self, on which the poets were to work that year, was prescribed and suggested. From which it can be seen that nearly all ancient tragedies have the same sub- ject, and that the same plots are treated by vEschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, tragic authors of whom alone a few com- plete works have come down to us. From this it has also happened that these subjects and plots have been taken from a small number of Greek tales or stories well known to the people, who would not have been contented to being enter- tained by other exhibitions than those based upon events that had occurred at Thebes and at Troy. Add to this that the Athenians who had received the tragedies of ^Eschylus with extraordinary, applause, desired as a special favor that they might still be performed in public after the death of their author. A fact which gave them such a reputation that the tragic poets who followed concluded that they must not deviate from a modeJ ; FRANCOIS OGIER 121 that was held in such high repute, and that it was necessary to conform to pub- lic opinion since it was that of the master. Since then, the Latins, who had sub- mitted themselves to the inventions of the Greeks, as holding the arts and the sci- ences from them, did not dare to dis- turb the limits that had been prescribed, for them, and especially in regard to the subject of which we are speaking. For the' Romans, who had imitated the Greeks in other kinds of poetry, and who had even competed with them for the prize in epic and lyric poetry, confined themselves, or very nearly so, to mere translation of their tragedies, and they have treated no subject which had not been exhibited several times on the stages of Greece. I will not mention Accius, Naevius, Pacuvius, and a few others, of whose works we possess many fragments classed by the grammarians under the title of Greek tales; the only Latin tragedies which were composed in a better age, and that remain to us, are nearly all Greek, as well in subject matter as in form, except the Thebaid, in the fact that it does not introduce any choruses, and the Octavia, because its subject is a roman story; but the latter is the work of an amateur, if we are to believe Justus Lip^ius, and scarcely deserves to be taken into consideration. After the Latins, the drama, as well as the other forms of more polite litera- ture having been abandoned, barbarism ! succeeded this long interregnum of the humanities, that resumed their authority only within the memory of our fathers. In this restoration, however, several er- rors were committed, but it is not my purpose to speak of that in this place, and I cannot undertake it without mak- ing a volume out of a preface, and say- ing many good things that are not to the point. Only, I should wish that Francis Bacon, the public critic of human knowl- edge, had made some mention of it in his books, for it seems that his subject obliged him to do so. I confine myself here to poetry alone, and say that the too intense eagerness of wishing to imitate the ancients has caused our best poets to fail to attain cither the reputation or the excellence of the ancients. They did not consider that the taste of nations is different, as well in matters pertaining to the mind as in those of the body, and that, just as the Moors, and without going so far, the Spaniards, imagine and prefer a type of beauty quite different from that which we prize in France, and just as they desire their sweethearts to have a dif- ferent figure, and features other than those that we desire to see in ours, to such a degree that there are some men who will form an idea of their beauty from the same features that we should consider homely, just so, it must not be doubted that the minds of nations have preferences quite different from one an- other, and altogether dissimilar feelings for the beauty of intellectual things, such as poetry; but philosophy, never- theless, has no part in this matter: for it expects, to be sure, that the minds of all men, under whatever sky they may be born, shall agree in one and the .same opinion concerning the tilings necessary for the sovereign good, and it strives as far as possible to unite them in the search after truth, because there can be but one truth; but as for matters that are merely amusing and unimportant, such as this of which we are speaking, it allows our opinions to take whatever direction they please, and does not ex- tend its jurisdiction over this matter. This truth granted, it opens a gentle and pleasing way to settle the quarrels that arise daily between those who at- tack and those who defend the works of the ancient poets; for, as I cannot re- frain from censuring two or three scrib- blers who call Pindar stupid and extrava- gant, Homer a dreamer, etc., etc., and those who have imitated them in these latter days, so too, I think it remarkable that they should be proposed to us as perfect models, from which we are not permitted to deviate ever so little. To this we must reply, that the Greeks worked for Greece, and were successful in the judgment of the cultured people of their day, and that we shall imitate them much better if we grant something to the genius of our own country and to the preferences of our own language, than if we compel ourselves to follow step by step their plan and their style as a few of our writers have done. Here 122 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA it is that the judgment must be brought into play as in everything else, choosing from the ancients that which can adapt itself to our own times and to the tem- perament of our nation, without, how- ever, finding fault with the works that, during so many centuries, have met with public approval. They were considered in their day from a point of view dif- ferent from that of the present time, and people perceived a certain charm in them which is concealed from us and to discover which it would be necessary to have breathed the air of Attica at birth and to have been reared in the midst of those excellent men of ancient Greece. Surely, just as our stomachs refuse some meats and fruits which are con- sidered delicacies in foreign countries, in the same manner our minds fail to enjoy a certain passage or a certain com- position by a Greek or by a Latin which, in former times, has been held in high admiration. The Athenians must cer- tainly have found other beauties in the verses of Pindar than those which our minds of the present day discover in them, since they rewarded a single word with which this poet favored their city, more generously than would the princes of to-day recompense an Iliad composed in their honor. We must not then be so infatuated with the theories that the ancients have held, nor with the art which they have set up, allowing ourselves to be led like the blind; but we must examine and con- sider these theories themselves by the circumstances of time, place, and the persons for whom they were composed, adding to them and taking away in order to adapt them to our use, a method that Aristotle would have sanctioned: for this philosopher, who demands that su- preme reason be obeyed on all occasions, and who concedes nothing to popular opinion, does not refrain from admitting at this point that poets should grant something to the convenience of the actors, in order to facilitate their acting, and should make many allowances for the stupidity and the mood of the spec- tators. Surely he would have conceded much more to the preference and to the judgment of a whole nation, and if he had laid down rules for a play which was to have been performed before a people as impatient and fond of change and novelty as we are, he would have been very careful not to weary us with those narrations of the messengers, so frequent and so tiresome, nor would he have made a chorus recite almost a hun- dred and fifty lines at a stretch, as does Euripides in his Iphigenia in Aulis. Hence, the ancients themselves, recog- nizing the faults of their drama, and that the little variety observed in their plays depressed the spectators, were compelled to introduce satyrs as a form of inter- lude, which, by virtue of an unrestrained license to slander and abuse persons of the highest rank, held the attention of the people, who delight ordinarily to hear ill spoken of others. This plan of ordering and arranging, which they used, is our reason for not hesitating to justify the invention of tragi-comedies, introduced by the Ital- ians, in view of the fact that it is much more reasonable, in the course of the same conversation, to mingle grave mat- ters with the least serious, and to bring them together in a single plot for a play or for a story, than to mingle ex- traneously satyrs with tragedies that have no connection with one another, and that confuse and disturb the sight and the understanding of the audience; for, to say that it is improper to sbow in a single play the same persons speak- ing now of serious, important, and tragic matters, and immediately after of com- monplace, vain, and humorous things, is to be unacquainted with the nature of human life, whose days and hours are very often interrupted by laughter and by tears, by joy and by sorrow, accord- ing as they are filled with happiness or troubled by misfortune. Some one of the gods endeavored formerly to mingle joy with sorrow in order to make of them a single compound; he was unabie to accomplish this, but then he joined them behind one another. That is why they ordinarily follow so closely after one another, and nature herself has shown us that there is scarcely any difference between them, since artists note that the movements of muscles and nerves that give an expression of laughter to the countenance, are the same that serve to make us weep and to assume the expres- JEAN CHAPELAIX 123 I sion of sorrow by which we manifest ex- treme grief. And then, after all, those >who demand no variation or change in the inventions of the ancients, are argu- ing here merely about the word and not aUmt the thing itself: for, what is the ps of Euripides but a tragi-comedy full of jests and wine, of satyrs and Silenus, on the one hand; of blood and rage and baffled Polyphemus on the other? The question, then, is an old one, al- though it goes by a new name; it merely remains to treat it as is fitting, to make each character speak in a manner that is becoming to the subject, and to know how to step down appropriately from the cothurnus of tragedy (for it" is per- missible in this discussion to make use of these terms) to the slipper of comedy, as our author has done. Even-body knows how different should be the style that is used in such different matters: the one lofty, elevated, superb; the other, mediocre and less serious. That is why Pliny the Younger ratl.er humorously nicknamed two of his coun- try homes Tragedy and Comedy, because one was situated on a mountain, and the other below on the sea-shore. . . . JEAN CHAPELAIX Jean Chapelain, the son of a notary and an ambitious mother, was born at Paris in 1595. From the first, Jean was destined by his parents for a literary career. He studied early under the famous Nicolas Bourbon. As a young man, his knowledge and his ability as a conversationalist, afforded him a place in many of the literary salons of the day. His Preface to the Adone of Marini in- creased his already growing reputation. He was the friend and counsellor of the Precieux, and a welcome guest at the Hotel de Rambouillet. Among his friends and admirers were Balzac, Mal- herbe, Corneille, Richelieu, while the Due de Longueviile pensioned him in order that he might devote all his time to writ- ing. The work upon which he most prided himself was the famous La Pucelle, upon which he worked for twenty-five years. The first twelve cantos were published in 1656, and proved a disastrous failure. The criti- cisms and attacks on the poem did much to destroy Chapelain's reputation as the greatest poet of his time, though he was still considered an important critic. He died at Paris in 1674. Ever since Boileau's venomous at- tacks, Chapelain has presented a rather ridiculous figure in French literature. But that he was a man of great im- portance — and even paved the way for much of Boileau's own work, — is" un- doubted. His work in connection with the foundation of the Academic fran- caise, his formulation of various critical dogmas, and the role he played in the Cid Controversy, entitle him to a position of the utmost importance in seventeenth century French criticism. The Cid Controversy 1 The enormous success of Corneille's Le Cid, first produced in 1636, occasioned considerable jealousy among the so- called u arbiters of taste." Georges de Scudery, a rival of the author's, pub- lished early in 1637 his Observation* tur le Cid, in which he set out to prove that the subject of the play was worthless, that it violated the chief rules of the drama, that the handling of the subject was not good, that it contained many bad lines, and that its chief beauties were stolen. Corneille answered this on- slaught in his Lettre apologetique, which was rather a counter-attack in Scudery"s manner, than a dignified response. Sev- eral others took up the quarrel, some championing Corneille and some his op- ponent. Of lesser importance were the Defense du Cid, considered by some to have been written by Faret; Le Souhait du Cid, possibly from the hand of Sir- 1 For a history of the Quarrel and re-print of the principal pamphlets, see Armand Gasti, La QuereUe du Cid (Paris, 1898). 124 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA mond; then Scudery's own La Preuve des passages alUguez dans les Observa- tions sur le Cid, and Sorel's (?) Le Jugement du, Cid. Of considerable in- terest is the anonymous Discours a Cliton — which has been attributed in turn to the Comte de Behn, Claveret, and Mairet — containing the Traicte" de la disposition du Poeme Dramatique, et de la prUendue Regie de vingt-quatre heures. Mairet's Epistre familiere au Sieur Corneille sur la Tragi-comidie du Cid was answered by Corneille, or a friend of his, in the Advertissement au Besanqonnois Mairet. Then came the famous Les Sentimens de l'Acade"mie franqaise sur la Tragi-come'die du Cid, published at the end of the year 1637. Among the many comments on this docu- ment the most interesting are letters of Balzac to Scudery (1638), Scudery's reply, and Scudery's Lettre de Monsieur de Scudiri a Messieurs de VAcademie franqaise; and, finally, Chapelain's twenty-six Letttres (re-printed in the Thamizey de Larroque edition, cited be- low) written in 1637, all touching upon the Quarrel. After Corneille's first reply to Scudery, the latter suggested referring the matter to the recently-founded Academy, and Corneille at least made no protest. The Academy accepted the task, and Chape- lain wrote out a first draft of what was afterwards to become the Sentimens. The committee appointed to collaborate with Chapelain seems to have done noth- ing, and Chapelain presented his draft to Richelieu, to whose advantage it was to bring discredit upon Corneille's play. The Cardinal was pleased with the work in general, but suggested changes and asked Chapelain to make it more " worthy of the Academy." For some time the Academy deliberated and finally passed the MS, which was sent to press; but Richelieu, finding it too " flowery," stopped the printing, revised certain sec- tions, and at last allowed the whole to be published in December, 1637. That the Sentimens is essentially the work of Chapelain seems sure; he was a man of integrity, and he himself de- clares that the "whole idea" and "all the reasoning " are his. Possibly some allowance must be made for Chapelain's " absolute deference " and " blind obedi- ence" to the Cardinal's wishes; Richelieu undoubtedly saw in Corneille a dangerous rival, and not only requested but com- manded that the Academy bring an ad- verse criticism against Le Cid. Still, Chapelain's conscience forced him to ac- knowledge the many beauties of the "ir- regular " play. In this work, as well as in the Lett res, prefaces, dissertations, and other mis- cellaneous work, he went far to establish that set of absolute rules which guided,— and cramped — the French drama and literature for many years. In the words of Lanson, Chapelain "practically founded dogmatic criticism." He was the disciple of Good-Sense and Reason, the corner-stones of Neo-classicism. On the drama: The Letlres belong to two different pe- riods, and are full of literary discus- sions, criticism, and ideas. The first group includes the correspondence with Balzac, and belongs to the years 1632-40. The second, written to many European scholars, including Gro- novius, Huet, Heinsius, and Vossius, belong to the period 1659-73. The principal edition is the selection of Lettres, 2 vols, (edited by Ph. Ta- mizey de Larroque, Paris, 1880-83). Selections from the Lettres and miscel- laneous material are found in Camu- sat's Melanges de Littdrature, tirez des Lettres manuscrites de M. Chapelain (Paris, 1726). The last section of this book, on the men of letters of the day, is re-printed in Collas' Chapelain, cited below. A great many letters and other MSS. of Chapelain have never been printed. There are three of interest, however, re-printed in the appendix of Charles Arnaud's Les Theories dramatique^ am XVII" siecle (Paris, 1887). The first of these, Trots Dissertations ineditcs de Chapelain, is a Demonstration de la Regie des Vingt-quatre heures et Refutation des Objections, dated 1630; the second, a Sommaire d'une Poetique dramatique; and the third (undated, like the preceding) a Variante du Sommaire pr6ce"dent. This last is translated in the present volume. JEAN CHAPELAIN 125 I Editions: ,es Sentiment de VAcademie francoise sur la Tragi-comedie da Cid was first published in 1637, though the title-page bears the date of 1G38. It was re- printed in 1678, probably in 1693, and in 1701; also in the Marty-Laveaux edition of Les (Euvres de Pierre Cor- neille, vol. 12 (Paris, 1S62), in Gaste's La Querelle du Cid (Paris, 1898), in Georges Collas' Jean Chapelain (Paris, 1911), and in Colbert Sear les' Leg Sen- timents de VAcademie francoise sur la Tragi-comedie du Cid (Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1916). This edition contains in parallel columns Chapelain's original MS., the correc- tions, and the printed version. On Chapelain and his works: ntroductions to the Thamizey de Lar- roque, Camusat, and Searles editions above cited, jeorges Collas, Jean Chapelain (Paris, 1911). Pierre Brun, Jean Chapelain (in Revue d'histoire lilteraire de la France, Paris, 1902). \lois Miihlan, Jean Chapelain alt lit- terarischer Kritiker (Leipzig, 1884). Biographic universelle, voL 1 (Paris, 1844). La Grande Encyclopedie, vol. 10 (Paris). Xouvelle Biographie generate, vol. 9 (Paris, 1854). Segrais, Segraisiana, 2 vols. (Paris, 17:21; Amsterdam, 1723). J.-E. Fidao-J ustiniani, L' Esprit classique et la Priciosite au XVII' siecle (Paris, 1914). Adrien Baillet, Jugement des savants, 8 vols. (Paris, 1722-30). Goujet, Bibliotheque francoise, 18 vols. (Paris, 1701-26. See vol. 17). F. Guizot, Corneille et son Temps, trans- lated as Corneille and his Times, New York, 1871 (chap, on Chapelain). Abbe Fabre, Les Ennemis de Chapelain (Paris, 1888). E. Hunger, Der Cidstreit in chronolo- gischen Ordnung (Leipzig, 1891). Rene Kerviter, La Bretagne a I'Academie francaise au XVII' sie~cle (Paris, 1879). Charles Arnaud, Les Theories dra- matiques au XVII* siecle. Etude sur la vie et les ceucres de I' Abbe d'Aubig- nac (Paris, 1887). H. Moulin, Chapelain, tluet, Menage (Caen, 1882). A. Bourgoin, Les Slaitres de la critique au XV 11" siecle (Paris, 1889). OPINIONS OF THE FRENCH ACADEMY ON THE TRAGI-COMEDY •THE CID "2 (Les Sentimens de I'Academie francoise sur la Tragi-comtdie du Cid) (1637) . . Nature and Truth have put a cer- tain value to things, which cannot be al- :ered by that which chance or opinion >et up: to attempt to judge them by what they seem, and not what they are, s to condemn oneself at the outset. It s true enough that the great Masters are not themselves in very close agreement this point. Some, too much inclined, it »eems, toward pleasure, hold that de- light is the true purpose of dramatic poetry; others, more sparing of men's time and holding it too dear to be given ;>ver to amusements which yield only pleasure and no profit, maintain that its \ - Here translated for the first time, by the editor. — Ed. real end is to instruct. Though each expresses himself in such different terms, it will on closer examination be seen that both are in agreement; and if we judge them with what favor we should, we shall see that those who claim pleas- ure as the sole end are too reasonable to exclude anything that is not conformable to reason. We must believe — if we would do them justice — that by pleas- ure they mean the pleasure which is not the enemy but the instrument of virtue, and which purges men, insensibly and without disgust, of their vicious prac- tices, and which is useful because it is good, and which can never leave regret in the mind for having surprised it, nor 126 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA in the soul for having corrupted it. And so they only seem to disagree with the others, for it is true that if the pleasure they demand be not profit itself, it is at "least the source whence of necessity it flows; and that wherever there is pleas- ure there is profit, and that both are pro- duced from the same sources. Hence, they are at one, and we agree with them both, and we can all of us to- gether say that a play is good when it produces a feeling of reasonable content. But, as in music and painting, we should not consider every concert and every pic- ture good if it please the people but fail in the observance of the rules of their respective arts, and if the experts, who are the sole judges, did not by their approval confirm that of the multitude. Hence we must not say with the crowd that a poem is good merely because it pleases, unless the learned and the ex- pert are also pleased. Indeed, it is im- possible that there can be pleasure con- trary to reason, unless it be to a de- praved taste — as, for instance, a liking for the bitter and the acid. We are not here concerned with satisfying the liber- tine and the vicious man, who only laughs at adulteries and incests, and who does not object to violations of the laws of nature, provided he is amused. Nor have we to do with pleasing those who are ignorant and untutored, who would be no more moved at seeing the suffer- ings of Penelope than of Clytemnestra. Evil examples are contagious, even in the theater; the representations even of feigned acts produce only too many real crimes; and there is great danger in di- verting the people with pleasures which may some day result in public catas- trophes. We must be careful to guard their eyes and ears against things of which they should not know, and keep them from learning of cruelty or perfidy, unless at the same time examples are ac- companied with the just retribution, so that they may take home with them after the performance at least some fear mixed with their pleasure. But, for that mat- ter, it is impossible to please any one with disorder and confusion, and if it happens that irregular plays sometimes please, it is only by reason of what is regular in them, because of certain un- questioned and extraordinary beauties which transport the soul so far that for a long time after, it is incapable of de- tecting the deformities which accompany them, and which serve, imperceptibly, to bring out the faults, while the under- standing is yet dazzled by the brilliancy of the good. And on the other hand, if certain regularly-constructed plays give little pleasure, it must not be thought that this is the fault of the rules, but of the author, whose sterile wit was unable to exercize his art upon sufficently rich material. . . . . . . Now, the natural, rather than the true is, according to Aristotle, the prov- ince of epic and dramatic poetry, which, having for its purpose the pleasure and profit of the auditor or the spectator, the epic or dramatic poet can the more surely encompass by making use of the natural, or verisimilar, rather than what is simply true, or matter of fact, because it con- vinces men the more easily as it finds no resistance in them, which it would if the poet adhered to mere facts, and which might well be so strange and incredible that they would think them false and re- fuse to be persuaded of them. But since several things are required to make a story natural — that is, observation of time, of place, of the condition, age, man- ners and customs, and passions, — the principal point of all is that each person! age must behave according to his charac- ter as set forth early in the poem. For instance, an evil man must not do good deeds. And the reason why this exact ob- servation is required is that there is no other way of producing the Marvelous, which delights the mind with astonishment and pleasure, and is the perfect means adopted by poetry to arrive at the end of profit. It is indeed a great under- taking to try to create the rare effect of the Marvelous from so common a thing as the natural. And so, we believe with the Masters that herein lies the greatest merit for him who knows well how to do it; and as the difficulty is great, there are few who can succeed. And that is why so many, despairing of success, re- sort to that false Marvelous which re- sults in the unnatural, what is not true to life, and which may be called the .Mon- strous, and try to pass off on the crowd as the true Marvelous that which deserve^ only the name of Miraculous. JEAX CHAPELAIX 127 SUMMARY OF A POETIC OF THE DRAMA 1 (Sommaire d'une Poetique dramatiqug) (Posthumous) The object of representative as well as of narrative poetry is the imitation of human action; their necessary condition is truth to life [le vray*emblable\\ in its perfection it strives for the marvelous. From the judicious union of the veri- similar and the marvelous springs the excellence of works of this sort. Both these elements belong to invention. In Tragedy, which is the noblest form of drama, the poet imitates the actions of the great; in Comedy, those of people in middle or low condition. The ending of Comedy is happy. Tragi-comedy was known to the An- cients only as tragedy with a happy end- ing. Witness the Iphigenia in Tauris. The modern trench have made the form very popular, and as a result of the char- acters and the action have put it into a class nearer to tragedy than to comedy. The Pastoral was invented and intro- duced by the Italians less than a hundred years after the Eclogue; it is a sort of Tragi-comedy, imitating the actions of shepherds, but in a more elevated man- ner and with higher sentiments than can be employed in the Eclogue. In plays, poets depict, besides action, the various manners, customs, and pas- sions of human beings. They take particular care to make each personage speak according to his condi- tion, age, and sex; and by propriety they mean not only that which is decent, but what is fitting and appropriate to the characters — be they good or evil — as they are at first set forth in the play. In their tragedies and comedies a good plot never had more than one principal action, to which the others are related. This is what is termed Unity of Action. They have allowed to the development of the action of a play the space of a single natural day. This is what is termed the Twenty-four-hour rule. 1 Translated complete, for the first time, by the editor. — Ed. They have set the physical limit of their action to a single place. This is what is termed the Unity of Place. All this is a necessary corollary to the verisimilar, without which the mind is neither moved nor persuaded. The action of the play consists in ex- position of the story, its complication [embrouillement] and its development. The most worthy and agreeable effect that can be produced by a play, is that as a result of the artful conduct of the story the spectator is left suspended and " puzzled to know the outcome, and cannot decide what the end of the ad- venture will be. The Latins divided plays into five acts, while the Greeks divided them only into scenes. Each act has several scenes. It will seem too short if it have only four, and too long if more than seven. In the first act the principal points of the story are made clear; in the second, complications arise; in the third, the trou- ble deepens; in the fourth, matters look desperate; in the fifth, the knot is loosed — in a natural way, however, but in an unforeseen manner — and from this re- sults the Marvelous. There are some who insist that no more than three characters should ap- pear on the stage at the same time in the same scene, in order to avoid confu- sion. I approve of this, except when it applies to the last scenes of the last act, where everything ought to point toward the end and where confusion only ren- ders the unraveling more noble and more beautiful. Others insist that each scene be inti- mately bound to the other. This, it is true, ^produces a more agreeable effect; but fbe practice of the Ancients proves how unnecessary it is. ^Tiat seems "most necessary to me is that no character should enter or leave without apparent reason. 128 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA FRANCOIS HEDELIN, ABBE D'AUBIGNAC Francois H£delin, better known as the Abbe d'Aubignac, was born at Paris in 1604. His father was an M avoeat " at the Parlement and his mother a daugh- ter of the famous Ambroise Pare. In 1610 the family moved to Nemours. At an early age Francois took part in the conversations of the Precieux and liter- ary people with whom his father, a man of some literary taste and accomplish- ments, was acquainted. His own educa- tion, a part of which was the study of modern and ancient languages, was, ac- cording to him, of his own making; his precocity was the wonder and delight of his parents and their friends. In his twenty-third year he was made an " avoeat au Parlement " ; the same year, 1627, he published his first work, a study, Des Satyres, brutes, monstres et demons. For a time he practiced law at Nemours, with some success, but he soon went to Paris and entered the Church. Just after his ordination as a priest, he was ap- pointed private tutor to the Due de Fronsae, a nephew of Cardinal Richelieu, and son of the Marshal de Breze. This was a turning-point in his life, for in the house of the Duke he became ac- quainted with the great men of his time, chief among them the Cardinal himself, who did much toward the shaping of his career. He was given the Abbey of Aubignac in recognition of his services, but in the meantime he had spent his patrimony on the education of the Duke. He experienced considerable difficulty in securing the pension to which he was en- titled. His political opinions seemed suf- ficient reason to Conde for a refusal. As a result, d'Aubignac says (in 1663) that for seventeen years he had not been to court. He preached, wrote plays, pamphlets, a novel, dissertations of vari- ous kinds, and his celebrated Pratique du theatre. He founded an Acadimie des belles-lettres, probably in 1654. His last years were filled with disappointments. He died in 1676. D'Aubignac touched the life of his time at many and diverse points. A recog- nized arbiter of taste, a scholar, an au- thor, a Precieux, a man of the world, and an abb£, he was for many years re- garded as one of the foremost men of his age. Even after his death his opin- ions were respected by such men as Cor- neille and Racine. His principal title to fame rests on the famous Pratique du thMlre (1657), which was studied by many practicing dramatists. Racine's copy of the book is still in existence and his annotations are re-printed in M. Arnaud's life of d'Aubignac. (See be- low.) The curious mixture of pedantry and absurdity which goes hand in hand with much that is wise and sane, has done great harm to the author's reputation, while possibly Conde's mot, " I am obliged to Monsieur d'Aubignac for hav- ing so exactly followed Aristotle's rules, but I will never forgive the rules of Aris- totle for having put Monsieur d'Aubignac upon writing so bad a tragedy," has served to call attention to the great dis- parity between the author's theory and his practice. The Pratique was intended, and to a certain extent is, a practical manual, the first of its kind. Its im- portance lies in the author's having in- sisted that a play is intended to be per- formed, and not merely read. This is by no means a new idea; Aristotle him- self had laid down the principle, though he had not developed it, while Castel- vetro was the first in modern times to insist on the close relation between the dramatist and the performance of a play in a theater before an audience. On the drama: D'Aubignac's dramatic writings are not confined to the Pratique du thedtre, though this is his most important con- tribution to the subject. He carried on a long and rather absurd discussion with Menage on the duration of the action in the Heautontimorurnenos of Terence. The first published work of d'Aubignac on the subject was the Discours sur la troisidme comtdie de Terence, intitule" e: " Htautontimorn- menos," published at Paris anony- mously in 1640. The next was the Terence justifhi, published in 1656. FRANCOIS HEDELIN, ABBE D'AUBIGXAC 129 Both were re-printed under the title of Tirence justifie in the Amsterdam 2-voluiue edition of the Pratique, in 1715. In lo'03 came the Deux Disser- tations en forme de remarques sur deux tragedies de M. Corneille (Paris, 16"63), and, later in the same year, the Troi- sieme et Quatrieme Dissertations on further plays of Corneille. These are vitriolic attacks on Corneille. The Dis- sertation tur la condamnation des Theatres was published in 1666. He is likewise the author of two plays, Cyminde (1642), and Zinobie (1647). Editions : La Pratique du thMtre was first pub- lished at Paris in 1657, and re-printed there in 1669. The same work, to- gether with the Discours on Terence, and one of Menage, was re-printed in 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1715). It was translated, anonymously, as The Whole Art of the Stage, now made English (London, 1634). Several passages of the original French are quoted in Arnaud's ufe of d'Aubignac. On the Abbe d'Aubignac and his works : Charles Arnaud, Les Theories dra- matiques au XVII' siecle. Etude sur la vie et les ceuvres de YAbbe" d'Aubig- nac (Paris, 1887). Charles Livet, Pre" deux et ridicules (2nd ed., Paris, 1870). Adrien Baillet, Jugement des savants (new ed., Paris, 1722-30). Saint-Marc Girardin, J.-J. Kosseau (in vol. 2, Paris, 1870). George Saintshurv, A History of Criti- cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902). THE WHOLE ART OF THE STAGE 1 [La Pratique du theatre] (1657) OF THE BCTES OF THE AXCIEXTS CHAPTER IV . . . Therefore, here are five objections hich have been ordinarily made to me igainst the rules of the Ancients: First, that we are not to make laws to ourselves from custom and example, but from reason; which ought to prevail over any authority. Secondly, "that the Ancients themselves have often violated their own rules. Thirdly, that divers poems of the An- cients had been translated and acted upon our stage with very ill success. Fourthly, that divers of our modern plays, though quite contrary to these rules, have been acted with great ap- plause. And last of all, that if these rigorous maxims should be followed, we should very often lose the greatest beauty of all true stories, their incidents having most commonly happened at different times and in different places. As to the first objection, I answer that 1 Re-printed from the anonymous translation, Ike Whole Art of the Stage (London, 1684). the rules of the stage are not founded upon authority, but upon reason; they are not so much settled by example as by the natural judgment of mankind, and if we call them the rules and the art of the Ancients 'tis only because they have practiced them with great regularity and much to their glory; having first "made many observations upon the nature of moral actions and upon the probability of human accidents in this life and thereby drawing the pictures after the truth of the original and observing all due circumstances, they reduce to an art this kind of poem whose progress was very slow, though it were much in use among them and much admired all the world over. But, however, I am very sparing of citing their poems and when I do it it is only to show with what agreeable artifice they kept to these rules, and not to buoy up my opmion by their authority. As for the second objection, it seems not considerable; for reason, being alike all the world over, does equally require everybody's submission to it. and if our modern authors cannot without offense 130 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA be dispensed from the rules of the stage, no more could the Ancients; and where they have failed I do not pretend to ex- cuse them. My observations upon Plau- tus show very well that I do propose the Ancients for models only in such things as they appear to have followed rea- son; and their example will always be an ill pretext for faults, for there is no excuse against reason. In things which are founded only in custom, as in gram- mar, or in the art of making a verse with long or short syllables, the learned may often use a license against the re- ceived practice and be imitated in it by others, because custom may often have countenanced a thing not well of itself. But in all that depends upon common- sense and reason, such as are the rules of the stage, there to take a license is a crime; because it offends not custom tut natural light, which ought never to suffer an eclipse. I must not omit, for the glory of the Ancients, that if they have sometimes violated the art of dramatic poems, they have done it for some more powerful and inducing reason than all the interest of the play could amount to. As for ex- ample, Euripides in The Suppliants has preferred the glory of his country to that of his art, of which I have spoken else- where. The third objection has no force but in the ignorance of those that allege it. For if some poems of the Ancients, and even those which were most in esteem with them, have not succeeded upon our stage, the subject and not the want of prt, has been the cause of it; and some- times likewise the changes made by the translators, which destroyed all the graces of the original; they have added improbable scenes between princes and have showed out of time that which the Ancients had carefully concealed with art; and very often changed a fine rela- tion into an impertinent, ridiculous spec- tacle. But that which is more worthy our consideration is that there were cer- tain stories, fitted for the stage of Athens with great ornaments, which would be an abomination upon ours. For example, the story of Thyestes, so that we may say that either the moderns have cor- rupted the Ancients, by changing their whole economy, or the imperfection of the matter stifled the excellency of the To destroy the fourth objection, we need only to remember that those plays of ours which took with the people and with the Court, were not liked in all their parts, but only in those things which were reasonable and in which they were conformable to the rules. When there were any passionate scenes they were praised; and when there was any great appearance or noble spectacle, it was esteemed; and if some notable event was well managed, there was great satisfac- tion shown; but if in the rest of the play or even in these beauties of it, any irregu- larities were discovered or any fault against probability and decency, either in the persons, time, or place, or as to the state of the things represented, they were condemned as faults. And all the favor that was shown the poet was that out of the desire of preserving what was fine, the spectators were somewhat more in- dulgent to what was amiss. There, that success so much bragged on is so far from contradicting the rules of the stage that, quite contrary, it es- tablished their authority. For these rules being nothing but an art, to cause the finest incidents to please with de- cency and probability, it sufficiently ap- pears how necessary they are since by common consent all that comes up to them is approved of and all that varies from them is in some measure condemned. Examples would extremely illustrate this truth if I were not afraid to anger some of our poets by instructing the others at their cost. The fifth objection is absolutely ri- diculous. For the rules of the stage do not at all reject the most notable inci- dents of any story, but they furnish us with inventions, how so to adjust the circumstances of the action, time, and place as not to go against all probable appearance, and yet not to represent them always as they are in story, but such as they ought to be, to have noth- ing but. what's agreeable in them. 'Tis that, then, that we are to seek, and of which in the following Discourse I shall communicate my thoughts. FRANCOIS HEDELIN, ABBE D'AUBIGNAC 131 OF THE SUBJECT OF DRAMATIC POEMS (Book 2, Chapter 1) Supposing here what the poet ought to of that part of a drama which the \ncients called the Fable, we, the Story ir Romance, and I in this place the Sub- ect — I will only say that for subjects aerely invented and of which one may 5 well make a tragedy as a comedy, if they do not take, 'tis perfectly the poet's 'ault, and a fault without excuse or pre- ext, which he can never clear himself of; or, being master as well of the matter of the form, the miscarriage of the ilay can be attributed to nothing but to lis want of conduct in the thing and to he errors of his own imagination. But, is for subjects drawn from story or from the fables of the Ancients, he is nore excusable if he misses of success n the representation of them, for he nay be many ways constrained; as if a rreat man command him to preserve cer- tain circumstances, not so fit for the ;tage, or that he does it himself out of iome consideration more important to lim than the glory of being a good poet would be. But if he be free of his choice, •ne may be sure that he shall be blamed if his play does not take, it being certain that art out of an ill story may make an ?xcellent drama; as for example, if there De no plot, the poet must make one; if it be too intricate, he must make it looser and easier, if too open and weak, he must strengthen it by invention, and so for the rest. On the other side, there is no story 50 rich in itself but an ill poet may so spoil the beauty of it that it will be hardly known to be the same story. Besides, one is not to think that all fine stories are fit to appear with suc- cess upon the stage, for very often the Deautifullest part of them depends upon some circumstance which the theater can- not suffer; and it was for this that I ad- vised one who had a mind to undertake the loves of Antiochus and Stratonica to let it alone; for the most considerable incident in it being the cunning of the physician in discovering the prince's pas- sion by causing all the ladies in the court to pass one by one before the prince's oed that so by the emotion of his pulse ne might judge which of them it was that caused his disease. I thought it would be very odd to make a play where the hero of it should always be abed, and that it would be hard to change the cir- cumstance so as to preserve the beauty of it, and that besides, the time and place of the scene would be difficult to bring together; for if Antiochus be supposed sick abed in the morning, 'twould be im- probable to lay much action upon him all the rest of that day; and to place the scene in a sick man's chamber or at bis door would be as unlikely. 'Twas for the same reason that the Theodore of Corneille had not all the ap- probation it deserved; 'tis in itself a most ingenious play, the plot being well carried and full of variety, where all the hints of the true story are made use of to advantage, the changes and turns very judicious and the passions and verse worthy the name of so great a man. But because the whole business turns upon the prostitution of Theodora to the pub- lic stews, it would never please; not but that the poet, in that too, has taken care to expose things with great modesty and nicety, but still one is forced to have the idea of that ugly adventure so often in one's imagination, particularly in the nar- rations of the fourth act, that the spec- tators cannot but have some disgust at it. There are a hundred stories like these, and harder yet to manage for the stage; and likewise, on the contrary, there are lucky ones which seem to have happened on purpose, as that of Sophonisba, who is a widow, and married again, loses her kingdom and recovers it, all in one day. The way, therefore, of choosing a sub- ject is to consider whether it be founded upon one of these three things; either upon noble passions, as Maria nine and the Cid; or upon an intricate and pleas- ing plot, as Cleomedon or The Disguis'd Prince; or upon some extraordinary spec- tacle and show, as Cyminda or The Two Victims; and if the story will bear more circumstances of this nature or that the poet's imagination can fitly supply the play with them, it will be still the better, provided he observe a just moderation, for though a poem ought not to be with- out a plot nor without passions or noble spectacles, yet to load a subject with any of them, is a thing to be avoided. Vio- lent passions too often repeated do, as it were, numb the soul and its sympathy: 132 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA the multitude of incidents and intrigues distract the mind and confound the mem- ory, and much show takes up more time than can be allowed it, and is hard to bring on well. 'Tis for this reason that some of our poets who had contrived in every act a memorable incident and a moving passion did not find that the suc- cess answered their expectation. I am asked what is the measure of em- ploying those things? I shall answer, 'tis every one's natural judgment; and it may happen that a drama may be so luckily contrived that the preparation of the in- cidents and the variety of the passions shall correct the defect of the abundance of them, and that the art of the ma- chines shall be so well understood that they may easily be made use of in every act, as I formerly propounded to Cardi- nal Richelieu, but hitherto they are little in use in our ordinary theaters. 'Tis besides most commonly asked here how far the poet may venture in the al- terations of a true story, in order to the fitting of it for the stage. Upon which we find different opinions among both the ancient and modern critics; but my opinion is that he may do it not only in the circumstances but in the principal action itself, provided he make a very good play of it; for as the dramatic poet does not much mind the time, because he is no chronologist, no more does he nor the epic poet much mind the true story, because they are no historians. They take out of the story so much as serves their turn and change the rest, not ex- pecting that anybody should be so ridicu- lous as to come to the theater to be in- structed in the truth of history. The stage, therefore, does not present things as they have been, but as they ought to be, for the poet must in the subject he takes reform everything that is not accommodated to the rules of his art; as a painter does when he works upon an imperfect model. 'Twas for this reason that the death of Camilla by the hands of her brother Horatius was never liked of upon the stage, though it be a true adventure; and I for my part gave my opinion that to save in some measure the truth of the story and yet not to offend against the decency of the stage, it would have been better that that unfortunate maid, seeing her brother come towards her with his sword drawn, had run upon it of herself, for by that means she would still have died by the hand of Horatius, and yet he might have deserved some compassion, as unfortunate but innocent, and so the story and the stage would have agreed. In a word, the historian ought to recite matter of fact, and if he judges of it he does more than he ought to do; the epic poet is to magnify all events by great fictions where truth is, as it were, sunk and lost; and the dramatic poet ought to show all things in a state of decency, probability, and pleasingness. 'Tis true that if story is capable of all the orna- ments of dramatic poetry, the poet ought to preserve all the true events ; but if not, he is well grounded to make any part of it yield to the rules of his art and to the design he has to please. Many against this do allege the author- ity of Horace, who says that "he ought in story to follow the common received opinion, or at least to invent things that may be as conformable to it as possible." But I answer that Horace in that place does not treat of the subject of the play, but of the customs and morals that ought to be given the actors [characters], who ought not to be represented different from what they were believed ; as it would be to make Caesar a coward, or Messalina chaste. And this Vossius has well ob- served in his Poetic Art, and I wonder that people should be abused by citations applied quite contrary to the sense of the author; and yet I am not of opinion that a known story yet fresh in the minds of the people can suffer to be considerably changed without great caution; but in such a case I should advise the poet rather to abandon such a subject than to make an ill play of it out of a humor of following truth; or at least to manage it so as not to check directly the received opinion among the vulgar. If we ex- amine well the sense of Aristotle, I be- lieve he will be found to be of this opin- ion; and as for the Ancient poets, they have always taken that liberty, the same story having hardly ever been treated the same way by different poets. As for ex- ample, the adventures of Polydorus are very different in Euripides and Vergil. Sophocles kills Hemon and Antigone, but Euripides, who has made the same story FRANCOIS HEDELIX, ABBE D'AUBIGNAC 133 n two plays, marries them together in 3ne, contrary to what he himself had done before in the other called The Phoe- nician Ladies. The same Sophocles in (Edipus makes Jocasta strangle herself, md Euripides makes her live till the 'omhat of her sons Eteocles and Polynices, and then kill herself upon Jieir dead bodies". Orestes and Electro ire very different in many circumstances, though "both works of the same poet- In 1 word, the four [three] tragic poets of lie Greeks whose works we have, are all different in the disposition of the same .tories, and I believe that they were the cause of that grand disorder and con- fusion there is in story and chronology in those old times, because that they hav- ing changed both the times and events for their own ends, have influenced some listorians who thought to pick out of them the truth of story, and so made all things uncertain. Anybody that will Tead the Electra of Euripides, that of Sophocles, and the Choephorce of .Eschy- lus, will easily see that they made no diffi- culty of contradicting one another and "themselves. As for the different kinds of subjects, letting alone those ordinary divisions of Aristotle and his commentators, I here propose three sorts of subjects. The first consists of incidents, intrigues, and new events, when almost from act to act there is some sudden change upon the stage which alters all the face of affairs, when almost all the actors have different designs; and the means they take to make them succeed come to cross one another and produce new and unforeseen acci- dents, all which gives a marvelous satis- faction to the spectators, it being a con- tinual diversion, accompanied with an agreeable expectation of what the event will be. The second sort of subjects are of those raised out of passions; when out of a small fund the poet does ingeniously draw great sentiments and noble passions to entertain the auditory; and when out of incidents that seem natural to his sub- ject, he takes occasion to transport his actors into extraordinary and violent sen- timents, by which the spectators are rav- ished and their soul continually moved with some new impression. The last sort of subjects are the mixed or compound of incidents and passions, when by unexpected events, but noble ones, the actors break out into different passions; and that infinitely delights the auditory, to see at the same time sur- prising accidents and noble and moving sentiments, to which they cannot but yield with pleasure. Now, 'tis certain that in all these three sorts of subjects the poet may succeed, provided the disposition of his play be ingenious; but yet I have observed B aie difference, according to which they take more or less. Subjects full of plot and intrigue are extreme agreeable at first, but being once known, they do not the second time please us so well, because they want the graces of novelty, which made them charm us at first, all our delight consisting in being surprised, which we cannot be twice. The subjects full of passions last longer and affect us more, because the soul which received the impression of them does not keep them so long nor so strongly as our memory does the events of things; nay, it often happens that they please us more at second seeing, because that the first time we are employed about the event and disposition of the play, and by consequent do less enter into the sentiments of the actors; but having once no need of applying our thoughts to the story, we busy them about the things that are said, and so receive more impressions of grief or fear. But it is out of doubt that the mixed or compound are the most excellent sort, for in them the incidents grow more pleasing by the passions which do as it were uphold them, and the passions seem to be renewed and spring afresh, by the variety of the unthought-of incidents; so that they are both lasting and require a great time to make them lose their graces. We are not to forget here (and I think it one of the best observations that I have made upon this subject) that if the sub- ject is not conformable to the customs and manners as well as opinions of the spectators, it will never take, what pains soever the poet himself take, and what- soever ornaments he employs to set his play off. For all dramatic poems must be different according to the people be- fore whom they are represented; and from thence often proceeds that the sue- 134 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA cess is different though the play be still the same. Thus the Athenians delighted to see upon their theater the cruelties of kings and the misfortunes befalling them, the calamities of illustrious and noble families, and the rebellion of the whole nation for an ill action of the prince, be- cause the state in which they lived being popular, they loved to be persuaded that monarchy was always tyrannical, hoping thereby to discourage the noble men of their own commonwealth from the at- tempt of seizing the sovereignty, out of fear of being exposed to the fury of a commonalty who would think it just to murder them. Whereas, quite contrary among us, the respect and love which we have for our princes cannot endure that we should entertain the public with such spectacles of horror. We are not willing to believe that kings are wicked, nor that their subjects, though with some appear- ance of ill-usage, ought to rebel against their power, or touch their persons, no, not in effigy. And I do not believe that upon our stage a poet could cause a tyrant to be murdered, with any ap- plause, except he had very cautiously laid the thing. As for example, that the ty- rant were an usurper and the right heir should appear and be owned by the peo- ple, who should take that occasion to re- venge the injuries they had suffered from the tyrant. But usurpation alone against the will of the people, would not justify without horror the death of the sovereign by the hands of his rebellious subjects. We have seen the trial of it in a play called Timoleon, whom no consideration of state or common good, no love nor generosity towards his country, could hinder from being considered as the mur- derer of his brother and his prince; and for my part, I esteem that author who avoided to have Tarquin killed upon the stage after the violence he had offered to Lucretia. The cruelty of Alboin in- spired horror into the whole French Court, though otherwise it were a tragedy full of noble incidents and lofty lan- gauage. We have had upon our stage the Esther of Mr. Du Ryer, adorned with great events, fortified with strong passions, and composed in the whole with great art; but the success was much unluckier at Paris than at Rouen; and when the play- 1 ers at their return to Paris told us the good fortune they had had at Rouen, everybody wondered at it without being able to guess the cause; but for my part I think that Rouen, being a town of great trade, is full of a great number of Jews, some known and some concealed, and that by that reason they making up a good part of the audience, took more delight in a piece which seemed entirely Jewish, by the conformity it had to their manners and customs. We may say the same thing of come- dies, for the Greeks and Romans, with whom the debauches of young people with courtesans was but a laughing mat- ter, took pleasure to see their intrigues represented, and to hear the discourses of those public women, with the tricks of those ministers of their pleasures coun- tenanced by the laws. They were also delighted to see old covetous' men over- reached and cheated of their money by the circumvention of their slaves in favor of their young masters. They were sen- sible to all these things because they were subject to them one time or another. But amongst us all this would be ill re- ceived, for as Christian modesty does not permit persons of quality to approve of those examples of vice, so neither do the rules by which we govern our families all of those flights of our servants, nor do we need to defend ourselves against them. 'Tis for the same reason that we see in the French Court tragedies take a great deal better than comedies, and that on the contrary, the people are more af- fected with the latter and particularly with the farces and buffooneries of the stage; for in this Kingdom the persons of good quality and education have gen- erous thoughts and designs, to which they are carried either by the motives of vir- tue or ambition, so that their life has a great conformity with the characters of tragedy, but the people, meanly born and dirtily bred, have low sentiments and are thereby disposed to approve of the mean- ness and filthiness represented in farces, as being the image of those things which they both use to say and do; and this ought to be taken notice of, not only in the principal part of the poem, but in all its parts and particularly in passions, as we shall say more amply in a chapter about them; for, if there" be any act or FRANCOIS HEDELIN, ABBE D'AUBIGXAC 135 that has not that conformity of nanners to the spectators, you will sud- ienly see the applause cease and in its ilace a discontent succeed, though they hemselves do not know the cause of it. ? or the stage and eloquence are alike in his, that when even it triumphs and over- ■omes, it is in abomination with the audi- :nce who thereupon are apt to conclude rith themselves, That 'tis better to em- brace virtue through the hazard of perfe- ction, than to follow vice even with iopes of impunity. Tis thus principally that the stage night to be instructive to the public by he knowledge of things represented ; and ! have always observed that it is not igreeable to the audience that a man who werves from the way of virtue should >e set right, and repent, by the strength >f precepts and sentences: we rather de- ire it should be by some adventure that jresses him, and forces him to take up ■easonable and virtuous sentiments. We hould hardly endure that Herod should ■ecall his sentence against Mariamne lpon a remonstrance of one of the seven wise men of Greece: but we are pleased o see that after the death of the Queen, lis love becomes his tormentor; and, hav- ng opened his eyes, drives him into so Sincere a repentance, that he is ready to lacrifice his life to the regret he has for sis crime. As for the other way of teaching mo- lality, it depends much on the ingenious- tiess of the poet, when he strengthens his Jieatrical action with divers pithy and x»ld truths, which being imperceptibly worked into his play, are as it were the lerves and strength of it. For, in a >vord, that which I condemn in common didactics, is their style and manner of expression, not the things themselves, iince those great truths which are as it •vere the foundation of the conduct of numan actions, I am so far from ban- •shing them off the stage, that quite con- :rary, I think them very necessary and ornamental, which to attain, I give these following observations. First, these general maxims must be so fastened to the subject, and linked by many circumstances with the persons act- ing, that the actor may seem to think more of that concern of his he is about, than of saying fine things; that is, to speak in terms of rhetoric, he must re- duce the thesis to the hypothesis, and of universal propositions make particular applications; for by this means the poet avoids the suspicion of aiming to in- struct pedantically, since his actors do not leave their business which they are about. For example, I would not have an actor spend many words to prove that Virtue is always persecuted; but he may say to the party concerned: Do you think to have better measure than virtue has always had, and can you expect to be privileged from persecution more than Socrates or Cato? And so continue a little speaking still to the party present, and upon the sub- ject in hand, by which means these dis- courses seem a little to keep off from being too general precepts, and so dis- gust the less. Secondly, in all these occasions the poet must use figurative speech, either by interrogation, irony, or others that his fancy shall suggest; for these figures, by not circumstaneing minutely the general propositions, make them more florid, and so by ornaments free them from the di- dactic character. As, for example, if there be a design of advising a young woman to obey her parents: instead of preaching downright obedience to her, I think an irony would do better. As thus: That's a fine way indeed, for a virtu- ous young lady to attain the reputation of a good daughter, to be carried away by her own passions, and neglect not only the censure of the best sort of peo- ple, but break through the fences of duty and honor! My third observation is, that when any of these great maxims are to be proposed bluntly and in plain words, it be done in as few words as may be; by that means they do not cool the stage, but add some- thing to the variety of it; but there must be care taken that this do not happen in the midst of a violent passion; for besides that in those cases men do not naturally speak sentences, the actor can- not then appear with that moderation which those reflections require. Seneca is very guilty of this fault in all his trage- dies, where most commonly in the heat of passion all his fine commonplaces are bestowed upon the audience. We have nevertheless some examples 136 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA of didactic propositions made in direct terms and at length not without some success in Corneille, which to attain as well as he, requires the same ingenuity and art. The expressions must be strong, and seem to have been said only for that particular subject to which they are ap- plied, and that requires a particular ge- nius and much study to accomplish. I have observed besides, that common truths, though in a didactic style, yet do very well upon the stage in the mouth of a rogue or a cheat, when his character is known; for the spectator is delighted to see him cunningly use all the maxims and discourses of a good man to intents and purposes quite contrary, so that by that means 'tis all figurative, and moves the attention of the audience. One may likewise successfully enough burlesque all these common truths, but that can be performed nowhere but in comedy, where by that means they for- sake their natural state, and are dis- guised under a new appearance, which causes both variety and ornament. But tragedy in its own nature is too grave to admit of anything so low and buffoon as this would be; neither do I remember to have met with anything of that kind in any serious tragedy; I say serious trag- edy, because that in satirical tragedy there was admitted a mixture of heroic actions and low buffooneries; and there- fore this disguising of serious precepts might have room among the rest in them. PIERRE CORNEILLE Pierre Corneille was born at Kouen in 1606. He came of a middle-class family of lawyers and petty officials. He at- tended the Jesuit College at Kouen, where he received a sound training in the clas- sics; he later studied law and received a degree in 1624, and practiced at least part of the time, both as lawyer and in an official capacity in the department of waters and forests and the marine. Dur- ing his early years he was a student of literature, and at the age of twenty- three he wrote his first play, Melite. This was successfully produced by Mon- dory in Paris. It was followed in quick succession by five comedies, a tragi- comedy, and a tragedy, all of which ap- peared and were produced between 1629 and 1636. Although he went to Paris occasionally, Corneille resided in Rouen until 1662. In 1636, or early in 1637, he produced Le Cid, which marked not only the beginning of the poet's success, but the veritable beginning of modern French tragedy. Aside from its incalculable in- fluence on the drama of the time and of succeeding times, it precipitated the fa- mous Cid Controversy. The success of the play and the honors heaped upon Cor- neille, brought the poet into disfavor with Richelieu, who sought to discredit the author of the " irregular " Cid. But the public would be influenced by no Academic attacks, and the poet's future was assured. And yet, Corneille was troubled and discouraged by the many at- tacks on his work, and we find him years afterward attempting to justify himself and reconcile his theory with his prac- tice. In his next play, Horace (1640), he replied to his critics by writing a " regular " play, which is little below Le Cid in power. Then followed Cinna (1640), Polyeucte (1642 or 1643), and La Mort de Pompde (1643-44). After this play, there is a noticeable diminu- tion in the poet's power, followed by discouragement and what practically amounted to poverty, together with a certain measure of neglect. His last play, Sur6na, was produced in 1674. His later years were once more troubled with a quarrel, this time over his Sojihi- nisbe (1663), in which the Abbe d'Aubig- nac and Donneau de Vise were his adver- saries. In 1647 Corneille, after two un- successful attempts to secure election, was admitted to the Academy. He died at Paris in 1684. The theoretical works of Moliere and Racine are only relatively important; those of Corneille would entitle him to PIERRE CORNEILLE 137 me had he written no plays. Cor- ille's various prefaces, his Examens, d three Discours, are indicative of the end of classicism in the literature of e seventeenth century. Together with similar writings of Chapelain, Boi- ui, and d'Aubignac, they established the leudo- Aristotelian and" Horatian pre- pts in France. That these commenta- rs on and idolators of Aristotle under- ood the Poetics imperfectly, makes lit- difference. Jules Lemaitre, in his tmeille et la Pottique cCAristote says, Corneille's critical work taken as a wle is nothing but an ingenious, and by rns triumphant and despairing com- itary on Aristotle's Poetics; or, rather lengthy duel with Aristotle." Lemaitre ry wisely goes on to say that Corneille Mists in places of having dared do what one before him had done, and else- here prides himself on having observed e Rules more rigorously than any one But out of the great mass of orneille's controversial writing there nerges the basic ideal of the century: please, but please according to the ules. Corneille was influenced by the Italian enaissance critics — Kobortello, Min- lrno, Castelvetro, and Scaliger — and by Dutch scholar, Daniel Heinsius, whose e Tragoediae Constitution*, an Aris- otelian treatise, appeared in 1611 at .eyden. Heinsius, together with his fel- aw-countryman Vossius [or VossJ, who mblished a De Arte Poetica in 1609, ex- rcised considerable influence throughout Europe. Of the various prefaces, notices, dedi- cations, exclusive of the Examens, the fol- lowing may be consulted on the subject if the drama: Priface to Clitandre (1632). -in Lecteur in La Veuve (1634). A Monsieur XXX in La Suivante (1637). A Monsieur P. T. X. G. in Medee (1635). Mariana (Avertissement) in Le Cid (1648 ed.). Epitre in Le Menteur (1644). Au Lecteur in La Mort de Pompee (1644). Epitre in La Suite du Menteur (1645). Appian Alerandrin (Avertissement) in Rodogune (1647). Au Lecteur A Monsieur d'A ragon Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Au Lecteur Editions: in Heraclius (1647). de Zvylichem in Don Sanche (1650). in Xicomede (1651). in (Edipe (1659). in Sertorius (1662). in Sophonisbe (1663). in Othon (1665). in Agesilas (1666). in Attila (1668). Corneille's earlier works were published separately and in small collections prior to 1660 (when the Theatre de Cor- neille was published at Paris, in three volumes). Each of these contained one of the Discours; the Examens also ap- peared in this edition for the first time. Voltaire's edition, with his full com- mentaries, appeared at Geneva, as the ThSdtre de Pierre Corneille, in 12 vols. The standard modern edition of the complete works (with biography, an album, notes, etc.) is in the Grands Ecrivains series: QZuvres de P. Cor- neille, edited by Ch. Marty -La veaux, \2 vols. (Paris, 1862-68). The edition of 1660 contains the three Discours — De I'Utilile et des parties du poeme dramatique; De la Tragedie, et des moyens de la trailer selon le vraisemblable et le necessaire; and Des Trois Unitis, cPAction, de Jour, et de Lieu, Each is printed in a volume, prefatory to the plays. All the early- plays are each accompanied with an Examen; the plays from Sertorius to SurSna are without them. Among the QZuvres dxcerses in the Marty-Laveaux edition are a few letters and verses touching upon the drama. The most interesting of these is the already cited Lettre apologHique to Scudery; there is another, To Zuylichem (no. 14, dated 1650) that is also curious. The edi- tions of 1644 (first part), 1648 (sec- ond part), and 1663, of Corneille's plays, each contains an Au Lecteur. The prefaces, etc., are almost invariably printed in any edition of Corneille, the Discours occasionally. Outside the Marty-Laveaux edition, they are to be found in the CEuvres des deux Cor- neille (Pierre and Thomas), in two volumes, edited by Charles Louandre 138 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA (Paris, 1889), and in the Calmann- Levy re-print. On Corneille and his works: See introductions to Voltaire, Louandre, and Marty-Laveaux eds. above referred to. See references to the Cid Quarrel under Chapelain. E. Picot, Bibliographic comUienne (Paris, 1876). P. Le Verdier et Ed. Pelay, Additions a la Bibliographic corneliewne (Paris, 1908). Abbe Granet, Recueils de dissertations sur plusieurs tragedies de Corneille et de Racine, 2 vols. (Paris, 1740). J.-L. G. de Balzac, Dissertations sur la gloire, and Sur le Bomain (in CEuvres, 2 vols., Paris, 1665). Fontenelle, Vie de Corneille (in CEuvres, vol. 3, 1790 ed.). — — , Parallele de Corneille et de Racine (in (Euvres, vol. 3, 1790 ed.). F. Guizot, Corneille et son Temps (2nd ed., Paris, 1852. Translated as Cor- neille and his Times, New York, 1871). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits littiraires, vol. 1 (Paris, 1862). , Nouveaux Lutidis, vol. 7 (Paris, 1863-70). , Port-Royal (3rd ed., 7 vols., 1869- 71). St. Rene Taillandier, Corneille et ses contemporains (Paris, 1864). M. J. Taschereau, Histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de P. Corneille (Paris, 1855). Charles Arnaud, Les Theories dra- matiques au XVII" siecle. Etude sur la vie et les ceuvres de I'Abbe" d'Aubig- nac (Paris, 1887). F. Bouquet, Points obscurs et nouveaux de la vie de Corneille (Paris, 1888). Ferdinand Brunetiere, Corneille (in Etudes critiques sur I'histoire de la litterature franqaise, vol. 6, 3rd ed., Paris, 1911). Emile Deschanel, Le Romantisme des classiques I ir * strie, Corneille, Rotrou, Moliere, les don Juan de toutes les lit- teratures (Paris, 1882). Rene Dournic, Corneille (in Etudes sur la litterature franqaise, vol. 5, Paris, 1906). Jules Lemaitre, Corneille et la Poelique d'Aristote (Paris, 1888). Eugene Rarabert, Corneille, Racine, et Moliere, deux cours sur la poisie draA malique franqaise au XV IP siecle* (Paris, 1862). Henry M. Trollope, Corneille and Racine' (Philadelphia, 1881). Gustave Lanson, Corneille (4th ed., Paris, 1913). , Sur les Discours de Corneille (in the Revue des Cours et Conferences! Paris, 1900-01). Francisque Sarcey, Quarante ans dm theatre, vol. 2 (Paris, 1900). Emile Faguet, Propos de thedtre, vols. I & 2 (Paris, 1903-08). , En Lisant Corneille (Paris, 1913)J , Drame ancien, drarne moderne (Paris, 1898). , XV IP Siecle (Paris, 1890). Hippolyte Parigot, Le Genie et le metier de Corneille (in Genie et metier, Paris, 1894). Prosser Hall Frye, Corneille: the Neo' classic Tragedy and the Greek (in Lit- erary Reviews and Criticisms, New York, 1908). Guillaume Huszar, Corneille et le theatre espagnol (Paris, 1903). J. B. Segall, Corneille and the Spanish Drama (New York, 1902). R. Le Brun, Corneille devant trois sii-des (Paris, 1906). Leon H. Vincent, Corneille (Boston, 1901). Saegert, Essai sur les t theories dra- matiques de Corneille, d'apres sex 3M cours et sesjexamens (Colberg, I860). J.-A. Lisle, Essai sur les dheori4* dra- matiques de Corneille d'apres des dis- cours et ses examens (Paris, 1852). Dr. Kewitsch, Stir les theories dim matiques de Corneille, d'apres ses Dis- cours et ses examens (Paris, 1852). J. Boehm, Die dramatischen Theorien P. Corneille' s (Berlin, 1901). PIERRE CORXEILLE 139 FIRST DISCOURSE i OX THE USES AND ELEMENTS OF DRAMATIC POETRY [Premier Discours. De FUtilite" et des Parties du Poeme dramatique] (1660) Although, according to Aristotle, the Ae end of dramatic poetry is to please ie audience, and although the majority f these poems have pleased, nonetheless maintain that many of them have failed i achieve their end. " It must not be aimed," says this philosopher, ** that atic poetry gives us every sort of easure, but only that which is fitting," d continues to say that in order to find lat pleasure which it fitting to the audi- lce, the poet must follow the precepts f the art and give that pleasure accord- lg to them. It is evident that there are recepts because there is an art, but it not evident just what the precepts are. e agree on the name but not on the fling; on the words but not on their leaning. The poet must observe unity f action, time and place. No one denies his, but it is a matter of no small diffi- ulty to determine what unity of action is nd to realize the extent and limit of the .Hotted unity of time and place. The >oet must treat his subject according to ' the probable " and " the necessary." This is what Aristotle says, and all his ommentators repeat the words which ap- >ear to them so clear and intelligible that lot one of them has deigned any more han Aristotle himself to tell us what the 'probable" and the "necessary" are. And many of them have so neglected the atter requisite, which in all cases save )ne, — in connection with the discussion on comedy, — is always mentioned in com- pany with the former, that a false maxim has been established. " The subject of a tragedy must be probable"; thus apply- ing only half of the philosopher's precept to the matter of subject and the manner in which it is to be treated. A subject of tragedy must not be merely probable. Aristotle himself cites as an example The Flower of Agatho wherein the names of people and things were purely fic- titious, as in comedy. The great sub- _ ! Translated, with occasional omissions, espe- cially for this collection by Beatrice Stewart HacClintock. Never before translated. — Ed. jects which appeal to our emotions and I in which our inclinations are set in con- j flict with the laws of duty and human- l ity, ought always to extend beyond the \ limits of the probable. Such plays would indeed find no audi- ence capable of believing, unless they were aided by the authority of history,^ which is empirically persuasive, or by common knowledge, which supplies an audience of those whose attitudes are al- ready formed. It is not " probable " that Medea should kill her children; that Clytemnestra should murder her husband; or Orestes stab his mother, but historical ^ legend states these facts, and the repre- sentation of these great crimes excites no incredulity in the minds of the audience. { It is neither true nor " probable " that Andromeda, at the mercy of a sea-mon- ster, was rescued from her perilous situ- ation by a flying knight with wings on his feet; but this is a story which has been handed down, and which was ac- cepted by the ancients; and, since it has been transmitted even to us, no one would think of taking offense when be sees the story represented on the stage. In giving these instances I do not mean to imply that the poet may invent at haphazard: that which truth or common belief takes for granted would be re- jected were there no other basis for a play than mere versimilitude or public opinion. That is why our wise man says "Subjects come "from fortune, or chance," — which causes things to hap- pen, — "and not from art," which imag-' ines them. She is the mistress of hap- penings, and the choice she allows us to make among those happenings which she presents to us contains a mystic warning not to take advantage of her, nor to utilize for dramatic purposes any hap- penings which are not to her liking. And so " the ancient tragedies are concerned with the stories of very few families, be- cause very few families were fit sub- jects for tragedies." Succeeding genera- tions have, however, afforded us a suifi- 140 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA cient number of other family tragedies to enable us to go beyond the limits of an- cient times and not follow in the footsteps of the Greeks, but this does not mean that we should overstep their precepts. We should, if possible, accommodate our- selves to them and make thein applicable to our practice. We have in our plays left out the chorus, and this has forced us to substitute more episodes than the ; Greeks used. This is an instance of go- ing beyond the precepts. We should never go against them, even though in practice we do go beyond. We should know what these precepts are, but unfortunately, Aristotle, and Horace after him, wrote in so obscure a fashion that they needed interpreters; i but also, unfortunately, those who have endeavored to act in that capacity have, for the most part, considered the text from a philosophical and dramatic view point. Since these men were better versed in scholarship and metaphysics than in a knowledge of the theater, their commentaries are likely rather to render us more learned but not one jot more enlightened as to the actual meaning. With fifty years of practical experi- ence of the theater I shall make bold to set forth in a straightforward manner some of my ideas on the subject without attempting any definite evidence and with no intention of trying to persuade any one to reject his theories for mine. At the opening of this Discourse, when I said that " the sole end of the drama is to please the audience," I did not mean to enforce this maxim arbitrarily upon . those who strive to ennoble dramatic art by considering it as a means to supply " moral purpose as well as pleasure. A dispute on this question would be useless (because it is impossible to please accord- ing to the rules without at the same time supplying a moral purpose, [" utilite "J of some sort. It is a fact that from one end to the other of Aristotle's Poetics not once does he make use of the word; on the contrary, he says that the end of drama is the pleasure we experience in observing the actions of men imitated. He prefers that part of the drama which has to do with the subject rather than with the " manners " portrayed, because the former contained what was most pleasing, like the " agnitions " and the " peripeties." Also, in his definition of tragedy, he includes the elements of pleasure in the subject which is at the bottom of it. And, finally, he preferred tragedy to the epic because it included material decoration and music, — both powerful agents of pleasure — because it was the shortest and least diffuse of literary forms, and the pleasure he de- rived made it therefore the more per- fect. But let us remember that we learned from Horace that we cannot please the greatest number unless we in- clude in our work a moral purpose. Grave and serious people, old men and lovers of virtue, will be bored if they find nothing of profit for them. C'ew- turiae seniorum, etc. Thus, if the moral purpose does not enter into it unless it is decked out in pleasant style, it is none the less needful and much wiser, as I have already said, to endeavor to find just what place it should assume, than to start a useless dispute regarding the value of plays of this kind. It appears that there are four kinds of plays in which there is some sort of moral intent. The first sort of play is that which contains maxims and moral instructions,) scattered throughout. These should be I sparingly used and only on the rarest oc- casions inserted in general discourses, and then in small doses, especially when they are put into the mouth of an im- passioned character, or into the mouth of another with whom he is speaking, for, under the circumstances, he would not have the patience to listen or peace of mind to conceive and speak them. In- stinct counsels, for instance, where a man of importance who is trained and sure of himself, is being consulted by a king, and then speeches of this sort may In- found more frequently and be of greater extent, but it is always well to recline them from the general to the specific. I vastly prefer having my character say, " Love gives you great cause for uneasi- ness," than " Love gives those who are in its power great cause for uneasiness.' Be it understood, I do not wish to do away entirely with this latter method of pronouncing moral and political maxims. Every one of my poems would present a sorry appearance if I eliminated that which I mixed into it; but again one must not accentuate them too much with-' PIERRE CORNEILLE 141 : applying the general to the partic- .r, otherwise it is an ordinary situa- I which never fails to tire the listener, :ause it slackens the action. However II this exhibition of morality succeeds, must always suspect it of being one the vain ornaments which Horace or- •s us to curtail. rhe second use of dramatic poetry is the simple description of the vices and tues, which never misses its effect if 11 conceived, and if the marks of it : so clear that one cannot confuse the a nor take vice for virtue, [lie one, though unhappy, is loved, and : other is hated, though triumphant- e ancients were often satisfied with s description without troubling to have xi actions rewarded and bad ones nished. Clytemnestra and her lover I Agamemnon with impunity. Medea es the same with her own children and reus with those of her brother, Thyes- i, which are served to him to eat. It is true that, on carefully consider- r, these actions which they chose for 1 climax of their tragedies, they who re punished were criminals in crimes eater than their own. Thyestes had used the wife of his brother, but the ngeance which he exacts has something >re horrible in it than the first crime, .son was a traitor to abandon Medea, whom he owed all; but for her to kill > children under his eyes is too strong punishment Clytemnestra complained the concubines which Agamemnon ought from Troy, but he had not tempted to take her life as she at- mpts to take his; and these masters of t have found the crime of his son, restes, who kills her to avenge his fa- er, still greater than the first, since they .ve him avenging Furies to torment him d gave none to his mother who peace- ■ly enjoys with her .Egisthus the king- »m of the husband whom she assassi- ited. Our theater rarely allows such sub- cts. The Thyestet of Seneca did not ive great success. Medea was more jjpular at the same time. To under- and it rightly, the perfidy of Jason and ie violence of the king of Corinth, makes a appear so unjustly oppressed that the itener takes her side very easily and )nsiders her vengeance as a just act which she commits herself against those who oppress her. It is this interest which one has in the virtuous which forces one to come to this other manner of ending the dramatic poem, by the punishment of wicked actions and the reward of good ones which is not an art precept but a custom which we have adopted, which one can abandon only at one's own risk. It has existed since the time of Aristotle, and it may be that it did not please this philosopher to excess, since he says, — " It has had a vogue only I by the imbecility of the judgment of the spectators, and those who practice it are gratifying the tastes of the populace and write according to the desires of their audience. Truly it is certain that we could not see an honest man in our thea- ter without wishing him prosperity and regretting his misfortune. That is why when he (the honest man) remains over- come by them, we leave with sorrow and carry away a kind of indignation against the author and the actor, but when the plot fills our expectations and virtue is rewarded, we leave with complete joy, and carry with us entire satisfaction, both of the work and those who repre- sent it. The success of virtue against misfortunes and perils excites us to em- brace it, and the fatal success of crime or injustice is capable of enlarging the natural of it, through the fear of like misfortune." It is in this that the third use of the theater consists, just as the fourth consists in the purgation of the passions through the means of pity and fear. But since this use is peculiar to tragedy I shall explain myself on that subject in the second volume, where I shall treat of tragedy in particular, and proceed now to the examination of the parts which Aristotle attributes to the dramatic poem. I say the dramatic poem in general, as in treating this material, he speaks only of tragedy, since all that he says of it is applicable to comedy also, and that the difference in these two kinds of poetry consists only in the dignity of the char- acters and in the actions which they imi- tate and not in the manner of the imita- tion nor in the things which serve in this imitation. The poem is composed of two kinds of parts. The first are called parts of quantity or 142 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA extension, and Aristotle names four of them,— the prologue, the episode, the exodus and the chorus. The others can he called integral parts; they meet each other in each of these first to form the whole. This philosopher finds six of them, — the subject, the manners, the sentiments, the diction, the music and the stage decoration. Of these six only the technique of the subjects depends rightly on the art of poetry. The others need .subsidiary arts. The manners on moral, lthe sentiments on rhetoric, the diction |on grammar, and the two other parts have each their art of which the poet need not be instructed because he can have it supplied by others. That is why Aristotle does not treat of them. But since it is necessary that he execute everything concerning the first four him- self, the knowledge of the arts on which they depend is absolutely necessary un- less he has received from nature suffi- ciently strong and deep judgment to sup- ply that lack. The requirements of the subject are different for tragedy and comedy. I shall speak only on that which concerns the latter, which Aristotle de- fines simply an imitation of low and knavish persons. I cannot refrain from saying that this definition does not sat- isfy me, and since many scholars hold that his treatise on Poetry has not come to us in its entirety I want to believe that in that which time has stolen of it there was a more complete one. Dra- matic Poetry, according to him, is an imitation of actions, and he stops here at the condition of the person, without saying what must be the actions. How- ever, this definition is in agreement with the custom of his time when only people of very mediocre condition were made to speak in comedy. But it (the defini- tion) is not entirely just for our time, in which even kings may come into com- edy when their actions are not above it. When one puts on the scene a simple love intrigue between kings, and when they run no risk either of their life or of their State, I do not think that even though the characters are illustrious the action is sufficiently important to aspire to the dignity of tragedy. The dignity of tragedy needs some great State in- I terest or passion nobler and more virile ^ than love, such as ambition or vengeance, which leads us to expect greater misfor- tune than the loss of a mistress. It is fit to mix love in it because it always has much attraction and can serve as a basis to those other interests and other pas- sions of which I speak. But it must con- tent itself with second rank in the poem and leave the first to the other. This maxim will at first seem new. It is, however, a practice of the ancients, with whom we see no tragedy in which there is only a love-interest to unravel. Quite the contrary: they often banished it completely from their poems, and those who wish to consider mine will acknowledge that, following their exam- ple, I have never let it take the first place, and that in Le Cid, which is with- out doubt the play most full of love which I have made, the duty of birth and the care of honor assume a more im- portant place than the two lovers in- spire. I shall go further, even though there are big State interests, and a royal char- acter stills his passion through the care he must have of his glory, as in Don Sanche, if one does not meet the risk of death, loss of States, or banishments, I do not think that it has a right to a higher name than comedy, but to answer at all to the dignity of which it (comedy) repre- sents the actions, I have thought to call it heroic to distinguish it from ordinary comedies. This is without example amongst the ancients, but is it also with- out example amongst them that put kings on the stage without one of those great hazards. We must not bind ourselves slavishly to the imitation of them so that we dare not try something of our own when this does not go contrary to the rules of art, were it only to deserve that praise Horace gave the poets of his time: Nee minimum meruere decus, etc., and not to come under the shame- ful judgment: O imitatores, servum pe- dis I " What will serve now as an ex- ample," says Tacitus, " has been once without example, and what we do with- out example may serve as such one day." Comedy, then, differs from tragedy in that the latter requires an illustrious, ex- traordinary, serious subject, while the former stops at a common, playful sub- ject. The latter demands great dangers for its hero; the former contents it- PIERRE CORNEILLE 143 with the worry and displeasures of se to whom it" gives the first rank ongst the actors. Both have this in mion, that the action must be com- te and finished, that is, in the event ch finishes it the spectator must be clearly informed of the feelings of who have had a part in it that he ,-es with his mind quiet and doubting aothing. Cinna conspires against Au- tus. His conspiracy is discovered, gustus has him arrested. If the poem jped there the action would be incom- e, because the listener would leave he uncertainty of what this Emperor dd have commanded of the ungrate- favorite. Ptolemy fears that Caesar, > comes to Egypt, will favor his sis- with whom he is in love, and forces to give her her part of the king- i which her father left her in his To attract favor on his side by at sacrifice, he slays Pompey. This lot enough. We must see how Caesar ;ives this great sacrifice. He arrives, omes angry and threatens Ptolemy, wants to force him to slay the in- rs of this attack and illustrious death. : latter, surprised at the unexpected come, resolves to anticipate Caesar, conspires against him to avoid, by loss, the misfortune with which he j himself threatened. That is still not ugh. We must know what will re- from this conspiracy. Caesar is ned and Ptolemy, dying in a combat his ministers, leaves Cleopatra in ceful possession of the kingdom of ch she demanded half. Caesar is out anger. The Ustener has nothing more isk, and leaves satisfied because the on is complete. For comedy, Aris- demands as the only precept that ay have as ending, the enemies be- ng friends. Which must be under- ixi in a more general sense than what words seem to carry and to extend o a reconciliation, as when one sees son returning into the good favor a father who has been angry with for his debauchery, which was the lal end to ancient comedies; or two rrs separated by some trick done sn, or by some controlling power, are *nited by the unraveling of that trick itby the consent of those who placed ft obstacle there, as nearly always hap- pens in our comedy, which very rarely has other endings than marriages. We must be careful, however, that this agree- ment does not come by a simple change of will but by an event which furnishes the occasion for it. Otherwise there would be no great art to the " denoue- ment " of a play, if, after having up- held it during two acts, on the authority of a father who does not approve the love of his son or daughter, he should suddenly consent to it in the fifth for the sole reason that it is the fifth and that the author would not dare to make six. It needs a considerable motive which forces him to it as say, his daugh- ter's lover saved his life in some meet- ing or when, on the point of being as- sassinated by his enemies or that by some un-hoped for incident he should be recognized as being of high rank and greater fortune than he appeared. Since it is necessary that the action be complete, one must also not add any- thing further, since when the effect has been attained, the listener desires noth- ing more and is bored by all the rest. So it is that the expressions of joy which two lovers show on being reunited after many obstacles, must be very short. I know not what beauty the arguments between Menelaus and Teucer on the burial of Ajax, whom Sophocles has pass away in the fourth act, could have had for the Athenians, but I do know that in our time the quarrel between Ajax and Ulysses for the weapons of Achilles after the latter's death wearied many ears, although it (the subject) came from a good hand. I have not been able to see how one can bear the fifth act of Melite and of La Veuve. One only sees the first actors reunited and they have no place there but to be made acquainted with the authors of the treachery and ' the violence which has separated them. Nevertheless, they could have been in- formed of them already, had I wished it, and they seemed to be on the stage only to serve as witnesses to those of secondary importance, which makes all this end slackened in which they have no part. I dare not attribute the success, of these two comedies to ignorance of the rules — which was very general at that time — inasmuch as those rules, well or poorly observed, must make their i 4 4 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA good or bad effect on those who, even without knowing them, abandon them- selves to the current of natural feeling. But I can only acknowledge that that old habit which was observed at the time, of not seeing anything better ordered, was the cause of the lack of indignation against these defects and the newness of an agreeable kind of comedy which up to that time had not appeared on the scene, has caused the admiration, all the parts of the whole pleasing at sight even though it did not have all the just proportions. Comedy and tragedy resemble each other again in that their subjects "must have the requisite size, that is, that it must not be so little that it escapes from sight at an atom, nor so vast that it con- fuses the memory of the listener and be- wilders his imagination." In such man- ner does Aristotle explain the conditions of a poem, and he adds that " to be of the proper size it must have a beginning, a middle, and an end." These terms are so general that they seem to signify nothing, but, to understand them well, they ex- clude the momentary actions which have not these three parts. A poem must have, then, to be of the right size, a begin- ning, a middle and an end. Cinna con- spires against Augustus and tells of his conspiracy to Emilia. This is the begin- ning. Maximus warns Augustus of it. This is the middle. Augustus forgives him. This is the end. Therefore, in the comedies of this first volume I have nearly always had two lovers on good terms, then I had them quarrel as a result of some treachery. I reunited them by the unraveling of this treachery which had separated them. . . . Enough on the subject of comedy and the requirements 1 necessary to it. Truth to nature is one | of which I shall speak later. Besides, the developments of it must always be happy — which is not a requirement of tragedy, where we have the choice of making a change from happiness to un- happiness, and vice versa. This needs no remark. I come to the second part of the poem, which is Manners. Aris- totle prescribes four conditions: that they be good, suitable, similar, and equal. These are terms which he says so little about that he leaves great occasion to doubt his meaning. I cannot imagine how one can conceive " good " to mean " virtuous." Most po- ems, ancient as well as modern, would remain in a pitiful state if one cut out all in the way of bad or vicious char- acter, or characters stained by some weakness which does not comport with virtue. Horace took great care gener- ally to describe the " manners " of everjr age, and attributes to them more faults than virtues, and when he advises us to describe Medea as proud and in- domitable, Ixion as treacherous, Achilles carried away by anger to the point of holding that laws are not made for him and declaring that he takes right by might, Horace allows us very few virtues. One must therefore find a good- ness compatible with this kind of man- ners; and if I may express my conjec- tures on what Aristotle requires by that, I believe it is the brilliant and elevated character of a criminal or virtuous habit Just as much as is proper and suit- able to the person that one presents. Cleopatra in Rodogune is very wicked. There is no parasite which repels her so long as she can be kept on her throne, which she prefers to everything, so great is her attachment to power; but all her crimes are accompanied by a loftiness of soul which has something so high in it that, while one despises her actions, one admires the source from which they spring. I dare say the same of Le Men- teur. Lying is doubtless a vicious habit, but the chief character in this play utters his lies with such presence of mind and quickness that this imperfec- tion acquires grace and makes the listen- ers acknowledge that to lie in such a manner is a vice of which imbeciles are incapable. As a third example, tlS who wish to consider the way in W^Bi Horace describes the anger of Achilla will not be far from my idea. It hi for foundation a passage of Aristotle's which follows closely enough the one I am trying to explain. "Poetry," says he, "is an imitation of people bettei than in actual life, and, as painters ofter make flattering portraits which are noon beautiful than the original and still kce] the resemblance, in such a manner tb poets representing choleric or sloven! men must idealize these qualities whic they give them, so that from them PIERRE CORXEILLE 145 leautiful example of equity and stoicism ;an be drawn. It is thus that Homer nade Achilles good." These last words ;bould be noticed to show that Homer *ave to Achilles' transports of anger hat goodness necessary to manners which t think consists in that loftiness of character, of which Robortello speaks in lie following manner, — " Unum quodque jenus per se supremos quosdam habet iecoris gradus, et absolutissimam recipit 'ormam, non tamen degenerans a sua tatura, et effigie pristina." This text of Aristotle's which I mentioned may pre- sent some difficulty in that it says that iie manners of choleric or slovenly men nust be depicted with such a degree of sxcellence that one sees in them a high example of equity and austerity. There s a likeness between austerity and an- *er, and that is what Horace attributes to Achilles in this verse: Iracundus in- ixorabilis acer. But there is no likeness jetween equity and slovenliness. I can- lot see what it has to do in his character. It is that which causes me to doubt if the Greek word padvua has been given the meaning of Aristotle's by the Latin interpreter which I have followed. Pa- rius says, Besides; Victorius, Inertes; HeinMiis, Segnes; and the word Faineants pf which I have made use to put it into our language, answers these three ver- sions well enough, but Castelvetro ex- iresses it in his by mansueti, or debon- •, or full of mildness; and not only this word mean the opposite of an- r, but also it would agree better with what Aristotle calls erictjceia, of which he requires a good example from us. These three interpreters translate the Greek word by that of equity or integ- rity, which would agree better with the Boave [mild] of the Italian, than with their wegnes, desides, inertes, provided one un- derstands by that only a natural kind- ness which slowly angers, but I would still prefer that of good humor, of which the other makes use to express it in his language, and I think that to keep its value in our language one could change it to compliance, or equitable facility — to approve, to excuse and to support everything that happens. It is not that I wish to be judged among such great men, but I cannot deny the Italian ver- sion of this passage seems to me to have something more correct than any of the three Latin versions. Among this diver- sity of interpretations everyone is free to choose, since one has the right even to put them all aside, when a new one appears. Another idea comes to me concerning what Aristotle means by this goodness that he imposes on them as a first condi- tion. That is, that they must be as virtuous as possible, so that we do not ex- hibit the vicious and criminal on the stage if the subject which we are treating does not require them. He himself expresses this thought when wishing to mark an example of mistake against this rule, he uses that of Menelaus in Euripedes' Orestes, whose fault is not in being un- just but in being unjust without neces- sity. In the second place, morals must be suitable. This requirement is easier to understand than the first. The poet must consider the age, dignity, birth, occupa- tion and country of those whom he paints; he must know what one owes to * one's country, to one's parents, to one's ' friends, to one's king; what the office of a magistrate or an army general, so that he may verify and then show what he wants his public to love, and eliminate those whom he wants it to hate, because it is an infallible maxim that to achieve success one must get the audience on the side of the important characters. It is well to remark also that what Horace says of the morals of each age is not a rule that one can dispose of without scruple. He makes young men prodigal and old men avaricious. The contrary often happens each day without causing surprise, but one must not act like the other even though he sometimes has pas- sions and habits which would be more suitable to him. It is only natural for a young man to be in love; not so, an old man. This does not prevent an old man from falling in love. We have enough proof before us, but he would be con- sidered insane if he wanted to court like a youth, and if he tried to win by his personal charm. He may hope that be will be listened to, but this hope must be founded on his wealth or his qualities, but not on his person, and his preten- tions cannot be reasonable if he does not think to have to do with the soul inter- 146 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA ested sufficiently to put aside every- thing for the attraction of riches or the ambition of rank. The quality of " equal- ness " which Aristotle asks of morals refers particularly to the people which history or fable teach us to know and which we must always depict such as we find them. That is what Horace means by this verse, Sit Medea, etc. He who should depict Ulysses as a great warrior or Achilles as a great orator or Medea as a mild and humble woman would com- mit himself to public ridicule. There- fore, these two qualities between which some interpreters have great pains in finding the difference, but which Aris- totle finds without pointing it out, will agree easily as long as one separates them and uses the word "seemly" to designate persons who have never existed except in the soul of the poet, reserving the other who are known through history or through fable as I have just said. There remains to speak of equality, which forces us to keep in our character the manners which we gave them in the beginning: Servetur, etc. Inequality can enter into it all the same, not only when we bring persons of a light and uncertain spirit, but also when in keeping the equality inside, we show inequality on the exterior, accord- ing to the occasion. Such is Chimene in the matter of her love. She still strongly loves Rodrigue in her heart, but this love acts differently in the presence of the King and differently in the presence of Rodrigue, and that is what Aristotle calls " manners," unequally equal. One diffi- culty presents itself which must be cleared up as to what Aristotle means when he says, " that tragedy can be made without morals and that most of those of the moderns of his time have none." The meaning of this passage is quite difficult to understand, seeing that, ac- cording to him, it is by morals that a man is a wicked man or a good man, witty or stupid, timid or bold, constant or irresolute, good or bad politically, and that it is impossible to put any on the stage who is not good or wicked and that he have not any of those other qualities. To make these two sentiments agree which seem so opposed to each other, I notice that this philosopher goes on to say that " if a poet has done some fine moral narrations and very senten- tious discourses, he has not by that done anything yet which concerns tragedy." This has made me consider that " man- ners " are not only the foundation of ac- tion, but also of reasoning. A man of condition thinks and acts as such; a wicked man acts and thinks as such, and both the one and the other depict divers moral maxims according to his habit. It is, therefore, these maxims of conduct that tragedy can do without, not the con- duct itself, since it is the essence of ac- tion, and that action is the soul of trag- edy, where one must speak only in and for the action of the tragedy. There- fore, to explain this passage of Aris- totle's by the other, we can say that when he speaks of a tragedy without " man- ners " he means a tragedy in which the actors simply announce their feelings or base them only on reasonings drawn from fact as Cleopatra in the second act of Rodogune, and not on maxims of morality or politics, as Rodogune in the first act. I must repeat again: to create a theatrical poem in which none of the actors are either good or bad, prudent or imprudent, is entirely im- possible. After "manners" come senti- ments, by which the actor makes known what he wishes or does not wish, and in which he can content himself with a simple acknowledgment of what he pro- poses to do, without strengthening it with moral reasoning, as I have just said. This part requires rhetoric to depict the passions and troubles of the soul, to consult, deliberate, exaggerate or ex- tenuate; but there is this difference, between the dramatic poet and the or- ator, that the latter can exhibit his art and make it extraordinary with full freedom, and the other must hide with care, because it is never he who speaks, 1 and those whom he has speak are not orators. To complete this Discourse I need only speak of the parts, of quan- tity, which are, — the prologue, the epi- sode, the exodus and the chorus. The prologue is that which is recited before the first song of the chorus. The episode is that which is recited between the songs of the chorus and the exodus, that which is recited after the last song of the chorus. That is all Aristotle tells us of it; he gives us an idea of the posi- PIERRE CORXEILLE 147 tion of the parts and their order, in representation, rather than the part of the action which they contain. There- fore, to apply them to our use, the pro- .ogue is our first act, the episode con- stitutes the three following, and the exodus the last I reduce this prologue :o our first act following the intention jf Aristotle and to supplement in part .vhat he has not told us or what the ,-ears have robbed from his books. I ;ay that it must contain the seed of all hat is going to happen, as much for the principal action as for the episode, so ;hat no actors come into the following ict who are not known by this first, or it least named by someone who shall lave been brought into it. This maxim s new and rather strict; I have not dways kept it, but I judge that it helps l great deal to create a veritable unity jf action by the binding of all those vhich come in the poem. The ancients jften have left it particularly in the -Ignitions, for which they nearly always |ise people who appeared by chance in che fifth act, and would have appeared in the tenth if the piece had had ten acts. Such is that old man of Corinth In the (Edipus of Sophocles and Seneca .vhere he seems to fall from a cloud by 1 miracle, at a time when the actors ;vould not know what to do next nor vhat pose to take if he came an hour ater. I have brought him in only in the ifth, just as they did, but I have pre- pared his coming from the first in mak- ing CEdipus say that he expects him. In like manner in La Veuve, though Zelidan does not appear until the third act, he is brought in by Alcidon, who is A the first. It is not the same with :he Moors in he Cid, for which there is no preparation whatsoever in the first act. The litigant of Poitiers in Le Men~ cut had the same fault, but I found :he means of correcting it in this edition .vhere the denouement is prepared by Philiste and not by the litigant. I desire, then, that the first act contain the basis of all the acts and shut the door to all )ther extraneous matter. Though this first act often does not give all the neces- sary information for the entire under- standing of the subject and all the actors do not appear in it it is sufficient if they are spoken of, which they must be in this act. That which I say must only be understood of the characters who act in the piece through some important personal interest or carry important news to produce a notable effect A servant who acts only by his master's order, a father who shows himself only to consent to or prevent a marriage of his children, a wife who consoles or ad- vises her husband; in a word, all those people without action do not have to be introduced in the first act This first act was called the prologue in Aris- totle's time and ordinarily one made it the opening of the subject to instruct the listener in all that happened before the beginning of the action, and in all that he would have to know in order to understand what he was going to see. The method of giving this instruction has changed with the times. Euripides used it quite boldly in bringing in now a god in a machine through whom the listeners received this knowledge, now one of the principal characters who in- structed them himself, as in Iphigenia and Helena, where his two heroines first tell all their history to the listener with- out having any actor to whom to ad- dress her speech. I do not mean to say that when an actor speaks he cannot inform the listener about many things, but he must do so through the passion which moves him, and not through a sim- ple narration. The monologue of Emilia which opens the play of Cinna acquaints the public with the fact that Augustus killed his father, and that to avenge his death she forces her lover to plot against him; but it is by the unrest and fear which the danger to which he exposes Cinna arouses in her mind that we have the knowledge of it. The poet especially must remember that when an actor is alone in the theater it is taken for granted that he is thinking to himself, and speaks but to let the listener know what he thinks. Therefore it would be an unforgivable error if another actor should by this means learn his secret. One excuses that in a passion which is so violent that it is forced to burst out even though one has no one to listen to; I should not want to condemn it in another, but I would have difficulty in bearing it myself. Our century has also invented a sort of prologue for plays 1 48 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA of the Deus ex Machind type, but they do not bear upon the subject and are only a clever eulogy of the prince before whom these plays are to be enacted. In Andromdde, Melpomene borrows rays from the sun in order to light up her the- ater for the king for whom she has pre- pared a magnificent pageant. The pro- logue of La Toison d'or referring to His Majesty's wedding and the peace with Spain has something still more brilliant. These prologues must be full of inven- tion and I believe to do them justice only imaginary gods of antiquity may play a part in them. These, however, also talk about matters relating to our time in poetic fiction, which is a great help to our theater. The episodes ac- cording to Aristotle at this point are three middle acts, but as he applies this name elsewhere to actions which have nothing to do with the principal one and which are ornaments of no value what- soever, I shall say that, although these three acts are called episodes, it does not mean that they are only made up of episodes. Augustus' consultation in the second act of Cinna, the remorse of this ungrateful one, that which he tells Emi- lia, Maximus' effort to persuade the ob- ject of his hidden love to flee with him, are only episodes, but Maximus' advice to the emperor through Euphorbus, the Erince's uncertainties and Livia's advice elong to the principal action, and in Hirudins those three acts have more principal action than episode. These epi- sodes are of two kinds and can be made up of the principal actors' special acts. These acts, however, are not needed in the principal action, or else they are made up of the secondary lovers' inter- ests. These people are commonly called episodic characters. Both of these must start in the first act and be part of the principal action, that is, be of some use, and especially the episodic characters must be so closely intermingled with the principal ones that but one in- trigue embroils them all. Aristotle con- demns detached episodes and says, " that poor poets write them through igno- rance and good ones in favor of the actors to furnish them with work." The Infante of Le Cid belongs to this number and she can be condemned or exonerated by Aristotle's words accord- ing to the rank that I shall be given among our moderns. I shall not men- tion the exodus, which is nothing more than our fifth act. I think I have ex-> plained the principal use of it when I say that the action of the Dramatic Poem must be complete. I shall only add this word, that one must if one can, reserve all the climax and even defer it until the end. The more one defers it the more the mind will remain in expec- tancy and the desire to know to which side it will turn, creates the impatience which causes it to be received with more pleasure. This does not happen when it begins with this act. The listeners i who know too much have no more curi- ! osity, and their attention wanes during all the rest, which tells nothing new. ; The opposite is seen in Mariamne whose death, though coming in the interval I which separates the fourth act from the fifth, has not prevented the displeasure of Herod which occupies all the latter to please extraordinarily, but I would ' not advise every one to depend on this example. Miracles do not occur every day, and though the author has well de- served the great success on account of the great mental effort he made to de- pict the despair of the monarch, perhaps the excellency of the author which up- held this character contributed much to this. That is what came to me in think- ing of the uses and elements of the Dra- matic Poem. JEAN-BAPTISTE POQUELIN MOLIERE Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known as Mo- liere, was born in Paris in 1622. He came of a good middle-class family, his father being an upholsterer, and one of the king's valets de chambre tapissiers. About 1636 the boy was sent to tin best "college" of the time, the Collegt de Clermont, where his first instruc- JEAN-BAPTISTE POQUELIN MOLIERE 149 ?ion was received from the Jesuits, lifter a four years' course he went to Orleans to study law, and there it seems I kely he received a degree. His move- ments are little known, though it is 'airly certain that for a while he worked h his father's shop in Paris, while there ••; evidence of his having definitely given Dp in 1643 what intention he may have [,ad of pursuing his father's calling. In that year he joined ten actors and ac- tresses in order to help found a com- any called L'! 'lustre Theatre. Not long , fter, he took the stage name of Moliere. 'he strolling players were unsuccessful 1 their attempts to win the public, and rjn one occasion Moliere was sent to rison for debt After three years, what as left of the original troupe decided d leave Paris and tour the provinces, ^he twelve years which the young actor pent in this way were full of valuable xperiences. When he returned to Paris e was the head of a company of highly rained actors, an artist himself, and a ;ood man of business. The first of his •lays, with the exception of a few purely aiitative attempts, was L'Etourdi, which vas produced at Lyon in 1653. The sec- ond play, Le Depit amoureux was pro- ;uced at Beziers in 1656. Two years la- M", after having secured the protection of lie Due d'Anjou, Moliere brought his roupe to Paris and presented Corneille's s'icomede before the King and Queen in he Louvre. A little interlude of Mo- iere's, now lost, followed the tragedy; his so pleased the King that he allowed he company to remain in Paris and play m alternate nights in the theater at the 3 etit-Bourbon. From this time on, Mo- tere was firmly established in the favor If the King and the Court, and put forth iis dramatic masterpieces in quick suc- ession. In the year 1673, during a pro- tuction of Le Malade imaginaire, in vhich he was himself playing, he was eized with a convulsion, and taken home, vhere he died soon after. Compared with his work as a prac- icing playwright, Moliere's critical con- ributions are not of prime importance, n his neglect of the Rules, and in his principle that to please is the best cri- erion of success, he seems distinctly nodern. He has no creed but this, and n the few places (in his plays and pref- aces) where he states it, he never tries to impose his theories, or want of them, upon others. His practice came first, and the theory after. On the drama: Preface to Leg Precieuses ridicules (1660). Avertissement to Les Fdcheux (1662). Preface to L'Ecole des fertilities (1663). La Critique de VEcole des f emmet (1663). L'Impromptu de Versailles (produced 1663, printed 1682). Preface (1st ed., 1669) and Placets au Roi (2nd ed., 1669), in Tartufe. Au Lecteur in L'Amour me'decin (1676). Editions : The first complete edition of the works of Moliere is Les CEuvres de Monsieur de Moliere, 8 vols. (Paris, 1682). Among the numerous modern editions, see that edited by Despois and Mes- nard in the Grands Ecrivains series: (Euvres de Moliere, 13 vols. (Paris, 1873-1900). See also, Henri Van Laun's The Dramatic Works of J. B. Poquelin Moliere, 6 vols. (Edinburgh, 1878), and Katharine Prescott Worme- ley's translation of seventeen plavs: Moliere, 6 vols. (Boston, 1894). On Moliere and his works: Charles Varlet de La Grange, Reqistre (1658-1685). J.-L. Le G. Grimarest, La Vie de M. de Moliere (Paris, 1705). Louis Riccoboni, Observations stir la Comedie et sur le genie de Moliere (Paris, 1736). J.-F. Cailhava, Etudes sur Moliire, etc. (Paris, 1S0-2). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, 6 vols. (6th ed., Paris, 1901). , Cauteries du Lundi, 13 vols. (Paris, 1851-57). Jules Claretie, Moliere, sa vie et ses ceuvres (Paris, 1873). Edouard Fournier, Etudes sur la vie et les ceuvres de Moliere (Paris, 1885). Gustave Larroumet, La Comedie de Mo- liere (Paris, 1886). Jules Loiseleur, Les Points obscurs dans la vie de Moliere (Paris, 1877). i5o EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA A. P. Malassis, Moliere juge" pas ses con- temporains (Paris, 1877). E. Martineche, Moliere et le ThMtre espagnol (Paris, 1905). Paul Mesnard, Notice biographique sur Moliere (in vol. X of the Grands Ecri- cains series, Paris, 1889). Louis Moland, Vie de J.-B. P. Moliere (Paris, 1892). , Moliere et la comidie italienne (Paris, 2nd ed., 1867). Jules- Antoine Taschereau, Histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de Moliere (Paris, 1825). Henri Davignon, Moliere et la vie (Paris, 1904). Brander Matthews, Moliere, his Life and his Works (New York, 1910). H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, Moliere, a Biog- raphy (New York, 1906). Leon H. Vincent, Moliere (Boston, 1902). Eud. Soulie, Recherches sur Moliere et sur sa famille (Paris, 1863). Henry M. Trollope, The Life of Moliere (New York, 1905). Emile Faguet, En Lisant Moliere (Paris, 1914). Sir F. T. Marzials, Moliere (London, 1906). Special bibliographies and reprints of documents may be found in Lacroix's Collection Molieresque (Paris, 1867- 75) ; Lacroix and Monval's Nouvelle Collection Molieresque (Paris, 1879- 90) ; Monval's Le Molieriste, 10 vols. (Paris, 1879-89); Lacroix's Bibliog- raphie Molieresque (Paris, 1875); Ar- thur Desfeuilles' Notice bibliographique in vol. 9 in the Mesnard-Despois Mo- liere; the Catalogue of the Moliere Collection in Harvard College Library; and the Bibliography in Chatfield- Taylor's Moliere. SCHOOL FOR WIVES CRITICIZED i [La Critique de I'Ecole des femmes] (1663) (Scene vi.) Dorante. — You are, then, Marquis, one of those grand gentlemen who will not allow the pit to have common sense, and who would be vexed to join in their laugh, though it were at the best thing conceivable? . . . Speaking generally, I would place considerable reliance on the applause of the pit, because, amongst those who go there, many are capable of judging the piece according to rule, whilst others judge it as they ought, al- lowing themselves to be guided by cir- cumstances, having neither a blind prej- udice, nor an affected complaisance, nor a ridiculous refinement. . . . (Scene vii.) Uranie. — . . . Let us not apply to ourselves the points of general censure; let us profit by the lesson, if possible, without assuming that we are spoken l Re-printed extracts from Henri Van Laun's Dramatic Works of J. B. Poquelin Moliire, 6 vols. (Edinburgh, 1878). — Ed. against. All the ridiculous delineations which are drawn on the stage should be looked on by every one without annoy- ance. They are public mirrors, in which we must never pretend to see ourselves. To bruit it about that we are offended at being hit, is to state openly that we are at fault. . . . Dorante. — . . . Indeed, I think that; it is much easier to soar with grand sen- 1 timents, to brave fortune in verse, to arraign destiny and reproach the Gods., than to broach ridicule in a lit manner.; and to make the faults of all mankind seem pleasant on the stage. When yoi paint heroes you can do as you like These are fancy portraits, in which wt do not look for a resemblance; you hav< only to follow your soaring imagination which often neglects the true in orde to attain the marvelous. But when yo> paint men, you must paint after natun We expect resemblance in these por traits ; you have done nothing, if yo do not make us recognize the people o your day. In a word, in serious piece it suffices to escape blame, to speak goo JEAX-BAPTISTE POQUELIX MOLIERE 151 ► sense, and to write well. But this is not J enough in comedy. You must be merry; and it is a difficult undertaking to make gentlefolk laugh. . . . Lysidas. — Those who are versed in Horace and Aristotle, Madame, see at once that this comedy sins against all the rules of Art I'ranie. — I confess that I am not fa- miliar with those gentlemen, and that I do not know the rules of Art. Dorante. — You are a most amusing set with your rules of Art, with which you embarrass the ignorant, and deafen us perpetually. To hear you talk, one would suppose that those rules of Art were the greatest mysteries in the world; and yet they are but a few simple ob- servations which good sense has made upon that which may impair the pleas- ure taken in that kind of poems; and the same good sense which in former idays made these observations, makes Athem every day easily, without resort- Ning to Horace and Aristotle. I should I like to know whether the great rule of all rules is not to please; and whether a play which attains this has not fol- lowed a good method? Can the whole public be mistaken in these matters, and cannot every one judge what pleases Eim? ... in short, if pieces according o rule do not please, and those do please which are not according to rule, then the rules must, if necessary, have been badly made. So let us laugh at the sophistry with which they would trammel public taste, and let us judge a corned}- only by the effect which it produces upon ourselves. Let us give Durselves up honestly to whatever stirs us deeply, and never hunt for argu- ments to mar our pleasure. i'ranie. — For my part, when I see a play, I look only whether the points strike me; and when I am well enter- rained, I do not ask whether I have been ■vrong, or whether the rules of Aris- rotle would forbid me to laugh. Dorante. — It is just as if a man were :o taste a capital sauce, and wished to inow whether it were good according :o the recipe in a cookery-book. I'ranie. — Very true; and I wonder at the critical refinements of certain people «bout things in which we should think "or ourselves. Dorante. — You are right, Madame, in thinking all these mysterious critical re- finements very odd. For really, if they are to subsist, we are reduced to dis- crediting ourselves. Our very senses must be slaves in everything; and, even in eating and drinking, we must no longer dare find anything good, without per- mission from the committee of taste. Lysidas. — So, Monsieur, your only reason is that The School for Wives [L'Ecole des femmes\ has pleased you; you care not whether it be according to rule, provided — Dorante. — Gently, Monsieur Lysidas; I do not grant you that I certainly say that the great art is to please; and that as this comedy has pleased those for whom it was written, I think that is enough, and that we need not care about anything else. But at the same time, I maintain that it does not sin against any of the rules to which you allude. I have read them, thank Heaven! as well as other men, and I could easily prove that perhaps we have not on the stage a more regular play than this. . . . Lysidas. — What, sir ! when the pro- tasis, the epitasis, the peripetia — Dorante. — Nay, Monsieur Lysidas, you overwhelm us with your fine words. Pray, do not seem so learned. Human- ize your discourse a little, and speak in- telligibly. Do you fancy a Greek word gives more weight to your arguments? And do you not think that it would look as well to say, "the exposition of the subject" as the "protasis"; "the prog- ress of the plot," as the "epitasis"; " the crowning incident," as the " peri- petia "? Lysidas. — These are terms of art that we are allowed to make use of. But as these words offend your ears, I shall explain myself in another way; and I ask you to give me a plain answer to three or four things which I have to say. Can a piece be endured which sins against the very description of a play? For, after all, the name of a dramatic poem comes from a Greek word which signifies to act in order to show that the nature of the form consists in action. But hi this comedy, there are no ac- tions. . . . 152 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA PREFACE TO TARTUFE 2 [Preface (to) Tartufe] (1669) ... I am well aware that, in reply, those gentlemen have endeavored to in- sinuate that the stage is not fit for the discussion of these subjects; but, by their leave, I ask them upon what they base this beautiful axiom. It is a theory which they only advance, and which they do not prove by any means; and it would doubtless not be difficult to show them that with the ancients, comedy derived its origin from religion, and was a part of their mysteries; that the Span- iards, our neighbors, never celebrate a feast in which a comedy is not mixed up; and that, even amongst us it owes its birth to the cares of a brotherhood to which the Hotel de Bourgogne still belongs; that it was a place given to them to represent in it the most im- portant mysteries of our faith; that comedies printed in Gothic characters, under the name of a doctor of the Sor- 2 Re-printed extracts from Van Laun's translation (see "On Moliere," ante). — Ed. bonne, may still be seen there; and, without carrying the matter so far, that, in our days, sacred pieces of M. de Corneille have been performed, which were the admiration of the whole of France. If it be the aim of comedy to correct man's vices, then I do not see for what reason there should be a priv- ileged class. Such a one is, in the State, decidedly more dangerous in its conse- quences than any other, and we have seen that .the stage possesses a great vir- tue as a corrective medium. The most beautiful passages in a serious moral are most frequently less powerful than those of a satire; and nothing admonishes the majority of people better than the por- trayal of their faults. To expose vices to the ridicule of all the world is a se- vere blow to them. Reprehensions are easily suffered, but not so ridicule. Peo- ple do not mind being wicked; but they object to being made ridiculous. . . . JEAN RACINE Jean Racine was born at Ferte-Milon, Le Valois, in 1639, of middle-class par- ents, both of whom died within three years of his birth. The child was brought up by his grandparents. The grandfather dying when the boy was ten years old, he was left alone with his grandmother, whom he regarded thence- forth as his mother. His preliminary education was received at the College de Beauvais, where he spent the years between 1650 or 1651 and 1655, and then entered the famous school of Port-Royal, where he remained for three years. In all probability he was a good student, and when he left he possessed a wide acquaintance with and love for the Greek and Latin authors, especially the Greek tragedians. On leaving Port- Royal, he went to the College d'Harcourt to study philosophy and logic. Not find- ing these to his taste, he left the College and became a sort of secretary to the Due de Luynes. One of his earliest works, an ode written on the occasion of the marriage of Louis XIV in 1660, was highly praised by the venerable Chapelain. Racine wished to write — he had also written two plays besides the ode — but his friends at Port-Royal feared that his interest in literature would prove an evil influence upon him, and persuaded him to go south and put himself under the care of his uncle, a canon. During the year or more which he spent at Uzes, he applied himself to; the study of theology, although his note? on Pindar and Homer prove that hi' interest in his beloved authors was not dead. In fact, his first play, La Thi- JEAN RACINE 153 ide, was written at this period, and if he did more or less formally en- • the Church, his subsequent mores nr that he soon ceased active work connection with it- La Thebaide was xpted by Moliere and produced at ; Palais-Royal in 1664. He left Uzes 1663 and returned to Paris. Here made the acquaintance of Boileau, [ produced his plays. After the pro- ction of Phedre in 1677, for reasons are somewhat obscure, he aban- playwriting, and lived on the va- is pensions and salaries of which he the recipient, married, and produced work until he was commissioned by de Main tenon to write a play the girls of Saint-Cyr. He pro- Eftker, in 1689, and followed it 1691, by Athalie, which was performed Saint-Cyr and Versailles. He died in Racine, like Moliere, is important ;ther as a practicing dramatist than as critic. His remarks on his own plays full of interest, however, as they ex- how and why be wrote as he did; are, like Moliere's prefaces, the leory after the performance. Racine J is from first to last a classical writer; s passion was for clearness and com- j actness, and it is little wonder that his •itical theories are founded on Aris- »tle and Horace. His very first mani- sto, the Preface to La Thebaide (1664), mtains a protest against the double lot The Premiere Preface to Alexan- re le grand (1666) is a defense of his natural" treatment of character; like- ise the Premiere Preface to Andro- taque (1668). The various prefaces to tritanuicus (1670), Bajazet (167:?), tUkridate (1673), Phedre (1677), and wo or three others, are, taken as a 'hole, pleas for regularity, order, and On the drama: *reface to La Thebaide (1664). ^remiere Preface (1666), to Alexandre le grand, and Seconde Preface (1676). ^rentier e Preface (1668) to Andro- ' maque; Seconde Preface (1676). in Leeteur to Let Plaideurs (1669). Premier e Preface (1670) to Britannicus, and Seconde Preface (1676). Preface to Berenice (1674). Premiere Preface (1672) to Bajazet; Seconde Preface (1676). Preface to Mithridate (1673). Preface to Iphigenie (1675). Preface to Phedre (1677). Preface to Esther (1669). Preface to Athalie (1691). The Lettres in volumes VI and VII of the Mesnard edition are interesting, but contain little on the drama. The Fragments de la Poetique d'Aristote are to be found in voL V of the same edition. Editions: The standard edition of the complete works is the (E wares de J. Racine, edited by Paul Mesnard, in the Grands Ecrrcains series, 8 vols. (Paris, 1865- 73). On Racine and his works: Louis Racine, Memoires sur la vie de Jean Racine, 3 vols. (Lausanne and Geneve, 1747. Reprinted in voL I of the Mesnard ed.). Fontenelle, Parallile de Comeille et de Racine (Paris, 1693). Stendhal, Racine et Shakespeare (Paris, 1833). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits liiteraires, voL I (Paris, 1830). , Port-Rogal, voL 6 (Paris, 1860). , Xouveaux Lund is, vols. 3 and 10 (Paris, 1863 ff). F. Deltour, Les Ennemis de Racine em XVIf siecle (Paris, 1859). H. Taine, Xvuveaux essais de critique et d'histoire (Paris, 1865). Ferdinand Brunetiere, Racine (in Etudes critiques sur Vhutoire de la Htterature francaise, voL 1, 7th ed., Paris, 1911). Paul Mesnard, Introduction to Grands Ecrrcains ed. of (Euvres (cited above. Also Bibliography in voL 7). £. DeschaneL Le Rcmemtieme dee elas- siques. Racine (Paris, 1883). P. Stapfer, Racine et Victor Hugo (Paris, 1887). Frandsque Sarcey, Quarante An* de theatre, voL 3 (Paris, 1900). Emile Fagoet, Propos de theatre, voL 1 (Paris, 1908). Jules Lemaitre, Impressions de theatre, vols. 1, 3, and 4 (Paris, 1888-90). 154 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Jules Lemaitre, Jean Racine (Paris, 1908). P. Robert, La Poetique de Racine (Paris, 1890). P. Monceaux, Racine (Paris, 1892). Gustave Larroumet, Racine (4th. ecL, Paris, 1911). PREFACE TO LA THEBAIDE i [Preface (to) La Thtbaide] (1664) The reader will surely be a little more indulgent toward this play than toward those that follow, because I was very young when I wrote it. Certain verses I had previously written happened to fall into the hands of some people of culture, who urged me to write a tragedy, and proposed the subject of La Th4baide. This subject had already been treated by Rotrou, in his Antigone; but he killed off the two brothers at the beginning of the third act. The remainder of the drama was in a way the beginning of another tragedy, introducing entirely new interests. It combined within itself two distinct plots, one of which was the plot of Euripides' Phoenician Women, the other that of Sophocles' Antigone. I saw that the double plot tended to spoil his [Rotrou's] play, which was, however, full of beautiful things. I constructed my play on practically the same plot as the Phoenician Women of Euripides. As to the Thebaid which is found among Sen- eca's works, I am inclined to agree with Heinsius and maintain not only that it was not written by Seneca, but that it is l Translated, for the first time into English by the editor. — Ed. the work of some rhetorical declaimer who had no idea what a tragedy was. The catastrophe of my play is possibly a little too sanguinary; indeed, there is scarcely a character who is not killed off at the end. But then, this is the story of the Thebaid, the most tragic of an- tiquity. Love which, ordinarily, assumed so important a role in tragedy, I have prac- tically neglected; I doubt whether 1 should give it a more important place were I to re-write the play. It would be necessary to have one of the brothers in love, or else both; but what chance had I to give them any other interest but that famous hatred, which consumed them both? If I could not have either of the brothers in love, there remained for me only to place the love-interest in- characters of secondary importance; and| this is what I have done. But even then, \ the passion of love seems strangely out | of place and ineffective. In short, I ami of the opinion that lovers' tenderness and jealousies can have no legitimate place amid all the incest, parricide, and other horrors which go to make up the ! story of CEdipus and his fated family. FIRST PREFACE TO ANDROMAQUE 2 {Premiere Preface (to) Andromaque] (1668) . . . However that may be, the pub- lic has treated me so well that I am not bothered by the disappointment of two or three individuals who would have us re-cast all the heroes of antiquity and make them paragons of perfection. I think their intention of putting only such impeccable examples of humanity on the stage admirable, but I beg them to re- 2 Extracts, here translated for the time into English, by the editor. — Ed. first member that it is not for me to changi the laws of the drama. Horace tell us to describe Achilles as ferocious, in exorable, violent — as he actually was ; And Aristotle, far from asking us fc! portray perfect heroes, demands on th< contrary that tragic characters — whos> misfortunes bring about the tragic ca tastrophe — should be neither wholl; good nor wholly bad. He does not wan them to be extremely good, because tli JEAN RACINE 155 mishment of a good man would excite dilation rather than pity in the au- ence; nor that they be excessively bad, ■cause there can exist no pity for a oundrel. They must therefore stand midway between the two extremes, be 1 virtuous and yet capable of folly, and fall into misfortune through some fault which allows us to pity without detesting them. FIRST PREFACE TO BRITAXNICUS s [Premiere Preface (to) Britannicus] (1670) . . . Personally, I have always be- eved that since tragedy was the imita- bn of a complete action — wherein sev- t -al persons participate — that action is mplete until the audience knows I 1 what situation the characters are ' nally left. Sophocles always informs ' s of this: in the Antigone he writes as lany lines to show Haemon's fury and reon's punishment after the death of le princess, as I have written in Agrip- ina's imprecations, the retreat of Junia, le punishment of N'arcissa and the de- pair of Nero, after the death of Britan- icus. How could these difficult judges be leased? It would be an easy task, had wished to violate commonsense a little, should have but to abandon the natural or the extraordinary. Instead of a sim- le plot, with very little material — as efits an action supposed to take place /ithin the compass of a single day and ,hich, proceeding by degrees toward the ;nd, is sustained solely by the interest, j ]entiments, and passions of the charac- ters — I could just as well have crowded he very same story with a number of neidents which could not actually have lappened within a whole month, with •my number of stage-tricks, as aston- ishing as tht*y would be false to nature, vith a number of declamatory passages vherein the actors would utter the ex- act opposite of what they ought to ut- ter. I might, for instance, have repre- sented some hero as drunk, wishing to •nake his mistress hate him, out of sheer caprice; or a mouthing Lacedae- iionian, a conqueror scattering maxims upon love; a woman giving lessons in pride to a warrior — in any of these ways I might have satisfied the gentle- 1 3 Extracts, here translated, by the editor, for the first time into English. — Ed. men. But what would that small group of intelligent people whom I mustl please, have said ? How would I have 1 dared appear, so to speak, before those great men of antiquity whom I have taken for my models? Because, when I make use of their thoughts, I think of them actually as spectators. When we take our inspiration from them we should always ask ourselves, " What 1 would Homer and Vergil say, if they 1 were to read these lines? What would J Sophocles say if he saw this scene?"' However all this may be, I have never tried to prevent any one's criticizing my works adversely; that would be impossi- ble: Quid de te alii loquantur ipsi vi- deant, says Cicero, sed loquentur tamen: " Others must be careful how they speak of you; but be sure that they will speak of you, in some way or other." I only beg the reader's forgiveness for this little preface, which I wrote merely to explain and justify my tragedy. What more natural than to defend one- self when one believes oneself unjustly attacked? I think that Terence wrote his prologue solely to justify and defend himself against the critics who spoke in disparagement of the old poet of evil in- tentions, malevoli veteris poetae, and who came to raise their voices against him, up to the very moment his comedies were performed. . . . occcepta est agi: Exclamat, etc. Hardly has the curtain risen, but there he is, crying out, etc. (Prologue to the " Eunuchus " of Terence.) There is one objection which might have, but has not, been urged against me. Still, what escaped the spectators may become evident to the reader: I make i 5 6 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Junia join the Vestals. Now, accord- ing to Aulus Gellius the Vestals received no one under six years of age, nor over ten. But here the people take Junia under their protection, and I thought that in consideration of her rank, her virtue, and her misfortune, an excep- tion might be made regarding her age, as other exceptions had been made in the cases of so many men who deserved to be made consuls. PREFACE TO BERENICE* [Preface (to) Be"r4nice] (1674) \ ... I have for some time cherished the desire to try whether I could write a tragedy with the extremely simple plot so much admired by the ancients, for simplicity is one of the first precepts which they have left us. " Whatever you write," says Horace, " it must be sim- .ple, and it must be one." The ancients .admired the Ajax of Sophocles, which is concerned wholly with the story of Ajax killing himself with sorrow over the re- fusal to give him Achilles' arms. They admired the Philoctetes, the subject of which is merely the coming of Ulysses for the arrows of Hercules. The (Edi- pus itself, though full of incidents, is less crowded than the simplest tragedy of our times. And finally, we see those who favored Terence justly placing him above all other comic poets, for the ele- gance of his style and his careful obser- vation of the manners of his day, but confessing none the less that Plautus had a distinct advantage over him, namely, in the simplicity of the majority of his plots. It was doubtless this marvelous simplicity that caused the ancients to praise him so highly. How much simpler must Menander have been, since Terence was obliged to take two of that poet's comedies to make one of his own! Nor must one assume that this rule • was based entirely upon caprice; no, I nothing but what is true to life can ap- ( peal to us in tragedy. But what sort of truth to life is there when within the space of one day a multitude of things happen that would in actual life occupy many weeks? There are some who be- lieve that this simplicity is a confession of the author's poverty of invention. They are not aware that on the contrary, 4 Extracts, here translated, by the editor, for the first time into English. — Ed. an author's invention is most severely put to the test in making something out of nothing, and that the introduction of a host of incidents has always been the refuge of poets who felt their own want I of genius, and power to interest their ' auditors through five acts of simple plot, sustained by the force of passion, beauty ! of ideas, and elegance of expression. I i am far from believing that my play' contains all these elements, but on the other hand, I do not think that the au- dience blamed me too much for having written a tragedy so honored with their tears, the thirtieth performance of which was as well attended as the first. Not that certain people have not cen- sured me for that very simplicity 1 j strove so diligently to attain: they be- I lieved that a tragedy so denuded of in- trigue could not be according to the rules of dramatic art. I wished to know whether the tragedy had bored then), and learned that they all admitted that j it had not, but had moved them, and that they would willingly witness it again. What more could they demand? I beg them to think well enough of them- selves not to believe that a play which j stirs them and gives them pleasure, con ! be absolutely at variance with the rules, j The principal rule is to please and to stir; all others are simply means to ar- rive at that end. The rules are Jong; and complicated, and I advise those who criticize the play on the ground' just mentioned not to bother about them they have more important business b attend to. Let them leave to us tin trouble of interpreting Aristotle's theorj of poetry, and reserve for themselves tin pleasure of weeping and being moved and allow me to tell them what a musi cian said to King Philip of Macedor NICOLAS BOILEAU-DESPREAUX 157 ben the latter maintained that a cer- in song was not written according to »e rules: " Heaven keep you, Sire, from being so unfortunate as to know such things better than I do!" PREFACE TO PHEDRE <* [Preface (to) Phedre] (1677) I. . . What I can say is that in no her of my plays have I given virtue > exalted a place as in this: the slight- .1 is severely punished; the very iought of crime is made as horrible as le commission of it; the weaknesses of ve itself are treated as veritable short- juiings; the paosions are exhibited with le purpose of showing the disorder into hieh they lead us; vice is introduced in ith wise as to make us detest it in all s horrible deformity. This should prop- 'lv be the chief purpose of those who ork for the public; this is what the an- ents kept constantly in mind. Their lays were a veritable school where vir- Extracts, here translated by the editor, «r the first time into English. — Ed. tue was of no less importance than with the philosophers. Hence it was that Aristotle laid down the rules of dramatic poetry, and Socrates, the wisest of the philosophers, did not disdain to speak of the tragedies of Euripides. We should like our works to be as solid and full of useful instruction as were those of antiquity. This might be a means to reconcile tragedy to a number of cele- brated persons who either because of their piety or their beliefs, have of late condemned it, and who would undoubt- edly cast a more favorable eye upon it if the dramatists endeavored to instruct \ as well as please their auditors, and so \ came nearer to the true end of all trag- edy. NICOLAS BOILEAU-DESPREAUX Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, the son of iilles Boileau, was born at Paris in 636. His mother died when he was two ears old, and the lad seems to have been omewhat neglected. From his early outh he is said to have had but one pas- ion, " the hatred of dull books." He s-as educated at the College de Beau- iais, and later went to study theology at he Sorbonne. Giving this up, he stud- ed law and was admitted to the bar in 606, but the law disgusted him and he next year, on the death of his father vho left him a comfortable income, he Urected his attention exclusively to tudy and writing. Among his earliest vorks are a few indifferent poems. The irst of his Satiret, in which his true renious found expression, dates from 660. Though it was u imitated " from Juvenal, it is distinctly of the poet's »wn time and spirit. This was followed by others, of which there ultimately ap- peared twelve. In these he attacked many authors of the preceding genera- tions — among them Chapelain, Scudery, and Quinault — and went far toward doing away with the earlier traditions. He was, on the other hand, friendly to- ward Racine and Moliere. Another of his effective attacks contributed to the downfall of the elaborate romance of the Mile, de Scudery type, and was called Dialogue des hiros de roman. Though it was written in 1664, it was not published until 1713. The Satires appeared in the first authorized edition in 1666, and the Epitres from 1669 on. These attracted considerable attention and brought him into Court favor. Louis XIV granted him a generous pen- sion and in 1S77 made him Historiog- rapher to the King. In the 1674 edition of his CEuvres diverse* he published for i58 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA the first time his celebrated poems, L'Art poetique and mock-heroic poem Le Lu- trin. In the same year he also published his translation of Longinus On the Sub- lime, the Reflexions on which appeared in 1693. He was admitted to the Acad- emy in 1684. His last years were spent partly at Auteuil and partly at Paris. They were not very productive. He died in 1711. The Art poetique was primarily the poet's justification of his attacks in the Satires. In it he tried to bring to the bar of reason the various " bad " poems which he had ridiculed. At first he had ridiculed, now he was to criticize. His Rules, his precepts, his generalities are but obiter dicta, conclusions rather than statements. But the work as a whole exercised incalculable influence until the so-called Romantic revolt in the early years of the nineteenth century. On the drama: The Art poetique (1674), is practically Boileau's only drama criticism, though he incidentally touches upon the sub- ject in a few of his Epitres and Sa- tires. Editions: The Art poetique first appeared in the CEuvres diverses in 1674. Of the " orig- inal " editions the best are in the (Euvres published in 1674, 1694, 1701, and 1713. Among the annotated (Euvres, see the 4-volume ed. by Berriat Saint- Prix, 1830; the 4-volume Gidel ed., 1873, and the Pauly 2-volume ed., 1891. The best ed. of the Art poetique is in the single volume, with notes and introduction by Brunetiere (7th ed., Paris, 1911). The Works of Monsieu Boileau were translated " by severs hands " and with a Life by De Maizeaux in 2 vols., London, 171i The Art of Poetry was translated b' Sir William Soames, " revised by Dry den," London, 1683. This is reprints in Albert S. Cook's The Art of Poetry together with the similar treatises o Horace and Vida, Boston, 189s?. On Boileau and his work: P. Desmaizeaux, La Vie de Monsieu, Boileau-Despreaux (Paris, 1712). Bolaana (Paris, 1713). D'Alembert, Eloge de Despriaux (Paris 1779). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Port-Royal, voL i (latest ed., Paris, 1901). , Portraits litteraires, vol. 1 (Pari' 1862). , Causeries du Lundi, vol. 6 (Paris 1857-62). Ferdinand Brunetiere, Article on Boilea in La Grande Encyclopedic, voL J (Paris). , Introduction to L'Art Poetiqv, (7th ed., Paris, 1911). , L'Esthetique de Boileau (in Etude critiques sur I'histoire de la litteratut francaise, vol. 6, Paris, 3rd ed., 1911 D. Nisard, Exarnen des Po4tiques d'Aril tote, d' Horace, et de Boileau (S j Cloud, 1845). George Saintsbury, A History of Crit cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902). Charles Dejob, Lessing et Boileau (i the Revue des Cours et Confercnc Paris, 1897). A. Bourgoin, Les Maitres de la eritiqt au XV IP siecle (Paris, 1889). THE ART OF POETRY i [Art poetique] (1674) There's not a monster bred beneath the sky, But, well-disposed by art, may please the eye; A curious workman, by his skill divine, 1 Re-printed from Sir William Soames' edi- tion of Boileau's Art of Poetry (London, 1683 ) . — With omissions. — Ed. From an ill object makes a good dcsig Thus, to delight us, Tragedy, in tears For CEdipus, provokes our hopes ai fears ; For parricide Orestes asks relief, And to increase our pleasure, caus grief. : NICOLAS BOILEAU-DESPREAUX 159 You then that in this noble art would rise, dme and in lofty verse dispute the prize. 1 ould you upon the stage acquire re- nown. ^id for your judges summon all the town ? ''ould you your works forever should remain, Ad after ages past be sought again? ] all you write observe with care and art j» move the passions and incline the heart. J in a labored act, the pleasing rage i&nnot our hopes and fears by turns en- gage. br in our mind a feeling pity raise, J vain with learned scenes you fill your plays ; >ur cold discourse can never move the : mind *• a stern critic, naturally unkind, 'ho. justlv tired with "your pedantic flight, " t- falls asleep or censures all you write. "he secret is, attention first to gain, ') move our minds and then to enter- tain, "lat, from the very opening of the I scenes, "ie first may show us what the author means. I'm tired to see an actor on the stage ' lat knows not whether he's to laugh or rage; *mo, an intrigue unraveling in vain, ^stead of pleasing keeps my mind in pain. 1 rather much the nauseous dunce should say ownright, " My name is Hector in the play," ian with a mass of miracles, ill- joined, On found my ears, and not instruct my mind. ie subject's never soon enough ex- pressed. Your place of action must be fixed, and rest. Spanish poet may with good event 1 one day's space whole ages repre- sent; There oft the hero of the wandering stage Begins a child, and ends the play of age. But we, that are by reason's rule con- fined, Will that with art the poem be designed, That unity of action, time, and place, Keep the stage full, and all our labors grace. Write not what cannot be with ease conceived; Some truths may be too strong to be be- lieved. A foolish wonder cannot entertain; My mind's not moved if your discourse be vain. You may relate what would offend the eye; Seeing indeed would better satisfy, But there are objects which a curious art Hides from the eyes, yet offers to the heart. The mind is most agreeably surprised, When a well-woven subject, long dis- guised, You on a sudden artfully unfold, And give the whole another face and mold. At first the Tragedy was void of art, A song, where each man danced and sung his part, And of god Bacchus roaring out the praise, Sought a good vintage for their jolly days; Then wine and joy were seen in each man's eyes, And a fat goat was the best singer's prize. Thespis was first, who, all besmeared with lee, Began this pleasure for posterity, And with his carted actors and" a song Amused the people as he passed along. Next .^ischylus the different persons placed, And with a better mask his players graced, Upon a theater his verse expressed, And showed his hero with a buskin dressed. Then Sophocles, the genius of his age, i6o EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Increased the pomp and beauty of the stage, Engaged the Chorus song in every part, And polished rugged verse by rules of art; He in the Greek did those perfections gain Which the weak Latin never could at- tain. Our pious fathers, in their priest-rid age, As impious and profane abhorred the stage. A troop of silly pilgrims, as 'tis said, Foolishly zealous, scandalously played, Instead of heroes and of love's com- plaints, The angels, God, the Virgin, and the saints. At last right reason did his laws reveal, And showed the folly of their ill-placed zeal, Silenced those nonconformists of the age, And raised the lawful heroes of the stage ; Only the Athenian mask was laid aside, And Chorus by the music was supplied. Ingenious love, inventive in new arts, Mingled in plays, and quickly touched our hearts; This passion never could resistance find, But knows the shortest passage to the mind. Paint, then, I'm pleased my hero be in love, But let him not like a tame shepherd move; Let not Achilles be like Thyrsis seen, Or for a Cyrus show an Artamene; That, struggling oft, his passions we may find The frailty, not the virtue of his mind. Of romance heroes shun the low de- sign, Yet to great hearts some human frailties join. Achilles must with Homer's heart en- gage— For an affront I'm pleased to see him rage; Those little failings in your hero's heart Show that of man and nature he has part. To leave known rules you cannot be al- lowed ; Make Agamemnon covetous and proud, JEneas in religious rites austere; Keep to each man his proper character. Of countries and of times the humors know, From different climates different cus- toms grow; And strive to shun their fault, who vainly dress An antique hero like a modern ass, Who make old Romans like our English move, Show Cato sparkish, or make Brutus love.2 In a romance those errors are excused; There 'tis enough that, reading, we're amused, Rules too severe would there be useless found ; But the strict scene must have a juster bound, Exact decorum we must always find. If then you form some hero in you) mind, Be sure your image with itself agree, ! For what he first appears he still raus be. Affected wits will naturally incline j To paint their figures by their own dr sign; Your bully poets bully heroes write; Chapman in Bussy D'Ambois took d< U « ht » . „ And thought perfection was to huff an fight.3 Wise nature by variety does please Clothe differing passions in a differii dress ; Bold anger in rough haughty words a; pears ; Sorrow is humble and dissolves in tea: Make not your Hecuba with fury raj ; And show a ranting grief upon the staj i 2 The original runs : Cardez done de donner, ainsi que dans OU , L'air, ni V esprit francois a V antique Italie. — Ed 3 The original reads: Tout a I'humeur gaseonne en un out Calprenede et Juba parlent du meme ton. NICOLAS BOILEAU-DESPREAUX 161 tell in vain how " the rough Tanals bore > sevenfold waters to the Euxine shore." ese swollen expressions, this affected noise, ows like some pedant that declaims to boys, sorrow you must softer methods keep, d, to excite our tears, yourself must weep, ose noisy words with which ill plays abound me not from hearts that are in sad- ness drowned. rhe theater for a young poet's rimes a bold venture in our knowing times. author cannot easily purchase fame; itics are always apt to hiss and blame; lu may be judged by every ass in I town — je privilege is bought for half-a-crown. please, you must a hundred chances try, netimes be humble, then must soar on high, noble thoughts must everywhere abound, easy, pleasant, solid, and profound; these you must surprising touches join, d show us a new wonder in each line; t all, in a just method well-designed j leave a strong impression in the mind. se are the arts that tragedy main- tain. lie great success which tragic writers found Athens first the comedy renowned. : abusive Grecian there, by pleasing ways, ipersed his natural malice in his plays ; adorn and virtue, honor, wit, and sense, ■e subject to buffooning insolence; its were publicly approved and sought, Tat vice extolled and virtue set at naught; /iSocrates himself, in that loose age, ■ks made the pastime of a scoffing stage. / last the public took in hand the cause, And cured this madness by the power of laws, Forbade, at any time or any place To name the persons or describe the face. The stage its ancient fury thus let fall, And comedy diverted without gall, By mild reproofs recovered minds dis- eased, And, sparing persons, innocently pleased.* Each one was nicely shown in this new glass, And smiled to thin* he was not meant the ass. A miser oft would laugh at first, to find A faithful draught of bis own sordid mind; And fops were with such care and cun- ning writ, They liked the piece for which themselves did sit You, then, that would the comic laur- els wear, To study nature be your only care. Whoe'er knows man, and by a curious art Discerns the hidden secrets of the heart; He who observes, and naturally can paint The jealous fool, the fawning sycophant, A sober wit, an enterprising ass, A humorous Otter, or a Hudibras, — May safely in those noble lists engage, And make them act and speak upon the stage. Strive to be natural in all you write, And paint with colors that may please the sight. Nature in various figures does abound, And in each mind are different humors found ; A glance, a touch, discovers to the wise, But every man has not discerning eyes. All-changing time does also change the mind, And different ages different pleasures find. Youth, hot and furious, cannot brook de- lay, By flattering vice is easily led astray; Vain in discourse, inconstant in desire, In censure rash, in pleasures all on fire. The manly age does steadier thoughts enjoy; * Original : . . . Et plut innocemment dans let vert de ile'nandre. — Ed. 1 62 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Power and ambition do his soul emply; Against the turns of fate he sets his mind, And by the past the future hopes to find. D«crepit age, still adding to his stores, For others heaps the treasure he adores, In all his actions keeps a frozen pace, Past time extols, the present to debase; Incapable of pleasures youth abuse, In others blames what age does him re- fuse. Your actors must by reason be con- trolled ; Let young men speak like young, old men like old. Observe the town and study well the court, For thither various characters resort. Thus 'twas great Jonson purchased his renown, And in his art had borne away the crown, If, less desirous of the people's praise, He had not with low farce debased his P la ^ s ' ... * . Mixing dull buffoonry with wit refined, And Harlequin with noble Terence joined. "When in The Fox I see the tortoise hissed, I lose the author of The Alchemist.* The comic wit, born with a smiling air, Must tragic grief and pompous verse forbear ; Yet may he not, as on a market-place, 5 In the above passage — beginning with *' Thus 'twas," it is necessary to restore " Moliere " for "Jonson"; "Tabarin" for " Harlequin " ; " ridiculous sack in which Scapin is rolled," for "When in The Fox I Bee the tortoise hissed " ; and " Le Mis- anthrope " for " The Alchemist." — Ed. With bawdy jests amuse the populace. With well-bred conversation you mi please, And your intrigue unravelled be wi ease; Your action still should reason's rul obey, Nor in an empty scene may lose its wa Your humble style must sometimes gent rise, And your discourse sententious be ai wise, The passions must to nature be confine And scenes to scenes with artful weavii joined. Your wit must not unseasonably play, But follow business, never lead the wa Observe how Terence does this evil shu A careful father chides his amorous so Then see that son whom no advice c move, Forget those orders, and pursue his lot 'Tis not a well-drawn picture we d cover, 'Tis a true son, a father, and a lover. I I like an author that reforms the a And keeps the right decorum of i| stage, That always pleases by just reaso rule; But for a tedious droll, a quibbling f< Who with low nauseous bawdry fills plays, Let him begone, and on two trestles r; Some Smithfield stage, where he may his pranks, And make Jack-Puddings speak t mountebanks. 6 (Book III. | 6 Original: "Amusing the Pont-Neuf I his stale nonsense, and playing his prank * the assembled lackeys." — Ed. SAINT-EVREMOND Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis, sieur de Saint-Evremond, was born of an old and noble family at the Chateau de Saint-Denis-le-Guast (near Coutances), in 1610. He was destined to a career in the magistrature and was sent to Paris to study in 1619. His education was continued, with special emphasis on J" losophy, at Paris and at Caen. He b u> his law study in 1628, but gave it u *-* the end of a year and entered thi He participated in many campa * After twenty years of service he * made mare'chal de camp, after losinj u* SAINT-EVREMOND 163 •utenancy as the result of an ill-advised ke on his former friend Conde. Dur- g his military career he read and stud- id and wrote. The Comedie det acade- iciens (written 1642-43) and Maximes 647), belong to this period. In 1659 h wrote a letter to Crequi criticizing the Teaty of the Pyrenees, which resulted in ing forced to leave France. He feat at first to Holland, then (1661) to ngland, where he spent the remainder life. His existence in England ■as evidently a not unhappy exile, for i was in particular favor with Charles and his two successors; and when in 588, he was permitted to return to his itive country, he did not take advan- jge of the offer. He died at London in 03, and was buried in Westminster Jbbey. Saint-Evremond is important in the story of dramatic criticism both rela- vely and intrinsically. His knowledge, >th of books and life, and his compara- ve freedom from prejudice, gave him ^culiar advantages over such contem- jraries as Boileau. It seems that his in England, besides affording him ie incalculable advantage of knowing luther nation and its literature, gave fcn a vantage point from which he was ile to judge and discriminate wisely in e questions which were being debated in s own country. His impartiality in the ncients and Moderns Quarrel is an ex- nple of this detachment. He was one the few Frenchmen of his time who as able, or cared, to adopt what is now lown as the comparative system of criti- sm. His championship of Corneille is me, invigorating, and interesting. The ore of writings in which he discussed *e drama are probably the earliest ^ecimens of the modern essay. On the drama: issertation sur la tragedie de Racine intitulee: Alexandre le Grand (1666). espouse de 21. de Saint-Evremond a 21. de Corneille (1668). 'e la Tragedie ancienne et moderne (1672). Mr let Caracteres des tragedies (1672). ( un auteur qui me demandait man sen- timent d'une piece ok I'heroine ne fai- sait que se lamenter (1672). Sur let tragedies (1677). Sur not comedies, excepts celles de Mo~ liere, ou Von trouve le vrai esprit de la comedie, et tur la comedie etpagnole (1677). De la comedie italienne (1677). De la comedie anglaite (1677). Sur let operas (1677). Defense de quelques pieces de theatre de M. Corneille (1677).i (All the above are in the English trans- lation cited.) Editions: With the exception of the works already mentioned, very little of Saint-Evre- mond was published during his life- time. The first authorized edition, which is not, however, complete, was the (Euvret met lees, 3 vols., London, 1705. This was followed by the 7-vol. ed. of 1708, the Amsterdam ed. in 1727, and Paris ed. in 1740. Among the modern editions, see the (Euvret melees, edited in 3 vols, by Giraud (Paris, 1865), and Ch. Gidel's single- volume ed. of the (Euvres choisis (Gar- nier, Paris, after 1866). The (Euvres were translated as The Works of Mon- sieur de St. Evremond, 3 vols. (Lon- don, 1714. This contains a Life by P. Des Maizeeaux). On Saint-Evremond and his works: Introductions to the various editions cited. G. Merlet, Saint-Evremond (Paris, 1869). F. Pastrello, Etude sur Saint-Evremond et son influence (Trieste, 1875). A. Bourgoin, Les Maitres de la critique au XVll> siecle (Paris, 1889). C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, Cauteries du Lundi, voL 4 (Paris, 1857-62). Gilbert et Gidel, Eloges de Saint-Evre- mond (Paris, 1866). La Grande Encvclopedie, voL 29 (Paris). George Saintsbury, A History of Criti- citm, vol. 2 (New York, 1902). W. Melville Daniels, Saint-Evremond en Angleterre (Versailles, 1907). 1 The dates in each case refer to writing. All these essays were first published in 1705. — Ed. 164 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA OF ANCIENT AND MODERN TRAGEDY 2 [De la Trag6die ancienne et moderne] (Written 1672) There were never so many rules to write a good tragedy by, and yet so few good ones are now made that the players are obliged to revive and act all the old ones. I remember that the Abbe" d'Au- bignac wrote one according to the laws he had so imperiously prescribed for the stage. This piece had no success, not- withstanding which he boasted in all com- panies that he was the first French writer that had exactly followed the pre- cepts of Aristotle; whereupon the Prince of Conde said wittily : "I am obliged to Monsieur d'Aubignac for having so exactly followed Aristotle's rules, but I will never forgive the rules of Aristotle for having put Monsieur d'Aubignac upon writing so bad a tragedy." It must be acknowledged that Aris- totle's Art of Poetry is an excellent piece of work; but, however, there's noth- ing so perfect in it as to be the stand- ing rules of all nations and all ages. Descartes and Gassendi have found out truths that were unknown to Aristotle. Corneille has discovered beauties for the stage of which Aristotle was ignorant; and as our philosophers have observed errors in his Physic*, our poets have spied out faults in his Poetics, at least with respect to us, considering what great change all things have undergone since his time. The gods and goddesses amongst the Ancients brought events that wore great and extreme upon the thea- ter, either by their hatred or their friend- ship, by their revenge or their protection; and among so many supernatural things, nothing appeared fabulous to the people, who believed there passed a familiar cor- respondence between gods and men. Their gods, generally speaking, acted by human passions; their men undertook nothing without the counsel of the gods, and executed nothing without their assist- ance. Thus in this mixture of the di- vinity and humanity, there was nothing which was not credible. But all this profusion of miracles is downright romance to us at this time of 2 Re-printed from the anonymous transla- tion of the Works (London, 1714). — Ed. day. The gods are wanting to us, am we are wanting to the gods; and if, i imitation of the Ancients, an autho would introduce his angels and saint upon our stage, the bigots and puritan would be offended at it, and the libei tines would certainly think him weal Our preachers would by no means suffe a confusion of the pulpit and the theate or that the people should go and lear those matters from the mouth of com< dians which themselves deliver in the churches, with such authority to tl whole people. Besides this, it would give too great a advantage to the libertines, who migi ridicule in a comedy those very thinj which they receive at church with a seen ing submission, either out of respect " the place or to the character of the pe| son that utters them. But let us put the case that our do 1 tors should freely leave all holy matte i to the liberty of the stage; let us lik ■' wise take it for granted that men of t \ least devotion would hear them with great an inclination to be edified as p< sons of the profoundest resignation; J certain it is that the soundest dextrin the most Christian actions, and the m<| useful truths, would produce a kind tragedy that would please us the 1© of anything in the world. The spirit of our religion is direc opposite to that of tragedy. The hun ity and patience of our saints carry direct an opposition to those heroical \ tues that are so necessary for the th! ter. What zeal, what force is th which Heaven does not bestow ujl Nearchus and Polyeucte? And what there wanting on "the part of thes< Christians to answer fully the end these happy gifts? The passion M charms of a lovely young bride mal the least impression upon the mind* Polyeucte. The politic considerations' Felix, as they less affect us, so thej a less impression. Insensible both ' prayers and menaces, Polyeucte ha » greater desire to die for God than men have to live for themselves. Ne "■ SAIXT-EVREMOND 165 -. this very subject, which would like one of the finest sermons in the 'jrld, would have made a wretched trag- ly, if the conversation of Pauline and Ivere, heightened with other sentiments Id other passions, had not preserved Kit reputation to the author which the ristian virtues of our martyrs had Bde him lose. The theater loses all its agreeableness Ipen it pretends to represent sacred fngs: and sacred things lose a great •al of the religious opinion that is due 1 them by being represented upon the leater. To say the truth, the histories of the <d Testament are infinitely better sited to our stage. Moses, Samson, and vshua would meet much better suc- an Polyeucte and N'earchus, for fc wonders they would work there would I a fitter subject for the theater. But ] am apt to believe that the priests vuld not fail to exclaim against the jofanation of these sacred histories, 1 th which they fill their conversations, books, and their sermons; and to soberly upon the point, the mirac- passage through the Red Sea, the stopped in his career by the prayer Joshua, and whole armies defeated by n with the jawbone of an ass — these miracles, I say, would not be «edited in a play, because we believe fem in the Bible; but we should be ither apt to question them in the Bible, Icause we should believe nothing of fem in the play. If what I have delivered is founded on ^od and solid reasons, we ought to con- tit ourselves with things purely natural, kt at the same time, such as are extraor- «nary; and in our heroes to choose the pal actions which we may believe >le as human, and which may cause i miration in us, as being rare and of vated character. In a word, we fonld have nothing but what is great, 11 let it be human. In the human, : must carefully avoid mediocrity; and ;ble in that which is great. I arn by no means willing to compare e Phartalia to the JEneid; I know the ifference of their value; but as for tat purely regards elevation, Pompey, . Cato, Curio, and Labienus, have >ne more for Lucan than Jupiter, Mer- cury, Juno, Venus, and all the train of the other gods and goddesses have done for Vergil. The ideas which Lucan gives us of these great men are truly greater, and affect us more sensibly, than those which Vergil gives us of his deities. The latter has clothed his gods with human infirmi- ties to adapt them to the capacity of men; the other has raised his heroes so as to bring them into competition with the gods themselves. Victrix causa diu placuit, ted victa Catoni. In Vergil, the gods are not so valuable as the heroes; in Lucan, the heroes equal the gods. To give you my opinion freely, I believe that the tragedy of the Ancients might have suffered a happy loss in the banishment of their gods, their oracles and their soothsayers. For it proceeded from these gods, these oracles, and these diviners, that the stage was swayed by a spirit of super- stition and terror, capable of infecting mankind with a thousand errors, and overwhelming them with numerous mis- chiefs. And if we consider the usual im- pressions which tragedy made at Athens in the minds of the spectators, we may safely affirm that Plato was more in the right, who prohibited the use of them, than Aristotle, who recommended them; for as their tragedies wholly consisted in excessive motions of fear and pity, was not this the direct way to make the thea- ter a school of terror and of compassion, where people only learnt to be affrighted at all dangers, and to abandon them- selves to despair upon every misfortune? It will be a hard matter to persuade me that a soul accustomed to be terrified for what regards another, has strength enough to support misfortunes that con- cern itself. This perhaps was the reason why the Athenians became so susceptible of the impressions of fear, and that this spirit of terror which the theater inspired into them with so much art became at last but too natural to their armies. At Sparta and Rome, where only ex- amples of valor and constancy were pub- licly shown, the people were no less brave and resolute in battle than they were unshaken and constant in the calamities of the Republic. Ever since this art of fearing and lamenting was set up at i66 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Athens, all those disorderly passions which they had, as it were, imbibed at their public representations, got footing in their camps and attended them in their wars. Thus a spirit of superstition occasioned the defeat of their armies, and a spirit of lamentation made them sit down con- tented with bewailing their great misfor- tunes, when they ought to have found out proper remedies for them. For how was it possible for them not to learn despair in this pitiful school of commis- eration? The persons they usually repre- sented upon it were examples of the greatest misery and subjects but of ordi- nary virtues. So great was their desire to lament that they represented fewer virtues than misfortunes, lest a soul raised to the admiration of heroes should be less in- clined to pity the distressed; and in order to imprint these sentiments of af- fliction the deeper in their spectators, they had always upon their theater a chorus of virgins or of old men, who fur- nished them upon every event, either with their terrors or with their tears. Aristotle was sensible enough what prejudice this might do the Athenians, but he thought he sufficiently prevented it by establishing a certain Purgation, which no one hitherto has understood, and which in my opinion he himself never fully comprehended. For can anything be so ridiculous as to form a science which will infallibly discompose our minds, only to set up another, which does not certainly pretend to cure us? Or to raise a perturbation in our souls for no other end than to endeavor after- wards to calm it, by obliging it to re- flect upon the dejected condition it has been in? Among a thousand persons that are present at the theater, perhaps there may be six philosophers that are capa- ble of recovering their former tranquil- lity by the assistance of these prudent and useful meditations; but the multitude will scarce make any such judicious re- flections, and we may be almost assured that what we see constantly represented on the theater, will not fail, at long run, to produce in us a habit of these un- happy motions. Our theatrical representations are not subject to the same circumstances t those of the Ancients were, since our fea never goes so far as to raise this supei stitious terror, which produced such i effects upon valor. Our fear, general] speaking, is nothing else but an agre< able uneasiness, which consists in tfc suspension of our minds; 'tis a dear coi cern which our soul has for those objecl that draw its affection to them. We may almost say the same of pity i 'tis used on our stage. We divest it t all its weakness, and leave it all that w call charitable and human. I love to sc the misfortune of some great unhapp person lamented; I am content with a my heart that he should attract our cod passion; nay, sometimes, command 01 tears; but then I would have these tei der and generous tears paid to his mi fortunes and virtues together, and th this melancholy sentiment of pity be a companied with vigorous admiratio which shall stir up in our souls a sort ■ an amorous desire to imitate him. We were obliged to mingle somewhj of love in the new tragedy, the better ! remove those black ideas which the a cient tragedy caused in us by supers tion and terror. And in truth there no passion that more excites us to ever thing that is noble and generous than virtuous love. A man who may co < ardly suffer himself to be insulted by contemptible enemy will yet defend wl he loves, though to the apparent haze of his life, against the attacks of the mi | valiant. The weakest and most fear creatures — those creatures that are n urally inclined to fear and to run away will fiercely encounter what they dre most, to preserve the object of their lo Love has a certain heat which suppl the defect of courage in those that w it most. But to confess the truth, < ' authors have made as ill an use of \ '• noble passion as the Ancients did of tl ' fear and pity; for if we except eight ' ten plays where its impulses have h ' managed to great advantage, we have > tragedies in which both lovers and 1 > are not equally injured. We have an affected tenderness wife we ought to place the noblest sentime ^ We bestow a softness on what ought" be most moving; and sometimes when c mean plainly to express the graces <t SAINT-EVREMOND 167 : ture, we fall into a vicious and mean :iiplicity. We imagine we make kings and emper- rfect lovers, but in tragedy we ridiculous princes of them; and by 'e complaints and sighs which we be- ow upon them where they ought neither complain nor sigh, we represent them '*ak, both as lovers and as princes. Our great heroes upon the theater gen- tally make love like shepherds; and thus e innocence of a sort of rural passion :.pplies with them the place of glory and dor. If an actress has the art to weep and ■moan herself after a moving lively anner, we give her our tears, at cer- in places which demand gravity; and ■cause she pleases best when she seems be affected, she shall put on grief all ong, indifferently. Sometimes we must have a plain, unar- ficial, sometimes a tender and some- mes a melancholy whining love, with- it regarding where that simplicity, ten- erness, or grief is requisite; and the bason of it is plain: for as we must teds have love everywhere, we look for versity in the manners, and seldom or ever place it in the passions. I am in good hopes we shall one day hd out the true use of this passion, hich is now become too common. That hich ought to sweeten cruel or calami- >us accidents, that which ought to affect jar very souls, to animate our courage ad raise our spirits, will not certainly e always made the subject of a little ffected tenderness or of a weak sim- licity. Whenever this happens, we need ot envy the Ancients; and without pay- ig too great a respect to Antiquity, or eing too much prejudiced against the resent age, we shall not set up the trag- dies of Sophocles and Euripides as the nly models for the dramatic composi- ions of our times. However, I don't say that these trag- dies wanted anything that was necessary p recommend them to the palate of the Athenians; but should a man translate he (Edipus, the best performance of all Vntiquity, into French, with the same pirit and force as we see it in the orig- inal, I dare be bold to affirm that noth- ng in the world would appear to us nore cruel and more opposite to the true sentiments which mankind ought to have. Our age has at least this advantage over theirs, that we are allowed the lib- erty to hate vice and love virtue. As the gods occasioned the greatest crimes on the theater of the Ancients, these crimes captivated the respect of the spectators, and the people durst not find fault with those things which were really abomin- able. When they saw Agamemnon sac- rifice his own daughter, and a daughter too that was so tenderly loved by him, to appease the indignation of the gods, they only considered this barbarous sac- rifice as a pious obedience, and the high- est proof of a religious submission. Now, in that superstitious age, if a man still preserved the common senti- ments of humanity, he could not avoid murmuring at the cruelty of the gods; he must needs be cruel and barbarous to his own fellow-creatures; he must, like Agamemnon, offer the greatest violence both to nature and to his own affection. Tantum relligio potuit suadere malo- rum, says Lucretius, upon the account of this barbarous sacrifice. Nowadays we see men represented upon the "theater without the interposi- tion of the gods; and this conduct is infi- nitely more useful both to the public and to private persons, for in our tragedies we neither introduce any villain who is not detested, nor any hero who does not cause himself to be admired. With us, few crimes escape unpunished and few virtues go off unrewarded. In short, by the good examples we publicly represent on the theater, by the agreeable senti- ments of love and admiration that are discreetly interwoven with a rectified fear and pity, we are in a capacity of arriving to that perfection which Horace desires : Omne tulit punctvm, qui miscuit utile dulci, which can never be effected by the rules of ancient tragedy. I shall conclude with a new and daring thought of my own, and that is this: we ought, in tragedy, before all things what- ever, to look after a greatness of soul well expressed, which excites in us a ten- der admiration. By this sort of admira- tion our minds are sensibly ravished, our courages elevated, and our souls deeply affected- ENGLAND — II From the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century Restoration and Eighteenth Century English Dramatic Criti- cism 171 Bibliography 173 John Dryden 174 Bibliography 175 An Essay of Dramatick Poesie. (1668.) Extracts 176 Preface to Troilus and Cressida. (1679.) Extracts 193 John Milton 202 Bibliography 202 Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which is call'd Tragedy [Preface to Samson Agonistes] (1671). Complete 203 Thomas Rymer 204 Bibliography 204 A Short View of Tragedy, Its Original Excellency and Corruption, with Some Reflections on Shakespeare and Other Practitioners for the State. (1693.) Extracts 205 William Congheve 210 Bibliography 211 Concerning Humour in Comedy. (1696.) Complete . . . .211 George Farquhar 216 Bibliography . "217 A Discourse upon Comedy, in Reference to the English Stage. (1702.) Extracts 217 Joseph Addison 226 Bibliography 227 The Special or, Nos. 39 and 40 (1711). Extracts 227 Samuel Johnson 228 Bibliography 230 The Rambler, Nos. 125 and 156 (1751) No. 125 complete; No. 156, extracts 230 Oliver Goldsmith 235 Bibliography 235 An Essay on the Theatre; or, a Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy (1772). Complete 236 RESTORATION AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DRAMATIC CRITICISM Between the publication of Jonson's Discoveries (1641) and that of Dryden's Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1668), there is no outstancL-ig piece of dramatic criti- cism in English. However, Davenant's efforts to create the opera, his Preface to Gondibert and Hobbes' reply, in 1650, together with the former's Dedication iand To the Reader prefixed to his Siege of Rhodes (printed 1663), deserve pass- ing notice as connecting links. Sir Rob- ert Howard's Preface to Four yew Plages (1665), which called forth Dry- den's reply, and Howard's further Pref- ace — to The Great Favourite (1668) — Richard Flecknoe's A Short Discourse of the English Stage (1664), and the various prefaces, dedications, and pro- logues, especially of ShadwelTs The Sul- len Lovers (1668) and of The Humour- ists (1671), are other signs of the times, and are evidences of interest in dramatic controversies. Thomas Rymer entered the field a few years after Dryden. His Preface to his translation of Rapin's Re- flexions sur la poetique (1674) attacked all stragglers from the narrow path pre- scribed by the rigid neo-classicists ; he followed this with a severe criticism of the Elizabethans, in The Tragedies of the Last Age Considered, etc. (1678), and in 1693 he published his Short View of Tragedy, etc., containing the famous onslaught on Othello. Milton published his short dissertation on tragedy with his Samson Agonistes (1671) as a sort of apology. It is based almost entirely upon the Italian Renaissance critics' con- ception of Aristotle's remarks on trag- edy. Other contemporaries of Dryden, who dominated the last years of the cen- tury are, among others of less impor- tance: the Duke of Buckingham, whose Essay upon Poetry was published in 1682; Ravenscroft's preface to the play Dame Dobson (1684); Sedley, whose Bellamira (1687) bore a short Preface; Sir Thomas Pope Blount, whose exten- sive treatise — De Re Poetica — with nu- merous excerpts from ancient and mod- ern poets, appeared in 1694; and the dramatists, Blackmore — Prefaces to Prince Arthur (1695) and King Ar- thur (1697)— and Dilke — Preface to The City Lady (1697). Of Dryden's thirty odd prefaces, essays, etc., on the drama, the first, the Epistle Ded- icatory to his play The Rival Ladies, was published in 1664. This was fol- lowed by the Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1668), and the Defence, the same year. Nearly every one of his plays contains a preface, dedication, or separate essay defending his dramatic practice, setting forth some theory, or attacking the prac- tice or theory of others. His last word on the drama is found in the Discourse on Epick Poetry, prefixed to his trans- lation of the j£neid in 1697, three years before his death. Dryden was a great critic, one of the greatest of all time. " He established (let us hope for all time)," says Saintsbury, "the English fashion of criticizing, as Shakespeare did the English fashion of dramatizing, — the fashion of aiming at delight, at truth, at justice, at nature, at poetry, and let- ting the rules take care of themselves." The controversy between the Puritans and the stage assumed its most violent form in the famous Collier dispute. In 1696 Jeremy Collier, a Nonjuring clergy- man, published his Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the Eng- lish Stage. This pamphlet was aimed primarily against the dramatists who " profaned " the stage with immoral characters and situations, and who at- tacked the clergy. While his purpose was primarily a moral one, there is a good deal of literary criticism in his work. There is no doubt that he was a most important factor in changing the tone of the plays of his generation, and stultifying the comedies of the next. The Short View called forth many re- i/l 172 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA plies, some of which were anonymous. Congreve replied with his Amendments upon Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations, etc., the same year. Collier at once riposted with his Defence of the Short View, etc. Farquhar is the probable author of The Adventures of Covent Garden, which replied to Collier by suggesting that the " best way of an- swering Mr. Collier was not to have replied at all." Vanbrugh, who together with Congreve and Dryden, was speci- fically attacked, replied in his Vindica- tion of the Relapse, etc. (1699). John Dennis, a critic of no mean ability, de- fended the stage in a lengthy treatise on The Usefulness of the Stage to the Happiness of Mankind, to Government, and to Religion, etc. (1698). When, in 1705, Collier published his Dissuasive from the Play House, Dennis again an- swered with A. Person of Quality's An- swer to Mr. Collier's Letter. Before the Collier controversy started, Dennis had written his first criticism, the Impartial Critick (1693), in reply to Rymer's Short View of Tragedy. Among his subsequent dramatic criticisms may be mentioned: An Essay on the Operas (1706), An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare (1712), Re- marks upon Cato, A. Tragedy (1713), A Defence of Sir Fopling Flutter, a Comedy (1722), Remarks on a Play, call'd The Conscious' Lovers, a Comedy (1723), The Stage Defended from Scrip- ture, Reason and the Common Sense of Mankind for Two Thousand Years (1726). Drake's Antient and Modern Stages survey'd (1699) called forth Col- lier's Second Defence of the Short View, etc. (1700). E. Kilmer's A Defence of Plays, etc. (1707), found Collier once more ready with an answer, A Farther Vindication of the Short View, etc. (1708). Mr. Collier's Dissuasive from the Play House (1703), completes the list of the clergyman's attacks on the stage. Among the many defenses of Collier may be mentioned the anonymous A Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the English Stage, etc. (1704). Formal treatises on the art of poetry made their appearance early in the new century. Edward Bysshe's Art of English Poetry (probably 1700) is of great historical importance, and sums up the neo-classic tendencies of the time. This was followed in 1721 by Charles Gildon's Complete Art of Poetry. It was probably Gildon who "improved" and continued Gerard Langbaine's Lives and Characters of the English Dramatic Poets, etc., which was published in 1699 (?). Addison, great as he was in other fields, is not important as a dra- matic critic. In the Spectator, however, he touches on drama at several points.i In The Tatler, The Guardian, and other papers, Richard Steele also occasionally wrote on the drama, and the dedications and prefaces to his plays (The Funeral, 1702, The Lying Lover, 1704, The Con- scious Lovers, 1723). Farquhar, the last of the great Restoration dramatists, made his contributions to dramatic criti- cism in the Prologue to Sir Harry Wild- air (1701) and in the Discourse upon English Comedy (1702). The latter, which is of course much fuller, is a sort of summing-up of the theories of drama held by many dramatists. It contains a vigorous protest against Aristotle and the Rules, and a loose definition of com- edy as a moral guide, with the Horatian ingredient of the "useful" and the " pleasing." The Shakespearean Pref- aces of the seventeenth century contain interesting critical matter. The most important are collected by D. Niehol Smith in his Eighteenth Centur^Ksxays on Shakespeare, and contain the follow- ; ing, among others: Nicholas Rowe's Some Account of the Life . . . of Mr. ] William Shakespeare (1707); Pope's! Preface (1725); those of Theobald) (1733), Hanmer (1744), Warburton ; (1747), Johnson (1765), and Fanner's i Essay on the Learning of Shakesprarg ' ( 1 767 ) . Pope's Essay on Criticism (1711) may also be consulted for its sections re- i lating to the drama. Many literary crit- ; ics of the period referred to the drama in the course of their writings on general i literature, rhetoric, and poetry. David Hume's Essay on Tragedy (1742), Jo- ( seph Warton's papers in The Adventurer' (on The Tempest, Nos. 93 and 97, and on ' King Lear, Nos. 113, 116, and 122);, Colley Cibber's Apology (1740); deal with various aspects of the drama, while Blair, Hurd, and Karnes, are more es- ; lln Nos. 39 to 42, 44, 45, 58 to 63, 258, 290, 296, 419, 446. THE RESTORATION TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 173 pecially concerned with the historical, rhetorical, and esthetic sides. Burke's Essay on Tragedy, and On the Sublime and Beautiful (1756), are concerned al- most wholly with purely esthetic consider- ations, Samuel Foote's Roman and Eng- lish Comedy Considered and Compared (1747) is little more than a curious docu- ment on contemporary plays and acting. Dr. Johnson's contribution to the criti- cism of the drama is not great in extent, but is important as an indication of the spirit of the times. His essays in the Rambler, the Idler, and the Adventurer, the casual remarks in the Lives of the Poets (1789-91), and the Preface to his edition of Shakespeare (1765) are prac- tically his only dramatic criticism. Goldsmith was not a great critic, but his knowledge of the stage and inborn shrewdness make his observations in The State of Polite Learning (1759), the Pref- ace to The Good-Saturd Man (1768), and the Essay on the Theatre (1772), dramatic manifestos of prime impor- tance. They indicate the reaction against the Sentimental Comedy, which was at that time in its heyday. The century closed with a few treatises on the more formal aspects of dramatic criticism, like Cooke's Elements of Dramatic Criticism (1775), J. Penn's Letters on the Drama (1796), B. Walwyn's Essay on Com- edy (1782), and Samuel Wyte's The The- atre, a Didactic Essay (1790). General references on the literature of the Restoration and the eighteenth cen- tury: T. S. Perrv. Enalish Literature of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1883). John Dennis, The Age of Pope (Lon- , don, 1899). -Leslie Stephen, English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, ed., 1910). , History of English Thought in the Ei'ihteenth Century, 2 vols. (ed. New York, 1877). Edmund Gosse, A History of Eighteenth Century Literature (London, 1889). , Seventeenth Century Studies (Lon- don, 1883). R. Garnett. The Age of Dryden (Lon- don, 1903). A. Beljame, Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au dix-huitieme sieele (2nd ed., Paris, 1897). George Saintsbury, The Peace of the Augustan* (London, 1916). General references on the drama: Downs, John, Roscius Anglicanus, or, An Historical Review of the Stage . . . from 1660 to 1706 (London, 1708. "With additions," by Davies, 1789). G. H. Nettleton, English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century (New York, 1914). Theophilus Cibber, Dissertations on the Theatres, etc. (London, 1756). Ernest Bernbaum, The Drama of Sensi- bility (1696-1780) (Boston, 1915). Thomas Betterton (?), The History of the English Stage, from the Restaura- tion to the Present Time, etc. (Lon- don, 1741). A. -A. de Grisy, Histoire de la comedie anglaise au dix-septieme sieele (Paris, 1878). W. Harvey-Jeilie, Les Sources du theatre anglaise a I'epoque de la Restauration (Paris, 1906). D. H. Miles, The Influence of Moliere on Restoration Comedy (New York, 1910). J. Fitzgerald Molloy, Famous Plays, tcith a Discourse by way of Prologue on the Playhouses of the Restoration (London, 1886). John Palmer, The Comedy of Manners (New York, 1913). , Comedy (New York, n.d.). O. Waterhouse, The Development of English Sentimental Comedy in the ISth Century (in Anglia, vol. 30, Halle, 1907). William Cooke, Memoirs of Charles Macklin . . . forming an History of the Stage during almost the whole of the last century (2nd ed., London, 1806). E. X. S. Thompson, The Controversy Between the Puritans and the Stage (New Haven, 1903). Percy Fitzgerald, A New History of the English Stage, from the Restoration 174 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA to the Liberty of the Theatres, etc. (London, 1882). Special works on criticism: P. Hamelius, Die Kritik in der eng- lischen Literatur der 17. und 18. Jahr- hunderts (Leipzig, 1897). A. Beljame, he Public et les hommes de lettret en Angleterre au dix-huitieme sticle (2nd ed., Paris, 1897). George Saintsbury, A History of Criti- cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902). George Saintsbury, A History of English Criticism (New York, 1911). For collections of contemporary es- says, see J. E. Spingarn, Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols. (Ox- ford, 1908-09) ; W. H. Durham, Critical Essays of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, 1915); R. M. Alden, Readings in English Prose of the Eighteenth Cen- tury (Boston, 1911). JOHN DRYDEN John Dryden was born at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1631. He came of a Puritan family, long was prominent in the political world. Dryden was sent to school at Westminster. He published some verses at the age of eighteen. In 1650 he entered Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and took a degree of B.A. four years later, but it is probable that he spent also the next three years at Cam- bridge. He went to London in 1657. His first important literary effort, Heroic Stanzas to the memory of Cromwell, were published in 1659. These were fol- lowed the next year by verses on the return of Charles. In order to add to his slender income, he turned to the stage, and after two unsuccessful at- tempts he produced his first play, The Wild Gallant, in 1663. This comedy was not well received, and Dryden confesses that his forte was not comedy. The same year he produced The Rival Ladies, and married Lady Elizabeth Howard. The Indian Queen (1664), written in collaboration with Sir Robert Howard, his wife's brother, enjoyed considerable success. Dryden followed this with The Indian Emperor (1665). During the Plague Dryden lived with his father- in-law in Wiltshire, where he wrote his Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1668). Howard's preface to his Four New Playes (1665) called forth a reply from Dryden: A Defence of an Essay of Dramatique Poesie (1668). From the re-opening of the theaters in 1666, to 1681, Dryden wrote little except his plays. The production of Buckingham's satirical play The Rehearsal in 1671, in which Dryden was the chief personage, called forth the preface Of Heroic Plays and Defence of the Epilogue (1672). All for Love, in all probability the poet's greatest play, was performed in 1678. He continued to produce plays to the end of his career. In 1681 he turned to satire and wrote Absalom and Achito- phel, which achieved instant and wide- spread popularity. This was followed by other satires. In 1687, after his conversion to the Catholic Church, he wrote The Hind and the Panther, a plea | for Catholicism. His Catholic leanings lost for him the laureateship and other offices when the Revolution came. Dur- ing his last ten years he translated many ! of the Latin classics : Vergil, Ovid, Lu- cretius, Horace, Theocritus, and others, I and modernied Chaucer. He died in 1700, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Dryden's contribution to English lit- erature, besides his poems and plays, i lay in his having found a direct and; simple style for literary criticism. Hf improved upon the prose of the Eliza- bethan writers in the matter of riddim English of its involved forms, even i: through that process he lost some of it: gorgeous ornament and rugged strength Jonson's method in criticism was an* all not much more than the note-bool method of jotting down stray thought and opinions and reactions. Dryde elaborated his ideas, sought the weigh JOHN DRYDEN 175 of authority, argued both sides of the question, and adduced proofs. Dryden performed inestimable service to his countrymen in applying true standards of criticism to the Elizabethans and in showing them a genuine and sympa- thetic if occasionally misguided love for Shakespeare. Dryden also enjoyed the advantage of being able to bring his knowledge of the drama of Spain and France to bear on his criticism of Eng- lish dramatists, while it has already been pointed out what debts he owes to Cor- neille as a critic. On the drama: Epistle Dedicatory, in The Rival Ladies (1664). An Essay of Dramatick Poesie, with its Epistle Dedicatory (16(58). A Defence of an Essay of Dramatique I Poesie (1668). Dedication to The Indian Emperor (1667). Preface to Secret Love, or, The Maiden Queen (1668). Preface to The Wild Gallant (1669). Preface to The Tempest (1670). Preface to Tyrannick Love (1670). Preface to The Mock Astrologer (1671). Of Heroick Plays, in The Conquest of Granada (167:2). Epilogue, and Defence of the Epilogue to the second part of The Conquest of Granada (167;?). Epistle Dedicatory in Marriage a-la- Mode (1673). Epistle Dedicatory in The Assignation (1673). Preface to The State of Innocence (1675). Dedication to Aurengzebe (1676). Preface to All for Love (1678). Dedication of Limberham (1678). Preface to GZdipus (1679). Preface to Troilus and Cressida (1679). Dedication of The Spanish Fryar (1681). The Vindication of the Duke de Guise (1683). Preface to Albion and Albanius (1685). Preface to Don Sebastian (1690). Dedication of Amphitryon (1690). Preface to Cleomenes (1692). A Discourse on the Origin and Progress of Satire (preface to Dryden*s and others' translation of Juvenal, 1693). Dedication of Third Part of Poetical Miscellanies (1693). Dedication of Love Triumphant (1694). A Parallel of Poetry and Painting (in Dryden's translation of Du Fresnoy's De Arte Graphica, 1695). Preface to Dryden's son's The Husband his own Cuckold (1696). A Discourse on Epick Poetry (preface to Dryden's translation of the JUneid, 1697). Editions : The Comedies, Tragedies and Operas written by John Dryden, Esq., were published in 2 vols. (London, 1701). Congreve edited the Dramatick Works in 6 vols. (London, 1717). The first collected edition of the Works was ed- ited by Sir Walter Scott, 18 vols. (1808). This edition, revised and cor- rected by George Saintsbury (18 vols., Edinburgh, 1882-93) is the standard. Edmund Malone edited the prose works as Critical and Miscellaneous Prose Works, 4 vols. (London, 1800). The important essays are edited as Essays of John Dryden, by W. P. Ker, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1900). The Best Plays of John Dryden, 2 vols., edited by Saintsbury (New York, n.d.) con- tain numerous essays. Dramatic Es- says of John Dryden, edited by W. H. Hudson, are published in Everyman's Library (New York, n.d.). There are annotated editions of the Essays of Dramatick Poesie by T. Arnold (Ox- ford, 1903), and Von Schunck (New York, 1899). Essays on the Drama, edited by W. Strunk (1908). The Letters may be consulted for bio- graphical data. One (No. IX, Malone ed.) refers to Rymer and his ideas. The Heads of an Answer to Rymer (1711); and the Preface to Notes and Observations on the Empress of Mo- rocco (1674, attributed to Dryden), may be consulted, as well as the Notes and Observations, etc., 2nd edition, by Settle (1687). On Dryden and his works: Prefaces to works cited. Samuel Johnson, John Dryden (in Lives 176 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA of the Most Eminent English Poets (ed., London, 1871). T. B. Macaulay, Dryden (in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, in Complete Works, London, 1879). George Saintsbury, John Dryden (in English Men of Letters series, Lon- don, 1881). James Russell Lowell, Among My Books (Boston, 1870). A. Beljame, Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre, 1660-1744 (2nd ed., Paris, 1897). J. Churton Collins, Essays and Studies (London, 1895). F. Bobertag, Dryden's Theorie des Dramas (in Englische Studien, vol. 4, Heilbronn, 1881). William E. Bohn, The Development of John Dryden's Criticism (in Modern Language Association Publications, vol. 22, Cambridge, U. S. A., 1907). G. S. Collins, Dryden's Dramatic Theory and Praxis (Leipzig, 1892). P. H. Frye, Dryden and the Critical Canons of the Eighteenth Century (in Literary Reviews and Criticisms, New York, 1908). F. Ohlsen, Dryden as a Dramatist and Critic (Altona, 1883). Margaret Sherwood, Dryden's Dramatic Theory and Practice (New Haven, 1898). F. Weselmann, Dryden als Kritiker (Gottingen, 1893). R. Garnett, The Age of Dryden (Lon- don, 1895). W. J. Courthope, History of English Poetry, vols. 3 and 4 (London, 1903). N. Delius, Dryden und Shakespeare (Berlin, 1869). P. Hamelius, Die Kritik in der eng- lischer Litteratur der 17. und 18. Jahr- hunderts (Leipzig, 1897). AN ESSAY OF DRAMATICK POESIE 1 (1668) 6. Eugenius 2 was going to continue this discourse, when Lisideius 3 told him that it was necessary, before they pro- ceded further, to take a standing meas- ure of their controversy; for how was it possible to be decided who writ the best plays, before we know what a play should be? But, this once agreed on by both parties, each might have recourse to it, either to prove his own advantages, or to discover the failings of his adver- sary. He had no sooner said this, but all desired the favor of him to give the definition of a play; and they were the more importunate, because neither Aris- totle, nor Horace, nor any other who had writ of that subject, had ever done it. Lisideius, after some modest denials, at last confessed he had a rude notion 1 Re-printed — with omissions of portions not relating to the drama — from the Every- man's Library edition of Dramatic Essays by John Dryden (London and New York, n. d.). — Ed. 2 Generally thought to be Lord Buckhurst. — Ed. 3 Generally thought to be Sir Charles Sedley. — Ed. of it ; indeed, rather a description than a definition; but which served to guide; him in his private thoughts, when he wasj to make a judgment of what others writ: that he conceived a play ought to be..' A just and lively image of human no- J ture, representing its passions and hu- mors, and the changes of fortune ti ! which it is subject, for the delight ant instruction of mankind. This definition, though Crites * raisec , a logical objection against it — that i| was only genere et fine, and so not alto gether perfect, was yet well received by the rest, Crites, being desired by th I company to begin, spoke on behalf the ancients, in this manner: "If confidence presage a victory, Euj genius, in his own opinion, has already triumphed over the ancients : nothin | seems more easy to him, than to overconi those whom it is our greatest praise t| have imitated well; for we do not onl; build upon their foundations, but by the models. Dramatic Poesy had tin, enough, reckoning from Thespis (wl first invented it) to Aristophanes, to 1 4 Generally thought to be Sir Robert Ho ard. — Ed. JOHN DRYDEN 177 K>rn, to grow up, and to flourish in uaturity. It has been observed of arts nd sciences, that in one and the same entury they have arrived to great per- ection; and no wonder, since every age ias a kind of universal genius, which in- lines those that live in it to some par- icular studies: the work then, being •ushed on by many hands, must of neces- ity go forward. "Is it not evident, in these last hun- red years, when the study of philosophy as been the business of all the virtuosi 1 Christendom, that almost a new nature as been revealed to us? That more rrors of the school have been detected, lore useful experiments in philosophy ave been made, more noble secrets in pties, medicine, anatomy, astronomy, iscovered, than in all those credulous nd doting ages from Aristotle to us? — 3 true it is, that nothing spreads more 1st than science, when rightly and gen- rally cultivated. " Add to tbis, the more than common nidation that was in those times of riting well; which though it be found 1 all ages and all persons that pretend 1 the same reputation, yet poesy, being len in more esteem than now it is, had reater honors decreed to the professors it, and consequently the rivalship was ore high betwen them; they had judges •dained to decide their merit, and prizes • reward it; and historians have been ligent to record of .Eschylus, Euripides, jphocles, Lycophron, and the rest of iem, both who they were that van- ished in these wars of the theater, id how often they were crowned: while . -ian kings and Grecian coimnon- ealths scarce afforded them a nobler lbject than the unmanly luxuries of a ?bauched court, or giddy intrigues of factious city: — A lit a mulatto inyenia Paterculus), et nunc incidia, nunc Imiratio incitatio nem accendit: Eniu- tion is the spur of wit; and sometimes -ometimes admiration, quickens our <deavors. " But now, since the rewards of honor e taken away, that virtuous emulation turned into direct malice; yet so sloth- 1, that it contents itself to condemn ry down others, without attempt- do better: it is a reputation too * profitable to take the necessary pains for it; yet, wishing they had it, that desire is incitement enough to hinder others from it. And this, in short, Eu- genius, is the reason why you have now so few good poets, and so many severe judges. Certainly, to imitate the an- cients well, much labor and long study is required; which pains, I have already shown, our poets would want encourage- ment to take, if yet they had ability to go through the work. Those ancients have been faithful imitators and wise observers of that nature which is so torn and ill represented in our plays; they have handed down to us a perfect resemblance of her; which we, like ill copiers, neglecting to look on, have ren- dered monstrous, and disfigured. But, that you may know how much you are indebted to those your masters, and be ashamed to have so ill requitted them, I must remember you, that all the rules by which we practice the drama at this day (either such as relate to the just- ness and symmetry of the plot, or the episodical ornaments, such as descrip- tions, narrations, and other beauties, which are not essential to the play), were delivered to us from the observa- tions which Aristotle made, of those poets, who either lived before him, or were his contemporaries: we have added nothing of our own, except we have the confidence to say our wit is better; of which, none boast in this our age, but such as understand not theirs. Of that book which Aristotle has left us, repi rrjs TloniTtKijs, [The Poetic*] Horace his Art of Poetry is an excellent comment, and, I believe, restores to us that Sec- ond Book of his concerning Comedy, which is wanting in him. " Out of these two have been extracted the famous Rules, which the French call Des Troig Unites, or, The Three Unities, which ought to be observed in every regular play; namely, of Time, Place, and Action, " The unity of time they comprehend in twenty-four hours, the compass of a natural day, or as near as it can be con- trived; and the reason of it is obvious to every one, — that the time of the feigned action, or fable of the play, should be proportioned as near as can be to the duration of that time in which it is represented: since, therefore, all 178 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA plays are acted on the theater in the space of time much within the compass of twenty-four hours, that play is to be thought the nearest imitation of nature, whose plot or action is confined within that time; and, by the same rule which concludes this general proportion of time, it follows, that all the parts of it are (as near as may be) to the equally subdivided; namely, that one act take not up the supposed time of half a day, which is out of proportion to the rest; since the other four are then to be straitened within the compass of the re- maining half: for it is unnatural that one act, which being spoke or written is not longer than the rest, should be supposed longer by the audience; it is therefore the poet's duty to take care that no act should be imagined to exceed the time in which it is represented on the stage; and that the intervals and inequalities of time be supposed to fall out between the acts. "This rule of time, how well it has been observed by the ancients, most of their plays will witness; you see them in their tragedies (wherein to follow this rule is certainly most difficult), from the very beginning of their plays, falling close into that part of the story which they intend for the action or principal object of it, leaving the former part to be delivered by narration: so that they set the audience, as it were, at the post where the race is to be concluded; and, saving them the tedious expectation of seeing the poet set out and ride the be- ginning of the course, they suffer you not to behold him till he is in sight of the goal, and just upon you. " For the second unity, which is that of Place, the ancients meant by it, that the scene ought to be continued through the play, in the same place where it was laid in the beginning: for, the stage on which it is represented being but one and the same place, it is unnatural to conceive it many, — and those far dis- tant from one another. I will not deny but, by the variation of painted scenes, the fancy, which in these cases will con- tribute to its own deceit, may sometimes imagine it several places, with some ap- pearance of probability; yet it still car- ries the greater likelihood of truth if those places be supposed so near each other as in the same town or city; whic] may all be comprehended under thi larger denomination of one place; for < greater distance will bear no proportioi to the shortness of time which is allotted in the acting, to pass from one of then to another; for the observation of this next to the ancients, the French are tx be most commended. They tie them selves so strictly to the unity of plao that you never see in any of their play a scene changed in the middle of an act if the act begins in a garden, a street or chamber, 'tis ended in the same place and that you may know it to be th same, the stage is so supplied with per sons, that it is never empty all the time he who enters second, has business wit him who was on before; and before tb second quits the stage, a third appeal who has business with him. This Coi neille calls la liaison des scenes, the coi tinuity or joining of the scenes; and 't a good mark of a well-contrived pla; when all the persons are known to eac other, and every one of them has son I affairs with all the rest. " As for the third unity, which is thi ; of Action, the ancients meant no othi • by it than what the logicians do by the; finis, the end or scope of any actioij that which is the first in intention, ai] last in execution: now the poet is to ai at one great and complete action, to t! carrying on of which all things in \ play, even the very obstacles, are to subservient; and the reason of this is evident as any of the former. For ti actions, equally labored and driven by the writer, would destroy the uni of the poem; it would be no longer o play, but two: not but that there may many actions in a play, as Ben Jons has observed in his Discoveries; but thi must be all subservient to the great o:| which our language happily expresses the name of under-plots: such as Terence's Eunuch is the difference aj reconcilement of Thais and Phaedi which is not the chief business of I play, but promotes the marriage . Chajrea and Chremes's sister, princips 1 intended by the poet. There ought be but one action, says Corneille, t! is, one complete action, which haves mind of the audience in a full repc ! but this cannot be brought to pass * JOHN DRYDEX 179 >y many other imperfect actions, which onduce to it, and hold the audience in a lelightful suspense of what will be. "If by these rules (to omit many other Irawn from the precepts and practice >f the ancients) we should judge our nodern plays, 'tis probable that few of hem would endure the trial: that which ihould be the business of a day, takes up n some of them an age; instead of one i.ction, they are the epitomes of a man's ife; and for one spot of ground, which he stage should represent, we are some- imes in more countries than the map jan show us. " But if we allow the Ancients to have wntrived well, we must acknowledge hem to have written better. Question- less we are deprived of a great stock of /it in the loss of Menander among the ireek poets, and of Caecilius, Afranius, nd Yarius, among the Romans; we may uess at Menander's excellency by the lays of Terence, who translated some f his; and yet wanted so much of him, lat he was called by C. Caesar the half- lenander; and may judge of Yarius, y the testimonies of Horace, Martial, nd Yelleius Paterculus. 'Tis probable aat these, could they be recovered, r ould decide the controversy; but so >ng as Aristophanes and Plautus are stant, while the tragedies of Euripides, ophocles, and Seneca, are in our hands, can never see one of those plays which re now written but it increases my dmiration of the ancients. And yet I mst acknowledge further, that to ad- nre them as we ought, we should un- erstand them better than we do. doubtless many tilings appear flat to s, the wit of which depended on some ustom or story, which never came to ur knowledge; or perhaps on some criti- ism in their language, which being so mg dead, and only remaining in their ooks, 'tis not possible they should make s understand perfectly. To read Ma- robius, explaining the propriety and ele- ancy of many words in Vergil, which had before passed over without con- deration as common things, is enough } assure me that I ought to think the ime of Terence; and that in the puritv f his style (which Tully so much val- ed that he ever carried "his works about 5m) there is yet left in him great room for admiration, if I knew but where to place it. In the meantime I must desire you to take notice that the greatest man of the last age, Ben Jonson, was willing to give place to them in all things: he was not only a professed imitator of Horace, but a learned plagiary of all others; you track him everywhere in their snow: if Horace, Lucan, Petronius Arbiter, Seneca, and Juvenal, had their own from him, there are few serious thoughts which are new in him: you will pardon me, therefore, if I presume he loved their fashion, when he wore their clothes. But since I have otherwise a great veneration for him, and you, Eu- genius, prefer him above all other poets, I will use no farther argument to you than his example: I will produce before you Father Ben, dressed in all the orna- ments and colors of the ancients; you will need no other guide to our party, if you follow him; and whether you con- sider the bad plays of our age, pr regard the good plays of the last, both the best and worst of the modern poets will equally instruct you to admire the an- cients." Crites had no sooner left speaking, but Eugenius, who had waited with some impatience for it, thus began: " I have observed in your spech, that the former part of it is convincing as to what the moderns have profited by the rules of the ancients; but in the latter m are careful to conceal how much they have excelled them; we own all the helps we have from them, and want neither veneration nor gratitude, while we acknowledge that, to overcome theia, w r e must make use of the advan- tages we have received from them: but to these assistances we have joined our own industry; for, had we sat down with a dull imitation of them, we might then have lost somewhat of the old per- fection, but never acquired any that was new. We draw not therefore after their lines, but those of nature; and having the life before us, besides the experience of all they knew, it is no wonder if we hit some airs and features which they have missed. I deny not what you urge of arts and sciences, that they have flour- ished in some ages more than others; but your instance in philosophy makes for me: for if natural causes be more known i8o EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA now than in the time of Aristotle, be- cause more studied, it follows that poesy and other arts may, with the same pains, arrive still nearer to perfection; and, that granted, it will rest for you to prove that they wrought more perfect images of human life than we; which seeing in your discourse you have avoided to make good, it shall now be my task to show you some part of their defects, and some few excellencies of the mod- erns. And I think there is none among us can imagine I do it enviously, or with purpose to detract from them; for what interest or fame or profit can the living lose by the reputation of the dead? On the other side, it is a great truth which Velleius Paterculus affirms: Au- dita visis libentivs laudamus; et privsen- tia invidia praiterita admiratione prose- quimur; et hit nos obrui, Mis instrui credimus: that praise or censure is cer- tainly the most sincere, which unbribed posterity shall give us. " Be pleased then in the first place to take notice that the Greek poesy, which Crites has affirmed to have arrived to perfection in the reign of the old comedy, was so far from it that the distinction of it into acts was not known to them; or if it were, it is yet so darkly delivered to us that we cannot make it out. " All we know of it is from the sing- ing of their Chorus; and that too is so uncertain, that in some of their plays we have reason to conjecture they sung more than five times. Aristotle indeed divides the integral parts of a play into four. First, the Protasis, or entrance, which gives light only to the characters of the persons, and proceeds very little into any part of the action. Secondly, the Epitasis, or working up of the plot; where the play grows warmer, the de- sign or action of it is drawing on, and you see something promising that it will come to pass. Thirdly, the Cantastasis, called by the Romans, Status, the height and full growth of the play: we may call it properly the counter-turn, which de- stroys that expectation, imbroils the ac- tion in new difficulties, and leaves you far distant from that hope in which it found you; as you may have observed in a violent stream resisted by a narrow passage, — it runs round to an eddy, and carries back the waters with more swift- ness than it brought them on. Lastly, the Catastrophe, which the Grecians called \vais, the French le denouement, and we the discovery, or unraveling of the plot: there you see all things settling again upon their first foundations; and, the obstacles which hindered the design or action of the play once removed, it ends with that resemblance of truth and nature, that the audience are satisfied with the conduct of it. Thus this great man delivered to us the image of a play; and I must confess it is so lively, that from thence much light has been derived to the forming it more perfectly into acts and scenes: but what poet first limited to five the number of the acts, I know not; only we see it so firmly established in the time of Horace, that he gives it for a rule in comedy, — j\'eu brevior quinto, neu sit productior actu. So that you see the Grecians cannot be said to have consummated this art; writ- ing rather by entrances than by acts, and having rather a general indigested J notion of a play, than knowing how and i where to bestow the particular graces j of it. 44 But since the Spaniards at this day allow but three acts, which they call:' Jornadas, to a play, and the Italians! in many of theirs follow them, when I' condemn the ancients, I declare it is not altogether because they have not five t acts to every play, but because they have! not confined themselves to one certain number: it is building an house without a model; and when they succeeded k|| such undertakings, they ought to haw | sacrificed to Fortune, not to the M 44 Next, for the plot, which Arislotlt called to pvOos, and often tuv irpa'judTou avvdeais, and from him the Roman Fabula; it has already been judicious!} observed by a late writer, that in thei: i tragedies it was only some tale derive( from Thebes or Troy, or at least some thing that happened in those two ages which was worn so threadbare by th pens ,of all the epic poets, and even b; tradition, itself of the talkative Greek lings (as Ben Jonson calls them), thu before it came upon the stage it already known to all the audience: SB the people, so soon as ever they hear the name of CEdipus, knew as well 8 the poet, that he had killed his father b JOHN DRYDEN 181 mistake, and committed incest with is mother, before the play; that they ere now to hear of a great plague, an racle, and the ghost of Laius: so that ley sat with a yawning kind of expecta- on, till he was to come with his eyes idled out, and speak a hundred or more •rses in a tragic tone, in complaint of Is misfortunes. But one (Edipus, Her- \les, or Medea, had been tolerable: poor ;ople, they escaped not so good cheap; icy had still the ckapon bouille set be- >re them, till their appetites were cloyed ith the same dish, and, the novelty be- Ig gone, the pleasure vanished; so that Ke main end of Dramatic Poesy in its ifinition, which was to cause delight, -as of consequence destroyed. ■** In their comedies, the Romans gen- ially borrowed their plots from the ♦reek poets; and theirs was commonly ilittle girl stolen or wandered from her rents, brought back unknown to the there [falling into the hands ofj young fellow, who, by the help of servant, cheats his father; and when time comes, to cry, — Juno Lucina, , opem, — one or other sees a little box < cabinet which was carried away with Br, and so discovers her to her friends, isome god do not prevent it, by coming ( wn in a machine, and taking the thanks c it to himself. "' By the plot you may guess much of e characters of the persons. An old t:her, who would willingly, before he . see his son well married; his de- luched son, kind in his nature to his ss, but miserably in want of money; ■servant or slave, who has so much wit irce in with him, and help to dupe her; a braggadocio captain, a para- se, and a lady of pleasure. for the poor honest maid, on whom t? story is built, and who ought to be «p of the principal actors in the play, m is commonly a mute in it: she has t- breeding of the old Elizabeth way, was for maids to be seen and not t be heard; and it is enough you know willing to be married, when the fi:h act requires it. These are plots built after the Ital- I mode of houses, — you see through tin all at once: the characters are in- d?d the imitation of nature, but so nar- pr, as if they had imitated only an eye or an hand, and did not dare to venture on the lines of a face, or the proportion of a body. " But in how strait a compass soever they have bounded their plots and char- acters, we will pass it by, if they have regularly pursued them, and perfectly ob- served those three unities of time, place, and action; the knowledge of which you say is derived to us from them. But in the first place give me leave to tell you, that the unity of place, however it might be practiced by them, was never any of their rules: we neither find it in Aris- totle, Horace, or any who have written of it, till in our age the French poets first made it a precept of the stage. The unity of time, even Terence himself, who was the best and most regular of them, has neglected: his Heautontimorumenos, or Self-Punisher, takes up visibly two days, says Scaliger; the two first acts concluding the first day, the three last the day ensuing; and Euripides, in tying himself to one day, has committed an absurdity never to be forgiven him; for in one of his tragedies he has made The- seus go from Athens to Thebes, which was about forty English miles, under the walls of it to give battle, and appear vic- torious in the next act; and yet, from the time of his departure to the return of the Xuntius, who gives the relation of his vic- tory, /Ethra and the Chorus have but thirty-six verses; which is not for every mile a verse. " The like error is as evident in Ter- ence his Eunuch, when Laches, the old man, enters by mistake into the house of Thais; where, betwixt his exit and the entrance of Pythias, who comes to give ample relation of the disorders he has raised within, Parmeno, who was left upon the stage, has not above five lines to speak. C'est bien employer tin temps si court, says the French poet, who fur- nished me with one of the observations: and almost all their tragedies will afford us examples of the like nature. " It is true, they have kept the con- tinuity, or, as you called it, liaison des scenes, somewhat better: two do not per- petually come in together, talk, and go out together; and other two succeed them, and do the same throughout the act, which the English call by the name of single scenes; but the reason is, be- 182 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA cause they have seldom above two or three scenes, properly so called, in every act; for it is to be accounted a new scene, not only every time the stage is empty; but every person who enters, though to others, makes it so; because he intro- duces a new business. Now the plots of their plays being narrow, and the persons few, one of their acts was written in a less compass than one of our well- wrought scenes; and yet they are often deficient even in this. To go no further than Terence; you find in the Eunuch, Antipho entering single in the midst of the third act, after Chremes and Pythias were gone off; in the same play you have likewise Dorias beginning the fourth act alone; and after she had made a relation of what was done at the Soldiers' enter- tainment (which by the way was very in- artificial, because she was presumed to speak directly to the audience, and to acquaint them with what was necessary to be known, but yet should have been so contrived by the poet as to have been told by persons of the drama to one an- other, and so by them to have come to the knowledge of the people), she quits the stage, and Phaedria enters next, alone likewise: he also gives you an account of himself, and of his returning from the country, in monologue; to which unnat- ural way of narration Terence is subject in all his plays. In his Adelphi, or Brothers, Syrus and Demea enter after the scene was broken by the departure of Sostrata, Geta, and Canthara; and in- deed you can scarce look unto any of his comedies, where you will not presently discover the same interruption. " But as they have failed both in laying of their plots, and in the management, swerving from the rules of their own art by misrepresenting nature to us, in which they have ill satisfied one intention of a play, which was delight; so in the in- structive part they have erred worse: in- stead of punishing vice and rewarding virtue, they have often shewn a prosper- ous wickedness, and an unhappy piety: they have set before us a bloody image of revenge in Medea, and given her dragons to convey her safe from punishment, a Priam and Astyanax murdered, and Cas- sandra ravished, and the lust and murder ending in the victory of him who acted them: in short, there is no indecorum in any of our modern plays, which if I would excuse, I could not shadow with some authority from the ancients. . . . " But, to return from whence I have digressed, to the consideration of the an- cients' writing, and their wit (of which by this time you will grant us in some measure to be fit judges). Though I see many excellent thoughts in Seneca, yet he of them who had a genius most proper for the stage, was Ovid; he had a way of writing so fit to stir up a pleasing admi- ration and concernment, which are the objects of a tragedy, and to show the va- rious movements of a soul combating be- twixt two different passions, that, had he lived in our age, or in his own could have writ with our advantages, no man but must have yielded to him; and therefore I am confident the Medea is none of his: for, though I esteem it for the gravity and sententiousness of it, which he him- self concludes to be suitable to a trag-: edy, — Omne genus scripti gravitate tra- gadia vincit, — yet it moves not my soul enough to judge that he, who in the epic ' way wrote things so near the drama at' the story of Myrrha, of Caunus and Bib- lis, and the rest, should stir up no more concernment where he most endeavorec it. The masterpiece of Seneca I hold t( be that scene in the Troades where Uly& ses is seeking for Astyanax to kill him there you see the tenderness of a mothe so represented in Andromache, that i raises compassion to a high degree in tfo reader, and bears the nearest resemblanc of anything in the tragedies of the air cients to the excellent scenes of passion i Shakspeare, or in Fletcher: for lovei scenes, you will find few among them their tragic poets dealt not with the soft passion, but with lust, cruelty, n venge, ambition, and those bloody action they produced; which were more capabl of raising horror than compassion in a audience: leaving love untouched, who. 1 gentleness would have tempered then which is the most frequent of all the pa' sions, and which, being the private coi cernment of every person, is soothed ! viewing its own image in a public cnte tainment. " Among their comedies, we find a seer or two of tenderness, and that where y would least expect it, in Plautus; but speak generally, their lovers say littl JOHN DRYDEN 183 vhen they see each other, but anima •ita mea; Zttfr; Kal ifaxv* as the women in 'uvenal's time used to cry out in the ury of their kindness. Any sudden gust »f passion (as an ecstasy of love in an inexpected meeting) cannot better be ex- ressed than in a word and a sigh, break- one another. Nature is dumb on such ions; and to make her speak would to represent her unlike herself. But re are a thousand other concernments ,f lovers, as jealousies, complaints, con- rivances, and the like, where not to open heir minds at large to each other, were be wanting to their own love, and to ae expectation of the audience; who r atch the movements of their minds, as luch as the changes of their fortunes. or the imaging of the first is properly ie work of a poet; the latter he borrows roni the historian." nius was proceeding in that part |f his discourse, when Crites interrupted im. " I see," said he, *' Eugenius and I re never like to have this question de- ded betwixt us; for he maintains the »oderns have acquired a new perfection 1 writing; I can only grant they have I the mode of it. Homer described s heroes men of great appetites, lovers : beef broiled upon the coals, and good •Hows; contrary to the practice of the rench Romances, whose heroes neither it, nor drink, nor sleep, for love. Ver- 1 makes -Eneas a bold avower of his vn virtues: um pius JEntas, fama super txthera notu-n; hich, in the civility of our poets is the »aracter of a fanfaron or Hector: for ith us the knight takes occasion to walk it, or sleep, to avoid the vanity of tell- g his own story, which the trusty 'squire ever to perform for him. So in their ve-scenes, of which Eugenius spoke last, e ancients were more hearty, were more lkative: they writ love as it was then e mode to make it; and I will grant us much to Eugenius, that perhaps one • their poets had he lived in our age, • foret hoe nostrum fato delapsus in pnm (as Horace says of Lucilius), he tered many things; not that they not natural before, but that he ight accommodate himself to the age in which he lived. Yet in the meantime, we are not to conclude anything rashly against those great men, but preserve to them the dignity of masters, and give that honor to their memories, quot Libi- tina sacravit, part of which we expect may be paid to us in future times." This moderation of Crites, as it was pleasing to all the company, so it put an end to that dispute; which Eugenius, who seemed to have the better of the argument, would urge no farther: but Lisideius, after he had acknowledged himself of Eugenius his opinion concern- ing the ancient, yet told him, he had for- borne, tall his discourse were ended, to ask him why he preferred the English plays above those of other nations? and whether we ought not to submit our stage to the exactness of our next neigh- bors? " Though," said Eugenius, " I am at all times ready to defend the honor of my country against the French, and to main- tain, we are as well able to vanquish them with our pens, as our ancestors have been with their swords; yet, if you please," added he, looking upon Nean- der,s " I will commit this cause to my friend's management; his opinion of our plays is the same with mine, and besides, there is no reason, that Crites and I, who have now left the stage, should reenter so suddenly upon it; which is against the laws of comedy.*' " If the question had been stated," re- plied Lisideius, "who had writ best, the French or English, forty years ago, I should have been of your opinion, and adjudged the honor to our own nation; but since that time " (said he, turning towards Neander), "we have been so long together bad Englishmen that we had not leisure to be good poets. Beau- mont, Fletcher, and Jonson (who were only capable of bringing us to that de- gree of perfection which we have), were just then leaving the world; as if in an age of so much horror, wit, and those milder studies of humanity, had no far- ther business among us. But the Muses, who ever follow peace, went to plant in another country: it was then that the great Cardinal Richelieu began to take them into his protection ; and that, by his 5 Generally thought to be Dryden. — Ed, 1 84 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA encouragement, Corneille, and some other Frenchmen, reformed their theater (which before was as much below ours, as it now surpasses it and the rest of Europe). But because Crites in his dis- course for the ancients has prevented me, by observing many rules of the stage which the moderns have borrowed from them, I shall only, in short, demand of you, whether you are not convinced that of all nations the French have best ob- served them? In the unity of time you find them so scrupulous that it yet re- mains a dispute among their poets, whether the artificial day of twelve hours, more or less, be not meant by Aristotle, rather than the natural one of twenty-four; and consequently, whether all plays ought not to be reduced into that compass. This I can testify, that in all their dramas writ within these last twenty years and upwards, I have not observed any that have extended the time to thirty hours: in the unity of place they are full as scrupulous; for many of their critics limit it to that very spot of ground where the play is sup- posed to begin; none of them exceed the compass of the same town or city. The unity of action in all plays is yet more conspicuous; for they do not burden them with under-plots, as the English do: which is the reason why many scenes of our tragi-comedians carry on a design that is nothing of kin to the main plot; and that we see two distinct webs in a play, like those in ill-wrought stuffs; and two actions, that is, two plays, carried on together, to the confounding of the audience; who, before they are warm in their concernments for one part, are di- verted to another; and by that means espouse the interest of neither. From hence likewise it arises that the one half of our actors are not known to the other. They keep their distances, as if they were Montagues and Capulets, and seldom begin an acquaintance till the last scene of the fifth act, when they are all to meet upon the stage. There is no thea- ter in the world has anything so absurd as the English tragi-comedy; 'tis a drama of our own invention, and the fashion of it is enough to proclaim it so; here a course of mirth, there another of sadness and passion, and a third of honor and a duel: thus, in two hours and a half, wc run through all the fits of Bedlam. The French affords you so much variety on the same day, but they do it not so unsea- sonably, or mal a propos, as we: our poets present you the play and the farce together; and our stages still retain somewhat of the original civility of the Red Bull: Atque ursum et pugiles media inter car- mina poscunt. The end of tragedies or serious plays, says Aristotle, is to beget admiration, compassion, or concernment; but are not mirth and compassion things incompat- ible? and is it not evident that the poet must of necessity destroy the former by intermingling of the latter? that is, he must ruin the sole end and object of his tragedy, to introduce somewhat that is forced into it, and is not of the body of it. Would you not think that physician mad, who, having prescribed a purge, should immediately order you take re- stringents? " But to leave our plays, and return to theirs. I have noted one great advan- tage they have had in the plotting of their tragedies; that is, they are always; grounded upon some known history: ac- cording to that of Horace, Ex noto fictvm carmen seguar; and in that they have so imitated the ancients that they have sur-j passed them. For the ancients, as was observed before, took for the foundation of their plays some poetical fiction, such as under that consideration could move! but little concernment in the audience, because they already knew the event of it j But the French goes farther: A tque ita menitur, sic veris falsa remiscti ! Primo ne medium, medio ne discrepeO imum. He so interweaves truth with probable fiction that he puts a pleasing fall.u' upon us; mends the intrigues of fab dispenses with the severity of history, t j reward that virtue which has been dered to us there unfortunate. Son* times the story has left the succ< doubtful that the writer is free, I privilege of a poet, to take that wbk of two or more relations will besl with his design: as for example, in U JOHN DRYDEN 185 death of Cyrus, whom Justin and some others report to have perished in the Scythian war, but Xenophon affirms to have died in his bed of extreme old age. Nay more, when the event is past dis- pute, even then we are willing to be de- ceived, and the poet, if he contrives it with appearance of truth, has all the audience of his party ; at least during the time his play is acting: so naturally we are kind to virtue, when our own inter- est is not in question, that we take it up as the general concernment of mankind. On the other side, if you consider the historical plays of Shakspeare, they are rather so many chronicles of kings, or the business many times of thirty or forty years, cramped into a representa- tion of two hours and a half; which is aot to imitate or paint nature, but rather to draw her in miniature, to take her in attle; to look upon her through the .vrong end of a perspective, and receive ler images not only much less, but infi- litely more imperfect than the life: this, nstead of making a play delightful, ren- ders it ridiculous: — Quodcunque ostendU tnihi tic, incredulus odi. for the spirit of man cannot be satisfied jut with truth, or at least verisimility ; uid a poem is to contain, if not rd Wv^a, yet irvnoiOLv 6/j.oia, as one of the ireek poets has expressed it. " Another thing in which the French liffer from us and from the Spaniards, s that they do not embarrass or cumber iiemselves with too much plot; they only •epresent so much of a story as will con- titute one whole and great action suffi- ient for a play ; we, who undertake more, lo but multiply adventures which, not jeing produced from one another, as •ffects from causes, but rarely following, institute many actions in the drama, md consequently make it many plays. " But by pursuing closely one argu- nent, which is not cloyed with many urns, the French have gained more lib- rty for verse, in which they write; they lave leisure to dwell on a subject which ieserves it; and to represent the passions which we have acknowledged to be the ipet's work), without being hurried from >ne thing to another, as we are in the plays of Calderon, which we have seen lately upon our theaters under the name of Spanish plots. I have taken notice but of one tragedy of ours whose plot has that uniformity and unity of design in it, which I have commended in the French; and that is Rollo, or rather, under the name of Rollo, the Story of Bassianus and Geta in Herodian: there indeed the plot is neither large nor intri- cate, but just enough to fill the minds of the audience, not to cloy them. Besides, you see it founded upon the truth of history, — only the time of the action is not reducible to the strictness of the rules; and you see in some places a little farce mingled, which is below the dignity of the other parts, and in this all our poets are extremely peccant: even Ben Jonson himself, in Sejanus and Catiline, has given us this oleo of a play, this unnatural mixture of comedy and trag- edy; which to me sounds just as ridicu- lously as the history of David with the merry humors of Golia's. In Sejanun you may take notice of the scene betwixt Livia and the physician which is a pleas- ant satire upon the artificial helps of beauty: in Catiline you may see the par- liament of women; the little envies of them to one another; and all that passes betwixt Curio and Fulvia: scenes admir- able in their kind, but of an ill mingle with the rest. " But I return again to the French writers, who, as I have said, do not bur- den themselves too much with plot, which has been reproached to them by an in- genious person of our nation as a fault; for, he says, they commonly make but one person considerable in a play; they dwell on him, and his concernments, while the rest of the persons are only subservi- ent to set him off. If he intends this by it, — that there is one person in the play who is of greater dignity than the rest, he must tax, not only theirs, but those of the ancients and, which he would be loth to do, the best of ours; for it is impos- sible but that one person must be more conspicuous in it than any other, and con- sequently the greatest share in the action must devolve on him. We see it so in the management of all affairs; even in the most equal aristocracy, the balance cannot be so justly poised but some one will be superior to the rest, either in 1 86 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA parts, fortune, interest, or the considera- tion of some glorious exploit; which will reduce the greatest part of business into his hands. " But, if he would have us to imagine, that in exalting one character the rest of them are neglected, and that all of them have not some share or other in the action of the play, I desire him to pro- duce any of Corneille's tragedies, wherein every person, like so many servants in a well-governed family, has not some em- ployment, and who is not necessary to the carrying on of the plot, or at least to your understanding it. "There are indeed some protatic per- sons in the ancients, whom they make use of in their plays, either to hear or give the relation: but the French avoid this with great address, making their narra- tions only to, or by such, who are some way interested in the main design. And now I am speaking of relations, I can- not take a fitter opportunity to add tliis in favor of the French, that they often use them with better judgment and more d, propos than the English do. Not that I commend narrations in general, — but there are two sorts of them. One, of those things which are antecedent to the play, and are related to make the con- duct of it more clear to us. But 'tis a fault to choose such subjects for the stage as will force us on that rock be- cause we see they are seldom listened to by the audience and that is many times the ruin of the play; for, being once let pass without attention, the audience can never recover themselves to understand the plot: and indeed it is somewhat un- reasonable that they should be put to so much trouble, as that, to comprehend what passes in their sight, they must have recourse to what was done, perhaps, ten or twenty years ago. " But there is another sort of relations, that is, of things happening in the action of the play, and supposed to be done behind the scenes; and this is many times both convenient and beautiful; for by it the French avoid the tumult to which we are subject in England, by representing duels, battles, and the like; which ren- ders our stage too like the theaters where they fight prizes. For what is more ridic- ulous than to represent an army with a drum and five men behind it; all which the hero of the other side is to drive in before him; or to see a duel fought, and one slain with two or three thrusts of the foils, which we know are so blunted that we might give a man an hour to kill another in good earnest with them. " 1 have observed that in all our trag- edies, the audience cannot forbear laugh- ing when the actors are to die; it is the most comic part of the whole play. All passions may be lively represented on the stage, if to the well-writing of them the actor supplies a good commanded voice, and limbs that move easily, and without stiffness; but there are many actions which can never be imitated to a just height: dying especially is a thing which none but a Roman gladiator could naturally perform on the stage, when he did not imitate or represent, but do it; and therefore it is better to omit the representation of it. " The words of a good writer, which describe it lively, will make a deeper im- pression of belief in us than all the actor can insinuate into us, when he seems to fall dead before us; as a poet in the description of a beautiful garden, or a meadow, will please our imagination more than the place itself can please our sight. When we see death represented, we are convinced it is but fiction; but when we hear it related, our eyes, the strongest witnesses, are wanting, which might have undeceived us; and we are all willing to favor the sleight, when the poet does not too grossly impose on us. They therefore who imagine these rela- tions would make no concernment in the audience, are deceived, by confounding them with the other, which are of tilings antecedent to the play: those are made often in cold blood, as I may say, to the ! audience; but these are warmed with our I concernments, which were before awak- ened in the play. What the philosophers say of motion, that, when it is once be- gun, it continues of itself, and will do so to eternity, without some stop put to it, is clearly true on this occasion : the soul j being already moved with the characters and fortunes of those imaginary persons, continues going of its own accord ; and we are no more weary to hear what be- comes of them when they are not on the stage, than we are to listen to the i of an absent mistress. But it is objected, JOHN DRYDEN 187 .hat if one part of the play may be re- ated, then why not all? I answer, some jarts of the action are more fit to be •epresented, some to be related. Cor- leille says judiciously that the poet is iot obliged to expose to view all particu- ar actions which conduce to the princi- )al: he ought to select such of them to >e seen, which will appear with the great- est beauty, either by the magnificence of he ^how, or the vehemence of passions vhich they produce, or some other charm vhich they have in them; and let the rest irrive to the audience by narration. Tis a great mistake in us to believe the French present no part of the action on ihe stage; every alteration or crossing of i design, every new-sprung passion, and urn of it, is a part of the action, and nuch the noblest, except we conceive lothing to be action till the players come o blows; as if the painting of the hero's nind were not more properly the poet's vork than the strength of his body, sor does this anything contradict the •pinion of Horace, where he tells us, iegnius irritant animos demissa per au- . rem, juam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus. 7 or he says immediately after, Xon tamen intus )igna geri promes in scenam; multaq; tolles Ix oralis, quae mox narret facundia prae- sens. Auiong which many he recounts some: >ec pueros coram populo Medea truci- det, Vut in avem Progne rautetur, Cadmus in anguem, etc. -hat is, those actions which by reason of heir cruelty will cause aversion in us, •r by reason of their impossibility, un- »elief, ought either wholly to be avoided >y a poet, or only delivered by narration. .0 which we may have leave to add, uch as, to avoid tumult (as was before »inted), or to reduce the plot into a more easonable compass of time, or for de- ect of beauty in them, are rather to be elated than presented to the eye. Ex- amples of all these kinds are frequent, not only among all the ancients, but in the best received of our English poets. We find Ben Jonson using them in his Magnetic Lady, where one comes out from dinner, and relates the quarrels and disorders of it, to save the undecent appearance of them on the stage, and to abbreviate the story; and this in express imitation of Terence, who had done the same before him in his Eunuch, wh *re Pythias makes the like relation of what had happened within at the Soldiers' entertainment. The relations likewise of Sej anus's death, and the prodigies before it, are remarkable; the one of which was hid from sight, to avoid the horror and tumult of the representation; the other, to shun the introducing of things impos- sible to be believed. In that excellent play, A King and no King, Fletcher goes yet farther; for the whole unraveling of the plot is done by narration in the fifth act, after the manner of the ancients; and it moves great concernment in the audience, though it be only a relation of what was done many years before the play. I could multiply other instances, but these are sufficient to prove that there is no error in choosing a subject which requires this sort of narrations; in the ill management of them, there may. "But I find I have been too long in this discourse, since the French have many other excellencies not common to us; as that you never see any of their plays end with a conversion, or simple change of will, which is the ordinary way which our poets use to end theirs. It shows little art in the conclusion of a dramatic poem, when they who have hin- dered the felicity during the four acts, desist from it in the fifth, without some powerful cause to take them off their design; and though I deny not but such reasons may be found, yet it is a path that is cautiously to be trod, and the poet is to be sure he convinces the audi- ence that the motive is strong enough. As for example, the conversion of the Usurer in The Scornful Lady seems to me a little forced; for, being an Usurer, which implies a lover of money to the highest degree of covetousness, — and such the poet has represented him, — the account he gives for the sudden change is, that he has been duped by the wild EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA young fellow; which in reason might ren- der him more wary another time, and make him punish himself with harder fare and coarser clothes, to get up again what he had lost: but that he should look on it as a judgment, and so repent, we may expect to hear in a sermon, but I should never endure it in a play. "I pass by this; neither will I insist on the care they take that no person after his first entrance shall ever appear, but the business which brings him upon the stage shall be evident; which rule, if observed, must needs render all the events in the play more natural; for there you see the probability of every accident, in the cause that produced it; and that which appears chance in the play, will seem so reasonable to you, that you will there find it almost necessary: so that in the exit of the actor you have a clear account of his purpose, and de- sign in the next entrance (though, if the scene be well wrought, the event will commonly deceive you) ; for there is nothing so absurd, says Corneille, as for an actor to leave the stage only because he has no more to say. Lisideius concluded in this manner; and Neander, after a little pause, thus answered him: " I shall grant Lisideius, without much dispute, a great part of what he has urged against us; for I acknowledge that the French contrive their plots more reg- ularly, and observe the laws of comedy, and decorum of the stage (to speak generally), with more exactness than the English. Farther, I deny not but he has taxed us justly in some irregularities of ours, which he has mentioned; yet, after all, I am of opinion that neither our faults nor their virtues are considerable enough to place them above us. " For the lively imitation of nature being in the definition of a play, those which best fulfill that law ought to be esteemed superior to the others. 'Tis true, those beauties of the French poesy are such as will raise perfection higher where it is, but are not sufficient to give it where it is not: they are indeed the beauties of a statue, but not of a man, because not animated with the soul of poesy, which is imitation of humor and passions: and this Lisideius himself, or any other, however biassed to their party, cannot but acknowledge, if he will either compare the humors of our com- edies, or the characters of our serious plays, with theirs. He who will look upon theirs which have been written till these last ten years, ,or thereabouts, will find it a hard matter to pick out two or three passable humors amongst them. Corneille himself, their arch-poet, what has he produced except The Liar, and you know how it was cried up in France; but when it came upon the English stage, though well translated, and that part of Dorante acted to so much advantage as I am confident it never received in its own country, the most favorable to it would not put it in competition with many of Fletcher's or Ben Jonson's. In the rest of Corneille's comedies you have little humor; he tells you himself, his way is, first to show two lovers in good intel- ligence with each other; in the working up of the play to embroil them by some mistake, and in the latter end to clear it, and reconcile them. " But of late years Moliere, the young- er Corneille, Quinault, and some others, have been imitating afar off the quick turns and graces ,of the English stage. They have mixed their serious plays with mirth, like our tragi-comedies, since the death of Cardinal Richelieu; which Lisi- deius and many others not observing, have commended that in them for a vir- tue which they themselves no longer prac- tice. Most of their new plays are, like some of ours, derived from the Spanish J novels. There is scarce one of them with- \ out a veil, and a trusty Diego, who drolls | much after the rate of The Adventure*. ! But their humors, if I may grace them with that name, are so thin-sown, that I never above one of them comes up in any play. I dare take upon me to find more i variety of them in some one play of Hen | Jonson's than in all theirs together; as he who has seen The Alchemist, The Silent Woman, or Bartholomew Fair, cannot but acknowledge with me. " I grant the French have performed what was possible on the ground-work of the Spanish plays; what was pleasant before, they have made regular: but there is not above one good play to be writ on all those plots; they are too much alike to please often; which we need not the JOHX DRYDEN 189 experience of our own stage to justify. \s for their new way of mingling mirth vith serious plot, I do not, with Lisideius, tondemn the thing, though I cannot ap- prove their manner of doing it. He tells is, we cannot so speedily recollect our- elves after a scene of great passion and oncernment, as to pass to another of uirth and humor, and to enjoy it with ny relish: but why should he imagine id of man more heavy than his rases? Does not the eye pass from an npleasant object to a pleasant in a mch shorter time than is required to nd does not the unpleasantness of ^e first commend the beauty of the lat- fhe old rule of logic might have jnvinced him, that contraries, when laced near, set off each other. A con- nued gravity keeps the spirit too much lent; we must refresh it sometimes, as e bait in a journey that we may go on ith greater, ease. A scene of mirth, lixed with tragedy, has the same effect moo us which our music has betwixt the which we find a relief to us from le best plots and language of the stage, the discourses have been long. I must lerefore have stronger arguments, ere I ji convinced that compassion and mirth 1 the same subject destroy each other; id in the meantime cannot but con- ude, to the honor of our nation, that e have invented, increased, and per- tcted a more pleasant way of writing for tge than was ever known to the :.ts or moderns of any nation, which tragi-coniedy. " And this leads me to wonder why isideius and many others should cry up le barrenness of the French plots above iriety and copiousness of the Eng- ,h. Their plots are single; they carry 1 one design, which is pushed forward all the actors, every scene in the play •ntributing and moving towards it. ur plays, besides the main design, have ider-plots or by-concernments, of less nsiderable persons and intrigues, which e carried on with the motion of the • n .in plot: as they say the orb of the fixed . and those* of the planets, though have motions of their own, are hirled about by the motion of the pri- •im mobils. in which they are contained. lat similitude expresses much of the nglish stage; for if contrary motions may be found in nature to agree; if a planet can go east and west at the same time ; — one way by virtue of his own motion, the other by the force of the first mover ; — it will not be difficult to imag- ine how the under-plot, which is oidy different, not contrary to the great de- sign, may naturally be conducted along with it. " Eugenius has already shown us, from the confession of the French poets, that the unity of action is sufficiently pre- served, if all the imperfect actions of the play are conducing to the main design; but when those petty intrigues of a play are so ill ordered, that they have no co- herence with the other, I must grant that Lisideius has reason to tax that want of due connection; for coordination in a play is as dangerous and unnatural as in a state. In the meantime he must acknowledge, our variety, if well ordered, will afford a greater pleasure to the audi- ence. " As for his other argument, that by pursuing one single theme they gain an advantage to express and work up the passions, I wish any example he could bring from them would make it good; for I confess their verses are to me the coldest I have ever read. Neither, in- deed, is it possible for them, in the way they take, so to express passion, as that the effects of it should appear in the con- cernment of an audience, their speeches being so many declamations, which tire us with the length ; so that instead of per- suading us to grieve for their imaginary heroes, we are concerned for our own trouble, as we are in tedious visits of bad company; we are in pain till they are gone. When the French stage came to be reformed by Cardinal Richelieu, those long harangues were introduced to com- ply with the gravity of a churchman. Look upon the Cinna and the Pompey; they are not so properly to be called plays, as long discourses of reason of state; and Polyeucte in matters of reli- gion is as solemn as the long stops upon our organs. Since that time it is grown into a custom, and their actors speak by the hour-glass, like our parsons; nay, they account it the grace of their parts, and think themselves disparaged by the poet, if they may not twice or thrice in a play entertain the audience with a speech 190 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA of an hundred lines. I deny not but this may suit well enough with the French; for as we, who are a more sullen people, come to be diverted at our plays, so they, who are of an airy and gay temper, come thither to make themselves more serious: and this I conceive to be one reason why comedies are more pleasing to us, and tragedies to them. But to speak gen- erally: it cannot be denied that short speeches and replies are more apt to move the passions and beget concernment in us, than the other; for it is unnatural for any one in a gust of passion to speak long together, or for another in the same condition to suffer him, without interrup- tion. Grief and passion are like floods raised in little brooks by a sudden rain; they are quickly up; and if the concern- ment be poured unexpectedly in upon us, it overflows us: but a long sober shower gives them leisure to run out as they came in, without troubling the ordinary current. As for comedy, repartee is one of its chief est graces; the greatest pleas- ure of the audience is a chase of wit, kept up on both sides, and swiftly man- aged. And this our forefathers, if not we, have had in Fletcher's plays, to a much higher degree of perfection than the French poets can reasonably hope to reach. " There is another part of Lisideius his discourse, in which he rather excused our neighbors than commended them; that is, for aiming only to make one per- son considerable in their plays. 'Tis very true what he has urged, that one char- acter in all plays, even without the poet's care, will have advantage of all the others; and that the design of the whole drama will chiefly depend on it. But this hinders not that there may be more shin- ing characters in the play: many persons of a second magnitude, nay, some so very near, so almost equal to the first, that greatness may be opposed to greatness, and all the persons be made considerable, not only by their quality, but their action. 'Tis evident that the more the persons are, the greater will be the variety of the plot. If then the parts are managed so regularly, that the beauty of the whole be kept entire, and that the variety be- come not a perplexed and confused mass of accidents, you will find it infinitely pleasing to be led in a labyrinth of de- sign, where you see some of your wa] before you, yet discern not the end til you arrive at it. And that all this L practicable, I can produce for exam pies many of our English plays: as Th Maid's Tragedy, The Alchemist, Th Silent Woman: I was going to havi named The Fox, but that the unity oi design seems not exactly observed in it for there appear two actions in the play the first naturally ending with the fourtl act; the second forced from it in th< fifth; which yet is the less to be con- demned in him, because the disguise o1 Volpone, though it suited not with hi character as a crafty or covetous person agreed well enough with that of a volup tuary; and by it the poet gained the enc at which he aimed, the punishment o vice, and the reward of virtue, both whicl that disguise produced. So that to judgi equally of it, it was an excellent fifth act but not so naturally proceeding from th' former. "But to leave this, and pass to th latter part of Lisideius his discourse which concerns relations : I must acknowl edge with him, that the French have rea j son to hide that part of the action whic would occasion too much tumult on th ; stage, and to choose rather to have i| made known by narration to the aud '■ ence. Farther, I think it very corner ient, for the reasons he has given, tint all incredible actions were removed ; bi whether custom has so insinuated itse f into our countrymen, or nature has l formed them to fierceness, I know no but they will scarcely suffer combats an other objects of horror to be taken froi| them. And indeed, the indecency of ti mults is all which can be objected again fighting: for why may not our imaginj tion as well suffer itself to be delud< with the probability of it, as with (U other thing in the play? For my pai I can with as great ease persuade in self that the blows are given in good ea nest, as I can that they who strike tin are kings or princes, or those perso which they represent. For objects incredibility, — I would be satisfied f r< Lisideius, whether we have any so : moved from all appearance of truth, are those of Corneille's Andromhh: play which has been frequented the in< of any he has writ. If the Perseus, JOHN DRYDEN 191 the son of a heathen god, the Pegasus, and the Monster, were not capable to choke a strong belief, let him blame any representation of ours hereafter. Those indeed were objects of delight; yet the reason is the same as to the probability: for he makes it not a ballet or masque, mt a play, which is to resemble truth. 3ut for death, that it ought not to be rep- resented, I have, besides the arguments alleged by Lisideius, the authority of Ben Jonson, who has forborne it in his trag- for both the death of Sejanus and Jatiline are related: though in the latter { cannot but observe one irregularity of Jiat great poet; he has removed the scene in the same act from Rome to Catiline's army, and from thence again .0 Rome; and besides, has allowed a very nconsiderable time, after Catiline's .peeeh, for the striking of the battle, and he return of Petreius, who is to relate he event of it to the senate: which I hould not animadvert on him, who was •therwise a painful observer of to -roeroF, >r the decorum of the stage, if he had tot used extreme severity in his judg- ment on the incomparable Shakspeare for he same fault — To conclude on this sub- ect of relations; if we are to be blamed or showing too much of the action, the rench are as faulty for discovering too ttle of it: a mean betwixt both should e observed by every judicious writer, so s the audience may neither be left un- atisfied by not seeing what is beautiful, r shocked by beholding what is either ^credible or undeeent. " I hope I have already proved in this iseourse, that though we are not alto- ether so punctual as the French in ob- :rving the laws of comedy, yet our errors re so few, and little, and" those things •herein we excel them so considerable, lat we ought of right to be preferred efore them. But what will Lisideius iy, if they themselves acknowledge they re too strictly bounded by those laws, n breaking which he has blamed the nglishr I will allege Corneille's words, J I find them in the end of his Discourse f the Three Unities: 'II est facile aux xkrulatifs d'estre severes,' etc. 'Tis fsy for speculative persons to judge :verely; but if they would produce to ublic view ten or twelve pieces of this ature, they would perhaps give more latitude to the rules than I have done, when by experience they had known how much we are limited and constrained by them, and how many beauties of the stage they banished from it.' To illus- trate a little what he has said: By their servile observations of the unities of time and place, and integrity of scenes, they have brought on themselves that dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination, which may be observed in all their plays. How many beautiful accidents might nat- urally happen in two or three days, which cannot arrive with any probability in the compass of twenty-four hours? There is time to be allowed also for maturity of design, which, amongst great and pru- dent persons, such as are often repre- sented in tragedy, cannot, with any like- lihood of truth, be brought to pass at so short a warning. Farther; by tying themselves strictly to the unity of piace, and unbroken scenes, they are forced many times to omit some beauties which cannot be shown where the act began; but might, if the scene were interrupted, and the stage cleared for the persons to enter in another place; and therefore the French poets are often forced upon ab- surdities; for if the act begins in a cham- ber, all the persons in the play must have some business or other to come thither, or else they are not to be shown that act; and sometimes their characters are very unfitting to appear there: as, sup- pose it were the king's bed-chamber; yet the meanest man in the tragedy must come and dispatch his business there, rather than in the lobby or oourtyard (which is fitter for him), for fear the stage should be cleared, and the scenes broken. Many times they fall by it in a greater inconvenience; for they keep their scenes unbroken, and yet change the place; as in one of their newest plays, where the act begins in the street. There a gentleman is to meet his friend; he sees him with his man, coming out from his father's house; they talk to- gether, and the first goes out: the sec- ond, who is a lover, has made an appoint- ment with his mistress; she appears at the window, and then we are to imagine the scene lies under it This gentleman is called away, and leaves his servant with his mistress; presently her father is heard from within; the young lady is 192 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA afraid the serving-man should be dis- covered, and thrusts him into a place of safety, which is supposed to be her closet. After this, the father enters to the daugh- ter, and now the scene is in a house; for he is seeking from one room to another for this poor Philipin, or French Diego, who is heard from within, drolling and breaking many a miserable conceit on the subject of his sad condition. In this ridiculous manner the play goes forward, the stage being never empty all the while: so that the street, the window, the houses, and the closet, are made to walk about, and the persons to stand still. Now what, I beseech you, is more easy than to write a regular French play, or more difficult than to write an irregular Eng- lish one, like those of Fletcher, or of Shakspeare? "If they content themselves, as Cor- neille did, with some flat design, which, like an ill riddle, is found out ere it be half proposed, such plots we can make every way regular, as easily as they; but whenever they endeavor to rise to any quick turns and counterturns of plot, as some of them have attempted, since Cor- neille's plays have been less in vogue, you see they write as irregularly as we, though they cover it more speciously. Hence the reason is perspicuous why no French plays, when translated, have, or ever can succeed on the English stage. For, if you consider the plots, our own are fuller of variety; if the writing, ours are more quick and f idler of spirit; and therefore 'tis a strange mistake in those who decry the way of writing plays in verse, as if the English therein imitated the French. We have borrowed nothing from them; our plots are weaved in English looms: we endeavor therein to follow the variety and greatness of char- acters which are derived to us from Shakespeare and Fletcher; the copious- ness and well-knitting of the intrigues we have from Jonson; and for the verse itself we have English precedents of elder date than any of Corneille's plays. Not to name our old comedies before Shakespeare, which were all writ in verse of six feet, or Alexandrines, such as the French now use, — I can show in Shake- speare many scenes of rhyme together, and the like in Ben Jonson's tragedies: in Catiline and Sejanus sometimes thirty ,or forty lines, — I mean besides the Chorus, or the monologues ; which, by the way, showed Ben no enemy to this way of writing, especially if you read his Sad Shepherd, which goes sometimes on rhyme, sometimes on blank verse, like an horse who eases himself on trot and amble. You find him likewise commend- ing Fletcher's pastoral of The Faithful Shepherdess, which is for the most part rhyme, though not refined to that purity to which it hath since been brought. And these examples are enough to clear us from a servile imitation of the French. " But to return whence I have di- gressed: I dare boldly affirm these two things of the English drama; — First, that we have many plays of ours as regular as any of theirs, and which, be- sides, have more variety of plot and char- acters; and secondly, that in most of the irregular plays of Shakspeare or Fletcher (for Ben Jonson's are for the most part! regular), there is a more masculine fancy! and greater spirit in the writing than I there is in any of the French. I could produce, even in Shakspeare's anr Fletcher's works, some plays which an! almost exactly formed; as The Merrt^ Wives of Windsor, and The Scornfv Lady: but because (generally speaking/ Shakspeare, who writ first, did not per fectly observe the laws of comedy, an(; Fletcher, who came nearer to perfection i! yet through carelessness made man; faults. " If this comedy and some others of hi were translated into French prose (whic! would now be no wonder to them, sine ,' \ Moliere has lately given them plays oujj of verse, which have not displeased them) ) I believe the controversy would soon b ] decided betwixt the two nations, ev*| making them the judges. But we nee not call our heroes to our aid. Be 'I spoken to the honor of the English, <>i nation can never want in any age sue who are able to dispute the empi wit with any people in the universe. An though the fury of a civil war, and powt for twenty years together abandoned ' a barbarous race of men, enemies of 8' good learning, had buried the mus< under the ruins of monarchy; yet, wi the restoration of our happiness, we B revived poesy lifting up its head, a' already shaking off the rubbish which h JOHN DRYDEN 193 ;o heavy on it. We have seen since his najesty's return, many dramatic poems vhich yield not to those of any foreign lation, and which deserve all laurels but he English. I will set aside flattery and nvv: it cannot be denied but we have (ad some little blemish either in the plot rr writing of all those plays which have ^een made within these seven years; (and perhaps there is no nation in the world jo quick to discern them, or so difficult p pardon them, as ours:) yet if we can ersuade ourselves to use the candor of hat poet, who, though the most severe 5 critics, has left us this caution by hich to moderate our censures — ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis Mfendar maculis; — ', in consideration of their many and reat beauties, we can wink at some light and little imperfections, if we, I iy, can be thus equal to ourselves, I • favor from the French. And if do not venture upon any particular tent of our late plays, T tis out of •e consideration which an ancient writer Ives me: mvorum, ut magna admiratio, ita censura dijficilis: betwixt the extremes of admiration and malice, 'tis hard to judge uprightly of the living. Only I think it may be permitted me to say, that as it is no lessening to us to yield to some plays, and those not many, of our own nation in the last age, so can it be no addition to pronounce of our present poets, that they have far surpassed all the ancients, and the modern writers of other countries. . . . For a play is still an imitation of nature; we know we are to be deceived, and we desire to be so; but no man ever was deceived but with a probabUity of truth; for who will suffer a gross lie to be fastened on him? Thus we sufficiently understand that the scenes which represent cities and coun- tries to us are not really such, but only painted on boards and canvas; but shall that excuse the ill painture or design- ment of them? Nay, rather ought they not be labored with so much the more diL'gence and exactness, to help the imag- ination? since the mind of man does nat- urally tend to truth; and therefore the nearer anything comes to the imitation of it, the more it pleases." PREFACE TO TROILUS AND CRESSIDA 1 (1679) THE GROUNDS OF CRITICISM IN TRAGEDY Tragedy is thus defined by Aristotle •mitting what I thought unnecessary in s definition). It is an imitation of %e entire, great, and probable action; Id, but represented; which, by mov- us fear and pity, is conducive to e purging of those two passions in our More largely thus: Tragedy de- iribes or paints an action, which action have all the proprieties above toned. First, it must be one or single; , it must not be a history of one life, suppose of Alexander the ••eat, or Julius Caesar, but one single jtion of theirs. This condemns all ; eare's historical plays, which are Hher chronicles represented, than trag- 1 Re-printed, complete, from the Everyman's tition of Dramatic Essay* by John Dryden ♦ondon and Xew York, n. d.). — Ed. edies; and all double action of plays. As, to avoid a satire upon others, I will make bold with my own Marriage a la Mode, where there are manifestly two actions not depending on one another: but in (Edipus there cannot properly be said to be two actions, because the love of Adrastus and Eurydice has a neces- sary dependence on the principal design into which it is woven. The natural rea- son of this rule is plain; for two differ- ent independent actions distract the at- tention and concernment of the audience, and consequently destroy the intention of the poet ; if his business be to move terror and pity, and one of his actions be comi- cal, the other tragical, the former will divert the people, and utterly make void his greater purpose. Therefore, as in perspective, so in Tragedy, there must be 194 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA a point of sight in which all the lines terminate; otherwise the eye wanders, and the work is false. This was the practice of the Grecian stage. But Ter- ence made an innovation in the Roman: all his plays have double actions; for it was his custom to translate two Greek comedies, and to weave them into one of his, yet so that both their actions were comical, and one was principal, the other but secondary or subservient. And this has obtained on the English stage, to give us the pleasure of variety. As the action ought to be one, it ought, as such, to have order in it; that is, to have a natural beginning, a middle, and an end. A natural beginning, says Aris- totle, is that which could not necessarily have been placed after another thing; and so of the rest. This consideration will arraign all plays after the new model of Spanish plots, where accident is heaped upon accident, and that which is first might as reasonably be last; an inconvenience not to be remedied, but by making one accident naturally produce another, otherwise it is a farce and not a play. Of this nature is The Slighted Maid; where there is no scene in the first act which might not by as good reason be in the fifth. And if the action ought to be one, the tragedy ought likewise to conclude with the action of it. Thus in Mustapha, the play should naturally have ended with the death of Zanger, and not have given us the grace-cup after dinner, of Solyman's divorce from Roxo- lana. The following properties of the action are so easy that they need not my ex- plaining. It ought to be great, and to consist of great persons, to distinguish it from Comedy, where the action is triv- ial, and the persons of inferior rank. The last quality of the action is, that it ought to be probable, as well as admir- able and great. 'Tis not necessary that there should be historical truth in it; but always necessary that there should be a likeness of truth, something that is more than barely possible; probable being that which succeeds, or happens, oftener than it misses. To invent therefore a probability, and to make it wonderful, is the most difficult undertaking in the art of Poetry; for that which is not won- derful is not great; and that which is not probable will not delight a reasonable audience. This action, thus described, must be represented and not told, to dis- tinguish Dramatic Poetry from Epic: but I hasten to the end or scope of Tragedy, which is, to rectify or purge our pas- sions, fear, and pity. To instruct delightfully is the general end of all poetry. Philosophy instructs, but it performs its work by precept; which is not delightful, or not so delight- ful as example. To purge the passions by example is therefore the particular instruction which belongs to Tragedy. Rapin, a judicious critic, has observed from Aristotle, that pride and want of commiseration are the most predominant vices in mankind; therefore, to cure us of these two, the inventors of Tragedy have chosen to work upon two other pas- sions, which are fear and pity. We are wrought to fear by their setting before our eyes some terrible example of mis- fortune, which happened to persons of the highest quality; for such an action demonstrates to us that no condition is privileged from the turns of fortune; this must of necessity cause terror in us, and consequently abate our pride. But when we see that the most virtuous, [ as well as the greatest, are not exempt j from such misfortunes, that consideration moves pity in us, and insensibly works us to be helpful to, and tender over, the ' distressed ; which is the noblest and most god-like of moral virtues. Here it is ob- servable that it is absolutely necessary to make a man virtuous, if we desire he should be pitied: we lament not, but de- test, a wicked man; we are glad when! we behold his crimes are punished, and that poetical justice is done upon him , Euripides was censured by the critics oi; his time for making his chief character. 1 too wicked; for example, Phaedra, thouglj she loved her son-in-law with reluctaucy and that it was a curse upon her faniilj for offending Venus, yet was thought to< ill a pattern for the stage. Shall w< therefore banish all characters of vil lainy ? I confess I am not of that opin j ion; but it is necessary that the hero o the play be not a villain; that is, th characters, which should move our pit} ought to have virtuous inclinations, an< degrees of moral goodness in them. A for a perfect character of virtue, it neu JOHN DBYDEN 195 v&s in Nature, and therefore there can >e no imitation of it; but there are alloys f frailty to be allowed for the chief per- ons, yet so that the good which is in hem shall outweigh the bad, and conse- uently leave room for punishment on the he side and pity on the other. After all, if any one will ask me 'hether a tragedy cannot be made upon ny other grounds than those of exciting ity and terror in us, [Le] Bossu, the est of modern critics, answers thus in eneral: That all excellent arts, and articularly that of poetry, have been in- ?nted and brought to perfection by men f a transcendent genius; and that, there- pre, they who practice afterwards the une arts are obliged to tread in their wtsteps, and to search in their writings ie foundation of them; for it is not just tat new rules should destroy the author- y of the old. But Rapin writes more articularly thus, that no passions in a ory are so proper to move our con- •rnment as fear and pity*; and that it is om our concernment we receive our easure is undoubted; when the soul he- mes agitated with fear for one charac- r, or hope for another, then it is that e are pleased in Tragedy, by the inter- <t which we taken in their adventures. Alter the plot, which is the foundation the play, the next thing to which we «ght to apply our judgment is the man- ors; for now the poet comes to work *ove ground. The ground-work, indeed, i that which is most necessary, as that T>on which depends the firmness of the lole fabric; yet it strikes not the eye : much as the beauties or imperfee- 1>ns of the manners, the thoughts, and e expressions. The first rule which [Le] Bossu pre- Iribes to the writer of an Heroic Poem, id which holds too by the same reason 5 all Dramatic Poetry, is to make the pral of the work; that is, to lay down i yourself what that precept of morality- all be which you would insinuate into le people; as, namely, Homers (which have copied in my Conquest of Gra- was, that union preserves a com- ixiwealth and discord destroys it; iphocles. in his (Edipus, that no man is accounted happy before his death. he moral that directs the whole n of the play to one center; and that action or fable is the example built upon the moral, which confirms the truth of it to our experience: when the fable is de- signed, then, and not before, the persons are to be introduced, with their man- ners, characters, and passions. The manners, in a poem, are under- stood to be those inclinations, whether natural or acquired, which move and carry us to actions, good, bad, or indif- ferent, in a play; or which incline the persons to such or such actions. I have anticipated part of this discourse already in declaring that a poet ought not to make the manners perfectly good in his best persons; but neither are they to be more wicked in any of his characters than necessity requires. To produce a villain', without other reason than a natural in- clination to villainy, is, in Poetry, to pro- duce an effect without a cause; and to make him more a villain than he has just reason to be is to make an effect which is stronger than the cause. The manners arise from many causes; and are either distinguished by "complex- ion, as choleric and phlegmatic, or by the differences of age or sex, of climates, or quality of the persons, or their pres- ent condition. They are likewise to be gathered from the several virtues, vices, or passions, and many other common- places, which a poet must be supposed to have learned from Natural Philosophy, Ethics, and History; of all which whoso- ever is ignorant does not deserve the name of poet. But as the manners are useful in this art, they may be all comprised under these general heads: first, they must be apparent; that is, in every character of the play some inclinations of the person must appear; and these are shown in the actions and discourse. Secondly, the manners must be suitable, or agreeing to the persons; that is, to the age, sex, dignity, and the other general heads of manners: thus, when a poet has given the dignity of a king to one of his per- sons, in all his actions and speeches that person must discover majesty, magnanim- ity, and jealousy of power, because these are suitable to the general manners of a king. The third property of manners is resemblance; and this is founded upon the particular characters of men as we have them delivered to us by relation or 196 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA history; that is, when a poet has the known character of this or that man be- fore him, he is bound to represent him such, at least not contrary to that which fame has reported him to have been. Thus, it is not a poet's choice to make Ulysses choleric or Achilles patient, be- cause Homer has described 'em quite otherwise. Yet this is a rock on which ignorant writers daily split; and the ab- surdity is as monstrous as if a painter should draw a coward running from a battle, and tell us it was the picture of Alexander the Great. The last property of manners is that they be constant and equal, that is, main- tained the same through the whole de- sign: thus, when Vergil had once given the name of pious to .ZEneas, he was bound to show him such, in all his words and actions, through the whole poem. All these properties Horace has hinted to a judicious observer: 1. Notandi sunt tibi mores; 2. Aut famam sequerej 3. Aut sibi convenientia finge; 4. Servetur ad imum, qualis ab incepto processerit, et sibi constet. From the manners, the characters of persons are derived; for, indeed, the characters are no other than the inclina- tions as they appear in the several per- sons of the poem; a character being thus defined — that which distinguishes one man from another. Not to repeat the same things over again which have been said of the manners, I will only add what is necessary here. A character, or that which distinguishes one man from all others, cannot be supposed to consist of one particular virtue, or vice, or passion only; but 'tis a composition of qualities which are not contrary to one another in the same person; thus, the same man may be liberal and valiant, but not lib- eral and covetous; so in a comical char- acter, or humor (which is an inclination to this or that particular folly), Falstaff is a liar, and a coward, a glutton, and a buffoon, because all these qualities may agree in the same man; yet it is still to be observed that one virtue, vice, and passion ought to be shown in every man as predominant over all the rest; as covetousness in Crassus, love of his coun- try in Brutus; and the same in charac- ters which are feigned. The chief character or hero in a trag- edy, as I have already shown, ought in prudence to be such a man who has so much more of virtue in him than of vice, that he may be left amiable to the audi- ence, which otherwise cannot have any concernment for his sufferings; and it is on this one character that the pity and terror must be principally, if not wholly, founded: a rule which is extremely neces- sary, and which none of the critics, that I know, have fully enough discovered to us. For terror and compassion work but weakly when they are divided into many persons. If Creon had been the chief character in CEdipus, there had neither been terror nor compassion moved, but only detestation of the man and joy for his punishment; if Adrastus and Eury- dice had been made more appearing characters, then the pity had been di- vided and lessened on the part of CEdipus : but making CEdipus the best and bravest person, and even Jocasta but an underpart to him, his virtues, and ' the punishment of his fatal crime, drew* both the pity and the terror to himself. I By what has been said of the man- ners, it will be easy for a reasonable man to judge whether the characters be truly' or falsely drawn in a tragedy; for il there be no manners appearing in tin characters, no concernment for the per; sons can be raised; no pity or horroi can be moved but by vice or virtue \ therefore, without them, no person car have any business in the play. If tin inclinations be obscure, it is a sign tli poet is in the dark and knows not wha manner of man he presents to you ; consequently you can have no idi very imperfect, of that man, in judge what resolutions he ought to or what words or actions are pi for him. Most comedies made uj accidents or adventures are liable 1 into this error; and tragedies with turns are subject to it; for the mi can never be evident where the sin of fortune take up all the busines the stage; and where the poet is mo in pain to tell you what happened such a man than what he was. Ti of the excellencies of Shakespeare tb the manners of his persons are general apparent, and you see their bein inclinations. Fletcher comes far shf of him in this, as indeed he does alm< JOHN DRYDEN 197 } n everything: there are but glimmerings jif manners in most of his comedies, which un upon adventures; and in his trag- dies, Rollo, Otto the King and no King, iius, and many others of his best, .re but pictures shown you in the twi- ight; you know not whether they re- emble vice or virtue, and they are either »od, bad, or indifferent, as the present cene requires it. But of all poets, this onimendation is to be given to Ben Jon- on, that the manners even of the most ^considerable persons in his plays are verywhere apparent. By considering the second quality of fanners, which is, that they be suitable the age, quality, country, dignity, etc., f the character, we may likewise judge hether a poet has followed nature. In his kind, Sophocles and Euripides have lore excelled among the Greeks than ius, and Terence more than Plau- us among the Romans. Thus, Sophocles jves to CEdipus the true qualities of a ing in both those plays which bear his ame; but in the latter, which is the us Colonaus, he lets fall on pur- use his tragic style; his hero speaks ot in the arbitrary tone, but remem- ers, in the softness of his complaints, iiat he is an unfortunate blind old man, ;iat he is banished from his country, nd persecuted by his next relations, he present French poets are generally .cused that, wheresoever they lay the ene, or in whatsoever age, the manners f their heroes are wholly French. Ra- ni's Bajazet is bred at Constantinople, ut his civilities are conveyed to him, v some secret passage, from Versailles ito the Seraglio. But our Shakspeare, iving ascribed to Henry the Fourth se character of a king and of a father, him the perfect manners of each •lation, when either he transacts with s son or with his subjects. Fletcher, 1 the other side, gives neither to Ar- nor to his king, in the Maid's Trag- /</, the qualities which are suitable to larch; though he may be excused little in the latter, for the king there not uppermost in the character; 'tis ie lover of Evadne, who is king only in second consideration; and though he 1 unjust, and has other faults which iall be nameless, yet he is not the hero the play. Tistrue, we find him a lawful prince (though I never heard of any king that was in Rhodes), and therefore Mr. Rymer's criticism stands good, that he should not be shown in so vicious a character. Sophocles has been more judicious in his Antigone; for, though he represents in Creon a bloody prince, yet he makes him not a lawful king, but an usurper, and An- tigona herself is the heroine of the trag- edy: but when Phil aster wounds Are- thusa and the boy, and Perigot his mis- tress, in the Faithful Shepherdess, both these are contrary to the character of manhood. Nor is Valentinian managed much better; for though Fletcher has taken his picture truly, and shown him as he was, an effeminate, voluptuous man, yet he has forgotten that he was an emperor, and has given him none of those royal marks which ought to appear in a lawful successor of the throne. If it be inquired what Fletcher should have done on this occasion — ought he not to have represented Valentinian as he was? — [Le] Bossu shall answer this ques- tion for me by an instance of the like nature: Mauritius, the Greek emperor, was a prince far surpassing Valentinian, for he was endued with many kingly virtues; he was religious, merciful, and valiant, but withal he was noted of ex- treme covetousness, a vice which is con- trary to the character of a hero or a prince: therefore, says the critic, that emperor was no fit person to be repre- sented in a tragedy, unless his good qualities were only to be shown and his covetousness (which sullied them all) were slurred over by the artifice of the poet. To return once more to Shak- speare; no man ever drew so many char- acters, or generally distinguished 'em better from one another, excepting only Jonson. I will instance but in one to show the copiousness of his intention; it is that of Caliban, or the monster, in the Tempest. He seems there to have created a person which was not in na- ture, a boldness which, at first sight, would appear intolerable; for he makes him a species of himself, begotten by an incubus on a witch ; but this, as I have elsewhere proved, is not wholly beyond the bounds of credibility, at least the vulgar still believe it. We have the separated notions of a spirit and of a 198 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA witch (and spirits, according to Plato, are vested with a subtle body; accord- ing to some of his followers have differ- ent sexes) ; therefore, as from the dis- tinct apprehensions of a horse and of a man imagination has formed a centaur, so from those of an incubus and a sor- ceress Shakspeare has produced his mon- ster. Whether or no his generation can be defended I leave to philosophy; but of this I am certain, that the poet has most judiciously furnished him with a person, a language, and a character, which will suit him, both by father's and mother's side: he has all the discontents and malice of a witch and of a devil, besides a convenient proportion of the deadly sins; gluttony, sloth, and lust are manifest; the dejectedness of a slave is likewise given him, and the ignorance of one bred up in a desert island. His per- son is monstrous, and he is the product of unnatural lust; and his language is as hobgoblin as his person; in all things he is distinguished from other mortals. The characters of Fletcher are poor and narrow in comparison of Shakspeare's ; I remember not one which is not bor- rowed from him, unless you will accept that strange mixture of a man in the King and no King; so that in this part Shakspeare is generally worth our imi- tation, and to imitate Fletcher is but to copy after him who was a copyer. Under this general head of manners the passions are naturally included as belonging to the characters. I speak not of pity and of terror, which are to be moved in the audience by the plot; but of anger, hatred, love, ambition, jeal- ousy, revenge, etc., as they are shown in this or that person of the play. To describe these naturally, and to move them artfully, is one of the greatest commendations which can be given to a poet: to write pathetically, says Longi- nus, cannot proceed but from a lofty genius. A poet must be born with this quality: yet, unless he help himself by an acquired knowledge of the passions, what they are in their own nature, and by what springs they are to be moved, he will be subject either to raise them where they ought not to be raised, or not to raise them by the just degrees of nature, or to amplify them beyond the natural bounds, or not to observe the crises and turns of them in their cool- ing and decay; all which errors proceed from want of judgment in the poet, and from being unskilled in the principles of moral philosophy. Nothing is more frequent in a fanciful writer than to foil himself by not managing his strength; therefore, as in a wrestler, there is first required some measure of force, a well- knit body and active limbs, without which all instruction would be vain; yet, those being granted, if he want the skill which is necessary to a wrestler he shall make but small advantage of his natural ro- bustuousness: so, in a poet, his inborn vehemence and force of spirit will only run him out of breath the sooner if it be not supported by the help of Art. The roar of passion, indeed, may please an audience, three parts of which are ignorant enough to think all is moving which is noise, and it may stretch the lungs of an ambitious actor who will die upon the spot for a thundering clap; j but it will move no other passion than j indignation and contempt from judicious i men. Longinus, whom I have hitherto j followed, continues thus: 7/ the fa*-' sions be artfully employed, the discourse becomes vehement and lofty: if other-\ wise, there is nothing more ridiculous, than a great passion out of season: and; to this purpose he animadverts severely' upon ^Eschylus, who writ nothing in cold; blood, but was always in a rapture and; in fury with his audience: the inspira- tion was still upon him, he was eveij tearing it upon the tripos; or (to ruri off as madly as he does from one simili- tude to another) he was always at high flood of passion, even in the dead ebl and lowest water-mark of the scene. 1 1 who would raise the passion of a judii cious audience, says a learned critic must be sure to take his hearers aIoni with him; if they be in a calm, 'tis ii vain for him to be in a huff: he muSj move them by degrees, and kindle wit 'em; otherwise he will be in clanger o setting his own heap of stubble on fin and of burning out by himself, withcn warming the company that stand aboi him. They who would justify the mat ness of poetry from the authority < Aristotle have mistaken the text M consequently the interpretation: I ine it to be false read where he says i : JOHN DRYDEN 199 poetry that it is ~Ev<pvovs fj imivikov, that it had always somewhat in it either of a sjenius or of a madman. 'Tis more prob- able that the original ran thus, that poetry was Eixpvovs ov fiavtKov, that it be- longs* to a witty man, but not to a mad- man. Thus then the passions, as they ire considered simply and in themselves, Suffer violence when they are perpetually naintained at the same height; for what nelody can be made on that instrument, ill whose strings are screwed up at first :o their utmost stretch and to the same ;ound? But this is not the worst: for he characters likewise bear a part in the reneral calamity if you consider the pas- sions as embodied in them; for it follows >f necessity that no man can be distin- guished from another by his discourse vhen every man is ranting, swaggering, tnd exclaiming with the same excess: is if it were the only business of all the haracters to contend with each other !or the prize at Billingsgate, or that the eene of the tragedy lay in Bet'lem. iuppose the poet should intend this man o be choleric and that man to be pa- ient, yet when they are confounded in he writing you cannot distinguish them rom one another: for the man who was ailed patient and tame is only so before e speaks; but let his clack be set agoing, nd he shall tongue it as impetuously, nd as loudly, as the errantest hero in le play. By this means the characters re only distinct in name; but, in reality, U the men and women in the play are le same person. No man should pre- •nd to write who cannot temper his incy with his judgment: nothing is more ous to a raw horseman than a hot- louthed jade without a curb. It is necessary therefore for a poet, ho would concern an audience by de- •ribing of a passion, first to prepare it id not to rush upon it all at once, vid has judiciously shown the differ- lce of these two ways in the speeches Ajax and Ulysses: Ajax, from the ry beginning, breaks out into his ex- amations, and is swearing by his Maker, • Agimus. proh Jupiter, inquit. Ulysses, 1 the contrary, prepares his audience ith all the submissiveness he can prac- e, and all the calmness of a reasonable r; he found his judges in a tranquil- of spirit, and therefore set out lei- surely and softly with 'em, till he had warmed 'em by degrees; and then he be- gan to mend his pace and to draw them along with his own impetuousness: yet so managing his breath that it might not fail him at his need, and reserving his utmost proofs of ability even to the last. The success, you see, was answerable; for the crowd only applauded the speech of Ajax — Vulgique secutum Ultima murmur erat: but the judges awarded the prize, for which they contended, to Ulysses — Mota manus procervm est; et quid fa- cundia posset Turn patuit, fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. The next necessary rule is to put noth- ing into the discourse which may hinder your moving of the passions. Too many accidents, as I have said, encumber the poet as much as the arms of Saul did David; for the variety of passions which they produce are ever crossing and justling each other out of the way. He who treats of joy and grief together is in a fair way of causing neither of those effects. There is yet another obstacle to be removed, which is pointed wit, and sentences affected out of season; these are nothing of kin to the violence of pas- sion: no man is at leisure to make sen- tences and similes when his soul is in an agony. I the rather name this fault that it may serve to mind me of my former errors; neither will I spare my- self, but give an example of this kind from my Indian Emperor. Montezuma, pursued by his enemies and seeking sanctuary, stands parleying without the fort and describing his danger to Cydaria in a simile of six lines — As on the sands the frighted traveler Sees the high seas come rolling from afar, etc. My Indian potentate was well skilled in the sea for an inland prince, and well improved since the first act, when he sent his son to discover it. The image had not been amiss from another man at an- 200 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA other time: sed nunc non erat hisce locus: he destroyed the concernment which the audience might otherwise have had for him; for they could not think the danger near when he had the leisure to invent a simile. If Shakspeare be allowed, as I think he must, to have made his characters dis- tinct, it will easily be inferred that he understood the nature of the passions: because it has been proved already that confused passions make undistinguishable characters: yet I cannot deny that he has his failings; but they are not so much in the passions themselves as in his manner of expression: he often obscures his meaning by his words, and sometimes makes it unintelligible. I will not say of so great a poet that he distinguished not the blown puffy style from true sub- limity; but I may venture to maintain that the fury of his fancy often trans- ported him beyond the bounds of judg- ment, either in coining of new words and phrases, or racking words which were in use into the violence of a cata- chresis. It is not that I would explode the use of metaphors from passion, for Longinus thinks 'em necessary to raise it: but to use 'em at every word, to say nothing without a metaphor, a simile, an image, or description, is, I doubt, to smell a little too strongly of the buskin. I must be forced to give an example of expressing passion figuratively; but that I may do it with respect to Shakspeare, it shall not be taken from anything of his: 'tis an exclamation against fortune, quoted in his Hamlet but written by some other poet — Out, out, thou strumpet, Fortune! all you gods, In general synod, take away her power; Break all the spokes and felleys from her wheel, And bowl the round nave down the hill of Heav'n, As low as to the fiends. And immediately after, speaking of Hecuba, when Priam was killed before her eyes — The mobbled queen Threatening the flame, ran up and down With bisson rheum; a clout about that head Where late the diadem stood; and for a robe, About her lank and all o'er-teemed loins, A blanket in th' alarm of fear caught up. Who this had seen, with tongue in venom steep'd 'Gainst Fortune's state would treason have pronounced; But if the gods themselves did see her then, When she saw Pyrrhus make malicious sport In mincing with his sword her husband's limbs, The instant burst of clamour that she made (Unless thinqs mortal move them not at all) Would have made milch the burning eyes of heaven, And passion in the gods. What a pudder is here kept in rais- ing the expression of trifling thoughts! Would not a man have thought that the poet had been bound prentice to a wheel- wright for his first rant? and had fol- lowed a ragman for the clout and blanket in the second? Fortune is painted on a wheel, and therefore the writer, in a rage, will have poetical justice done upon every member of that engine: after this execution, he bowls the nave down-hill, from Heaven, to the fiends (an unrea- sonable long mark, a man would think); 'tis well there are no solid orbs to stop it in the way, or no element of fire to consume it: but when it came to the earth it must be monstrous heavy to break ground as low as the center. His making milch the burning eyes of heaven was a pretty tolerable flight too: and I think no man ever drew milk out of eyes before him: yet to make the wonder greater, these eyes were burning. Such a sight indeed were enough to have raisg passion in the gods; but to excuse the effects of it, he tells you perhaps they did not see it. Wise men would be ^lad to find a little sense couched under all these pompous words; for bombast ii commonly the delight of that audienM which loves poetry but understands I not: and as commonly has been the prac- tice of those writers who, not being able to infuse a natural passion into the mind, have made it their business to ply the JOHN DRYDEN 20 1 irs, and to stun their judges by the oise. But Shakspeare does not often lbs; for the passions in his scene be- *veen Brutus and Cassius are extremely atural, the thoughts are such as arise rom the matter, the expression of 'em ot viciously figurative. I cannot leave lis subject before I do justice to that Jvine poet by giving you one of his pas- .onate descriptions: 'tis of Richard the (econd when he was deposed and led 1 triumph through the streets of Lon- jn by Henry of Bullingbrook: the paint- ig of it is so lively, and the words so loving, that I have scarce read any- ping comparable to it in any other lan- page. Suppose you have seen already Le fortunate usurper passing through ie crowd, and followed by the shouts ad acclamations of the people; and now -hold King Richard entering upon the iene: consider the wretchedness of his •ndition and his carriage in it; and re- tain from pity. if you can — s in a theater, the eyes of men, .fter a well-graced actor leaves the \ stage, pre idly bent on him that enters next, hinking his prattle to be tedious: pen so, or with much more contempt, men's eyes .id srowl on Richard: no man cried, God save him: iful tongue gave him his welcome 1 home, .ut dust was thrown upon his sacred head, thich with such gentle sorrow he shook I. °V> its face still combating with tears and 1 smiles Whe badges of his grief and patience), mat had not God (for some strong pur- | pose) steel' d au hearts of men, they must perforce have melted, -nd barbansin itself have pitied him. To speak justly of this whole matter- 's neither height of thought that is dis- «mmended, nor pathetic vehemence, nor ■';>' nobleness of expression in its proper lace; but 'tis a false measure of all something which is like them, and i not them; 'tis the Bristol-stone which f pears like a diamond; 'tis an extrava- gant thought instead of a sublime one; 'tis roaring madness instead of vehem- ence; and a sound of words instead of sense. If Shakspeare were stripped of all the bombasts in his passions, and dressed in the most vulgar words, we should find the beauties of his thoughts remaining; if his embroideries were burnt down, there would still be silver at the bottom of the melting-pot: but I fear (at least let me fear it for myself) that we, who ape his sounding words, have nothing of his thought, but are all out- side; there is not so much as a dwarf within our giant's clothes. Therefore, let not Shakspeare suffer for our sakes; 'tis our fault, who succeed him in an age which is more refined, if we imitate him so ill that we copy his failings only and make a virtue of that in our writings which in his was an imperfection. For what remains, the excellency of that poet was, as I have said, in the more manly passions; Fletcher's in the softer: Shakspeare writ better betwixt man and man; Fletcher betwixt man and woman: consequently, the one described friend- ship better; the other love: yet Shak- speare taught Fletcher to write love: and Juliet and Desdemona are originals. 'Tis true the scholar had the softer soul; but the master had the kinder. Friend- ship is both a virtue and a passion essen- tially; love is a passion only in its na- ture, and is not a virtue but by acci- dent: good nature makes friendship; but effeminacy love. Shakspeare had an uni- versal mind, which comprehended all characters and passions; Fletcher a more confined and limited: for though he treated love in perfection, yet honor, ambition, revenge, and generally all the stronger passions, he either touched not, or not masterly. To conclude all, he was a limb of Shakspeare. I had intended to have proceeded to the last property of manners, which is, that they must be constant, and the char- acters maintained the same from the be- ginning to the end; and from thence to have proceeded to the thoughts and ex- pressions suitable to a tragedy: but I will first see how this will relish with the age. It is, I confess, but cursorily written; yet the judgment, which is given here, is generally founded upon experi- ence; but because many men are shocked 202 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA at the name of rules, as if they were a kind of magisterial prescription upon poets, I will conclude with the words of Rapin, in his Reflections on Aristotle's work of Poetry: "If the rules be well considered, we shall find them to be made only to reduce Nature into method, to trace her step by step, and not to suffer the least mark of her to escape us: 'tis only by these that probability in fiction is maintained, which is the soul of poetry. They are founded upon good sense, and sound reason, rather than on authority; for though Aristotle and Hor- ace are produced, yet no man must argue that what they write is true, because they writ it; but 'tis evident, by the ridicu- lous mistakes and gross absurdities which have been made by those poets who have taken their fancy only for their guide, that if this fancy be not regu- lated, it is a mere caprice, and utterly incapable to produce a reasonable and judicious poem." JOHN MILTON John Milton was born at London in 1608. His father was an Oxford man, and a musician of note. John received a very careful education both at school and at home. He was graduated from St. Paul's at the age of fifteen. Even before that time he is said to have written verses, in Latin and in English. He attended Christ's College, Cambridge, where he remained for over seven years. Some of his earliest known poems date from his college days, especially the Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity (1629). The years between 1632 and 1638 Milton spent with his father at Hor- ton. He intended to enter the church, but could not bring himself to subscribe to its tenets, and decided to devote his energies to literature. During his stay in the country he wrote L' Allegro and II Penseroso, Comus, which was per- formed in 1634, and Lycidas (1638). From Horton he went to the Continent. Toward the end of the year he was brought home by news of the Civil War. He returned in August of the next year, and became imbroiled in various religious controversies. At the same time he was giving a great deal of thought to projects for an epic or tragedy he hoped to write. In 1643 he was married, but his wife de- serted him soon after. This called forth his tract on divorce, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, etc. (1643). Two years later he was reconciled with his wife, who returned to him. In 1649 he became a Latin Secretary under Crom- well, and wrote a number of political pamphlets. He became blind in 1652, and his wife died the next year. He married again in 1656. He continued as secretary until the Restoration. At that time he was considered a menace to the government, and was arrested, but soon after released. His second wife died in 1660, and he married for the third time in 1663. Paradise Lost was begun in 1658, and finished five years later, but not published until 1667. In 1671, to- gether with Paradise Found, he pub- lished his drama Samson Agonistes, with the preface on tragedy. He died in 1674. Milton's contribution to the theory of j the drama is slight enough, for practi- cally his only mention of the subject is in the preface — Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which is call'd Tragedy — to his unactable pseudo-Greek play, Samson Agonistes. This is a defense of the form, based not primarily on Greek, but on Italian Renaissance ideas. The play il an exemplification of the theory. Pro- j fessor Thorndike in his Tragedy, says: * 4 Though the play stands by itself, it may be said to represent a tendency to turn to Greek rather than to French models, a tendency boasted of by Dryden and Crowne, and fully manifest in the next century. And it takes its place at the head of the numerous, if sporadic, tragedies on Greek models that extend from the Restoration to the present day." On the drama: Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which « call'd Tragedy (1671). JOHN MILTON 203 Editions: 'he Works of John Milton, etc^ 8 vols., ed. by I. Mitford (London, 1851). See See aso The Poetical Work* of John Milton, edited by John Masson (Globe ed., London, 1S77 ff). For special editions of Samson Agonistes, see those edited by J. C. Collins (Oxford, 1883), and by A. W. Verity (Cam- bridge, 1892). The Preface alone is re-printed in the second volume of J. E. Spingarn's Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1908). On Milton and his works: . A. Brooke, Milton (London, 1879). R. Garnett, Life of John Milton (Lon- don, 1890). D. Masson, The Life of John Milton, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 1859-80. Index vol., 1894). W. A. Raleigh, Milton (London, 1890). A. Schmidt, Mil tons dramatische Dich- tungen (Konigsberg, 1864). W. P. Trent, John Milton (New York, 1899). Matthew Arnold, Mixed Essays (Lon- don, 1879). , Essays in Criticism, 2nd series (London, 1888). I. Bywater, Milton and the Aristotelian Definition of Tragedy (In Jour, of Phil., xxvii, p. 267, 1900). F THAT SORT OF DRAMATIC POEM WHICH IS CALLED TRAGEDY 1 ([Preface to] Samson Agonistes) (1671) Tragedy, as it was anciently composed, ith been ever held the gravest, moral- t, and most profitable of all other Mms; therefore said by Aristotle to be er, by raising pity and fear, or . to purge the mind of those and ch like passions, that is, to temper and duce them to just measure with a kind delight, stirred up by reading or see- :g those passions well imitated. Xor ire wanting in her own effects to lake good this assertion; for so in iysic, things of melancholic hue and •ality are used against melancholy, sour {ainst sour, salt to remove salt humors. ence philosophers and other gravest -. as Cicero, Plutarch, and others, equentlv cite out of tragic poets, both adorn and illustrate their discourse. '*? Apostle Paul himself thought it not lworthy to insert a verse of Euripides to the text of Holy Scripture, / Cor. . 33; and Paraeus, commenting on the evelation, divides the whole Book, as - dv, into acts, distinguished each \ a chorus of heavenly harpings and :ng between. Heretofore men in high- «t dignitv have labored not a little to be ought able to compose a tragedy. Of at honor Dionysius the Elder was no 1 Reprinted from the second volume of J. E. 'ingarn's Critical Essays of the Seventeenth ntury (Oxford, 1903). — Ed. less ambitious than before of his attain- ing to the Tyranny. Augustus Caesar also had begun his Ajax, but, unable to please his own judgment with what be had begun, left it unfinished. Seneca the philosopher is by some thought the author of those tragedies (at least the best of them) that go under that name. Gregory Xazianzen, a Father of the Church, thought it not unbeseeming the sanctity of his person to write a tragedy, which he entitled Christ Suffering. This is mentioned to vindicate tragedy from the small esteem, or rather infamy, which in the account of many it undergoes at this day, with other common interludes; happening through the poets' error of in- termixing comic stuff with tragic sadness and gravity, or introducing trivial and vulgar persons; which by all judicious hath been counted absurd and brought in without discretion, corruptly to grat- ify the people. And though ancient tragedy use no Prologue, yet using some- times, "in case of self-defense or explana- tion, that which Martial calls an Epistle, in behalf of this tragedy, coming forth after the ancient manner, much differ- ent from what among us passes for best, thus much beforehand may be Epistled: that Chorus is here introduced after the Greek manner, not ancient only, but modern, and still in use among the Ital- 204 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA ians. In the modeling therefore of this poem, with good reason, the Ancients and Italians are rather followed, as of much more authority and fame. The measure of verse used in the Chorus is of all sorts, called by the Greeks Monos- trophic, or rather Apolelyrnenon, without regard had to Strophe, Antistrophe, or Epode, which were a kind of stanzas framed only for the music, then used with the chorus that sung, not essential to the poem, and therefore not material; or being divided into stanzas or pauses, they may be called Allceostropha. Di- vision into act and scene, referring chiefly to the stage (to which this work never was intended) is here omitted. It suffices if the whole drama be found not produced beyond the fifth act; of the style and uniformity, and that commonly called the plot, whether intricate or ex- plicit — which is nothing indeed but such economy or disposition of the fable as may stand best with verisimilitude and decorum — they only will best judge who are not unacquainted with ^Eschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the three tragic poets unequaled yet by any, and the best rule to all who endeavor to write tragedy. The circumscription of time, wherein the whole drama begins and ends is, according to the ancient rule and best example, within the space of twenty-four hours. THOMAS RYMER Thomas Rymer was born, probably at Yafforth Hall, Yorkshire, in 1641. He distinguished himself for scholarship at school, and entered Cambridge in 1658. He did not, however, take his degree. He studied law and in 1673 was admitted to the bar. His first published work was a translation of Cicero's Prince (1668). In 1674 he published his trans- lation of Rend Rapin's Reflexions sur la potitique, as the Reflexions on Aris- totle's Treatise of Poesie. Three years later he published his tragedy of Edgar, which failed. Tt appeared in print the following year, when his Tragedies of the Last Age Consider' d were first published. The next few years he put forth a few occasional poems some political works and translations from the Latin. In 1695 he was appointed historiographer royal, and in 1693 published his Short View of Tragedy, which called forth considerable comment. The same year he began work on his Foedora, a collection of historical documents relative to England's foreign alliances, which appeared between 1704 and 1713. Rymer died at London in 1713. Rymer's criticism of Shakespeare has brought him into such disrepute that to this day he is regarded rather as a wild heretic than the sincere though often mis- guided critic he really was. He was a strict neo-classic, and the carelessness of the Elizabethans aroused all his ire "as a follower of Rapin and the extremists from across the Channel. Rymer stood for verisimilitude, good sense, order, and balance; he could not see the greatness of a Shakespeare when that greatness was accompanied by absurdities and short- comings. A great deal of what he says about the Elizabethans is quite true, and many of his remarks are sane, but he was utterly unable to make necessary allow- ances. In an age that sould see little of good in the Elizabethans, it was but natural that Pope should consider Rymer " one of the best critics we ever had,' 1 just as it was to be expected that Mac- aulay should think him " the worst critic ; that ever lived." On the drama: The Preface of the Translator, in Rap- in's Reflexions on Aristotle's TreatU* of Poesie (1674). The Tragedies of the Last Age Consid- er'd and Examin'd by the Practice of the Ancients and by the Common Sense of All Ages (1678). A Short View of Tragedy, Its Original Excellency and Corruption, With Som« Reflections on Shakespear and Other Practitioners for the Stage (1693). THOMAS RYMER 205 Editions: .""he Preface to Rapin, and excerpts from The Tragedies of the Last Age and A Short View are reprinted in the sec- ond volume of Spingarn's Critical Et- ta ys of the Seventeenth Century (Ox- ford, 1908). < On Rymer and his works: ntroduction to the first volume of Spin- garn's Critical Etta us of the- Seven- teenth Century (Oxford, 1908). Samuel Johnson, Dryden (in Livet of the Poett; ed., Oxford, 1908). Encyclopedia Britannica, voL 23 (11th ed., Cambridge, 1910). Sir T. X. Talfourd, Critical and Miscel- laneous Writings, 3rd American ed., Boston, 1854). A. Hofherr, Thomas Rymer't drama- titche Kritik (Heidelberg, 1908). George Saintsburv, A Hittory of Criti- cism, voL 2 (New York, 1902). >HORT VIEW OF TRAGEDY, ITS ORIGINAL EXCELLENCY AND COR- RUPTION. WITH SOME REFLECTIONS ON SHAKESPEAR AND OTHER PRACTITIONERS FOR THE STAGE 1 (1693) CHAP. I THE CONTENTS fie Chorut keeps the poet to rules. A {show to the spectators. Tico tenset \to be pleated. The eye, by the thaw and the action. Playt acted -without icords. Words often better out of the joay. Instance in Shakespeare. Ben yonton and Seneca noted. To the ear, pronunciation is all in all. The story of Demosthenes. Mistakes in judging. Two sorts of judges. At Athens a third sort. Judges upon oath. In France judgrs divided about the " Cid.'' Cardinal Richelieu against majority. At the *' Thomus Ai^rus," [meping unawares. Horace angry tcith ■3. The French opera inconsistent vith nature and good tense. Bur- -se. At Paris Christ's Pat- ion in burletque. A tragedy of Etchylus. The defeat of Xerxes. The subject and economy. How imi- ated for our English stage. King f ohn of I- ranee, Francis I prisoners. The Spanish Armada in '88. An imi- ation recommended to Mr. Dryden. .Vhat reformation may not we expect, dv that in France they" see the necessity Re-printed from the extracts in the second bum of J. E. Spingarn's Critical Essays of '■* Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1908). : ter is complete. — Ed. of a chorus to their tragedies? Boyer and Racine, both of the Royal Academy, have led the dance: they have tried the success in the last plays that were pre- sented by them. The chorus was the root and original, and is certainly almost always the neces- sary part, of tragedy. The spectators thereby are secured that their poet shall not juggle, or put upon them in the matter of place and time other than is just and reasonable for the representation. And the poet has this benefit: the chorus is a goodly show, so that he need not ramble from his subject, out of his wits for some foreign toy or hobby-horse to humor the multitude. Aristotle tells us of two senses that must be pleased: our sight and our ears. And it is in vain for a poet, with Bayes in The Rehearsal, to complain of injus- tice and the wrong judgment in his audi- ence, unless these two senses be grati- fied. The worst on it is that most people are wholly led by these senses, and follow them upon content, without ever trou- bling their noodle farther. How many plays owe all their success to a rare show? Even in the days of Horace, enter on the stage a person in a costly strange habit. Lord, what clap- ping, what noise and thunder, as heaven and earth were coming together! Yet not one word 206 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Dixit adhuc aliquid? Nil sane: quid placeat ergo Lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno. Was there aught said? Troth, no! What then did touch ye? Some Prince of Bantam, or a Mamamouche. It matters not whether there be any plot, any characters, any sense, or a wise word from one end to the other, pro- vided in our play we have the Senate of Rome, the Venetian Senate in their Pon- tificalibus, or a blackamoor ruffian, or Tom Dove, or other four-legged hero of the Bear-garden. The eye is a quick sense, will be in with our fancy and prepossess the head strangely. Another means whereby the eye misleads our judgment is the action. We go to see a play acted; in tragedy is represented a memorable action, so the spectators are always pleased to see ac- tion, and are not often so ill-natured to pry into and examine whether it be proper, just, natural, in season or out of season. Bayes in The Rehearsal well knew this secret. The two Kings are at their Coranto; nay, the moon and the earth dance the Hey; anything in nature or against nature, rather than allow the serious council or other dull business to interrupt or obstruct the action. This thing of Action finds the blind- side of humankind an hundred ways. We laugh and weep with those that laugh or weep; we gape, stretch, and are very dotterels by example. Action is speaking to the eyes; and all Europe over, plays have been represented with great applause in a tongue unknown and sometimes without any language at all. Many, peradventure, of the tragical scenes in Shakespeare, cried up for the action, might do yet better without words. Words are a sort of heavy bag- gage that were better out of the way at the push of action, especially in his bom- bast circumstance, where the words and action are seldom akin, generally are in- consistent, at cross purposes, embarrass or destrov each other; yet to those who take not the words distinctly, there may be something in the buzz and sound that, like a drone to a bagpipe, may serve to set off the action. For an instance of the former, would not a rap at the door better expresi Iago's meaning than — Call aloud. Iago. Do, with like timorous accent and dire yell As when, by night and negligence, the fin Is spied in populous cities? For what ship? Who is arrived? The answer is: 'Tis one Iago, Ancient to the General. He has had most favorable and happt, Tempests themselves, high seas, anc howling winds, The guttered rocks and congregatec sands, Traitors ensteeped to clog the guiltles keel. As having sense of beauty, do omit Their common natures, letting go safel by The divine Desdemona. Is this the language of the Exchang or the Insuring office? Once in a man') life he might be content at Bedlam t hear such a rapture. In a play on; should speak like a man of business; h speech must be HoXtri/cds, which tr 1 French render Agissante, the Italiar Negotiosa and Operativa; but by th gentleman's talk one may well guess if has nothing to do. And he has mar| companions that are — Hey day! I know not what to do nor what to say. j It was then a strange imagination Ben Jonson to go stuff out a play wij Tully's Orations, and in Seneca, to thi)| his dry morals and a tedious str.iin sentences might do feats or ha \ wonderful operation in the drama. Some go to see, others to hear, a pli The poet should please both; but bi the spectators are satisfied, whatever < tertainment he give his audience. But if neither the show nor the acti, cheats us, there remains still a m vehicle to carry off nonsense, which : the pronunciation. By the loud trumpet which our courom aids, THOMAS RYMER 207 T t learn, that sound as well as sense persuades. Demosthenes had a good stock of sense, as a great master of words, could turn period, and draw up his tropes in a le of battle; and fain would he have en some effect of his Orations: nobody •jjs moved, nobody minded him. He j»es to the playhouse, bargains with an ;tor, and learned of him to speak sundry and gracefully. From that time, ho but Demosthenes? Never such a hding man! Whenever he spake, no (vision, not a vote to the contrary, the Mole House were with him, Nemine cou- nt e. This change observed, a i end went to him for the secret. " Tell r," says he, "Your nostrum, tell me \ur receipt. What is the main in- jedient that makes an orator?" De- nsthenes answered: "Pronunciation." -"What then the next thing?" — " Pro- rnciation." — " Pray then what the t rd ? " — Still was the answer, " Pro- cnciation." Now, this was at Athens, where want o wit was never an objection against tin. So that it is not in song only that arood voice diverts us from the wit and sise. From the stage, bar, or the pul- ps a good voice will prepossess our ears al, having seized the pass, is in a fair wy to surprise our judgment. .onsidering then what power the show, tl action, and the pronunciation have or us, it is no wonder that wise men oen mistake and give an hasty judg- nnt, which upon a review is justly set aJe. iorace divides the judges into Ma- jtes Numero, and the few of better s*t; and these for the most part were different judgments. The like dis- n may hold in all nations; only at wens there was a third sort, who were j'ges upon oath, Judges in Commission, b the government sworn to do right, ajl determine the merits of a play with- 01 favor or affection. lut amongst the moderns never was a canvassed with so much heat be- tven the play-judges as that in France alut CorneUle's Tragedy of the Cid. 1 majority were so fond of it that lem it became a proverb, Cela est P» beau que le Cid. On the other side, Cardinal Richelieu damned it, and said: * All the pudder about it was only be- tween the ignorant people and the men of judgment." Yet this Cardinal with so nice a taste had not many years before been several times to see acted the Tragedy of Sir Thomas More, and as often wept at the representation. Never were known so many people crowded to death as at that play. Yet was it the manufacture of Jehan de Serre, one about the form of our Flecknoe or Thomas Jordan, the same De Serre that dedicated a Book of Meditations to King Charles I and went home with pockets full of medals and reward. By this instance we see a man the most sharp and of the greatest penetration was imposed upon by these cheating senses, the eyes and the ears, which greedily took in the impression from the show, the action, and from the emphasis and pronunciation, though there was no great matter of fable, no manners, no fine thoughts, no language; that is, noth- ing of a tragedy, nothing of a poet all the while. Horace was very angry with these empty shows and vanity, which the gen- tlemen of his time ran like mad after. Insanos oculos, et gaudia vana. What would he have said to the French opera, of late so much in vogue? There it is for you to bewitch your eyes and to charm your ears. There is a cup of enchantment, there is music and ma- chine; Circe and Calypso in conspiracy against nature and good sense. 'Tis a debauch the most insinuating and the most pernicious; none would think an opera and civil reason should be the growth of one and the same climate. But shall we wonder at anything for a sacrifice to the Grand Monarch? Such worship, such idol! All flattery to him is insipid unless it be prodigious. Noth- ing reasonable or within compass can come near the matter. All must be mon- strous, enormous, and outrageous to nature, to be like him, or give any echo on his appetite. Were Rabelais alive again, he would look on his Gargantua as but a pigmy. The hero's race excels the poefs 208 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA thought. The Academy Royal may pack up their modes and methods, and pen- sees tngenieuses; the Racines and the Corneilles must all now dance to the tune of Baptista. Here is the opera; here is Machine and Baptista, farewell Apollo and the Muses! Away with your opera from the thea- ter ! Better had they become the heathen temples, for the Corybantian priests and (Semiviros Gallos) the old capons of Gaul, than a people that pretend from Charlemagne or descend from the un- doubted loins of German and Norman conquerors. In the French, not many years before, was observed the like vicious appetite and immoderate passion for vers bur- lesque. They were current in Italy an hundred years ere they passed to this side the Alps. But when once they had their turn in France, so right to their humor, they overran all; nothing wise or sober might stand in their way. All were pos- sessed with the spirit of burlesque, from Doll in the dairy to the matrons at Court and maids of honor. Nay, so far went the frenzy, that no bookseller would med- dle on any terms without burlesque; in- somuch that Ann. 1649 was at Paris printed a serious treatise with this title: — La Passion de Nostre Seigneur, En Vers Burlesques. If we cannot rise to the perfection of intrigue in Sophocles, let us sit down with the honesty and simplicity of the first beginners in tragedy. As for ex- ample : One of the most simple now extant is The Persians by ^Eschylus. Some ten years after that Darius had been beaten by the Greeks, Xerxes (his father Darius being dead) brought against them such forces by sea and land, the like never known in history; Xerxes went also in person, with all the Maison de Boy, Satrapie, and Gendar- merie: all were routed. Some forty years afterwards the poet takes hence his sub- ject for a tragedy. The Place is by Darius' tomb, in the Metropolis of Persia. The Time is the night, an hour or two before daybreak. First, on the stage »re seen flftee persons in robes proper for the Satrapi or chief Princes in Persia. Suppose the met so early at the tomb, then sacra and ordinarily resorted to by peop] troubled in mind, on the accounts o dreams or any thing not boding gooc They talk of the state of affairs: o Greece and of the Expedition. Afte some time take upon them to be th Chorus. The next on the stage comes Atossa the Queen Mother of Persia; she coul< not. lie in bed for a dream that trouble! her, so in a fit of devotion comes to be husband's tomb, there luckily meets witl so many wise men and counselors to eas her mind by interpreting her drean This, with the Chorus, makes the Secon Act. After this, their disorder, lamentatioi and wailing is such that Darius is dis turbed in his tomb, so his ghost appear and belike stays with them till daybreal Then the Chorus concludes the Act. In the fourth Act come the Mess with sad tidings which, with the renV tions and troubles thereupon, and tl Chorus, fill out this Act. In the last, Xerxes himself arrivt which gives occasion of condoling, how ing and distraction enough to the end the tragedy. One may imagine how a Grecian aw ence that loved their country and glori in the virtue of their ancestors, would affected by this representation. Never appeared on the stage a of greater consequence. The Gra Monarch Darius, who had been so si fully beaten by those petty provinces the united Grecians, could not now quiet in his grave for them, but in raised from the dead again, to be witn of his son's disgrace and of their I umph. Were a tragedy after this model to drawn for our stage, Greece and Pf sia are too far from us. The scene m : be laid nearer home : as at the Low I and instead of Xerxes we might t • John King of France, and the Battl< ' Poitiers. So if the Germans or S| ' iards were to compose a play on the J " tie of Pavia, and King Francis » ' there taken prisoner, the scene shi ^ not be laid at Vienna or at Madrid, t THOMAS RYMER 209 at the Louvre. For there the tragedy would principally operate, and there all the lines most naturally center. But perhaps the memorable adventure of the Spaniards in 'SS against England may better resemble that of Xerxes. Suppose, then, a tragedy called The In- vincible Armada. The place, then, for the action may be at Madrid, by some tomb or solemn place of resort; or, if we prefer a turn in it from good to bad fortune, then some drawing-room in the palace near the King's bed-chamber. The time to begin, twelve at night. The scene opening presents fifteen jrandees of Spain, with their most sol- emn beards and accouterments, met there 'suppose) after some ball or other pub- ic occasion. They talk of the state of iffairs, the greatness of their power, the 'astness of their dominions, and prospect .0 be infallibly, ere long, lords of all. rVith this prosperity and goodly thoughts ransported, they at last form themselves nto the Chorus, and walk such measures, vith music, as may become the gravity >f such a Chorus. Then enter two or three of the Cabinet ounciL who now have leave to tell the ecret, that the preparations and the In- incible Armada was to conquer Eng- md. These, with part of the Chorus, communicate all the particulars, he provisions, and the strength by sea nd land, the certainty of success, the dvantages of that accession, and the tun of tar-barrels for the Heretics, hese topics may afford matter enough, <ith the Chorus, for the Second Act. In the Third Act, these gentlemen of le Cabinet cannot agree about sharing ie preferments of England, and a lighty broil there is amongst them. One ill not be content unless he is King f Man; another will be Duke of Lan- aster. One, that had seen a coronation 1 England, will by all means be Duke of icquitaine, or else Duke of Normandy. And on this occasion two competitors ave a juster occasion to work up and low the muscles of their passion than hakespeare's Cassius and Brutus.) ^fter — the Chorus. The Fourth Act may, instead of Atossa, resent some old Dames of the Court, sed to dream dreams and see sprites, in their night-rails and forehead-clothes, to alarm our gentlemen with new appre- hensions, which make distraction and dis- orders sufficient to furnish out this Act. In the last Act the King enters, and widely discourses against dreams and hobgoblins, to quiet their minds. And the more to satisfy them and take off their fright, he lets them to know that St. Loyola had appeared to him and assured him that all is welL This said, comes a Messenger of the ill news; his account is lame, suspected, he sent to prison- A Second Messenger, that came away long after but had a speedier pas- sage; his account is distinct, and all their loss credited. So, in fine, one of the Chorus concludes with that of Eu- ripides : - Thus you see the gods brings things to pass often otherwise than was by man proposed." In this draft we see the fable, and the characters or manners of the Spaniards, and room for fine thoughts and noble expressions, as much as the poet can afford. The First Act gives a review or osten- tation of their strength in battle array. In the Second, they are in motion for the attack and we see where the action falls. In the Third, they quarrel about di- viding the spoil. In the Fourth, they meet with a re- pulse, are beaten off by a van-guard of dreams, goblins, and terrors of the night. In the Fifth, they rally under their King in person, and make good their ground, till overpowered by fresh troops of conviction, and mighty Truth prevails. For the First Act, a painter would draw Spain hovering and ready to strike at the Universe. In the Second, just taking England in her pounces. But it must not be forgotten, in the Second Act, that there be some Spanish Friar or Jesuit, as St Xavier (for he may drop in by miracle anywhere), to ring in their ears the Northern Heresy, like Iago in Shakespeare — " Put money in thy purse, I say, put money in thy purse." — So often may he repeat the Northern Heresy. " Away with your secular advantages, I say, the Northern 2IO EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA Heresy; there is roast meat for the Church; Voto a Christo, the Northern Heresy ! " If Mr. Dryden might try his pen on this subject doubtless to an audience that heartily love their country and glory in the virtue of their ancestors, his imi- tation of ^schylus would have better success, and would pit, box, and gallery, far beyond anything now in possession of the stage, however wrought up by the unimitable Shakespeare. WILLIAM CONGREVE William Congreve was born at Bard- sey in 1670. His father was sent, soon after the son's birth, to Ireland, where he was in command of a garrison at Youghal. William received his first schooling at Kilkenny, and later attended the University of Dublin, where he made the acquaintance of Swift. He then went to London and entered the Middle Temple as a law student. His first lit- erary work was a novel, Incognita. In 1693 he was, however, to give evidence of his genius, in The Old Bachelor, a brilliant comedy, which was eminently successful. The next year he produced The Double Dealer, which was not suc- cessful, but which Dryden, who had stood sponsor for the first play, highly praised. Love for Love (1695) and The Mourning Bride (1697) a trag- edy, followed the unsuccessful play. Then came Collier's famous attack on the stage (1698), which called forth Con- greve's Amendments upon Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations, etc., the same year. Meanwhile he had written his Letter Concerning Humour in Com- edy in 1696. In 1700 Congreve produced his masterpiece, The Way of the World. The play was not a success, and from the year 1700 to his death in 1729 Con- greve never wrote another; a small vol- ume of indifferent verses, a sort of masque, and parts of a play translated from Moliere, are the result of his liter- ary efforts during the rest of his life. Congreve was doubtless somewhat dis- couraged over the Collier controversy; he was piqued over the coolness with which his last, and greatest, comedy was received, he was in poor health — and besides, he did not need money. Con- breve's life during the eighteenth century contains little of interest. He spent his time in traveling, in cultivating his friends, in writing occasional verses, and a poor opera; he was a victim of the gout, and became blind by 1710. He was next employed in several minor capaci- ties, which assured him at least a com- fortable income, for when he died he left ten thousand pounds to the Duchess of Marlborough. Congreve is the master of the English comedy of manners. His remarks on the drama possess not only some of the qualities which make his dramatic work effective, they are in addition a valuable comment on the comedies of Congreve's own age. Like Dryden, Congreve uses the comparative method, but maintains truthfully that real humor is indigenously i English, and that "it does not seem to have found such increase on any other | soil." The Prefaces and Dedications to the plays, while their brevity precludes any detailed discussion, are full ol interesting remarks. For instance, ir the Epistle Dedicatory to The DoubU Dealer, he says: " I designed the mora first, and to that moral I invented UK- fable, and do not know that I hav. borrowed one hint of it anywhere, made the plot as strong as I could, be- cause it was single; and I made it sin gle, because I would avoid confusion and was resolved to preserve the thre unities of the drama." Like many prac- ticing theorists, Congreve's theory am, his practice do not always coincide, bu his plea for the Unities is more ser sible than that of any other theorif of the time. The same Epistle contain equally interesting remarks on the Bom quy and characterization. The Dedv< tion to The Way of the WorUl also coi tains sundry references to the art » the dramatist. The Dedication to V WILLIAM CONGREVE 211 Mourning Bride contains a few of the cut-and-dried formulas on tragedy and the moral end of that form. On the drama: Epistles Dedicatory to The Double- Dealei (1694). Concerning Humour in Comedy (in Let- ters upon /Several Occasions, etc., 1696). Dedication to The Mourning Bride (1697). Amendments upon Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations, etc. (1698). Dedication to The Way of the World (1700). Editions: The first edition of Congreve's collected Works appeared in 3 vols. (London, 1710). The dramatic works have been often reprinted: The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar, by Leigh Hunt (Lon- don, 1849); The Comedies of William Congreve, edited by W. G. S. Street, 2 vols. (London, 1895); The Best Plays of William Congreve, edited by A. C. Ewald (Mermaid ed., New York, 1903). A number of Congreve's letters are found in Monck Berkeley's Literary Relics. Concerning Humour in Com- edy is reprinted by J. E. Spingarn in vol. 3, of Critical Essays of the /Seven- teenth Century, Oxford, 1909. On Congreve and his works: Prefaces to editions cited. Samuel Johnson, Congreve (in Lives of the Poets, eds. cited). William Hazlitt, Lectures on the Eng- lish Comic Writers, etc. (London, 1818. Reprint in Everyman's Library, New York, n.d.). Charles Lamb, The Artificial Comedy of the Last Century (in Essays of Elia, E. V. Lucas ed. of the Works, Lon- don, 1907). T. B. Macaulay, Leigh Hunt (in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, ed. Mon- tague, London, 1903). Leslie Stephen, William Congreve (in Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 12, London, 1887). A. C. Swinburne, Miscellanies (London, 1886). W. M. Thackeray, The English Humour- ists of the Eighteenth Century, etc. (London, 1853. Reprinted in Every- man's Library, New York, n.d.; also Biographical ed., vol. 7, London, 1897). Charles Wilson, Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Amours of W. Con- greve, Esq., etc. (London, 1730). C. P. Armstrong, William Congreve (in From Shakespeare to Shaw, London, 1913). Edmund Gosse, Life of William Con- greve (London, 1888). A. Bennewitz, Congreve und Moliere (Leipzig, 1890). George Meredith, An Essay on Comedy (London, 1897). D. Schmid, Congreve, sein Leben und seine Lustspiele (W'ien, 1897). CONCERNING HUMOR IN COMEDY i (1696) Dear Sir: You write to me that you have enter- ained yourself two or three days with eading several comedies of several au- hors; and your observation is that there I more of humor in our English writers ban in any of the other comic poets, ncient or modern. You desire to know "iy opinion, and at the same time my i Re-printed from the third volume of J. E. pingarn's Critical Essays of the Seventeenth entury (Oxford, 1909). — Ed. thought, of that which is in general called Humor in comedy. I agree with you in an impartial pref- erence of our English writers in that particular. But if I tell you my thoughts of humor, I must at the same time con- fess that which I take for true humor has not been so often written by them as is generally believed; and some who have valued themselves and have been esteemed by others for that kind of writ- ing, have seldom touched upon it. To 212 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA make this appear to the world would require a long and labored discourse, and such as I neither am able nor will- ing to undertake. But such little re- marks as may be within the compass of a letter, and such unpremeditated thoughts as may be communicated be- tween friend and friend without incur- ring the censure of the world, or setting up for a dictator, you shall have from me, since you have enjoined it. To define humor perhaps were as diffi- cult as to define wit ; for, like that, it is of infinite variety. To enumerate the several humors of men were a work as endless as to sum up their several opin- ions. And, in my mind, Quot homines tot sententiae, might have been more properly interpreted of humor; since there are many men of the same opinion in many things, who are yet quite differ- ent in humors. But though we cannot certainly tell what wit is, or what humor is, yet we may go near to show some- thing which is not wit or not humor, and yet often mistaken for both. And since I have mentioned wit and humor to- gether, let me make the first distinction between them, and observe to you that wit is often mistaken for humor. I have observed that when a few things have been wittily and pleasantly spoken by any character in a comedy, it has been very usual for those who make their remarks on a play while it is acting, to say, Such a thing is very humorously spoken; There is a great deal of humor in that part. Thus the character of the person speaking, may be, surprisingly and pleasantly is mistaken for a charac- ter of humor, which indeed is a character of wit. But there is a great difference between a comedy wherein there are many things humorously, as they call it, which is pleasantly, spoken, and one where there are several characters of humor, distinguished by the particular and different humors appropriated to the several persons represented, and which naturally arise from the different con- stitutions, complexions, and dispositions of men. The saying of humorous things does not distinguish characters; for every person in a comedy may be al- lowed to speak them. From a witty man they are expected; and even a fool may be permitted to stumble on 'em by chance. Though I make a difference be- twixt wit and humor, yet I do think that humorous characters exclude wit: no, but the manner of wit should be adapted to the humor. As, for instance, a char- acter of a splenetic and peevish humor should have a satirical wit. A jolly and sanguine humor should have a facetious wit. The former should speak positively; the latter, carelessly: for the former ob- serves and shows things as they are; the latter rather overlooks nature, and speaks things as he would have them, and wit and humor have both of them less alloy of judgment than the others. As wit, so its opposite, folly, is some- times mistaken for humor. When a poet brings a character on the stage committing a thousand absurdities, and talking impertinencies, roaring aloud, and laughing immoderately on every or rather upon no occasion, this is a char- j acter of humor. Is anything more common than to have I a pretended comedy stuffed with such i grotesques, figures and farce fools? j Things that either are not in nature, or, i if they are, are monsters and births of ! mischance, and consequently, as such, should be stifled and huddled out of the way, like Sooterkins. That mankind may not be shocked with an appearing pos- sibility of the degeneration of a god- like species. For my part, I am as will- ing to laugh as anybody, and as easily diverted with an object truly ridiculous; but at the same time, I can never can for seeing things that force me to ( tain low thoughts of any nature. 1 don't know how it is with others, but confess freely to you, I could never lool long upon a monkey without very morti fying reflections, though I never hear anything to the contrary why that ture is not originally of a distinct specie As I don't think humor exclusive of wi neither do I think it inconsistent wit folly; but I think the follies should I only such as men's humors may inclii 'em to, and not follies entirely abstract* from both humor and nature. Sometimes personal defects are *?» represented for humors. I mean, sometimes characters an barously exposed on the stage, ridici ing natural deformities, casual defe< in the senses, and infirmities of aj WILLIAM CONGREVE 213 Sure the poet must be very ill-natured himsi-lf, and think his audience so, when he proposes by showing a man deformed, or deaf, or blind, to give them an agree- able entertainment, and hopes to raise their mirth by what is truly an object of compassion. But much need not be said upon this head to anybody, espe- cially to you, who, in one of your Let- ters to me concerning Mr. Jonson's Fox, have justly expected against this im- mortal part of ridicule in Corbaccio's character; and there I must agree with you to blame him whom otherwise I cannot enough admire for his great mas- tery of true humor in comedy. External habit of body is often mis- taken for humor. By external habit I do not mean the ridiculous dress or clothing of a charac- ter, though that goes a good way in some received characters. (But undoubtedly, a man's humor may incline him to dress differently from other people.) But I mean a singularity of manners, speech, and behavior, peculiar to all or most of the same country, trade, profession, or education. I cannot think that a humor which is only a habit or disposition con- tracted by use or custom; for by a dis- use, or compliance with other customs, it may be worn off or diversified. Affectation is generally mistaken for humor. These are indeed so much alike that at a distance they may be mistaken one for die other. For what is humor in one may oe affectation in another; and nothing is more common than for some to affect oarticular ways of saying and doing ihings, peculiar to others whom they ad- mire and would imitate. Humor is the dfe, affectation the picture. He that draws a character of affectation shows uimor at the second hand; he at best out publishes a translation, and his pic- :ures are but copies. But as these two last distinctions are he nicest, so it may be most proper to explain them by particular instances roTn some author of reputation. Humor take either to be born with us, and so »f a natural growth, or else to be grafted nto us by some accidental change in the onstitution, or revolution of the internal iabit of body, bv which it becomes, if I aay so call it, naturalized. Humor is from nature, habit from cus- tom, and affectation from industry. Humor shows us as we are. Habit shows us as we appear under a forcible impression. Affectation shows what we would be under a voluntary disguise. Though here I would observe by the way that a continued affectation may in time become a habit The character of Morose in The Silent Woman I take to be a character of Humor. And I choose to instance this character to you from many others of the same author, because I know it has been condemned by many as unnatural and farce; and you have yourself hinted some dislike of it for the same reason, in a Letter to me concerning some of Jon- son's plays. Let us suppose Morose to be a man naturally splenetic and melancholy; is there anything more offensive to one of such a disposition than noise and clamor? Let any man that has a spleen (and there are enough in England) be judge. We see common examples of this humor, in little, every day. Tis ten to one but three parts in four of the company that you dine with are discomposed and star- tled at the cutting of a fork or scratch- ing a plate with a knife. It is a propor- tion of the same humor that makes such or any other noise offensive to the person that hears it; for there are others who will not be disturbed at all by it. Well, but Morose, you will say, is "so extrava- gant, he cannot hear any discourse or conversation above a whisper. Why, it is his excess of this humor that makes* him become ridiculous, and qualifies his char- acter for comedy. If the poet had given him but a moderate proportion of that humor, 'tis odds but half the audience would have sided with the character and have condemned the author for exposing a humor which was neither remarkable nor ridiculous. Besides, the distance of the stage requires the figure represented to be something larger than the life; and sure a picture may have figures larger in proportion, and yet be very like the orig- inal. If this exactness of quantity were to be observed in wit, as some would have it in humor, what would become of those comedies that are designed for men of wit? I believe that if a poet should 214 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA steul a dialogue of any length from the extempore discourse of the two wittiest men upon earth, he would find the scene but coldly received by the town. But to the purpose. The character of Sir John Daw in the same play is a character of affectation. He everywhere discovers an affectation of learning, when he is not only con- scious to himself, but the audience also plainly perceives that he is ignorant. Of this kind are the characters of Thraso in The Eunuch of Terence, and Pyrgopoli- nices in the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus. They affect to be thought valiant, when both themselves and the audience know they are not. Now, such a boasting of valor in men who were really valiant would undoubtedly be a humor; for a fiery disposition might naturally throw a man into the same extravagance, which is only affected in the characters I have mentioned. The character of Cob in Every Man in his Humour and most of the under char- acters in Bartholomew Fair, discover only a singularity of manners, appropriate to the several educations and professions of the persons represented. They are not humors, but habits contracted by custom. Under this head may be ranged all coun- try-clowns, sailors, tradesmen, jockeys, gamesters, and such-like, who make use of cants or peculiar dialects in their sev- eral arts and vocations. One may almost give a receipt for the composition of such a character: for the poet has nothing to do but to collect a few proper phrases and terms of art, and to make the per- son apply them by ridiculous metaphors in his conversation with characters of different natures. Some late characters of this kind have been very successful; but in my mind they may be painted without much art or labor, since they re- quire little more than a good memory and superficial observation. But true humor cannot be shown without a dissec- tion of nature, and a narrow search to discover the first seeds from whence it has its root and growth. If I were to write to the world, I should be obliged to dwell longer upon each of these distinctions and examples, for I know that they would not be plain enough to all readers. But a bare hint is sufficient to inform you of the notions which I have on this subject: and I hope by this time you are of my opinion, that humor is neither wit, nor folly, nor per- sonal defect, nor affectation, nor habit, and yet that each and all of these have been both written and received for humor. I should be unwilling to venture even on a bare description of humor, much more to make a definition of it, but now my hand is in, I'll tell you what serves one instead of either. I take it to be A sin- gular and unavoidable manner of doing or saying anything, peculiar and natural to one man only, by which his speech and actions are distinguished from those of other men. Our humor has relation to us and to what proceeds from us, as the accidents have to a substance; it is a color, taste, and smell, diffused through all; though our actions are never so many and differ- ent in form, they are all splinters of the same wood, and have naturally one com- plexion, which, though it may be dis- guised by art, yet cannot be wholly changed: we may paint it with other ' colors, but we cannot change the grain. ! So the natural sound of an instrument will be distinguished, though the notes expressed by it are never so various, and the divisions never so many. Dissimula- I tion may by degrees become more easy J to our practice; but it can never abso- J lutely transubstantiate us into what we J would seem: it will always be in some proportion a violence upon nature. A man may change his opinion but I believe he will find it a difficulty to part with his humor, and there is nothing more provoking than the being made sensible of that difference. Sometimes one shall meet with those who perhaps innocently enough, but at the same time imperti- nently, will ask the question, Why are yov not merry? Why are you not gay, pleas- ant, and cheerful/ then, instead of an swering, could I ask such a one, Whi are you not handsome? Why have yw not black eyes and a better complexion Nature abhors to be forced. The two famous philosophers of Epbe sus and Abdera have their different sect at this day. Some weep and other laugh, at one and the same thing. I don't doubt but you have observe several men laugh when they are angr; WILLIAM CONGREVE 215 thers who are silent, some that are loud; et I cannot suppose that it is the pas- ion of anger which is in itself different, r more or less in one than in t'other, [ut that it is in the humor of the man lat is predominant, and urges him to tpeet it in that manner. Demonstra- ons of pleasure are as various: one man is a humor of retiring from all tom- my, when anything has happened to [ease him beyond expectation; he hugs mself alone, and thinks it an addition 1 the pleasure to keep it secret. An- her is upon thorns till he has made •oclamation of it, and must make other :ople sensible of his happiness before : can be so himself. So it is in grief id other passions. Demonstrations of ve and the effects of that passion upon veral humors are infinitely different; it here the ladies who abound in serv- its are the best judges. Talking of the dies, inethinks something should be ob- rved of the humor of the fair sex, since ey are sometimes so kind as to furnish t a character for comedy. But I must nfess I have never made any observa- nt of what I apprehend to be true mor in women. Perhaps passions are a powerful in that sex to let humor Jve its course; or may be by reason of ^eir natural celdness, humor cannot «ert itself to that extravagant degree Mich it often does in the male sex. For iever anything does appear comical or iliculous in a woman, I think it is little ijre than an acquired folly or an affec- ttion. We may call them the weaker st, but I think the true reason is be- tjuse our follies are stronger and our tults are more prevailing. One might think that the diversity of fcmor, which must be allowed to be dif- fsed throughout mankind, might afford tjdless matter for the support of corn- ties. But when we come closely to con- fer that point, and nicely to distin- jish the differences of humors, I believe v shall find the contrary. For though V allow every man something of his en, and a peculiar humor, yet every i;m has it not in quantity to become re- rirkable by it; or, if many do become rnarkable by their humors, yet all those Imors may not be diverting. Xor is it oly requisite to distinguish what humor MU be diverting, but also how much of it, what part of it to show in light, and what to cast in shades, how to set it off by preparatory scenes, and by opposing other humors to it in the same scene. Through a wrong judgment, sometimes, men's humors may be opposed when there is really no specific difference be- tween them, only a greater proportion of the same in one than in t'other, occa- sioned by his having more phlegm, or choler, or whatever the constitution is from whence their humors derive their source. There is infinitely more to be said on this subject, though perhaps I have al- ready said too much; but I have said it to a friend, who I am sure will not ex- pose it, if he does not approve of it. I believe the subject is entirely new, and was never touched upon before; and if I would have anyone to see this private essay, it should be some one who might be provoked by my errors in it to pub- lish a more judicious treatise on the sub- ject. Indeed I wish it were done, that the world, being a little acquainted with the scarcity of true humor and the dif- ficulty of finding and showing it, might look a little more favorably on the la- bors of them who endeavor to search into nature for it and lay it open to the public view. I don't say but that very entertaining and useful characters, and proper to comedy, may be drawn from affectation and those other qualities which I have endeavored to distinguish from humor; but I would not have such imposed on the world for humor, nor esteemed with equal value with it. It were perhaps the work of a long life to make one comedy true in all its parts, and to give every character in it a true and distinct humor. Therefore every poet must be beholding to other helps to make out his number of ridiculous characters. But I think such a one deserves to be broke, who makes all false monsters; who does not show one true humor in a comedy, but entertains his audience to the end of the play with everything out of nature. I will make but one observation to you more, and have done; and that is grounded upon an observation of your own, and which I mentioned at the begin- ning of my letter, viz., that there is more of humor" in our English comic writers 2l6 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA than in any others. I do not at all wonder at it, for I look upon humor to be almost of English growth; at least, it does not seem to have found such increase on any other soil. And what appears to me to be the reason of it is the greater free- dom, privilege, and liberty which the common people of England enjoy. Any man that has a humor is under no re- straint or fear of giving it vent; they have a proverb among them, which, may be, will show the bent and genius of the people as well as a longer discourse: "He that will have a may-pole, shall have a may-pole." This is a maxim with them, and their practice is agreeable to it. I believe something considerable too may be ascribed to their feeding so much on flesh, and the grossness of their diet in general. But I have done; let the physicians agree that. Thus you have my thoughts of humor, to my power of expressing them in so little time and compass. You will be kind to show me wherein I have erred; and as you are very capable of giving me instruction, so I think I have a very just title to de- mand it from you, being without reserve, Your real friend, and humble servant, W. Cokgeeve. GEORGE FARQUHAR George Farquhar was born in London- derry, Ireland, in 1677 .or 1678. Little is known of his early years beyond the fact that he went to school in his native town and entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1694. He remained there about a year. Not long after he made the acquaintance of the actor Robert Wilks, through whom he obtained a position in the Dublin stage, where he acted many parts dur- ing 1696. He accidentally wounded an actor and left the stage, having decided to write plays. He went to London that or the following year. Love and a Bot- tle, his first comedy, was produced at Drury Lane in 1698, and enjoyed a fair degree of popularity. It is interesting to know that soon after his arrival he dis- covered Nance Oldfield and with Van- brugh's help, secured her a place with Rich. Farquhar's next play brought him reputation. This was The Constant Couple, produced in 1699. The next year found him in Holland, probably for his health. Sir Harry Wildair, his next play, was produced in 1701. The Incon- stant and The Twin Rivals belong to the year 1702. Later in the same year Far- quhar published a little collection of mis- cellaneous prose and verse, in which he included his Discourse upon- Comedy. He was married probably the next year. He spent the following three in recruit- ing for the army, though he collaborated with Motteux in an adaptation from the French, called The Stage Coach (1704). Two years later The Recruit- ing Officer was performed at Drury Lane. Though it was successful, Farqu- har was harassed with debts and was forced to sell a commission which he held. During an illness in 1707 he wrote The Beaux' Stratagem, at the instigation of his friend Wilks. He died a few weeks after the first - performance. Farquhar's importance as a dramatist consists in his having combined many of the elements of the comedy of his time and evolving them into a form which was later developed by Goldsmith and Sheri- dan. One of the dire results of Collier's attack on the stage was the conversion of Farquhar. The Twin Rivals (1702) and its Preface constitute Farquhar's reply to Collier; the play, in the author's words, sets out to prove that " an Eng- lish comedy may answer the strictness of poetical justice." This was precisely the "poetical justice" which Addison at- tacked in the Spectator, the conventional reward of virtue and punishment of vice. The Discourse published the same year contains a defense of the drama against Collier and his followers, but in general, it is merely a light essay, anti-classic in its rejection of the Unities, GEORGE FARQUHAR 217 On the drama: Preface: To the Reader, in The Con- stant Couple (1700). Prologue to Sir Harry Wildalr (1701). A Discourse Upon Comedy in Reference to the English Stage (1702). Preface to The Inconstant (1703). Preface to The Twin-Rivals (1705). To All Friends round the Wrekin, in The Recruiting Officer (170o). Editions: The first collected edition of the plays is The Comedies of Mr. George Farqahar, published at London in 1709. The Dis- course appeared in the Works, in 1714. It was first published in 1702, in the volume entitled Love and Business. The Letters are published in most of the editions after 172S, together with biographical notices. The Discourse is reprinted in A Discourse upon Comedy, The Recruiting Officer, and The Beaux Stratagem, by Louis A. Strauss (Bos- ton, 1914), and by W. H. Durham, in Critical Essays of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, 1915). The Dramatic Works, edited by A. C. Ewald in 2 vols., are reprinted (Lon- don, 1892), and Four Plays, edited by William Archer, Mermaid Series (New York, 1905); also in Leigh Hunt's Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Con- greve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar (Lon- don, 1849 ff.). On Farquhar and his works: Prefatory matter to editions cited. Christian Heinrich Schmid, George Far- quhar (in Englisches Theater, erster theiL Introduction, Leipzig, 1772). Heinrich During, George Farquhar (in Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste, Leipzig, 1818). Otto Hallbauer, Life and Works of George Farquhar (Holzminden, 1880). Leslie Stephen, George Farquhar (in Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 18, London, 1889). Edmund Gosse, Gossip in a Library (London, 1S91). David Schmid, George Farquhar; sein Leben, und seine Original-Dramen (Wien, 1904). J. G. Robertson, Leaning and Farquhar (In Modern Language Review, vol. 2, 1907). A DISCOURSE UPON COMEDY IN REFERENCE TO THE ENGLISH STAGE In a Letter to a friend 1 (1702) But in the first place I must beg you, sir, to lay aside your superstitious ven- eration for antiquity, and the usual ex- pressions on that score; that the present age is illiterate, or their taste is vitiated; that we live in the decay of time, and the dotage of the world is fallen to our share. — 'Tis a mistake, sir; the world was never more active or youthful, and true downright sense was never more univer- sal than at this very day; 'tis neither confined to one nation in the world, nor to one part of a city; 'tis remarkable in 1 Re-printed, with omissions, from A Dis- course Upon Corned!/, The Recruiting Officer, and The Beaux' Stratagem, by George Farqu- har, edited by Louis A. Strauss (Boston, 1914).— Ed. England as well as France, and good genuine reason is nourished by the cold of Sweden [SwedelandJ as by the warmth of Italy; 'tis neither abdicated the court with the late reigns, nor expelled the city with the play-house bills; you may find it in the Grand Jury at Hick's-Hafj, and upon the bench sometimes among the jus- tices: then why should we be hampered so in our opinions, as if all the ruins of antiquity lay so heavily on the bones of us that we could not stir hand nor foot ! No, no, sir, ipse dixit is removed long ago, and all the rubbish of old philoso- phy, that in a manner buried the judg- ment of mankind for many centuries, is now carried off; the vast tomes of Aris- totle and his commentators are all taken to jpieces, and their infallibility is lost 218 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA with all persons of a free and unpreju- diced reason. Then above all men living, why should the poets be hoodwinked at this rate, and by what authority should Aristotle's rules of poetry stand so fixt and immutable? Why, by the authority of two thousand years' standing; because thro' this long revolution of time the world has still continued the same. — By the authority of their being received at Athens, a city the very same with London in every particu- lar, their habits the same, their humors alike, their public transactions and pri- vate societies A la mode France; in short, so very much the same in every circum- stance that Aristotle's criticisms may give rules to Drury Lane, the Areopagus give judgment upon a case in the King's Bench, and old Solon shall give laws to the House of Commons. But to examine this matter a little far- ther: All arts and professions are com- pounded of these two parts, a specula- tive knowledge, and a practical use; and from an excellency in both these, any person is raised to eminence and author- ity in his calling. The lawyer has his years of student in the speculative part of his business; and when promoted to bar, he falls upon the practice, which is the trial of his ability. Without all dis- pute, the great Cook has had many a tug at the bar, before he could raise himself to the bench; and had made suf- ficiently evident his knowledge of the laws in his pleadings, before he was ad- mitted to the authority of giving judg- ment upon the case. The physician, to gain credit to his prescriptions, must labor for a reputa- tion in the cure of such and such dis- tempers; and before he sets up for a Galen or Hippocrates, must make many experiments upon his patients. Philoso- phy itself, which is a science the most abstract from practice, has its public acts and disputations; it is raised grad- ually, and its professor commences doc- tor by degrees; he has the labor of main- taining theses, methodizing his argu- ments, and clearing objections; his mem- ory and understanding is often puzzled by oppositions counciled in fallacies and sophisms, in solving all which he must make himself remarkable, before he pre- tends to impose his own systems upon the world. Now, if the case be thus in philosophy, or in any branch thereof, as in ethics, physics, which are called sci- ences, what must be done in poetry, that is denominated an art, and consequently implies a practice in its perfection? Is it reasonable that any person that has never writ a distich of verses in his life should set up for a dictator in poetry; and without the least practice in his own performance must give laws and rules to that of others? Upon what foundation is poetry made so very cheap and so easy a task by these gentlemen? An excellent poet is the single production of an age, when we have crowds of phil- osophers, physicians, lawyers, divines every day, and all of them competently famous in their callings. In the two learned commonwealths of Rome and Athens, there was but one Vergil and one Homer, yet have we above a hundred philosophers in each, and most part of 'em, forsooth, must have a touch at poetry, drawing it into Divisions, Sub- divisions, etc., when the wit of 'em all set together would not amount to one of Martial's Epigrams. Of all these I shall mention only Aris- totle, the first and great law-giver in this respect, and upon whom all that followed him are only commentators. Among all the vast tracts of this volum- inous author we don't find any fragment of an epic poem, or the least scene of a play, to authorize his skill and excellence in that art. Let it not be alleged that for ought we know he was an excellent poet, but his more serious studies would not let him enter upon affairs of this na- ture; for everybody knows that Aris- totle was no cynic, but lived in the splen- dor and air of the court; that he loved riches as much as others of that station, and being sufficiently acquainted with his pupils' affection to poetry, and his com- plaint that he wanted an Homer to ag- grandize his actions, he would never have slipt such an opportunity of farther in- gratiating himself in the king's favor, had he been conscious of any abilities in himself for such an undertaking; and having a more noble and copious theme in the exploits of Alexander than what inspired the blind bard in his hero Achil- les. If his epistles to Alexander were always answered with a considerable GEORGE FARQUHAR 219 present, what might he have expected from a work like Homer's upon so great a subject, dedicated to so mighty a prince, whose greatest fault was his vain glory, and that took such pains to be deified among men? It may be objected that all the works of Aristotle are not recovered; and among those that are lost some essays of this kind might have perished. This supposition is too weakly founded; for altho' the works themselves might have 'scaped us, 'tis more than probable that some hint or other, either in the life of the conqueror, or philosopher, might ap- pear to convince us of such a production. Besides, as 'tis believed he writ philoso- phy, because we have his books ; so I dare swear he writ no poetry, because none is extant, nor any mention made thereof that ever I could hear of. But stay — without any farther en- quiry into the poetry of" Aristotle, his ability that way is sufficiently apparent by that excellent piece he has left behind him upon that subject. — By your favor, sir, this is Petitio Principii, or, in plain English, give me the sword in my own hand, and I'll fight with you. — Have but a little patience till I make a flourish or two, and then, if you are pleased to de- mand it, I'll grant you that and every- thing else. How easy were it for me to take one of Doctor Tillotson's sermons, and, out of the oeconomy of one of these dis- courses, trump you up a pamphlet and call it The Art of Preaching! In the first place I must take a Text, and here I must be very learned upon the etymol- ogy of this word text; then this text must be divided into such and such Par- : titions, which partitions must have their hard names and derivations; then these must be spun into Subdivisions, and these backed by proofs of Scripture, Ratio- cinatio Oratoris, Ornamental Figurarum Rhetoricarum, and Authoritas Pat rum Ecclesitp, with some rules and directions how these ought to be managed and ap- plied. And closing up this difficult pe- dantry with the Dimensions of Time for such an occasion, you will pay me the compliment of an excellent preacher, and affirm that any sermon whatsoever, either by a Presbiter at Geneva, or Jesuit in Spain, that deviates from these rules de- serves to be hissed, and the priest kicked out of his pulpit. I must doubt your complaisance in this point, sir; for you know the forms of eloquence are divers, and ought to be suited to the different humor and capacities of an audience. You are sensible, sir, that the fiery, cho- leric humor of one nation must be enter- tained and moved by other means than the heavy, flegmatic complexion of an- other; and I have observed in my little travels, that a sermon of three-quarters of an hour that might please the congre- gation at St. James's would never satisfy the meeting house in the City, where peo- ple expect more for their money; and, having more temptations of roguery, must have a larger portion of instruction. Be pleased to hear another instance of a different kind, tho' to the same pur- pose. I go down to Woolwich, and there upon a piece of paper I take the dimen- sions of the Royal Sovereign, and from hence I frame a model of a man-of-war: I divide the ship into three principal parts, the keel, the hulk and the rigging; I subdivide these into their proper de- nominations, and by the help of a sailor, give you all the terms belonging to every rope and every office in the whole ship; will you from hence infer that I am an excellent shipwright, and that this model is proper for a trading junck upon the Volga, or a Venetian galley in the Adri- atic sea? But you'll object, perhaps, that this is no parallel case, because that Aristotle's Ars Poetica was never drawn from such slight observations, but was the pure effect of his immense reason, thro' a nice inspection into the very bottom and foundation of nature. To this I answer, that verity is eternal, as that the truth of two and two making four was as certain in the days of Adam as it is now; and that, according to his own position, nature is the same apud omnes Gentes. Now, if his rules of poetry were drawn from certain and im- mutable principles, and fixed on the basis of nature, why should not his Ars Poetica be as efficacious now as it was two thousand years ago? And why should not a single plot, with perfect unity of time and place, do as well at Lincoln's-Inn-Fields as at the play-house in Athens? No, no, sir, I am apt to 220 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA believe that the philosopher took no such pains in poetry as you imagine; the Greek was his mother tongue, and Homer was read with as much veneration among the school-boys as we learn our Cate- chism. Then where was the great busi- ness for a person so expert in mood and figures as Aristotle was to range into some order a parcel of terms of art, drawn from his observations upon the Iliads, and these to call the model of an epic poem? Here, sir, you may imagine that I am caught, and have all this while been spinning a thread to strangle my- self. One of my main objections against Aristotle's criticisms is drawn from his non-performance in poetry; and now I affirm that his rules are extracted from the greatest poet that ever lived, which gives the utmost validity to the precept, and that is all we contend for. Neither is Aristotle to be allowed any farther knowledge in dramatic than in epic poetry. Euripides, whom he seems to compliment by rules adapted to the model of his plays, was either his con- temporary or lived but a little before him ; he was not insensible how much this author was the darling of the city, as appeared by the prodigious expense dis- bursed by the public for the ornament of his plays; and, 'tis probable, he might take this opportunity of improving his interest with the people, indulging their inclination by refining upon the beauty of what they admired. And besides all this, the severity of dramatic rage was so fresh in his memory in the hard usage that his brother soph not long before met with upon the stage, that it was conven- ient to humor the reigning wit, lest a second Aristophanes should take him to task with as little mercy as poor Socra- tes found at the hands of the first. I have talked so long to lay a founda- tion for these following conclusions: Aristotle was no poet, and consequently not capable of giving instructions in the art of poetry; his Ars Poetica are only some observations drawn from the works of Homer and Euripides, which may be mere accidents resulting casually from the composition of the works, and not any of the essential principles on which they are compiled; that without giving himself the trouble of searching into the nature of poetry, he has only compli- mented the heroes of wit and valor of his age, by joining with them in their appro- bation; with this difference, that their applause was plain, and his more scho- lastic. But to leave these only as suppositions to be relished by every man at his pleas- ure, I shall without complimenting any author, either ancient or modern, inquire into the first invention of comedy; what were the true designs and honest inten- tions of that art; and from a knowledge of the end, seek out the means, without one quotation of Aristotle, or authority of Euripides. In all productions either divine or hu- man, the final cause is the first mover, because the end or intention of any ra- tional action must first be considered be- fore the material or efficient causes are put in execution. Now, to determine the final cause of comedy we must run back beyond the material and formal agents, and take it in its very infancy, or rather in the very first act of its generation, when its primary parent, by proposing such or such an end of his labor, laid down the first sketches or shadows of the piece. Now, as all arts and sciences have their first rise from a final cause, so 'tis certain that they have grown from very small beginnings, and that the cur- rent of time has swelled 'em to such a bulk that nobody can find the fountain by any proportion between the head and the body; this, with the corruption of time, which has debauched things from their primitive innocence to selfish de- signs and purposes, renders it difficult to find the origin of any offspring so very unlike its parent. This is not only the case of comedy, as it stands at present, but the condition also of the ancient theaters; when great men made shows of this nature a rising step to their ambition, mixing many lewd and lascivious representations to gain the favor of the populace, to whose taste and entertainment the plays were chiefly adopted. We must therefore go higher than either Aristophanes or Menander to discover comedy in its primitive institu- tion, if we would draw any moral design of its invention to warrant and author- ize its continuance. I have already mentioned the difficulty GEORGE FARQUHAR 221 of discovering the invention of any art in the different figure it makes by suc- cession of improvements; but there is something in the nature of comedy, even in its present circumstances, that bears so great a resemblance to the philosophi- cal mythology of the ancients, that old .^Esop must wear the bays as the first and original author; and whatever alterations or improvements farther application may have subjoined, his Fables gave the first rise and occasion. Comedy is no more at present than a well-framed tale handsomely told as an agreeable vehicle for counsel or reproof. This is all we can say for the credit of its institution, and is the stress of its charter for liberty and toleration. Then where should we seek for a foundation but in ./Esop's symbolical way of moral- izing upon tales and fables? with this difference: that his stories were shorter than ours. He had his tyrant Lyon, his statesman Fox, his beau Magpie, his cow- ard Hare, his bravo Ass, and his buf- foon Ape, with all the characters that crowd our stages every day; with this distinction, nevertheless, that .<Esop made his beasts speak good Greek, and our heroes sometimes can't talk English. But whatever difference time has pro- duced in the form, we must in our own defense stick to the end and intention of his fables. Utile Dulce was bis motto, and must be our business; we have no other defense against the presentment of the grand jury, and, for ought I know, it might prove a good means to mollify the rigor of that persecution, to inform the inquisitors that the great iEsop was the first inventor of these poor comedies that they are prosecuting with so much eagerness and fury; that the first lau- reate was as just, as prudent, as pious, as reforming, and as ugly as any of them- selves; and that the beasts which are lugged upon the stage by the horns are not caught in the city, as they suppose, but brought out of -Esop's own forest. We should inform them, besides, that those very tales and fables which they apprehend as obstacles to reformation were the main instruments and machines used by the wise JEsop for its propaga- tion; and as he would improve men by the policy of beasts, so we endeavor to reform brutes with the examples of men. Fondlewife and his young spouse are no more than the eagle and cockle; he wanted teeth to break the shell himself, so somebody else run away with the meat. The fox in the play is the same with the fox in the fable, who stufft his guts so full that he could not get out at the same hole he came in; so both Rey- nards, being delinquents alike, come to be trussed up together. Here are pre- cepts, admonitions, and salutary innu- endoes for the ordering of our lives and conversations couched in these allegories and allusions. The wisdom of the an- cients was wrapt up in veils and figures; the ^Egyptian hierogliphics and the his- tory of the heathen gods are nothing else. But if these pagan authorities give offense to their scrupulous consciences, let them but consult the tales and par- ables of our Savior in holy Writ, and they may find this way of instruction to be much more Christian than they imag- ine. Nathan's fable of the poor man's lamb had more influence on the con- science of David than any force of down- right admonition. So that by ancient practice and modern example, by the authority of Pagans, Jews, and Chris- tians, the world is furnished with this so sure, so pleasant, and expedient an art of schooling mankind into better man- ners. Now, here is the primary design of comedy illustrated from its first insti- tution; and the same end is equally al- leged for its daily practice and continu- ance. — Then, without all dispute, what- ever means are most proper and expedi- ent for compassing this end and inten- tion, they must be the just rules of com- edy, and the true art of the stage. We must consider, then, in the first place, that our business lies not with a French or a Spanish audience; that our design is not to hold forth to ancient Greece, nor to moralize upon the vices and defaults of the Roman Common- wealth. No, no; an English play is in- tended for the use and instruction of an English audience, a people not only sep- arated from the rest of the world by situation, but different also from other nations as well in the complexion and temperament of the natural body as in the constitution of our body politic As we are a mixture of many nations, so we have the most unaccountable medley of 222 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA humors among us of any people upon earth; these humors produce variety of follies, some of 'em unknown to former ages; these new distempers must have new remedies, which are nothing but new counsels and instructions. Now, sir, if our Utile, which is the end, be different from the ancients, pray let our Dulce, which is the means, be so too; for you know that to different towns there are different ways; or, if you would have it more scholastically, ad diversos fines non idem conducit medium; or, mathematically, one and the same line cannot terminate in two centers. But waving this manner of concluding by induction, I shall gain my point a nearer way, and draw it immediately from the first principle I set down: That we have the most unaccountable medley of hu- mors among us of any nation upon earth; and this is demonstrable from common experience. We shall find a Wildair in one corner, and a Morose in another; nay, the space of an hour or two shall create such vicissitudes of temper in the same person that he can hardly be taken for the same man. We shall have a fel- low bestir his stumps from chocolate to coffee-house with all the joy and gaiety imaginable, tho' he want a shilling to pay for a hack; whilst another, drawn about in a coach and six, is eaten up with the spleen, and shall loll in state with as much melancholy, vexation, and discon- tent, as if he were making the Tour of Tyburn. Then what sort of a Dulce, (which I take for the pleasantry of the tale, or the plot of the play) must a man make use of to engage the attention of so many different humors and inclina- tions? Will a single plot satisfy every- body? Will the turns and surprises that may result naturally from the an- cient limits of time be sufficient to rip open the spleen of some and physic the melancholy of others, screw up the atten- tion of a rover and fix him to the stage in spight of his volatile temper and the temptation of a mask? To make the moral instructive, you must make the story diverting. The splenetic wit, the beau courtier, the heavy citizen, the fine lady, and her fine footman come all to be instructed, and therefore must all be diverted; and he that can do this best, and with most applause, writes the best comedy, let him do it by what rules he pleases, so they be not offensive to reli- gion and good manners. But hie labor, hoc opus: how must this secret of pleasing so many different tastes be discovered? Not by tumbling over volumes of the ancients, but by studying the humor of the moderns. The rules of English comedy don't lie in the compass of Aristotle or his followers, but in the pit, box, and galleries. And to examine into the humor of an English audience, let us see by what means our own English poets have succeeded in this point. To determine a suit at law we don't look into the archives of Greece or Rome, but inspect the reports of our own lawyers, and the acts and statutes of our Parliaments; and by the same rule we have nothing to do with the models of Menander or Plautus, but must consult Shakespeare, Johnson, Fletcher, and others, who, by methods much dif- ferent from the ancients, have supported the English stage and made themselves famous to posterity. We shall find that these gentlemen have fairly dispensed with the greatest part of critical for- malities; the decorums of time and place, so much cried up of late, had no force of decorum with them; the economy of their plays was ad libitum, and the ex- tent of their plots only limited by the convenience of action. I would will- ingly understand the regularities of Hamlet, Macbeth, Henry the Fourth, and of Fletcher's plays: and yet these have long been the darlings of the English audience, and are like to continue with the same applause, in defiance of all the criticisms that ever were published in Greek and Latin. But are there no rules, no decorums, to be observed in comedy? Must we make the condition of the English stage a state of anarchy? No, sir — for there are extremes in irregularity as dangerous to an author as too scrupulous a defer- ence to criticism; and as I have given you an instance of one, so I shall pre- sent you an example of the t'other. There are a sort of gentlemen that have had the jaunty education of danc- ing, French, and a fiddle, who, coming to age before they arrive at years of dis- cretion, make a shift to spend a hand- some patrimony of two or three thou- GEORGE FARQUHAR 223 sand pound, by soaking in the tavern all night, lolling a-bed all the morning, and sauntering away all the evening be- tween the two play-houses with their hands in their pockets; you shall have a gentleman of this size, upon his knowl- edge of Covent-Garden and a knack of witticizing in his cups, set up immedi- ately for a playwright. But besides the gentleman's wit and experience, here is another motive: there are a parcel of saucy, impudent fellows about the play- house called door-keepers, that can't let a gentleman see a play in peace, without jogging and nudging him every minute. Sir, will you please to pay? — Sir, the act's done, will you please to pay, sir? I have broke their heads all round two or three times, yet the puppies will still be troublesome. Before gad, I'll be plagued with 'em no longer; I'll e'en write a play myself; by which means my character of wit shall be established, I shall enjoy the freedom of the house, and to pin up the basket, pretty Miss shall have the profits of my third night for her maidenhead. Thus we see what a great blessing is a coming girl to a play-house. Here is a poet sprung from the tail of an actress, like Minerva from Jupiter's head. But my spark pro- ceeds: — My own intrigues are sufficient to found the plot, and the devil's in 't if I can make my character talk as wittily as those in the Trip to the Jubilee. But stay — What shall I call it, first? Let me see — The Rival Theatres. — Very good, by gad, because I reckon the two houses will have a contest about this very play. — Thus having found a name for his play, in the next place he makes a play to his name, and thus he begins. ACT I. Scexe: Covent-Garden. Enter Portico, Piaza, and Turnstile. Here you must note that Portico, being a compound of practical rake and specu- lative gentleman, is ten to one the au- thor's own character, and the leading card in the pack- Piaza is his mistress, who lives in the square, and is daughter to old Pillariso, an odd, out-o'the-way gentle- man, something between the character of Alexander the Great and Solon, which must please because it is new. Turnstile is maid and confident to Piaza, who, for a bribe of ten pieces, lets Portico in at the back-door; so the first act concludes. In the second, enter Spigotoso, who was butler, perhaps, to the Czar of Mus- covy, and Fossetana his wife. After these characters are run dry, he brings you in, at the third act, Whmewell and Charmarillis for a scene of love to please the ladies, and so he goes on without fear or wit till he comes to a marriage or two, and then he writes — Finis. 'Tis then whispered among his friends at Will's and Hippolito's, that Mr. Such- a-one has writ a very pretty comedy ; and some of 'em, to encourage the young au- thor, equip him presently with prologue and epilogue. Then the play is sent to Mr. Rich or Mr. Betterton in a fair, legible hand, with the recommendation of some gentleman that passes for a man of parts and a critic. In short, the gen- tleman's interest has the play acted, and the gentleman's interest makes a present to pretty Miss ; she's made his whore, and the stage his cully, that for the loss of a month in rehearsing, and a hundred pound in dressing a confounded play, must give the liberty of the house to him and his friends for ever after. Now, such a play may be written with all the exactness imaginable, in respect of unity in time and place; but if you inquire its character of any person, tho' of the meanest understanding of the whole audience, he will tell you 'tis intol- erable stuff; and upon your demanding his reasons, his answer is, / don't like it. His humor is the only rule that he can judge a comedy by, but you find that mere nature is offended with some irreg- ularities; and tho' he be not so learned in the drama, to give you an inventory of the faults, yet I can tell you that one part of the plot had no dependence upon another, which made this simple man drop his attention, and concern for the event; and so, disengaging his thoughts from the business of the action, he sat there very uneasy, thought the time very tedious, because he had nothing to do. The characters were so uncoherent in themselves, and composed of such vari- ety of absurdities, that in his knowledge of nature he could find no original for such a copy; and being therefore unac- 224 EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA quainted with any folly they reproved, or any virtue that they recommended, their business was as flat and tiresome to him as if the actors had talked Arabic. Now, these are the material irregular- ities of a play, and these are the faults which downright mother-sense can cen- sure and be offended at, as much as the most learned critic in the pit. And altho' the one cannot give me the reasons of his approbation or dislike, yet I will take his word for the credit or disrepute of a comedy sooner perhaps than the opinion of some virtuosos; for there are some gentlemen that have fortified their spleen so impregnably with criticism, and hold out so stiffly against all attacks of pleasantry, that the most powerful efforts of wit and humor cannot make the least impression. What a misfortune is it to these gentlemen to be natives of such an ignorant, self-willed, impertinent island, where let a critic and a scholar find never so many irregularities in a play, yet five hundred saucy people will give him the lie to his face, and come to see this wicked play forty or fifty times in a year. But this Vox Populi is the devil, tho', in a place of more authority than Aristotle, it is called Vox Dei. Here is a play with a vengeance, (says a critic,) to bring the transaction of a year's time into the compass of three hours; to carry the whole audience with him from one kingdom to another by the changing of a scene: where's the probability, nay, the possibility of all this? The devil's in the poet, sure; he don't think to put contra- dictions upon us? Look'ee, sir, don't be in a passion. The poet does not impose contradictions upon you, because he has told you no lie; for that only is a lie which is related with some fallacious intention that you should believe it for a truth. Now, the poet ex- pects no more that you should believe the plot of his play than old vEsop de- signed the world should think his eagle and lion talked like you and I; which, I think, was every jot as improbable as what you quarrel with; and yet the fables took, and I'll be hanged if you yourself don't like 'em. But besides, sir, if you are so inveterate against improbabilities, you must never come near the play- house at all; for there are several improb- abilities, nay, impossibilities, that all the criticisms in nature cannot correct: as, for instance, in the part of Alexander the Great, to be affected with the trans- actions of the play, we must suppose that we see that great conqueror, after all his triumphs, shunned by the woman he loves, and importuned by her he hates; crossed in his cups and jollity by his own subjects, and at last miserably ending his life in a raging madness. We must suppose that we see the very Alexan- der, the son of Philip, in all these un- happy circumstances, else we are not touched by the moral, which represents to us the uneasiness of human life in the greatest state, and the instability of for- tune in respect of worldly pomp. Yet the whole audience at the same time knows that this is Mr. Betterton who is strutting upon the stage and tearing his lungs for a livelihood. And that the same person should be Mr. Betterton and Alexander the Great at the same time is somewhat like an impossibility, in my mind. Yet you must grant this impossi- bility in spite of your teeth, if you han't power to raise the old hero from the grave to act his own part. Now for another impossibility: The less rigid critics allow to a comedy the space of an artificial day, or twenty- four hours; but those of the thorough reformation will confine it to the natural, or solar, day, which is but half the time. Now, admitting this for a decorum abso- lutely requisite, — this play begins when it is exactly six by your watch, and ends precisely at nine, which is the usual time of the representation. Now, is it feazible in rerum natura, that the same space or extent of time can be three hours by your watch and twelve hours upon the stage, admitting the same number of min- utes or the same measure of sand to both? I'm afraid, sir, you must allow this for an impossibility, too; and you may with as much reason allow the play the extent of a whole year; and if you grant me a year, you may give me seven, and so to a thousand. For that a thousand years should come within the compass of three hours is no more an impossibility thun that two minutes should be contained in one; Nullum niinu eontinet in se maju$
is equally applicable to both.
So much for the decorum of Time : now
for the regularity of Place. I might
GEORGE FARQUHAR
225
make the one a consequence of t'other,
and allege that by allowing me any ex-
tent of time, you must grant me any
change of place, for the one depends
upon t'other; and having five or six years
for the action of a play, I may travel
from Constantinople to Denmark, so to
France, and home to England, and rest
long enough in each country besides.
But you'll say: How can you carry us
with you? Very easily, sir, if you be
willing to go. As for example: here is
a new play; the house is thronged, the
prologue's spoken and the curtain drawn
represents you the scene of Grand Cairo.
Whereabouts are you now, sir? Were
not you the very minute before in the
pit in the English play-house talking to
a wench, and now, presto pass, you are
spirited away to the banks of the river
Nile. Surely, sir, this is a most intoler-
able improbability; yet this you must
allow nig, or else' you destroy the very
constitution of representation. Then, in
the second act, with a flourish of the
fiddles, I change the scene to Astrachan.
O, this is intolerable! Look'ee, sir, 'tis
not a jot more intolerable than the other;
for you'll find that 'tis much about the
same distance between Egypt and Astra-
chan, as it is between Drury-Lane and
Grand Cairo; and if you please to let
your fancy take post, it will perform
the journey in the same moment of time,
without any disturbance in the world to
Curtius all over Asia in the train of Alex-
ander, and trudge after Hannibal, like a
cadet, through all Italy, Spain, and Afric,
in the space of four or five hours; yet
the devil a one of you will stir a step
over the threshold for the best poet in
Christendom, tho he make it his business
to make heroes more amiable, and to
surprise you with more wonderful acci-
dents and events.
I am as little a friend to those ram-
bling plays as anybody, nor have I ever
espoused their party by my own prac-
tice; yet I could not forbear saying
something in vindication of the great
Shakespear, whom every little fellow can
form an A[o\ristus primus will presume
:o condemn for indecorums and absurd-
ties; sparks that are so spruce upon
heir Greek and Latin that, like our fops
n travel, they can relish nothing but
what is foreign, to let the world know
they have been abroad forsooth; but it
must be so, because Aristotle said it;
now, I say it must be otherwise, because
Shakespear said it, and I'm sure that
Shakespear was the greater poet of the
two. But you'll say that Aristotle was
the greater critic. — That's a mistake, sir,
for criticism in poetry is no more than
judgment in poetry; which you will find
in your lexicon. Now, if Shakespear was
the better poet, he must have the most
judgment in his art; for everybody
knows that judgment is an essential part
of poetry, and without it no writer is
worth a farthing. But to stoop to the
authority of either, without consulting
the reason of the consequence, is an
abuse to a man's understanding; and
neither the precept of the philosopher
nor example of the poet should go down
with me, without exam[injing the weight
of their assertions. We can expect no
more decorum or regularity in any busi-
ness than the nature of the thing will
bear; now, if the stage cannot subsist
without the strength of supposition and
force of fancy in the audience, why
should a poet fetter the business of his
plot and starve his action for the nicety
of an hour or the change of a scene;
since the thought of man can f.y over
a thousand years with the same ease,
and in the same instant of time, that
your eye glances from the figure of six
to seven on the dial-plate; and can glide
from the Cape of Good-Hope to the Bay
of St. Nicholas, which is quite across the
world, with the same quickness and activ-
ity as between Covent-Garden Church
and Will's Coffee-House. Then I must
beg of these gentlemen to let our old
English authors alone. — If they have
left vice unpunished, virtue unrewarded,
folly unexposed, or prudence unsuccess-
ful, the contrary of which is the Utile
of comedy, let them be lashed to some
purpose; if any part of their plots have
been independent of the rest, or any of
their characters forced or unnatural,
which destroys the Dulce of plays, let
them be hissed off the stage. But if by
a true decorum in these material points,
they have writ successfully and answered
the end of dramatic poetry in every re-
spect, let them rest in peace, and their
memories enjoy the encomiums due to
226
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
their merit, without any reflection for
waving those niceties, which are neither
instructive to the world nor diverting to
mankind, but are, like all the rest of
critical learning, fit only to set people
together by the ears in ridiculous con-
troversies, that are not one jot material
to the good of the public, whether they
be true or false.
And thus you see, sir, I have concluded
a very unnecessary piece of work; which
is much too long if you don't like it.
But let it happen any way, be assured
that I intended to please you, which
should partly excuse, sir,
Joseph Addison was born at Milston,
Wiltshire, in 167s?. He was a student at
the Charter House, which he left in
1687, to enter Queen's College, Oxford.
After two years he was transferred to
Magdalen, where he was graduated in
1693. He distinguished himself while at
college for his shyness and his scholar-
ship. In the year of his graduation he
published his Account of the Greatest
English Poets. Through Dryden, to
verses, he was introduced to Tonson, who
set him to work translating Juvenal, Per-
sius, Vergil, and Herodotus. While he
was still at Oxford, where he remained
on a fellowship after his graduation, he
was on the point of taking orders, but
a royal pension was obtained for him,
and he set forth on his travels on the
Continent. He started in 1699, spent a
year and a half in France, a year in
Italy, and another in Switzerland, Aus-
tria, and Germany; and after a stay of
some months in Holland, he returned to
England toward the end of 1703. He
was reduced in circumstances, and had
little hope of preferment in politics, so
that he was forced to join the writers in
Grub Street. But, owing to a change in
the tide of affairs, and to Addison's popu-
larity after the publication of his poem,
The Campaign, he was made Under-
Secretary of State. Meantime he was
engaged in literary work, and in 1706
he produced an unsuccessful opera Rosa-
mond. Two years later Addison was de-
prived of his position as Under-Secre-
tary, but was offered a Secretaryship in
Ireland under the Lord Lieutenant. In
1711 he lost the post owing to a change
of the Ministry. Steele's Tatler papers
began to appear in 1709, and Addison's
first contribution dates from the same
year. In 1711 he and Steele brought out
the first number of The Spectator, which
continued until 1714. In 1713 his trag-
edy of Cato was performed and met with
great success because rather of its politi-
cal timeliness than for any dramatic
power inherent in it. An unsuccessful
play, The Drummer, was produced,
anonymously, in 1714. During the win-
ter of 1715-16 Addison was employed by
the Whig Party to uphold its interests,
and he published The Freeholder, a po-
litical paper; his reward was in all prob-
ability the position of Commissioner for
Trade and Colonies. In 1716 he married
the Countess of Warwick. In 1717 he
was made a Secretary of State. Failing
in health, he resigned the position a year
later. The next year he engaged in fur-
ther political controversy, which resulted
in a break with Steele. The following
year he died.
Of Addison's criticism as a whole it
may be said that it represented a com-
monsense attitude based upon neo-classic
ideals. Of his dramatic criticism proper,
confined as it was almost wholly to five
or six Spectator essays, there is not so
much to be said. These essays were
written before he had evolved the criti-
cal standards which add so materially to
the value of his later contributions.
However, the drama essays briefly sum
up the rationalistic tendency of criticism j
in the early eighteenth century. Addi-j
son condemned English tragedy because
it was not sufficiently moral, and he pro-
ceeded to write a dull tragedy in order
227
to show what beautiful and stately senti-
ments should go into tragedy. He was
rigidly classic in his denunciation of the
tragi-comedy. Not until Johnson pub-
lished his 156th Rambler (in 1751) was
the classic spell broken.
On the drama:
The Spectator, nos. 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 258, 290, 296, 419,
and 446 (1711-12).
Editions:
The best modern edition of the complete
works, is Hurd's The Works of Joseph
Addison, 6 vols. (Bohn ed., London,
1854-^56)). A convenient edition of
The Spectator is the reprint of the
first edition, in Everyman's Library,
4 vols. (London and New York, 1906).
See Thomas Arnold's Selections from
Spectator (Oxford, 1866 ff.).
Thomas Tickell, Life of Joseph Addison
(Preface to 1st ed. of Addison's
Works, London, 1721).
Lucy Aikin, The Life of Joseph Addison,
2 vols. (London, 1843).
1884).
THE SPECTATOR 1
(1711)
No. 39.
Saturday, April 14.
Multa fero, ut placem genus irritabile
vatum.
Cum scribo. . . . Hoh.
As a perfect tragedy is the noblest
production of human nature, so it is capa-
ble of giving the mind one of the most
delightful and most improving entertain-
ments. A virtuous man, says Seneca,
struggling with misfortunes, is such a
spectacle as gods might look upon with
pleasure. And such a pleasure it is
which one meets with in the representa-
tion of a well-written tragedy. Diver-
sions of this kind wear out of our
thoughts everything that is mean and
[little. They cherish and cultivate that
I humanity which is the ornament of our
I nature. They soften insolence, soothe
affliction, and subdue the mind to the
dispensations of Providence.
It is no wonder, therefore, that in all
the polite nations of the world, this part
of the drama has met with public en-
couragement.
The modern tragedy excels that of
Greece and Rome in the intricacy and
disposition of the fable; but, what a
Christian writer would be ashamed to
1 Re-printed, with omissions, from vol. 1 of
Ihe Spectator (Everyman's Library, London
and New York. 1906). — Ed.
own, falls infinitely short of it in the
moral part of the performance. . . .
No. 40.
Monday, April 16.
The English writers of tragedy are
possessed with a notion that when they
represent a virtuous or innocent person
in distress, they ought not to leave him
till they have delivered him out of his
troubles, or made him triumph over his
enemies. This error they have been led
into by a ridiculous doctrine in modern
criticism, that they are obliged to an
equal distribution of rewards and pun-
ishments, and an impartial execution of
poetical justice. Who were the first that
established this rule I know not; but 1
am sure it has no foundation in nature,
in reason, or in the practice of the an-
cients. We find that good and evil hap-
pen alike to all men on this side of the
grave; and as the principal design of
tragedy is to raise commiseration and
terror in the minds of the audience, we
shall defeat this great end if we always
make virtue and innocence happy and
successful. Whatever crosses and dis-
appointments a good man suffers in the
body of the tragedy, they will make but
small impression on our minds, when we
know that in the last act he is to arrive
at the end of his wishes and desires.
228
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
When we see him engaged in the depth
of his afflictions, we are apt to comfort
ourselves, because we are sure he will
find his way out of them; and that his
grief, how great soever it may be at pres-
ent, will soon terminate in gladness. For
this reason the ancient writers of tragedy
treated men in their plays as they are
dealt with in the world, by making vir-
tue sometimes happy and sometimes mis-
erable, as they found it in the fable
which they made choice of, or as it might
affect their audience in the most agree-
able manner. Aristotle considers trag-
edies that were written in either of these
kinds, and observes that those which
people, and carried away the prize in
the public disputes of the stage, from
those that ended happily. Terror and
commiseration leave a pleasing anguish
in the mind, and fix the audience in such
a serious composure of thought, as is
much more lasting and delightful than
any little transient starts of joy and
satisfaction. Accordingly, we find that
more of our English tragedies have suc-
ceeded, in which the favorites of the
audience sink under their calamities, than
those in which they recover themselves
out of them. The best plays of this kind
are The Orphan, Venice Preserved, Alex-
ander the Great, Theodosius, All for
Love, (Edipus, Oroonoko, Othello, etc.
King Lear is an admirable tragedy of
the same kind as Shakespeare wrote it,
but as it reformed according to the
chimerical notion of poetical justice, in
my humble opinion it has lost half its
beauty. At the same time I must allow
that there are very noble tragedies which
have been framed upon the other plan
and have ended happily; as indeed most
of the good tragedies which have Deen
written since the starting of the above-
mentioned criticism, have taken this turn,
as The Mourning Bride, Tamerlane,
Ulysses, Phwdra and Hippolytus, with
most of Mr. Dryden's. I must also allow
that many of Shakespeare's, and several
of the celebrated tragedies of antiquity,
are cast in the same form. I do not
therefore dispute against this way of
writing tragedies, but against the criti-
cism that would establish this as the only
method, and by that means would very
much cramp the English tragedy, and
perhaps give a wrong bent to the genius
of our writers.
The tragi-comedy, which is the product
of the English theater, is one of the most
monstrous inventions that ever entered
into a poet's thoughts. An author might
as well think of weaving the adventures
of iEneas and Hudibras into one poem,
as of writing such a motley piece of
mirth and sorrow. But the absurdity of
these performances is so very visible that
I shall not insist upon it.
The same objections which are made
to tragi-comedy may in some measure
be applied to all tragedies that have a
double plot in them; which are likewise
more frequent upon the English stage
than upon any other. For though the
grief of the audience in such perform-
ance be not changed into another pas-
sion, as in tragi-comedies, it is diverted
upon another object, which weakens their
concern for the principal action, and
breaks the tide of sorrow by throwing
it into different channels. This incon-
venience, however, may in a great meas-
ure be cured, if not wholly removed, by
the skillful choice of an under-plot,
which may bear such a near relation to
the principal design, as to contribute
towards the completion of it, and be con-
cluded by the same catastrophe.
SAMUEL JOHNSON
Samuel Johnson, the son of a book-
seller and magistrate, was born at Lich-
field, in 1709. At school he soon dis-
tinguished himself as a talented scholar
and at the age of eighteen returned home,
where he studied and read. The John-
son family was unable to send Samuel to
college, but through the generosity of a
friend he was sent to Oxford, where he re-
mained only two years, when he reached
SAMUEL JOHNSON
229
the end of his meager resources. He
spent the next five years near his home,
endeavoring to make a living by hack
work. In 1735 he married Elizabeth Por-
ter, who brought him a small dowry.
After his marriage he tried to secure
pupils, but during a year and half only
three came to him. One of these was
David Garrick. In 1737 he went to Lon-
don, and after many privations, in the
following year was employed to write
for the Gentleman's Magazine, for which
he reported parliamentary proceedings.
His first work of any importance was
London (1738), a satirical poem in imi-
tation of Juvenal. The book was pub-
lished anonymously, but the author's
name soon became known. As a re-
sult, Pope tried to get Johnson a posi-
tion as teacher, but was unable to do so.
Johnson again went to work as before.
age, and at his death in 1743 he wrote
his biography, which was published
anonymously. From this time forward,
Johnson's reputation grew, so that in
1747 he was employed by a number of
booksellers to write the Dictionary of the
English Language, which was the great-
est monument of his life. It appeared in
1755. Meanwhile he sought relaxation in
other work, and published The Vanity
of Human Wishes, after Juvenal, in 1749.
The same year Garrick produced his
tragedy of Irene, part of which was writ-
ten before Johnson's arrival in London.
Although the play was scarcely success-
ful, Johnson reaped considerable profit.
In 1750 he began publishing articles and
essays after the manner of The Specta-
tor, and continued until two years later.
The Rambler was at first coldly received,
but after the essays had been collected
into book-form, it was one of the most
popular works of the day. Mrs. John-
son died in 175:?, and her death left
Johnson in a more melancholy mood than
usual. The publication of the Dictionary
did much for his fame, but little for his
pocket, and twice in 1755 he was sent
to jail for debt. He wrote miscellaneous
essays for the Literary Magazine and
planned his edition of Shakespeare, and
in 1758 issued in book-form another col-
lection of essays, The Idler. At this
time he wrote Rasselas in a week, and
sold it for a hundred pounds, to defray
the expenses of his mother's funeral.
In 176:2 George III offered Johnson a
pension of three hundred pounds, which
the needy author accepted, and which
enabled him henceforward to do work
of a more congenial nature. But he had
a duty to discharge: for nine years he
had been planning the edition of Shake-
speare and spending the money sent in
by subscribers. In 1765 the work ap-
peared. The Introduction and yotes
were very unequal, and Johnson was
severely criticized for the slovenliness
and inadequacy of his work. His lazi-
ness was such that between 17G5 and
1775 he produced nothing but three po-
litical tracts. But his personal influence
was growing, and he reigned over the
famous literary coterie of which Gold-
smith, Burke, Reynolds, Gibbon, Gar-
rick, and others were members. Boswell
was ever present, and it is due to his
assiduity that we possess the celebrated
Life of Johnson. In 1773 Boswell ac-
companied him on a trip to the Hebrides,
which resulted in the publication of his
Journey to the Hebrides, two years later.
In 1777 he undertook to write brief bio-
graphical notices for an edition of the
English poets which was about to be
published. The short notices which he
had originally intended to supply grew
to considerable size. The first four vol-
umes appeared in 1779, the last six, two
years later. His last years were spent
in pain and anxiety, and after a long
period of ill-health, he died in 1784.
Johnson is the representative orthodox
critic of the eighteenth century, and yet
his orthodoxy, so far as his opinions on
the drama are concerned, was not too
exclusive or rigid. While he is contin-
ually insisting upon the necessity for a
moral in works of art, and judging
poetry by the sense rather than by the
music, he was not intolerant to the au-
thors who violated accepted rules. In
his Preface to Shakespeare (1768) he
mentions the poet's mingling of the
tragic and the comic in a single play,
saying that " this i* a practice con-
trary to the rules of criticism will be
of great significance: "but there is al-
ways an appeal open from criticism to
nature." This sentence belongs with the
famous one in the 156th Rambter, on
230
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Tragi-comedy : " It ought to be the first
endeavor of a writer to distinguish na-
ture from custom, or that which is estab-
lished because it is right from that which
is right only because it is established;
that he may neither violate essential
principles by a desire of novelty, nor
debar himself from the attainment of
beauties within his view by a needless
fear of breaking rules which no literary
dictator had authority to enact." Pro-
fessor Saintsbury declares that " With
this utterance, this single utterance, all
the ruling doctrines of sixteenth, seven-
teenth, and eighteenth century criticism
On the drama:
Lives of the Poets (especially Howe,
and Gay); in The Rambler (especially
Nos. 135, 139, and 156) ; the Preface
to Shakespeare (1765).
Editions :
The first collected edition — The Works
of Samuel Johnson, edited by Arthur
Murphy, in 12 vols., — appeared in
London in 1795. The Oxford Edition
of the Works (11 vols., Oxford, 1835) is
a standard. A good modern edition is
The Works of Samuel Johnson, 16 vols.
(Troy, N. Y., 1903). Special editions
of the Lives of the Poets are edited
by Mrs. Alex. Napier, 3 vols. (London,
1890), and by Arthur Waugh, 6 vols.
Arnold's Six Chief '•Lives of the
Poets," with a preface (London, 1878).
The Letters of Samuel Johnson, col-
lected and edited by G. Birkbeck Hill,
2 vols. (Oxford, 1895), and Johnsonian
Miscellunies, arranged and edited by
the same, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1893-97);
together with The Essays of Samuel
Johnson, edited by Stuart J. Reid
(London, 1888), should be consulted.
Also Raleigh's Johnson on Shakespeare
(London, 1908).
On Johnson and his works:
See prefatory matter to editions cited
above.
Sir John Hawkins, Life of Samuel John-
son (London, 1787).
James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson,
2 vols. (London, 1791). Standard edi-
tion by G. Birkbeck Hill, 6 vols., Ox-
ford, 1887).
Leslie Stephen, Samuel Johnson (Lon-
don, 1878).
Lieut.-Col. F. Grant, Samuel Johnson
(London, 1887).
W. P. Courtney, A Bibliography of Sam-
uel Johnson (Oxford, 1905).
T. B. Macaulay, Samuel Johnson (in
Works, London, 1879).
G. Birkbeck Hill, Johnson; his Friends
and Critics (London, 1878).
Thomas Seccombe, The Age of Johnson
(London, 1900).
John Dennis, Dr. Johnson (London,
1905).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1903).
THE RAMBLER i
(1751)
No. 125. Tues., May 28, 1751.
Descriptas servare vices, operumque col-
ores,
Cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque, poeta salu-
tor?
Hor. De Ar. Poet. 86.
But if, through weakness, or my want
of art,
I can't to every different style impart
Johnson, Troy, N. Y„ 1903
The proper strokes and colors it may
claim,
Why am I honor'd with a poet's name?
Francis.
It is one of the maxims of the civil
law, that definitions are hazardous.
Things modified by human understand-
ings, subject to varieties of complica-
tion, and changeable as experience ad-
vances knowledge, or accident influence
caprice, are scarcely to be included in
any standing form of expression, be-
SAMUEL JOHNSON
231
cause they are always suffering some
alteration of their state. Definition is,
indeed, not the province of man; every-
thing is set above or below our faculties.
The works and operations of nature are
too great in their extent, or too much
diffused in their relations, and the per-
formances of art too inconstant and un-
certain, to be reduced to any determi-
nate idea. It is impossible to impress
upon our minds an adequate and just
representation of an object so great that
we can never take it into our view, or so
mutable that it is always changing under
our eye and has already lost its form
while we are laboring to conceive it.
Definitions have been no less difficult
or uncertain in criticisms than in law.
Imagination, a licentious and vagrant
faculty, unsusceptible of limitations and
impatient of restraint, has always en-
deavored to baffle the logician, to per-
plex the confines of distinction, and burst
the inclosures of regularity. There is
therefore scarcely any species of writ-
ing, of which we can tell what is its es-
sence, and what are its constituents;
every new genius produces some inno-
vation, when invented and approved,
subverts the rules which the practice of
Comedy has been particularly unpro-
pitious to definers; for though perhaps
they might properly have contented
themselves with declaring it to be such
a dramatic representation of human life,
as may excite mirth, they have em-
barrassed their definition with the means
by which the comic writers obtained
their end, without considering that the
various methods of exhilarating their au-
dience, not being limited by nature, can-
not be comprised in precept. Thus,
some make comedy a representation of
mean, and others of bad, men; some
think that its essence consists in the
unimportance, others in the fictitiousness,
of the transaction. But any man's re-
flections will inform him, that every dra-
matic composition which raises mirth,
is comic; and that, to raise mirth, it is
by no means universally necessary that
the personages should be either mean or
corrupt, nor always requisite that the
action should be trivial, nor ever that it
should be fictitious.
If the two kinds of dramatic poetry
had been defined only by their effects
upon the mind, some absurdities might
have been prevented, with which the com-
positions of our greatest poets are dis-
graced, who, for want of some settled
ideas and accurate distinctions, have un-
happily confounded tragic with comic
sentiments. They seem to have thought
that as the meanest of personages con-
stituted comedy, their greatness was
sufficient to form a tragedy; and that
nothing was necessary but that they
should crowd the scene with monarchs,
and generals, and guards; and to make
them talk at certain intervals of the
downfall of kingdoms, and the rout of
armies. They have not considered that
thoughts or accidents, in themselves ridic-
ulous, grow still more grotesque by the
solemnity of such characters; that rea-
son and nature are uniform and inflex-
ible: and that what is despicable and
absurd, will not, by any association with
splendid titles become rational or great;
the most important affairs, by an inter-
mixture of an unseasonable levity, may
be made contemptible; and the robes of
royalty can give no dignity to nonsense
or to folly.
"Comedy," says Horace, "sometimes
raises her voice " ; and tragedy may like-
wise, on proper occasions, abate her dig-
nity; but as the comic personages can
only depart from their familiarity of
style, when the more violent passions
are put in motion, the heroes and queens
of tragedy should never descend to trifle,
but in the hours of eSse and intermis-
sions of danger. Yet in the tragedy of
Don Sebastian, when the King of Por-
tugal is in the hands of his enemy, and,
having just drawn the lot, by which he
is condemned to die, breaks out into a
wild boast that his dust shall take pos-
session of Afric, the dialogue proceeds
thus between the captive and his con-
queror :
Muley Moluch. What shall I do to con-
quer thee?
Seb. Impossible.
Souls have no conquerors.
M. Mol. I'll shew thee for a monster
thro' my Afric.
Seb. No, thou canst only shew me for a
man:
232
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Afric is stored with monsters; man's a
prodigy
Thy subjects have not seen.
M. Mol. Thou talk'st as if
Still at the head of battle.
Seb. Thou mistak'st,
For then I would not talk.
Benducar. Sure he would sleep.
This conversation, with the sly remark
of the Minister [Benducar J, can only
be found not to be comic because it
wants the probability necessary to rep-
resentations of common life, and degen-
erates too much towards buffoonery and
farce.
The same play affords a smart return
of the General to the Emperor, who, en-
forcing his orders for the death of Se-
bastian, vents his impatience in this
abrupt threat:
. . . No more replies,
But see thou dost it, or —
Choke in that threat: I can say Or as
loud.
A thousand instances of such impro-
priety might be produced, were not one
scene in Aureng-Zebe sufficient to ex-
emplify it. Indamora, a captive queen,
having Auren-Zebe for her lover, em-
ploys Arimant, to whose charge she had
sensible of her charms, to carry her mes-
sage to his rival.
{Arimant, with a letter in his hand;
Indamora.)
Arim. And I the messenger to him from
you?
Your empire you to tyranny pursue:
You lay commands, both cruel and un-
just,
To serve my rival, and betray my trust.
Ind. You first betrayed your trust, in
loving me;
And should not I my own advantage see?
Serving my love, you may my friendship
gain;
You know the rest of your pretences
vain.
You must, my Arimant, you must be
kind:
Arim. I'll to the king, and straight my
trust resign.
Ind. His trust you may, but you shall
never mine.
Heaven made you love me for no other
end,
But to become my confidant and friend:
As such, I keep no secret from your
sight,
And therefore make you judge how ill
I write:
mind;
If 'tis indited, as I meant it, kind.
Arim. "I ask not Heaven my freedom
to restore.
more :
And yet I must —
"Less for my own, than for your sor-
Another line, like this, would make me
Heaven! she goes on — yet more — and
yet more kind!
Each sentence is a dagger to my mind.
" See me this night —
Thank fortune who did such a friend
provide.
For faithful Arimant shall be your
guide."
Not only to be made an instrument,
But pre-engaged without my own con-
sent !
Ind. Unknown to engage you still aug-
ments my score,
And gives you scope of meriting the
more.
Arim. The best of men
Some interest in their actions must con-
fess :
None merit, but in hope they may pos-
sess.
The fatal paper rather let me tear,
Than, like Bellerophon, my own sentence
bear.
Ind. You may; but 'twill not be your
'Twill only give me pains of writing
twice.
You know you must obey me, soon or
late:
SAMUEL JOHNSON
233
Why should you vainly struggle with
Arim. / thank thee, Heaven, thou has
been wondrous kind!
Why am I thus to slavery designed,
And yet am cheater with a free-born
mind?
Or make thy orders with my reason suit,
Or let me live by sense, a glorious
brute —
(She frowns.
You frown, and I obey with speed, be-
fore
The dreadful sentence comes, See me no
more :
In the same scene every circumstance
concurs to turn tragedy to farce. The
wild absurdity of the expedient; the
contemptible suggestion of the lover;
the folly of obliging him to read the
letter, only because it ought to have been
concealed from him; the frequent inter-
ruptions of amorous impatience; the
faint expostulations of a voluntary slave;
the imperious haughtiness of a tyrant
without power; the deep reflection of the
yielding rebel upon fate and free-will;
and his wise wish to lose his reason as
soon as he finds himself about to do what
he cannot persuade his reason to ap-
prove, are sufficient to awaken the most
torpid risibility.
There is scarce a tragedy of the last
century which has not debased its most
important incidents, and polluted its
most serious interlocutions with buffoon-
ery and meanness; but though perhaps
it cannot be pretended that the present
age has added much to the force and
efficacy, it has at least been able to es-
cape many faults, which either ignorance
have overlooked or indulgence had li-
censed. The later tragedies, indeed,
have faults of another kind, perhaps more
destructive to delight, though less open
to censure. That perpetual tumor of
phrase %vith which every thought is now
expressed by every personage, the pau-
mits, and the unvaried equality of flow-
ing dialogue has taken away from our
present writers almost all that dominion
over the passions which was the boast of
their predecessors. Yet they may at
least claim this commendation, that they
avoid gross faults, and that if they can-
not often move terror or pity, they are
always careful not to provoke laughter.
Xo. 156. Saturday, September 14, 1751.
Xunquam aliud, natura, aliud sapient ia
(licit.
Juv. SAT. XIV. 321.
For wisdom ever echoes Nature's voice.
That many rules have been advanced
without consulting nature or reason, we
cannot but suspect when we find it per-
emptorily decreed by the ancient mas-
ters, that only three speaking person-
ages should appear at once upon the
stage; a law which, as the variety and
intricacy of modern plays has made it
impossible to be observed, we now vio-
late without scruple, and, as experience
proves, without inconvenience.
The original of this precept was merely
accidental. Tragedy was a monody, or
soliloquy sung in honor of Bacchus, im-
proved afterwards into a dialogue by
the addition of another speaker; but the
ancients, remembering that the tragedy
was at first pronounced only by one,
durst not for some time venture beyond
two; at last, when custom and impunity
their liberty to the admission of three,
but restrained themselves by a critical
edict from further exorbitance.
By what accident the number of acts
was limited to five, I know not that any
author has informed us; but certainly it
is not determined by any necessity aris-
ing either from the nature of action or
propriety of exhibition. An act is only
the representation of such a part of the
business of the play as proceeds in an
unbroken tenor, or without any interme-
diate pause. Nothing is more evident
than that of every real, and by conse-
quence of every dramatic action, the
intervals may be more or fewer than
five; and indeed the rule is upon the
English stage every day broken in effect,
without any other mischief than that
which arises from an absurd endeavor to
observe it in appearance. Whenever the
scene is shifted the act ceases, since some
time is necessarily supposed to elapse
while the personages of the drama change
their place.
234
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
With no greater right to our obedi-
ence have the critics confined the dra-
matic action to a certain number of
hours. Probability requires that the
time of action should approach some-
what nearly to that of exhibition, and
those plays will always be thought most
happily conducted which crowd the
greatest variety into the least space.
But since it will frequently happen that
some delusion must be admitted, I know
not where the limits of imagination can
be fixed. It is rarely observed that
minds, not prepossessed by mechanical
criticism, feel any offense from the ex-
tension of the intervals between the
acts; nor can I conceive it absurd or
impossible, that he who can multiply
three hours into twelve or twenty-four,
might imagine, with equal ease, a greater
number.
I know not whether he who professes
to regard no other laws than those of
nature, will not be inclined to receive
tragi-comedy to his protection, whom,
however generally condemned, her own
laurels have hitherto shaded from the
fulminations of criticism. For what is
there in the mingled drama which im-
partial reason can condemn? The con-
nection of important with trivial inci-
dents, since it is not only common but
perpetual in the world, may surely be
allowed on the stage, which pretends
only to be the mirror of life. The im-
propriety of suppressing passions before
we have raised them to the intended agi-
tation, and of diverting the expectation
from an event which we keep suspended
only to raise it, may be speciously urged.
But will not experience show this ob-
jection to be rather subtle than just?
Is it not certain that the tragic and comic
affections have been moved alternately
with equal force, and that no plays have
oftener filled the eye with tears, and the
heart with palpitation, than those which
are variegated with interludes of mirth?
I do not, however, think it safe to
judge of works of genius merely by the
event. The resistless vicissitudes of the
heart, this alternate prevalence of mer-
riment and solemnity, may sometimes be
more properly ascribed to the vigor of
the writer than the justness of the de-
sign; and, instead of vindicating tragi-
comedy by the success of Shakespeare,
we ought, perhaps, to pay new honors
to that transcendent and unbounded
genius that could preside over the pas-
sions in sport; who, to actuate the affec-
tions, needed not the slow gradation of
common means, but could fill the heart
with instantaneous jollity or sorrow, and
vary our disposition as he changed his
scenes. Perhaps the effects even of
Shakespeare's poetry might have been
yet greater, had he not counteracted
himself; and we might even have been
more interested in the distresses of his
heroes, had we not been so frequently
diverted by the jokes of his buffoons.
There are other rules more fixed and
obligatory. It is necessary that of every
play the chief action should be single;
and since a play represents some trans-
action, through its regular maturation
to its final event, two actions equally im-
portant must evidently constitute two
plays.
As the design of tragedy is to instruct
by moving the passions, it must always
have a hero, a personage apparently and
incontestably superior to the rest, upon
whom the attention may be fixed and the
anxiety suspended. For though of two
persons opposing each other with equal
abilities and equal virtue, the auditor
will inevitably in time choose his fa-
vorite, yet as that choice must be with-
out any cogency of conviction, the hopes
or fears which it raises will be faint and
languid. Of two heroes acting in con-
federacy against a common enemy, the
virtues or dangers will give little emo-
tion, because each claims our concern
with the same right, and the heart lies
at rest between equal motives.
It ought to be the first endeavor of a
writer to distinguish nature from cus-
tom; or that which is established because
it is right, from that which is right only
because it is established; that he may
neither violate essential principles by a
desire of novelty, nor debar himself from
the attainment of beauties within his
view, by a needless fear of breaking
rules which no literary dictator had au-
thority to enact.
OLIVER GOLDSMITH
235
OLIVER GOLDSMITH
Oliver Goldsmith was born, probably
at Smith-Hill House, Elphin, Roscom-
mon, Ireland, in 1758. Soon after his
birth his family moved to Kilkenny
West, where Oliver first went to school.
At the age of nine he left the little
school at Kilkenny, and attended sev-
eral academies. In 1744 he went to
Trinity College, Dublin, where he barely
managed to make a living. His per-
sonal ungainliness and crude manners
prevented his making many acquaint-
ances, so that his college fife was a mis-
erable one. He was graduated in 1749,
after the death of his father, and went
to live with his mother. He cast about
him in search of a profession. He was
a tutor at one time, but lost his position
as the result of a quarrel. He decided
later to emigrate to America, but missed
his ship. He then determined to study
law, and once again set forth to Dub-
lin, where he gambled away the fifty
pounds which had been given him.
When he was twenty-four he was again
endowed and went to Edinburgh to
study medicine, where for a year and
a half he made some slight pretense at
attending lectures, and then went to Ley-
den, presumably to continue his studies.
From Holland he proceeded on a walk-
ing tour through Flanders, France,
Switzerland, and the north of Italy,
gaining a subsistence on the road with
his flute. In 1756 he returned to Eng-
land, without a penny in his pocket, al-
though he had, according to his own
In London he turned his hand to every
sort of work: translation, the writing
of superficial histories, children's books,
and general articles. One of the works
of this period which is still included in
the Works is the Enquiry into the State
of Polite Learning in Europe. Through
the publication of The Bee and the Life
of Beau yash, Goldsmith achieved consid-
erable popularity, and his fortunes be-
gan to mend. He belonged to the cir-
cle of Johnson, Burke, Revnolds, and
was one of "The Club." The Traveller
appeared in 1764, and his reputation as
a poet was firmly established. The Vi-
car of Wakefield, published two years
later, increased his popularity, and "when
he produced his first play, The Good-
natur'd Man (1768), though the play
was not a success, it was widely read in
book-form. In 1770 came The' Deserted
Village, and three years after his dra-
matic masterpiece, She Stoops to Con-
quer, which was highly successful.
Goldsmith was meanwhile busy with a
great deal of hack-work — the" Xatural
History, the histories of England, Rome,
and Greece — which were very remunera-
tive. But Goldsmith's carelessness, his
intemperance, and his habit of gambling,
soon brought him into debt. Broken in
health and mind, he died in 1774.
In one of his earliest works, the En-
quiry into the Present State of Polite
Learning (1759) Goldsmith gave utter-
ance to the thought which was to be his
guiding star in the field of the drama.
He says : " Does the poet paint the ab-
surdities of the vulgar, then he is low;
does he exaggerate the features of folly,
to render it more ridiculous, he is then
very low. In short, they have proscribed
the comic or satirical muse from every
walk but high life, which, though abound-
ing in fools as well as the humblest sta-
tion, is by no means so fruitful in ab-
surdity." It was Goldsmith's mission to
render more natural the comedy of his
time, and strike a decisive blow at the
genteel or sentimental comedy, which he
later termed a " kind of mulish produc-
tion, with all the defects of its opposite
parents, and marked with sterility."
Goldsmith wrote comparatively little on
the drama — the passages in the Enquiry
already referred to, an occasional para-
graph in the Essays, the important Essay
on the Theatre, and the brief Preface to
The Good-natured Man — are practically
all he had to say on the subject.
On the drama:
An Enquiry into the Present State of
Polite Learning in Europe (London,
1759). (The Citizen of the World and
The Bee mav also be consulted for
occasional references to the drama.)
236
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Preface to The Qood-natur'd Man
(1768).
An Essay on the Theatre; or, a Com-
parison Between Laughing and Senti-
mental Comedy (1772).
Editions :
The first general edition of Goldsmith
is the Miscellaneous Works (London,
1775). The best modern edition is the
Works, edited by J. W. M. Gibbs, 5
vols. (London, 1884-86). A good an-
notated edition of the plays, with a
bibliography and reprint of the Essay
on the Theatre, is The Qood-natur'd
Man and She Stoops to Conquer, with
an introduction by Austin Dobson
(Boston, 1911).
On Goldsmith and his works:
Sir James Prior, The Life of Oliver
Goldsmith, 2 vols. (London, 1837).
John Forster, The Life and Adventures
of Oliver Goldsmith, 2 vols. (2nd ed.,
London, 1854).
Washington Irving, The Life of Oliver
Goldsmith, 2 vols. (New York, 1844 ff.).
W. M. Thackeray, The English Humour-
ists of the Eighteenth Century (mod-
ern reprint in Everyman's Library,
n.d.).
William Black, Goldsmith (London,
1878).
Austin Dobson, Life of Oliver Gold-
smith (revised ed., Ney York, 1899).
F. F. Moore, The Life of Oliver Gold-
smith (latest ed., New York, 1911).
AN ESSAY ON THE THEATRE; OR, A COMPARISON BETWEEN
LAUGHING AND SENTIMENTAL COMEDY i
(1772)
The theater, like all other amusements,
has its fashions and its prejudices: and
when satiated with its excellence man-
kind begin to mistake change for im-
provement. For some years tragedy
was the reigning entertainment; but of
late it has entirely given way to comedy,
and our best efforts are now exerted in
these lighter kinds of composition. The
pompous train, the swelling phrase, and
the unnatural rant, are displaced for
that natural portrait of human folly and
frailty, of which all are judges, because
all have sat for the picture.
But as in describing nature it is pre-
sented with a double face, either of mirth
or sadness, our modern writers find them-
selves at a loss which chiefly to copy
from; and it is now debated, whether
the exhibition of human distress is likely
to afford the mind more entertainment
than that of human absurdity?
Comedy is defined by Aristotle to be
a picture of the frailties of the lower
part of mankind, to distinguish it from
tragedy, which is an exhibition of the
misfortunes of the great. When com-
edy, therefore, ascends to produce the
and She Stoops to Conquer, by Oliver Gold-
smith,, with an Introduction by Austin Dobson
(Boston, 1911). — Ed.
characters of princes or generals upon
the stage, it is out of its walks, since
low life and middle life are entirely its
object. The principal question, there-
fore, is, whether, in describing low or
middle life, an exhibition of its follies
be not preferable to a detail of its ca-
lamities? Or, in other words, which de-
serves the preference, — the weeping sen-
timental comedy so much in fashion at
present, or the laughing, and even low
comedy, which seems to have been last
exhibited by Vanbrugh and Cibber?
If we apply to authorities, all the
great masters in the dramatic art have
but one opinion. Their rule is, that as
tragedy displays the calamities of the
great, so comedy should excite our laugh-
ter by ridiculously exhibiting the follies
of the lower part of mankind. Boileau,
one of the best modern critics, asserts
that comedy will not admit of tragic
distress: —
N
Le comique, ennemi des soupirs et des
pleurs,
'admet point dans ses vers de tragiques
douleurs.
Nor is this rule without the strongest
foundation in nature, as the distresses of
the mean by no means affect us so
OLIVER GOLDSMITH
237
strongly as the calamities of the great.
When tragedy exhibits to us some great
man fallen from his height, and strug-
gling with want and adversity, we feel
his situation in the same manner as we
suppose he himself must feel, and our
pity is increased in proportion to the
height from which he fell. On the con-
trary, we do not so strongly sympathize
with one born in humbler circumstances,
and encountering accidental distress: so
that while we melt for Belisarius, we
scarcely give halfpence to the beggar
who accosts us in the street. The one
has our pity, the other our contempt.
Distress, therefore, is the proper object
of tragedy, since the great excite our
pity by their fall; but not equally so of
comedy, since the actors employed in it
are originallv so mean, that they sink
but little by "their fall.
Since the first origin of the stage,
tragedy and comedy have run in distinct
channels, and never till of late en-
croached upon the provinces of each
other. Terence, who seems to have made
the nearest approaches, always judi-
ciously stops short before he comes to
the downright pathetic; and yet he is
even reproached by Caesar for wanting
the vis co mica. All the other comic
writers of antiquity aim only at render-
ing folly or vice ridiculous, but never
exalt their characters into buskined
pomp, or make what Voltaire humorously
Yet notwithstanding this weight of au-
thority, and the universal practice of
former ages, a new species of dramatic
composition has been introduced, under
the name of sentimental comedy, in
which the virtues of private life are ex-
hibited, rather than the vices exposed;
and the distresses rather than the faults
of mankind make our interest in the
piece. These comedies have had of late
great success, perhaps from their nov-
elty, and also from their flattering every
man in his favorite foible. In these
plays almost all the characters are good,
and exceedingly generous; they are lav-
ish enough of their tin money on the
stage; and though they want humor,
have abundance of sentiment and feel-
ing. If they happen to have faults or
foibles, the spectator is taught, not only
to pardon, but to applaud them, in con-
sideration of the goodness of their hearts;
so that folly, instead of being ridiculed,
is commended, and the comedy aims at
touching our passions without the power
of being truly pathetic. In this manner
we are likely to lose one great source
of entertainment on the stage; for while
the comic poet is invading the province
of the tragic muse, he leaves her lovely
sister quite neglected. Of this, however,
he is no way solicitous, as he measures
his fame by his profits.
But it will be said, that the theater
is formed to amuse mankind, and that
it matters little, if this end be answered,
by what means it is obtained. If man-
kind find delight in weeping at comedy,
it would be cruel to abridge them in
that or any other innocent pleasure. If
those pieces are denied the name of com-
edies, yet call them by any other name
and, if they are delightful, they are
good. Their success, it will be said, is
a mark of their merit, and it is only
abridging our happiness to deny us an
inlet to amusement.
These objections, however, are rather
specious than solid. It is true that
amusement is a great object of the thea-
ter, and it will be allowed that these
sentimental pieces do often amuse us;
but the question is, whether the true
comedy would not amuse us more? The
question is, whether a character sup-
ported throughout a piece, with its ridi-
cule still attending, would not give us
more delight than this species of bastard
tragedy, which only is applauded be-
cause it is new?
A friend of mine, who was sitting un-
moved at one of these sentimental pieces,
was asked how he could be so indiffer-
ent? " Why, truly," says he, " as the
hero is but a tradesman, it is indifferent
to me whether he be turned out of his
counting-house on Fish Street Hill, since
he will still have enough left to open shop
in St. Giles's."
The other objection is as ill-grounded;
for though we should give these pieces
another name, it will not mend their
efficacy. It will continue a kind of mul-
ish production, with all the defects of its
opposite parents, and marked with
sterility. If we are permitted to make
comedy weep, we have an equal right
to make tragedy laugh, and to set down
238
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
in blank verse the jestg and repartees
of all the attendants in a funeral pro-
cession.
But there is one argument in favor of
sentimental comedy, which will keep it
on the stage, in spite of all that can be
said against it. It is, of all others, the
most easily written. Those abilities that
can hammer out a novel are fully suffi-
cient for the production of a sentimental
comedy. It is only sufficient to raise the
characters a little; to deck out the hero
with a riband, or give the heroine a
title; then to put an insipid dialogue,
without character or humor, into their
mouths, give them mighty good hearts,
very fine clothes, furnish a new set of
scenes, make a pathetic scene or two,
with a sprinkling of tender melancholy
conversation through the whole, and
there is no doubt but all the ladies will
cry and all the gentlemen applaud.
Humor at present seems to be depart-
ing from the stage, and it will soon hap-
pen that our comic players will have
nothing left for it but a fine coat and a
song. It depends upon the audience
whether they will actually drive those
poor merry creatures from the stage,
or sit at a play as gloomy as at the
Tabernacle. It is not easy to recover
an art when once lost; and it will be
but a just punishment, that when, by our
being too fastidious, we have banished
humor from the stage, we should our-
selves be deprived of the art of laugh-
ing.
ITALY — II
From the Renaissance to the Present Day
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Seventeenth Century . . . 241
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth Century . . . 241
Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries 242
Note. Brief extract from Gozzi's Memoirs (1797) 242
Bibliography 243
Carlo Goldoni 244
Bibliography 245
The Comic Theater [11 Teatro comico] translated by H. C. Chatfield-
Taylor (1751). Extracts 246
Memoirs [Memoires] translated by the editor (1787). Extracts . 247
ITALIAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY
For at least a century the great Ren-
cessors in Italy, and the record of sev-
enteenth century criticism is largely one
of more or less pedantic compilation,
classification, and repetition. The lack
of a new interest in antiquity, such as
served Daniello, Trissino, Scaliger and
Castelvetro, and the scanty offerings of
native dramatic products, are sufficient
to account for the lack of outstanding
contributions to dramatic theory. Beni's
DUpulatio (1600) was among the last
works mentioned under Italian Renais-
sance Criticism. Close upon it, in 1601,
came Giovanni Bernardo Brandi's Trat-
tato dell' Arte Poetica. In 1613 ap-
peared Chiodino da Monte Melone's rhe-
torical treatise, and in 1618 Pellegrino's
Discorso della Poetica, and soon after,
the similar works of Udeno Nisieli and
Giovanni Colle Bellunese. A curious
work of the time is P. M. Cecchini's
Frutti delle moderne commedie etavisi
a chi le recita (1628). An ambitious ef-
fort was Celso Zani's Poetica ecclesias-
tica e civile . . . nella quale si pone in
chiaro la Diffinizione della Poesia com-
mune alia Tragedia e alV Epopeja
(1643). The list is practically complete
with the minor works on poetics by
Flavio Querengo and Benedetto Men-
zini. In 1699 A. Perrucci published his
Dell' arte rappregentativa premeditata e
all' improvviso.
ITALIAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY
Four critics of varying importance
opened the new century with works
which exerted considerable influence:
Crescimbeni, Gravina, Muratori, and
ical works many of which were effective
in restoring Italy to a position of honor
in the critical world. Giovanni Maria
Crescimbeni published La Bellezza della
volyar Poesia in 1700, but enlarged it for
the edition of 1730. For the most part
his work was one of compilation. An-
other work, a sort of historical survey,
was Gianvincenzo Gravina's Della Ra-
tion poetica (170i), though of course his
Delia Tragedia is of greater interest and
importance as a dramatic tract. A man
of greater insight and learning was Ludo-
vico Antonio Muratori, whose Della per-
fetta Poesia italiana (1706) exerted
greater influence than the works of any
of his group. Scipione Maffei and F.
Palesi wrote minor works on litera-
ture and the drama, while Luigi Ricco-
boni wrote his treatises on the theaters
in Italy and elsewhere in Europe, be-
sides a theoretical work, Dell' arte rap-
presentatica (1725). Francesco Xavier
Quadrio opened the way to the compara-
tive study and criticism of literature,
and his Della Storia della Ragione
d'ogni Poesia (1739-52) is an ambitious
attempt to cover the entire field of
poetry. Francesco Maria Zanotti wrote
a Poetica in 1768, and Girolamo Tira-
boschi continued, though with greater
knowledge and insight, the work of Cres-
cimbeni, in his Storia della Letteratura
italiana (1772-82). Meantime the dram-
atists themselves began to explain their
241
242
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
theories. The eighteenth century marks
the dawn of a truly national Italian
drama. Scipione Maffei's Merope was
produced in 1714, and not long after
Apostolo Zeno, considered the father of
modern opera, came into prominence.
With the advent of Carlo Goldoni, an
innovator of the greatest importance, the
Commedia dell' Arte (Comedy of Masks,
or Improvised Comedy), was attacked.
The Commedia dell' Arte, in which a
scenario served as the basis of a series
of improvised dialogues by a number of
been the most typical of Italian dramatic
products. Goldoni, whose aim it was to
imitate Moliere and introduce a sort
of realistic comedy into Italy, felt it
necessary to do away with the Commedia
dell' Arte, and in his numerous prefaces,
and particularly in his Memoires (1787)
he argued against the old form. His
principal antagonist was the dramatist
Carlo Gozzi, whose ftabi, or dramatized
fairy tales, were an attempt to resusci-
tate the art of the old Commedia dell'
Arte. In his Prefaces, or RagionamenU
and in his Memorie (1797) i he maintains
1 A brief extract from Carlo Gozzi's Mem-
oirs (1797), translated by J. A. Symonds
(London, 1890) :
" You cannot fabricate a drama worthy to
impress the public mind for any length of
time by heaping up absurdities, marvels, scur-
rilities, prolixities, puerilities, insipidities, and
nonsense. The neglect into which the imita-
tions of my manner speedily fell proves this.
Much the same may be said about those other
species — romantic or domestic, intended to
move tears or laughter — those cultured and
realistic kinds of drama, as people call them,
though they were generally devoid of culture
and of realism, and were invariably as like
each other as two peas, which occupied our
stage for thirty years at least. All the good
his theories against Goldoni's. Mean-
while Zeno's successor, Pietro Metas-
tasio, carried on his work, and his operas
were popular throughout the world until
the nineteenth century. His chief crit-
ical contribution to the theory of the
drama was a commentary on Aristotle,
Estratto dell' Arte Poetica d'Aristotile
(1782). Vittorio Alfieri, one of the
greatest dramatists of Italy, touched
upon dramatic matters in his auto-
biography (Vita di Vittorio Alfieri
scritta da esso, 1804), and in his various
Lettere and essays on tragedy, but his
revolutionary spirit was manifest rather
in his plays than in his references to the
theory behind them.
Almost contemporary with Alfieri
were the three great Revolutionary poets
and dramatists: Manzoni, Foscolo, and
Monti, each of whom contributed to the
Romantic triumph in Italy. Manzoni, in
particular, was an important figure; his
Preface to the play Carmagnola (1820)
and his Letter on the Unities (1823), are
landmarks of dramatic theory.
and bad that has been written and printed
about my fables; the fact that they still hold
the stage in Italy and other countries where
they are translated in spite of their compara-
tive antiquity ; the stupid criticisms which are
still being vented against them by starving
journalists and envious bores, who join the
— criticisms only based upon the titles and
arguments I chose to draw from old wives'
tales and stories of the nursery — all this
proves that there is real stuff in the fabulous,
poetical allegorical genre which I created. I
say this without any presumptuous partiality
for the children of my fancy ; nor do I resent
the attacks which have been made upon them,
for I am human enough to pity the hungry and
the passioa-blindecL" — Ed.
ITALIAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM OF THE NINETEENTH AND
TWENTIETH CENTURIES
The Italian drama of the nineteenth
century — or all but the closing years —
was based upon the traditions of the
past. There is very little of note in the
field of dramatic criticism proper, though
at least two great literary critics and
estheticians ought to be named: Fran-
cesco de Sanctis and Benedetto Croce.
Each of these writers has contributed
valuable material to esthetics and criti-
cism, but comparatively little to dra-
matic theory.
The modern dramatists have likewise
had little to say, though Giuseppe Gia-
cosa has lectured widely on the subject
of his own art.
NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
243
General references on Italian litera-
ture from the Renaissance to the pres-
ent day:
A. d'Ancona e O. Bacci, Manuale della
letteratura italiana, 6 vols. (Firenze,
1904-08).
Vernon Lee, Studies of the Eighteenth
Century in Italy (2nd ed., Chicago,
1908).
M. Mignon, Etudes de litterature itali-
enne (Paris, 1912).
Richard Garnett, A History of Italian
Literature (New York, 1909).
L. Collison-Morley, Modern Italian Lit-
erature (Boston, 1912).
V. Rossi, Storia della letteratura italiana
per uso dei licei, 3 vols. (Milano, 1907).
Tullio Concari, II Settecento (in series
Storia letteraria, etc* Milano, 1898-
1900).
M. Landau, Geschichte der italienischen
Literatur im IS. Jahrhundert (Berlin,
1899).
Amedee Roux, Histoire de la litterature
contemporaine en Italic, etc (1859—
7-1) (Paris, 1896).
L. Etienne, Histoire de la litterature
italienne (Paris, 1884).
H. Hauvette, La Litterature italienne
(Paris, 1906).
G. Mazzoni, L'Ottocento (in series, Storia
letteraria, etc., Milano, 1898-1913).
References on Italian drama from the
Renaissance to the present day:
E. Masi, Studi sulla Storia del teatro
italiana (Firenze, 1891).
Giuseppe Guerzoni, // Teatro italiano nel
secolo XVIII (Milano, 1876).
Philippe Monnier, Venise au XVIII'
siecle (Lausanne, 1907. Translated
anonymously, Boston, 1910).
Eugenio Camerini, / Precursori del Gol-
doni (Milano, 1872).
G. G. de Rossi, Del Moderno teatro
italiano (Bassano, 1794).
P. F. Biancolelli, Xouveau The"dtre ital-
ien (An vers, 1713).
L. Stoppate, La Commedia popolare in
Michele Scherillo, La Commodia dell'
Arte in Italia (Torino, 1880).
O. Marchini-Capasso, Goldoni e la Com-
media delt' Arte (Napoli, 1912).
L. Riccoboni, Histoire du Theatre italien
(Paris, 1731).
Winifred Smith, The Commedia dell'
Arte (New York, 1912). .
Anonymous, An Essay upon the Present
State of the Theatre in France, Eng-
land, and Italy (London, 1760).
J. C. Walker, Historical and Critical Es-
say on the Revival of the Drama in
Italy (Edinburgh, 1805).
, Historical Memoir on Italian Trag-
edy, etc (London, 1799).
Charles Rabany, Carlo Goldoni. Le
Theatre et la vie en Italie au XVIII'
siecle (Paris, 1896).
Carlo Goldoni, Me moires (Paris, 1787.
Reprinted with preface and notes by
Guido Mazzoni in two volumes as
Memorie di Carlo Goldoni, Firenze,
1907. Translated by John Black as
Memoirs of Carlo Goldoni, 2 vols.,
London, 1814. Abridged ed., edited
by W. D. Howells, Boston, 1877).
, Lettere (Modern edition, Bologna,
1907).
H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, Goldoni, a Biog-
raphy (New York, 1913).
E. M. Leopardi, II Melodramma del
Metastasio e la sua fortuna nel secolo
XVIII (Napoli, 1909).
Charles Burney, Memoirs of the Life
and Writings of the Abate Metastasio,
etc., 3 vols. (London, 1796).
Nathan Haskell Dole, A Teacher of
Dante, etc (New York, 1908).
Carlo Gozzi, Memorie inutili, etc, 3 vols.
(Venezia, 1797. Translated, with an
introduction, by J. A. Symonds, as
Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi, 2 vols., Lon-
don, 1890).
Giovanni Battista Magrini, I Tempi, la
Vita e gli Scritti di Carlo Gozzi
(Benevento, 1883).
G. Costetti, II Teatro italiano nel 1800
(Rocca di S. Cassiano, 1901).
Gaetano Zocchi, II Teatro italiano a'
tempi nostri (Prato, 1885).
Addison McLeod, Plays and Players of
Modern Italy (London, 1912).
Henrv Lyonnet, Le Thidtre en Italie
(Paris, 1900).
, Pulcinella et Cie (Paris, 1901).
Jean Dornis, Le Theatre italien contem-
porain (Paris, 1898).
A. Lalia-Paternostro, Studi drammatici
(Napoli, 1903).
Barrett H. Clark, The Continental Drama
of Today (2nd ed., New York,
1914).
244
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
G. M. Scalinger, Teatro sociologico (Na-
poli, 1902).
F. Martini, Al teatro (Firenze, 1908).
Cesare Levi, Letteratura drammatica
(Milano, 1900).
References on Italian dramatic criti-
cism and theory from the Renaissance to
the present day:
G. Trezza, La critica moderna (2nd ed.,
Bologna, 1880).
L. Morandi, Antologia delta nostra crit-
ica letteraria moderna (4th ed., Citta
di Castello, 1889).
P. Ferrieri, Francesco de Sanctis e la
critica letteraria (Milano, 1888).
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vols. 2 and 3 (New York, 1902-
04).
A. Galletti, Le Teorie drammatiche e la
tragedia in Italia nel secolo XVIII
(Cremona, 1901).
CARLO GOLDONI
Carlo Goldoni was born at Venice in
1707. From his earliest years he ap-
pears to have been interested in the
theater: his toys were puppets and his
books, plays. It is said that at the age
of eight he attempted to write a play.
The boy's father placed him under the
care of the philosopher Caldini at Ri-
mini but the youth soon ran away with
a company of strolling players and came
to Venice. There he began to study law;
he continued his studies at Pavia, though
he relates in his Memoirs that a consid-
erable part of his time was spent in
reading Greek and Latin comedies. He
and, as the result of a libel in which
he ridiculed certain families of Pavia,
he was forced to leave the city. He
continued his law studies at Udine,
and eventually took his degree at Mo-
dena. He was employed as law clerk
at Chioggia and Feltre, after which he
returned to his native city and began
practicing. But his true vocation was
the theater, and he made his bow with
a tragedy, Amalasunta, produced at Mi-
lan, but this was a failure. His next
play, Belisario, written in 1734, succeeded.
He wrote other tragedies for a time, but
he was not long in discovering that his
bent was for comedy. He had come to
realize that the Italian stage needed re-
forming, and adopting Moliere as his
model, he went to work in earnest, and
in 1738 produced his first real comedy,
L'Uomo di mondo. During his numer-
ous wanderings and adventures in Italy,
he was constantly at work, and when, at
Leghorn, he becoming acquainted with
the manager Medebac, he determined to
pursue the profession of playwriting in
order to make a living. He was em-
ployed by Medebac to write plays for
his theater in Venice. He worked for
other managers, and produced during his
stay in that city some of his most char-
acteristic works. In 1761 he went to
Paris, where he continued to write.
Among the plays which he wrote in
French, the most successful was Le
Bourru bienfaisant, produced on the oc-
casion of the marriage of Louis XVI
and Marie Antoinette in 1771. He en-
joyed considerable popularity in France,
and when he retired to Versailles the
King gave him a pension. But when the
Revolution broke out, he was deprived
of it. The day after his death, how-
ever, the Convention voted to restore the
pension. He died in 1793.
Goldoni was the great reformer of
Italian comedy. His importance, which
consisted rather in giving good examples
than precepts, lay in his having regu-
larized the drama of his country, and
brought it from the conventionality of
the Commedia dell' Arte, or improvised
comedy. He rightly maintained that
Italian life and manners were susceptible
of artistic treatment on a much higher
plane than had been accorded it before
Moliere and often tried to emulate if
not imitate him, his plays are gentler
and more optimistic in tone. He relates
at considerable length in his Memoirs
the state of Italian comedy when he be-
CARLO GOLDONI
245
gan writing, and his works are a lasting
monument to the changes which he
themselves the justification of his theory,
and need no explanation, but his theories
are interesting and valuable. These he
set forth in his Memoirs, his prefaces,
and in many places throughout the play
II Teatro comico.
On the drama:
Outside the many prefaces to the va-
rious editions, Goldoni's principal
writings on the drama are in the
Teatro Comico (1751) and the MSm-
oires (1787).
Editions:
The early editions are not complete, and
there is considerable confusion in col-
lating them. The Pasquali edition, in
17 vols. (Venice, 1761, and following),
authorized by Goldoni, is the best of
the early editions. The Tasso edition,
45 vols. (Venice, 1823-27), is a good
modern edition, while the Opere com-
Venice (begun in 1907 and now in
course of publication) will take its
place as the definitive edition. The
Me moires de M. Goldoni pour servir
a Yhistoire de sa vie et a celle de son
theatre, were published in three vols.,
Paris, 1787. The best modern edition
is the reprint, Memorie di Carlo Gol-
doni, with preface and notes by Guido
Mazzoni, in 2 vols. (Firenze, 1907).
These are translated as Memoirs of
Goldoni, translated by John Black, 2
vols. (London, 1814. Reprinted in A
Collection of the Most Instructive and
Amusing Lives ever Published, vol. 23,
London, 18.28). An abridgement, with
an essay by \V. D. Howells, was pub-
lished at Boston in 1877. H. C. Chat-
field-Taylor's biography (see below)
contains translated extracts from the
plays, prefaces, and Memoirs.
On Goldoni and his works:
Prefaces to various editions of the works.
Mdmoires de M. Goldoni, 2 vols. (Paris,
1787). V
Luigi Carrer, Saggi su la vita e le opere
di Carlo Goldoni, 3 vols. (Venezia,
1824).
Giovanni Gherardini, Vita di Carlo Gol-
doni (Milano, 1821).
Ferdinando Meneghezzi, Delia Vita e
delle opere di Carlo Goldoni (Milano,
1827).
Edward Copping, Alfieri and Goldoni
(London, 1857).
Carlo Borghi, Memorie sulla Vita di
Carlo Goldoni (Modena, 1859).
V. de Amicis, La Commedia po polar e
latina e la commedia dell' arte (Na-
poli, 1882).
Alfonso Aloi, 7/ Goldoni e la Commedia
delf Arte (Catania, 1883).
G. Bertoni, Carlo Goldoni e il teatro fran-
cese del suo tempo (Modena, 1907).
Virgilio Brocchi, Carlo Goldoni a Venezia
nel secolo XV III (Bologna, 1907).
Giulio Caprin, Carlo Goldoni, la sua vita,
le sue opere (Milano, 1907).
A. Cuman, La Riforma del Teatro com-
ico italiano e Carlo Goldoni (in Ateneo
veneto, vols. 22 & 23, Venezia, 1899-
1900).
Angelo de Gubernatis, Carlo Goldoni (Fi-
renze, 1911).
Vernon Lee, Studies of the Eighteenth
Century in Italy (2nd ed., Chicago,
1906).
E. Von Lohner, Carlo Goldoni e le sue
Memorie (in Archivio veneto, vols. 23
6: 24, Venezia, 1882).
Olga Marchini-Capasso, Goldoni e la
commedia dell' arte (Bergamo, 1907).
P. G. Molmenti, Carlo Goldoni (2nd ed.,
Venezia, 1880).
Giuseppe Ortolani, Delia Vita e delV
arte di Carlo Goldoni (Venezia, 1907).
E. Pasqualini, Carlo Goldoni (Assisi,
1909).
P. Petrocchi, Carlo Goldoni e la com-
media (Milano, 1893).
Charles Kabanv, Carlo Goldoni (Paris,
1896).
Michele Scherillo, La Commedia delV
arte in Italia (Torino, 1884).
Winifred Smith; The Commedia dell'
Arte (New York, 1912).
Marietta Tovini, Studio su Carlo Goldoni
(Firenze, 1900).
H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, Goldoni, a Biog-
raphy (Xew York, 1913).
246
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
THE COMIC THEATER 1
[II Teatro Cotnico]
(1751)
Comedy was invented to correct foibles
and ridicule disagreeable babits; when
the comedy of the ancients was written
in this wise, the whole world liked it, for
on seeing a fac-simile of a character upon
the boards, everybody saw the original
either in himself or in some one else.
When comedy became merely ridiculous,
nobody paid further attention to it, since
under the pretext of causing laughter,
the most high-sounding absurdities were
permitted. Now that we are again fish-
ing comedies out of the Mare viagnum
of nature, men find themselves again
searching their hearts and identifying
themselves with the passion or the char-
acter which is being represented, for
they know how to discern whether a pas-
sion is well depicted, whether a charac-
ter is well sustained: in short, they
observe. . . .
The French have triumphed in the art
of comedy during a whole century; it is
now time for Italy to proclaim that in
her the seed of good authorship is not
dried up, Italian authors having been,
after the Greeks and the Romans, the
first to enrich and adorn the stage. The
French in their comedies, it must be ad-
mitted, present fine and well-sustained
characters; moreover, they delineate pas-
sions well, and their conceptions are
acute, witty, and brilliant, but the public
of that country is satisfied with a little.
One single character is sufficient to main-
tain a French comedy. Around a single
passion well conceived and drawn, a great
number of speeches vibrate which by dint
of elocution present the air of novelty.
We Italians demand much more. We
wish the principal character to be strong,
original, and well recognized . . . that
the plot shall be fertile in incidents and
the author in H. C. Chatfield-Taylor's Goldoni,
A Biography (New York, 1913). — Ed.
novelties. We demand morals mingled
with quips and humor. We insist that
the end be unexpected, but plainly de-
rived from the trend of the action. We
like to have an infinity of things too
many to relate here, and it is only in the
course of time that we can succeed in
learning by practice and usage to know
them and to obtain success with them.
Aristotle began to write concerning
comedy, but he did not finish, and we
have from him but a few imperfect frag-
ments regarding it. In his Poetics he
prescribed the unity of place for trag-
edy ; yet he did not mention comedy then.
There are those who maintain that his
statements about tragedy must be inter-
preted as referring to comedy also, and
that if he had finished his treatise on
comedy, he would have prescribed the
unity of place. But my answer is, that
if Aristotle were now alive, he would
cancel this obnoxious precept, because a
thousand absurdities, a thousand blun-
ders and improprieties are caused by it.
I distinguish two kinds of comedy: pure
comedy and comedies of intrigue. Pure
comedy can be written with the unity of
place. Comedy of intrigue cannot be
thus written without crudity and incon-
gruity. The ancients had not, like our-
selves, a way to shift scenery, and for
that reason they observed the unities.
We have always observed the unity of
place when the action occurs in the same
city, and all the more when it remains in
the same house. . . . Therefore, I con-
clude that if comedy with the unity of
places can be written without hair-split-
ting or unseemliness, it should be done;
but if on account of the unity of place
absurdities have to be introduced, it is
better to change the scenes and observe
the rules of probability.
CARLO GOLDONI
247
MEMOIRS 2
[Memoiret to M. Goldoni, etc.]
(1787)
I wish that the Italian authors had
continued after the appearance of this
comedy [Macchiavelli's Mandragora] to
write decent and honorable comedies, and
that characters taken from nature had
been substituted for fantastic intrigues.
But it was left to Moliere to ennoble
and render useful the comic stage, in
exposing the vices and the laughable side
of man to ridicule, for the purpose of
correction.
1 was not yet acquainted with the
works of that great man, for I did not
understand French; but I made up my
mind to learn it, and meantime I ac-
quired the habit of observing men care-
fully, and never lost sight of an original
character. . . . (First Part, Ch. X.)
..." I am now," said I to myself,
" perfectly at my ease, and I can give
free rein to my imagination. Hitherto I
have labored on old subjects, but now I
must create and invent for myself. I
have the advantage of very promising
actors; but in order to employ them use-
fully I must begin with studying them.
Every person has his peculiar character
from nature; if the author gives him a
part to represent in unison with his own,
he may lay his account with success.
Well, then," continued I, " this is perhaps
the happy moment to set on foot the re-
form which I have so long meditated.
Yes, I must treat subjects of character:
this is the source of good comedy; with
this the great Moliere began his career,
and he carried it to a degree of perfec-
tion which the ancients merely indicated
to us, and which the moderns have never
seen equalled."
Was I wrong to encourage myself in
this way? No, for comedy was my forte,
and good comedy was my ambition. I
should have been in the wrong had I been
so ambitious as to set myself alongside
the masters of the art, but my sole de-
sire was to reform and correct the abuses
of the stage of my country; no great
2 Translation by the Editor, based in part
upon the John Black translation (1814) of the
Memoirs. Selections. — Ed.
scholarship was necessary to accomplish
that. . . .
That any character may be productive
of effect on the stage, it has always ap-
peared to me necessary to contrast it
with characters of an opposite descrip-
tion. . . .
This play [Momolo Cortesan] was emi-
nently successful, and I was happy. I
saw my compatriots turn from their old
love of farce: the reformation was at
hand. But I could not yet flatter my-
self that it was an accomplished fact,
for the dialogue of the play is not
written down. . . . That consistent style
which is the mark of true authors, was
not to be observed: 1 could not reform
everything at once without shocking the
lovers of the old style of national com-
edy. I then awaited a favorable moment
to attack them directly with more vigor
(First Part, Ch. XL.)
. . . And, acting upon the maxim of
comedy, ridendo castigat mores, I imag-
ined that the theater might be converted
into a school for the prevention of abuse
and the consequences resulting from it
(First Part, Ch. XLII.)
The unities requisite for the perfection
of theatrical works have in all times been
the subject of discussion among authors
and amateurs.
The censors of my plays of character
had nothing to reproach me with in re-
spect to the unity of action and of time,
but they maintained that in the unity of
The action of my comedies was always
confined to the same town, and the char-
acters never departed from it It is true t
that they went from one place to another ;
but all these places were within the same
walls ; and I was then and am still of the
opinion that in this manner the unity of
place was sufficiently observed.
In every art and every discovery, expe-
rience has always preceded precepts. In
248
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
the course of time, a method had been
assigned by writers to the practice of the
invention, but modern . authors have al-
ways possessed the right of putting an
interpretation on the ancients.
For my part, not finding either in the
Poetics of Aristotle or Horace a clear
and absolute precept founded on rea-
son for the rigorous unity of place, I
have always adhered to it when my sub-
ject seemed susceptible of it; but I
could never induce myself to sacrifice a
good comedy for the sake of a prejudice
which might have spoiled it. . . .
In speaking of virtue, I do not mean
an heroical virtue, affecting from its
distresses, and pathetic from its diction.
Those works which in France are called
drames, have certainly their merit; they
are a species of theatrical representation
between tragedy and comedy, and an
feeling hearts. The misfortunes of the
heroes of tragedy interest us at a dis-
tance, but those of our equals are calcu-
lated to affect us more closely.
Comedy, which is an imitation of na-
ture, ought not to reject virtuous and
pathetic sentiments, if the essential ob-
ject be observed of enlivening it with
those comic and prominent traits which
are the very foundations of its existence.
Far be it from me to indulge the fool-
ish presumption of setting up for a pre-
ceptor. I merely wish to impart to my
readers the little I have learned, and
have myself done; for in the most con-
temptible books we always find some-
thing deserving of attention.
(Second Part, Ch. III.)
In this city [Bologna], the mother of
wisdom and the Athens of Italy, com-
fore, of my reformation, as having a tend-
ency to suppress the Four Masks of Ital-
ian comedy.
This sort of comedy was in greater esti-
mation at Bologna than elsewhere.
There were several persons of merit in
that place who took delight in composing
outlines of pieces, which were very well
represented there by citizens of great
ability, and were the delight of their
country.
The lovers of the old comedy, on see-
ing the rapid progress of the new, de-
clared everywhere that it was unworthy
of an Italian to give a blow to a species
of comedy in which Italy had attained
great distinction, ond which no other na-
tion had ever been able to imitate.
But what made the greatest impression
on the discontented, was the suppression
of masks, which my system seemed to
threaten. It was said that these per-
sonages had been for two centuries the
amusement of Italy, and that it ought
not to be deprived of a species of comic
diversion which it had created and so
well supported.
Before venturing to give my opinion
of this subject I imagine the reader will
have no objection to listen for a few
moments to a short account of the origin,
employments, and effects, of these four
Comedy, which in all ages has been the
favorite entertainment of civilized na-
tions, shared the fate of the arts and sci-
ences, and was buried under the ruins of
the empire during the decay of letters.
The germ of comedy, however, was
never altogether extinguished in the fer-
tile bosom of Italy. Those who first en-
deavored to bring about its revival not
finding, in an ignorant age, writers of
sufficient skill, had the boldness to draw
out plans, to distribute them into acts
and scenes and to utter extempore, the
subjects, thoughts, and witticisms which
Those who could read (and neither the
great nor the rich were of the number),
finding that in the comedies of Plautus
and Terence there were always duped
fathers, debauched sons, enamored girls,
knavish servants, and mercenary maids;
and running over the different districts
of Italy, they took the fathers from
Venice and Bologna, the servants from
Bergamo, and the lovers and waiting-
maids from the dominions of Rome and
Tuscany.
Written proofs are not to be expected
of what took place in a time when writ-
ing was not in use: but I prove my asser-
tion in this way: Pantaloon has always
been a Venetian, the Doctor a Bolog-
nese, and Brighella and Harlequin, Ber-
gamasks; and from these places, there-
fore, the comic personages called the
Four Masks of the Italian comedy, were
taken by the players.
CARLO GOLDONI
249
What I say on this subject is not alto-
gether the product of my imagination:
I possess a manuscript of the Fifteenth
century, in very good preservation, and
bound "in parchment, containing one hun-
dred and twenty subjects, or sketches,
of Italian pieces, called commedie dell'
arte, and of which the basis of the comic
humor are always Pantaloon, a Venetian
merchant; the Doctor, a Bolognese law-
yer; and Brighella and Harlequin, Berga-
mesk valets, the first clever and sprightly,
and the other a mere dolt. Their antiq-
uity and their long existence indicate
their origin.
With respect to their employment,
Pantaloon and the Doctor, called by the
Italians the two old men, represent the
part of fathers, and the other parts
where cloaks are worn.
The first is a merchant, because Venice
in ancient times was the richest and
most extensively commercial country in
Italy. He has always preserved the an-
cient Venetian costume; the black dress
and woolen bonnet are still worn in Ven-
ice; and the red under-waistcoat and
breeches, cut out like drawers with red
stockings and slippers, are a most exact
representation of the equipment of the
first inhabitants of the Adriatic marshes.
The beard, which was considered an orna-
ment in those remote ages, has been
caricatured and rendered ridiculous in
subsequent periods.
The second old man, called the Doctor,
was taken from among the lawyers, for
the sake of opposing a learned man to
a merchant; and Bologna was selected,
because in that city there existed a uni-
versity, which, notwithstanding the igno-
rance of the times, still preserved the
offices and emoluments of professors.
In the dress of the Doctor we observe
the ancient costume of the university and
bar of Bologna, which is nearly the same
at this day; and the idea of the singular
mask which covers his face and nose was
taken from a wine stain which disfigured
the countenance of a lawyer of those
tunes. This is a tradition still existing
among the lovers of the commedia delT
arte.
Brighella and Harlequin, called in
Italy the two Zani, were taken from
Bergamo; because, the former being a
very sharp feJow and the other a stupid
clown, these two extremes are only to be
found among the lower orders of that
part of the country.
Brighella represents an intriguing, de-
ceitful and knavish valet. His dress is a
species of livery: his swarthy mask is a
caricature of the color of the inhabitants
of those high mountains, tanned by the
heat of the sun.
Some comedians in this character have
taken the name of Fenocchio, Fiqueto,
and Scapin; but they have always repre-
sented the same valet and the same
The harlequins have also assumed other
names; they have been sometimes Tracag-
tins; but they have always been stupid
Bergamasks. Their dress is an exact re-
production of that of a poor devil who
has picked up pieces of stuffs of differ-
ent colors to patch his dress; but his hat
corresponds with his mendicity, and the
hare's tail with which it is adorned is
still a common article of dress of the
peasantry of Bergamo.
I have thus, I trust, sufficiently demon-
strated the origin and employment of the
four masks of Italian comedy; it now
remains for me to mention the effects
resulting from them.
The mask must always be very preju-
dicial to the action of the performer
either in joy or sorrow; whether he be
in love, cross, or good-humored, the same
features are always exhibited; and how-
ever he may gesticulate and vary the
tone, he can never convey by the coun-
tenance, which is the interpreter of the
heart, the different passions with which
he is inwardly agitated.
The masks of the Greeks and Romans
were a sort of speaking-trumpets, in-
vented for the purpose of conveying the
sound through the vast extent of their
amphitheaters. Passion and sentiment
were not, in those times, carried to the
pitch of delicacy which is now necessary.
The actor must, in our day, possess a
soul; and the soul under a mask is like
a fire under ashes.
These were the reasons which induced
me to endeavor the reformation of the
Italian theater, and to substitute com-
edies for farces.
(Second Part, Ch. XXIV.)
GERMANY — I
Earliest and Neo-Classic Periods
German Dramatic Criticism from the Beginnings to Lessing . . 253
Bibliography „ . 254
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 255
Bibliography 256
Hamburg Dramaturgy [Hamburgische Dramaturgie] translated by
E. C. Beasley and Helen Zimmern. (1767-69.) Extracts . . 256
!
GERMAN DRAMATIC CRITICISM FROM THE BEGINNINGS
TO LESSING
Owing to a variety of causes — the lack
of political unity, among others — Ger-
many was late in developing her litera-
turej and what dramatic criticism there
is before Lessing is more or less of the
old style — Latin commentaries, state-
ment and re-statement of the Rules,
and grammatical disquisitions. Individ-
ual figures stand out, however — like
Opitz, Gottsched, and Johann Elias
Schlegel — but none of these contributed
theories of epoch-making importance.
German dramatic criticism begins with
German general criticism, somewhere to-
ward the middle of the sixteenth century.
It is doubtful just who was the beginner,
though Sturm, Fabricius, and Pontanus
all have just claims, while Schosser's pe-
dantic Disputationes de Tragcedia ante-
dated them all (1559). Johann Sturm
was a scholar of no mean attainments,
and his commentaries, letters, and the
work on rhetoric, exercised some influ-
ence, especially on his pupil Johann Lo-
bart, who edited a commentary of Hor-
ace's Art Poetica in 1576. Georgius
Fabricius, the first part of whose De Re
Poetica appeared in 1565 (an enlarged
edition was published in 1571), shows
signs of his acquaintance with Scaliger.
Jacobus Pontanus [Spanmiiller] wrote
an Institutiones Poeticae, a pedantic and
unoriginal treatise which appeared in
1594.1 But the first of the truly mod-
ern and vernacular tractates was Martin
Opitz' Buch von der Deutscher Poeterei
(1624). This work, with all its short-
comings, was the signal for a good deal
jf more or less original work in Ger-
many, though between its appearance
l Some critics include two great Dutch
-iters — Heinsius and Yoss — with the Early
Germans. Daniel Heinsius published his De
ragaediee Constitutione in 1611, and Gerard
Toss his Commentarioritm Rhrtoricorum sive
>ratoriarum Institutionum Libri Sex in 1609,
hough the enlarged edition of 1643 contains
auch more on the drama.
and that of Gottsched's Versuch in 1730
there was a large amount of the usual
Latin scholarship and pedantic compila-
tion. With Andreas Gryphius, the most
important dramatist of the century, the
English influence, which was beginning to
be felt even in the days of Opitz, became
more widespread, and in his plays, lec-
tures, and prefaces he combatted the old
rules of drama. Erdmann Neumeister
followed Gryphius in his disregard of
convention, while Philip von Zesen (in his
De Poetica, 1656) and Augustine Buch-
ner, in his Kurzer Wegiceiser sur Deutsch
Tichtkunst (1663), continued the pedan-
sched exerted considerable influence
over his contemporaries and successors.
He was during a great part of the first
half of the eighteenth century a literary
dictator, and his Versuch einer kritischen
Dichtkunst (1730) opened the eyes of
Germany to the possibility of develop-
ing her own literature. The spirit of the
work was neo-classical, and Gottsched
was a staunch admirer of the French
critics. His quarrels with Bodmer and
Breitinger, the Swiss critics, over Milton
and other subjects, resulted in ignomini-
ous defeat. Johann Jakob Bodmer is the
author of the famous Diskurse der Mah-
ler (1721), and J. J. Breitinger of the
Kritische Dichtkunst (1740). Gott-
sched's ideas were soon rejected by the
public, but he had a number of follow-
ers, chiefly among the small group of
writers who founded the Bremer Bei-
trdge in 1745. Among these were Gel-
lert, Klopstock, and Johann Elias Schle-
gel. Schlegel wrote a number of inter-
esting essays on the drama, among the
best of which is the Gedanken zur Auf-
nahme des danischen Theaters. He was
likewise a Shakespearian enthusiast, and
has been called the founder of Shakes-
peare study in his country. Moses Men-
delssohn's Brief e are concerned, among
253
254
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
other things, with Shakespeare criticism.
But by all odds the greatest critic of
the time, and one of the greatest of all
time, was Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.
While he wrote a vast amount of miscel-
laneous criticism and a purely esthetic
work — the Laokoon (1776) — his chief
contribution to dramatic theory is his
Hamburgische Dramaturgic (1769).
These papers were originally published
as disconnected dramatic criticisms, but
taken as a whole, they none the less con-
stitute a body of dramatic theory. Les-
sing's principal task was to destroy the
French models set up by Gottsched and
others, to explain Aristotle, and to ex-
hort his fellow dramatists to turn to
England, where they would find a dra-
matic form more flexible and better
adapted to their genius than the rigidly
fixed classical dramas of France.
General references on German litera-
ture:
K. Goedeke, Grundriss zur Geschichte der
deutschen Dichtung, 4 vols. (Dresden,
1859-81).
J ahresberichte fur neuere deutsche
Liter -atur geschichte, 14 vols. (Berlin,
1892 ff).
K. Breul, Handy Bibliographical Guide
to the German Language and Litera-
ture (London, 1895).
K. A. Koberstein, Grundriss zur Ge-
schichte der deutschen Nationallitera-
tur (New ed. by K. Bartsch, 5 vols.,
Leipzig, 1872-74).
G. G. Gervinus, Geschichte der poetischen
Nationalliteratur der Deutschen (New
ed. by K. Bartsch, 5 vols., Leipzig,
1871-74).
W. Wackernagel, Geschichte der
deutschen Literatur (new ed. and con-
tinuation by E. Martin, 2 vols., Basel,
1879, 1885-94).
A. F. C. Vilmar, Geschichte der
deutschen Nationalliteratur (ed. by A.
Stern, 1906).
W. Scherer, Geschichte der deutschen
Literatur (latest ed., Berlin, 1905).
J. G. Robinson, A History of German
Literature (New York, 1902).
Kuno Francke, History of German Lit-
erature as Determined by Social Forces
(New York, 1911).
Calvin Thomas, A History of German
Literature (New York, 1908).
General references on German drama:
Robert E. Prutz, Vorlesungen iiber die
Geschichte des deutschen Theaters
(Leipzig, 1847).
Carl Heine, Das Theater in Deutsch-
land (1891).
Carl Weitbrecht, Das deutsche Drama
(Berlin, 1900).
R. Prolss, Katechismus der Dramaturgie
(2nd ed., Leipzig, 1890).
, Geschichte der neueren Dramas, 3
vols. (Leipzig, 1880-83).
References on early German drama and
German criticism:
George Saintsbury, A History of Criti-
cism, vol. 2 (New York, 1902).
Karl Borinski, Die Poetik der Renais-
sance und die Anfdnge der liter ari-
schen Kritik in Deutschland (Berlin,
1886).
Friedrich Braitmaier, Geschichte der po-
etischen Theorie und Kritik von den
Diskursen der Maler bis auf Lessing
(Frauenfeld, 1889).
C. M. Gayley and F. N. Scott, An Intro-
duction to the Methods and Materials
of Literary Criticism (Boston, 1899).
R. Weitbrecht, Blatter fur literarische
Unterhaltung (1891-11: 625, Kritiker
und Dichter).
T. S. Perry, From Opitz to Lessing
(Boston, 1885).
E. Grucker, Histoire des Doctrines lit-
te"raires et esthetiques en Allemagne
(Paris, 1883).
Richard Beckherrn, M. Opitz, P. Bon-
sard und D. Heinsius (Konigsberg,
1888).
G. Belouin, De Gottsched a Lessing
(Paris, 1909).
Karl Holl, Zur Geschichte der Lustspielr
theorie (Berlin, 1911).
O. Wichmann, L'Art poUique de Boileau
dans celui de Gottsched (Berlin, 1879).
Walter Schinz, Le ProbUme de la tra-
gidie en Allemagne (Paris, 1903).
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING
255
Max Poensgen, Oeschichte der Theorie
der Tragodie von Gottsched bis Lea-
sing (Leipzig, 1899).
Danzel, Gottsched und seine Zeit (Leip-
zig, 1848).
J. Bintz, Der Ein/luss der Ars Poetica
des Horaz auf die deutsche Literatur
des xviii. Jahrhundert (Hamburg,
1893).
Hugo Dinger, Dramaturgie als Wissen-
schaft, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1904-05).
Wilhelm von Scholz, Deutsche Drama-
turgie, 3 vols. (Miinchen, 1913-14).
Johann Cruger, /. C. Gottsched und die
Schweher (Berlin, 1884).
Madame de Stael, De VAllemagne (1810).
Ida Bruhning, Le Theatre en Allemagne
(Paris, 1887).
A. W. Schlegel, Vorlesungen iiber dra-
matische Kunst und Literatur (Ber-
lin, 1809-11. Translated by J. Black,
as Lectures on Dramatic Art and
Literature; Bohn ed., London, 1914).
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born at
Kainenz in 1739. His preliminary school-
ing was received at Meissen, whence he
went to the University of Leipzig, where
he studied theology. He was not long in
discovering that his interests lay rather
in literature and philosophy, and he went
to Berlin, where for five years he led a
precarious and hand-to-mouth existence
as a literary hack. Thence he went to
Wittenberg, where he took his M.A. de-
gree. He did some miscellaneous writ-
ing, alone, and in collaboration with
Moses Mendelssohn. He had been early
attracted to the theater, and in his youth
be had written a number of small plays
and translated others. His first impor-
tant play, Hiss Sara Sampson, appeared
in 1755. The next few years found him
doing all sorts of work and in many
cities, but in 1758 he returned to Berlin
and edited a review, Litteraturbriefe,
which attracted a great deal of attention.
From 1760 to 1765 he was secretary to
the Governor of Breslau, and in 1766 he
mblished his famous Laokoon. The fol-
owing year he produced Minna von
iBarnhelm, the first great German com-
edy. In 1767 he was called to Hamburg
'is critic of the new National Theater,
ind for two years he published the criti-
cisms which were re-printed as the Ham-
mrgische Dramaturgie. When the thea-
er closed Lessing became librarian at
Volfenbiittel. Shortly after, he traveled
n Italy and in 177-2 he published Emilia
Halotti. In 1776 he married Eva Konig,
rho died within a year of the marriage.
for some time he engaged in various
theological disputes, turning finally to
dramatic writing. Nathan der Weise
made its appearance in 1779. This was
his last important literary work. He
died in 1781.
Lessing was a dramatist of the first
rank, and a critic, coming as he did at a
turning-point in German literature, of
supreme importance. Throughout the
Hamburgische Dramaturgie there is a
tendency to correct the fallacious no-
tions then current, and above all a
healthy note of constructive criticism.
His interpretation of Aristotle, his at-
tacks on French forms were of inestim-
able importance to the dramatists of his
day. The Dramaturgie contains a mass
of arguments favoring the theory that
no true drama can rest upon any but
AristoteUan laws. He insists especially
upon unity of action. A large num-
ber of papers are devoted to attack-
ing the French classical dramatists, and
others to showing how Shakespeare was
basically a follower of Aristotle. Says
Lessing in his Preface to the Drama-
turgie: "This Dramaturgie is to form
a critical index of all the plays per-
formed, and is to accompany every step
made here by the art of the poet or the
actor. . . . At the same time it is well
that the mediocre should not pretend to
be more than it is, so that the dissatisfied
spectator may at least learn to judge
from it. It is only needful to explain to
a person of healthy mind the reasons why
something has not pleased him if one
desires to teach him good taste."
I
256
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
On the drama:
Beitrage zur Historie und Aufnahme des
Theaters (1750).
Theatralische Bibliothek (1754-58).
Vorrede zu Thomsons Trauerspielen
(1756).
Vorrede des Uebersetzers in Das Theater
des Herrn Diderot (1760).
Briefe, die neueste Litteratur betreffend
(1759, 1760).
Hamburgische Dramaturgic (1769).
Leben des Sophokles (1760-90).
Dramaturgische Entwurfe und Frag-
tnente (posthumous).
Kollektaneen zur Litteratur (vol. 20,
Cotta ed. also contain casual refer-
' ences to the drama).
Lessings Briefwechsel mit Mendelssohn
und Nicolai Uber das Trauerspiel (in
Philosophische Bib., vol. 2, Leipzig,
1910).
Editions:
G. E. Lessings Schriften, 6 vols. (Berlin,
1753-55), and G E. Lessings summt-
liche Schriften, 30 vols. (1771-94) were
the only collected editions appearing
during the author's life-time. Among
the modern editions are the Lachmann-
Muncker 15 vols. ed. (1900), and the
Boxburger and Blumner eds., 14 vols.
(1883-90). A convenient and accessi-
ble edition is the Cotta edition, under
the supervision of Hugo Goring, 20
vols. (Stuttgart and Berlin, n. d.).
There are numerous editions of the
Hamburgische Dramaturgic: the first
edition appeared in Hamburg, 2 vols.
1769. See in above-mentioned col-
lected works.
On Lessing and his works:
C. G. Lessing, Q. E. Lessings Leben, etc.,
3 parts (Berlin, 1793).
T. W. Danzel, Ootthold Ephraim Lessing,
sein Leben und seine Werke, 2 vols.
(2nd ed., Berlin, 1880-81).
Adolph Stahr, G. E. Lessing, sein Leben
und seine Werke, 2 parts (Berlin,
1859).
(Translation of the above: The Life
and Works of G. E. Lessing, trans-
lated by E. P. Evans, 2 vols., Boston,
1866.)
Erich Schmidt, Lessing. Geschichte
seines Lebens und seiner Schriften
(Berlin, 1884).
James Sime, Lessing, 2 vols. (London,
1877).
Heinrich Diintzer, Lessings Leben (Leip-
zig, 1882).
T. W. Rolleston, Lessing (London, n. d.).
Hermann Baumgart, Aristoteles, Lessing,
und Goethe. Ueber das ethische und
das aesthetische Princip der Tragbdie
(Leipzig, 1877).
Emil Brenning, Lessing als Dramatiker
und Lessings Nathan der Weise (Bre-
men, 1878).
Wilhelm Cosack, Materialcn zu G. E. Les-
sings Hamburgischer Dramaturgic, etc.
L. Eckart, Lessing und das erst deutsche
Nationaltheater in Hamburg (Ham-
burg, 1864).
Emil Gotschlich, Lessings aristotelische
Studien und der Einfluss derselben auf
seine Werke (Berlin, 1876).
Eugen Sierke, G. E. Lessing als angt-
hender Dramatiker, etc. (Konigsberg,
J. Kont, Lessing et la definition de la
tragbdie par Aristote (in Rev. des
Etudes grecques, p. 387, Paris, 1893).
HAMBURG DRAMATURGY J
[Hamburgische Dramaturgic]
(1769)
No. 1.— May 1, 1767.
The theater was successfully opened on
the 22nd of last month with the tragedy
l Re-printed, with omissions, from Leading's
.Laokiion, Dramatic Notes, and the Representor
Olindo and Sophronia. Olindo and So-
phronia is the work of a young poet, and
is a posthumous incomplete work. Its
Hon of Death by the Ancients, translated by
E. C. Beasley and Helen Zimmern (New Bobn
Eds.).— Ed.
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING
257
theme is the well-known episode in Tasso.
It is not easy to convert a touching little
story into a touching drama. True, it
costs little trouble to invent new compli-
cations and to enlarge separate emotions
into scenes. But to prevent these new
complications from weakening the inter-
est or interfering with probability; to
transfer oneself from the point of view
of a narrator into the real standpoint of
each personage; to let passions arise be-
fore the eyes of the spectator in lieu of
describing them, and to let them grow up
without effort in such illusory continuity
that he must sympathize, whether he will
or no; this it is which is needful, and
which genius does without knowing it,
without tediously explaining it to itself,
and which mere cleverness endeavors in
vain to imitate.
Here I wish to make a double remark
which, borne in mind, will save young
tragic poets from committing some great
faults. If heroic sentiments are to -arouse
admiration, the "poej^ jpust not be too
lavish of them, for what we see often,
what we see in many persons, no longer
excites astonishment. Every Christian
in Olindo and Sophrunia holds being mar-
tyred and dying as easy as drinking a
glass of water. We hear these pious
bravadoes so often and out of so many
mouths, that they lose all their force.
The second remark concerns Christian
tragedies in particular. Their heroes are
generally martyrs. Now we live in an
age when the voice of healthy reason re-
sounds too loudly to allow every fanatic
who rushes into death wantonly, without
need, without regard for all his citizen
duties, to assume to himself the title of
a martyr. We know too well to-day
how to distinguish the false martyr from
the true, but despise the former as much
as we reverence the latter, and at most
they extort from us a melancholy tear
for the blindness and folly of which we
see humanity is capable. But this tear
is none of those pleasing ones that trag-
edy should evoke. If therefore the poet
chooses a martyr for his hero let him be
careful to give to his actions the purest
and most incontrovertible motives, let
him place him in an unalterable neces-
sity of taking the step that exposes him
to danger, let him not suffer him to seek
death carelessly or insolently challenge it.
Else his pious hero becomes an object of
our distaste, and even the religion that
he seeks to honor may suffer thereby.
I have already said that it could only be
a superstition that led Olindo to steal
the image from the mosque as contemp-
tible as that which we despise in the
wizard Ismenor. It does not excuse the
poet that there were ages when such su-
perstition was general and could subsist
side by side with many excellent quali-
ties, that there still are countries where
it would be nothing strange for pious
ignorance. For he wrote his tragedy as
little for those ages as he intended that
it should be performed in Bohemia or
Spain. The good author, be he of what-
ever species he will, if he does not write
merely to show his wit and learning, has
ever the best and most intelligent of his
time and country before his eyes and he
only condescends to write what pleases
and can touch these. Even the dramatic
author, if he lowers himself to the mob,
lowers himself only in order that he may
enlighten and improve the mass and not
to confirm them in their prejudices or in
their ignoble mode of thought.
No. 2
Yet another remark, also bearing on
the conversion of Clorinda. Convinced
though we may be of the immediate oper-
ations of grace, yet they can please us
little on the stage, where everything that
has to do with the character of the per-
sonages must arise from natural causes.
We can only tolerate miracles in the
physical world; in the moral world every-
thing must retain its natural course, be-
cause the theater is to be the school of
the moral world. The motives for every
resolve, for every change of opinion or
even thoughts, must be carefully bal-
anced against each other so as to be in
accordance with the hypothetical char-
acter, and must never produce more than
they could produce in accordance with
strict probability. The poet, by beauty
of details, may possess the art of delud-
ing us to overlook misproportions of this
kind, but he only deceives us once, and
as soon as we are cool again we take
back the applause he has lured from us.
258
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
Even Corneille's Polyeucte is to be
condemned in view of the above remarks,
and since the plays made in imitation of
it are yet more faulty, the first tragedy
that deserves the name of Christian has
beyond doubt still to appear. I mean a
play in which the Christian interests us
solely as a Christian. But is such a
piece even possible? Is not the charac-
ter of a true Christian something quite
untheatrical? Does not the gentle pen-
siveness, the unchangeable meekness that
are his essential features, war with the
whole business of tragedy that strives to
purify passions by passions? Does not
his expectation of rewarding happiness
after this life contradict the disinter-
estedness with which we wish to see all
great and good actions undertaken and
carried out on the stage?
Until a work of genius arises that in-
contestably decides these objections, — for
we know by experience what difficulties
genius can surmount, — my advice is this,
to leave all existent Christian tragedies
from the necessities of art, and which
deprives us of nothing more than very
mediocre plays, is not the worse because
it comes to the aid of weak spirits who
feel I know not what shrinkage, when
they hear sentiments spoken from the
stage that they had only expected to
hear in a holier place. The theater
should give offense to no one, be he who
he may, and I wish it would and could
obviate all preconceived offense.
... In another still worse tragedy
where one of the principal characters
died quite casually, a spectator asked his
neighbor, "But what did she die of?" —
"Of what? Of the fifth act," was the
reply. In very truth the fifth act is an
ugly evil disease that carries off many a
one" to whom the first four acts promised
a longer life.
... I know full well that the senti-
i ments in a drama must be in accordance
' with the assumed character of the person
who utters them. They can therefore
not bear the stamp of absolute truth, it
is enough if they are poetically true, if
we must admit that this character under
these circumstances, with these passions
could not have judged otherwise. But
on the other hand this poetical truth
must also approach to the absolute and
the poet must never think so unphilo-
sophically as to assume that a man could
desire evil for evil's sake, that a man
could act on vicious principles, knowing
them to be vicious and boast of them to
himself and to others.
No. 9
It is right and well if in every-day life
character of others, if we give all cre-
dence to the testimony of honest folk.
But may the dramatic poet put us off
with such rules of justice? Certainly
not, although he, <}6uld much ease his
business thereby. "l)n the stage we want
to see who the people are, and we can
only see it from their actions. The good-
ness with which we are to credit them,
merely upon the word of another, can-
not possibly interest us in them. It
leaves us quite indifferent, and if we
never have the smallest personal experi-
ence of their goodness it even has a bad
reflex effect upon those on whose faith
we solely and only accepted the opinion.
Far therefore from being willing to be-
lieve Siegmund to be a most perfect and
excellent young man, because Julia, her
mother, Clarissa and Edward declare him
to be such, we rather begin to suspect
the judgment of these persons, if we
never see for ourselves anything to jus-
tify their favorable opinion. It is true a
private person cannot achieve many
great actions in the space of four-and-
twenty hours. But who demands great
actions? Even in the smallest, character
can be revealed, and those that throw the
most light upon character, are the great-
est according to poetical valuation..*
Moreover how came it that four-and-
twenty hours was time enough to give
Siegmund opportunity to compass two
of the most foolish actions that could
occur to a man in his position? The
occasion was suitable, the author might
They might have arisen as naturally as
possible, be treated as delicately as pos-
sible; for all that the foolish actions,
that we see him commit, would leave a
bad impression on our minds concerning
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING
259
this young impetuous philosophise That
he acts badly we see; that he can act
well we hear, not even by examples but
in the vaguest of general terms.
No. 11
. . . For the dj^amatic_poet_is no. his-
torian, he does not relate to us what was
once believed to have happened, but he
really produces it again before pur eyes,
and produces it again not on account of
mere historical truth but for a totally
different and a nobler aim. Historical
accuracy is not his aim, but only the
means by which he hopes to attain his
aim; he wishes to delude us and touch
our hearts through this delusion. . . .
No. U
I will not say that it is a fault when
the dramatic poet arranges his fable in
such a manner that it serves for the
exposition or confirmation of some great
moral truth. But I may say that this
arrangement of the fable is anything but
needful; that there are very instructive
and perfect plays that do not aim at such
a single maxim, and that we err when
we regard the moral sentences that are
found at the close of many ancient trag-
edies, as the keynote for the existence
of the entire play.
No. 16
, . . The only unpardonable fault of
a tragic poet is this, that he leaves us
cold; if he interests us he may do as he
likes with the little mechanical rules.
No. 19
Now, Aristotle has long ago decided
how far the tragic poet need regard his-
torical accuracy: not farther than it re-
sembles a well-constructed fable where-
with he can combine his intentions. He
does not make use of an event because
it really happened, but because it hap-
pened in such a manner as he will
scarcely be able to invent more fitly for
his present purpose. If he finds this fit-
ness in a true case, then the true case is
welcome; but to search through history
books does not reward his labor. And
how many know what has happened? If
we only admit the possibility that some-
thing can happen from the fact that it
has happened, what prevents us from
deeming an entirely fictitious fable a
really authentic occurrence, of which we
have never heard before? What is the
first thing that makes a history prob-
able? Is it not its internal probability?
And is it not a matter of indifference
whether this probability be confirmed by
no witnesses or traditions, or by such as
have never come within our knowledge?
It is assumed quite without reason, that
it is one of the objects of the stage to
keep alive the memory of great men.
For that we have history and not the
stage. From the stage we are not to
learn what such and such an individual
man has done, but what every man of a
certain character would do under certain
given circumstances. The object of trag-
edy is more philosophical than the ob-
ject of history, and it is degrading her
from her true dignity to employ her as a
mere panegyric of famous men or to
misuse her to feel national pride.
No. 21
Nanine belongs to pathetic comedy. It
has also many laughable scenes, and only
in so far as these laughable scenes alter-
nate with the pathetic. Voltaire would
admit of them in comedy. An entirely
serious comedy, wherein we never laugh,
not even smile, wherein we should rather
always weep, is to him a monstrosity.
On the other hand he finds the transi-
tion from the pathetic to the comic, and
from the comic to the pathetic, very nat-
ural. Human life is nothing but a con-
stant chain of such transitions, and com-
edy should be a mirror of human life.
No. 24
In short, tragedy is not history in dia-
logue. History is for tragedy" nothing
but a storehouse of names wherewith we
26o
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
are used to associate certain characters.
If the poet finds in history circumstances
that are convenient for the adornment or
individualizing of his subject; well, let
him use them. Only this should be
counted as little a merit as the contrary
is a crime.
No. 25
" In short, no single part in this trag-
edy is what it should be, all are per-
verted and yet the play has pleased.
When this pleasure? Obviously out of
the situation of the personages that is
touching in itself. A great man who is
led to the scaffold will always interest;
the representation of his fate makes an
impression even without the help of
poetry; very nearly the same impression
that reality itself would make."
So much is the tragic poet dependent
on his choice of subject. Through this
alone the weakest and most confused
play can achieve a kind of success, and
I do not know how it is that in such
plays good actors always show them-
selves to best advantage. . . .
No. 27
. . . the tragic poet loves the unex-
pected, the sudden, more than any
other; . . .
No. 28
There is nothing to object to in this
verdict, but against another criticism
that attacks the poet on the score of
morality, there is the more. An absent-
minded person is said to be no motif for
a comedy. And why not? To be absent,
it is said, is a malady, a misfortune and
no vice. An absent man deserves ridi-
cule as little as one who has the head-
ache. Comedy must only concern itself
with such faults as can be remedied.
Whoever is absent by nature can merit
this as little by means of ridicule, as
though he limped.
Well, but now granted that absence of
mind is incurable, where is it written that
comedy should only laugh at moral faults,
and not at incurable defects? Every ab-
surdity, every contrast of reality and
deficiency is laughable. But laughter
and derision are far apart. We can
laugh at a man, occasionally laugh about
him, without in the least deriding him.
Indisputable and well-known as this dif-
ference is, yet all the quibbles which
Rousseau lately made against the use of
comedy only arose from the fact that
he had not sufficiently regarded it. He
sa) r s, for instance, Moltere makes us
laugh at a misanthrope and yet the mis-
anthrope is the honest man of the play,
Moliere therefore shows himself an en-
emy to virtue in that he makes the vir-
tuous man contemptible. Not so; the
misanthrope does not become contempti-
ble, he remains what he was, and the
laughter that springs from the situations
in which the poet places him does not
rob him in the least of our esteem. The
same with the dish ait, we laugh at him,
but do we despise him on that account?
We esteem his other good qualities as
we ought; why, without them we could
not even laugh at his absence of mind.
Let a bad, worthless man be endowed
with this absence of mind, and then see
whether we should still find it laughable?
It will be disgusting, horrid, ugly, not
laughable.
No. 29
Comedy is to do us good through;'
laughter; but not through derision; not
just to counteract those faults at which
it laughs, nor simply and solely in those
persons who possess these laughable
faults. Its true general use consists in
laughter itself, in the practice of our
powers to discern the ridiculous, to dis-
cern it easily and quickly under all
cloaks of passion and fashion; in all ad-
mixture of good and bad qualities, even
in the wrinkles of solemn earnestness.
Granted that Moliere's Miser never
cured a miser; nor Regnard's Gambler,
a gambler; conceded that laughter never
could improve these fools; the worse for
them, but not for comedy. It is enough
for comedy that, if it cannot cure an
incurable disease, it can confirm the
healthy in their health. The Miser is
instructive also to the extravagant man;
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSIXG
261
and to him who never plays The Gam-
bler may prove of use. The follies they
have not got themselves, others may have
with whom they have to live. It is well
to know those with whom we may come
into collision; it is well to be preserved
from all impressions by example. A pre-
servative is also a valuable medicine,
and all morality has none more powerful
and effective, than the ridiculous.
No. 30
This triple murder should constitute
only one action, that has its beginning,
its center and its end in the one passion
of one person. What therefore does it
lack as the subject for a tragedy?
Nothing for genius, everything for a
bungler. Here there is no love, no en-
tanglement, no recognition, no unexpected
marvelous occurrence; everything pro-
ceeds naturally. This natural course
tempts genius and repels the bungler.
Genius is only busied with events that
are rooted in one another, that form a
chain of cause and effect. To reduce the
latter to the former, to weigh the latter
against the former, everywhere to ex-
clude chance, to cause everything that
occurs to occur so that it could not have
happened otherwise, this is the part of
genius when it works in the domains of
history and converts the useless treas-
ures of memory into nourishment for the
soul. Wit, on the contrary, that does
not depend on matters rooted in each
other, but on the similar or dissimilar,
if it ventures on a work that should be
reserved to genius alone, detains itself
with such events as have not further
concern with one another except that
they have occurred at the same time.
To connect these, to interweave and con-
fuse their threads so that we lose the
one at every moment in following out
the other and are thrown from one sur-
prise into another, this is the part of wit
and this only. From the incessant cross-
ing of such threads of opposed colors re-
sults a texture, which is to art what
weavers call changeant : a material of
which we cannot say whether it be blue
or red, green or yellow; it is both, it
seems this from one side, that from an-
other, a plaything of fashion, a juggling
trick for children.
No. 32
X The poet finds in history a woman who
murders her husband and sons. Such in-
deed can awaken terror and pity, and he
takes hold of it to treat it as a tragedy.
But history tells him no more than the
bare fact and this is as horrible as it is
unusual. It furnishes at most three
scenes, and, devoid of all detailed cir-
cumstances, three improbable scenes.
What therefore does the poet do?
As he deserves this name more or
less, the improbability or the meager
brevity will seem to him the greatest
want in this play.
If he be in the first condition, he will
consider above all else how to invent a
series of causes and effects by which
these improbable crimes could be ac-
counted for most naturally. Not satis-
fied with resting their probability upon
historical authority, he will endeavor so
to construct the characters of his per-
sonages, will endeavor so to necessitate
one from another the events that place
his characters in action, will endeavor to
define the passions of each character so
accurately, will endeavor to lead these
passions through such gradual steps, that
we shall everywhere see nothing but the
most natural and common course of
events. Thus with every step we see his
personages take, we must acknowledge
that we should have taken it ourselves
under the same circumstances and the
same degree of passion, and hence noth-
ing will repel us but the imperceptible
approach to a goal from which our imag-
ination shrinks, and where we suddenly
find ourselves filled with profound pity
for those whom a fatal stream has car-
ried so far, and full of terror at the con-
sciousness that a similar stream might
also thus have borne ourselves away to
do deeds which in cold blood we should
have regarded as far from us. If the
poet takes this line, if his genius tells
him that he cannot ignobly falter in its
course, then the meager brevity of his
fable has vanished at once, it no longer
distresses him how he shall fill his five
acts with so few events, he is only afraid
262
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
lest five acts should not suffice for all
his material, that enlarges more and
more under his treatment now that he
has discovered its hidden organization
and understands how to unravel it.
Meantime the poet who less deserves
this name, who is nothing but an ingen-
ious fellow, a good versifier, he, I say,
will find so little obstacle in the improb-
ability of his scheme that he actually
seeks therein its claim to admiration,
which he must on no account diminish if
he would not deprive himself of the sur-
est means to evoke pity and terror. For
he knows so little wherein this pity and
terror really consist that in order to
evoke them he thinks he cannot pile up
enough marvelous, unexpected, incredible
and abnormal matters, and thinks he
must ever have recourse to extraordinary
and horrible misfortunes and crimes.
Scarcely therefore has he scented in his-
tory a Cleopatra, the murderess of her
husband and sons, than he sees nothing
further to do, in order to form this into
a tragedy, than to fill in the interstices
between the two crimes and to fill it
with matter as strange as the crimes
themselves. All this, his invention and
the historical materials, he kneads into
a very long, very incomprehensible ro-
mance, and when he has kneaded it as
well as flour and straw can be kneaded
together, he places his paste upon the
skeleton wires of acts and scenes, relates
and relates, rants and rhymes, and in
four to six weeks, according to rhyming
is easy or difficult to him, the wonder-
work is finished, is called a tragedy, is
printed and performed, read and looked
at, admired or hissed, retained or for-
gotten as good luck will have it* For et
ihabent sua fata libelli.
May I presume to apply this to the
great Corneille? Or must I still make
this application? According to the se-
cret fate that rules over writings as over
men, his Rodogune has been held for
more than a hundred years the greatest
masterpiece of the greatest tragic poet
of all France and has occasionally been
tion of a hundred years be groundless?
Where have mankind so long concealed
their eyes, their emotions? Was it re-
served from 1644 to 1767 to a Hamburg
dramatic critic to see spots in the sun
and to debase a planet to a meteor?
Oh no! Already in the last century a
certain honest Huron was imprisoned in
the Bastille at Paris; he found time hang
heavy on his hands although he was in
Paris, and from sheer ennui he studied
the French poets; and this Huron could
not take pleasure in Rodogune. After
this there lived, somewhere in Italy at
the beginning of this century, a pedant
the Greeks and of his countrymen of the
sixteenth century, and he also found
much to censure in Rodogune. Finally,
a few years ago there was a Frenchman,?
a great admirer of Corneille's name, who
because he was rich and had a good heart,
took pity on the poor deserted grand-
daughter of the great poet, had her edu-
cated under his eyes, taught her to make
pretty verses, collected alms for her,
wrote a large lucrative commentary to
the works of her grandfather as her
dowry, and so forth; yet even he de-
clared Rodogune to be a very absurd
play, and was utterly amazed how so
great a man as the great Cornelle could
write such wretched stuff. Under one
of these the above dramatic critic must
have gone to school and most probably
under the last named, for it is always a
Frenchman who opens the eyes of a for-
eigner to the faults of a Frenchman.
Beyond question he repeats after him; or
if not after him, after the Italian, or
perhaps even after Huron. From one
of these he must have learnt it. For
that a German should think of himself,
should of himself have the audacity to
doubt the excellence of a Frenchman,
who could conceive such a thing? . . .
No. 33
But moral or no moral, it is the same
thing to a dramatic poet whether a gen-
eral truth can be deduced or no from
his fable, . . .
No. 34
P^or according to the indicated concej
tion that we make to ourselves of genii
we are justified in demanding purpc
2 Voltaire. — Ed.
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING
263
and harmony in all the characters a
poet creates; that is, if he demands from
us that we should regard him in the
light of a genius.
Harmony; for nothing in the charac-
ters must be contradictory; they must
ever remain uniform and inherently
themselves; they must express themselves
now with emphasis, now more slightly as
events work upon them, but none of the
events must be mighty enough to change
black to white. . . .
To act with a purpose is what raises
man above the brutes, to invent with a
purpose, to imitate with a purpose, is
that which distinguishes genius from the
petty artists who only invent to invent,
imitate to imitate. They are content
with the small enjoyment that is con-
nected with their use of these means, and
they make these means to be their whole
purpose and demand that we also are to
be satisfied with this lesser enjoyment,
which springs from the contemplation of
their cunning but purposeless use of their
means. It is true that genius begins to
learn from such miserable imitations;
they are its preliminary studies. It
also employs them in larger works for
amplification and to give resting-places
to our warmer sympathy, but with the
construction and elaboration of its chief
personages it combines larger and wider
intentions; the intention to instruct us
what we should do or avoid; the inten-
tion to make us acquainted with the ac-
tual characteristics of good and bad, fit-
ting and absurd. It also designs to show
us the good in all their combinations
and results still good and happy even in
misery; the bad as revolting and un-
happy even in unhappiness. When its
plot admits of no such immediate imita-
tion, no such unquestionable warning,
genius still aims at working upon our
powers of desire and abhorrence with
objects that deserve these feelings, and
ever strives to show these objects in their
true light, in order that no false light
may mislead us as to what we should
desire, what we should abhor.
No. 35
I have once before, elsewhere, drawn
the distinction that exists between the
action in an iEsopian fable and a drama.
What is valid for the former, is valid for
every moral tale that intends to bring
a general moral axiom before our con-
templation. We are satisfied if this in-
tention is fulfilled and it is the same to
us whether this is so by means of a
complete action that is in itself a rounded
whole, or no. The poet may conclude
wherever he wills as soon as he sees his
goal. It does not concern him what in-
terest we may take in the persons through
whom he works out his intention; he
does not want to interest but to instruct
us; he has to do with our reason, not
with our heart; this latter may or may
not be satisfied so long as the other is
illumined. 'Now, the drama on the con-
trary makes no claim upon a single defi-
nite axiom flowing out of its story. It
aims at the passions which the course
and events of its fahle arouse and treat,
or it aims at the pleasure accorded by a
true and vivid delineation of characters
and habits. Both require a certain in-
tegrity of action, a certain harmonious
end which we do not miss in the moral
tale because our attention is solely di-
rected to the general axiom of whose
especial application the story affords
such an obvious instance.
No 36
Let us instance the Matron of Ephe-
stu. This acrid fable is well known, it
is unquestionably the bitterest satire
that was ever made on female frivolity.
It has been recounted a thousand times
after Petrpnius, and since it pleased even
in the worst copy, it was thought that
the subject must be an equally happy
one for the stage. Houdar de la Motte
and others made the attempt, but I ap-
peal to all good taste as to the results of
these attempts. The character of the
matron in the story provokes a not un-
pleasant sarcastic smile at the audac-
ity of wedded love; in the drama this
becomes repulsive, horrible. In the
drama the soldier's persuasions do not
seem nearly so subtle, importunate, tri-
umphant, as in the story.
In the story we picture to ourselves a
sensitive little woman who is really in
264
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
earnest in her grief, but succumbs to
temptation and to her temperament; her
weakness seems the weakness of her sex,
we therefore conceive no especial hatred
towards her, we deem that what she does,
nearly every woman would have done.
Even her suggestion to save her living
lover by means of her dead husband we
think we can forgive her, because of its
ingenuity and presence of mind ; or rather
its very ingenuity leads us to imagine
that this suggestion may have been ap-
pended by the malicious narrator who
desired to end his tale with some right
poisonous sting. Now, in the drama we
cannot harbor this suggestion; what we
hear has happened in the story, we see
really occur; what we would doubt of in
the story, in the drama the evidence of
our own eyes settles incontrovertibly.
The mere possibility of such an action
diverted us; its reality shows it in all its
atrocity; the suggestion amused our
fancy, the execution revolts our feelings,
we turn our backs to the stage and say
with the Lykas of Petronius, without
being in Lykas's peculiar position : " Si
Justus Imperator fuisset, debuit patris
familiae corpus in monimentum referre,
mulierem adfigere cruci." And she seems
to us the more to deserve this punish-
ment, the less art the poet has expended
on her seduction, for we do not then
condemn in her wea^. woman in general,
but an especially volatile, worthless fe-
male in particular. In short, in order
happily to bring Petronius's fable on the
stage it should preserve its end and yet
not preserve it; the matron should go as
far and yet not as far. The explanation
of this another time.
No. 38
Now, Aristotle commends nothing more
to the tragic poet than a good conception
of his fable, and he has endeavored to
render thie easy to him by various and
subtle remarks. For it is the fable that
principally makes a poet; ten will suc-
ceed in representing customs, reflexions,
expressions, for one who is excellent and
blameless in this. He declares a fable
to be an imitation of an action, irpd£ews,
and an action by a combination of events
is ovvOecit irpayfidrwv. The action is the
whole, the events are the parts of this
whole, and as the goodness of any whole
rests on the goodness and connexion of
its several parts, so also tragical action
is more or less perfect, according as the
events of which it is composed separately
and collectively coincide with the inten-
tions of the tragedy. Aristotle classes
the events that can take place in a tragic
action under three main heads: change
of circumstances, irepiweTeia; recognition,
dvayvcopia-iMos ; and suffering, irdOos. What
he means by the two first, the names
sufficiently reveal. Under the third he
comprehends all that can occur of a pain-
ful and destructive nature to the acting
personages: death, wounds, martyrdom
and so forth. Change of circumstances
and recognition are that by which the
more intricate fable, fivdos TreTr\eynei>os, is
distinguished from the simple, drXovs.
■They are therefore no essential part of
the fable, they only make the action more
varied and hence more interesting and
1 beautiful, but an action can have its full
unity, completion and greatness without
them. But without the third we can con-
ceive of no tragical action; every trag-
edy must have some form of suffering,
ivdOy], be its fable simple or involved, for
herein lies the actual intention of trag-
edy, to awaken fear and pity ; while not
every change of outward circumstances,
not every recognition, but only certain
forms of these attain this end, and other
profitable. While, therefore, Aristotle
regards and examines separately the va-
rious parts of tragical action that he has
brought under these three main divisions,
explaining what are the best outward
changes, the best recognition, the best
treatment of suffering, he finds in regard
to the former that such changes of for-
tune are the best and most capable of .
awakening and stimulating pity and fear,'
which change from better to worse. In
regard to the latter division he finds that
the best treatment of suffering in the
same sense is when the persons whom
suffering threatens do not know each
other or only recognize each other at the
moment when this suffering is to become
reality and it is therefore stayed.
And this is called a contradiction? I
do not understand where can be the
thoughts of him who finds the least con-
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSIXG
265
of various parts; why must that which
he maintains of one of these parts of
necessity apply to the others? Is the
possible perfection of the one also the
perfection of the other? Or is the per-
fection of a part also the perfection of
the whole? If change of circumstances
and that which Aristotle includes under
the word suffering, are two different
things, as they are indeed, why should
not something" quite different be said of
them? Or is it impossible that a whole
should have parts of opposed character-
istics? Where does Aristotle say that
the best tragedy is nothing but a repre-
sentation of changes of fortunes from
prosperity to adversity? Or where does
he say that the best tragedy results
from nothing but the recognition of him
on whom a fearful and unnatural deed
was to have been committed? He says
neither one thing nor the other of trag-
edy generally, but each of these things
of an especial part that more or less con-
cerns the end, which may or may not
have influence. Change of fortune may
occur in the middle of the play, and even
if it continues thus to the end of the
piece, it does not therefore constitute its
end. For example, the change of for-
tune in (Edipus that evinces itself already
at the close of the fourth act but to
which various sufferings, xdfrij, are added
and with which the play really concludes.
In the same manner suffering can attain
its accomplishment in the play and at the
same moment be thwarted by recognition,
so that by means of this recognition the
play is far from concluded, as in the
second Iphiyenia of Euripides where
Orestes is already recognized in the
fourth act by his sister who was in the
act of sacrificing him. And how per-
fectly such tragical changes of fortune
can be combined with tragical treatment
of suffering in one and the same fable,
can be shown in Me rope itself. It con-
tains the latter but what hinders it from
having the former also, if for instance
Merope, when she recognizes her son
under the dagger in her eagerness to
defend him from Polyphontes, contributes
to her own or to her loved son's destruc-
tion? Why should not this play close as
well with the destruction of the mother
as with that of the tyrant? Why should
it not be open to the poet to raise to
the highest point our pity for a tender
mother and allow her to be unfortunate
through her tenderness? Or why should
it not be permissible to let the son whom
a pious vengeance has torn from his
mother, succumb to the pursuit of the ty-
rant? Would not such a Merope in both
cases combine those two characteristics
of the best tragedy, in which the critic
I perceive very well what caused the
misunderstanding. It was not easy to
imagine a change of fortune from better
to worse without suffering, or suffering
that has been obviated by recognition
otherwise than connected with change of
fortune. Yet each can equally be with-
out the other, not to mention that both
need not touch the same person, and even
if it touches the same person, that both
may not occur at the same time, but one
follows the other, and one can be caused
by the other. Without considering this,
people have only thought of those in-
stances and fables in which both parts
either harmonize, or in which one of
necessity excludes the other. That such
exist is unquestionable. But is the art
critic to be censured because he composes
his rules in the most general manner,
without considering the cases in which
his general rules come into collision and
one perfection must be sacrificed to an-
other? Does such a collision of neces-
sity bring him into contradiction with
himself? He says: This part of the
fable, if it is to have its perfection, must
be of such and such a constitution, that
part of another, a third again of another.
But where has he said that every fable
must of necessity have all these parts?
Enough for him that there are fables
that could have them all. If your fable
is not among the number of these happy
ones; if it only admits of the best
changes of fortune, the best treatment of
suffering, then examine with which of the
two you would succeed best as a whole,
and choose. That is all!
No. 41
". . . For you cannot think how severe
the master is whom we must strive to
please: I mean our public. They demand
that in a tragedy the hero should speak
everywhere and the poet nowhere, and
266
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
contend that at critical junctures in as-
semblies, at violent scenes, at a threat-
ening danger, no king, no minister would
make poetical comparisons." Now does
such a public demand anything unfair?
Does it not contend the truth? Should
not every public demand this? contend
this? • . .
No. 42
. . . The tragedian should avoid every-
thing that can remind the audience of
their illusion, for as soon as they are
reminded thereof the illusion is gone. It
almost seems here as though Maffei 3
sought to strengthen this illusion by as-
suming the idea of a theater outside the
theater. . . .
No. 46
It is one thing to circumvent the rules,
another to observe them. The French do
the former, the latter was only under-
stood by the ancients.
Unity of action was the first dramatic
law of the ancients; unity of time and
place were mere consequences of the for-
mer which they would scarcely have ob-
served more strictly than exigency re-
quired had not the combination with the
chorus arisen. For since their actions
required the presence of a large body of
people and this concourse always re-
mained the same, who could go no further
from their dwellings nor remain absent
longer than it is customary to do from
mere curiosity, they were almost obliged
to make the scene of action one and the
same spot and confine the time to one
and the same day. They submitted bond
fide to this restriction; but with a sup-
pleness of understanding such that in
seven cases out of nine they gained more
than they lost thereby. For they used
this restriction as a reason for simplify-
ing the action and to cut away all that
was superfluous, and thus, reduced to
essentials, it became only the ideal of an
action which was developed most felici-
tously in this form which required the
least addition from circumstances of time
and place.
The French, on the contrary, who
found no charms in true unity of action,
who had been spoilt by the wild intrigues
3 The author of Merope. — Ed.
of the Spanish school before they had
learnt to know Greek simplicity, re-
garded the unity of time and place not as
consequences of unity of action, but as
circumstances absolutely needful to the
representation of an action, to which they
must therefore adapt their richer and
more complicated actions with all the
severity required in the use of a chorus
which, however, they had totally abol-
ished. When they found, however, how
difficult, nay at times how impossible
this was, they made a truce with the
tyrannical rules against which they had
not the courage to rebel. Instead of a
single place, they introduced an uncer-
tain place, under which we could imagine
now this, now that spot; enough if the
places combined were not too far apart
and none required special scenery, so
that the same scenery could fit the one
the unity of a day they substituted unity
of duration, and a certain period during
which no one spoke of sunrise or sunset,
or went to bed, or at least did not go to
bed more than once, however much might
occur in this space, they allowed to pass
as a day.
Now, no one would have objected to
this, for unquestionably even thus excel-
lent plays can be made, and the proverb
says, cut the wood where it is thinnest.
But I must also allow my neighbor the
same privilege. I must not always show
him the thickest part, and cry, " There
you must cut ! That is where I cut ! "
Thus the French critics all exclaim, espe-
cially when they speak of the dramatic
works of the English. What an ado they
then make of regularity, that regularity
which they have made so easy to them-
selves! But I am weary of dwelling on
this point! . . .
The strictest observation of the rules
cannot outweigh the smallest fault in
a character. How tamely Polyphontes
talks and acts in Maffei's play has not
escaped Lindelle. He is right to mock
at the needless maxims that Maffei places
in the tyrant's mouth. . . .
. . . And finally what do we mean by
the mixtures of genres? In our primers
it is right we should separate them from
one another as carefully as possible, but
if a genius for higher purposes amalga-
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSIXG
267
mates several of tliem in one and the
same work, let us forget our primer and
only examine whether he has attained
tiiese higher purposes. What do I care
whether a play of Euripides is neither
wholly a narrative nor wholly a drama,
call it a hybrid, enough that this hybrid
pleases me more, edifies me more, than
the most rule-correct creations of your
correct Racines or whatever else they
may be called. Because the mule is
neither a horse nor an ass, is it there-
fore the less one of the most useful beasts
of burden?
No. 69
Nothing is more chaste and decent
than simple Nature, coarseness and con-
fusion are as far removed from her as
pomposity and bombast from the sub-
lime. The same feeling which makes the
boundary there, makes it here. The most
ponJpous poet is therefore infallibly the
most vulgar. Both faults are insepar-
able, and no species gives more oppor-
tunities of falling into both than tragedy.
No. 70
. . . There are persons who will not
admit of any nature which we can imi-
tate too faithfully, they insist that even
in a faithful imitation, by means of imi-
tation. There are others who regard
beautifying nature as a whim; a nature
that intends to be more beautiful than
nature is just on that account not na-
ture. Both declare themselves to be ad-
mirers of the only nature such as she is;
the one sees nothing to avoid, the other
nothing to add. The former would nec-
essarily admire the Gothic mixed plays,
and the latter would find it difficult to
take pleasure in the masterpieces of the
ancients.
But suppose this were not the conse-
quence? If those persons, great admir-
ers though they are of common every-
day nature, should yet declare them-
| selves against the mixture of the farcical
I and interesting. If these others, mon-
strous as they deem everything that de-
sires to be better and more beautiful
than nature, can yet wander through the
whole Greek theater without finding the
least obstacle on this account, how should
We should necessarily have to retrace
our steps and retract that which we in-
sisted on before concerning the two
species, but how must we retract with-
out involving ourselves in new difficul-
ties? The comparison of such blood-
and-thunder tragedies concerning whose
worth we dispute, with human life, with
the ordinary course of the world, is still
so correct.
I will throw out a few thoughts, which
if they are not thorough enough may sug-
gest more thorough ones. My chief
thought is this: it is true and yet not
true that the comic tragedy of Gothic
invention faithfully copied nature. It
only imitates it faithfully in one half
and entirely neglects the other, it imi-
tates the nature of phenomena without
in the least regarding the nature of our
feelings and emotions.
In nature everything is connected,
everything is interwoven, everything
changes with everything, everything
merges from one into another. But ac-
cording to this endless variety it is only
a play for an infinite spirit. In order
that finite spirits may have their share of
this enjoyment, they must have the
power to set up arbitrary limits, they
must have the power to eliminate and to
guide their attention at will.
This power we exercise at all moments
of our life; without this power there
would be no life for us; from too many
various feelings we should feel nothing,
we should be the constant prey of pres-
ent impressions, we should dream with-
out knowing what we dream. The pur-
pose of art is to save us this abstraction
in the realms of the beautiful, and to
render the fixing of our attention easy to
us. All in nature that we might wish
to abstract in our thoughts from an ob-
ject or a combination of various objects,
be it in time or in place, art really ab-
stracts for us, and accords us this object
or this combination of various objects as
purely and tersely as the sensations they
are to provoke allow.
If we are witnesses of an important
and touching event, and another event
of trifling import traverses it, we seek
and evade the distractions of our atten-
268
EUROPEAN THEORIES OF THE DRAMA
tion thus threatened. We abstract from
it and it must needs revolt us to find
that again art which we wished away in
nature.
Only if this event in its progress as-
sumes all shades of interest and one does
not merely follow upon the other, but
of necessity evolves from it, if gravity
vice versd, so directly that an abstrac-
tion of the one or the other is impossible
to us, then only do we not demand it
from art and art knows how to draw a
profit from this impossibility.
No. 80
To what end the hard work of dra-
matic form? Why build a theater, dis-
guise men and women, torture their
memories, invite the whole town to as-
semble at one place if I intend to pro-
duce nothing more with my work and
its representation, than some of those
emotions that would be produced as well
by any good story that every one could
read by his chimney-corner at home?
The dramatic form is the only one by
which pity and fear can be excited, at
least in no other form can these pas-
sions be excited to such a degree. Never-
theless it is preferred to excite all others
rather than these ; — nevertheless it is
preferred to employ it for any purpose
but this, for which it is so especially
FRANCE — III
The Eighteenth Century
French Dramatic Criticism of the Eighteenth Century . . . 271
Bibliography 272
[Francois-Marie Arouet] Voltaire 273
Bibliography 275
Preface to Herod and Mariamne [Preface (to) H erode et Mariamne]
(1725) anonymous translation. Complete 277
Letter to Father Poree, Jesuit [Lettre au pere Poree, Jesuite] as
preface to (Edipe (1730) translated by the editor. Extracts . . 279
A Discourse on Tragedy [Discours sur la tragedie, a Mylord Boling-
broke~\ prefixed to Brutus, translated by the editor (1731). Ex-
tracts 282
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/stria+terminalis+nucleus.html | #### Sample records for stria terminalis nucleus
1. Neuronal Correlates of Fear Conditioning in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
Science.gov (United States)
Haufler, Darrell; Nagy, Frank Z.; Pare, Denis
2013-01-01
Lesion and inactivation studies indicate that the central amygdala (CeA) participates in the expression of cued and contextual fear, whereas the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is only involved in the latter. The basis for this functional dissociation is unclear because CeA and BNST form similar connections with the amygdala and…
2. Apoptosis during sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat brain
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Chung, W. C.; Swaab, D. F.; de Vries, G. J. [=Geert J.
2000-01-01
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) in the rat forebrain differs between males and females. To test whether apoptosis may contribute to the development of sex differences in the BST, the incidence of apoptosis was determined in sham-treated males and sham-treated females sacrificed on
3. Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis circuitry: Implications for addiction-related behaviors.
Science.gov (United States)
Stamatakis, Alice M; Sparta, Dennis R; Jennings, Joshua H; McElligott, Zoe A; Decot, Heather; Stuber, Garret D
2014-01-01
4. Neurogenetic and morphogenetic heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bayer, S.A.
1987-01-01
Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (strial bed nucleus) were examined with [ 3 H]thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [ 3 H]thymidine on 2 consecutive gestational days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [ 3 H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15,... E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hour periods were quantified at six anteroposterior levels in the strial bed nucleus. On the basis of neurogenetic gradients, the strial bed nucleus was divided into anterior and posterior parts. The anterior strial bed nucleus shows a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Cells in the vicinity of the anterior commissural decussation are generated mainly between E13 and E16, cells just posterior to the nucleus accumbens mainly between E15 and E17. Within each rostrocaudal level, neurons originate in combined dorsal to ventral and medial to lateral neurogenetic gradients so that the oldest cells are located ventromedially and the youngest cells dorsolaterally. The most caudal level has some small neurons adjacent to the internal capsule that originate between E17 and E20. In the posterior strial bed nucleus, neurons extend ventromedially into the posterior preoptic area. Cells are generated simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane in a modified lateral (older) to medial (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Ventrolateral neurons originate mainly between E13 and E16, dorsolateral neurons mainly between E15 and E16, and medial neurons mainly between E15 and E17. The youngest neurons are clumped into a medial core area just ventral to the fornix
5. Allopregnanolone induces state-dependent fear via the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
Science.gov (United States)
Acca, Gillian M; Mathew, Abel S; Jin, Jingji; Maren, Stephen; Nagaya, Naomi
2017-03-01
Gonadal steroids and their metabolites have been shown to be important modulators of emotional behavior. Allopregnanolone (ALLO), for example, is a metabolite of progesterone that has been linked to anxiety-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. In rodents, it has been shown to reduce anxiety in a number of behavioral paradigms including Pavlovian fear conditioning. We have recently found that expression of conditioned contextual (but not auditory) freezing in rats can be suppressed by infusion of ALLO into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). To further explore the nature of this effect, we infused ALLO into the BNST of male rats prior to both conditioning and testing. We found that suppression of contextual fear occurred when the hormone was present during either conditioning or testing but not during both procedures, suggesting that ALLO acts in a state-dependent manner within the BNST. A shift in interoceptive context during testing for animals conditioned under ALLO provided further support for this mechanism of hormonal action on contextual fear. Interestingly, infusions of ALLO into the basolateral amygdala produced a state-independent suppression of both conditioned contextual and auditory freezing. Altogether, these results suggest that ALLO can influence the acquisition and expression of fear memories by both state-dependent and state-independent mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6. Allopregnanolone in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates contextual fear in rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Nagaya, Naomi; Acca, Gillian M; Maren, Stephen
2015-01-01
Trauma- and stress-related disorders are among the most common types of mental illness affecting the U.S. population. For many of these disorders, there is a striking sex difference in lifetime prevalence; for instance, women are twice as likely as men to be affected by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gonadal steroids and their metabolites have been implicated in sex differences in fear and anxiety. One example, allopregnanolone (ALLO), is a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone that allosterically enhances GABAA receptor activity and has anxiolytic effects. Like other ovarian hormones, it not only occurs at different levels in males and females but also fluctuates over the female reproductive cycle. One brain structure that may be involved in neuroactive steroid regulation of fear and anxiety is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). To explore this question, we examined the consequences of augmenting or reducing ALLO activity in the BNST on the expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats. In Experiment 1, intra-BNST infusions of ALLO in male rats suppressed freezing behavior (a fear response) to the conditioned context, but did not influence freezing to a discrete tone conditioned stimulus (CS). In Experiment 2, intra-BNST infusion of either finasteride (FIN), an inhibitor of ALLO synthesis, or 17-phenyl-(3α,5α)-androst-16-en-3-ol, an ALLO antagonist, in female rats enhanced contextual freezing; neither treatment affected freezing to the tone CS. These findings support a role for ALLO in modulating contextual fear via the BNST and suggest that sex differences in fear and anxiety could arise from differential steroid regulation of BNST function. The susceptibility of women to disorders such as PTSD may be linked to cyclic declines in neuroactive steroid activity within fear circuitry.
7. Allopregnanolone in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates contextual fear in rats
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Naomi eNagaya
2015-08-01
Full Text Available Trauma- and stress-related disorders are among the most common types of mental illness affecting the U.S. population. For many of these disorders, there is a striking sex difference in lifetime prevalence; for instance, women are twice as likely as men to be affected by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD. Gonadal steroids and their metabolites have been implicated in sex differences in fear and anxiety. One example, allopregnanolone (ALLO, is a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone that allosterically enhances GABAA receptor activity and has anxiolytic effects. Like other ovarian hormones, it not only occurs at different levels in males and females but also fluctuates over the female reproductive cycle. One brain structure that may be involved in neuroactive steroid regulation of fear and anxiety is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST. To explore this question, we examined the consequences of augmenting or reducing ALLO activity in the BNST on the expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats. In Experiment 1, intra-BNST infusions of ALLO in male rats suppressed freezing behavior (a fear response to the conditioned context, but did not influence freezing to a discrete tone conditioned stimulus (CS. In Experiment 2, intra-BNST infusion of either finasteride, an inhibitor of ALLO synthesis, or 17-phenyl-(3α,5α-androst-16-en-3-ol, an ALLO antagonist, in female rats enhanced contextual freezing; neither treatment affected freezing to the tone CS. These findings support a role for ALLO in modulating contextual fear via the BNST and suggest that sex differences in fear and anxiety could arise from differential steroid regulation of BNST function. The susceptibility of women to disorders such as PTSD may be linked to cyclic declines in neuroactive steroid activity within fear circuitry.
8. Opposite roles for neuropeptide S in the nucleus accumbens and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in learned helplessness rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Shirayama, Yukihiko; Ishima, Tamaki; Oda, Yasunori; Okamura, Naoe; Iyo, Masaomi; Hashimoto, Kenji
2015-09-15
The role of neuropeptide S (NPS) in depression remains unclear. We examined the antidepressant-like effects of NPS infusions into the shell or core regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression). Infusions of NPS (10 pmol/side) into the NAc shell, but not the NAc core and BNST, exerted antidepressant-like effects in the LH paradigm. Implying that behavioral deficits could be improved in the conditioned avoidance test. Coinfusion of SHA68 (an NPS receptor antagonist, 100 pmol/side) with NPS into the NAc shell blocked these effects. In contrast, NPS receptor antagonism by SHA68 in the BNST induced antidepressant-like effects. Infusions of NPS into the NAc shell or SHA68 into the BNST did not produce memory deficits or locomotor activation in the passive avoidance and open field tests. These results suggest that excitatory and inhibitory actions by the NPS system are integral to the depression in LH animals. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
9. How Human Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis May Drive Distinct Defensive Responses.
Science.gov (United States)
Klumpers, Floris; Kroes, Marijn C W; Baas, Johanna M P; Fernández, Guillén
2017-10-04
The ability to adaptively regulate responses to the proximity of potential danger is critical to survival and imbalance in this system may contribute to psychopathology. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in defensive responding during uncertain threat anticipation whereas the amygdala may drive responding upon more acute danger. This functional dissociation between the BNST and amygdala is however controversial, and human evidence scarce. Here we used data from two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies [ n = 108 males and n = 70 (45 females)] to probe how coordination between the BNST and amygdala may regulate responses during shock anticipation and actual shock confrontation. In a subset of participants from Sample 2 ( n = 48) we demonstrate that anticipation and confrontation evoke bradycardic and tachycardic responses, respectively. Further, we show that in each sample when going from shock anticipation to the moment of shock confrontation neural activity shifted from a region anatomically consistent with the BNST toward the amygdala. Comparisons of functional connectivity during threat processing showed overlapping yet also consistently divergent functional connectivity profiles for the BNST and amygdala. Finally, childhood maltreatment levels predicted amygdala, but not BNST, hyperactivity during shock anticipation. Our results support an evolutionary conserved, defensive distance-dependent dynamic balance between BNST and amygdala activity. Shifts in this balance may enable shifts in defensive reactions via the demonstrated differential functional connectivity. Our results indicate that early life stress may tip the neural balance toward acute threat responding and via that route predispose for affective disorder. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previously proposed differential contributions of the BNST and amygdala to fear and anxiety have been recently debated. Despite the significance of understanding their
10. Emerging Role for Corticotropin Releasing Factor Signaling in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis at the Intersection of Stress and Reward
OpenAIRE
Silberman, Yuval; Winder, Danny G.
2013-01-01
Stress and anxiety play an important role in the development and maintenance of drug and alcohol addiction. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region involved in the production of long-term stress-related behaviors, plays an important role in animal models of relapse, such as reinstatement to previously extinguished drug-seeking behaviors. While a number of neurotransmitter systems have been suggested to play a role in these behaviors, recent evidence points to the neurop...
11. Development-dependent behavioral change toward pups and synaptic transmission in the rhomboid nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
Science.gov (United States)
Amano, Taiju; Shindo, Sayaka; Yoshihara, Chihiro; Tsuneoka, Yousuke; Uki, Haruka; Minami, Masabumi; Kuroda, Kumi O
2017-05-15
Sexually naïve male C57BL/6 mice aggressively bite unfamiliar pups. This behavior, called infanticide, is considered an adaptive reproductive strategy of males of polygamous species. We recently found that the rhomboid nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTrh) is activated during infanticide and that the bilateral excitotoxic lesions of BSTrh suppress infanticidal behavior. Here we show that 3-week-old male C57BL/6 mice rarely engaged in infanticide and instead, provided parental care toward unfamiliar pups, consistent with observations in rats and other rodent species. This inhibition of infanticide at the periweaning period is functional because the next litter will be born at approximately the time of weaning of the previous litter through maternal postpartum ovulation. However, the mechanism of this age-dependent behavioral change is unknown. Therefore, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings of BSTrh and compared evoked neurotransmission in response to the stimulation of the stria terminalis of adult and 3-week-old male mice. Although we were unable to detect a significant difference in the amplitudes of inhibitory neurotransmission, the amplitudes and the paired-pulse ratio of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents differed between adult and 3-week-old mice. These data suggest that maturation of the synaptic terminal in BSTrh that occurred later than 3 weeks after birth may mediate by the adaptive change from parental to infanticidal behavior in male mice. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
12. Activity alterations in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala during threat anticipation in generalized anxiety disorder.
Science.gov (United States)
Buff, Christine; Brinkmann, Leonie; Bruchmann, Maximilian; Becker, Michael P I; Tupak, Sara; Herrmann, Martin J; Straube, Thomas
2017-11-01
13. Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity and Ethanol’s Effects on Plasticity in the Striatum and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
Science.gov (United States)
Lovinger, David M.; Kash, Thomas L.
2015-01-01
Long-lasting changes in synaptic function (i.e., synaptic plasticity) have long been thought to contribute to information storage in the nervous system. Although synaptic plasticity mainly has adaptive functions that allow the organism to function in complex environments, it is now clear that certain events or exposure to various substances can produce plasticity that has negative consequences for organisms. Exposure to drugs of abuse, in particular ethanol, is a life experience that can activate or alter synaptic plasticity, often resulting in increased drug seeking and taking and in many cases addiction. Two brain regions subject to alcohol’s effects on synaptic plasticity are the striatum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), both of which have key roles in alcohol’s actions and control of intake. The specific effects depend on both the brain region analyzed (e.g., specific subregions of the striatum and BNST) and the duration of ethanol exposure (i.e., acute vs. chronic). Plastic changes in synaptic transmission in these two brain regions following prolonged ethanol exposure are thought to contribute to excessive alcohol drinking and relapse to drinking. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this plasticity may lead to new therapies for treatment of these and other aspects of alcohol use disorder. PMID:26259092
14. α(2A)-adrenergic receptors filter parabrachial inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
Science.gov (United States)
Flavin, Stephanie A; Matthews, Robert T; Wang, Qin; Muly, E Chris; Winder, Danny G
2014-07-09
α2-adrenergic receptors (AR) within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) reduce stress-reward interactions in rodent models. In addition to their roles as autoreceptors, BNST α(2A)-ARs suppress glutamatergic transmission. One prominent glutamatergic input to the BNST originates from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and consists of asymmetric axosomatic synapses containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vGluT2. Here we provide immunoelectron microscopic data showing that many asymmetric axosomatic synapses in the BNST contain α(2A)-ARs. Further, we examined optically evoked glutamate release ex vivo in BNST from mice with virally delivered channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) expression in PBN. In BNST from these animals, ChR2 partially colocalized with CGRP, and activation generated EPSCs in dorsal anterolateral BNST neurons that elicited two cell-type-specific outcomes: (1) feedforward inhibition or (2) an EPSP that elicited firing. We found that the α(2A)-AR agonist guanfacine selectively inhibited this PBN input to the BNST, preferentially reducing the excitatory response in ex vivo mouse brain slices. To begin to assess the overall impact of α(2A)-AR control of this PBN input on BNST excitatory transmission, we used a Thy1-COP4 mouse line with little postsynaptic ChR2 expression nor colocalization of ChR2 with CGRP in the BNST. In slices from these mice, we found that guanfacine enhanced, rather than suppressed, optogenetically initiated excitatory drive in BNST. Thus, our study reveals distinct actions of PBN afferents within the BNST and suggests that α(2A)-AR agonists may filter excitatory transmission in the BNST by inhibiting a component of the PBN input while enhancing the actions of other inputs. Copyright © 2014 the authors 0270-6474/14/349319-13$15.00/0. 15. Localization and function of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the anterolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nagore Puente Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST is involved in behaviors related to natural reward, drug addiction and stress. In spite of the emerging role of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB system in these behaviors, little is known about the anatomy and function of this system in the anterolateral BNST (alBNST. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed morphological characterization of the localization of the cannabinoid 1 (CB1 receptor a necessary step toward a better understanding of the physiological roles of the eCB system in this region of the brain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have combined anatomical approaches at the confocal and electron microscopy level to ex-vivo electrophysiological techniques. Here, we report that CB1 is localized on presynaptic membranes of about 55% of immunopositive synaptic terminals for the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1, which contain abundant spherical, clear synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical synapses with alBNST neurons. About 64% of vGluT1 immunonegative synaptic terminals show CB1 immunolabeling. Furthermore, 30% and 35% of presynaptic boutons localize CB1 in alBNST of conditional mutant mice lacking CB1 mainly from GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1-KO mice and mainly from cortical glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1-KO mice, respectively. Extracellular field recordings and whole cell patch clamp in the alBNST rat brain slice preparation revealed that activation of CB1 strongly inhibits excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study supports the anterolateral BNST as a potential neuronal substrate of the effects of cannabinoids on stress-related behaviors. 16. Acute engagement of Gq-mediated signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis induces anxiety-like behavior. Science.gov (United States) Mazzone, C M; Pati, D; Michaelides, M; DiBerto, J; Fox, J H; Tipton, G; Anderson, C; Duffy, K; McKlveen, J M; Hardaway, J A; Magness, S T; Falls, W A; Hammack, S E; McElligott, Z A; Hurd, Y L; Kash, T L 2018-01-01 The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a brain region important for regulating anxiety-related behavior in both humans and rodents. Here we used a chemogenetic strategy to investigate how engagement of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling cascades in genetically defined GABAergic BNST neurons modulates anxiety-related behavior and downstream circuit function. We saw that stimulation of vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT)-expressing BNST neurons using hM3Dq, but neither hM4Di nor rM3Ds designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug (DREADD), promotes anxiety-like behavior. Further, we identified that activation of hM3Dq receptors in BNST VGAT neurons can induce a long-term depression-like state of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, indicating DREADD-induced changes in synaptic plasticity. Further, we used DREADD-assisted metabolic mapping to profile brain-wide network activity following activation of G q -mediated signaling in BNST VGAT neurons and saw increased activity within ventral midbrain structures, including the ventral tegmental area and hindbrain structures such as the locus coeruleus and parabrachial nucleus. These results highlight that G q -mediated signaling in BNST VGAT neurons can drive downstream network activity that correlates with anxiety-like behavior and points to the importance of identifying endogenous GPCRs within genetically defined cell populations. We next used a microfluidics approach to profile the receptorome of single BNST VGAT neurons. This approach yielded multiple G q -coupled receptors that are associated with anxiety-like behavior and several potential novel candidates for regulation of anxiety-like behavior. From this, we identified that stimulation of the G q -coupled receptor 5-HT 2C R in the BNST is sufficient to elevate anxiety-like behavior in an acoustic startle task. Together, these results provide a novel profile of receptors within genetically defined BNST VGAT 17. Molecular phenotyping of transient postnatal tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the rat bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Science.gov (United States) Carter, David A 2017-07-01 The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a complex integrative centre in the forebrain, composed of multiple sub-nuclei, each with discrete populations of neurons. Progress in understanding BNST function, both in the adult and during postnatal maturation, is dependent upon a more complete characterization of neuronal phenotypes in the BNST. The aim of the current study was to define the molecular phenotype of one postnatal BNST neuronal population, in order to identify molecular factors that may underlie both (protein marker-related) immaturity, and secondly, the transience of this phenotype. This BNST population was originally identified by high, but transient expression of the EGR1 transcription factor (TF) in postnatal rat lateral intermediate BNST (BNSTLI). The current results confirm a high level of Egr1 activation in postnatal day 10 (PN10) male BNSTLI that is lost at PN40, and now demonstrate a similar pattern of transient activation in female brains. Apparent cellular immaturity in this population, as indicated by low levels of the adult neuronal marker NeuN/RBFOX3, was found to be uncorrelated with both key neuronal regulator protein expression (SOX2 and REST), and also RBFOX2 protein levels. The BNSTLI neurons have a partial catecholaminergic phenotype (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive/dopa decarboxylase-negative; TH+ve/DDC-ve) that is lost at PN40. In contrast, the co-expressed neuropeptide, somatostatin, is maintained, albeit at lower levels, at PN40. The transcriptional basis of the transient and partial catecholaminergic phenotype was investigated by analysing TFs known to maintain adult dopaminergic (TH+ve/DDC+ve) neuronal phenotypes. The BNSTLI neurons were shown to lack forkhead TFs including FOXA1, FOXA2 and FOXO1. In addition, the BNSTLI neurons had low, primarily cytoplasmic, expression of NR4A2/NURR1, an orphan nuclear receptor that is critical for adult maintenance of midbrain dopamine neurons. These results detail the molecular features 18. Correlation of catecholamine levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and reduced sexual behavior in middle-aged male rats. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Joyce C; Tsai, Houng-Wei; Yeh, Kuei-Ying; Tai, Mei-Yun; Tsai, Yuan-Feen 2008-07-01 The correlation between dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and male sexual behavior was examined in middle-aged rats. Male rats (18-19 months) were divided into: (a) Group MIE, consisting of rats showing mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations; (b) Group MI, composed of rats showing mounts and intromissions, but no ejaculation; and (c) Group NC, consisting of noncopulators. Young adult rats (4-5 months) displaying complete copulatory behavior were used as the control. Tissue levels of DA, NE, and DA metabolites in the BNST were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. DA, but not NE, levels in MIE rats were significantly lower than those in young controls. DA and NE levels in MIE rats were significantly higher than those in NC rats. These results suggest that DA and NE in the BNST might play an important role in the control of male sexual behavior in middle-aged rats. 19. Involvement of the oxytocin system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the sex-specific regulation of social recognition Science.gov (United States) Dumais, Kelly M.; Alonso, Andrea G.; Immormino, Marisa A.; Bredewold, Remco; Veenema, Alexa H. 2015-01-01 Sex differences in the oxytocin (OT) system in the brain may explain why OT often regulates social behaviors in sex-specific ways. However, a link between sex differences in the OT system and sex-specific regulation of social behavior has not been tested. Here, we determined whether sex differences in the OT receptor (OTR) or in OT release in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) mediates sex-specific regulation of social recognition in rats. We recently showed that, compared to female rats, male rats have a three-fold higher OTR binding density in the pBNST, a sexually dimorphic area implicated in the regulation of social behaviors. We now demonstrate that OTR antagonist (5 ng/0.5 μl/side) administration into the pBNST impairs social recognition in both sexes, while OT (100 pg/0.5 μl/side) administration into the pBNST prolongs the duration of social recognition in males only. These effects seem specific to social recognition, as neither treatment altered total social investigation time in either sex. Moreover, baseline OT release in the pBNST, as measured with in vivo microdialysis, did not differ between the sexes. However, males showed higher OT release in the pBNST during social recognition compared to females. These findings suggest a sex-specific role of the OT system in the pBNST in the regulation of social recognition. PMID:26630388 20. Distinct phasic and sustained brain responses and connectivity of amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during threat anticipation in panic disorder. Science.gov (United States) Brinkmann, L; Buff, C; Feldker, K; Tupak, S V; Becker, M P I; Herrmann, M J; Straube, T 2017-11-01 Panic disorder (PD) patients are constantly concerned about future panic attacks and exhibit general hypersensitivity to unpredictable threat. We aimed to reveal phasic and sustained brain responses and functional connectivity of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) during threat anticipation in PD. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated 17 PD patients and 19 healthy controls (HC) during anticipation of temporally unpredictable aversive and neutral sounds. We used a phasic and sustained analysis model to disentangle temporally dissociable brain activations. PD patients compared with HC showed phasic amygdala and sustained BNST responses during anticipation of aversive v. neutral stimuli. Furthermore, increased phasic activation was observed in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Insula and PFC also showed sustained activation. Functional connectivity analyses revealed partly distinct phasic and sustained networks. We demonstrate a role for the BNST during unpredictable threat anticipation in PD and provide first evidence for dissociation between phasic amygdala and sustained BNST activation and their functional connectivity. In line with a hypersensitivity to uncertainty in PD, our results suggest time-dependent involvement of brain regions related to fear and anxiety. 1. Noradrenergic neurotransmission within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates the retention of immobility in the rat forced swimming test. Science.gov (United States) Nagai, Michelly M; Gomes, Felipe V; Crestani, Carlos C; Resstel, Leonardo B M; Joca, Sâmia R L 2013-06-01 The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure that has a direct influence on the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to stress. It was recently reported that reversible inactivation of synaptic transmission within this structure causes antidepressant-like effects, indicating that activation of the BNST during stressful situations would facilitate the development of behavioral changes related to the neurobiology of depression. Moreover, noradrenergic neurotransmission is abundant in the BNST and has an important role in the regulation of emotional processes related to the stress response. Thus, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that activation of adrenoceptors within the BNST facilitates the development of behavioral consequences of stress. To investigate this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were stressed (forced swimming, 15 min) and 24 h later received intra-BNST injections of vehicle, WB4101, RX821002, CGP20712, or ICI118,551, which are selective α(1), α(2), β(1), and β(2) adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively, 10 min before a 5-min forced swimming test. It was observed that administration of WB4101 (10 and 15 nmol), CGP20712 (5 and 10 nmol), or ICI118,551 (5 nmol) into the BNST reduced the immobility time of rats subjected to forced swimming test, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. These findings suggest that activation of α(1), β(1), and β(2) adrenoceptors in the BNST could be involved in the development of the behavioral consequences of stress. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2. Emerging Role for Corticotropin Releasing Factor Signaling in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis at the Intersection of Stress and Reward Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yuval eSilberman 2013-05-01 Full Text Available Stress and anxiety play an important role in the development and maintanence of drug and alcohol addiction. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST, a brain region involved in the production of long-term stress related behaviors, plays an important role in animal models of relapse, such as reinstatement to previously extinguished drug-seeking behaviors. While a number of neurotransmitter systems have been suggested to play a role in these behaviors, recent evidence points to the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF as being critically important in BNST mediated reinstatement behaviors. The BNST is a complex brain region with multiple afferent and efferent systems and a variety of cell types and there has only been limited work trying to understand how CRF modulates this complex neuronal system. Recent work from our lab and others have begun to unravel these BNST neurocircuits and explore their roles in CRF-related reinstatement behaviors. This review will examine the role of BNST CRF signaling in drug addiction and reinstatment with an emphasis on critical neurocircuitry within the BNST that may offer new insights into treatments for addiction. 3. Emerging role for corticotropin releasing factor signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at the intersection of stress and reward. Science.gov (United States) Silberman, Yuval; Winder, Danny G 2013-01-01 Stress and anxiety play an important role in the development and maintenance of drug and alcohol addiction. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region involved in the production of long-term stress-related behaviors, plays an important role in animal models of relapse, such as reinstatement to previously extinguished drug-seeking behaviors. While a number of neurotransmitter systems have been suggested to play a role in these behaviors, recent evidence points to the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) as being critically important in BNST-mediated reinstatement behaviors. Although numerous studies indicate that the BNST is a complex brain region with multiple afferent and efferent systems and a variety of cell types, there has only been limited work to determine how CRF modulates this complex neuronal system at the circuit level. Recent work from our lab and others have begun to unravel these BNST neurocircuits and explore their roles in CRF-related reinstatement behaviors. This review will examine the role of CRF signaling in drug addiction and reinstatement with an emphasis on critical neurocircuitry within the BNST that may offer new insights into treatments for addiction. 4. Sex differences in stress-induced social withdrawal: role of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Science.gov (United States) Greenberg, Gian D; Laman-Maharg, Abigail; Campi, Katharine L; Voigt, Heather; Orr, Veronica N; Schaal, Leslie; Trainor, Brian C 2013-01-01 Depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men, and little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to this disparity. Recent data suggest that stress-induced changes in neurotrophins have opposing effects on behavior by acting in different brain networks. Social defeat has been an important approach for understanding neurotrophin action, but low female aggression levels in rats and mice have limited the application of these methods primarily to males. We examined the effects of social defeat in monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a species in which both males and females defend territories. We demonstrate that defeat stress increases mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein but not mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in females but not males. Changes in BDNF protein were limited to anterior subregions of the BNST, and there were no changes in the adjacent nucleus accumbens (NAc). The effects of defeat on social withdrawal behavior and BDNF were reversed by chronic, low doses of the antidepressant sertraline. However, higher doses of sertraline restored social withdrawal and elevated BDNF levels. Acute treatment with a low dose of sertraline failed to reverse the effects of defeat. Infusions of the selective tyrosine-related kinase B receptor (TrkB) antagonist ANA-12 into the anterior BNST specifically increased social interaction in stressed females but had no effect on behavior in females naïve to defeat. These results suggest that stress-induced increases in BDNF in the anterior BNST contribute to the exaggerated social withdrawal phenotype observed in females. 5. Title: Sex differences in stress-induced social withdrawal: role of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gian David Greenberg 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men, and little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to this disparity. Recent data suggest that stress-induced changes in neurotrophins have opposing effects on behavior by acting in different brain networks. Social defeat has been an important approach for understanding neurotrophin action, but low female aggression levels in rats and mice have limited the application of these methods primarily to males. We examined the effects of social defeat in monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus, a species in which both males and females defend territories. We demonstrate that defeat stress increases mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF protein but not mRNA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST in females but not males. Changes in BDNF protein were limited to anterior subregions of the BNST, and there were no changes in the adjacent nucleus accumbens (NAc. The effects of defeat on social withdrawal behavior and BDNF were reversed by chronic, low doses of the antidepressant sertraline. However, higher doses of sertraline restored social withdrawal and elevated BDNF levels. Acute treatment with a low dose of sertraline failed to reverse the effects of defeat. Infusions of the selective tyrosine-related kinase B receptor (TrkB antagonist ANA-12 into the anterior BNST specifically increased social interaction in stressed females but had no effect on behavior in females naïve to defeat. These results suggest that stress-induced increases in BDNF in the anterior BNST contribute to the exaggerated social withdrawal phenotype observed in females. 6. Oxytocin induces penile erection and yawning when injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Involvement of glutamic acid, dopamine, and nitric oxide. Science.gov (United States) Sanna, Fabrizio; Bratzu, Jessica; Argiolas, Antonio; Melis, Maria Rosaria 2017-11-01 Oxytocin (5-100ng), but not Arg 8 -vasopressin (100ng), injected unilaterally into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) induces penile erection and yawning in a dose-dependent manner in male rats. The minimal effective dose was 20ng for penile erection and 5ng for yawning. Oxytocin responses were abolished not only by the oxytocin receptor antagonist d(CH 2 ) 5 Tyr(Me) 2 -Orn 8 -vasotocin (1μg), but also by (+) MK-801 (1μg), an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) subtype, SCH 23390 (1μg), a D1 receptor antagonist, but not haloperidol (1μg), a D2 receptor antagonist, and SMTC (40μg), an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, injected into the BNST 15min before oxytocin. Oxytocin-induced penile erection, but not yawning, was also abolished by CNQX (1μg), an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist of the AMPA subtype. In contrast, oxytocin responses were not reduced by bicuculline (20ng), a GABA A receptor antagonist, phaclofen (5μg), a GABA B receptor antagonist, CP 376395, a CRF receptor-1 antagonist (5μg), or astressin 2B, a CRF receptor-2 antagonist (150ng). Considering the ability of NMDA (100ng) to induce penile erection and yawning when injected into the BNST and the available evidence showing possible interaction among oxytocin, glutamic acid, and dopamine in the BNST, oxytocin possibly activates glutamatergic neurotransmission in the BNST. This in turn leads to the activation of neural pathways projecting back to the paraventricular nucleus, medial preoptic area, ventral tegmental area, and/or ventral subiculum/amygdala, thereby inducing penile erection and yawning. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7. Endogenous oxytocin is necessary for preferential Fos expression to male odors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in female Syrian hamsters. Science.gov (United States) Martinez, Luis A; Levy, Marisa J; Petrulis, Aras 2013-09-01 Successful reproduction in mammals depends on proceptive or solicitational behaviors that enhance the probability of encountering potential mates. In female Syrian hamsters, one such behavior is vaginal scent marking. Recent evidence suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) may be critical for regulating this behavior. Blockade of OT receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) or the medial preoptic area (MPOA) decreases vaginal marking responses to male odors; lesion data suggest that BNST, rather than MPOA, mediates this effect. However, how OT interacts with sexual odor processing to drive preferential solicitation is not known. To address this issue, intact female Syrian hamsters were exposed to male or female odors and their brains processed for immunohistochemistry for Fos, a marker of recent neuronal activation, and OT. Additional females were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with an oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTA) or vehicle, and then tested for vaginal marking and Fos responses to sexual odors. Colocalization of OT and Fos in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was unchanged following exposure to male odors, but decreased following exposure to female odors. Following injections of OTA, Fos expression to male odors was decreased in BNST, but not in MPOA or the medial amygdala (MA). Fos expression in BNST may be functionally relevant for vaginal marking, given that there was a positive correlation between Fos expression and vaginal marking for BNST, but not MPOA or MA. Together, these data suggest that OT facilitation of neuronal activity in BNST underlies the facilitative effects of OT on solicitational responses to male odors. © 2013. 8. Consistency and diversity of spike dynamics in the neurons of bed nucleus of stria terminalis of the rat: a dynamic clamp study. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Attila Szücs Full Text Available Neurons display a high degree of variability and diversity in the expression and regulation of their voltage-dependent ionic channels. Under low level of synaptic background a number of physiologically distinct cell types can be identified in most brain areas that display different responses to standard forms of intracellular current stimulation. Nevertheless, it is not well understood how biophysically different neurons process synaptic inputs in natural conditions, i.e., when experiencing intense synaptic bombardment in vivo. While distinct cell types might process synaptic inputs into different patterns of action potentials representing specific "motifs" of network activity, standard methods of electrophysiology are not well suited to resolve such questions. In the current paper we performed dynamic clamp experiments with simulated synaptic inputs that were presented to three types of neurons in the juxtacapsular bed nucleus of stria terminalis (jcBNST of the rat. Our analysis on the temporal structure of firing showed that the three types of jcBNST neurons did not produce qualitatively different spike responses under identical patterns of input. However, we observed consistent, cell type dependent variations in the fine structure of firing, at the level of single spikes. At the millisecond resolution structure of firing we found high degree of diversity across the entire spectrum of neurons irrespective of their type. Additionally, we identified a new cell type with intrinsic oscillatory properties that produced a rhythmic and regular firing under synaptic stimulation that distinguishes it from the previously described jcBNST cell types. Our findings suggest a sophisticated, cell type dependent regulation of spike dynamics of neurons when experiencing a complex synaptic background. The high degree of their dynamical diversity has implications to their cooperative dynamics and synchronization. 9. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors Modulate Oxytocin Release in the Dorsolateral Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST in Male Rats Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Daisy Martinon 2018-03-01 Full Text Available The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT plays an important role in the regulation of social and anxiety-like behavior. Our previous studies have shown that OT neurons send projections from the hypothalamus to the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTdl, a forebrain region critically involved in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior. Importantly, these OT terminals in the BNSTdl express presynaptic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF receptor type 2 (CRFR2. This suggests that CRFR2 might be involved in the modulation of OT release. To test this hypothesis, we measured OT content in microdialysates collected from the BNSTdl of freely-moving male Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration of a selective CRFR2 agonist (Urocortin 3 or antagonist (Astressin 2B, As2B. To determine if type 1 CRF receptors (CRFR1 are also involved, we used selective CRFR1 antagonist (NBI35965 as well as CRF, a putative ligand of both CRFR1 and CRFR2. All compounds were delivered directly into the BNSTdl via reverse dialysis. OT content in the microdialysates was measured with highly sensitive and selective radioimmunoassay. Blocking CRFR2 with As2B caused an increase in OT content in BNSTdl microdialysates, whereas CRFR2 activation by Urocortin 3 did not have an effect. The As2B-induced increase in OT release was blocked by application of the CRFR1 antagonist demonstrating that the effect was dependent on CRFR1 transmission. Interestingly, CRF alone caused a delayed increase in OT content in BNSTdl microdialysates, which was dependent on CRF2 but not CRF1 receptors. Our results suggest that members of the CRF peptide family modulate OT release in the BNSTdl via a fine-tuned mechanism that involves both CRFR1 and CRFR2. Further exploration of mechanisms by which endogenous OT system is modulated by CRF peptide family is needed to better understand the role of these neuropeptides in the regulation of anxiety and the stress response. 10. Oxytocin receptor neurotransmission in the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis facilitates the acquisition of cued fear in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in rats. Science.gov (United States) Moaddab, Mahsa; Dabrowska, Joanna 2017-07-15 Oxytocin (OT) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that modulates fear and anxiety-like behaviors. Dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST dl ) plays a critical role in the regulation of fear and anxiety, and expresses high levels of OT receptor (OTR). However, the role of OTR neurotransmission within the BNST dl in mediating these behaviors is unknown. Here, we used adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the role of OTR neurotransmission in the BNST dl in the modulation of the acoustic startle response, as well as in the acquisition and consolidation of conditioned fear using fear potentiated startle (FPS) paradigm. Bilateral intra-BNST dl administration of OT (100 ng) did not affect the acquisition of conditioned fear response. However, intra-BNST dl administration of specific OTR antagonist (OTA), (d(CH 2 ) 5 1 , Tyr(Me) 2 , Thr 4 , Orn 8 , des-Gly-NH 2 9 )-vasotocin, (200 ng), prior to the fear conditioning session, impaired the acquisition of cued fear, without affecting a non-cued fear component of FPS. Neither OTA, nor OT affected baseline startle or shock reactivity during fear conditioning. Therefore, the observed impairment of cued fear after OTA infusion resulted from the specific effect on the formation of cued fear. In contrast to the acquisition, neither OTA nor OT affected the consolidation of FPS, when administered after the completion of fear conditioning session. Taken together, these results reveal the important role of OTR neurotransmission in the BNST dl in the formation of conditioned fear to a discrete cue. This study also highlights the role of the BNST dl in learning to discriminate between threatening and safe stimuli. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 11. Acute reversible inactivation of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis induces antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swimming test Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 Background The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic forebrain structure involved in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and stress adaptation. Inappropriate adaptation to stress is thought to compromise the organism's coping mechanisms, which have been implicated in the neurobiology of depression. However, the studies aimed at investigating BNST involvement in depression pathophysiology have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of temporary acute inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST by local microinjection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in rats subjected to the forced swimming test (FST). Methods Rats implanted with cannulae aimed at the BNST were submitted to 15 min of forced swimming (pretest). Twenty-four hours later immobility time was registered in a new 5 min forced swimming session (test). Independent groups of rats received bilateral microinjections of CoCl2 (1 mM/100 nL) before or immediately after pretest or before the test session. Additional groups received the same treatment and were submitted to the open field test to control for unspecific effects on locomotor behavior. Results CoCl2 injection into the BNST before either the pretest or test sessions reduced immobility in the FST, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. No significant effect of CoCl2 was observed when it was injected into the BNST immediately after pretest. In addition, no effect of BNST inactivation was observed in the open field test. Conclusion These results suggest that acute reversible inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST facilitates adaptation to stress and induces antidepressant-like effects. PMID:20515458 12. Acute reversible inactivation of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis induces antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swimming test Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Joca Sâmia RL 2010-06-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST is a limbic forebrain structure involved in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and stress adaptation. Inappropriate adaptation to stress is thought to compromise the organism's coping mechanisms, which have been implicated in the neurobiology of depression. However, the studies aimed at investigating BNST involvement in depression pathophysiology have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of temporary acute inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST by local microinjection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2 in rats subjected to the forced swimming test (FST. Methods Rats implanted with cannulae aimed at the BNST were submitted to 15 min of forced swimming (pretest. Twenty-four hours later immobility time was registered in a new 5 min forced swimming session (test. Independent groups of rats received bilateral microinjections of CoCl2 (1 mM/100 nL before or immediately after pretest or before the test session. Additional groups received the same treatment and were submitted to the open field test to control for unspecific effects on locomotor behavior. Results CoCl2 injection into the BNST before either the pretest or test sessions reduced immobility in the FST, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. No significant effect of CoCl2 was observed when it was injected into the BNST immediately after pretest. In addition, no effect of BNST inactivation was observed in the open field test. Conclusion These results suggest that acute reversible inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST facilitates adaptation to stress and induces antidepressant-like effects. 13. Synaptic Plasticity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Ramifications for Reinstatement of Drug- and Alcohol-Seeking Behaviors. Science.gov (United States) Harris, Nicholas A; Winder, Danny G 2018-06-13 The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a component of the extended amygdala that shows significant changes in activity and plasticity through chronic exposure to drugs and stress. The region is critical for stress- and cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviors and is thus a candidate region for the plastic changes that occur in abstinence that prime addicted patients for reinstatement behaviors. Here, we discuss the various forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the rodent BNST and highlight the way that these changes in excitatory transmission interact with exposure to alcohol and other drugs of abuse, as well as other stressors. In addition, we highlight potential areas for future research in this area, including investigating input- and cell-specific bidirectional changes in activity. As we continue to accrue foundational knowledge in the mechanisms and effects of plasticity in the BNST, molecular targets and treatment strategies that are relevant to reinstatement behaviors will also begin to emerge. Here, we briefly discuss the effects of catecholamine receptor modulators on synaptic plasticity in the BNST due to the role of norepinephrine in LTD and dopamine on the short-term component of LTP as well as the role that signaling at these receptors plays in reinstatement of drug- and alcohol-seeking behaviors. We hope that insights gained on the specific changes in plasticity that occur within the BNST during abstinence from alcohol and other drugs of abuse will provide insight into the biological underpinnings of relapse behavior in human addicts and inform future treatment modalities for addiction that tackle this complex biological problem. 14. Involvement of the oxytocin system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the sex-specific regulation of social recognition. Science.gov (United States) Dumais, Kelly M; Alonso, Andrea G; Immormino, Marisa A; Bredewold, Remco; Veenema, Alexa H 2016-02-01 Sex differences in the oxytocin (OT) system in the brain may explain why OT often regulates social behaviors in sex-specific ways. However, a link between sex differences in the OT system and sex-specific regulation of social behavior has not been tested. Here, we determined whether sex differences in the OT receptor (OTR) or in OT release in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) mediates sex-specific regulation of social recognition in rats. We recently showed that, compared to female rats, male rats have a three-fold higher OTR binding density in the pBNST, a sexually dimorphic area implicated in the regulation of social behaviors. We now demonstrate that OTR antagonist (5 ng/0.5 μl/side) administration into the pBNST impairs social recognition in both sexes, while OT (100 pg/0.5 μl/side) administration into the pBNST prolongs the duration of social recognition in males only. These effects seem specific to social recognition, as neither treatment altered total social investigation time in either sex. Moreover, baseline OT release in the pBNST, as measured with in vivo microdialysis, did not differ between the sexes. However, males showed higher OT release in the pBNST during social recognition compared to females. These findings suggest a sex-specific role of the OT system in the pBNST in the regulation of social recognition. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 15. Extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin in the human brain; presence of vasopressin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis NARCIS (Netherlands) Fliers, E.; Guldenaar, S. E.; van de Wal, N.; Swaab, D. F. 1986-01-01 In the present study, the distribution of extrahypothalamic vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OXT) in the human brain was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. In the septum verum, few VP fibers were found in the nucleus septalis lateralis and medialis (NSL and NSM), and in the bed nucleus of 16. GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors blockade rescues bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of cocaine self-administering rats. Science.gov (United States) deBacker, Julian; Hawken, Emily R; Normandeau, Catherine P; Jones, Andrea A; Di Prospero, Cynthia; Mechefske, Elysia; Gardner Gregory, James; Hayton, Scott J; Dumont, Éric C 2015-01-01 Drugs of abuse have detrimental effects on homeostatic synaptic plasticity in the motivational brain network. Bidirectional plasticity at excitatory synapses helps keep neural circuits within a functional range to allow for behavioral flexibility. Therefore, impaired bidirectional plasticity of excitatory synapses may contribute to the behavioral hallmarks of addiction, yet this relationship remains unclear. Here we tracked excitatory synaptic strength in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ovBNST) using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in brain slices from rats self-administering sucrose or cocaine. In the cocaine group, we measured both a persistent increase in AMPA to NMDA ratio (A:N) and slow decay time of NMDA currents throughout the self-administration period and after withdrawal from cocaine. In contrast, the sucrose group exhibited an early increase in A:N ratios (acquisition) that returned toward baseline values with continued self-administration (maintenance) and after withdrawal. The sucrose rats also displayed a decrease in NMDA current decay time with continued self-administration (maintenance), which normalized after withdrawal. Cocaine self-administering rats exhibited impairment in NMDA-dependent long-term depression (LTD) that could be rescued by GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor blockade. Sucrose self-administering rats demonstrated no impairment in NMDA-dependent LTD. During the maintenance period of self-administration, in vivo (daily intraperitoneally for 5 days) pharmacologic blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors did not reduce lever pressing for cocaine. However, in vivo GluN2B blockade did normalize A:N ratios in cocaine self-administrating rats, and dissociated the magnitude of ovBNST A:N ratios from drug-seeking behavior after protracted withdrawal. Altogether, our data demonstrate when and how bidirectional plasticity at ovBNST excitatory synapses becomes dysfunctional with cocaine self-administration and that NMDA 17. Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Socially Defeated and Non-stressed Mice with a History of Chronic Alcohol Intake. Science.gov (United States) Albrechet-Souza, Lucas; Viola, Thiago W; Grassi-Oliveira, Rodrigo; Miczek, Klaus A; de Almeida, Rosa M M 2017-01-01 Stress exposure has been identified as one risk factor for alcohol abuse that may facilitate the transition from social or regulated use to the development of alcohol dependence. Preclinical studies have shown that dysregulation of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) neurotransmission has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety, and may affect alcohol consumption. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) contains CRF-producing neurons which seem to be sensitive to stress. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice previously defeated in resident-intruder confrontations were evaluated in the elevated plus-maze and tail suspension test. Mice were also tested for sweet solution intake before and after social stress. After having had continuous access to ethanol (20% weight/volume) for 4 weeks, control and stressed mice had CRF type 1 (CRFR1) or type 2 (CRFR2) receptor antagonists infused into the BNST and then had access to ethanol for 24 h. In separate cohorts of control and stressed mice, we assessed mRNA levels of BNST CRF, CRFR1 and CRFR2 . Stressed mice increased their intake of sweet solution after ten sessions of social defeat and showed reduced activity in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze. When tested for ethanol consumption, stressed mice persistently drank significantly more than controls during the 4 weeks of access. Also, social stress induced higher BNST CRF mRNA levels. The selective blockade of BNST CRFR1 with CP376,395 effectively reduced alcohol drinking in non-stressed mice, whereas the selective CRFR2 antagonist astressin2B produced a dose-dependent increase in ethanol consumption in both non-stressed controls and stressed mice. The 10-day episodic defeat stress used here elicited anxiety- but not depressive-like behaviors, and promoted an increase in ethanol drinking. CRF-CRFR1 signaling in the BNST seems to underlie ethanol intake in non-stressed mice, whereas CRFR2 modulates alcohol 18. Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Socially Defeated and Non-stressed Mice with a History of Chronic Alcohol Intake Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Lucas Albrechet-Souza 2017-10-01 Full Text Available Stress exposure has been identified as one risk factor for alcohol abuse that may facilitate the transition from social or regulated use to the development of alcohol dependence. Preclinical studies have shown that dysregulation of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF neurotransmission has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety, and may affect alcohol consumption. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST contains CRF-producing neurons which seem to be sensitive to stress. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice previously defeated in resident-intruder confrontations were evaluated in the elevated plus-maze and tail suspension test. Mice were also tested for sweet solution intake before and after social stress. After having had continuous access to ethanol (20% weight/volume for 4 weeks, control and stressed mice had CRF type 1 (CRFR1 or type 2 (CRFR2 receptor antagonists infused into the BNST and then had access to ethanol for 24 h. In separate cohorts of control and stressed mice, we assessed mRNA levels of BNST CRF, CRFR1 and CRFR2. Stressed mice increased their intake of sweet solution after ten sessions of social defeat and showed reduced activity in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze. When tested for ethanol consumption, stressed mice persistently drank significantly more than controls during the 4 weeks of access. Also, social stress induced higher BNST CRF mRNA levels. The selective blockade of BNST CRFR1 with CP376,395 effectively reduced alcohol drinking in non-stressed mice, whereas the selective CRFR2 antagonist astressin2B produced a dose-dependent increase in ethanol consumption in both non-stressed controls and stressed mice. The 10-day episodic defeat stress used here elicited anxiety- but not depressive-like behaviors, and promoted an increase in ethanol drinking. CRF-CRFR1 signaling in the BNST seems to underlie ethanol intake in non-stressed mice, whereas CRFR2 modulates 19. Desipramine and citalopram attenuate pretest swim-induced increases in prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the forced swimming test. Science.gov (United States) Chung, Sung; Kim, Hee Jeong; Kim, Hyun Ju; Choi, Sun Hye; Cho, Jin Hee; Cho, Yun Ha; Kim, Dong-Hoon; Shin, Kyung Ho 2014-10-01 Dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens shell plays an important role in antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test (FST), but it is unclear whether desipramine and citalopram treatments alter prodynorphin levels in other brain areas. To explore this possibility, we injected mice with desipramine and citalopram 0.5, 19, and 23 h after a 15-min pretest swim and observed changes in prodynorphin expression before the test swim, which was conducted 24 h after the pretest swim. The pretest swim increased prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST) and lateral division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). This increase in prodynorphin immunoreactivity in the dBNST and CeL was blocked by desipramine and citalopram treatments. Similar changes in prodynorphin mRNA levels were observed in the dBNST and CeL, but these changes did not reach significance. To understand the underlying mechanism, we assessed changes in phosphorylated CREB at Ser(133) (pCREB) immunoreactivity in the dBNST and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Treatment with citalopram but not desipramine after the pretest swim significantly increased pCREB immunoreactivity only in the dBNST. These results suggest that regulation of prodynorphin in the dBNST and CeL before the test swim may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine and citalopram in the FST and suggest that changes in pCREB immunoreactivity in these areas may not play an important role in the regulation of prodynorphin in the dBNST and CeA. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 20. Activation of Hypocretin-1/Orexin-A Neurons Projecting to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Paraventricular Nucleus Is Critical for Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking by Neuropeptide S. Science.gov (United States) Ubaldi, Massimo; Giordano, Antonio; Severi, Ilenia; Li, Hongwu; Kallupi, Marsida; de Guglielmo, Giordano; Ruggeri, Barbara; Stopponi, Serena; Ciccocioppo, Roberto; Cannella, Nazzareno 2016-03-15 Environmental conditioning is a major trigger for relapse in abstinent addicts. We showed that activation of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system exacerbates reinstatement vulnerability to cocaine and alcohol via stimulation of the hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) system. Combining pharmacologic manipulations with immunohistochemistry techniques, we sought to determine how NPS and Hcrt-1/Ox-A systems interact to modulate reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Intrahypothalamic injection of NPS facilitated discriminative cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. This effect was blocked by the selective Hcrt-1/Ox-A antagonist SB334867 microinjected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not into the ventral tegmental area or the locus coeruleus. Combining double labeling and confocal microscopy analyses, we found that NPS-containing axons are in close apposition to hypothalamic Hcrt-1/Ox-A positive neurons, a significant proportion of which express NPS receptors, suggesting a direct interaction between the two systems. Retrograde tracing experiments showed that intra-PVN or intra-BNST red fluorobead unilateral injection labeled bilaterally Hcrt-1/Ox-A somata, suggesting that NPS could recruit two distinct neuronal pathways. Confirming this assumption, intra-BNST or PVN Hcrt-1/Ox-A injection enhanced alcohol seeking similarly to hypothalamic NPS injection but to a lesser degree. Results suggest that the Hcrt-1/Ox-A neurocircuitry mediating the facilitation of cue-induced reinstatement by NPS involves structures critically involved in stress regulation such as the PVN and the BNST. These findings open to the tempting hypothesis of a role of the NPS system in modulating the interactions between stress and environmental conditioning factors in drug relapse. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc. 1. Resting-state functional connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in post-traumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype. Science.gov (United States) Rabellino, Daniela; Densmore, Maria; Harricharan, Sherain; Jean, Théberge; McKinnon, Margaret C; Lanius, Ruth A 2018-03-01 The bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST) is a subcortical structure involved in anticipatory and sustained reactivity to threat and is thus essential to the understanding of anxiety and stress responses. Although chronic stress and anxiety represent a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to date, few studies have examined the functional connectivity of the BNST in PTSD. Here, we used resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate the functional connectivity of the BNST in PTSD (n = 70), its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) (n = 41), and healthy controls (n = 50). In comparison to controls, PTSD showed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with regions of the reward system (ventral and dorsal striatum), possibly underlying stress-induced reward-seeking behaviors in PTSD. By contrast, comparing PTSD + DS to controls, we observed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with the claustrum, a brain region implicated in consciousness and a primary site of kappa-opioid receptors, which are critical to the dynorphin-mediated dysphoric stress response. Moreover, PTSD + DS showed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with brain regions involved in attention and salience detection (anterior insula and caudate nucleus) as compared to PTSD and controls. Finally, BNST functional connectivity positively correlated with default-mode network regions as a function of state identity dissociation, suggesting a role of BNST networks in the disruption of self-relevant processing characterizing the dissociative subtype. These findings represent an important first step in elucidating the role of the BNST in aberrant functional networks underlying PTSD and its dissociative subtype. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 2. Recovery of stress-impaired social behavior by an antagonist of the CRF binding protein, CRF6-33, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of male rats. Science.gov (United States) Vasconcelos, Mailton; Stein, Dirson J; Albrechet-Souza, Lucas; Miczek, Klaus A; de Almeida, Rosa Maria M 2018-01-09 Social stress is recognized to promote the development of neuropsychiatric and mood disorders. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is an important neuropeptide activated by social stress, and it contributes to neural and behavioral adaptations, as indicated by impaired social interactions and anhedonic effects. Few studies have focused on the role of the CRF binding protein (CRFBP), a component of the CRF system, and its activity in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), a limbic structure connecting amygdala and hypothalamus. In this study, animals' preference for sweet solutions was examined as an index of stress-induced anhedonic responses in Wistar rats subjected to four brief intermittent episodes of social defeat. Next, social approach was assessed after local infusions of the CRFBP antagonist, CRF fragment 6-33 (CRF 6-33 ) into the BNST. The experience of brief episodes of social defeat impaired social approach behaviors in male rats. However, intra-BNST CRF 6-33 infusions restored social approach in stressed animals to the levels of non-stressed rats. CRF 6-33 acted selectively on social interaction and did not alter general exploration in nether stressed nor non-stressed rats. These findings suggest that BNST CRFBP is involved in the modulation of anxiety-like responses induced by social stress. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 3. Role of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis corticotrophin-releasing factor receptors in frustration stress-induced binge-like palatable food consumption in female rats with a history of food restriction. Science.gov (United States) Micioni Di Bonaventura, Maria Vittoria; Ciccocioppo, Roberto; Romano, Adele; Bossert, Jennifer M; Rice, Kenner C; Ubaldi, Massimo; St Laurent, Robyn; Gaetani, Silvana; Massi, Maurizio; Shaham, Yavin; Cifani, Carlo 2014-08-20 We developed recently a binge-eating model in which female rats with a history of intermittent food restriction show binge-like palatable food consumption after 15 min exposure to the sight of the palatable food. This "frustration stress" manipulation also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Here, we determined the role of the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in stress-induced binge eating in our model. We also assessed the role of CRF receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region implicated in stress responses and stress-induced drug seeking, in stress-induced binge eating. We used four groups that were first exposed or not exposed to repeated intermittent cycles of regular chow food restriction during which they were also given intermittent access to high-caloric palatable food. On the test day, we either exposed or did not expose the rats to the sight of the palatable food for 15 min (frustration stress) before assessing food consumption for 2 h. We found that systemic injections of the CRF1 receptor antagonist R121919 (2,5-dimethyl-3-(6-dimethyl-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-7 dipropylamino pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) (10-20 mg/kg) and BNST (25-50 ng/side) or ventricular (1000 ng) injections of the nonselective CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe-CRF(12-41) decreased frustration stress-induced binge eating in rats with a history of food restriction. Frustration stress also increased Fos (a neuronal activity marker) expression in ventral and dorsal BNST. Results demonstrate a critical role of CRF receptors in BNST in stress-induced binge eating in our rat model. CRF1 receptor antagonists may represent a novel pharmacological treatment for bingeing-related eating disorders. Copyright © 2014 the authors 0270-6474/14/3411316-09$15.00/0.
4. Immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the nervus terminalis and brain of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.
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Oelschläger, H A; Northcutt, R G
1992-01-15
Little is known about the immunohistochemistry of the nervous system in bats. This is particularly true of the nervus terminalis, which exerts strong influence on the reproductive system during ontogeny and in the adult. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was visualized immunocytochemically in the nervus terminalis and brain of juvenile and adult big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). The peripheral LHRH-immunoreactive (ir) cells and fibers (nervus terminalis) are dispersed along the basal surface of the forebrain from the olfactory bulbs to the prepiriform cortex and the interpeduncular fossa. A concentration of peripheral LHRH-ir perikarya and fibers was found at the caudalmost part of the olfactory bulbs, near the medioventral forebrain sulcus; obviously these cells mediate between the bulbs and the remaining forebrain. Within the central nervous system (CNS), LHRH-ir perikarya and fibers were distributed throughout the olfactory tubercle, diagonal band, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic and supraoptic nuclei, the bed nuclei of stria terminalis and stria medullaris, the anterior lateral and posterior hypothalamus, and the tuber cinereum. The highest concentration of cells was found within the arcuate nucleus. Fibers were most concentrated within the median eminence, infundibular stalk, and the medial habenula. The data obtained suggest that this distribution of LHRH immunoreactivity may be characteristic for microchiropteran (insectivorous) bats. The strong projections of LHRH-containing nuclei in the basal forebrain (including the arcuate nucleus) to the habenula, may indicate close functional contact between these brain areas via feedback loops, which could be important for the processing of thermal and other environmental stimuli correlated with hibernation.
5. Afferent and efferent projections of the anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus in the mouse.
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Cádiz-Moretti, Bernardita; Abellán-Álvaro, María; Pardo-Bellver, Cecília; Martínez-García, Fernando; Lanuza, Enrique
2017-09-01
The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus (ACo) is a chemosensory area of the cortical amygdala that receives afferent projections from both the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. The role of this structure is unknown, partially due to a lack of knowledge of its connectivity. In this work, we describe the pattern of afferent and efferent projections of the ACo by using fluorogold and biotinylated dextranamines as retrograde and anterograde tracers, respectively. The results show that the ACo is reciprocally connected with the olfactory system and basal forebrain, as well as with the chemosensory and basomedial amygdala. In addition, it receives dense projections from the midline and posterior intralaminar thalamus, and moderate projections from the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, mesocortical structures and the hippocampal formation. Remarkably, the ACo projects moderately to the central nuclei of the amygdala and anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and densely to the lateral hypothalamus. Finally, minor connections are present with some midbrain and brainstem structures. The afferent projections of the ACo indicate that this nucleus might play a role in emotional learning involving chemosensory stimuli, such as olfactory fear conditioning. The efferent projections confirm this view and, given its direct output to the medial part of the central amygdala and the hypothalamic 'aggression area', suggest that the ACo can initiate defensive and aggressive responses elicited by olfactory or, to a lesser extent, vomeronasal stimuli. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
6. Central projections of the nervus terminalis in four species of amphibians.
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Hofmann, M H; Meyer, D L
1989-01-01
The central projections of the nervus terminalis were investigated in two anuran and two urodele species by means of horseradish peroxidase injections into one nasal cavity. In anurans, the nervus terminalis projects to the medial septum, to the preoptic nucleus, to the nucleus of the anterior commissure and to the hypothalamus. In addition to these structures, the dorsal thalamus, the infundibulum and the mesencephalic tegmentum are innervated in urodeles. The structure containing the highest density of terminals in the amphibians investigated is the hypothalamus. In one anuran and one urodele species, the contralateral hypothalamus is primarily innervated, whereas in the other two species the majority of fibers remain ipsilateral. A comparison with other vertebrates shows that the terminalis system in urodeles has the greatest diversity of connections. Anurans, in contrast, lack some connections that are present in urodeles and fishes. These findings have implications for a possible relation of the nervus terminalis to an aquatic habitat.
7. Ontogenetic organization of the FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the nervus terminalis of the lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.
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Fiorentino, Maria; D'Aniello, Biagio; Joss, Jean; Polese, Gianluca; Rastogi, Rakesh K
2002-08-19
The development of the nervus terminalis system in the lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated by using FMRFamide as a marker. FMRFamide immunoreactivity appears first within the brain, in the dorsal hypothalamus at a stage around hatching. At a slightly later stage, immunoreactivity appears in the olfactory mucosa. These immunoreactive cells move outside the olfactory organ to form the ganglion of the nervus terminalis. Immunoreactive processes emerge from the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in two directions, one which joins the olfactory nerve to travel to the brain and the other which courses below the brain to enter at the level of the preoptic nucleus. Neither the ganglion of the nervus terminalis nor the two branches of the nervus terminalis form after surgical removal of the olfactory placode at a stage before the development of FMRFamide immunoreactivity external to the brain. Because this study has confirmed that the nervus terminalis in lungfish comprises both an anterior and a posterior branch, it forms the basis for discussion of homology between these branches and the nervus terminalis of other anamniote vertebrates. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
8. Primary olfactory projections and the nervus terminalis in the African lungfish: implications for the phylogeny of cranial nerves.
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von Bartheld, C S; Claas, B; Münz, H; Meyer, D L
1988-08-01
Primary olfactory and central projections of the nervus terminalis were investigated by injections of horseradish peroxidase into the olfactory epithelium in the African lungfish. In addition, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactivity of the nervus terminalis system was investigated. The primary olfactory projections are restricted to the olfactory bulb located at the rostral pole of the telencephalon; they do not extend into caudal parts of the telencephalon. A vomeronasal nerve and an accessory olfactory bulb could not be identified. The nervus terminalis courses through the dorsomedial telencephalon. Major targets include the nucleus of the anterior commissure and the nucleus praeopticus pars superior. some fibers cross to the contralateral side. A few fibers reach the diencephalon and mesencephalon. No label is present in the "posterior root of the nervus terminalis" (= "Pinkus's nerve" or "nervus praeopticus"). GnRH immunoreactivity is lacking in the "anterior root of the nervus terminalis," whereas it is abundant in nervus praeopticus (Pinkus's nerve). These findings may suggest that the nervus terminalis system originally consisted of two distinct cranial nerves, which have fused-in evolution-in most vertebrates. Theories of cranial nerve phylogeny are discussed in the light of the assumed "binerval origin" of the nervus terminalis system.
9. Central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the lungfish brain revealed by nitric oxide synthase.
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Schober, A; Meyer, D L; Von Bartheld, C S
1994-11-01
Lungfishes possess two cranial nerves that are associated with the olfactory system: the nervus terminalis enters the telencephalon with the olfactory nerve, and the nervus praeopticus enters the diencephalon at the level of the optic nerve. We investigated the central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) and in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry (nitric oxide synthase; NOS) and compared them with the projections of the nervus terminalis of the frog (Xenopus laevis). In Neoceratodus, NOS-positive fascicles of the nervus terminalis divide and project with a ventral component through the septum and with a dorsal component through the pallium; fibers of both trajectories extend caudally beyond the anterior commissure and join the lateral forebrain bundle. In the nervus praeopticus, about 300 fibers contain NOS; they innervate the preoptic nucleus and continue their course through the diencephalon; many fibers cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum. In Protopterus, ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis and of the nervus praeopticus contain NOS. NOS-positive fibers of the nervus terminalis project through the septal region but not through the pallium. Several major fascicles cross in the rostral part of the anterior commissure, where they are joined by a small number of NOS-containing fibers of the nervus praeopticus. Both nerves innervate the preoptic nucleus. The number and pathways of the fascicles of the nervus terminalis are not always symmetric between the two sides. The nervus terminalis fascicles remain in a ventral position, whereas the nervus praeopticus gives rise to the more dorsal fascicles. Many fibers of the two nerves extend throughout the diencephalon and cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum. These findings demonstrate many similarities but also significant differences between the contributions of the
10. Brief pup exposure induces Fos expression in the lateral habenula and serotonergic caudal dorsal raphe nucleus of paternally experienced male California mice (Peromyscus californicus).
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de Jong, T R; Measor, K R; Chauke, M; Harris, B N; Saltzman, W
2010-09-01
Fathers play a substantial role in infant care in a small but significant number of mammalian species, including humans. However, the neural circuitry controlling paternal behavior is much less understood than its female counterpart. In order to characterize brain areas activated by paternal care, male California mice were separated from their female mate and litter for 3 h and then exposed to a pup or a control object (a glass pebble with the approximate size and oblong shape of a newborn pup) for 10 min. All males receiving a pup showed a strong paternal response towards it, whereas males receiving a pebble interacted with it only occasionally. Despite the clear behavioral differences, exposure to a pup did not increase Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LIR) compared to a pebble in brain areas previously found to be associated with parental care, including the medial preoptic nucleus and medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Pup exposure did, however, significantly increase Fos-LIR in the lateral habenula (LHb) and in predominantly serotonergic neurons in the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus (DRC), as compared to pebble exposure. Both the LHb and DRC are known to be involved in the behavioral responses to strong emotional stimuli; therefore, these areas might play a role in controlling parental behavior in male California mice. Copyright (c) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
11. Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nauta, W J.H.; Smith, G P; Faull, R L.M.; Domesick, V B [Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge (USA). Dept. of Psychology
1978-01-01
The results of this study by the methods of autoradiographic fiber-tracing and retrograde cell-labelling confirm earlier reports of accumbens projections to the globus pallidus and to dorsal strata of the medial half of the substantia nigra. Also in accord with previous autoradiographic evidence, sparser projections could be traced to a variety of subcortical structures implicated in the circuitry of the limbic system: bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum, preoptic region, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, nuclei paratenialis and mediodorsalis thalami, and lateral habenular nucleus. Contrary to earlier reports, striatopallidal fibers from the accumbens were found to be distributed largely to the subcommissural part of the external pallidal segment and to avoid almost entirely the internal pallidal segment. Mesencephalic projections from the accumbens largely coincide with those from the preoptic region and hypothalamus; like the latter they prominantly involve the region of the out-lying nigral cell groups A10 and A8 and extend caudally beyond the nigral complex to the cuneiform and parabrachial regions of the tegmentum as well as to caudoventral parts of the central grey substance. Horseradish peroxidase injected into the nucleus accumbens labels numerous neurons in the region of cell group A10 and in the supralemniscal 'retrorubral nucleus', but only sporadic cells in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra proper. It thus appears that the accumbens projects to a region of the nigral complex considerably larger than that from which it receives nigrostriatal fibers, and hence, that the nigro-striato-nigral circuit associated with the accumbens is not organized in a mode of simple point-for-point reciprocity. The problem of delimiting the accumbens from the rest of the striatum is examined by comparing cases of tracer injection into various discrete loci within the ventral zone of the striatum.
12. Neuropeptide Y in the central nucleus of amygdala regulates the anxiolytic effect of agmatine in rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Taksande, Brijesh G; Kotagale, Nandkishor R; Gawande, Dinesh Y; Bharne, Ashish P; Chopde, Chandrabhan T; Kokare, Dadasaheb M
2014-06-01
In the present study, modulation of anxiolytic action of agmatine by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) is evaluated employing Vogel's conflict test (VCT) in rats. The intra-CeA administration of agmatine (0.6 and 1.2µmol/rat), NPY (10 and 20pmol/rat) or NPY Y1/Y5 receptors agonist [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (30 and 60pmol/rat) significantly increased the number of punished drinking licks following 15min of treatment. Combination treatment of subeffective dose of NPY (5pmol/rat) or [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (15pmol/rat) and agmatine (0.3µmol/rat) produced synergistic anxiolytic-like effect. However, intra-CeA administration of selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP3226 (0.25 and 0.5mmol/rat) produced anxiogenic effect. In separate set of experiment, pretreatment with BIBP3226 (0.12mmol/rat) reversed the anxiolytic effect of agmatine (0.6µmol/rat). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal injection of agmatine (40mg/kg) on NPY-immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), lateral part of bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNSTl) and CeA. While agmatine treatment significantly decreased the fibers density in BNSTl, increase was noticed in AcbSh. In addition, agmatine reduced NPY-immunoreactive cells in the AcbSh and CeA. Immunohistochemical data suggest the enhanced transmission of NPY from the AcbSh and CeA. Taken together, this study suggests that agmatine produced anxiolytic effect which might be regulated via modulation of NPYergic system particularly in the CeA. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.
13. Development of stria gravidarum in pregnant women and associated factors
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Arzu Kılıç
2015-06-01
Full Text Available Background and Design: Stria gravidarum is a cosmetically disfiguring condition that is commonly seen in pregnancy. Various parameters such as age of mother, genetical factors like family history, skin colour, various hormonal changes seen in pregnancy, weight gain and physical features of newborn are accused in the development. The studies reported primarily include primigravidas. In this study, the presence of stria gravidarum and associated risk factors are aimed to be investigated. Materials and methods: All attenders' gestastional week, prepregnancy and delivery weights, height, family history of stria, smoking habits and/or alcohol use during pregnancy, any use of cream and/or oil for preventing stria, delivery way, newborn's gender, height, weight and head circumference were recorded. In both primigravidas and multigravidas, factors that could be associated with stria gravidarum were investigated by Spearman'scorrelation analysis and risk factors in the development of stria gravidarum by logistic regression analysis. Results: Fifty of 128 pregnant women were primigravidas and 78 were multigravidas. In primigravidas, a correlation was detected between family history of stria, non-usage of cream and/or oil during pregnancy,head circumference of newborn and development of stria gravidarum while in multigravidas, a correlation is detected between prepregnancy weight, delivery weight, smoking during pregnancy, not using of any cream and/or oil during pregnancy, family history of stria, head circumference of newborn, weight of newborn and stria gravidarum development. Presence of family history of stria and not using of any cream and/or oil were found to be risk factors in development of stria gravidarum in all pregnant women by logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Both genetical and physical factors are thought to play a role in development of stria gravidarum; however, further broad scale studies with larger samples including both
14. Prominent crista terminalis mimicking a right atrial mass: case report
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lange Peter
2010-10-01
Full Text Available Abstract The crista terminalis is a normal anatomical structure within the right atrium that is not normally visualised in the standard views obtained while performing a transthoracic echocardiogram. In this case report, transthoracic echocardiography suggested the presence of a right atrial mass in a patient with end stage renal disease. However, subsequent transesophageal echocardiography revealed that the right atrial mass was actually a thick muscular bridge in the right atrium consistent with a prominent crista terminalis. An understanding of the anatomy and the echocardiographic appearance of a prominent crista terminalis will minimize the misdiagnosis of this structure avoiding unnecessary expensive additional tests.
15. Cystic dilatation of ventriculus terminalis in adults: MRI
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Matsubayashi, R.; Uchino, A.; Kato, A.; Kudo, S.; Sakai, S.; Murata, S.
1998-01-01
We report the MRI findings in two patients with cystic dilatation of the ventriculus terminalis. The latter is usually a tiny ependyma-lined cavity of the conus medullaris. In both cases the markedly dilated ventriculus terminalis was seen as a rounded cavity with regular margins, the content of which gave the same signal as cerebrospinal fluid with all MR pulse sequences. No contrast enhancement was seen. (orig.)
16. Revalidation of Ceresa terminalis walker and its placement in Stictocephala Stål (Hemiptera, Membracidae Revalidação de Ceresa terminalis walker e sua alocação em Stictocephala Stål (Hemiptera, Membracidae
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2005-12-01
Full Text Available Ceresa terminalis Walker, 1851 is reinstated and transferred to Stictocephala Stål, 1869: Stictocephala terminalis (Walker, 1851 sp. rev., comb. nov.Ceresa terminalis Walker, 1851 é revalidada e transferida para Stictocephala Stål, 1869: Stictocephala terminalis (Walker, 1851 sp. rev., comb. nov.
17. Sexual behavior reduces hypothalamic androgen receptor immunoreactivity
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Fernandez-Guasti, Alonso; Swaab, Dick; Rodríguez-Manzo, Gabriela
2003-01-01
Male sexual behavior is regulated by limbic areas like the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the nucleus accumbens (nAcc) and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). Neurons in these brain areas are rich in androgen receptors (AR) and express
18. Tracing of single fibers of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish brain.
Science.gov (United States)
von Bartheld, C S; Meyer, D L
1986-01-01
Central projections of the nervus terminalis (n.t.) in the goldfish were investigated using cobalt- and horseradish peroxidase-tracing techniques. Single n.t. fibers were identified after unilateral application of cobalt chloride-lysine to the rostral olfactory bulb. The central course and branching patterns of individual n.t. fibers were studied in serial sections. Eight types of n.t. fibers are differentiated according to pathways and projection patterns. Projection areas of the n.t. include the contralateral olfactory bulb, the ipsilateral periventricular preoptic nucleus, both retinae, the caudal zone of the periventricular hypothalamus bilaterally, and the rostral optic tectum bilaterally. N.t. fibers cross to contralateral targets in the anterior commissure, the optic chiasma, the horizontal commissure, the posterior commissure, and possibly the habenular commissure. We propose criteria that differentiate central n.t. fibers from those of the classical secondary olfactory projections. Branching patterns of eight n.t. fiber types are described. Mesencephalic projections of the n.t. and of secondary olfactory fibers are compared and discussed with regard to prior reports on the olfactory system of teleosts. Further fiber types for which the association with the n.t. could not be established with certainty were traced to the torus longitudinalis, the torus semicircularis, and to the superior reticular nucleus on the ipsilateral side.
19. Development of the nervus terminalis: origin and migration.
Science.gov (United States)
Whitlock, Kathleen E
2004-09-01
The origin of the nervus terminalis is one of the least well understood developmental events involved in generating the cranial ganglia of the forebrain in vertebrate animals. This cranial nerve forms at the formidable interface of the anteriormost limits of migrating cranial neural crest cells, the terminal end of the neural tube and the differentiating olfactory and adenohypophyseal placodes. The complex cellular interactions that give rise to the various structures associated with the sensory placode (olfactory) and endocrine placode (adenohypophysis) surround and engulf this enigmatic cranial nerve. The tortured history of nervus terminalis development (see von Bartheld, this issue, pages 13-24) reflects the lack of consensus on the origin (or origins), as well as the experimental difficulties in uncovering the origin, of the nervus terminalis. Recent technical advances have allowed us to make headway in understanding the origin(s) of this nerve. The emergence of the externally fertilized zebrafish embryo as a model system for developmental biology and genetics has shed new light on this century-old problem. Coupled with new developmental models are techniques that allow us to trace lineage, visualize gene expression, and genetically ablate cells, adding to our experimental tools with which to follow up on studies provided by our scientific predecessors. Through these techniques, a picture is emerging in which the origin of at least a subset of the nervus terminalis cells lies in the cranial neural crest. In this review, the data surrounding this finding will be discussed in light of recent findings on neural crest and placode origins. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
20. Effect of acupuncture on adrenocortical hormone production in rabbits with a central lesion
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Liao, Y.Y.; Seto, K.; Saitoh, H.; Kawakami, M.
A study was made of adrenocortical hormone production under electroacupuncture stimulation of the Tsu-San-Li locus in rabbits with a lesion in the fornix, stria terminalis, ventromedial nucleus or arcuate nucleus. In rabbits with a lesion in the stria terminalis or ventromedial nucleus, electroacupuncture stimulation of Tsu-San-Li resulted in no increase in phase 1 but an increase in phase 2 of adrenocortical hormone production. In rabbits with a lesion in the fornix or arcuate nucleus electroacupuncture stimulation of Tsu-San-Li was followed by increased adrenocortical hormone production in the both phases. These results show that the stria terminalis and the ventromedial nucleus play a major role in the augmentation of adrenocortical hormone production by electroacupuncture stimulation of Tsu-San-Li.
1. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons of the nervus terminalis of teleosts innervate both retina and pineal organ.
Science.gov (United States)
Ekström, P; Honkanen, T; Ebbesson, S O
1988-09-13
The tetrapeptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) was first isolated from molluscan ganglia. Subsequently, it has become clear that vertebrate brains also contain endogenous FMRFamide-like substances. In teleosts, the neurons of the nervus terminalis contain an FMRFamide-like substance, and provide a direct innervation to the retina (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81 [1984] 940-944). Here we report the presence of FMRFamide-immunoreactive axonal bundles in the pineal organ of Coho salmon and three-spined sticklebacks. The largest numbers of axons were observed proximal to the brain, in the pineal stalk, while the distal part of the pineal organ contained only few axons. No FMRFamide-like-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies were observed in the pineal organ. In adult fish it was not possible to determine the origin of these axons, due to the large numbers of FMRFamide-like IR axons in the teleost brain. However, by following the development of FMRFamide-like IR neurons in the embryonic and larval stickleback brain, it was possible to conclude that, at least in newly hatched fish, FMRFamide-like IR axons that originate in the nucleus nervus terminalis reach the pineal organ. Thus, it seems there is a direct connection between a specialized part of the chemosensory system and both the retina and the pineal organ in teleost fish.
2. Development of the nervus terminalis in mammals including toothed whales and humans.
Science.gov (United States)
Oelschläger, H A; Buhl, E H; Dann, J F
1987-01-01
The early ontogenesis and topography of the mammalian terminalis system was investigated in 43 microslide series of toothed whale and human embryos and fetuses. In early embryonal stages the development of the nasal pit, the olfacto-terminalis placode, and the olfactory bulb anlage is rather similar in toothed whales and humans. However, toothed whales do not show any trace of the vomeronasalis complex. In early fetal stages the olfactory bulb anlage in toothed whales is reduced and leaves the isolated future terminalis ganglion (ganglia) which contains the greatest number of cells within Mammalia. The ganglion is connected with the nasal mucosa via peripheral fiber bundles and with the telencephalon via central terminalis rootlets. The functional implications of the terminalis system in mammals and its evolution in toothed whales are discussed. Obviously, the autonomic component has been enlarged in the course of perfect adaptation to an aquatic environment.
3. Persistence of the nervus terminalis in adult bats: a morphological and phylogenetical approach.
Science.gov (United States)
Oelschläger, H A
1988-01-01
The presence of the terminalis system in adult bats is demonstrated by light microscopical investigation of several species of Microchiroptera. In late embryonic and fetal stages of the mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) the compact central terminalis ganglion gradually differentiates into a three-dimensional network of cord-like ganglia and fiber bundles. Rostrally the terminalis system is in immediate contact with the medial-most fila olfactoria; caudally terminalis rootlets attach near the border between the olfactory bulb and the septum of the brain. With respect to the findings presented here it seems likely that all mammals develop a terminalis system in early ontogenesis and retain it until the adult stage. However, considerable differences concerning the number of persisting neurons may be found among some mammalian orders.
4. Nucleus--nucleus potential
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jaqaman, H.R.
1977-01-01
The nucleus--nucleus interaction is studied within the framework of the generator coordinate method that permits an easy incorporation of the full effects of antisymmetrization. It is found that the interaction, as far as the elastic scattering problem is concerned, can be described by a simple effective potential that is equivalent to the original many-body (and hence non-local) problem. The potential is obtained by dividing the wavefunction into a long-range part and a short-range part and requiring the former to satisfy a Schroedinger equation. This enables avoiding dealing with the troublesome short-range part of the wavefunction and provides a direct link with the optical model so that the potential obtained here is equivalent to the real part of the optical potential (the imaginary part is not investigated). The effective potential is found to consist of three parts: an interaction term between the nucleons belonging to different nuclei, a kinetic energy term due to the change in the intrinsic kinetic energy of the system as a result of the antisymmetrization, and finally an l-dependent part. The kinetic energy term is found to be very repulsive and effectively gives a hard core, and is calculated for the α--α and 16 O-- 16 O cases. The full potential is calculated for the α--α case for the S, D, and G partial waves and then used to calculate the corresponding phase shifts that are then compared with experimental results and other microscopic calculations. Finally, some recent results and analyses of fusion and deep inelastic reactions are reviewed that seem to indicate the presence of a hard core in the nucleus--nucleus potential. Such a hard core is present in the potential obtained in the sudden approximation
5. Coping with stress in rats and mice : Differential peptidergic modulation of the amygdala-lateral septum complex
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Koolhaas, J.M.; Everts, H.G J; de Ruiter, A.J.H.; de Boer, S.F.; Bohus, B.G J
1998-01-01
This chapter focuses on the parvicellular vasopressin (VP) system originating from the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The vasopressinergic fibers of these nuclei innervate a number of limbic brain areas including the septum-hippocampal complex.
6. The nervus terminalis in the mouse: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies.
Science.gov (United States)
Jennes, L
1987-01-01
The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-containing neurons and fibers in the olfactory bulb was studied with light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in combination with retrograde transport of "True Blue" and horseradish peroxidase and lesion experiments. GnRH-positive neurons are found in the septal roots of the nervus terminalis, in the ganglion terminale, intrafascicularly throughout the nervus terminalis, in a dorso-ventral band in the caudal olfactory bulb, in various layers of the main and accessory olfactory bulb, and in the basal aspects of the nasal epithelium. Electron microscopic studies show that the nerve fibers in the nervus terminalis are not myelinated and are not surrounded by Schwann cell sheaths. In the ganglion terminale, "smooth" GnRH neurons are seen in juxtaposition to immunonegative neurons. Occasionally, axosomatic specializations are found in the ganglion terminale, but such synaptic contacts are not seen intrafascicularly in the nervus terminalis. Retrograde transport studies indicate that certain GnRH neurons in the septal roots of the nervus terminalis were linked to the amygdala. In addition, a subpopulation of nervus terminalis-related GnRH neurons has access to fenestrated capillaries whereas other GnRH neurons terminate at the nasal epithelium. Lesions of the nervus terminalis caudal to the ganglion terminale result in sprouting of GnRH fibers at both sites of the knife cut. The results suggest that GnRH in the olfactory system of the mouse can influence a variety of target sites either via the blood stream, via the external cerebrospinal fluid or via synaptic/asynaptic contacts with, for example, the receptor cells in the nasal mucosa.
7. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain, retina and nervus terminalis of the sockeye salmon parr, Oncorhynchus nerka.
Science.gov (United States)
Ostholm, T; Ekström, P; Ebbesson, S O
1990-09-01
Neurons displaying FMRFamide(Phe - Met - Arg - Phe - NH2)-like immunoreactivity have recently been implicated in neural plasticity in salmon. We now extend these findings by describing the extent of the FMRF-like immunoreactive (FMRF-IR) system in the brain, retina and olfactory system of sockeye salmon parr using the indirect peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. FMRF-IR perikarya were found in the periventricular hypothalamus, mesencephalic laminar nucleus, nucleus nervi terminalis and retina (presumed amacrine cells), and along the olfactory nerves. FMRF-IR fibers were distributed throughout the brain with highest densities in the ventral area of the telencephalon, in the medial forebrain bundle, and at the borders between layers III/IV and IV/V in the optic tectum. High densities of immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the area around the torus semicircularis, in the medial hypothalamus, median raphe, ventromedial tegmentum, and central gray. In the retina, immunopositive fibers were localized to the inner plexiform layer, but several fiber elements were also found in the outer plexiform layer. The olfactory system displayed FMRF-IR fibers in the epithelium and along the olfactory nerves. These findings differ from those reported in other species as follows: (i) FMRF-IR cells in the retina have not previously been reported in teleosts; (ii) the presence of FMRF-IR fibers in the outer plexiform layer of the retina is a new finding for any species; (iii) the occurrence of immunopositive cells in the mesencephalic laminar nucleus has to our knowledge not been demonstrated previously.
8. Spiral ligament and stria vascularis changes in cochlear otosclerosis: effect on hearing level.
Science.gov (United States)
Doherty, Joni K; Linthicum, Fred H
2004-07-01
To investigate the effect of changes within the spiral ligament and stria vascularis on hearing in cochlear otosclerosis, we examined spiral ligament hyalinization, stria vascularis atrophy, and sensory hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis and described changes in ion transport molecule expression. Retrospective. Tertiary referral center. Thirty-two cochleae from 24 temporal bone donors with histologic evidence of cochlear otosclerosis, including spiral ligament hyalinization. Audiography. Measurements of spiral ligament width, stria vascularis, and bone-conduction thresholds were compared by the amount of hyalinization. Expression of the ion transport molecules Na,K-ATPase, connexin 26, and carbonic anhydrase II were assessed by immunohistochemical techniques. Hyalinization most often involved the posterior basal turn (88%) and the posterior middle turn (27%). Spiral ligament hyalinization correlated significantly with stria vascularis atrophy in the posterior middle turn of the cochlea (rho = -0.63, p Bone-conduction thresholds at 2,000 and 4,000 Hz were significantly associated with the amount of stria vascularis atrophy (rho = -0.44, -0.40, p recycling, resulting in loss of endocochlear potential and sensory hearing loss.
9. Infralimbic cortex projects to all parts of the pontine and medullary lateral tegmental field in cat
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kuipers, Rutger; Mensinga, Gabe M.; Boers, Jose; Klop, Esther Marije; Holstege, Gert
The infralimbic cortex (ILc) in cat is the ventralmost part of the anterior cingulate gyrus. The ILc, together with the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral hypothalamus, is involved in the regulation of fear behavior. The latter three structures are thought to take part in
10. Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis Terminalis with Gingival Hyperplasia and a Coarse Face: a Case Report
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kazandjieva Jana
2016-03-01
Full Text Available Congenital generalized hypertrichosis, in its most common form, is idiopathic. In the absence of underlying endocrine or metabolic disorders, congenital generalized hypertrichosis is rare in humans, affecting as few as one in a billion individuals and may be an isolated condition of the skin, or a component feature of other disorders or syndromes. Congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis is an extremely rare condition, a distinct subset of disorders with congenital hypertrichosis, presenting with excessive hair as the primary clinical feature. Congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis is characterized by universal excessive growth of pigmented terminal hair and often accompanied with gingival hyperplasia and/or a coarse face. Gingival hyperplasia may be delayed even until puberty. Its pathogenesis may be caused by one of the following mechanisms: conversion of vellus to terminal hairs and/or prolonged anagenetic stage, and/or increase in the number of hair follicles. Since the Middle Ages, less than 60 individuals with congenital hypertrichosis terminalis have been described, and, according to the most recent estimates, less than 40 cases were documented adequately and definitively in the literature. Recent articles identified congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis as a genomic disorder.
11. Using the trans-lamina terminalis route via a pterional approach to resect a retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma involving the third ventricle.
Science.gov (United States)
Weil, Alexander G; Robert, Thomas; Alsaiari, Sultan; Obaid, Sami; Bojanowski, Michel W
2016-01-01
Retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas involving the anterior third ventricle are challenging to access. Although the pterional approach is a common route for suprasellar lesions, when the craniopharyngioma extends behind the chiasma into the third ventricle, access is even more difficult, and the lamina terminalis may offer a good working window. The translamina terminalis approach provides direct access to the retrochiasmatic portion of the tumor with minimal brain retraction and no manipulation of the visual nerves. In this video, we emphasize the utility of using the lamina terminalis corridor to resect the retrochiasmatic intraventricular portion of a craniopharyngioma. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/hrLNC0hDKe4 .
12. The nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Marano, S.
1998-01-01
In 1911 E.Rutherford discovered the nucleus. Since then the nucleus has been investigated with more and more powerful tools but it remains the main field of study of nuclear physics. As it is impossible to take into account the interaction of all the nucleons, a theory based on the hypothesis that each nucleon undergoes an average interaction force has been set up. 2 representations have emerged: the Skyrme force and the Gogny force. Both representations match experimental results but are unable to describe fission yields or the multi-fragmentation of very hot nuclei. The mean-field theory can predict the shape of the nuclei according to its energy level. An experimental program involving the Vivitron accelerator and the Euroball detector is due to begin to validate it. By bombarding targets with exotic nuclei nuclear physicists detect new structures and test their collision models. About ten years ago nuclear halos were observed with lithium 11 nuclei. In this nucleus 2 neutrons move in a space larger than the nucleus itself. This discovery has triggered the elaboration of new theories based on nuclear clusters. At very high temperatures the mean-field theory predicts that nuclear matter acts as a fluid. Following the nuclei temperature different ways of decay appear: first evaporation then multi-fragmentation and vaporization. This ultimate stage occurs around 100 milliard celsius degree temperature when the nuclei decays in a multitude of light particles. Isomeric states are studied and could be seen as a way of storing energy. In a very pedagogical way this article gives information to understand the challenges that face nuclear physics today and highlights the contributions of Cea in this field. (A.C.)
13. Stria vascularis and cochlear hair cell changes in syphilis: A human temporal bone study.
Science.gov (United States)
Hızlı, Ömer; Kaya, Serdar; Hızlı, Pelin; Paparella, Michael M; Cureoglu, Sebahattin
2016-12-01
To observe any changes in stria vascularis and cochlear hair cells in patients with syphilis. We examined 13 human temporal bone samples from 8 patients with syphilis (our syphilis group), as well as 12 histopathologically normal samples from 9 age-matched patients without syphilis (our control group). We compared, between the two groups, the mean area of the stria vascularis (measured with conventional light microscopy connected to a personal computer) and the mean percentage of cochlear hair cell loss (obtained from cytocochleograms). In our syphilis group, only 1 (7.7%) of the 13 samples had precipitate in the endolymphatic or perilymphatic spaces; 8 (61.5%) of the samples revealed the presence of endolymphatic hydrops (4 cochlear, 4 saccular). The mean area of the stria vascularis did not significantly differ, in any turn of the cochlea, between the 2 groups (P>0.1). However, we did find significant differences between the 2 groups in the mean percentage of outer hair cells in the apical turn (Psyphilis group, we observed either complete loss of the organ of Corti or a flattened organ of Corti without any cells in addition to the absence of both outer and inner hair cells. In this study, syphilis led either to complete loss of the organ of Corti or to significant loss of cochlear hair cells, in addition to cochleosaccular hydrops. But the area of the stria vascularis did not change. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
14. Ontogenesis of neurons producing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the nervus terminalis of the rat.
Science.gov (United States)
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M; Morrell, J I; Pfaff, D W
1985-08-15
Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was first detected at 15 days of gestation in ganglion cells associated with the peripheral, intracranial, and central parts of the nervus terminalis of the rat. LHRH was not detected in any other structure of the central nervous system at this age. In the 17-day-old fetal rat, 62% of the total LHRH-reactive neuronal population was found in ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis. At this same age, immunoreactive beta-luteinizing hormone (beta-LH) was first seen in gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. At 19 days of gestation, 31% of the total number of LHRH-reactive neurons observed in the rat brain was found in the nervus terminalis, and immunoreactive processes were first seen in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and in the median eminence. Our data indicate that from 15 to 19 days of gestation the nervus terminalis is a principal source of LHRH in the fetal rat. Presence of the decapeptide in the nervus terminalis prior to appearance of beta-LH in the anterior pituitary suggests a possible role for LHRH in this system on maturation of the gonadotropes and differentiation of the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis.
15. Nucleus-nucleus total reaction cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
DeVries, R.M.; Peng, J.C.
1980-01-01
We compare sigma/sub R/(E) for nucleus-nucleus systems (obtained from existing direct measurements and derived from elastic scattering data) with nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleus data. The energy dependence of sigma/sub R/(E) for nucleus-nucleus systems is found to be quite rapid; there appears to be no evidence for an energy independent, geometric sigma/sub R/. Simple parameter free microscopic calculations are able to quantitatively reproduce the data and thus, emphasize the dominance of nucleon-nucleon interactions in medium energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
16. The nervus terminalis ganglion in Anguilla rostrata: an immunocytochemical and HRP histochemical analysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Grober, M S; Bass, A H; Burd, G; Marchaterre, M A; Segil, N; Scholz, K; Hodgson, T
1987-12-08
Immunocytochemistry and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport were used to study the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) like immunoreactivity was found in large, ganglion-like cells located ventromedially at the junction of the telencephalon and olfactory bulb and in fibers within the retina and olfactory epithelium. HRP transport from the retina demonstrated direct connections with both the ipsi- and contralateral populations of these ganglion-like cells. Given the well-documented role of both olfaction and vision during migratory and reproductive phases of the life cycle of eels, the robust nature of a nervus terminalis system in these fish may present a unique opportunity to study the behavioral correlates of structure-function organization in a discrete population of ganglion-like cells.
17. Ontogenetic development of the nervus terminalis in toothed whales. Evidence for its non-olfactory nature.
Science.gov (United States)
Buhl, E H; Oelschläger, H A
1986-01-01
For the first time in cetaceans, the development of the terminalis system and its continuity between the olfactory placode and the telencephalon has been demonstrated by light microscopy. In the early development of toothed whales (Odontoceti) this system is partially incorporated within the fila olfactoria which grow out from the olfactory placode. As the peripheral olfactory system is reduced in later stages, a strongly developed ganglionlike structure (terminalis ganglion) remains within the primitive meninx. Peripherally it is connected via the cribriform plate with ganglionic cell clusters near the septal mucosa. Centrally it is attached to the telencephalon (olfactory tubercle, septal region) by several nerve fibre bundles. In contrast to all other mammalian groups, toothed whales and dolphins are anosmatic while being totally adapted to aquatic life. Therefore the remaining ganglion and plexus must have non-olfactory properties. They may be responsible for the autonomic innervation of intracranial arteries and of the large mucous epithelia in the accessory nasal air sacs. The morphology, evolution and functional implications of the terminalis system in odontocetes and other mammals are discussed.
18. Potential damages, seasonal abundance and distribution of Empoasca terminalis Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae on soybean in South Sulawesi
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Andi Nasruddin
2015-09-01
Full Text Available Plant damages caused by leafhopper, Empoasca terminalis Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae on soybean were first encountered in 2007 in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The insect has been constantly associated with soybean crops in the province ever since. The purposes of the present study were to (i evaluate potential yield loss attributable to the leafhopper in an experimental set up, (ii seasonal abundance of E. terminalis, and (iii distribution of E. terminalis in all major soybean-producing areas in the province. Potential yield loss due to the leafhopper was assessed in a field experiment using two large plots. One of the plots was kept leafhopper-free by weekly insecticide sprays; and the other plot was left unsprayed to allow leafhopper infestation to occur. Adult abundance was weekly monitored using a sweep net throughout the season. Nymph abundance was determined by direct count on the plant leaves. Leafhopper distribution was assessed through surveys conducted in all major soybean-producing areas in South Sulawesi, from 2009–2013. The results of the study showed that E. terminalis caused an average yield loss of 26% on susceptible crops without insecticide use. First leafhopper infestation in all planting seasons occurred two weeks after the plant emergence. Rainfall negatively correlated with the leafhopper abundance. The leafhopper existed in all major soybean production areas in the province. Therefore, our results confirmed the status of E. terminalis as an important soybean pest in the region. In addition, crops planted early in the dry season could escape from heavy leafhopper infestation.
19. Biochemical evidence for glutamate as a transmitter in hippocampal efferents to the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in the rat brain
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Walaas, I; Fonnum, F
1980-01-01
The effects of bilateral transection of the fornix bundle on the high affinity uptake of glutamate and on the amino acid content in several nuclei of rat forebrain and hypothalamus were studied in order to investigate the possible role of glutamate as a transmitter of these fibres. This lesion decreased the high affinity uptake of L-glutamate by 60 to 70% in the mammillary body and lateral septum, and by 40 to 50% in the anterior diagonal band nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the mediobasal hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens. The content of endogenous glutamate in samples dissected from freeze-dried tissue also decreased significantly in these regions. Endogenous aspartate was slightly decreased in the anterior diagonal band nucleus and the mammillary body, but unchanged in the other regions. No significant changes were seen in the levels of serine, ..gamma..-aminobutyric acid, glutamine and taurine, except for an increase in glutamine and taurine in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The high affinity uptake of ..gamma..-aminobutyric acid, tested in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the mediobasal hypothalamus and the mammillary body, was unchanged after the lesion. The results indicate that allocortical efferents innervating subcortial nuclei through the fornix might use glutamate as a transmitter. The study further supports the concept that glutamate plays an important role as transmitter of several different corticofugal fibre systems in mammalian brain.
20. Perspective of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Specht, H.J.
1985-01-01
The paper concerns the lectures given at the International School of nuclear physics, Erice, 1985, which survey the expectations for the field of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The primary motivation for the field, the organization of the lectures, and a description of the NA 34 experiment, are all briefly given. (U.K.)
1. High energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bhalla, K.B.
1980-01-01
An attempt is made to explain nucleus-nucleus collisions based on nuclear emulsion experiments. Peripheral and central collisions are described in detail. Assuming the fireball model, the concepts of geometry, kinematics and thermodynamics in this model are discussed. Projectile and target fragmentations are studied. The advantages of using nuclear emulsions as detectors, are mentioned. Proton-nucleus collisions and nucleus-nucleus collisions are compared. Interactions, of projectiles such as Ca, B and C on targets such as Pb, Ag, Br etc. at very high energies (approximately 300 to 1700 Gev) are listed. A comparison of the near multiplicities in these interactions is given. A generalized explanation is given on the processes involved in these interactions. (A.K.)
2. Onuf's nucleus X
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schrøder, H D
1981-01-01
in the length of the nucleus was observed. Based on the cytoarchitecture the nucleus could be divided in three parts, a cranial, a dorsomedial and a ventrolateral. All parts of the nucleus consisted of chromatin-rich medium-sized neurons, and apparent direct appositions between different cells bodies as well...
3. Pion production in nucleus--nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Schroeder, L.S.
1975-06-01
Current work on pion production in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions is reviewed. The majority of existing data are of the inclusive variety in which a single final state pion is detected. Experimental data are compared and their possible contributions to obtaining new information on nuclear structure is discussed. Various models which attempt to explain the observed single-inclusive-pion spectra either on the basis of a nucleon-nucleus interaction in which Fermi motion is included or on some type of cooperative model are examined. Other areas of interest involving pion production include tests of charge symmetry and pion multiplicities. (9 figures, 1 table) (U.S.)
4. Nervus terminalis, olfactory nerve, and optic nerve representation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in primates.
Science.gov (United States)
Witkin, J W
1987-01-01
The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) system was examined immunocytochemically in olfactory bulbs of adult monkeys, including two New World species (squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus and owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus) and one Old World species (cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fasciculata), and in the brain and nasal region of a fetal rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta. LHRH neurons and fibers were found sparsely distributed in the olfactory bulbs in all adult monkeys. There was more LHRH in the accessory olfactory bulb (which is absent in Old World monkeys). In the fetal macaque there was a rich distribution of LHRH neurons and fibers along the pathway of the nervus terminalis, anterior and ventral to the olfactory bulb, and in the nasal septum, with fibers branching into the olfactory epithelium. In addition, there were LHRH neurons and fibers in the optic nerve.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.
1981-01-01
Qualitative picture of high energy hadron-nucleus collision process, emerging from the analysis of experimental data, is presented. Appropriate description procedure giving a possibility of reproducing various characteristics of this process in terms of the data on elementary hadron-nucleon interaction is proposed. Formula reproducing hadron-nucleus collision cross sections is derived. Inelastic collision cross sections for pion-nucleus and proton-nucleus reactions at wide energy interval are calculated for Pb, Ag, and Al targets. A-dependence of cross sections for pion-nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions at nearly 50 GeV/c momentum were calculated and compared with existing experimental data. Energy dependence of cross sections for hadron-nucleus collisions is determined simply by energy dependence of corresponding cross sections for hadron-nucleon collisions; A-dependence is determined simply by nuclear sizes and nucleon density distributions in nuclei
6. Seasonal changes of fructans in dimorphic roots of Ichthyothere terminalis (Spreng.) Blake (Asteraceae) growing in Cerrado.
Science.gov (United States)
de Almeida, Lorrayne Veloso; Ferri, Pedro Henrique; Seraphin, José Carlos; de Moraes, Moemy Gomes
2017-11-15
Cerrado is a floristically rich savanna in Brazil, whose vegetation consists of a physiognomic mosaic, influenced by rainfall seasonality. In the dry season rainfall is substantially lower and reduces soil water supply, mainly for herbs and subshrubs. Climatic seasonal variations may well define phenological shifts and induce fluctuations of plant reserve pools. Some Cerrado native species have thickened underground organs that bear buds and store reserves, as adaptive features to enable plant survival following environmental stresses. Asteraceae species accumulate fructans in storage organs, which are not only reserve, but also protecting compounds against the effects of cold and drought. Ichthyothere terminalis is one Asteraceae species abundant in cerrado rupestre, with underground organs consisting of thickened orthogravitropic and diagravitropic roots. The objectives of this study were to analyze how abiotic environmental factors and plant phenology influence fructan dynamics in field grown plants, and verify if fructan metabolism differs in both root types for one year. I. terminalis accumulates inulin-type fructans in 10-40% of the dry mass in both root types. Fructan dynamics have similar patterns described for other Asteraceae species, exhibiting a proportional increase of polysaccharides with the senescence of the aerial organs. Multivariate analyzes showed that, as rainfall decreased, environmental factors had a stronger influence on metabolite levels than phenological shifts in both root types. Only slight differences were found in fructan dynamics between orthogravitropic and diagravitropic roots, suggesting they may have similar fructan metabolism regulation. However, these small differences may reflect distinct microclimatic conditions in both root types and also represent the influence of sink strength. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
7. ATP-containing vesicles in stria vascular marginal cell cytoplasms in neonatal rat cochlea are lysosomes.
Science.gov (United States)
Liu, Jun; Liu, Wenjing; Yang, Jun
2016-02-11
We confirmed that ATP is released from cochlear marginal cells in the stria vascular but the cell organelle in which ATP stores was not identified until now. Thus, we studied the ATP-containing cell organelles and suggest that these are lysosomes. Primary cultures of marginal cells of Sprague-Dawley rats aged 1-3 days was established. Vesicles within marginal cells stained with markers were identified under confocal laser scanning microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then ATP release from marginal cells was measured after glycyl-L-phenylalanine-ß- naphthylamide (GPN) treatment using a bioluminescent assay. Quinacrine-stained granules within marginal cells were labeled with LysoTracker, a lysosome tracer, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1(LAMP1), but not labeled with the mitochondrial tracer MitoTracker. Furthermore, LysoTracker-labelled puncta showed accumulation of Mant-ATP, an ATP analog. Treatment with 200 μM GPN quenched fluorescently labeled puncta after incubation with LysoTracker or quinacrine, but not MitoTracker. Quinacrine-labeled organelles observed by TEM were lysosomes, and an average 27.7 percent increase in ATP luminescence was observed in marginal cells extracellular fluid after GPN treatment. ATP-containing vesicles in cochlear marginal cells of the stria vascular from neonatal rats are likely lysosomes. ATP release from marginal cells may be via Ca(2+)-dependent lysosomal exocytosis.
8. Presbycusis: a human temporal bone study of individuals with flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss using a new method to quantify stria vascularis volume.
Science.gov (United States)
Nelson, Erik G; Hinojosa, Raul
2003-10-01
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of stria vascularis atrophy in individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss. Individuals with presbycusis have historically been categorized by the shape of their audiograms, and flat audiometric thresholds have been reported to be associated with atrophy of the stria vascularis. Stria vascularis volume was not measured in these studies. Retrospective case review. Archival human temporal bones from individuals with presbycusis were selected on the basis of strict audiometric criteria for flat audiometric thresholds. Six temporal bones that met these criteria were identified and compared with 10 temporal bones in individuals with normal hearing. A unique quantitative method was developed to measure the stria vascularis volume in these temporal bones. The hair cell and spiral ganglion cell populations also were quantitatively evaluated. Only one of the six individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric thresholds had significant atrophy of the stria vascularis. This individual with stria vascularis atrophy also had reduced inner hair cell, outer hair cell, and ganglion cell populations. Three of the individuals with presbycusis had spiral ganglion cell loss, three individuals had inner hair cell loss, and all six individuals had outer hair cell loss. The results of this investigation suggest that individuals with presbycusis and flat audiometric patterns of hearing loss infrequently have stria vascularis atrophy. Outer hair cell loss alone or in combination with inner hair cell or ganglion cell loss may be the cause of flat audiometric thresholds in individuals with presbycusis.
9. Nucleus-nucleus potential with repulsive core and elastic scattering. Part 1. Nucleus-nucleus interaction potential
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Davidovs'ka, O.Yi.; Denisov, V.Yu.; Nesterov, V.O.
2010-01-01
Various approaches for nucleus-nucleus interaction potential evaluation are discussed in details. It is shown that the antisymmetrization of nucleons belonging to different nuclei and the Pauli principle give the essential contribution into the nucleus-nucleus potential at distances, when nuclei are strongly overlapping, and lead to appearance of the repulsive core of nucleus nucleus interaction at small distances between nuclei.
10. Antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN-SPS
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kadija, K.; Schmitz, N.; Seyboth, P.
1996-01-01
A model for antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon, based on the wounded nucleon model is developed. The predictions are compared to published nucleon-nucleus and sulphur-nucleus data. The results suggest the presence of similar antiproton production processes in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions near midrapidity. (orig.)
11. K+-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gibbs, W.R.
1984-01-01
The K + -nucleus system is reviewed and comparison with data is made. The principal conclusions are that the theoretical uncertainties in relating the K + -nucleus interaction to the K + -nucleon interaction are very small and hence the positive kaon makes an excellent probe of the nucleus. It is suggested that this particle may be more sensitive to non-nucleonic degrees of freedom (especially quarks) than classical probes
12. The nervus terminalis of the guinea pig: a new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neuronal system.
Science.gov (United States)
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M; Silverman, A J
1980-05-15
Immunoreactive LHRH-like material has been found in the cells and fibers of the nervus terminalis in fetal and adult guinea pig brains. LHRH-containing neurons and axons are seen in the nasal mucosa intermingled with fibers of the olfactory nerves, in ganglia along the ventromedial surfaces of the olfactory bulbs and forebrain, and in clusters surrounding perforating branches of the anterior cerebral artery in the regions of the septal nuclei and olfactory tubercle. Nonreactive neurons are found adjacent to the LHRH-positive cells in all of the ganglia. LHRH-immunoreactive cells and axons of the nervus terminalis are in intimate contact with cerebral blood vessels and the cerebrospinal fluid along the intracranial course of this nerve, deep to the meninges. The possible involvement of these structures in the neural mechanisms of sexual behavior and the neurohormonal regulation of reproductive function are discussed.
13. Microscopic model of nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Harvey, B.G.
1986-04-01
The collision of two nuclei is treated as a collection of collisions between the nucleons of the projectile and those of the target nucleus. The primary projectile fragments contain only those nucleons that did not undergo a collision. The inclusive and coincidence cross sections result from the decay of the excited primary fragments. 15 refs., 5 figs
14. Endocochlear potential generation is associated with intercellular communication in the stria vascularis: structural analysis in the viable dominant spotting mouse mutant.
Science.gov (United States)
Carlisle, L; Steel, K; Forge, A
1990-11-01
Deafness in the viable dominant spotting mouse mutant is due to a primary defect of the stria vascularis which results in absence of the positive endocochlear potential in scala media. Endocochlear potentials were measured and the structure of stria vascularis of mutants with potentials close to zero was compared with that in normal littermate controls by use of morphometric methods. The stria vascularis was significantly thinner in mutants. Marginal cells were not significantly different from controls in terms of volume density or intramembrane particle density but the network density of tight junctions was significantly reduced in the mutants. A virtual absence of gap junctions between basal cells and marginal or intermediate cells was observed, but intramembrane particle density and junctional complexes between adjacent basal cells were not different from controls. The volume density of basal cells was significantly greater in mutants. Intermediate cells accounted for a significantly smaller volume density of the stria vascularis in mutants and had a lower density of intramembrane particles than controls. Melanocytes were not identified in the stria vascularis of mutants. These results suggest that communication between marginal, intermediate and basal cells might be important to the normal function of the stria vascularis.
15. Ventriculus Terminalis in Adults: Unusual Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features and Review of the Literature
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Suh, Sang Hyun; Chung, Tae Sub; Cho, Yong Eun; Kim, Keun Su [Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Seong Koo [Dept. of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
2012-09-15
The ventriculus terminalis (VT) in adults is a rare pathology. We report various MR imaging features of the adult VT. Ten patients were included in this retrospective review.. All patients had undergone magnetic resonance (MR imaging with a surface coil that used two different 1.5T MR systems. All patients had undergone initial and follow-up MR imaging with contrast enhancement using gadopentate dimeglumine. Three patients underwent additional MR imaging using the echocardiogram-gated spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) technique. If a shift in tagging band during the systolic phase was less than half of the band space, it was defined as a 'non-pulsatile fluid'. Two neuroradiologists independently reviewed these images, while clinical symptoms and outcomes were statistically analyzed between the treated and non-treated group. All cases presented an intramedullary cystic lesion in the conus medullaris and showed the same signal intensity as CSF. Three VTs had intracystic septation and cord edema, which were pathologically confirmed after surgery; two of these were associated with kyphotic deformity and spinal arteriovenous malformation. SPAMM-MRI of 3 patients demonstrated non-pulsatile fluid motion within the VT. In the treated group, clinical symptoms improved better than the non-treated group. The adult VT shows some unusual imaging features, including septation, cord edema, and coexistence of a spinal AVM, as well as the typical findings. Surgical maneuvers may be considered as a treatment option in adult VT with progressive neurological symptoms.
16. Extrabulbar olfactory system and nervus terminalis FMRFamide immunoreactive components in Xenopus laevis ontogenesis.
Science.gov (United States)
Pinelli, Claudia; D'Aniello, Biagio; Polese, Gianluca; Rastogi, Rakesh K
2004-09-01
The extrabulbar olfactory system (EBOS) is a collection of nerve fibers which originate from primary olfactory receptor-like neurons and penetrate into the brain bypassing the olfactory bulbs. Our description is based upon the application of two neuronal tracers (biocytin, carbocyanine DiI) in the olfactory sac, at the cut end of the olfactory nerve and in the telencephalon of the developing clawed frog. The extrabulbar olfactory system was observed already at stage 45, which is the first developmental stage compatible with our techniques; at this stage, the extrabulbar olfactory system fibers terminated diffusely in the preoptic area. A little later in development, i.e. at stage 50, the extrabulbar olfactory system was maximally developed, extending as far caudally as the rhombencephalon. In the metamorphosing specimens, the extrabulbar olfactory system appeared reduced in extension; caudally, the fiber terminals did not extend beyond the diencephalon. While a substantial overlapping of biocytin/FMRFamide immunoreactivity was observed along the olfactory pathways as well as in the telencephalon, FMRFamide immunoreactivity was never observed to be colocalized in the same cellular or fiber components visualized by tracer molecules. The question whether the extrabulbar olfactory system and the nervus terminalis (NT) are separate anatomical entities or represent an integrated system is discussed.
17. Nucleus Ruber of Actinopterygians.
Science.gov (United States)
Nakayama, Tomoya; Miyajima, Satoshi; Nishino, Hirotaka; Narita, Junya; Abe, Hideki; Yamamoto, Naoyuki
2016-01-01
Nucleus ruber is known as an important supraspinal center that controls forelimb movements in tetrapods, and the rubral homologue may serve similar functions in fishes (motor control of pectoral fin). However, two apparently different structures have been identified as 'nucleus ruber' in actinopterygians. One is nucleus ruber of Goldstein (1905) (NRg), and the other nucleus ruber of Nieuwenhuys and Pouwels (1983) (NRnp). It remains unclear whether one of these nuclei (or perhaps both) is homologous to tetrapod nucleus ruber. To resolve this issue from a phylogenetic point of view, we have investigated the distribution of tegmental neurons retrogradely labeled from the spinal cord in eight actinopterygian species. We also investigated the presence/absence of the two nuclei with Nissl- or Bodian-stained brain section series of an additional 28 actinopterygian species by comparing the morphological features of candidate rubral neurons with those of neurons revealed by the tracer studies. Based on these analyses, the NRg was identified in all actinopterygians investigated in the present study, while the NRnp appears to be absent in basal actinopterygians. The phylogenetic distribution pattern indicates that the NRg is the more likely homologue of nucleus ruber, and the NRnp may be a derived nucleus that emerged during the course of actinopterygian evolution. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
18. Deconfinement of quarks and gluons in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gorenstein, M.I.
2011-01-01
The energy dependence of hadron production in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions reveals the anomalies. They were predicted as the signals of the deconfinement phase transition and observed by NA49 collaboration in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS. This indicates the onset of the deconfinement in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at about 30 AGeV.
19. Diffractive ''semioptical'' model for nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barashenkov, V.S.; Musulmanbekov, Zh.Zh.
1979-01-01
Diffraction Glauber theory for nucleus-nucleus collisions is considered in approximation when the initial nucleus interacts as a whole with nucleons of the target nucleus. Such an approach, being intermediate between precise Glauber theory and its optical limit, essentially simplifies numerical calculations and gives a good agreement with experiments as well. (author)
20. Light-modulated release of RFamide-like neuropeptides from nervus terminalis axon terminals in the retina of goldfish.
Science.gov (United States)
Fischer, A J; Stell, W K
1997-03-01
The nervus terminalis of teleosts, a cranial nerve anatomically associated with the olfactory system, projects to visual system targets including retina and optic tectum. It is known to contain gonadotropin-releasing hormone and RFamide-like peptides, but its function remains unknown. We have probed nervus terminalis function in goldfish by measuring peptide content in retina and tectum with a radioimmunoassay for A18Famide (neuropeptide AF; bovine morphine-modulating peptide). We found that retinal peptide content increased in the dark and decreased in the light, whereas tectal peptide content decreased in the dark and increased in the light. In addition, RFamide-like peptide content in the retina was transiently decreased by severing both olfactory tracts, increased in light-adapted eyes treated with a GABAergic agonist (isoguvacine), and decreased in dark-adapted eyes treated with GABAergic antagonists (bicuculline and picrotoxin). We also found that RFamide-like peptide release could be induced in dark-adapted isolated-superfused retinas by exposure to light or a high concentration (102.5 mM) of potassium ions. We interpret the increase and decrease in peptide content as reflecting a decrease and increase, respectively, in rate of peptide release. We propose that the release and accumulation of RFamide-like peptides in axon terminals of nervus terminalis processes in the retina are modulated primarily by neurons intrinsic to the retina and regulated by light. Peptide release appears to be inhibited tonically in the dark by GABA acting through GABAA receptors; light facilitates peptide release by disinhibition due to a reduction in GABA release. In addition, we propose that electrical signals originating outside the retina can override these intrinsic release-modulating influences.
1. Composición fitoquímica del extracto de raíz de Ichthyothere terminalis de dos regiones geográficas de Colombia
OpenAIRE
Ortiz-Rojas, Luz Yineth; Chaves-Bedoya, Giovanni
2017-01-01
Resumen Se reporta el análisis fitoquímico de dos extractos de raíz de Ichthyothere terminalis, colectadas en las localidades de Cumaral (Meta) y Abrego (Norte de Santander), Colombia. Los extractos se obtuvieron en etanol por destilación a presión reducida y fueron caracterizados por pruebas cualitativas, así como por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). El análisis GC-MS reveló diferencias en los compuestos en Ichthyothere terminalis de acuerdo al lugar de proc...
2. Dissipation in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Santanu Pal
1984-01-01
This paper deals with the mechanism of one- and two-body dissipations in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The average energy transferred to nuclear excitations is calculated using a time-dependent density matrix approach with lowest-order approximations. Considering the nuclei as Fermi gases, and using a gaussian-type NN interaction as the basic perturbation, simplified expressions are obtained for energy dissipations. These expressions are quite instructive to follow a number of interesting aspects of one- and two-body dissipations. It is theoretically observed that the memory time for the two-body dissipation is significantly smaller than that of one-body dissipation. A threshold-type dependence of the transferred energy on the relative velocity between the two nuclei is also observed. This threshold velocity is found to be related with the intrinsic nucleon kinetic energy for two-body dissipation and with the nuclear size for the one-body case. This observation further suggests that the total dissipated energy is shared between the two nuclei approximately in the ratio of their masses. The physical origin of these observations is also explained. Numerical calculations further illustrate some characteristic features of one- and two-body dissipations. (orig.)
3. High energy nucleus-nucleus scattering and matter radius of unstable nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sato, H.; Okuhara, Y.
1985-07-01
The interaction cross sections of high energy nucleus-nucleus scattering have been studied with the Glauber Model and Hartree-Fock like variational calculation for the nuclear structure. It is found that the experimental interaction cross sections of the light unstable nucleus-stable nucleus scatterings measured by INS-LBL collaboration are well reproduceable. (author)
4. Identification of Stria Medullaris Fibers in the Massa Intermedia Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging.
Science.gov (United States)
Kochanski, Ryan B; Dawe, Robert; Kocak, Mehmet; Sani, Sepehr
2018-04-01
The massa intermedia (MI) or interthalamic adhesion is an inconsistent band spanning between bilateral medial thalami that is absent in up to 20%-30% of individuals. Little is known of its significance, especially in regard to functional pathways. Probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has recently been used to seed the lateral habenula and define its afferent white matter pathway, the stria medullaris thalami (SM). We sought to determine whether the MI serves as a conduit for crossing of limbic fibers such as the SM. Probabilistic DTI was performed on 10 subjects who had presence of a MI as visualized on magnetic resonance imaging. Tractography was also performed on 2 subjects without MI. Manual identification of the lateral habenula on axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used for the initial seed region for tractography. In all subjects, the SM was reliably visualized. In 7 of the 10 subjects with MI, there was evidence of SM fibers that crossed to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Three subjects with small diameter MI did not have tractographic evidence of crossing SM fibers. Of the 7 subjects with crossing SM fibers within the MI, 5 showed predilection toward the right orbitofrontal cortex from both the left and right seed regions. Probabilistic DTI provides evidence of SM fibers within the MI. Given its anatomic location as a bridging pathway between thalami, further studies are necessary to assess its role within the limbic functional network. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5. Particle correlations in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Nagamiya, Sh.
1981-01-01
Particle correlations in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at energies of 1-2 GeV/nucleon are investigated. The problems of measurement of the mean free path lambda of protons inside the nucleus and the interaction radius of nucleus-nucleus collisions is considered. The value of lambda has been determined in two-proton coincidence experiment in proton-nucleus interaction at 800 MeV. The observed value of lambda is slightly longer than the expected from free nucleon-nucleon collisions. Some preliminary results on proton emission beyond free nucleon-nucleon kinemaics are given
6. Some experimental results of the investigation of hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Azimov, S.A.; Gulamov, K.G.; Chernov, G.M.
1978-01-01
Recent experimental data on the hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus inelastic interactions are analyzed. A particular attention is paid to the description of the leading hadron spectra and of the spectra of nucleon recoils in hadron-nucleus interactions. Some of the results of the experimental studies of correlations between secondary particles are discussed. This discussion demonstrates that an analysis of the multiparticle phenomena is very promising regarding the discrimination between the different models for the hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions. It is pointed out that the actual mechanism of the hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions is a rather complex one and can be described comprehensively by none of the existing models
7. Multifragmentation in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Trautmann, W.; Adloff, J.C.; Bouissou, P.; Hubele, J.; Imme, G.; Iori, I.; Kreutz, P.; Leray, S.; Lindenstruth, V.; Liu, Z.; Lynen, U.; Meijer, R.J.; Milkau, U.; Moroni, A.; Mueller, W.F.J.; Ngo, C.; Ogilvie, C.A.; Pochodzalla, J.; Raciti, G.; Rudolf, G.; Schuettauf, A.; Stuttge, L.
1993-10-01
The complete fragmentation of highly excited nuclear systems into fragments of intermediate mass is observed in heavy-ion reactions at relativistic bombarding energies in the range of several hundreds of MeV per nucleon. Similar features are found for peripheral collisions between heavy nuclei and for more central collisions between a heavy and a light nucleus. The partition space explored in multifragment decays is well described by the statistical multifragmentation models. The expansion before breakup is confirmed by the analysis of the measured fragment energies of ternary events in their own rest frame. Collective radial flow is confined to rather small values in these peripheral-type reactions. Many conceptually different models seem to be capable of reproducing the charge correlations measured for the multifragment decays. (orig.)
8. Antiproton-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gibbs, W.R.
1984-01-01
Several facets of antinucleon-nucleus interactions are explored. The topics treated are: coherent interactions, production of unusual states and particles in the nuclear medium, and the creation of extreme states of matter by antimatter annihilation. It is found that temperatures of the magnitude necessary to achieve the predicted quark-gluon phase transition are obtained. 20 references
9. Nucleus accumbens and impulsivity
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Basar, K.; Sesia, T.; Groenewegen, H.J.; Steinbusch, H.W.; Visser-vandewalle, V.; Temel, Y.
2010-01-01
The multifaceted concept of impulsivity implies that different impulsivity aspects, mediated by different neural processes, influence behavior at different levels. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key component of the neural processes regulating impulsivity. In this review, we discuss the findings
10. Quasi-elastic shadowing in nucleus-nucleus elastic scattering
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dymarz, R; Malecki, A [Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow (Poland); Gluski, K [Institute of Nuclear Research, Warsaw (Poland); Picchi, P [Turin Univ. (Italy). Ist. di Fisica; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin (Italy). Lab. di Cosmo-Geofisica)
1979-01-06
The complete evaluation of the Glauber multiple-scattering series for nucleus-nucleus collisions is a very difficult task and that is why various approximate formulae were proposed. In this work some of these approximations are discussed.
11. Mechanisms of High Energy Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Collision Processes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.
1994-01-01
Mechanisms of high energy hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collision processes are depicted qualitatively, as prompted experimentally. In hadron-nucleus collisions the interaction of the incident hadron in intranuclear matter is localized in small cylindrical volume, with the radius as large as the strong interaction range is, centered on the hadron course in the nucleus. The nucleon emission is induced by the hadron in its passing through the nucleus; particles are produced via intermediate objects produced in 2 → 2 endoergic reactions of the hadron and its successors with downstream nucleons. In nucleus-nucleus collisions, the outcome of the reaction appears as the composition of statistically independent hadron-nucleus collision outcomes at various impact parameters. Observable effects supporting such mechanisms are discussed. 51 refs
12. Epithelial cell stretching and luminal acidification lead to a retarded development of stria vascularis and deafness in mice lacking pendrin.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hyoung-Mi Kim
2011-03-01
Full Text Available Loss-of-function mutations of SLC26A4/pendrin are among the most prevalent causes of deafness. Deafness and vestibular dysfunction in the corresponding mouse model, Slc26a4(-/-, are associated with an enlargement and acidification of the membranous labyrinth. Here we relate the onset of expression of the HCO(3 (- transporter pendrin to the luminal pH and to enlargement-associated epithelial cell stretching. We determined expression with immunocytochemistry, cell stretching by digital morphometry and pH with double-barreled ion-selective electrodes. Pendrin was first expressed in the endolymphatic sac at embryonic day (E 11.5, in the cochlear hook-region at E13.5, in the utricle and saccule at E14.5, in ampullae at E16.5, and in the upper turn of the cochlea at E17.5. Epithelial cell stretching in Slc26a4(-/- mice began at E14.5. pH changes occurred first in the cochlea at E15.5 and in the endolymphatic sac at E17.5. At postnatal day 2, stria vascularis, outer sulcus and Reissner's membrane epithelial cells, and utricular and saccular transitional cells were stretched, whereas sensory cells in the cochlea, utricle and saccule did not differ between Slc26a4(+/- and Slc26a4(-/- mice. Structural development of stria vascularis, including vascularization, was retarded in Slc26a4(-/- mice. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that the enlargement and stretching of non-sensory epithelial cells precedes luminal acidification in the cochlea and the endolymphatic sac. Stretching and luminal acidification may alter cell-to-cell communication and lead to the observed retarded development of stria vascularis, which may be an important step on the path to deafness in Slc26a4(-/- mice, and possibly in humans, lacking functional pendrin expression.
13. Study of Relativistic Nucleus - Nucleus Collisions
CERN Multimedia
2002-01-01
The aim of the experiment is to survey the reaction mechanisms involved in the collision of 60~GeV/nucleon and 200~GeV/nucleon light ions ($^{16}$0 and $^{32}$S provided by a new GSI-LBL injector) with different nuclei, to determine the stopping power of nuclear matter and to search for evidence of the formation of quark matter by comparison to hadron-nucleus reactions at the same incident energies. \\\\ The experimental set-up consists of a 2 m Streamer Chamber in the Vertex Magnet used to detect all the charged particles emerging from the interaction as well as the neutral strange particles that decay inside the chamber. The high energy of the forward-going particles are detected by four sets of calorimeters. A highly segmented Photon Position Detector (PPD) backed up by a 240 segment Ring Calorimeter will cover one unit of rapidity around mid-rapidity. An Intermediate Calorimeter will cover the rest of the forward phase space except for the region around beam rapidity, where a Veto Calorimeter will detect be...
14. Interacting gluon model for hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions in the central rapidity region
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fowler, G.N.; Navarra, F.S.; Plumer, M.; Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Nuclear Science Division, Berkeley, California 94720); Vourdas, A.; Weiner, R.M.
1989-01-01
The interacting gluon model developed to describe the inelasticity distribution in hadron-nucleon collisions has been generalized and applied to hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions. Leading particle spectra and energy distributions in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions are calculated
15. MR Imaging of Ventriculus Terminalis of The Conus Medullaris. A report of two operated patients and review of the literature
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dullerud, Reidar; Server, A. [Ullevaal Univ. Hospital, Oslo (Norway). Div. of Radiology; Berg-Johnsen, J. [The National Hospital, Oslo (Norway). Dept. of Neurosurgery
2003-07-01
We report on 2 patients in whom a cystic dilation of the conus medullaris was incidentally found at MR imaging carried out in the work-up for sciatica. The cysts were well circumscribed and had signal intensity identical to the CSF on both T1- and T2-weighted images. There was no evidence of contrast enhancement. None of the patients had specific symptoms related to the spinal cord. At surgery, no evidence of malignancy was seen in any of the patients. A benign cystic dilation, also called dilated ventriculus terminalis, occasionally can be seen in the conus medullaris as an incidental finding at thoracolumbar MR imaging. Unless the expansion per se indicates cyst drainage, these patients may be monitored by clinical and MR follow-up, avoiding surgery in a substantial number of cases.
16. MR Imaging of Ventriculus Terminalis of The Conus Medullaris. A report of two operated patients and review of the literature
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dullerud, Reidar; Server, A.; Berg-Johnsen, J.
2003-01-01
We report on 2 patients in whom a cystic dilation of the conus medullaris was incidentally found at MR imaging carried out in the work-up for sciatica. The cysts were well circumscribed and had signal intensity identical to the CSF on both T1- and T2-weighted images. There was no evidence of contrast enhancement. None of the patients had specific symptoms related to the spinal cord. At surgery, no evidence of malignancy was seen in any of the patients. A benign cystic dilation, also called dilated ventriculus terminalis, occasionally can be seen in the conus medullaris as an incidental finding at thoracolumbar MR imaging. Unless the expansion per se indicates cyst drainage, these patients may be monitored by clinical and MR follow-up, avoiding surgery in a substantial number of cases
17. The nervus terminalis in amphibians: anatomy, chemistry and relationship with the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone system.
Science.gov (United States)
Muske, L E; Moore, F L
1988-01-01
The nervus terminalis (TN), a component of the olfactory system, is found in most vertebrates. The TN of some fishes and mammals contains neurons immunoreactive (ir) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LHRH), and to several other neuropeptides and neurotransmitter systems, but there is little information on TN chemistry in other vertebrate taxa. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we found LHRH-ir neurons in amphibian TNs. In anurans, but not in a urodele, the TN was also found to contain Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) immunoreactivity. LHRH-ir neurons of the TN and those of the septal-hypothalamic system are morphologically homogeneous and form a distinct anatomical continuum in amphibians. Based upon topographical and cytological criteria, we hypothesize that LHRH-ir systems in vertebrates might derive embryonically from the TN.
18. Phytophthora terminalis sp. nov. and Phytophthora occultans sp. nov., two invasive pathogens of ornamental plants in Europe.
Science.gov (United States)
Man In 't Veld, Willem A; Rosendahl, Karin C H M; van Rijswick, Patricia C J; Meffert, Johan P; Westenberg, Marcel; van de Vossenberg, Bart T L H; Denton, Geoff; van Kuik, Fons A J
2015-01-01
In the past decade several Phytophthora strains were isolated from diseased Pachysandra terminalis plants suffering stem base and root rot, originating from the Netherlands and Belgium. All isolates were homothallic and had a felt-like colony pattern, produced semi-papillate sporangia, globose oogonia and had a maximum growth at ~ 27 C. Several additional Phytophthora strains were isolated from diseased Buxus sempervirens plants, originating from the Netherlands and Belgium, which had sustained stem base and root rot; similar strains also were isolated from Acer palmatum, Choisya ternata and Taxus in the United Kingdom. All isolates were homothallic and had a stellate colony pattern, produced larger semi-papillate sporangia and smaller globose oogonia than the isolates from Pa. terminalis and had a maximum growth temperature of ~ 30 C. Phylogenetic analyses of both species using the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuc rDNA (ITS), mt cytochrome oxidases subunit I gene (CoxI) and nuc translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1α) revealed that all sequences of each species were identical at each locus and unique to that species, forming two distinct clusters in subclade 2a. Sequence analysis of partial β-tubulin genes showed that both taxa share an identical sequence that is identical to that of Ph. himalsilva, a species originating from Asia, suggesting a common Asian origin. Pathogenicity trials demonstrated disease symptoms on their respective hosts, and re-isolation and re-identification of the inoculated pathogens confirmed Koch's postulates. © 2015 by The Mycological Society of America.
19. Extending the amygdala in theories of threat processing
Science.gov (United States)
Fox, Andrew S.; Oler, Jonathan A.; Tromp, Do P.M.; Fudge, Julie L.; Kalin, Ned H.
2015-01-01
The central extended amygdala is an evolutionarily conserved set of interconnected brain regions that play an important role in threat processing to promote survival. Two core components of the central extended amygdala, the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) are highly similar regions that serve complimentary roles by integrating fear- and anxiety-relevant information. Survival depends on the central extended amygdala's ability to rapidly integrate and respond to threats that vary in their immediacy, proximity, and characteristics. Future studies will benefit from understanding alterations in central extended amygdala function in relation to stress-related psychopathology. PMID:25851307
20. Nucleus-nucleus collision as superposition of nucleon-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Orlova, G.I.; Adamovich, M.I.; Aggarwal, M.M.
1999-01-01
Angular distributions of charged particles produced in 16 O and 32 S collisions with nuclear track emulsion were studied at momenta 4.5 and 200 A GeV/c. Comparison with the angular distributions of charged particles produced in proton-nucleus collisions at the same momentum allows to draw the conclusion, that the angular distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be seen as superposition of the angular distributions in nucleon-nucleus collisions taken at the same impact parameter b NA , that is mean impact parameter between the participating projectile nucleons and the center of the target nucleus. (orig.)
1. Nucleus-Nucleus Collision as Superposition of Nucleon-Nucleus Collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Orlova, G.I.; Adamovich, M.I.; Aggarwal, M.M.; Alexandrov, Y.A.; Andreeva, N.P.; Badyal, S.K.; Basova, E.S.; Bhalla, K.B.; Bhasin, A.; Bhatia, V.S.; Bradnova, V.; Bubnov, V.I.; Cai, X.; Chasnikov, I.Y.; Chen, G.M.; Chernova, L.P.; Chernyavsky, M.M.; Dhamija, S.; Chenawi, K.El; Felea, D.; Feng, S.Q.; Gaitinov, A.S.; Ganssauge, E.R.; Garpman, S.; Gerassimov, S.G.; Gheata, A.; Gheata, M.; Grote, J.; Gulamov, K.G.; Gupta, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; Henjes, U.; Jakobsson, B.; Kanygina, E.K.; Karabova, M.; Kharlamov, S.P.; Kovalenko, A.D.; Krasnov, S.A.; Kumar, V.; Larionova, V.G.; Li, Y.X.; Liu, L.S.; Lokanathan, S.; Lord, J.J.; Lukicheva, N.S.; Lu, Y.; Luo, S.B.; Mangotra, L.K.; Manhas, I.; Mittra, I.S.; Musaeva, A.K.; Nasyrov, S.Z.; Navotny, V.S.; Nystrand, J.; Otterlund, I.; Peresadko, N.G.; Qian, W.Y.; Qin, Y.M.; Raniwala, R.; Rao, N.K.; Roeper, M.; Rusakova, V.V.; Saidkhanov, N.; Salmanova, N.A.; Seitimbetov, A.M.; Sethi, R.; Singh, B.; Skelding, D.; Soderstrem, K.; Stenlund, E.; Svechnikova, L.N.; Svensson, T.; Tawfik, A.M.; Tothova, M.; Tretyakova, M.I.; Trofimova, T.P.; Tuleeva, U.I.; Vashisht, Vani; Vokal, S.; Vrlakova, J.; Wang, H.Q.; Wang, X.R.; Weng, Z.Q.; Wilkes, R.J.; Yang, C.B.; Yin, Z.B.; Yu, L.Z.; Zhang, D.H.; Zheng, P.Y.; Zhokhova, S.I.; Zhou, D.C.
1999-01-01
Angular distributions of charged particles produced in 16 O and 32 S collisions with nuclear track emulsion were studied at momenta 4.5 and 200 A GeV/c. Comparison with the angular distributions of charged particles produced in proton-nucleus collisions at the same momentum allows to draw the conclusion, that the angular distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be seen as superposition of the angular distributions in nucleon-nucleus collisions taken at the same impact parameter b NA , that is mean impact parameter between the participating projectile nucleons and the center of the target nucleus
2. Nucleus-Nucleus Collision as Superposition of Nucleon-Nucleus Collisions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Orlova, G I; Adamovich, M I; Aggarwal, M M; Alexandrov, Y A; Andreeva, N P; Badyal, S K; Basova, E S; Bhalla, K B; Bhasin, A; Bhatia, V S; Bradnova, V; Bubnov, V I; Cai, X; Chasnikov, I Y; Chen, G M; Chernova, L P; Chernyavsky, M M; Dhamija, S; Chenawi, K El; Felea, D; Feng, S Q; Gaitinov, A S; Ganssauge, E R; Garpman, S; Gerassimov, S G; Gheata, A; Gheata, M; Grote, J; Gulamov, K G; Gupta, S K; Gupta, V K; Henjes, U; Jakobsson, B; Kanygina, E K; Karabova, M; Kharlamov, S P; Kovalenko, A D; Krasnov, S A; Kumar, V; Larionova, V G; Li, Y X; Liu, L S; Lokanathan, S; Lord, J J; Lukicheva, N S; Lu, Y; Luo, S B; Mangotra, L K; Manhas, I; Mittra, I S; Musaeva, A K; Nasyrov, S Z; Navotny, V S; Nystrand, J; Otterlund, I; Peresadko, N G; Qian, W Y; Qin, Y M; Raniwala, R; Rao, N K; Roeper, M; Rusakova, V V; Saidkhanov, N; Salmanova, N A; Seitimbetov, A M; Sethi, R; Singh, B; Skelding, D; Soderstrem, K; Stenlund, E; Svechnikova, L N; Svensson, T; Tawfik, A M; Tothova, M; Tretyakova, M I; Trofimova, T P; Tuleeva, U I; Vashisht, Vani; Vokal, S; Vrlakova, J; Wang, H Q; Wang, X R; Weng, Z Q; Wilkes, R J; Yang, C B; Yin, Z B; Yu, L Z; Zhang, D H; Zheng, P Y; Zhokhova, S I; Zhou, D C
1999-03-01
Angular distributions of charged particles produced in {sup 16}O and {sup 32}S collisions with nuclear track emulsion were studied at momenta 4.5 and 200 A GeV/c. Comparison with the angular distributions of charged particles produced in proton-nucleus collisions at the same momentum allows to draw the conclusion, that the angular distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be seen as superposition of the angular distributions in nucleon-nucleus collisions taken at the same impact parameter b{sub NA}, that is mean impact parameter between the participating projectile nucleons and the center of the target nucleus.
3. Frequency splitting in stria bursts: Possible roles of low-frequency waves
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Melrose, D.B.
1983-01-01
The kinematics of the process L+-F->L' are explored where L represents a parallel Langmuir wave, F represents a low frequency fluctuation and L' represents a secondary Langmuir wave, and the results are used to discuss (a) a possible interpretation of the frequency splitting in stria bursts in terms of the processes L+-F->L', L'+-F'->t, where t represents a transverse wave, and (b) second harmonic emission due to the processes L+-s->L', L+L'->t, where s represents an ion sound wave. The following results are obtained: (1) The processes L+-s->L' are allowed only for ksub(s) 0 , respectively, with k 0 =ωsub(p)/65 Vsub(e). (2) The inclusion of a magnetic field does not alter the result (1) and adds further kinematic restrictions related to angles of propagation; the kinematic restriction Tsub(e)>5x10 5 K for second harmonic emission through process (b) above is also unchanged by inclusion of the magnetic field. The effect of a spread in the wavevectors of the Langmuir waves on this restriction is discussed in the Appendix. (3) For parallel Langmuir waves the process L-f->L' is forbidden for lower hybrid waves and for nearly perpendicular resonant whistlers, and the process L+F->L' is allowed only for resonant whistlers at ωsub(F)> or approx.1/2ωsub(p)(Ωsub(e)/ωsub(p)) 2 . (4) The sequential three waves processes L+-s->L', L'+-s->t and L+F->L', L'+-F'->t encounter difficulties when applied to the interpretation of the splitting in split pair and triple bursts. (5) The four-wave process L+-F+-F'->t is kinematically allowed and provides a favourable qualitative interpretation of the splitting when F denotes a resonant whistler near the frequency mentioned in (3) above. The four wave processes should saturate under conditions which are not extreme and produce fundamental plasma emission with brightness temperature Tsub(t) equal to the effective temperature Tsub(L) of the Langmuir waves. (orig.)
4. The median preoptic nucleus exhibits circadian regulation and is involved in food anticipatory activity in rabbit pups.
Science.gov (United States)
Moreno, María Luisa; Meza, Enrique; Ortega, Arturo; Caba, Mario
2014-05-01
Rabbit pups are a natural model to study food anticipatory activity (FAA). Recently, we reported that three areas in the forebrain - the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and medial preoptic area - exhibit activation during FAA. Here, we examined the PER1 protein profile of these three forebrain regions in both nursed and fasted subjects. We found robust PER1 oscillations in the MnPO in nursed subjects, with high PER1 levels during FAA that persisted in fasted subjects. In conclusion, our data indicate that periodic nursing is a strong signal for PER1 oscillations in MnPO and future experiments are warranted to explore the specific role of this area in FAA.
5. The imaginary part of the nucleus - nucleus optical potential
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Phatak, S.C.; Sinha, B.
1978-01-01
The contribution to the imaginary nucleus - nucleus optical potential has been estimated by evaluating the energy - conserving seocond-order term in the perturbation series. The incoming nuclear field is supposed to excite nucleons in a nucleus in this calculation and the nuclear excitations are approximated by particle-hole excitations in a Fermi gas. The resulting imaginary potential compares favourably with phenomenological potentials. (author)
6. Global features of nucleus-nucleus collisions in ultrarelativistic domain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Savina, M.V.; Shmatov, S.V.; Slavin, N.V.; Zarubin, P.I.
1998-01-01
HIJING generator simulation of nucleus-nucleus collisions at ultrarelativistic energies is presented. It is shown that the global characteristics of nucleus-nucleus collisions, such as distribution of a charged multiplicity, total and electromagnetic transverse energy over pseudorapidity are rather sensitive to some predictions of models of high-exited nuclear medium formation, namely parton energy losses in dense nuclear matter. These losses result in appearance of a broad maximum in global variable distributions over pseudorapidity. The most profound of this effect occurs at central heavy ion collisions at LHC energy
7. Higgs-boson production in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anon.
1992-01-01
Cross section calculations are presented for the production of intermediate-mass Higgs bosons produced in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions via two photon fusion. The calculations are performed in position space using Baur's method for folding together the Weizsacker-Williams virtual-photon spectra of the two colliding nuclei. It is found that two photon fusion in nucleus-nucleus collisions is a plausible way of finding intermediate-mass Higgs bosons at the Superconducting Super Collider or the CERN Large Hadron Collider
8. Higgs-Boson Production in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
Science.gov (United States)
Norbury, John W.
1992-01-01
Cross section calculations are presented for the production of intermediate-mass Higgs bosons produced in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions via two photon fusion. The calculations are performed in position space using Baur's method for folding together the Weizsacker-Williams virtual-photon spectra of the two colliding nuclei. It is found that two photon fusion in nucleus-nucleus collisions is a plausible way of finding intermediate-mass Higgs bosons at the Superconducting Super Collider or the CERN Large Hadron Collider.
9. Passive immunization of fetal rats with antiserum to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) or transection of the central roots of the nervus terminalis does not affect rat pups' preference for home nest.
Science.gov (United States)
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M; Pfaff, D W
1987-01-01
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) is found immunocytochemically in cell bodies and fibers of the nervus terminalis, a cranial nerve which courses from the nasal septum through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (medial to the olfactory and vomeronasal nerves) and enters the forebrain, caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Immunoreactive LHRH is first detected in the nervus terminalis of the fetal rat at 15 days of gestation, preceding its detection by immunocytochemistry in any other area of the brain, including the median eminence, and preceding detection of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) in the anterior pituitary. During development of the rat fetus, the nervus terminalis is the principal source of LHRH in the nervous system from days 15 through 19 of a 21 day gestation period. We tested the notion that the LHRH system of the nervus terminalis is important for olfactory performance by examining the effects of administration of antisera to LHRH during fetal development (versus saline controls), or medial olfactory peduncle transections, in the neonatal rat, which would sever the central projections of the nervus terminalis (versus lateral peduncle transection, complete transection of the olfactory peduncles and the central nervus terminalis or controls) on preferences of rat pups for home nest. The hypothesis that LHRH is important for this chemosensory response was not confirmed. Neither antisera to LHRH nor medical olfactory peduncle transection disrupted preference for home shavings. Only complete olfactory peduncle transection had a significant effect compared to unoperated and sham-operated controls.
10. Connections of the corticomedial amygdala in the golden hamster. II. Efferents of the ''olfactory amygdala''
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kevetter, G.A.; Winans, S.S.
1981-01-01
The anterior cortical (C1) and posterolateral cortical (C2) nuclei of the amygdala are designated the ''olfactory amygdala'' because they each receive direct projections from the main olfactory bulb. The efferents of these nuclei were traced after stereotaxic placement of 1-5 muCi tritiated proline in the corticomedial amygdala of the male golden hamsters. Following survival times of 12, 24, or 48 hours, 20 micron frozen sections of the brains were processed for light microscopic autoradiography. Efferents from C2 terminate in layers II and III of the olfactory tubercle and in layer Ib of pars ventralis and pars medialis of the anterior olfactory nucleus. Fibers from this nucleus also project to layers I and II of the infralimbic cortex and to the molecular layer of the agranular insular cortex. More posteriorly, fibers from C2 terminate in layer I of the dorsolateral entorhinal cortex, and in the endopiriform nucleus. From C1, efferent fibers travel in the stria terminalis and terminate in the precommissural bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Efferents from C1 also innervate the molecular layer of C2, the amygdalo-hippocampal area, and the adjacent piriform cortex. Neurons in both C1 and C2 project to the molecular layer of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the plexiform layer of the ventral subiculum, and the molecular layer of the lateral entorhinal cortex
11. Nervus terminalis ganglion of the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo): evidence for cholinergic and catecholaminergic influence on two cell types distinguished by peptide immunocytochemistry.
Science.gov (United States)
White, J; Meredith, M
1995-01-16
The nervus terminalis is a ganglionated vertebrate cranial nerve of unknown function that connects the brain and the peripheral nasal structures. To investigate its function, we have studied nervus terminalis ganglion morphology and physiology in the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), where the nerve is particularly prominent. Immunocytochemistry for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and Leu-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2 (LPLRFamide) revealed two distinct populations of cells. Both were acetylcholinesterase positive, but LPLR-Famide-immunoreactive cells consistently stained more darkly for acetylcholinesterase activity. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry revealed fibers and terminal-like puncta in the ganglion, primarily in areas containing GnRH-immunoreactive cells. Consistent with the anatomy, in vitro electrophysiological recordings provided evidence for cholinergic and catecholaminergic actions. In extracellular recordings, acetylcholine had a variable effect on baseline ganglion cell activity, whereas norepinephrine consistently reduced activity. Electrical stimulation of the nerve trunks suppressed ganglion activity, as did impulses from the brain in vivo. During electrical suppression, acetylcholine consistently increased activity, and norepinephrine decreased activity. Muscarinic and, to a lesser extent, alpha-adrenergic antagonists both increased activity during the electrical suppression, suggesting involvement of both systems. Intracellular recordings revealed two types of ganglion cells that were distinguishable pharmacologically and physiologically. Some cells were hyperpolarized by cholinergic agonists and unaffected by norepinephrine; these cells did not depolarize with peripheral nerve trunk stimulation. Another group of cells did depolarize with peripheral trunk stimulation; a representative of this group was depolarized by carbachol and hyperpolarized by norepinephrine. These and other data suggest that the bonnethead nervus terminalis ganglion
12. Scaling phenomenon in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wong, C.Y.; Blankenbecler, R.
1980-01-01
New scaling variables for proton and pion production in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are introduced which are the generalizations of the Feynmann scaling variable. They allow a simple description of the cross sections at forward and backward angles. 2 figures
13. Momentum loss in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Khan, F.; Townsend, L.W.
1993-12-01
An optical model description, based on multiple scattering theory, of longitudinal momentum loss in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. The crucial role of the imaginary component of the nucleon-nucleon transition matrix in accounting for longitudinal momentum transfer is demonstrated. Results obtained with this model are compared with Intranuclear Cascade (INC) calculations, as well as with predictions from Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (VUU) and quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations. Comparisons are also made with experimental data where available. These indicate that the present model is adequate to account for longitudinal momentum transfer in both proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions over a wide range of energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Singh, C.P.; Shyam, M.; Tuli, S.K.
1986-07-01
A model relating hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus multiplicity distributions is proposed and some interesting consequences are derived. The values of the parameters are the same for all the processes and are given by the QCD hypothesis of ''universal'' hadronic multiplicities which are found to be asymptotically independent of target and beam in hadronic and current induced reactions in particle physics. (author)
15. The intercalatus nucleus of Staderini.
Science.gov (United States)
Cascella, Marco
2016-01-01
Rutilio Staderini was one of the leading Italian anatomists of the twentieth century, together with some scientists, such as Giulio Chiarugi, Giovanni Vitali, and others. He was also a member of a new generation of anatomists. They had continued the tradition of the most famous Italian scientists, which started from the Renaissance up until the nineteenth century. Although he carried out important studies of neuroanatomy and comparative anatomy, as well as embryology, his name is rarely remembered by most medical historians. His name is linked to the nucleus he discovered: the Staderini nucleus or intercalated nucleus, a collection of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata located lateral to the hypoglossal nucleus. This article focuses on the biography of the neuroanatomist as well as the nucleus that carries his name and his other research, especially on comparative anatomy and embryology.
16. Formation of light particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zagrebaev, V.; Penionzhkevich, Yu.
1993-01-01
The principal experimental results on the yield of the light charged particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the low and intermediate energies are reviewed. Inclusive spectra of light particles and their coincidences with the characteristic KX-rays, γ-rays, neutrons, projectile-like fragments, other light particles, fission fragments, and evaporation residues are analyzed. The main theoretical models used for the description of the light particle formation are briefly outlined together with their merits and shortcomings. The unsolved problems of fast light particle formation, in particular, and of nucleus-nucleus interaction dynamics, on the whole, are discussed with the outlooks of new experiments able to clear up some of these problems. (author) 144 refs., 40 figs., 2 tabs
17. Nucleus-nucleus interactions in the transition energy regime
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Volant, C.
1985-02-01
There are at least two ways for studying large interactions in nucleus-nucleus collisions. One way is to use the method of angular correlations between fission fragments. The aim of the experiments presented here was to make a survey on the role of the various experimental parameters. In that respect three targets have been studied and different projectiles and bombarding energies have been used. Results are presented and discussed
18. Diabatic interaction potential for nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Noerenberg, W.; Lukasiak, A.
1984-01-01
Within a refined method for the construction of diabatic states allowing for the treatment of the full spin-orbit coupling, characteristic features of the diabatic potential for nucleus-nucleus collisions are investigated. Approximately 90% of the strong repulsion results from diabatic particle-hole excitations, while only 10% is due to compression. The diabatic interaction potential describes a physical situation intermediate between adiabatic and sudden approximations. (orig.)
19. K+ nucleus total cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sawafta, R.
1990-01-01
The scattering of K + mesons from nuclei has attracted considerable interest in the last few years. The K + holds a very special position as the weakest of all strongly interaction probes. The average cross section is not larger than about 10 mb at lab momenta below 800 MeV/c, corresponding to a mean free path in the nucleus larger than 5 fm. Thus the K + is capable of probing the entire volume of the nucleus. Single scattering of the K + with a nucleon in the nucleus dominates the nuclear scattering, and only small and calculable higher order corrections are needed. The nucleon is a dynamical entity and its internal structure can, in principle, be altered by its surrounding nuclear environment. This work reports an experiment in which the K + is used to compare the nucleon in the nucleus with a free nucleon
20. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone reduces sexual motivation but not lordosis behavior in female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Piekarski, David J; Zhao, Sheng; Jennings, Kimberly J
2013-01-01
with GnIH or saline. The effect of GnIH on sexual motivation, vaginal scent marking, and lordosis was examined. Following mating, FOS activation was quantified in brain regions implicated in the regulation of female sexual behavior. Intracerebroventricular administration of GnIH reduced sexual motivation...... and vaginal scent marking, but not lordosis behavior. GnIH administration altered FOS expression in key neural loci implicated in female reproductive behavior, including the medial preoptic area, medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, independent of changes in circulating gonadal steroids...
1. Dimuon enhancement in nucleus-nucleus ultrarelativistic interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bordalo, Paula; Abreu, M.C.; Alessandro, B.; Alexa, C.; Arnaldi, R.; Astruc, J.; Atayan, M.; Baglin, C.; Baldit, A.; Bedjidian, M.; Bellaiche, F.; Beole, S.; Bohrani, A.; Boldea, V.; Bussiere, A.; Capelli, L.; Caponi, V.; Casagrande, L.; Castor, J.; Chambon, T.; Chaurand, B.; Chevrot, I.; Cheynis, B.; Chiavassa, E.; Cicalo, C.; Comets, M.P.; Constans, N.; Constantinescu, S.; Contardo, D.; Cruz, J.; De Falco, A.; De Marco, N.; Dellacasa, G.; Devaux, A.; Dita, S.; Drapier, O.; Ducroux, L.; Espagnon, B.; Fargeix, J.; Ferreira, R.; Filippov, S.N.; Fleuret, F.; Force, P.; Gallio, M.; Gavrilov, Y.K.; Gerschel, C.; Giubellino, P.; Golubeva, M.B.; Gonin, M.; Gorodetzky, P.; Grigorian, A.A.; Grossiord, J.Y.; Guber, F.F.; Guichard, A.; Gulkanyan, H.; Hakobyan, R.; Haroutunian, R.; Idzik, M.; Jouan, D.; Karavitcheva, T.L.; Kluberg, L.; Kossakowski, R.; Kurepin, A.B.; Landau, G.; Le Bornec, Y.; Lourenco, C.; Luquin, L.; Macciotta, P.; Mac Cormick, M.; Mandry, R.; Marzari-Chiesa, A.; Masera, M.; Masoni, A.; Mehrabyan, S.; Monteno, M.; Mourgues, S.; Musso, A.; Ohlsson-Malek, F.; Petiau, P.; Piccotti, A.; Pizzi, J.R.; Prado da Silva, W.L.; Puddu, G.; Quintans, C.; Racca, C.; Ramello, L.; Ramos, S.; Rato-Mendes, P.; Riccati, L.; Romana, A.; Ropotar, I.; Saturnini, P.; Scomparin, E.; Serci, S.; Shahoyan, R.; Silva, S.; Sitta, M.; Soave, C.; Sonderegger, P.; Tarrago, X.; Topilskaya, N.S.; Usai, G.L.; Varela, J.; Vercellin, E.; Villatte, L.
1999-01-01
The study of muon pairs in the mass region 1.5 μμ 2 in 450 GeV/c p-A, 200 GeV/nucleon S-U and 158 GeV/nucleon Pb-Pb collisions is presented. In p-A interactions, the dimuon signal mass spectra are well described by a superposition of Drell-Yan and charmed meson semi-leptonic decay contributions, in agreement with previous experiments when considering a linear A dependence. In nucleus-nucleus reactions, taking only into account these two physical ingredients, a dimuon enhancement both with increasing A·B and centrality is observed
2. The momentum distribution inside nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fujita, T.
1985-01-01
Discussions are made on several reactions which can determine the momentum distribution inside nucleus. The first reaction discussed is the high energy heavy ion collision. This reaction involves many nucleons which interact strongly. Therefore, one must be careful for any possible final state interactions. The expression for the single particle momentum distribution is given. And it can be said that the expression is consistent with the description of the energetic neutrons from muon capture by heavy nucleus. The best way to determine the momentum distribution would be the lepton-nucleus scattering since it does not involve the strong interaction in the initial channel. Another reaction discussed is the backward proton production, which is governed by quite complicated reaction processes. Therefore, the determination of the momentum distribution is only indirect. Noverthless, it is found that this reaction presents a very interesting and important information on the momentum distribution. (Aoki, K.)
3. Nucleus management with irrigating vectis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Srinivasan Aravind
2009-01-01
Full Text Available The main objective in modern cataract surgery is to achieve a better unaided visual acuity with rapid post-surgical recovery and minimal surgery-related complications. Early visual rehabilitation and better unaided vision can be achieved only by reducing the incision size. In manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS, incision is between 5.5 to 7 mm. Once the nucleus is prolapsed into the anterior chamber, it can be extracted through the tunnel. Nucleus extraction with an irrigating vectis is a very simple technique, which combines mechanical and hydrostatic forces to express out the nucleus. This technique is time-tested with good results and more than 95% of nuclei in MSICS are extracted in this way offering all the merits of phacoemulsification with the added benefits of having wider applicability, better safety, shorter learning curve and lower cost.
4. Formin' actin in the nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
2014-01-01
Many if not most proteins can, under certain conditions, change cellular compartments, such as, for example, shuttling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Thus, many proteins may exert functions in various and very different subcellular locations, depending on the signaling context. A large amount of actin regulatory proteins has been detected in the mammalian cell nucleus, although their potential roles are much debated and are just beginning to emerge. Recently, members of the formin family of actin nucleators were also reported to dynamically localize to the nuclear environment. Here we discuss our findings that specific diaphanous-related formins can promote nuclear actin assembly in a signal-dependent manner.
5. Anti p-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Peng, J.C.
1986-05-01
Status and future prospects of antiproton-nucleus scattering experiments are presented. These scattering experiments were conducted at antiproton beam momentums of 300 and 600 MeV/c on target nuclei of 6 Li, 12 C, 16 O, 18 O, 40 Ca, 48 Ca, and 208 Pb. Antiproton-proton reactions investigated antiproton-nucleus bound or resonant states in antiproton reactions with d, 6 Li, 12 C, 63 Cu, and 209 Bi. Inelastic scattering experiments investigated the spin-isospin dependence of the NN interactions. 19 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab
6. Functionalized active-nucleus complex sensor
Science.gov (United States)
Pines, Alexander; Wemmer, David E.; Spence, Megan; Rubin, Seth
2003-11-25
A functionalized active-nucleus complex sensor that selectively associates with one or more target species, and a method for assaying and screening for one or a plurality of target species utilizing one or a plurality of functionalized active-nucleus complexes with at least two of the functionalized active-nucleus complexes having an attraction affinity to different corresponding target species. The functionalized active-nucleus complex has an active-nucleus and a targeting carrier. The method involves functionalizing an active-nucleus, for each functionalized active-nucleus complex, by incorporating the active-nucleus into a macromolucular or molecular complex that is capable of binding one of the target species and then bringing the macromolecular or molecular complexes into contact with the target species and detecting the occurrence of or change in a nuclear magnetic resonance signal from each of the active-nuclei in each of the functionalized active-nucleus complexes.
7. Synaptology of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive cells in the nervus terminalis of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica).
Science.gov (United States)
Zheng, L M; Pfaff, D W; Schwanzel-Fukuda, M
1990-05-08
Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry were used to examine the structure of LHRH neurons and fibers in the nervus terminalis of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). LHRH-immunoreactive neurons and fibers form a loose plexus within the fascicular network of the ganglion terminale on the median surface of the olfactory bulb. There are at least two populations of LHRH-immunoreactive neurons within the network of the ganglion terminale: fusiform and round neurons similar to those described in the forebrain. At the ultrastructural level, axosomatic and axodendritic contacts were seen between LHRH-immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive elements in the ganglion terminale. These contacts were classified as 1) synaptic input, with asymmetric synapses seen between a nonimmunoreactive axon terminal and a LHRH-immunoreactive cell body or a nonimmunoreactive axon terminal and a LHRH-immunoreactive dendritic process. 2) synaptic output, with symmetric synapses seen between LHRH-immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive processes. This study is the first systematic examination of the ultrastructure of the LHRH-immunoreactive neurons and their synaptic contacts in the nervus terminalis. The possible integrative roles for this LHRH-immunoreactive system are discussed.
8. The nucleus as a laboratory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Blin-Stoyle, R.J.
1979-01-01
The nucleus is a complicated many-body structure whose properties when carefully studied can frequently give important information about the underlying elementary particle interactions. This article reviews progress in research of this kind over the last twenty-five years. (author)
9. The pion-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Afnan, I.R.
1977-04-01
The latest developments in the construction of pion-nucleus optical potential are presented and a comparison with the latest data on π+ 12 C is made. The suggested mechanisms for the (p,π) reaction are discussed with a comparison of the theoretical results with experiment. (Author)
10. La estria supranuclear de las células ciliadas en la rinitis alérgica Supranuclear stria of ciliated cells in allergic rhinitis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ana Zerdiew
2007-08-01
Full Text Available Se estudiaron 80 pacientes adultos alérgicos, que cursaron con los siguientes cuadros clínicos: 16 casos de rinitis intermitente y 64 de rinitis persistente. Se realizó el recuento porcentual de la estría supranuclear de las células ciliadas, respecto de los leucocitos presentes en los extendidos obtenidos por toma endonasal. Con los datos obtenidos se clasificaron los extendidos en 4 grupos; Grupo A (N=23: predominio leucocitario eosinófilo con eosinofilia nasal >10%, Grupo B (N=15: abundantes leucocitos neutrófilos y eosinofilia nasal >10%, Grupo C (N=29: con escasos leucocitos, Grupo D (N=13: con abundantes leucocitos de predominio neutrófilo sin eosinofilia. Se observó que el incremento porcentual de estría supranuclear se correlacionó con eosinofilia nasal >10% y con las muestras que presentaron escasos leucocitos. Sin embargo se evidenció una marcada disminución del porcentaje de estría supranuclear en la leucocitosis neutrófila de etiología bacteriana.Nasal secretions were studied in 80 allergic adults patients: 16 with intermittent rhinitis and 64 with persistent rhinitis. The percentage of supranuclear stria of ciliated cells with regard to leucocytes was studied by nasal scraping. Four groups of patients were classified according to nasal leucocytic predominance: patients with eosinophilic predominance with eosinophils > 10% in Group A (N=23, patients with abundant neutrophils and eosinophils >10% in Group B (N=15, patients with scant leucocytes in Group C (N=29, patients with neutrophilic predominance without eosinophils in Group D (N=13. An increase of supranuclear stria percentage was correlated to eosinophils > 10% and also correlated to scant leucocytes. Nevertheless, a significant decrease of supranuclear stria percentage was observed in neutrophilic leukocytosis of bacterial etiology.
11. Single nucleon emission in relativistic nucleus-nucleus reactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anon.
1992-01-01
Significant discrepancies between theory and experiment have previously been noted for nucleon emission via electromagnetic processes in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The present work investigates the hypothesis that these discrepancies have arisen due to uncertainties about how to deduce the experimental electromagnetic cross section from the total measured cross section. An optical-model calculation of single neutron removal is added to electromagnetic cross sections and compared to the total experimental cross sections. Good agreement is found thereby resolving some of the earlier noted discrepancies. A detailed comparison to the recent work of Benesh, Cook, and Vary is made for both the impact parameter and the nuclear cross section. Good agreement is obtained giving an independent confirmation of the parameterized formulas developed by those authors
12. Transverse Energy in nucleus-nucleus collisions: A review
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tincknell, M.
1988-01-01
The status of Transverse Energy (E/sub T/) in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Brookhaven AGS and the CERN SPS is reviewed. The definition of E/sub T/ and its physical significance are discussed. The basic techniques and limitations of the experimental measurements are presented. The acceptances of the major experiments to be discussed are shown, along with remarks about their idiosyncrasies. The data demonstrate that the nuclear geometry of colliding spheres primarily determines the shapes of the observed spectra. Careful account of the acceptances is crucial to comparing and interpreting results. It is concluded that nuclear stopping power is high, and that the amount of energy deposited into the interaction volume is increasing with beam energy even at SPS energies. The energy densities believed to be obtained at the SPS are close to the critical values predicted for the onset of a quark-gluon plasma. 25 refs., 8 figs
13. Kaonic nuclei and kaon-nucleus interactions
CERN Document Server
Ikuta, K; Masutani, K
2002-01-01
Although kaonic atoms provide valuable information concerning the K sup - -nucleus interaction at low energies, they cannot fully determine the K sup - - nucleus optical potential. We demonstrate that K sup - nuclear bound states, if they exist, can be useful in investigating the K sup - -nucleus interaction, especially in the interior of the nucleus. In order to show this possibility, we calculate the double differential cross sections for (K sup - , P) using the Green function method. (author)
14. Color oscillations of nucleons in a nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Petrov, V.A.; Smirnov, A.Yu.
1987-01-01
Possibility of nucleus description as an object consisting of quarks and gluons is considered. A model of two-nucleon interaction in a nucleus is presented and analytical expressions for the nucleus nucleon ground state wave functions and also for nuclear nucleon structure functions are obtained. The carried out analysis shows that the suggested model permits to express the nucleus structure functions at quark level only by means of nucleon and Δ-isobaric degrees of freedom
15. Hummingbird Comet Nucleus Analysis Mission
Science.gov (United States)
Kojiro, Daniel; Carle, Glenn C.; Lasher, Larry E.
2000-01-01
Hummingbird is a highly focused scientific mission, proposed to NASA s Discovery Program, designed to address the highest priority questions in cometary science-that of the chemical composition of the cometary nucleus. After rendezvous with the comet, Hummingbird would first methodically image and map the comet, then collect and analyze dust, ice and gases from the cometary atmosphere to enrich characterization of the comet and support landing site selection. Then, like its namesake, Hummingbird would carefully descend to a pre-selected surface site obtaining a high-resolution image, gather a surface material sample, acquire surface temperature and then immediately return to orbit for detailed chemical and elemental analyses followed by a high resolution post-sampling image of the site. Hummingbird s analytical laboratory contains instrumentation for a comprehensive molecular and elemental analysis of the cometary nucleus as well as an innovative surface sample acquisition device.
16. Comet Halley: nucleus and jets
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sagdeev, R.Z.; Avanesov, G.A.; Barinov, I.V.
1986-06-01
The VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 spacecrafts made their closest approach to Comet Halley on 6 and 9 March, respectively. In this paper results of the onboard imaging experiment are discussed. The nucleus of the comet was clearly identifyable as an irregularly shaped object with overall dimensions of (16+-1)x(8+-1)x(8+-1) km. The nucleus rotates around its axis which is nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane, with a period of 53+-2 hours. Its albedo is only 0.04+-002. Most of the jet features observed during the second fly-by were spatially reconstructed. These sources form a quasi-linear structure on the surface. The dust above the surface is shown to be optically thin except certain specific dust jets. Brightness features on the surface are clearly seen. Correlating the data with other measurements it is concluded that the dirty snow-ball model probably has to be revised. (author)
17. Lasers probe the atomic nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Eastham, D.
1986-01-01
The article is contained in a booklet on the Revised Nuffield Advanced Physics Course, and concentrates on two techniques to illustrate how lasers probe the atomic nucleus. Both techniques employ resonance fluorescence spectroscopy for obtaining atomic transition energies. The first uses lasers to determine the change in the nuclear charge radius with isotope, the second concerns the use of lasers for ultrasensitive detection of isotopes and elements. The application of lasers in resonance ionization spectroscopy and proton decay is also described. (UK)
18. What is a cometary nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lyttleton, R.A.
1977-01-01
Descriptions of actual observed comets associate a range of ill-defined meanings with the term nucleus. In recent years use of the word has been even further extended (or contracted) to mean a postulated solid core constituting the permanent element of a comet and necessarily of size far below resolution and measurability. It is maintained by the postulants that this core, acted upon by solar radiation and the solar wind, is the fount and origin of practically the whole great variety of observed cometary physical phenomena. In order that this micro-nucleus shall 'explain' observed properties, it is endowed with a large number of entirely ad-hoc qualities specially devised to produce the very effects it is wished to explain, but the processes so proffered rely almost entirely on purely verbal asseverations that they will work in the way required. No source or mechanism of origin for the imaginary micro-nucleus, of which there would need to be myriads, is in sight, nor can the assumption explain the dynamical properties of long-period comets and their association with the galactic plane and the solar apex. The postulate is in any event ruled out by Occam's principle as having no basis in fact or theory and is not required to explain the observed properties of comets. The large number of additional special assumptions introduced mean that the structure as a whole does not constitute a proper scientific theory. (author)
19. Angular momentum and incident-energy dependence of nucleus-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yamaguchi, S.
1991-01-01
The purpose of this paper is to understand intuitively the origin of the angular momentum and incident-energy dependence of the nucleus-nucleus interaction on the basis of the totally- antisymmetrized many-body theory. With the aim of understanding the structure of the nucleus-nucleus interaction, we show first that the nucleus-nucleus interaction can be written by the use of the density-distribution function and the phase-space distribution function instead of using the many-body wave function itself. And we show that the structure change of the density-distribution function with the increase of the angular momentum causes the angular momentum dependence of the nucleus-nucleus interaction and that the incident-energy dependence of the nucleus-nucleus interaction originates from the structure change of the phase-space distribution function
20. Classifiers for centrality determination in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Altsybeev Igor
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Centrality, as a geometrical property of the collision, is crucial for the physical interpretation of nucleus-nucleus and proton-nucleus experimental data. However, it cannot be directly accessed in event-by-event data analysis. Common methods for centrality estimation in A-A and p-A collisions usually rely on a single detector (either on the signal in zero-degree calorimeters or on the multiplicity in some semi-central rapidity range. In the present work, we made an attempt to develop an approach for centrality determination that is based on machine-learning techniques and utilizes information from several detector subsystems simultaneously. Different event classifiers are suggested and evaluated for their selectivity power in terms of the number of nucleons-participants and the impact parameter of the collision. Finer centrality resolution may allow to reduce impact from so-called volume fluctuations on physical observables being studied in heavy-ion experiments like ALICE at the LHC and fixed target experiment NA61/SHINE on SPS.
1. Photoproduction of lepton pairs in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC energies
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Moreira, B. D.; Goncalves, V. P.; De Santana Amaral, J. T. [Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Fisica e Matematica (Brazil)
2013-03-25
In this contribution we study coherent interactions as a probe of the nonlinear effects in the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). In particular, we study the multiphoton effects in the production of leptons pairs for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions for heavy nuclei. In the proton-nucleus we assume the ultrarelativistic proton as a source of photons and estimate the photoproduction of lepton pairs on nuclei at RHIC and LHC energies considering the multiphoton effects associated to multiple rescattering of the projectile photon on the proton of the nucleus. In nucleus - nucleus colllisions we consider the two nuclei as a source of photons. As each scattering contributes with a factor {alpha}Z to the cross section, this contribution must be taken into account for heavy nuclei. We consider the Coulomb corrections to calculate themultiple scatterings and estimate the total cross section for muon and tau pair production in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC energies.
2. Effects of pelvic, pudendal, or hypogastric nerve cuts on Fos induction in the rat brain following vaginocervical stimulation.
Science.gov (United States)
Pfaus, James G; Manitt, Colleen; Coopersmith, Carol B
2006-12-30
In the female rat, genitosensory input is conveyed to the central nervous system predominantly through the pelvic, pudendal, and hypogastric nerves. The present study examined the relative contribution of those three nerves in the expression of Fos immunoreactivity within brain regions previously shown to be activated by vaginocervical stimulation (VCS). Bilateral transection of those nerves, or sham neurectomy, was conducted in separate groups of ovariectomized, sexually-experienced females. After recovery, females were primed with estrogen and progesterone and given either 50 manual VCSs with a lubricated glass rod over the course of 1 h. VCS increased the number of neurons expressing Fos immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventromedial hypothalamus, and medial amygdala of sham neurectomized females. Transection of the pelvic nerve reduced Fos immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventromedial hypothalamus, and medial amygdala, whereas transection of the pudendal nerve had no effect. In contrast, transection of the hypogastric nerve increased Fos immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area and lateral septum, whereas transaction of the pelvic nerve increased Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral septum, following VCS. All females given VCS, except those with pelvic neurectomy, displayed a characteristic immobility during each application. These data confirm that the pelvic nerve is largely responsible for the neural and behavioral effects of VCS, and support a separate function for the hypogastric nerve.
3. Strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions: An experimental review
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Odyniec, G.
1990-12-01
In experiments with oxygen (60 and 200 GeV/N) and sulphur (200 GeV/N) ions at CERNSPS, large energy densities of the order of 2--3 GeV/fm 3 have been observed, which according to QCD calculations, satisfy necessary conditions for the formation of a quark gluon plasma (QGP) phase. Under such conditions, colour would no longer be confined to hadronic dimensions, and quarks and gluons will propagate freely throughout an extended volume. Somehow lower energy densities, of the order of 0.7--1 GeV/fm 3 , were observed in AGS experiments with 15 GeV/N silicon beams and heavy targets. These energy densities might be adequate for investigations of the pre-equilibrium stage, during which the momentum space distribution has been degradated from its initial value but is not yet thermal. First experimental results, available now, show promise of seeing signs of a new phase of matter. In this review the current status of the selective experimental results on strange-particle production, which are relevant to equilibration and QGP formation in nucleus-nucleus collisions, is presented
4. Applying the elastic model for various nucleus-nucleus fusion
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
HASSAN, G.S.; RAGAB, H.S.; SEDDEEK, M.K.
2000-01-01
The Elastic Model of two free parameters m,d given by Scalia has been used for wider energy regions to fit the available experimental data for potential barriers and cross sections. In order to generalize Scalia's formula in both sub- and above-barrier regions, we calculated m, d for pairs rather than those given by Scalia and compared the calculated cross sections with the experimental data. This makes a generalization of the Elastic Model in describing fusion process. On the other hand, Scalia's range of interacting systems was 24 ≤ A ≤194 where A is the compound nucleus mass number. Our extension of that model includes an example of the pairs of A larger than his final limit aiming to make it as a general formula for any type of reactants: light, intermediate or heavy systems. A significant point is the comparison of Elastic Model calculations with the well known methods studying complete fusion and compound nucleus formation, namely with the resultants of using Proximity potential with either Sharp or Smooth cut-off approximations
5. Quarkonia Photoproduction at Nucleus Colliders
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
D'Enterria, David
2008-01-01
Exclusive photoproduction of heavy quarkonia in high-energy ultraperipheral ion-ion interactions (γ A →V A, where V = J/ψ, Y and the nucleus A remains intact) offers a useful means to constrain the small-x nuclear gluon density. We discuss preliminary results on J/ψ photoproduction in Au-Au collisions at RHIC [D. d'Enterria [PHENIX Collaboration], Proceeds. Quark Matter'05, (arXiv:nucl-ex/0601001)], as well as full simulation-reconstruction studies of photo-produced Y in Pb-Pb interactions at the LHC [D. d'Enterria (ed.) et al. [CMS Collaboration], J. Phys. G. 34 2307 (2007)
6. New results on nuclear multifragmentation in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Besliu, Calin; Jipa, Alexandru; Iliescu, Bogdan; Felea, Daniel
2002-01-01
Some new aspects on the multifragmentation processes in nucleus-nucleus and nucleon-nucleus collisions at high energies are discussed in this work. Experimental data obtained in international collaborations (for example, MULTI Collaboration with KEK Tsukuba (Japan) and SKM 200 Collaboration with JINR Dubna (Russia)) are used to discuss new mechanisms in the target nucleus fragmentation. Correlations with stopping power, participant region size and energy density are included. Comparisons of the experimental results with the predictions of a phenomenological geometric model of intermediate mass fragment multiplicity, caloric curves and angular distributions are also presented. These results are used for global description of the multifragmentation processes in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies. The size of the participant region and the average intermediate mass fragments multiplicity are taken into consideration using the free space probability. A few correlations between the deposited energy in the participant region and stability state of the intermediate mass fragments are presented in this work. The importance of the collision geometry in the multifragmentation processes is stressed. The results suggest different time moments for the incident nucleus fragmentation and for the target nucleus fragmentation. The associated entropies are distinct. (authors)
7. Notochord to Nucleus Pulposus Transition.
Science.gov (United States)
Lawson, Lisa; Harfe, Brian D
2015-10-01
A tissue that commonly deteriorates in older vertebrates is the intervertebral disc, which is located between the vertebrae. Age-related changes in the intervertebral discs are thought to cause most cases of back pain. Back pain affects more than half of people over the age of 65, and the treatment of back pain costs 50-100 billion dollars per year in the USA. The normal intervertebral disc is composed of three distinct regions: a thick outer ring of fibrous cartilage called the annulus fibrosus, a gel-like material that is surrounded by the annulus fibrosus called the nucleus pulposus, and superior and inferior cartilaginous end plates. The nucleus pulposus has been shown to be critical for disc health and function. Damage to this structure often leads to disc disease. Recent reports have demonstrated that the embryonic notochord, a rod-like structure present in the midline of vertebrate embryos, gives rise to all cell types found in adult nuclei pulposi. The mechanism responsible for the transformation of the notochord into nuclei pulposi is unknown. In this review, we discuss potential molecular and physical mechanisms that may be responsible for the notochord to nuclei pulposi transition.
8. Molecular orbitals of nucleons in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Imanishi, B.; Oertzen, W. von.
1986-05-01
A formalism for the dynamical treatment of the molecular orbitals of valence nucleons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at low bombarding energy is developed with the use of the coupled-reaction-channel (CRC) method. The Coriolis coupling effects as well as the finite mass effects of the nucleon are taken into account in this model, of rotating molecular orbitals, RMO. First, the validity of the concept is examined from the view point of the multi-step processes in a standard CRC calculation for systems containing two identical [core] nuclei. The calculations show strong CRC effects particularly in the case where the mixing of different l-parity orbitals - called hybridization in atomic physics - occurs. Then, the RMO representation for active nucleons is applied to the same systems and compared to the CRC results. Its validity is investigated with respect to the radial motion (adiabaticity) and the rotation of the molecular axis (radial and rotational coupling). Characteristic molecular orbitals of covalent molecules appear as rotationally stable states (K = 1/2) with good adiabaticity. Using the RMO's we obtain a new interpretation of various scattering phenomena. Dynamically induced changes in the effective Q-values (or scaling of energies), dynamically induced moments of inertia and an dynamically induced effective (L · S) interaction are obtained as a result of the molecular orbital formation. Various experimental data on transfer and subbarrier fusion reactions are understood in terms of the RMO's and their adiabatic potentials. Landau-Zener transitions, which strongly depend on the total angular momentum of the system, definitely predict the observation of characteristic changes in the cross sections for the inelastic scattering 13 C( 12 C, 12 C) 13 C* (3.086 MeV, 1/2 + ) with the change of the bombarding energy. (author)
9. Double folding model of nucleus-nucleus potential: formulae, iteration method and computer code
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Luk'yanov, K.V.
2008-01-01
Method of construction of the nucleus-nucleus double folding potential is described. Iteration procedure for the corresponding integral equation is presented. Computer code and numerical results are presented
10. Study of various models of nuclear interaction potentials: nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus systems
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ngo, H.
1984-01-01
Several models, performed within a mean field theory, are developed for the calculation of nucleon-nucleus interaction potentials. The first part of the thesis deals with the nucleon-nucleus average interaction. It is mainly devoted to the calculation of dynamical corrections to the Hartree-Fock approximation. Two approaches are used: a microscopic model performed in the framework of the nuclear structure approach and a semi-phenomenological one, based on the application of the dispersion relations to the empirical imaginary potential. Both models take into account finite size effects like collectivity or threshold effects which are important at low energy. The Green's function properties are used for both models. The second part of this work is devoted to the interaction potential between two heavy ions. This calculation, which is performed in the framework of the sudden approximation, uses the energy density formalism (Thomas-Fermi approximation). It has been extended to finite temperature. At T=0 the experimental fusion barriers of heavy systems are reproduced within 4%. Their temperature dependence is studied. The proximity scaling is checked and a universal function is obtained at T=0 and at finite temperature. It is found that the proximity theorem is well satisfied on the average. The dispersion around the mean behaviour increases with increasing temperature. At last, P+A* and α+A* interaction potentials are calculated within a double folding model using a schematic effective interaction [fr
11. Physical meaning of the yields from hadron-nucleon, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions observed in experiments
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.
1995-01-01
A physical meaning of the outcomes from hadronic and nuclear collision processes at high energies is presented, as prompted experimentally. The fast and slow stages in hadron-nucleus collisions are distinguished. Hadrons are produced via intermediate objects observed in hadron-nucleus collisions. The intermediate objects may be treated as the groups of quarks or the quark bags. 37 refs
12. Description of inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactions at medium energy using dual parton model
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Polanski, A.; Shmakov, S.Yu.; Uzhinskij, V.V.
1989-01-01
It is shown that the dual parton model taking into account the processes of diffraction dissociation to the low mass states and finite energy corrections to the asymptotic Abramovski-Gribov-Kancheli cutting rules allows satisfactory description of existing experimental data on hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions at medium energy. (orig.)
13. Do migrating cells need a nucleus?
Science.gov (United States)
Hawkins, Rhoda J
2018-03-05
How the nucleus affects cell polarity and migration is unclear. In this issue, Graham et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201706097) show that enucleated cells polarize and migrate in two but not three dimensions and propose that the nucleus is a necessary component of the molecular clutch regulating normal mechanical responses. © 2018 Hawkins.
14. Serotonin projection patterns to the cochlear nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Thompson, A M; Thompson, G C
2001-07-13
The cochlear nucleus is well known as an obligatory relay center for primary auditory nerve fibers. Perhaps not so well known is the neural input to the cochlear nucleus from cells containing serotonin that reside near the midline in the midbrain raphe region. Although the specific locations of the main, if not sole, sources of serotonin within the dorsal cochlear nucleus subdivision are known to be the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, sources of serotonin located within other cochlear nucleus subdivisions are not currently known. Anterograde tract tracing was used to label fibers originating from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei while fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to simultaneously label specific serotonin fibers in cat. Biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the dorsal and median raphe nuclei and was visualized with Texas Red, while serotonin was visualized with fluorescein. Thus, double-labeled fibers were unequivocally identified as serotoninergic and originating from one of the labeled neurons within the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Double-labeled fiber segments, typically of fine caliber with oval varicosities, were observed in many areas of the cochlear nucleus. They were found in the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, in the small cell cap region, and in the granule cell and external regions of the cochlear nuclei, bilaterally, of all cats. However, the density of these double-labeled fiber segments varied considerably depending upon the exact region in which they were found. Fiber segments were most dense in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (especially in the molecular layer) and the large spherical cell area of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus; they were moderately dense in the small cell cap region; and fiber segments were least dense in the octopus and multipolar cell regions of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus. Because of the presence of labeled fiber segments in subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus other than the
15. Actomyosin contractility rotates the cell nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Kumar, Abhishek; Maitra, Ananyo; Sumit, Madhuresh; Ramaswamy, Sriram; Shivashankar, G V
2014-01-21
The cell nucleus functions amidst active cytoskeletal filaments, but its response to their contractile stresses is largely unexplored. We study the dynamics of the nuclei of single fibroblasts, with cell migration suppressed by plating onto micro-fabricated patterns. We find the nucleus undergoes noisy but coherent rotational motion. We account for this observation through a hydrodynamic approach, treating the nucleus as a highly viscous inclusion residing in a less viscous fluid of orientable filaments endowed with active stresses. Lowering actin contractility selectively by introducing blebbistatin at low concentrations drastically reduced the speed and coherence of the angular motion of the nucleus. Time-lapse imaging of actin revealed a correlated hydrodynamic flow around the nucleus, with profile and magnitude consistent with the results of our theoretical approach. Coherent intracellular flows and consequent nuclear rotation thus appear to be an intrinsic property of cells.
16. Classical gluon production amplitude for nucleus-nucleus collisions:First saturation correction in the projectile
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chirilli, Giovanni A.; Kovchegov, Yuri V.; Wertepny, Douglas E.
2015-01-01
We calculate the classical single-gluon production amplitude in nucleus-nucleus collisions including the first saturation correction in one of the nuclei (the projectile) while keeping multiple-rescattering (saturation) corrections to all orders in the other nucleus (the target). In our approximation only two nucleons interact in the projectile nucleus: the single-gluon production amplitude we calculate is order-g"3 and is leading-order in the atomic number of the projectile, while resumming all order-one saturation corrections in the target nucleus. Our result is the first step towards obtaining an analytic expression for the first projectile saturation correction to the gluon production cross section in nucleus-nucleus collisions.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moehring, H.; Ranft, J.; Capella, A.; Tran Thanh Van, J.
1993-01-01
Λ, bar Λ, and K S 0 production is studied in a Monte Carlo dual parton model for hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions with an SU(3) symmetric sea for chain formation (chain ends) but strangeness suppression in the chain fragmentation process. Additionally, (qq)-(bar q bar q) production from the sea was introduced into the chain formation process with the same probability as for the q→qq branching within the chain decay process. With these assumptions, multiplicity ratios and Feynman-x distributions for strange particles in h-h and multiplicity ratios in heavy ion collisions are reasonably well reproduced
18. Laser spectroscopy probes the nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Griffith, J.; Billowes, J.
1998-01-01
Extremely sensitive optical measurements are shedding new light on the shape and size of nuclei, and the properties of nuclear matter far from stability. Of the 7000 or so isotopes known to nuclear physicists, less than 270 are stable. In general isotopes become more and more unstable as we move away from the so-called valley of stability, and therefore become more difficult to study in experiments. The tests of the theory also become more demanding. Laser spectroscopy is one of the techniques that is helping to explore the properties of these isotopes and improve our understanding of the forces inside the nucleus. High-resolution laser spectroscopy of short-lived radioactive atoms now makes it possible to measure the nuclear charge radius of many elements, including many isotopes far from stability. The method can reveal fine details of the sizes, shapes and structures of nuclei. In addition, laser spectroscopy is making significant contributions to our understanding of the nuclear force in unstable nuclei with unusual, or extreme, proton-neutron ratios. In this article the authors discuss the latest advances in studying heavy nuclei. (author)
19. Music and the nucleus accumbens.
Science.gov (United States)
Mavridis, Ioannis N
2015-03-01
Music is a universal feature of human societies over time, mainly because it allows expression and regulation of strong emotions, thus influencing moods and evoking pleasure. The nucleus accumbens (NA), the most important pleasure center of the human brain (dominates the reward system), is the 'king of neurosciences' and dopamine (DA) can be rightfully considered as its 'crown' due to the fundamental role that this neurotransmitter plays in the brain's reward system. Purpose of this article was to review the existing literature regarding the relation between music and the NA. Studies have shown that reward value for music can be coded by activity levels in the NA, whose functional connectivity with auditory and frontal areas increases as a function of increasing musical reward. Listening to music strongly modulates activity in a network of mesolimbic structures involved in reward processing including the NA. The functional connectivity between brain regions mediating reward, autonomic and cognitive processing provides insight into understanding why listening to music is one of the most rewarding and pleasurable human experiences. Musical stimuli can significantly increase extracellular DA levels in the NA. NA DA and serotonin were found significantly higher in animals exposed to music. Finally, passive listening to unfamiliar although liked music showed activations in the NA.
20. Partial inelasticity coefficients of negative pions produced in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
OLIMOV, K.; LUTPULLAEV, S.L.; PETROV, V.I.; OLIMOV, A.K.
2015-01-01
New experimental data on the partial inelasticity coefficients of negative pions produced in "1"6Op-collisions at 3.25 A GeV/s, pC-interactions at 4.2 and 9.9 GeV/s, and d,α,C(C)-collisions at 4.2 A GeV/s are presented. It is established that the behavior of partial inelasticity coefficients of pions at intermediate energies (<10 GeV) in hadron-nucleus collisions has a transitional character, reaching the limiting value at ultrahigh energies. It is shown that the mean values of partial inelasticity coefficients of pions produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions decrease with an increase in mass number of the projectile nucleus. (authors)
1. Neutrino-nucleus collision at intermediate energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kosmas, T.S.; Oset, E.
1999-01-01
Neutrino-nucleus reactions at low and intermediate energy up to E ν = 500 MeV are studied for the most interesting nuclei from an experimental point of view. We focus on neutrino-nucleus cross-sections of semi-inclusive processes, for which recent measurements from radiochemical experiments at LAMPF and KARMEN laboratories are available. The method employed uses the modified Lindhard function for the description of the particle-hole excitations of the final nucleus via a local density approximation. (authors)
2. The application of a phenomenological model to inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactions for laboratory momenta below 5 GeV/c per nucleon of the incident nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1985-01-01
A phenomenological model for inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactions at momenta below 5 GeV/c per nucleon is described. Particle interactions inside the interacting nuclei are described by phenomenological models of hadron-nucleus and hadron-nucleon interactions. The Monte-Carlo model provides the kinematic variables for a set of events under study. The comparison of the model inclusive distri-- butions for different particles and nucleus-nucleus interactions agrees well with the experimental data
3. Study of Hadron Production in Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the CERN SPS
CERN Multimedia
Klochkov, V; Herve, A E; Kowalski, S; Kaptur, E A; Kowalik, K L; Dominik, W M; Matulewicz, T N; Krasnoperov, A; Feofilov, G; Vinogradov, L; Kovalenko, V; Johnson, S R; Planeta, R J; Rubbia, A; Marton, K; Messerly, B A; Puzovic, J; Bogomilov, M V; Bravar, A; Renfordt, R A E; Deveaux, M; Engel, R R; Grzeszczuk, A; Davis, N; Kuich, M; Lyubushkin, V; Kondratev, V; Kadija, K; Diakonos, F; Slodkowski, M A; Rauch, W H; Pistillo, C; Laszlo, A; Nakadaira, T; Hasegawa, T; Sadovskiy, A; Morozov, S; Petukhov, O; Mathes, H; Roehrich, D; Marcinek, A J; Marino, A D; Grebieszkow, K; Di luise, S; Wlodarczyk, Z; Rybczynski, M A; Wojtaszek-szwarc, A; Nirkko, M C; Sakashita, K; Golubeva, M; Kurepin, A; Manic, D; Kolev, D I; Kisiel, J E; Koziel, M E; Rondio, E; Larsen, D T; Czopowicz, T R; Seyboth, P; Turko, L; Guber, F; Marin, V; Busygina, O; Strikhanov, M; Taranenko, A; Cirkovic, M; Roth, M A; Pulawski, S M; Aduszkiewicz, A M; Bunyatov, S; Vechernin, V; Nagai, Y; Anticic, T; Dynowski, K M; Mackowiak-pawlowska, M K; Stefanek, G; Pavin, M; Fodor, Z P; Nishikawa, K; Tada, M; Blondel, A P P; Stroebele, H W; Posiadala, M Z; Kolesnikov, V; Andronov, E; Zimmerman, E D; Antoniou, N; Majka, Z; Dumarchez, J; Naskret, M; Ivashkin, A; Tsenov, R V; Koziel, M G; Schmidt, K J; Melkumov, G; Popov, B; Panagiotou, A; Richter-was, E M; Morgala, S J; Paolone, V; Damyanova, A; Gazdzicki, M; Unger, M T; Wilczek, A G; Stepaniak, J M; Seryakov, A; Susa, T; Staszel, P P; Brzychczyk, J; Maksiak, B; Tefelski, D B
2007-01-01
The NA61/SHINE (SHINE = SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment) experiment is a large acceptance hadron spectrometer at the CERN SPS for the study of the hadronic final states produced in interactions of various beam particles (pions, protons, C, S and In) with a variety of fixed targets at the SPS energies. The main components of the current detector were constructed and used by the NA49 experiment. The physics program of NA61/SHINE consists of three main subjects. In the first stage of data taking (2007-2009) measurements of hadron production in hadron-nucleus interactions needed for neutrino (T2K) and cosmic-ray (Pierre Auger and KASCADE) experiments will be performed. In the second stage (2009-2011) hadron production in proton-proton and proton-nucleus interactions needed as reference data for a better understanding of nucleus-nucleus reactions will be studied. In the third stage (2009-2013) energy dependence of hadron production properties will be measured in nucleus-nucleus collisions as well as in p+p a...
4. K sup + nucleus total cross sections
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sawafta, R.
1990-01-01
The scattering of K{sup +} mesons from nuclei has attracted considerable interest in the last few years. The K{sup +} holds a very special position as the weakest of all strongly interaction probes. The average cross section is not larger than about 10 mb at lab momenta below 800 MeV/c, corresponding to a mean free path in the nucleus larger than 5 fm. Thus the K{sup +} is capable of probing the entire volume of the nucleus. Single scattering of the K{sup +} with a nucleon in the nucleus dominates the nuclear scattering, and only small and calculable higher order corrections are needed. The nucleon is a dynamical entity and its internal structure can, in principle, be altered by its surrounding nuclear environment. This work reports an experiment in which the K{sup +} is used to compare the nucleon in the nucleus with a free nucleon.
5. The nucleus in Finland - The second report
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aurela, Jorma; Korteniemi, Virpi; Halme-Tapanainen, Kristina
1993-01-01
The Finnish Nuclear Society (FNS) started the distribution of the Nucleus bulletin at the beginning of 1988. The volume of distribution has been extended since, including today nearly 1,000 persons. Both the English and the Finnish version of the bulletin is sent to various opinion leaders of society, i.e. the members of the parliament, ministries, the media, representatives of industry and other decision-makers of the energy field. After the five-year history of the Nucleus in Finland, it is time to look back and sum up the present status of the Nucleus. This report gives a short summary concerning the present distribution and its efficiency, the experiences gained and the influence of the bulletin in Finland. The first questionnaire was sent in November 1988, and the survey was repeated among the Finnish readers of the Nucleus in autumn 1992. The results of the latter survey are given in this report
6. Microtubules move the nucleus to quiescence.
Science.gov (United States)
Laporte, Damien; Sagot, Isabelle
2014-01-01
The nucleus is a cellular compartment that hosts several macro-molecular machines displaying a highly complex spatial organization. This tight architectural orchestration determines not only DNA replication and repair but also regulates gene expression. In budding yeast microtubules play a key role in structuring the nucleus since they condition the Rabl arrangement in G1 and chromosome partitioning during mitosis through their attachment to centromeres via the kinetochore proteins. Recently, we have shown that upon quiescence entry, intranuclear microtubules emanating from the spindle pole body elongate to form a highly stable bundle that spans the entire nucleus. Here, we examine some molecular mechanisms that may underlie the formation of this structure. As the intranuclear microtubule bundle causes a profound re-organization of the yeast nucleus and is required for cell survival during quiescence, we discuss the possibility that the assembly of such a structure participates in quiescence establishment.
7. Transport of glutathione into the nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Queval, Guillaume; Foyer, Christine
2014-10-01
8. Nuclear physics: Unexpected doubly-magic nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Janssens, R.V.F.
2009-01-01
Nuclei with a 'magic' number of both protons and neutrons, dubbed doubly magic, are particularly stable. The oxygen isotope 24 O has been found to be one such nucleus - yet it lies just at the limit of stability
9. Pion-nucleus cross sections approximation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barashenkov, V.S.; Polanski, A.; Sosnin, A.N.
1990-01-01
Analytical approximation of pion-nucleus elastic and inelastic interaction cross-section is suggested, with could be applied in the energy range exceeding several dozens of MeV for nuclei heavier than beryllium. 3 refs.; 4 tabs
10. Kaon-nucleus reactions and hypernuclei
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dover, C.B.
1987-01-01
Recent advances in hypernuclear physics and kaon-nucleus scattering are discussed, with emphasis on the spectroscopy of Λ single particle states in heavy systems, as revealed by the (π + ,K + ) reaction. 26 refs., 8 figs
11. The correlation between the transverse polarization and transverse momentum of lambda produced in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ye Yunxiu; Zhou Xin; Ji Gang; Su Shufang; Zhu Guohuai
1996-01-01
The transverse polarization of lambda produced in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is determined. The effect from the interaction between spin moment and magnetic field is corrected. The near zero transverse polarization and non-correlation between transverse polarization and transverse momentum are obtained and compared to ones obtained from the nucleus-nucleus interactions at lower energies. This comparison shows that the production mechanism of lambdas in the relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is different from one in the nucleus-nucleus reactions at lower energies
12. Polarization and alignment of nucleus fission fragments
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barabanov, A.L.; Grechukhin, D.P.
1987-01-01
Correlation of fragment orientation with orientation axis of fissile nucleus and with n-vector f vector of fragment divergence is considered. Estimations of polarization and alignment of fission fragments of preliminarily oriented nuclei in correlation (with n-vector f recording) and integral (with n-vector f averaging) experiments were conducted. It is shown that high sensitivity of polarization and fragment alignment to the character of nucleus movement at the stage of descent from barrier to rupture point exists
13. New aspects of the atomic nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wilkinson, D.H.
1987-01-01
We are at last just beginning to identify convincing evidence for what we have long believed, namely that the nucleus is more than the sum of its neutron-proton parts taken pairwise because, for example, a cluster of three nucleons interacts differently from the sum of the interactions of its three pairs; there is an important collectivism in the life of a nucleus even before we ask what its nucleons are doing. (orig./WL)
14. Testing string dynamics in lepton nucleus reactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gyulassy, M.; Pluemer, M.
1989-10-01
The sensitivity of nuclear attenuation of 10-100 GeV lepton nucleus (ell A) reactions to space-time aspects of hadronization is investigated within the context of the Lund string model. We consider two mechanisms for attenuation in a nucleus: final state cascading and string flip excitations. Implications for the evolution of the energy density in nuclear collisions are discussed. 16 refs., 10 figs
15. Numerical Simulation of the Kinetic Critical Nucleus
OpenAIRE
1997-01-01
Our main interest is to see whether the number density indicates a peak at the kinetically stable critical nucleus due to its kinetical stability. We have numerically calculated the time evolution of the number densities of clusters in the case of water vapor nucleation. We employ the condition in which the difference between the size of the thermodynamic crtitical nucleus and that of the kinetic one is appreciable. The results show that the peak does not appear in the number densities of clu...
16. Advances in hard nucleus cataract surgery
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wei Cui
2013-11-01
Full Text Available Security and perfect vision and fewer complications are our goals in cataract surgery, and hard-nucleus cataract surgery is always a difficulty one. Many new studies indicate that micro-incision phacoemulsification in treating hard nucleus cataract is obviously effective. This article reviews the evolution process of hard nuclear cataract surgery, the new progress in the research of artificial intraocular lens for microincision, and analyse advantages and disadvantages of various surgical methods.
17. Receptors for GRP/bombesin-like peptides in the rat forebrain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wolf, S.S.; Moody, T.W.
1985-01-01
Binding sites in the rat forebrain were characterized using ( 125 I-Tyr4)bombesin as a receptor probe. Pharmacology experiments indicate that gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and the GRP fragments GRP as well as Ac-GRP inhibited radiolabeled (Tyr4)bombesin binding with high affinity. Biochemistry experiments indicated that heat, N-ethyl maleimide or trypsin greatly reduced radiolabeled (Tyr4)bombesin binding. Also, autoradiographic studies indicated that highest grain densities were present in the stria terminalis, periventricular and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial and rhomboid thalamus, dentate gyrus, hippocampus and medial amygdaloid nucleus. The data suggest that CNS protein receptors, which are discretely distributed in the rat forebrain, may mediate the action of endogenous GRP/bombesin-like peptides
18. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in stress-related disorders: data convergence from animal and human studies.
Science.gov (United States)
Hammack, Sayamwong E; May, Victor
2015-08-01
The maladaptive expression and function of several stress-associated hormones have been implicated in pathological stress and anxiety-related disorders. Among these, recent evidence has suggested that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has critical roles in central neurocircuits mediating stress-related emotional behaviors. We describe the PACAPergic systems, the data implicating PACAP in stress biology, and how altered PACAP expression and signaling may result in psychopathologies. We include our work implicating PACAP signaling within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in mediating the consequences of stressor exposure and relatedly, describe more recent studies suggesting that PACAP in the central nucleus of the amygdala may impact the emotional aspects of chronic pain states. In aggregate, these results are consistent with data suggesting that PACAP dysregulation is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in humans. Copyright © 2015 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19. Improved Cloud Condensation Nucleus Spectrometer
Science.gov (United States)
Leu, Ming-Taun
2010-01-01
An improved thermal-gradient cloud condensation nucleus spectrometer (CCNS) has been designed to provide several enhancements over prior thermal- gradient counters, including fast response and high-sensitivity detection covering a wide range of supersaturations. CCNSs are used in laboratory research on the relationships among aerosols, supersaturation of air, and the formation of clouds. The operational characteristics of prior counters are such that it takes long times to determine aerosol critical supersaturations. Hence, there is a need for a CCNS capable of rapid scanning through a wide range of supersaturations. The present improved CCNS satisfies this need. The improved thermal-gradient CCNS (see Figure 1) incorporates the following notable features: a) The main chamber is bounded on the top and bottom by parallel thick copper plates, which are joined by a thermally conductive vertical wall on one side and a thermally nonconductive wall on the opposite side. b) To establish a temperature gradient needed to establish a supersaturation gradient, water at two different regulated temperatures is pumped through tubes along the edges of the copper plates at the thermally-nonconductive-wall side. Figure 2 presents an example of temperature and supersaturation gradients for one combination of regulated temperatures at the thermally-nonconductive-wall edges of the copper plates. c) To enable measurement of the temperature gradient, ten thermocouples are cemented to the external surfaces of the copper plates (five on the top plate and five on the bottom plate), spaced at equal intervals along the width axis of the main chamber near the outlet end. d) Pieces of filter paper or cotton felt are cemented onto the interior surfaces of the copper plates and, prior to each experimental run, are saturated with water to establish a supersaturation field inside the main chamber. e) A flow of monodisperse aerosol and a dilution flow of humid air are introduced into the main
20. NaCl and osmolarity produce different responses in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis neurons, sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure.
Science.gov (United States)
Kinsman, Brian J; Browning, Kirsteen N; Stocker, Sean D
2017-09-15
Changes in extracellular osmolarity stimulate thirst and vasopressin secretion through a central osmoreceptor; however, central infusion of hypertonic NaCl produces a greater sympathoexcitatory and pressor response than infusion of hypertonic mannitol/sorbitol. Neurons in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) sense changes in extracellular osmolarity and NaCl. In this study, we discovered that intracerebroventricular infusion or local OVLT injection of hypertonic NaCl increases lumbar sympathetic nerve activity, adrenal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure whereas equi-osmotic mannitol/sorbitol did not alter any variable. In vitro whole-cell recordings demonstrate the majority of OVLT neurons are responsive to hypertonic NaCl or mannitol. However, hypertonic NaCl stimulates a greater increase in discharge frequency than equi-osmotic mannitol. Intracarotid or intracerebroventricular infusion of hypertonic NaCl evokes a greater increase in OVLT neuronal discharge frequency than equi-osmotic sorbitol. Collectively, these novel data suggest that subsets of OVLT neurons respond differently to hypertonic NaCl versus osmolarity and subsequently regulate body fluid homeostasis. These responses probably reflect distinct cellular mechanisms underlying NaCl- versus osmo-sensing. Systemic or central infusion of hypertonic NaCl and other osmolytes readily stimulate thirst and vasopressin secretion. In contrast, central infusion of hypertonic NaCl produces a greater increase in arterial blood pressure (ABP) than equi-osmotic mannitol/sorbitol. Although these responses depend on neurons in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), these observations suggest OVLT neurons may sense or respond differently to hypertonic NaCl versus osmolarity. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. First, intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion (5 μl/10 min) of 1.0 m NaCl produced a significantly greater
1. Neural correlates underlying naloxone-induced amelioration of sexual behavior deterioration due to an alarm pheromone
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tatsuya eKobayashi
2015-02-01
Full Text Available Sexual behavior is suppressed by various types of stressors. We previously demonstrated that an alarm pheromone released by stressed male Wistar rats is a stressor to other rats, increases the number of mounts needed for ejaculation, and decreases the hit rate (described as the number of intromissions/sum of the mounts and intromissions. This deterioration in sexual behavior was ameliorated by pretreatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. However, the neural mechanism underlying this remains to be elucidated. Here, we examined Fos expression in 31 brain regions of pheromone-exposed rats and naloxone-pretreated pheromone-exposed rats 60 min after 10 intromissions. As previously reported, the alarm pheromone increased the number of mounts and decreased the hit rate. In addition, Fos expression was increases in the anterior medial division, anterior lateral division and posterior division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, dorsolateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, and nucleus paragigantocellularis. Fos expression decreased in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Pretreatment with naloxone blocked the pheromone-induced changes in Fos expression in the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, and nucleus paragigantocellularis. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the alarm pheromone deteriorated sexual behavior by activating the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray-nucleus paragigantocellularis cluster and suppressing the magnocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus via the opioidergic pathway.
2. Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis).
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Chun-Nuan; Li, Xiang-Fei; Xu, Wei-Na; Jiang, Guang-Zhen; Lu, Kang-Le; Wang, Li-Na; Liu, Wen-Bin
2013-11-01
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and their interaction on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream Megalobrama terminalis (average initial weight 30.5 ± 0.5 g). Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three FOS levels (0, 0.3% and 0.6%) and three B. licheniformis levels (0, 1 × 10(7), 5 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)) according to a 3 × 3 factorial design. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and survival rate was recorded for the next 7 days. The results showed that leucocyte counts, alternative complement activity as well as total serum protein and globulin contents all increased significantly (P licheniformis levels increased from 0 to 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1), while little difference (P > 0.05) was observed in these parameters in terms of dietary FOS levels. Both plasma alkaline phosphatase and phenoloxidase activities were significantly (P 0.05) by both FOS and B. licheniformis. Liver catalase, glutathione peroxidase as well as plasma SOD activities of fish fed 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)B. licheniformis were all significantly (P 0.05) by either FOS levels or B. licheniformis contents, whereas a significant (P licheniformis. The results of this study indicated that dietary FOS and B. licheniformis could significantly enhance the innate immunity and antioxidant capability of triangular bream, as well as improve its disease resistance. The best combination of these two prebiotics and/or probiotics was 0.3% FOS and 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)B. licheniformis. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
3. Differential co-localization with choline acetyltransferase in nervus terminalis suggests functional differences for GnRH isoforms in bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo).
Science.gov (United States)
Moeller, John F; Meredith, Michael
2010-12-17
The nervus terminalis (NT) is a vertebrate cranial nerve whose function in adults is unknown. In bonnethead sharks, the nerve is anatomically independent of the olfactory system, with two major cell populations within one or more ganglia along its exposed length. Most cells are immunoreactive for either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or RF-amide-like peptides. To define further the cell populations and connectivity, we used double-label immunocytochemistry with antisera to different isoforms of GnRH and to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The labeling patterns of two GnRH antisera revealed different populations of GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell profiles in the NT ganglion. One antiserum labeled a large group of cells and fibers, which likely contain mammalian GnRH (GnRH-I) as described in previous studies and which were ChAT immunoreactive. The other antiserum labeled large club-like structures, which were anuclear, and a sparse number of fibers, but with no clear labeling of cell bodies in the ganglion. These club structures were choline acetyltrasferase (ChAT)-negative, and preabsorption control tests suggest they may contain chicken-GnRH-II (GnRH-II) or dogfish GnRH. The second major NT ganglion cell-type was immunoreactive for RF-amides, which regulate GnRH release in other vertebrates, and may provide an intraganglionic influence on GnRH release. The immunocytochemical and anatomical differences between the two GnRH-immunoreactive profile types indicate possible functional differences for these isoforms in the NT. The club-like structures may be sites of GnRH release into the general circulation since these structures were observed near blood vessels and resembled structures seen in the median eminence of rats. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
4. Progressive irreversible hearing loss is caused by stria vascularis degeneration in an Slc26a4-insufficient mouse model of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome.
Science.gov (United States)
Ito, T; Nishio, A; Wangemann, P; Griffith, A J
2015-12-03
Hearing loss of patients with enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct (EVA) can fluctuate or progress, with overall downward progression. The most common detectable cause of EVA is mutations of SLC26A4. We previously described a transgenic Slc26a4-insufficient mouse model of EVA in which Slc26a4 expression is controlled by doxycycline administration. Mice that received doxycycline from conception until embryonic day 17.5 (DE17.5; doxycycline discontinued at embryonic day 17.5) had fluctuating hearing loss between 1 and 6 months of age with an overall downward progression after 6 months of age. In this study, we characterized the cochlear functional and structural changes underlying irreversible hearing loss in DE17.5 mice at 12 months of age. The endocochlear potential was decreased and inversely correlated with auditory brainstem response thresholds. The stria vascularis was thickened and edematous in ears with less severe hearing loss, and thinned and atrophic in ears with more severe hearing loss. There were pathologic changes in marginal cell morphology and gene expression that were not observed at 3 months. We conclude that strial dysfunction and degeneration are the primary causes of irreversible progressive hearing loss in our Slc26a4-insufficient mouse model of EVA. This model of primary strial atrophy may be used to explore the mechanisms of progressive hearing loss due to strial dysfunction. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
5. Quark matter formation in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions - predictions and observations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Otterlund, I.
1983-01-01
In this talk I give a short summary of the recent discussion around predictions and possible observations of quark-gluon plasma and fireballs in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. In particular this talk is focused on heavy ion reactions at 200 A GeV. (orig./HSI)
6. Effective number of inelastically interacting nucleons in rare nucleus-nucleus production processes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Korotkikh, V.L.; Lokhtin, I.P.
1992-01-01
A model of nucleus-nucleus interaction using one inelastic NN-interaction is suggested for the exclusive production processes with small cross-section. A-dependence nuclear coherent and incoherent production cross-section are predicted. 20 refs.; 4 figs
7. High density QCD and nucleus-nucleus scattering deeply in the saturation region
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kormilitzin, Andrey; Levin, Eugene; Miller, Jeremy S.
2011-01-01
In this paper we solve the equations that describe nucleus-nucleus scattering, in high density QCD, in the framework of the BFKL Pomeron Calculus. We found that (i) the contribution of short distances to the opacity for nucleus-nucleus scattering dies at high energies, (ii) the opacity tends to unity at high energy, and (iii) the main contribution that survives comes from soft (long distance) processes for large values of the impact parameter. The corrections to the opacity Ω(Y,b)=1 were calculated and it turns out that they have a completely different form, namely (1-Ω→exp(-Const√(Y))) than the opacity that stems from the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, which is (1-Ω→exp(-ConstY 2 )). We reproduce the formula for the nucleus-nucleus cross section that is commonly used in the description of nucleus-nucleus scattering, and there is no reason why it should be correct in the Glauber-Gribov approach.
8. Production of strange and multistrange hadrons in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SPS
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Antinori, F.; Bakke, H.; Beusch, W.; Staroba, Pavel; Závada, Petr
1999-01-01
Roč. 661, - (1999), 130c-139c ISSN 0375-9474 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010920 Keywords : production * nucleus-nucleus collisions * hadrons * strangeness * model predictions Subject RIV: BF - Elementary Particles and High Energy Physics Impact factor: 2.088, year: 1999
9. The mechanism of nuclear energy release in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.; Strugalska-Gola, E.
1998-01-01
The mechanism of intranuclear energy release in reactions induced by nucleus-nucleus collisions at energies higher than ∼ 0.5 GeV/nucl. is presented - as prompted experimentally. The intranuclear energy release goes through local damages of the colliding nuclei
10. Study of η-nucleus interaction through the formation of η-nucleus ...
Answer to this question will deeply enrich our understanding of -nucleus interaction which is not so well-understood. We review the experimental efforts for the search of -mesic nuclei and describe the physics motivation behind it. We present the description of an experiment for the search of -nucleus bound state using ...
11. Structural dynamics of the cell nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
2011-01-01
Neuronal morphology plays an essential role in signal processing in the brain. Individual neurons can undergo use-dependent changes in their shape and connectivity, which affects how intracellular processes are regulated and how signals are transferred from one cell to another in a neuronal network. Calcium is one of the most important intracellular second messengers regulating cellular morphologies and functions. In neurons, intracellular calcium levels are controlled by ion channels in the plasma membrane such as NMDA receptors (NMDARs), voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and certain α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) as well as by calcium exchange pathways between the cytosol and internal calcium stores including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Synaptic activity and the subsequent opening of ligand and/or voltage-gated calcium channels can initiate cytosolic calcium transients which propagate towards the cell soma and enter the nucleus via its nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the nuclear envelope. We recently described the discovery that in hippocampal neurons the morphology of the nucleus affects the calcium dynamics within the nucleus. Here we propose that nuclear infoldings determine whether a nucleus functions as an integrator or detector of oscillating calcium signals. We outline possible ties between nuclear mophology and transcriptional activity and discuss the importance of extending the approach to whole cell calcium signal modeling in order to understand synapse-to-nucleus communication in healthy and dysfunctional neurons. PMID:21738832
12. The nuclear response and the imaginary potential for nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Phatak, S.C.; Sinha, B.
1983-01-01
The Fermi-gas model is used in this paper to study the nucleus-nucleus collision. The field produced by one of the nuclei is considered to act on nucleons in the other nucleus, which is treated as a Fermi gas of radius R. The imaginary part of the (non-local) nucleus-nucleus potential is then computed by evaluating the energy-conserving second-order term in which the intermediate states are particle-hole excitations produced in the Fermi gas. The equivalent local potential, obtained by using the Perey-Saxon method, is compared with phenomenological imaginary potentials. Later it is shown that, in the limit of small range of non-locality, the imaginary potential can be related to the nuclear response function. With this, one can write the nuclear friction coefficient that is used in phenomenological analyses of heavy-ion collisions in terms of the imaginary potential. (orig.)
13. The dynamic landscape of the cell nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Austin, Christopher M; Bellini, Michel
2010-01-01
While the cell nucleus was described for the first time almost two centuries ago, our modern view of the nuclear architecture is primarily based on studies from the last two decades. This surprising late start coincides with the development of new, powerful strategies to probe for the spatial organization of nuclear activities in both fixed and live cells. As a result, three major principles have emerged: first, the nucleus is not just a bag filled with nucleic acids and proteins. Rather, many distinct functional domains, including the chromosomes, resides within the confines of the nuclear envelope. Second, all these nuclear domains are highly dynamic, with molecules exchanging rapidly between them and the surrounding nucleoplasm. Finally, the motion of molecules within the nucleoplasm appears to be mostly driven by random diffusion. Here, the emerging roles of several subnuclear domains are discussed in the context of the dynamic functions of the cell nucleus.
14. The atomic nucleus as a target
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.; Pawlak, T.
1981-01-01
The purpose of this article is to characterize the atomic nucleus used as a target in hadron-nucleus collision experiments. The atomic nucleus can be treated as a lens-shaped ''slab'' of nuclear matter. Such ''slab'' should be characterized by the nuclear matter layer thickness at any impact parameter, by its average thickness, and by its maximal thickness. Parameters characterizing atomic nuclei as targets are given for the elements: 6 12 C, 7 14 N, 8 16 O, 9 19 F, 10 20 Ne, 13 27 Al, 14 28 Si, 16 32 S, 18 40 Ar, 24 52 Cr, 26 54 Fe, 27 59 Co, 29 64 Cu, 30 65 Zn, 32 73 Ge, 35 80 Br, 47 100 Ag, 53 127 I, 54 131 Xe, 73 181 Ta, 74 184 W, 79 197 Au, 82 207 Pb, 92 -- 238 U [ru
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wallace, S.J.
1981-07-01
Recent progress in diffraction theory shows that proton-nucleus scattering at nonforward angles is dominated by the interference of waves from two or more bright spots. Analytic formulas based on asymptotic theories of diffraction yield valuable new insights into the scattering and these formulas can be readily extended to illuminate the role of dynamical ingredients, i.e., the nucleon-nucleon amplitudes. The governing parameters of the diffraction and some direct connections between the observed cross sections and the input dynamics are reviewed. New information regarding the nucleon-nucleon parameters based on recent phase shift analyses show some systematic differences from the effective NN amplitudes which produce fits to proton-nucleus diffraction data. Recent progress in understanding the role of Δ-isobars in proton-nucleus dynamics is reviewed. 126 references
16. Direct projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypophysiotrophic corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrated...
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Vrang, N.; Larsen, P.J.; Mikkelsen, J.D.
1995-01-01
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, circadian rhythms, phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, dual immunocytochemistry......Suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, circadian rhythms, phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, dual immunocytochemistry...
17. Experimental search for compression phenomena in fast nucleus--nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Schopper, E.; Baumgardt, H.G.; Obst, E.
1977-01-01
The occurrence of compression phenomena and shock waves, connected with the increase of the density of the nuclear matter during the interpenetration of two fast nuclei, are discussed. Current experiments dealing with this problem are reviewed. Before considering the mechanism of the interpenetration of two fast nuclei it may be useful to look at more simple situations, i.e., proton-proton interactions, then to envelop them with nuclear matter, considering proton-nucleus interactions. Only very general features are described, which may give suggestions for the understanding of the nucleus-nucleus impact
18. TWO-PHOTON PHYSICS IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS AT RHIC
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Nystrand, J.; Klein, S.
1998-01-01
Ultra-relativistic heavy-ions carry strong electromagnetic and nuclear fields. Interactions between these fields in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions can probe many interesting physics topics. This presentation will focus on coherent two-photon and photonuclear processes at RHIC. The rates for these interactions will be high. The coherent coupling of all the protons in the nucleus enhances the equivalent photon flux by a factor Z 2 up to an energy of ∼ 3 GeV. The plans for studying coherent interactions with the STAR experiment will be discussed. Experimental techniques for separating signal from background will be presented
19. Two-photon physics in nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Nystrand, J.; Klein, S.
1998-01-01
Ultra-relativistic heavy-ions carry strong electromagnetic and nuclear fields. Interactions between these fields in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions can probe many interesting physics topics. This presentation will focus on coherent two-photon and photonuclear processes at RHIC. The rates for these interactions will be high. The coherent coupling of all the protons in the nucleus enhances the equivalent photon flux by a factor Z 2 up to an energy of ∼ 3 GeV. The plans for studying coherent interactions with the STAR experiment will be discussed. Experimental techniques for separating signal from background will be presented
20. Future prospects in N-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moss, J.M.
1983-01-01
A detailed examination of two research areas, polarization observables and antiproton-nucleus reactions, which should have near-term future impact on the understanding of the interaction of medium-energy nucleons in nuclei is made. More speculative future experiments employing cooled beams, double spectrometer systems, and large Q-value, low momentum-transfer reactions are also discussed. 25 references, 4 figures
1. Consequences of hadron-nucleus multiplicity parametrization
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Singh, C.P.; Shyam, M.
1986-01-01
Some interesting consequences are analyzed of a new parametrization for the hadron-nucleus multiplicity distributions and they are compared with the experimental data. Further, it is illustrated how the scaling property for the average multiplicity will be modified and it is found that the experimental data support this behaviour. (orig.)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Koplik, J.; Mueller, A.H.
1975-01-01
Theoretical expectations for hadron-nucleus scattering at high energy if the basic hadron-hadron interaction is due to Regge poles and cuts arising in multiperipheral or soft field theory models are described. Experiments at Fermilab may provide a critical test of such models
3. Large philipsite crystal as ferromanganese nodule nucleus
Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)
nodule accretion as approximately 2 mm/Ma and that of phillipsite growth as approximately 0.65 mm/Ka, the nucleus material appears to have been growing for approximately 4.5-5 Ma. Originally surfaced as a rock fragment from late Miocene volcanism...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wosiek, B.
1976-09-01
The correlations between the particles produced in interactions of hadrons with emulsion nuclei were investigated. The data are in qualitative agreement with the models which describe the interactions with nuclei as subsequent collisions of the fast part of excited hadronic matter inside the nucleus. (author)
5. Inside a plant nucleus: discovering the proteins
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Petrovská, Beáta; Šebela, M.; Doležel, Jaroslav
2015-01-01
Roč. 66, č. 6 (2015), s. 1627-1640 ISSN 0022-0957 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA14-28443S; GA MŠk(CZ) LO1204 Institutional support: RVO:61389030 Keywords : Cell nucleus * chromatin * genome function Subject RIV: EB - Genetics ; Molecular Biology Impact factor: 5.677, year: 2015
6. Iliacus Abscess with Radiculopathy Mimicking Herniated Nucleus ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2016-05-02
May 2, 2016 ... radiculopathy mimicking herniated nucleus pulposus: Aadditional diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017;20:392-3. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons. Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License, which allows ...
7. Resonances in η-light nucleus systems
We locate resonances in -light nucleus elastic scattering using the time delay method. We solve few-body equations within the finite rank approximation in order to calculate the -matrices and hence the time delay for the - 3He and - 4He systems. We find a resonance very close to the threshold in - 3 He elastic ...
8. Compound nucleus studies withy reverse kinematics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moretto, L.G.
1985-06-01
Reverse kinematics reactions are used to demonstrate the compound nucleus origin of intermediate mass particles at low energies and the extension of the same mechanism at higher energies. No evidence has appeared in our energy range for liquid-vapor equilibrium or cold fragmentation mechanisms. 11 refs., 12 figs
9. The dual role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in modulating parthanatos and autophagy under oxidative stress in rat cochlear marginal cells of the stria vascularis.
Science.gov (United States)
Jiang, Hong-Yan; Yang, Yang; Zhang, Yuan-Yuan; Xie, Zhen; Zhao, Xue-Yan; Sun, Yu; Kong, Wei-Jia
2018-04-01
10. Formation of proton-fragments in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bazarov, E.Kh.; Olimov, K.; Petrov, V.I.; Lutpullaev, S.L.
2006-01-01
Full text: The investigation of production of protons in hadron- and nucleus-nucleus interactions is a key problem allowing one to establish the singularities of dynamics of nuclear interactions. The formation of proton-fragments at high energies of colliding particles proceeds within both the interaction of hadrons with nuclei and in the process of decay of the nucleus or its de-excitation at peripheral interactions. At different stages of interaction of impinging particle with target nucleus, the different mechanisms of formation of proton-fragments: the direct knock-out of intranuclear nucleons in the process of high energy cascade of an initial hadron, intranuclear cascade of produced particles, decay of the excited multi-nucleon fragments and of the thermalized remnant nucleus, and the coalescence of nuclear fragments to the new clusters are realized with the certain probability, connected to the interaction parameters (the interaction energy, the parameter of collision, the intranuclear density, the configuration of Fermi momentum of nucleons and clusters of target nucleus et al.). In its turn, the mechanisms of formation of the final nuclear fragments are closely related to the type of excitation of an initial nucleus. The peripheral interactions proceed at small transfers of the momentum of an impinging particle and represent the wide class of reactions covering the processes from diffractive or coulomb collective excitations of the whole nucleus to the direct quasi-elastic knock-out of the separate nucleons. Non-peripheral interactions are caused by comparatively high local transfers of momentum to the intranuclear clusters allowing the development of intranuclear cascade and the asymmetric redistribution of energy of an impinging particle. The central collisions causing the full decay of nucleus on nucleons or few-nucleon fragments, are the limiting case of the maximal development of the intranuclear cascade. The interaction of the initial particles with
11. Sex-Specific Effects of Stress on Oxytocin Neurons Correspond With Responses to Intranasal Oxytocin.
Science.gov (United States)
Steinman, Michael Q; Duque-Wilckens, Natalia; Greenberg, Gian D; Hao, Rebecca; Campi, Katharine L; Laredo, Sarah A; Laman-Maharg, Abigail; Manning, Claire E; Doig, Ian E; Lopez, Eduardo M; Walch, Keenan; Bales, Karen L; Trainor, Brian C
2016-09-01
Oxytocin (OT) is considered to be a stress-buffering hormone, dampening the physiologic effects of stress. However, OT can also be anxiogenic. We examined acute and long-lasting effects of social defeat on OT neurons in male and female California mice. We used immunohistochemistry for OT and c-fos cells to examine OT neuron activity immediately after defeat (n = 6-9) and 2 weeks (n = 6-9) and 10 weeks (n = 4-5) later. We quantified Oxt messenger RNA with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 5-9). Intranasal OT was administered to naïve and stressed mice tested in social interaction and resident-intruder tests (n = 8-14). Acute exposure to a third episode of defeat increased OT/c-fos colocalizations in the paraventricular nucleus of both sexes. In the medioventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, defeat increased Oxt messenger RNA, total OT neurons, and OT/c-fos colocalizations in female mice but not male mice. Intranasal OT failed to reverse stress-induced social withdrawal in female mice and reduced social interaction behavior in female mice naïve to defeat. In contrast, intranasal OT increased social interaction in stressed male mice and reduced freezing in the resident-intruder test. Social defeat induces long-lasting increases in OT production and OT/c-fos cells in the medioventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of female mice but not male mice. Intranasal OT largely reversed the effects of stress on behavior in male mice, but effects were mixed in female mice. These results suggest that changes in OT-sensitive networks contribute to sex differences in behavioral responses to stress. Copyright © 2015 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Interaction with the Arcuate Nucleus; Essential for Organizing Physiological Rhythms
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Buijs, Frederik N.; Guzmán-Ruiz, Mara; León-Mercado, Luis; Basualdo, Mari Carmen; Escobar, Carolina; Kalsbeek, Andries; Buijs, Ruud M.
2017-01-01
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is generally considered the master clock, independently driving all circadian rhythms. We recently demonstrated the SCN receives metabolic and cardiovascular feedback adeptly altering its neuronal activity. In the present study, we show that microcuts effectively
13. The suprachiasmatic nucleus-paraventricular nucleus interactions: a bridge to the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Buijs, R. M.; Hermes, M. H.; Kalsbeek, A.
1998-01-01
Vasopressin (VP) is one of the principal neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). By means of anatomical, physiological and electrophysiological techniques we have demonstrated that VP containing pathways from the SCN serve to affect neuroendocrine and 'autonomic' neurons in the
14. Effective nucleus-nucleus potentials derived from the generator coordinate method
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Friedrich, H; Canto, L F [Oxford Univ. (UK). Dept. of Theoretical Physics
1977-11-07
The equivalence of the generator coordinate method (GCM) and the resonating group method (RGM) and the formal equivalence of the RGM and the orthogonality condition model (OCM) lead to a relation connecting the effective nucleus-nucleus potentials of the OCM with matrix elements of the GCM. This relation may be used to derive effective nucleus-nucleus potentials directly from GCM matrix elements without explicit reference to the potentials of the RGM. In a first application local and l-independent effective potentials are derived from diagonal GCM matrix elements which represent the energy surfaces of a two-centre shell model. Using these potentials the OCM can reproduce the results of a full RGM calculation very well for the elastic scattering of two ..cap alpha..-particles and fairly well for elastic /sup 16/O-/sup 16/O scattering.
15. Fast detector for triggering on charged particle multiplicity for relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Agakishiev, G.; Man'yakov, P.K.; Drees, A.
1997-01-01
The simple and fast detector of charged particle multiplicity for relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision studies is performed. The multiplicity detector has been designed for the first level trigger of the CERES/NA45 experiment to study Pb-Au collisions at CERN SPS energies. The detector has allowed a realization of the 40 ns trigger for selection of events with definite impact parameter. The construction, operation characteristics, method of calibration, and testing results are described in detail
16. Random matrix theory and analysis of nucleus-nucleus collision at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shahaliev, E.I.; Inst. of Radiation Problems, Baku; ); Kuznetsov, A.A.; Suleymanov, M.K.; ); Teryaev, O.V.; )
2006-01-01
A novel method for analysis of experimental data obtained at relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is proposed. The method, based on the ideas of Random Matrix Theory, is applied to detect systematic errors that occur at measurements of momentum distributions of emitted particles. The unfolded momentum distribution is well described by the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices, when the uncertainty in the momentum distribution is maximal. The method is free from unwanted background contributions [ru
17. Theory of and effects from elastoplasticity in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1985-02-01
Elastoplasticity of finite Fermi systems results from a coherent coupling between collective and intrinsic degrees of freedom and subsequent equilibration essentially due to two-body collisions. Within a non-markovian transport-theoretical approach referred to as dissipative diabatic dynamics (DDD), elastoplastical forms the link between giant vibrations and overdamped motion of nuclear. Obersvable effects resulting from this non-markovian behaviour in nucleus-nucleus collisions are discussed. (orig.)
18. Strangeness and charm production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at beam energies near the thresholds
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Senger, P.
2001-01-01
The creation of strangeness and charm in nucleus-nucleus collisions at threshold beam energies is discussed as a probe for compressed baryonic matter. Experimental data on strangeness production at SIS energies indicate that the properties of kaons and antikaons are modified in the dense nuclear medium. An experiment is proposed to explore the QCD phase diagram in the region of highest baryon densities. An important observable will be charm production close to threshold. (orig.)
19. Nucleon molecular orbitals and the transition mechanism between molecular orbitals in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Imanishi, B.; Misono, S.; von Oertzen, W.; Voit, H.
1988-08-01
The molecular orbitals of the nucleon(s) in nucleus-nucleus collisions are dynamically defined as a linear combination of nucleon single-particle orbits (LCNO) in a rotating frame by using the coupled-reaction-channel (CRC) theory. Nucleon molecular orbitals and the promotions of nucleon, - especially due to the Landau-Zener radial coupling are discussed with the method above mentioned. (author)
20. Multi-quark effects in high energy nucleon-nucleon and nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Besliu, C.; Caraciuc, I.; Jipa, A.; Olariu, A.; Topor-Pop, R.; Cotorobai, F.; Pantea, D.; Popa, L.; Popa, V.; Topor-Pop, V.
1988-02-01
Recent data obtained in two experiments performed in the framework of the Bucharest-Dubna collaboration are presented, i.e.: the observation of narrow dibaryonic resonances is neutron-proton interactions in 1mHBC at different momenta of incident neutrons in the range 1-5 GeV/c, and the cumulative production of negative pions in nucleus-nucleus interactions in SKM-200 streamer chamber at 4.5 GeV/c. (authors)
1. ψ' and J/ψ suppression in high-energy nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wong, Cheuk-Yin.
1995-01-01
The observed features of ψ' to J/ψ suppression in pA and nucleus-nucleus collisions can be explained in terms of a two-component absorption model. For the hard component of the absorption due to the interaction of the produced c bar c systems with baryons at high relative energies, the absorption cross sections are insensitive to the radii of the c bar c systems, as described by the Additive Quark Model. For the soft component due to the low energy c bar c interactions with soft particles produced by other baryon-baryon collisions, the absorption cross sections are greater for ψ' than for J/ψ, because the breakup threshold for ψ' is much smaller than for ψ
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Szymanski, P.
2006-09-01
This work concerns soft hadronic interactions which in the Standard Model carry most of the observable cross-section but are not amenable to quantitative predictions due to the very nature of the QCD (Theory of Strong Interactions). In the low momentum transfer region the evolving coupling constant caused perturbation theory to break down. In this situation better experimental understanding of the physics phenomena is needed. One aspect of the soft hadronic interactions will be discussed in this work: transfer of the baryon number from the initial to the final state of the interaction. The past experimental knowledge on this process is presented, reasons for its unsatisfactory status are discussed and condition necessary for improvement are outlined: that is experimental apparatus with superior performance over the full range of available interactions: hadron-hadron collision, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions. A consistent model-independent picture of the baryon number transfer process emerging from the data on the full range of interactions is shown. It offers serious challenge to theory to provide quantitative and detailed explanation of the measurements. (author)
3. Cell Nucleus-Targeting Zwitterionic Carbon Dots.
Science.gov (United States)
Jung, Yun Kyung; Shin, Eeseul; Kim, Byeong-Su
2015-12-22
An innovative nucleus-targeting zwitterionic carbon dot (CD) vehicle has been developed for anticancer drug delivery and optical monitoring. The zwitterionic functional groups of the CDs introduced by a simple one-step synthesis using β-alanine as a passivating and zwitterionic ligand allow cytoplasmic uptake and subsequent nuclear translocation of the CDs. Moreover, multicolor fluorescence improves the accuracy of the CDs as an optical code. The CD-based drug delivery system constructed by non-covalent grafting of doxorubicin, exhibits superior antitumor efficacy owing to enhanced nuclear delivery in vitro and tumor accumulation in vivo, resulting in highly effective tumor growth inhibition. Since the zwitterionic CDs are highly biocompatible and effectively translocated into the nucleus, it provides a compelling solution to a multifunctional nanoparticle for substantially enhanced nuclear uptake of drugs and optical monitoring of translocation.
4. Nucleus spectroscopy: extreme masses and deformations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Theisen, Ch.
2009-12-01
The author proposes a synthesis of research activities performed since 1995 in the field of experimental nuclear physics, and more particularly in the investigation of two nucleus extreme states: deformation on the one hand, heavy and very heavy nuclei on the other hand. After a presentation of the context of investigations on deformation, rotation, and heavy nuclei, he gives an overview of developments regarding instruments (gamma spectrometers, detection of fission fragments, and detection at the focal plane of spectrometers or separators) and analysis techniques. Experiments and results are then reported and discussed, concerning super-deformed states with a high angular moment, spectroscopy of neutron-rich nuclei, very heavy nuclei close to nucleus map borders. He finally draws perspectives for middle and long term studies on the heaviest nuclei
5. η production in proton-nucleus reactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cassing, W.; Batko, G.; Vetter, T.; Wolf, G.
1991-01-01
The production of η-mesons in proton-nucleus reactions is analysed with respect to primary nucleon-nucleon (NN→NN η ) and secondary pion-nucleon (πN→ηN) production processes on the basis of Hartree-Fock groundstate momentum distributions and free on-shell production processes. The folding model adopted compares well for meson production with more involved simulations based on VUU transport equations. Similar to K + production in proton-nucleus reactions the η-mesons are primarily produced by the πN→ηN channel. However, η-mesons are absorbed in nuclei via excitation of the N * (1535) resonance which leads to strong distortions of the primordial spectra. On the other hand, the experimental mass dependence of the differential cross sections might yield information about the in-medium properties of this resonance. (orig.)
6. Protein quality control in the nucleus
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Sofie V.; Poulsen, Esben Guldahl; Rebula, Caio A.
2014-01-01
to aggregate, cells have evolved several elaborate quality control systems to deal with these potentially toxic proteins. First, various molecular chaperones will seize the misfolded protein and either attempt to refold the protein or target it for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system...... to be particularly active in protein quality control. Thus, specific ubiquitin-protein ligases located in the nucleus, target not only misfolded nuclear proteins, but also various misfolded cytosolic proteins which are transported to the nucleus prior to their degradation. In comparison, much less is known about...... these mechanisms in mammalian cells. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of nuclear protein quality control, in particular regarding substrate recognition and proteasomal degradation....
7. Is atomic energy different from a nucleus?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, Sun Young
1995-07-01
This book describes of two faces of nuclear energy : the secret of a nuclear, the history of nuclear energy : the scientists with a nuclear, the nuclear energy generation : the third disapprobation, a nuclear weapon : Choice of fear, the Korean peninsula and a nuclear and nuclear energy and utilization in peace. It consists of 31 questions and the answers of the questions about nuclear energy and nucleus.
8. Nuclear alignment following compound nucleus reactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Butler, P.A.; Nolan, P.J.
1981-01-01
A procedure for calculating the alignment of a nuclear state populated by a compound nucleus reaction is given and used to investigate how alignment varies for different types of population mechanisms. The calculations are compared to both predictions of Gaussian models for the state population distribution and to experimental data, for a variety of types of nuclear reactions. The treatment of alignment in the analysis of γ-ray angular distribution is discussed. (orig.)
9. Momentum distribution in the nucleus. II
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1977-01-01
We calculate the single particle momentum distribution n(q) for a one-dimensional model with delta forces. There is a domain of q for which n(q) has an exponential falloff; but, after allowance is made for the nonsaturation in the model, that domain does not grow significantly with particle number. The relation of this result to large momentum scattering from the nucleus and to the Hartree approximation is briefly discussed
10. Development of a Mobile Ice Nucleus Counter
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kok, Gregory [Droplet Measurement Technologies, Boulder, CO (United States); Kulkarni, Gourihar [Droplet Measurement Technologies, Boulder, CO (United States)
2014-07-10
An ice nucleus counter has been constructed. The instrument uses built-in refrigeration systems for wall cooling. A cascade refrigeration system will allow the cold wall to operate as low as -70°C, and a single stage system can operate the warm wall at -45C. A unique optical particle counter has been constructed using polarization detection of the scattered light. This allows differentiation of the particles exiting the chamber to determine if they are ice or liquid.
11. Parity violation in the compound nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mitchell, G. E.; Crawford, B. E.; Grossmann, C. A.; Lowie, L. Y.; Bowman, J. D.; Knudson, J.; Penttilae, S.; Seestrom, S. J.; Smith, D. A.; Yen, Yi-Fen; Yuan, V. W.; Delheij, P. P. J.; Haseyama, T.; Masaike, A.; Matsuda, Y.; Postma, H.; Roberson, N. R.; Sharapov, E. I.; Stephenson, S. L.
1999-01-01
Measurements have been performed on the helicity dependence of the neutron resonance cross section for many nuclei by our TRIPLE Collaboration. A large number of parity violations are observed. Generic enhancements amplify the signal for symmetry breaking and the stochastic properties of the compound nucleus permit the strength of the symmetry-breaking interaction to be determined without knowledge of the wave functions of individual states. A total of 15 nuclei have been analyzed with this statistical approach. The results are summarized
12. Study of fragmentation reactions of light nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Toneli, David Arruda; Carlson, Brett Vern
2011-01-01
Full text: The decay of the compound nucleus is traditionally calculated using a sequential emission model, such as the Weisskopf-Ewing or Hauser-Feshbach ones, in which the compound nucleus decays through a series of residual nuclei by emitting one particle at a time until there is no longer sufficient energy for further emission. In light compound nucleus, however, the excitation energy necessary to fully disintegrate the system is relatively easy to attain. In such cases, decay by simultaneous emission of two or more particles becomes important. A model which takes into account all these decay is the Fermi fragmentation model. Recently, the equivalence between the Fermi fragmentation model and statistical multifragmentation model used to describe the decay for highly excited fragments for reactions of heavy ions was demonstrated. Due the simplicity of the thermodynamic treatment used in the multifragmentation model, we have adapted it to the calculation of Fermi breakup of light nuclei. The ultimate goal of this study is to calculate the distribution of isotopes produced in proton-induced reactions on light nuclei of biological interest, such as C, O e Ca. Although most of these residual nuclei possess extremely short half-lives and thus represent little long-term danger, they tend to be deficient in neutrons and to decay by positron emission, which allows the monitoring of proton radiotherapy by PET (Positron Emission Tomography). (author)
13. Antinucleon-nucleus elastic and inelastic scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dover, C.B.; Millener, D.J.
1985-01-01
A general overview of the utility of antinucleon (anti N)-nucleus inelastic scattering studies is presented, emphasizing both the sensitivity of the cross sections to various components of the N anti N transition amplitudes and the prospects for the exploration of some novel aspects of nuclear structure. We start with an examination of the relation between NN and N anti N potentials, focusing on the coherences predicted for the central, spin-orbit and tensor components, and how these may be revealed by measurements of two-body spin observables. We next discuss the role of the nucleus as a spin and isospin filter, and show how, by a judicious choice of final state quantum numbers (natural or unnatural parity states, isospin transfer ΔT = 0 or 1) and momentum transfer q, one can isolate different components of the N anti N transition amplitude. Various models for the N anti N interaction which give reasonable fits to the available two-body data are shown to lead to strikingly different predictions for certain spin-flip nuclear transitions. We suggest several possible directions for future anti N-nucleus inelastic scattering experiments, for instance the study of spin observables which would be accessible with polarized anti N beams, charge exchange reactions, and higher resolution studies of the (anti p, anti p') reaction. We compare the antinucleon and the nucleon as a probe of nuclear modes of excitation. 40 refs., 13 figs
14. NPBWR1 and NPBWR2: implications in energy homeostasis, pain, and emotion
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Takeshi eSakurai
2013-03-01
Full Text Available Neuropeptide B/W receptor 1 (NPBWR1 and NPBWR2 had been known as orphan receptors GPR7 and 8, respectively. Endogenous peptide ligands of these receptors, neuropeptide B and neuropeptide W, were identified in 2002 and 2003 (1-3. These peptides have been implicated in regulation of feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and modulating inflammatory pain. In addition, strong and discrete expression of their receptors in the extended amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suggests a potential role in regulating stress responses, emotion, anxiety and fear. Recent studies of NPB/NPW using both pharmacological and phenotypic analyses of genetically engineered mice as well as a human study support this hypothesis.
15. Neudesin is involved in anxiety behavior: structural and neurochemical correlates
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ashley eNovais
2013-09-01
Full Text Available Neudesin (also known as neuron derived neurotrophic factor, Nenf is a scarcely studied putative non-canonical neurotrophic factor. In order to understand its function in the brain, we performed an extensive behavioral characterization (motor, emotional and cognitive dimensions of neudesin-null mice. The absence of neudesin leads to an anxious-like behavior as assessed in the elevated plus maze, light/dark box and novelty suppressed feeding tests, but not in the acoustic startle test. This anxious phenotype is associated with reduced dopaminergic input and impoverished dendritic arborizations in the dentate gyrus granule neurons of the ventral hippocampus. Interestingly, shorter dendrites are also observed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST of neudesin-null mice. These findings lead us to suggest that neudesin is a novel relevant player in the maintenance of the anxiety circuitry.
16. The intersection of stress and reward: BNST modulation of aversive and appetitive states.
Science.gov (United States)
Ch'ng, Sarah; Fu, Jingjing; Brown, Robyn M; McDougall, Stuart J; Lawrence, Andrew J
2018-01-09
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is widely acknowledged as a brain structure that regulates stress and anxiety states, as well as aversive and appetitive behaviours. The diverse roles of the BNST are afforded by its highly modular organisation, neurochemical heterogeneity, and complex intrinsic and extrinsic circuitry. There has been growing interest in the BNST in relation to psychopathologies such as anxiety and addiction. Although research on the human BNST is still in its infancy, there have been extensive preclinical studies examining the molecular signature and hodology of the BNST and their involvement in stress and reward seeking behaviour. This review examines the neurochemical phenotype and connectivity of the BNST, as well as electrophysiological correlates of plasticity in the BNST mediated by stress and/or drugs of abuse. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
17. Formation, structure, and evolution of boiling nucleus and interfacial tension between bulk liquid phase and nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Xiao-Dong; Peng, Xiao-Feng; Tian, Yong; Wang, Bu-Xuan
2005-05-01
In this paper, the concept of the molecular free path is introduced to derive a criterion distinguishing active molecules from inactive molecules in liquid phase. A concept of the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of active molecules is proposed to describe the physical configuration before the formation of a nucleus during vapor-liquid phase transition. All active molecules exist as monomers when the concentration of active molecules is lower than CAC, while the active molecules will generate aggregation once the concentration of the active molecules reaches CAC. However, these aggregates with aggregation number, N, smaller than five can steadily exist in bulk phase. The other excess active molecules can only produce infinite aggregation and form a critical nucleus of vapor-liquid phase transition. Without any outer perturbation the state point of CAC corresponds to the critical superheated or supercooled state. Meanwhile, a model of two-region structure of a nucleus is proposed to describe nucleus evolution. The interfacial tension between bulk liquid phase and nucleus is dependent of the density gradient in the transition region and varies with the structure change of the transition region. With the interfacial tension calculated using this model, the predicted nucleation rate is very close to the experimental measurement. Furthermore, this model and associated analysis provides solid theoretical evidences to clarify the definition of nucleation rate and understand nucleation phenomenon with the insight into the physical nature.
18. J/$\\psi$ production in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions at the CERN SPS
CERN Document Server
Abreu, M C; Alexa, C; Arnaldi, R; Ataian, M R; Baglin, C; Baldit, A; Bedjidian, Marc; Beolè, S; Boldea, V; Bordalo, P; Borges, G; Bussière, A; Capelli, L; Castanier, C; Castor, J I; Chaurand, B; Chevrot, I; Cheynis, B; Chiavassa, E; Cicalò, C; Claudino, T; Comets, M P; Constans, N; Constantinescu, S; Cortese, P; De Falco, A; De Marco, N; Dellacasa, G; Devaux, A; Dita, S; Drapier, O; Ducroux, L; Espagnon, B; Fargeix, J; Force, P; Gallio, M; Gavrilov, Yu K; Gerschel, C; Giubellino, P; Golubeva, M B; Gonin, M; Grigorian, A A; Grossiord, J Y; Guber, F F; Guichard, A; Gulkanian, H R; Hakobyan, R S; Haroutunian, R; Idzik, M; Jouan, D; Karavitcheva, T L; Kluberg, L; Kurepin, A B; Le Bornec, Y; Lourenço, C; Macciotta, P; MacCormick, M; Marzari-Chiesa, A; Masera, M; Masoni, A; Monteno, M; Musso, A; Petiau, P; Piccotti, A; Pizzi, J R; Prado da Silva, W L; Prino, F; Puddu, G; Quintans, C; Ramello, L; Ramos, S; Rato-Mendes, P; Riccati, L; Romana, A; Santos, H; Saturnini, P; Scalas, E; Scomparin, E; Serci, S; Shahoyan, R; Sigaudo, F; Silva, S; Sitta, M; Sonderegger, P; Tarrago, X; Topilskaya, N S; Usai, G L; Vercellin, Ermanno; Villatte, L; Willis, N
2002-01-01
The NA38 and NA50 experiments at the CERN SPS have measured charmonium production in different colliding systems with the aim of observing a phase transition from ordinary hadronic matter towards a state in which quarks and gluons are deconfined (quark-gluon plasma, QGP). This experimental research is based on the prediction that the J/ psi yield should be suppressed in deconfined matter. The analysis of the data collected by the NA50 experiment with Pb-Pb collisions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon shows that the J/ psi is anomalously suppressed with respect to the pattern observed in proton-nucleus and light ion reactions. (9 refs).
19. Gross and Fine Structure of Pion Production Excitation Functions in {bold {ital p}}-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Reactions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jakobsson, B.; Berg, M.; Carlen, L.; Elmer, R.; Fokin, A.; Ghetti, R.; Martensson, J.; Noren, B.; Oskarsson, A.; Whitlow, H.J. [Department of Physics, University of Lund, Lund (Sweden); Ekstroem, C.; Ericsson, G.; Romanski, J.; van Veldhuizen, E.J.; Westerberg, L. [The Svedberg Laboratory and Department of Neutron Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala (Sweden); Julien, J. [Centre dEtudes Nucleaires, Saclay (France); Skeppstedt, O. [Department of Physics, Chalmers Institute of Technology, Gothenburg (Sweden); Nyboe, K.; Thorsteinsen, T.F.; Amirelmi, S. [Department of Physics, University of Bergen, Bergen (Norway); Guttormsen, M.; Lo/vho/iden, G. [Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo (Norway); Bellini, V.; Palazzolo, F.; Sperduto, M.L. [Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare/Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud, University of Catania, Catania (Italy); Bondorf, J.P.; Mishustin, I. [Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen (Denmark); Avdeichikov, V. [Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia); Lozhkin, O.V.; Murin, Y. [V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, St.Petersburg (Russia)
1997-05-01
Slow ramping of the CELSIUS storage ring has been utilized to measure the yield of charged pions in proton and heavy ion induced collisions with continuously varying beam energy. Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck predictions, including Fermi momenta of nucleons in nuclei, follow the general shape of the p-nucleus excitation functions quite well except for a general overestimation of the backward emission. For heavy ion reactions the calculated yield also falls off faster with decreasing beam energy than the data. No statistically significant narrow resonances are observed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
20. Meson-nucleus potentials and the search for meson-nucleus bound states
Science.gov (United States)
Metag, V.; Nanova, M.; Paryev, E. Ya.
2017-11-01
Recent experiments studying the meson-nucleus interaction to extract meson-nucleus potentials are reviewed. The real part of the potentials quantifies whether the interaction is attractive or repulsive while the imaginary part describes the meson absorption in nuclei. The review is focused on mesons which are sufficiently long-lived to potentially form meson-nucleus quasi-bound states. The presentation is confined to meson production off nuclei in photon-, pion-, proton-, and light-ion induced reactions and heavy-ion collisions at energies near the production threshold. Tools to extract the potential parameters are presented. In most cases, the real part of the potential is determined by comparing measured meson momentum distributions or excitation functions with collision model or transport model calculations. The imaginary part is extracted from transparency ratio measurements. Results on K+ ,K0 ,K- , η ,η‧ , ω, and ϕ mesons are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. The interaction of K+ and K0 mesons with nuclei is found to be weakly repulsive, while the K- , η ,η‧ , ω and ϕ meson-nucleus potentials are attractive, however, with widely different strengths. Because of meson absorption in the nuclear medium the imaginary parts of the meson-nucleus potentials are all negative, again with a large spread. An outlook on planned experiments in the charm sector is given. In view of the determined potential parameters, the criteria and chances for experimentally observing meson-nucleus quasi-bound states are discussed. The most promising candidates appear to be the η and η‧ mesons.
1. Genoarchitecture of the extended amygdala in zebra finch, and expression of FoxP2 in cell corridors of different genetic profile.
Science.gov (United States)
Vicario, Alba; Mendoza, Ezequiel; Abellán, Antonio; Scharff, Constance; Medina, Loreta
2017-01-01
We used a battery of genes encoding transcription factors (Pax6, Islet1, Nkx2.1, Lhx6, Lhx5, Lhx9, FoxP2) and neuropeptides to study the extended amygdala in developing zebra finches. We identified different components of the central extended amygdala comparable to those found in mice and chickens, including the intercalated amygdalar cells, the central amygdala, and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Many cells likely originate in the dorsal striatal domain, ventral striatal domain, or the pallidal domain, as is the case in mice and chickens. Moreover, a cell subpopulation of the central extended amygdala appears to originate in the prethalamic eminence. As a general principle, these different cells with specific genetic profiles and embryonic origin form separate or partially intermingled cell corridors along the extended amygdala, which may be involved in different functional pathways. In addition, we identified the medial amygdala of the zebra finch. Like in the chickens and mice, it is located in the subpallium and is rich in cells of pallido-preoptic origin, containing minor subpopulations of immigrant cells from the ventral pallium, alar hypothalamus and prethalamic eminence. We also proposed that the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is composed of several parallel cell corridors with different genetic profile and embryonic origin: preoptic, pallidal, hypothalamic, and prethalamic. Several of these cell corridors with distinct origin express FoxP2, a transcription factor implicated in synaptic plasticity. Our results pave the way for studies using zebra finches to understand the neural basis of social behavior, in which the extended amygdala is involved.
2. Aspects of Coulomb dissociation and interference in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Nystrand, Joakim; Baltz, Anthony; Klein, Spencer R.
2001-01-01
Coherent vector meson production in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions is discussed. These interactions may occur for impact parameters much larger than the sum of the nuclear radii. Since the vector meson production is always localized to one of the nuclei, the system acts as a two-source interferometer in the transverse plane. By tagging the outgoing nuclei for Coulomb dissociation it is possible to obtain a measure of the impact parameter and thus the source separation in the interferometer. This is of particular interest since the life-time of the vector mesons are generally much shorter than the impact parameters of the collisions
3. Electromagnetic processes in nucleus-nucleus collisions relating to space radiation research
Science.gov (United States)
Norbury, John W.
1992-01-01
Most of the papers within this report deal with electromagnetic processes in nucleus-nucleus collisions which are of concern in the space radiation program. In particular, the removal of one and two nucleons via both electromagnetic and strong interaction processes has been extensively investigated. The theory of relativistic Coulomb fission has also been developed. Several papers on quark models also appear. Finally, note that the theoretical methods developed in this work have been directly applied to the task of radiation protection of astronauts. This has been done by parameterizing the theoretical formalism in such a fashion that it can be used in cosmic ray transport codes.
4. High energy nucleus-nucleus collisions at CERN: Signatures, physical observables and experimental results
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Harris, J.W.
1988-02-01
Experimental results on high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions have become available with the recent experiments at CERN utilizing 200 GeV/n oxygen and sulfur beams. Physics motivations for these experiments are presented: a description of predicted signatures for possible formation of a quark-gluon plasma and physical observables that are expected to provide important information for understanding the dynamics of these collisions. A presentation will be made of some of the first experimental results to emerge from this new field. 28 refs., 9 figs
5. Diabatic emission of neutrons: A probe for the energy dissipation mechanism in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Noerenberg, W.; Cassing, W.
1984-05-01
The precompound emission of neutrons in central nucleus-nucleus collisions is investigated within the framework of dissipative diabatic dynamics. For 92 Mo + 92 Mo at bombarding energies between 7.5 and 20 MeV/u the differential neutron multiplicities dMsub(n)/dEsub(n) are estimated from the decay of highly excited diabatic single-particle states. The energy spectra have an almost exponential high-energy tail with effective temperatures up to 10 MeV for 20 MeV/u bombarding energy. (orig.)
6. Dynamics of hadronization in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Friman, B.L.
1986-01-01
One of the main problems in the search for quark-gluon plasma in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is finding a reliable signature for deconfinement. Several signatures have been suggested, e.g., dileptons with a spectrum characteristic of the plasma, an increase in the number of strange particles and effects due to the hadronization of the plasma. In this talk I will describe some recent work on the effects of the hadronization transition in the central rapidity region within the hydrodynamic model of Bjorken, Kajantie and McLerran. (orig.)
7. Model of homogeneous nucleus. Total and inelastic cross sections of nucleon-nucleus scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ponomarev, L.A.; Smorodinskaya, N.Ya.
1985-01-01
It is shown that the nucleon-nuckleus scattering amplitude at high energy can be easily calculated by generalization of the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude and satisfies a simple factorization relation. As distinct from the Glauber model, the suggested approach makes no use of the nucleonic structure of the nucleus and the hadron-nucleus scattering amplitude is not expressed in terms of hadron-nucleon scattering amplitudes. The energy dependence of total and inelastic cross sections is successfully described for a number of nuclei
8. Percolation Model of Nuclear Multifragmentation in High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Abdel-Waged, Kh.
1994-01-01
A hybrid model based on Reggeon theory inspired model of nuclear distribution, which was successful in explaining the cascading of particles in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions, and percolation model is proposed. In the framework of this model the yield of the fragment in p + Ag, Au at 350 GeV and C + Ag, Au at 3.6 GeV/nucleon as well as the charge distribution of fragments in Kr, Xe and U interactions with emulsion at ∼ 1 GeV/nucleon is correctly described. 32 refs., 3 figs
9. Proton rapidity distribution in nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liu, F.H.
2002-01-01
The proton rapidity distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) energies are analysed by the revised thermalized cylinder model. The calculated results are compared and found to he in agreement with the experimental data of Si-AI and Si-Pb collisions at 14.6 A GeV/c, Pb-Pb collisions at 158 A GeV/c, and S-S collisions at 200 A GeV/c. (Author)
10. The isospin dependence of the nucleus-nucleus inelastic cross-section at high energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Rashdan, M.; Farhan, A.M.; Hassib, E.; Kareem, W. Abdel
2006-01-01
The isospin dependence of the nucleus-nucleus inelastic cross-section at high energy is investigated within the multiple scattering theory. The multiple integrals are evaluated by Monte Carlo method as well as by the optical limit approximation of the Glauber model. Calculations are performed for 14-23 N, 16-24 O and 18-26 F isotopes colliding with carbon target around 1 GeV. It is found that rms radii and the density distributions show a halo structure of 22 N, 23 O and 24 F
11. Particle production in high energy nucleus--nucleus experiments at Berkeley
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Schroeder, L.S.
1976-09-01
A review of high energy nucleus-nucleus experiments performed at the Berkeley Bevalac is presented. Earlier results on projectile and target fragmentation and pion production are briefly summarized. More recent results on Coulomb effects in projectile fragmentation, heavy ion total cross-sections, γ-ray production, and charged particle multiplicities are presented. Also, recent experiments which may shed light on phenomena arising from the central collision of two energetic nuclei, including recent evidence for and against the observation of nuclear shock waves, are reviewed
12. Recent results on (anti)nucleus and (anti)hyperon production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at CERN SPS energies
CERN Document Server
Melkumov, G L; Anticic, T; Baatar, B; Barna, D; Bartke, J; Betev, L; Bialkowska, H; Blume, C; Boimska, B; Botje, M; Bracinik, J; Bramm, R; Buncic, P; Cerny, V; Christakoglou, P; Chung, P; Chvala, O; Cramer, J G; Csató, P; Dinkelaker, P; Eckardt, V; Flierl, D; Fodor, Z; Foka, P; Friese, V; Gál, J; Gazdzicki, M; Genchev, V; Georgopoulos, G; Grebieszkow, K; Hegyi, S; Höhne, C; Kadija, K; Karev, A; Kikola, D; Gladysz-Dziadus, E; Kliemant, M; Kniege, S; Kolesnikov, V I; Kornas, E; Korus, R; Kowalski, M; Kraus, I; Kreps, M; Laszlo, A; Lacey, R; Van Leeuwen, M; Lvai, P; Litov, L; Lungwitz, B; Makariev, M; Malakhov, A I; Mateev, M; Melkumov, G L; Mischke, A; Mitrovski, M; Molnár, J; Mrówczynski, S; Nicolic, V; Pálla, G; Panagiotou, A D; Panayotov, D; Petridis, A; Peryt, W; Pikna, M; Pluta, J; Prindle, D; Pühlhofer, F; Renfordt, R; Roland, C; Roland5, G; Rybczynski, M; Rybicki, A; Sandoval, A; Schmitz, N; Schuster, T; Siklér, F; Sitár, B; Skrzypczak, E; Slodkowski, M; Stefanek, G; Stock, R; Seyboth, P; Strabel, C; Ströbele, H; Susa, T; Szentpetery, I; Sziklai, J; Szuba, M; Szymanski, P; Trubnikov, V; Varga, D; Vassiliou, M; Veres, G I; Vesztergombi, G; Vranic, D; Wlodarczyk, Z; Wojtaszek11, A; Yoo, I K; Zimnyi, J; Wetzler, A
2007-01-01
The NA49 experiment has collected comprehensive data on particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions over the whole SPS beam energies range, the critical energy domain where the expected phase transition to a deconfined phase is expected to occur. The latest results from Pb+Pb collisions between 20$A$ GeV and 158$A$ GeV on baryon stopping and light nuclei production as well as those for strange hyperons are presented. The measured data on $p$, $\\bar{p}$, $\\Lambda$, $\\bar{\\Lambda}$, $\\Xi^-$ and $\\bar{\\Xi}^+$ production were used to evaluate the rapidity distributions of net-baryons at SPS energies and to compare with the results from the AGS and the RHIC for central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions. The dependence of the yield ratios and the inverse slope parameter of the $m_t$ spectra on the collision energy and centrality, and the mass number of the produced nuclei $^3He$, $t$, $d$ and $\\bar{d}$ are discussed within coalescence and statistical approaches. Analysis of the total multiplicity exhibits remarkable a...
13. Nuclear structure and neutrino-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Krmpotic, Francisco
2011-01-01
Recent years have witnessed an intense experimental and theoretical activity oriented towards a better comprehension of neutrino nucleus interaction. While the main motivation for this task is the demand coming from oscillation experiments in their search for a precise determination of neutrino properties, the relevance of neutrino interaction with matter is more wide-ranging. It is imperative for astrophysics, hadronic and nuclear physics, and physics beyond the standard model. The experimental information on neutrino induced reactions is rapidly growing, and the corresponding theoretical description is a challenging proposition, since the energy scales of interest span a vast region, going from few MeV for solar neutrinos, to tens of MeV for the interpretation of experiments with the muon and pion decay at rest and the detection of neutrinos coming from the core collapse of supernova, and to hundreds of MeV or few GeV for the detection of atmospheric neutrinos, and for the neutrino oscillation program of the MiniBooNE experiment. The presence of neutrinos, being chargeless particles, can only be inferred by detecting the secondary particles created in colliding and interacting with the matter. Nuclei are often used as neutrino detectors, and in particular 12 C which is a component of many scintillator detectors. Thus, the interpretation of neutrino data heavily relies on detailed and quantitative knowledge of the features of the neutrino-nucleus interaction. The nuclear structure methods used in the evaluation of the neutrino-nucleus cross section are reviewed. Detailed comparison between the experimental and theoretical results establishes benchmarks needed for verification and/or parameter adjustment of the nuclear models. Having a reliable tool for such calculation is of great importance in a variety of applications, such as the description of the r-process nucleosynthesis. (author)
14. Autoradiographic localization of (125I-Tyr4)bombesin-binding sites in rat brain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zarbin, M.A.; Kuhar, M.J.; O'Donohue, T.L.; Wolf, S.S.; Moody, T.W.
1985-01-01
The binding of ( 125 I-Tyr 4 )bombesin to rat brain slices was investigated. Radiolabeled (Tyr 4 )bombesin bound with high affinity (K/sub d/ . 4 nM) to a single class of sites (B/sub max/ . 130 fmol/mg of protein); the ratio of specific to nonspecific binding was 6/1. Also, pharmacology studies indicated that the C-terminal of bombesin was important for the high affinity binding activity. Autoradiographic studies indicated that the ( 125 I-Tyr4)bombesin-binding sites were discretely distributed in certain gray but not white matter regions of rat brain. Highest grain densities were present in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, nucleus accumbens, suprachiasmatic and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, central medial thalamic nucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, nucleus of the solitary tract, and substantia gelatinosa. Moderate grain densities were present in the parietal cortex, deep layers of the neocortex, rhinal cortex, caudate putamen, stria terminalis, locus ceruleus, parabrachial nucleus, and facial nucleus. Low grain densities were present in the globus pallidus, lateral thalamus, and midbrain. Negligible grain densities were present in the cerebellum, corpus callosum, and all regions treated with 1 microM unlabeled bombesin. The discrete regional distribution of binding suggests that endogenous bombesin-like peptides may function as important regulatory agents in certain brain loci
15. [The perichromatin compartment of the cell nucleus].
Science.gov (United States)
Bogoliubov, D S
2014-01-01
In this review, the data on the structure and composition of the perichromatin compartment, a special border area between the condensed chromatin and the interchromatin space of the cell nucleus, are discussed in the light of the concept of nuclear functions in complex nuclear architectonics. Morphological features, molecular composition and functions of main extrachromosomal structures of the perichromatin compartment, perichromatin fibrils (PFs) and perichromatin granules (PGs) including nuclear stress-bodies (nSBs) that are derivates of the PGs under heat shock, are presented. A special attention was paid to the features of the molecular compositions of PFs and PGs in different cell types and at different physiological conditions.
16. The basic elementary particles as martensitic nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Aguinaco-Bravo, V. J.; Onoro, J.
1999-01-01
The martensitic transformation is a diffusional structural change that produces an important modification of the microstructure and properties of materials. In this paper we propose how the martensitic phase is nucleated from a basic elementary particle (bep). The bep is formed in several stages. Vacancies, divacancies, etc. are formed at high temperature, which collapse into prismatic dislocation loops during the cooling process. We define a bep as a dislocation loop reaching a critical radius and fulfilling certain elastic energy conditions. A martensitic nucleus is a bep that coincides crystallographically with the habit plane of the matrix. (Author) 16 refs
17. Contemporary models of the atomic nucleus
CERN Document Server
Nemirovskii, P E
2013-01-01
Contemporary Models of the Atomic Nucleus discusses nuclear structure and properties, expounding contemporary theoretical concepts of the low-energy nuclear processes underlying in nuclear models. This book focuses on subjects such as the optical nuclear model, unified or collective model, and deuteron stripping reaction. Other topics discussed include the basic nuclear properties; shell model; theoretical analysis of the shell model; and radiative transitions and alpha-decay. The deuteron theory and the liquid drop nuclear model with its application to fission theory are also mentioned, but o
18. From the nucleus discovery to DWBA
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fernandez, B.
2007-01-01
The author presents a brief review of the main events in the field of nuclear reactions that are acknowledged as milestones because of their importance due to either experimental setting or physical interpretation. It is shown that the pace of discoveries has been strongly dependent on the technical progress in detection means at the beginning of nuclear physics and now is linked to the development of simulation means. The discovery of the neutron, the development of the Geiger counter, the theory of the compound nucleus or the first direct reactions are among these milestones
19. Interaction between hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus determines intensity of food anticipatory behavior
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Acosta-Galvan, Guadalupe; Yi, Chun-Xia; van der Vliet, Jan; Jhamandas, Jack H.; Panula, Pertti; Angeles-Castellanos, Manuel; del Carmen Basualdo, María; Escobar, Carolina; Buijs, Ruud M.
2011-01-01
Food anticipatory behavior (FAA) is induced by limiting access to food for a few hours daily. Animals anticipate this scheduled meal event even without the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the biological clock. Consequently, a food-entrained oscillator has been proposed to be responsible for meal time
20. Mechanism of energy release from nucleus-target in hadron-nucleus collision
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.; Strugalska-Gola, E.
2000-01-01
The collisions of hadrons (protons, mesons) with 131 Xe nucleus and arising light nuclear fragments as nuclear refraction products have been observed in bubble chamber. Mechanism of energy release during these collisions has been discussed. The quantitative calculations has proved that this phenomena can be treated as potential energy source with use of many different target materials
1. Study of η-nucleus interaction through the formation of η-nucleus ...
Abstract. The question of possible existence of η-mesic nuclei is quite intriguing. An- swer to this question will deeply enrich our understanding of η-nucleus interaction which is not so well-understood. We review the experimental efforts for the search of η-mesic nuclei and describe the physics motivation behind it.
2. High energy cosmic ray events of ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Burnett, T.H.; Dake, S.; Derricson, J.H.; Fountain, W.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J.C.; Hayashi, T.; Hayashi, T.; Holynski, R.; Iwai, J.; Jones, W.V.; Jurak, A.; Lord, J.J.; Meegan, C.A.; Miyamura, O.; Oda, H.; Ogata, T.; Parnell, T.A.; Roberts, E.; Saito, T.; Strauss, S.; Tabuki, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Tominaga, T.; Watts, J.W.; Wilczynska, B.; Wilkes, R.J.; Wolter, W.; Bosiek, B.
1985-01-01
Japanese American Cooperative Emulsion Experiment (JACEE) has been measuring ultrarelativistic comic ray nucleus and sampling the events in the energy regions both 10 to 100 GeV/A and above TeV/A by balloon emulsion chamber since 1979. In this report main results obtained up to now will be described. (orig./HSI)
3. Thermal Bremsstrahlung probing nuclear multifragmentation in nucleus-nucleus collisions around the Fermi energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
D'Enterria, D.G.
2000-05-01
The thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter at moderate temperatures and densities, in the vicinity of the predicted nuclear liquid-gas phase transition, are studied using as experimental probe the hard-photons (E γ > 30 MeV) emitted in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Photon and charged-particle production in four different heavy-ion reactions (Ar 36 + Au 197 , Ag 107 , Ni 58 , C 12 at 60 A*MeV) is measured exclusively and inclusively coupling the TAPS photon spectrometer with two charged-particle and intermediate-mass-fragment detectors covering nearly 4π. We confirm that Bremsstrahlung emission in first-chance (off-equilibrium) proton-neutron collisions (pnγ) is the dominant origin of hard photons. We also firmly establish the existence of a thermal radiation component emitted in second-chance proton-neutron collisions. This thermal Bremsstrahlung emission takes place in semi-central and central nucleus-nucleus reactions involving heavy targets. We exploit this observation i) to demonstrate that thermal equilibrium is reached during the reaction, ii) to establish a new thermometer of nuclear matter based on Bremsstrahlung photons, iii) to derive the thermodynamical properties of the excited nuclear sources and, in particular, to establish a 'caloric curve' (temperature versus excitation energy), and iv) to assess the time-scales of the nuclear break-up process. (author)
4. Hadron-nucleus interactions with a small target-nucleus excitation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anzon, Z.V.; Chasnikov, I.Ya.; Shakhova, Ts.I.
1981-01-01
Hadron inelastic interactions in nuclear emulsion with a small target-nucleus excitation in the energy range 7.5-200 GeV have been studied. Possible reasons for the differences in production cross-section for events with even and odd number of S-particles are analysed
5. Prestress mediates force propagation into the nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hu Shaohua; Chen Jianxin; Butler, James P.; Wang Ning
2005-01-01
Several reports show that the nucleus is 10 times stiffer than the cytoplasm. Hence, it is not clear if intra-nuclear structures can be directly deformed by a load of physiologic magnitudes. If a physiologic load could not directly deform intra-nuclear structures, then signaling inside the nucleus would occur only via the mechanisms of diffusion or translocation. Using a synchronous detection approach, we quantified displacements of nucleolar structures in cultured airway smooth muscle cells in response to a localized physiologic load (∼0.4 μm surface deformation) via integrin receptors. The nucleolus exhibited significant displacements. Nucleolar structures also exhibited significant deformation, with the dominant strain being the bulk strain. Increasing the pre-existing tensile stress (prestress) in the cytoskeleton significantly increased the stress propagation efficiency to the nucleolus (defined as nucleolus displacement per surface deformation) whereas decreasing the prestress significantly lowered the stress propagation efficiency to the nucleolus. Abolishing the stress fibers/actin bundles by plating the cells on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes dramatically inhibited stress propagation to the nucleolus. These results demonstrate that the prestress in the cytoskeleton is crucial in mediating stress propagation to the nucleolus, with implications for direct mechanical regulation of nuclear activities and functions
6. The decay of 61Cu nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zheng Wanhui; Gu Jiahui; Zhu Jiabi; Wang Gongqing
1988-01-01
The decay of 61 Cu nucleus has been investigated with Ge(Li) and H p Ge detector, semiconductor electron spectrometer and Ge(Li)-NaI γ-γ coincidence spectrometer. 35 γrays from 12 excited levels have been found. The single and coincidence spectra show that 545 keV, 1019keV γ fays and 1019keV energy level are wrong which appear in the 61 Cu decay scheme carried in > (the 7th edition 1978). the halflife time of 61 Cu nucleus and the internal conversion coefficient for 67 keV γ-transition are found to be T 1/2 =207.7±1.6min and α=0.12±0.01 respectively and then a decay scheme is proposed. In this paper more attention ia paid to discussing the energy levels of 1014, 1019, and 1997 keV as well as some weak γ rays
7. Similarity of multi-fragmentation of residual nucleus created in nucleus-nucleus interactions at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Abdel-Hafiez, A.; Chernyavski, M.M.; Orlova, G.I.; Gulamov, K.G.; Navotny, V.SH.; Uzhinskii, V.V.
2000-01-01
Experimental data on multi-fragmentation of residual krypton nuclei created in the interactions of the krypton nuclei with photoemulsion nuclei ut energy of 0.9 GeV per nucleon are presented in a comparison with the analogous data on fragmentation of gold residual nuclei at the energy of 10.7 GeV/nucleon. It is shown for the first time that there are two regimes of nuclear multifragmentation: the former is when less than one-half of nucleons of projectile nucleus are knocked out, the later is when more than one-half of nucleons are knocked out. Residual nuclei with closed masses created at different reactions are fragmenting practically simultaneously when more than one-half of nucleons of original nuclei are knocked out. The evidence of existence of a radial flow of the spectator fragment at the decay of residual krypton nuclei is found
8. Nuclear energy release in hadron-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.; Strugalska-Gola, E.
1998-01-01
Energy release process in nuclear reactions induced by fast hadrons in hadron-nucleus collisions is discussed. Some portion of the internal nuclear energy is released when the locally damaged in a collision, and instable therefore, residual target nucleus transits itself into light nuclear fragments (nucleons, D, T) and a stable lighter final nucleus or some number of stable lighter nuclei. It is not excluded that in some of the collisions the induced intranuclear nuclear reactions may be energy overcompensating. Corresponding reconnaissance should be made - in analysing the nuclear reactions induced in hadron-nucleus collisions
9. Nucleus and nucleus-cytoskeleton connections in 3D cell migration
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Liu, Lingling, E-mail: liulingling2012@163.com; Luo, Qing, E-mail: qing.luo@cqu.edu.cn; Sun, Jinghui, E-mail: sunjhemail@163.com; Song, Guanbin, E-mail: song@cqu.edu.cn
2016-10-15
Cell migration plays an important role in many physiological and pathological settings, ranging from embryonic development to cancer metastasis. Currently, accumulating data suggest that cells migrating in three-dimensional (3D) environments show well-defined differences compared to their well-established two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. During 3D migration, the cell body and nucleus must deform to allow cellular passage through the available spaces, and the deformability of the relatively rigid nucleus may constitute a limiting step. Here, we highlight the key evidence regarding the role of the nuclear mechanics in 3D migration, including the molecular components that govern the stiffness of the nucleus and review how the nuclear dynamics are connected to and controlled by cytoskeleton-based migration machinery. Intriguingly, nuclear movement must be coordinated with the cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading and trailing edges, which in turn impact the cytoplasmic dynamics that affect the migration efficiency. Thus, we suggest that alterations in the nuclear structure may facilitate cellular reorganizations that are necessary for efficient migration. - Graphical abstract: Schematic representations of a cell migrating on a 2D substrate and a cell migrating in a 3D extracellular matrix environment. (A) Nucleus-cytoskeleton connections are essential to 3D migration. Mechanical signals are transduced by integrins at the cell surface and channeled to cytoskeletal proteins, which generates prestress. The nucleus-cytoskeleton connections can either act as a stable skeleton to anchor the nuclei or provide active force to move the nuclei. The LINC complex is responsible for the nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling. Nesprins connect the cytoskeletal proteins to the inner nuclear membrane proteins SUN1 and SUN2. The SUN proteins connect to the lamins that form the lamina, which attaches to the chromatin. This physical connectivity transmits the mechanical signals from receptors at
10. Nucleus and nucleus-cytoskeleton connections in 3D cell migration
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liu, Lingling; Luo, Qing; Sun, Jinghui; Song, Guanbin
2016-01-01
Cell migration plays an important role in many physiological and pathological settings, ranging from embryonic development to cancer metastasis. Currently, accumulating data suggest that cells migrating in three-dimensional (3D) environments show well-defined differences compared to their well-established two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. During 3D migration, the cell body and nucleus must deform to allow cellular passage through the available spaces, and the deformability of the relatively rigid nucleus may constitute a limiting step. Here, we highlight the key evidence regarding the role of the nuclear mechanics in 3D migration, including the molecular components that govern the stiffness of the nucleus and review how the nuclear dynamics are connected to and controlled by cytoskeleton-based migration machinery. Intriguingly, nuclear movement must be coordinated with the cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading and trailing edges, which in turn impact the cytoplasmic dynamics that affect the migration efficiency. Thus, we suggest that alterations in the nuclear structure may facilitate cellular reorganizations that are necessary for efficient migration. - Graphical abstract: Schematic representations of a cell migrating on a 2D substrate and a cell migrating in a 3D extracellular matrix environment. (A) Nucleus-cytoskeleton connections are essential to 3D migration. Mechanical signals are transduced by integrins at the cell surface and channeled to cytoskeletal proteins, which generates prestress. The nucleus-cytoskeleton connections can either act as a stable skeleton to anchor the nuclei or provide active force to move the nuclei. The LINC complex is responsible for the nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling. Nesprins connect the cytoskeletal proteins to the inner nuclear membrane proteins SUN1 and SUN2. The SUN proteins connect to the lamins that form the lamina, which attaches to the chromatin. This physical connectivity transmits the mechanical signals from receptors at
11. Spectroscopic Studies of the Nucleus GOLD-195
Science.gov (United States)
Fischer, Susan Marie
The nucleus ^{195}Au has been studied via in-beam gamma -ray and electron spectroscopy with the reactions ^{196}Pt(p,2n)^ {195}Au at beam energies of 12 and 16 MeV, and the reaction ^{rm nat }Ir(alpha,2n) ^{195}Au at a beam energy of 26 MeV. All experiments were performed at the University of Notre Dame tandem accelerator facility and utilized elements of the University of Pittsburgh multi-detector gamma-array and ICEBall mini-orange electron spectrometer. Fifty-five new transitions and thirty-six new energy levels have been observed. The U(6/4) supersymmetric algebra has been proposed to provide a simultaneous description for the positive parity states of the pair of nuclei ^{194 }Pt and ^{195}Au. The observed energy spectra for these nuclei show satisfactory agreement with the U(6/4) predicted spectra. The collective properties including relative B(E2) values for the Pt and Au nuclei in this mass region are also consistent with theoretical predictions. However, the measured E2/M1 mixing ratios for transitions in ^{195} Au indicate that the single particle description for the odd-A nucleus is incomplete. The new data for ^{195}Au is further combined with the existing data for ^{194} Pt and ^{195}Pt within the context of the larger U_{ nu}(6/12) otimes U_{pi}(6/4) supersymmetry. A consistent fit to the energy eigenvalue equation is obtained and a modified prediction for the negative parity states in the odd-odd nucleus ^{196} Au is made. Thus, the proposal of an underlying supersymmetry for the quartet of nuclei ^ {194}Pt-^{195} Pt-^{195}Au- ^{196}Au also appears valid. New transitions and levels involved in the negative parity h_{11/2} decoupled band in ^{195}Au have also been observed. The band appears to be much more fragmented at high spins than the analogous structures in the lighter odd-A Au nuclei, but it is unclear what the source of this difference is. It is, however, proposed that a consistent description for both the positive and negative parity
12. Dirac phenomenology and hyperon-nucleus interactions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mares, J; Jennings, B K [TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada); Cooper, E D [Fraser Valley Univ. College, Chilliwack, British Columbia (Canada). Dept. of Physics
1993-05-01
We discuss various aspects of hyperon-nucleus interactions in the relativistic mean field theory. First, characteristics of {Lambda}, {Sigma} and {identical_to} hypernuclei, as well as multi strange baryonic objects, are investigated. The spin-orbit splittings and magnetic moments are shown to be very sensitive to the value of the tensor coupling f{omega}y. Second, optical potentials for {Lambda} and {Sigma} scattering off nuclei are developed based on a global nucleon-nucleon Dirac optical potential and SU(3) symmetry. The tensor coupling has a large effect on the predictions for the analyzing power. Third, the Dirac approach is used in the calculations of the non-mesonic decay of {Lambda} hypernuclei. The large discrepancy between the decay rates and data suggests the need for additional meson exchanges. (authors). 62 refs.,7 figs., 6 tabs.
13. Delta-nucleus dynamics: proceedings of symposium
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, T.S.H.; Geesaman, D.F.; Schiffer, J.P.
1983-10-01
The appreciation of the role in nuclear physics of the first excited state of the nucleon, the delta Δ(1232), has grown rapidly in the past decade. The delta resonance dominates nuclear reactions induced by intermediate energy pions, nucleons, and electromagnetic probes. It is also the most important non-nucleonic degree of freedom needed to resolve many fundamental problems encountered in the study of low-energy nuclear phenomena. Clearly, a new phase of nuclear physics has emerged and conventional thinking must be extended to account for this new dimension of nuclear dynamics. The most challenging problem we are facing is how a unified theory can be developed to describe Δ-nucleus dynamics at all energies. In exploring this new direction, it is important to have direct discussions among researchers with different viewpoints. Separate entries were prepared for the 49 papers presented
14. Muonic atom-light nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kuz'michev, V.E.; Peresypkin, V.V.; Efetov, A.V.
1991-01-01
The effective potential of the interaction between light nucleus and two-particle atom at distances greater than its Bohr radius is obtained in the analytic form on the basis of a correct account of three Coulomb particle problem. Features of the interaction between p, t, 4 He, 7 Be nuclei and mesonic atoms μp, μt, μ 4 He and μ 7 Be, that arising from the differences in masses and charges of interacting particles, are studied. The corresponding potentials in the pre-threshold energy range are given. The coefficients of the symptotic formula for the effective are calculated in adiabatic approximation and with regard for the main off-shell corrections. 16 refs.; 4 figs
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Takagi, Fujio
1983-02-01
This is a lecture note concerning high energy hadron-nucleus collision. The lecture gives the inelastic total cross section and the Glanber approximate multiple scattering formula at first. The mechanism of nuclear spallation is described in a cylindrical image. The multiplicity, the one particle distribution and the time-space structure of particle production are discussed. Various models are presented. The attenuation of forward particles and the structure of hadrons are discussed for each model. The atomic number (A) dependence of the production of large transverse momentum particles and jet, and the A dependence of charged multiplicity are presented. The backward production of particles and many body correlation are discussed. Lepton pair production and the initial interaction of constituents, collective interaction, multi quark state and phase transition are described. (Kato, T.)
16. Parity violation in the compound nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bowman, J.D.; Frankle, C.M.; Green, A.A.
1994-01-01
The status of parity violation in the compound nucleus is reviewed. The results of previous experimental results obtained by scattering polarized epithermal neutrons from heavy nuclei in the 3-p and 4-p p-wave strength function peaks are presented. Experimental techniques are presented. The extraction of the mean squared matrix element of the parity-violating interaction, M 2 , between compound-nuclear levels and the relationship of M 2 to the coupling strengths in the meson exchange weak nucleon-nucleon potential are discussed. The tendency of measured asymmetries to have a common sign and theoretical implications are discussed. New experimental results are presented that show that the common sign phenomenon is not universal, as theoretical models developed up to now would predict
17. An enlarged superfluid model of atomic nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dumitrescu, O.; Horoi, M.
1989-01-01
The well known superfluid model (or quasiparticle phonon nuclear model (QPNM)) of atomic nucleus is enlarged by including an adequate four-nucleon effective interaction in addition to the pairing and long-range effective residual interactions. New experimental data can be explained without affecting those observables already described by the QPNM and in addition new features can be enumerated: 1) superfluidities of the neutron and proton systems may be generated by one another; 2) the phase structure is enriched by a new superfluid phase dominated by alpha-type correlations (ATC) and 3) superfluid isomers and their bands of elementary excitations are predicted. Unusual large two-nucleon and alpha transfer reactions cross sections as well as some unusual large alpha decay widths can be explained. (author). 46 refs, 3 figs, 2 tabs
18. Delta-nucleus dynamics: proceedings of symposium
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, T.S.H.; Geesaman, D.F.; Schiffer, J.P. (eds.)
1983-10-01
The appreciation of the role in nuclear physics of the first excited state of the nucleon, the delta ..delta..(1232), has grown rapidly in the past decade. The delta resonance dominates nuclear reactions induced by intermediate energy pions, nucleons, and electromagnetic probes. It is also the most important non-nucleonic degree of freedom needed to resolve many fundamental problems encountered in the study of low-energy nuclear phenomena. Clearly, a new phase of nuclear physics has emerged and conventional thinking must be extended to account for this new dimension of nuclear dynamics. The most challenging problem we are facing is how a unified theory can be developed to describe ..delta..-nucleus dynamics at all energies. In exploring this new direction, it is important to have direct discussions among researchers with different viewpoints. Separate entries were prepared for the 49 papers presented. (WHK)
19. Heavy nucleus resonant absorption calculation benchmarks
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tellier, H.; Coste, H.; Raepsaet, C.; Van der Gucht, C.
1993-01-01
The calculation of the space and energy dependence of the heavy nucleus resonant absorption in a heterogeneous lattice is one of the hardest tasks in reactor physics. Because of the computer time and memory needed, it is impossible to represent finely the cross-section behavior in the resonance energy range for everyday computations. Consequently, reactor physicists use a simplified formalism, the self-shielding formalism. As no clean and detailed experimental results are available to validate the self-shielding calculations, Monte Carlo computations are used as a reference. These results, which were obtained with the TRIPOLI continuous-energy Monte Carlo code, constitute a set of numerical benchmarks than can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the techniques or formalisms that are included in any reactor physics codes. Examples of such evaluations, for the new assembly code APOLLO2 and the slowing-down code SECOL, are given for cases of 238 U and 232 Th fuel elements
20. The nucleus accumbens and learning and memory.
Science.gov (United States)
Setlow, B
1997-09-01
Recent research on the nucleus accumbens (NA) indicates that this brain region is involved in learning and memory processes in a way that is separable from its other well-known roles in behavior, such as motivation, reward, and locomotor activity. These findings have suggested that 1) the NA may be involved in declarative, or hippocampal formation-dependent learning and memory, and not in several other non-declarative forms of learning and memory, and 2) the NA may be selectively involved in certain stages of learning and memory. These characteristics suggest that the NA may be part of a larger striatal system which subserves acquisition and consolidation, but is not a site of long-term storage, of different forms of learning and memory.
1. Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
2011-05-19
High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the Universe microseconds after the Big Bang; in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high-energy accelerator of heavy nuclei provides an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus (4He), also known as the anti-α (α), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B = -4). It has not been observed previously, although the α-particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the ten per cent level. Antimatter nuclei with B antimatter nuclei and a benchmark for possible future observations of 4He in cosmic radiation.
2. Dynamical and statistical aspects in nucleus-nucleus collisions around the Fermi energy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Tamain, B.; Bocage, F.; Bougault, R.; Brou, R. [Caen Univ., 14 (France). Lab. de Physique Corpusculaire; Assenard, M. [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 44 - Nantes (France). Lab. de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associees; Auger, G.; Benlliure, J. [Grand Accelerateur National dIons Lourds (GANIL), 14 - Caen (France); Bacri, C.O.; Borderie, B. [Paris-11 Univ., 91 - Orsay (France). Inst. de Physique Nucleaire; Bisquer, E. [Lyon-1 Univ., 69 - Villeurbanne (France). Inst. de Physique Nucleaire] [and others
1997-12-31
Nucleus-nucleus collisions at low incident energy are mainly governed by statistical dissipative processes, fusion and deep inelastic reactions being the most important ones. Conversely, in the relativistic energy regime, dynamical effects play a dominant role and one should apply a participant-spectator picture in order to understand the data. In between, the intermediate energy region is a transition one in which it is necessary to disentangle dynamics from statistical effects. Moreover, the Fermi energy region corresponds to available energies comparable with nuclear binding energies and one may except to observe phase transition effects. Experiments performed recently with 4{pi} devices have given quite new data and a much better insight into involved mechanisms and hot nuclear matter properties. INDRA data related to reaction mechanisms and multifragmentation are presented. (author) 53 refs.
3. Dynamical and statistical aspects in nucleus-nucleus collisions around the Fermi energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tamain, B.; Bocage, F.; Bougault, R.; Brou, R.; Bacri, C.O.; Borderie, B.; Bisquer, E.
1997-01-01
Nucleus-nucleus collisions at low incident energy are mainly governed by statistical dissipative processes, fusion and deep inelastic reactions being the most important ones. Conversely, in the relativistic energy regime, dynamical effects play a dominant role and one should apply a participant-spectator picture in order to understand the data. In between, the intermediate energy region is a transition one in which it is necessary to disentangle dynamics from statistical effects. Moreover, the Fermi energy region corresponds to available energies comparable with nuclear binding energies and one may except to observe phase transition effects. Experiments performed recently with 4π devices have given quite new data and a much better insight into involved mechanisms and hot nuclear matter properties. INDRA data related to reaction mechanisms and multifragmentation are presented. (author)
4. The calculation of nucleus-nucleus interaction cross sections at high energy in the Glauber approach
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gal'perin, A.G.; Uzhinskij, V.V.
1994-01-01
Total, inelastic and elastic cross sections of nucleus-nucleus (AA)-interactions at high energy (HE) are calculated on the base of Glauber approach. The calculation scheme is realized as a set of routines. The statistical average method is used in calculations. Program runs in an interactive regime. User is prompted about charge and mass numbers of nuclei and NN-interaction characters at the energy he is interested in: total cross section, the slope parameter of differential cross section of elastic scattering and ratio of real part to imaginary part of elastic scattering amplitude at zero momentum transfer. These data can be extracted from proper compilations. Results of calculations are displayed and are written on user defined output file. The program runs on PC. 21 refs., 1 tab
5. Nucleus-Nucleus Scattering in the High-Energy Approximation and the Optical Folding Potential
CERN Document Server
Lukyanov, V K; Lukyanov, K V
2004-01-01
For the nucleus-nucleus scattering, the complex potential is obtained which corresponds to the eikonal phase of an optical limit of the Glauber-Sitenko high-energy approximation. The potential does not include free parameters, its real and imaginary parts depend on energy and are determined by the reported data on the nuclear density distributions and nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude. Alternatively, for the real part, the folding potential can be utilized which includes the effective NN-forces and the exchange term, as well. As a result, the microscopic optical potential is constructed where contributions of the calculated real and imaginary parts are formed by fitting the two respective factors. An efficient of the approach is confirmed by agreements of calculations with the experimental data on elastic scattering cross-sections.
6. Transport theory applied to hadron and light fragment production in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Schuermann, B.; Malfliet, R.; Mies, S.; Zwermann, W.
1984-01-01
Foundations of the transport theory for studying K + , K - , π - and light fragment production in nucleus-nucleus interactions at high energies are given. Inclusive production of protons, K + and π - in the Ne+NaF reaction at 400 MeV and 21 GeV/nucleon is consdered, their differential cross sections are caculated. Differential cross sections of K - and π - production in Si+Si → K + +X and Ne+NaF → π - +X reactions at the energy of 2.1 GeV/nucleon, their energy dependence are estimated. Comparison of the calculated and experimental data is graphically presented. The model of the transport theory is shown to successfully reproduce inclusive spectra of different particles (p, d, π, K + , K - ) in a wide energy range of incident particles (from 400 MeV to 2 GeV/nucleon). This approach can be generalized for lower energies by generating a mean nuclear potentiasl field
7. On the geometric nature of high energy nucleus-nucleus reaction cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Townsend, L.W.; Wilson, J.W.; Bidasaria, H.B.
1982-01-01
Within the context of a high energy double-folding optical potential approximation to the exact nucleus-nucleus multiple-scattering series, eikonal scattering theory is used to investigate the validity of geometric reaction cross sections in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The potential used includes a finite range interaction and nuclear single-particle densities extracted from nuclear charge distributions by unfolding the proton charge distribution. Pauli correlation effects are also included in an approximate way. The sensitivity of the predictions to be assumed interaction, Pauli correlation approximation, and nuclear density distributions is investigated. These results are in agreement with early predictions concerning the geometric nature of relativistic heavy ion collisions and in disagreement with a recent analysis, utilizing the zero range approximation, which suggested otherwise. Reasons for the lack of agreement between the analyses are also presented. Finally, approximate applicability for geometric reaction cross sections are determined
8. Experimental and phenomenological investigations of QCD matter in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Andronic, Anton
2014-07-15
This thesis is heterogeneous, comprising experimental papers at low energies (SIS-18 at GSI) and at the LHC, papers on phenomenology of high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions, and papers on detectors. The overview covers the experimental papers and those on phenomenology. I have chosen to write it in a general manner, intended to be accessible to non-experts. It emphasizes recent measurements and their understanding at the LHC. The detector papers, which address many principle aspects of gaseous detectors, are summarized and placed in context in the review I co-wrote and which closes the stack. The detector papers included here are the outcome of an R and D program for the Transition Radiation Detector of ALICE.
9. Study of Strange and Multistrange Particles in Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
CERN Multimedia
Vande vyvre, P; Feofilov, G; Snoeys, W; Hetland, K F; Campbell, M; Klempt, W
2002-01-01
% NA57\\\\ \\\\ The goal of the experiment is to study the production of strange and multi-strange particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions. This study was initiated at the OMEGA spectrometer, where three ion experiments have been performed: WA85 (S-W and p-W collisions at 200 A GeV/c), WA94 (S-S and p-S collisions at 200 A GeV/c) and WA97 (Pb-Pb, p-Pb and p-Be collisions at 160 A GeV/c).\\\\ \\\\ The experiment aims at extending the scope of WA97 by:\\\\ \\\\ - investigating the beam energy dependence of the enhancements of multi-strange particle production reported by the previous experiments, and by\\\\ \\\\\\\\ \\\\- measuring the yields of strange and multi-strange particles over an extended centrality range compared with the previous experiments.\\\\ \\\\ The apparatus consists mainly of silicon pixel detector planes.
10. Dissipation and fluctuation of the relative momentum in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Feldmeier, H.; Spangenberger, H.
1984-07-01
The dissipation of the relative momentum in nucleus-nucleus collisions is treated in terms of a Langevin equation with a fluctuating force. Equations of motion for first and second moments of the macroscopic variables are derived directly from the Langevin equation. The properties of the fluctuating force which results from random particle exchange are investigated in detail. Drift and diffusion coefficients are calculated microscopically and analytical expressions are given which can be used in any trajectory calculation. An important feature of the model is that the Einstein relation between dissipation and fluctuation turns out to be only a limiting case of a more general expression which included nonthermal fluctuations. By treating the two nuclei as intrinsically equilibrated but not in thermal equilibrium with respect to each other several important aspects of the dissipative behaviour, seen in heavy ion collisions with final energies above the Coloumb barrier, can be understood. (orig.)
11. Transverse and radial flow in intermediate energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Vestfall, D. Gary
1997-01-01
We have studied transverse and radial flow in nucleus-nucleus collisions ranging in energy from 15 to 155 MeV/nucleon. We have measured the impact parameter dependence of the balance energy for Ar + Sc and compared the results with Quantum Molecular Dynamics calculations with and without momentum dependence. We have shown that transverse flow and the balance energy dependence on the isospin of the system using the systems 58 Fe + 58 Fe, 58 Ni + 58 Ni, and 58 Mn + 58 Fe. These results are compared with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uehlenbeck calculations incorporating isospin-dependence. We have measured radial flow for Ar + Sc and find that about 50% of the observed energy is related to radial flow. (author)
12. Experimental and phenomenological investigations of QCD matter in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Andronic, Anton
2014-07-01
This thesis is heterogeneous, comprising experimental papers at low energies (SIS-18 at GSI) and at the LHC, papers on phenomenology of high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions, and papers on detectors. The overview covers the experimental papers and those on phenomenology. I have chosen to write it in a general manner, intended to be accessible to non-experts. It emphasizes recent measurements and their understanding at the LHC. The detector papers, which address many principle aspects of gaseous detectors, are summarized and placed in context in the review I co-wrote and which closes the stack. The detector papers included here are the outcome of an R and D program for the Transition Radiation Detector of ALICE.
13. Calculations of nucleus-nucleus microscopic optical potentials at intermediate energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hanna, K.M.; Kuhtina, I.N.; Lukyanov, K.V.; Lukyanov, V.K.; Zemlyanaya, E.V.; Slowinski, B.
2006-01-01
Three types of microscopic nucleus-nucleus optical potentials are constructed using three patterns for their real and imaginary parts. Two of these patterns are the real V H and imaginary W H parts of the potential which reproduces the high-energy amplitude of scattering in the microscopic Glauber-Sitenko theory. Another template VDF is calculated within the standard double-folding model with the exchange term included. For either of the three tested potentials, the contribution of real and imaginary patterns is adjusted by introducing two fitted factors. Correspondingly, using numerical code ECIS, the elastic differential cross-sections were fitted to the experimental data on scattering of the 16,17 O heavy-ions at about hundred Mev/nucleon on various target-nuclei. The relativization effect is also included. The tables of the obtained factors which renormalize the strengths of the real and (or) imaginary parts of the calculated microscopic potentials are given
14. Method of a fast selection of inelastic nucleus-nucleus collisions for the CMS experiment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Krasnov, V.A.; Malakhov, A.I.; Savina, M.V.; Shmatov, S.V.; Zarubin, P.I.
1998-01-01
On the basis of the HIJING generator simulation of heavy ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energy scale, a method of a fast selection of inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactions is proposed for the CMS experiment at LHC. The basic idea is to use the time coincidence of signals with resolution better than 1 ns from the two very forward calorimeter arms covering the acceptance 3<|η|<5. The method efficiency is investigated by variation of energy thresholds in the calorimeters for different colliding ion species, namely, PbPb, NbNb, CaCa, OO, pPb, pCa, pp. It is shown that a stable efficiency of event selection (∼98%) is provided in an energy threshold range up to 100 GeV for nuclear collisions at 5 TeV/nucleon in the centre of mass system. In the pp collision case the relevant efficiency drops from 93% down to 80%
15. Sexually dimorphic effects of a prenatal immune challenge on social play and vasopressin expression in juvenile rats
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Taylor Patrick V
2012-06-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Infectious diseases and inflammation during pregnancy increase the offspring’s risk for behavioral disorders. However, how immune stress affects neural circuitry during development is not well known. We tested whether a prenatal immune challenge interferes with the development of social play and with neural circuits implicated in social behavior. Methods Pregnant rats were given intraperitoneal injections of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS – 100 μg /kg or saline on the 15th day of pregnancy. Offspring were tested for social play behaviors between postnatal days 26–40. Brains were harvested on postnatal day 45 and processed for arginine vasopressin (AVP mRNA in situ hybridization. Results In males, LPS treatment reduced the frequency of juvenile play behavior and reduced AVP mRNA expression in the medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These effects were not found in females. LPS treatment did not change AVP mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, or supraoptic nucleus of either sex, nor did it affect the sex difference in the size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Conclusions Given AVP’s central role in regulating social behavior, the sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal LPS treatment on male AVP mRNA expression may contribute to the sexually dimorphic effect of LPS on male social play and may, therefore, increase understanding of factors that contribute to sex differences in social psychopathology.
16. New quasibound states of the compound nucleus in α -particle capture by the nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Maydanyuk, Sergei P.; Zhang, Peng-Ming; Zou, Li-Ping
2017-07-01
We generalize the theory of nuclear decay and capture of Gamow that is based on tunneling through the barrier and internal oscillations inside the nucleus. In our formalism an additional factor is obtained, which describes distribution of the wave function of the the α particle inside the nuclear region. We discover new most stable states (called quasibound states) of the compound nucleus (CN) formed during the capture of α particle by the nucleus. With a simple example, we explain why these states cannot appear in traditional calculations of the α capture cross sections based on monotonic penetrabilities of a barrier, but they appear in a complete description of the evolution of the CN. Our result is obtained by a complete description of the CN evolution, which has the advantages of (1) a clear picture of the formation of the CN and its disintegration, (2) a detailed quantum description of the CN, (3) tests of the calculated amplitudes based on quantum mechanics (not realized in other approaches), and (4) high accuracy of calculations (not achieved in other approaches). These peculiarities are shown with the capture reaction of α +44Ca . We predict quasibound energy levels and determine fusion probabilities for this reaction. The difference between our approach and theory of quasistationary states with complex energies applied for the α capture is also discussed. We show (1) that theory does not provide calculations for the cross section of α capture (according to modern models of the α capture), in contrast with our formalism, and (2) these two approaches describe different states of the α capture (for the same α -nucleus potential).
17. HIJET: a Monte Carlo event generator for P-nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ludlam, T.; Pfoh, A.; Shor, A.
1985-01-01
Comparisons are shown for the HIJET generated data and measured data for average multiplicities, rapidity distributions, and leading proton spectra in proton-nucleus and heavy ion reactions. The algorithm for the generator is one of an incident particle on a target of uniformly distributed nucleons. The dynamics of the interaction limit secondary interactions in that only the leading baryon may re-interact with the nuclear volume. Energy and four momentum are globally conserved in each event. 6 refs., 6 figs
18. The Confined Hydrogen Atom with a Moving Nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Fernandez, Francisco M.
2010-01-01
We study the hydrogen atom confined to a spherical box with impenetrable walls but, unlike earlier pedagogical articles on the subject, we assume that the nucleus also moves. We obtain the ground-state energy approximately by means of first-order perturbation theory and show that it is greater than that for the case in which the nucleus is clamped…
19. On studies of the hadron-nucleus collision processes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalski, Z.
1992-01-01
A new way of hadron-nucleus collision process investigations in experiments is described. It is based on the properties of the hadron passage through layers of the intranuclear matter. The picture of the hadron-nucleus collision mechanism, as prompted experimentally, is presented. 37 refs.; 1 tab
20. Nucleus retroambiguus projections to the periaqueductal gray in the cat
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Klop, EM; Mouton, LJ; Holstege, G
2002-01-01
The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) of the caudal medulla is a relay nucleus by which neurons of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) reach motoneurons of pharynx, larynx, soft palate, intercostal and abdominal muscles, and several muscles of the hindlimbs. These PAG-NRA-motoneuronal projections
1. Nucleus-size pinning for determination of nucleation free-energy barriers and nucleus geometry
Science.gov (United States)
Sharma, Abhishek K.; Escobedo, Fernando A.
2018-05-01
Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) has recently been used in conjunction with a seeding approach to simulate nucleation phenomena at small-to-moderate supersaturation conditions when large free-energy barriers ensue. In this study, the conventional seeding approach [J. R. Espinosa et al., J. Chem. Phys. 144, 034501 (2016)] is improved by a novel, more robust method to estimate nucleation barriers. Inspired by the interfacial pinning approach [U. R. Pedersen, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104102 (2013)] used before to determine conditions where two phases coexist, the seed of the incipient phase is pinned to a preselected size to iteratively drive the system toward the conditions where the seed becomes a critical nucleus. The proposed technique is first validated by estimating the critical nucleation conditions for the disorder-to-order transition in hard spheres and then applied to simulate and characterize the highly non-trivial (prolate) morphology of the critical crystal nucleus in hard gyrobifastigia. A generalization of CNT is used to account for nucleus asphericity and predict nucleation free-energy barriers for gyrobifastigia. These predictions of nuclei shape and barriers are validated by independent umbrella sampling calculations.
2. Transverse-momentum distribution of produced particles in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ban-Hao, S.; Wong, C.
1985-01-01
In order to discern coherent or collective processes from incoherent processes in nucleus-nucleus reactions at high energies, we study the transverse-momentum distribution of the produced particles with an incoherent-multiple-collision model. In this model, the projectile nucleon makes successive inelastic collisions with nucleons in the target nucleus, the probability of such collisions being given by the thickness function and the nucleon-nucleon inelastic cross section. It is assumed that each baryon-baryon collision produces particles and degrades momenta just as a baryon-baryon collision in free space, and that there are no secondary collisions between the produced particles and the nucleons. We found that the average transverse momentum and the charged-multiplicity data at Fermilab and CERN ISR energies can be well explained by such a model. However, the average transverse momentum for some events observed by the Japanese-American cooperative emulsion experiment (JACEE) associated with large energy density in the central rapidity region differ markedly from the model results. Such a deviation indicates the presence of coherent or collective effects for these collisions and may indicate the possibility of a formation of quark-gluon plasma
3. Afferent projections to the deep mesencephalic nucleus in the rat
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Veazey, R.B.; Severin, C.M.
1982-01-01
Afferent projections to the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DMN) of the rat were demonstrated with axonal transport techniques. Potential sources for projections to the DMN were first identified by injecting the nucleus with HRP and examining the cervical spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex for retrogradely labeled neurons. Areas consistently labeled were then injected with a tritiated radioisotope, the tissue processed for autoradiography, and the DMN examined for anterograde labeling. Afferent projections to the medial and/or lateral parts of the DMN were found to originate from a number of spinal, bulbar, and cortical centers. Rostral brain centers projecting to both medial and lateral parts of the DMN include the ipsilateral motor and somatosensory cortex, the entopeduncular nucleus, and zona incerta. at the level of the midbrain, the ipsilateral substantia nigra and contralateral DMN likewise project to the DMN. Furthermore, the ipsilateral superior colliculus projects to the DMN, involving mainly the lateral part of the nucleus. Afferents from caudal centers include bilateral projections from the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal complex and the nucleus medulla oblongata centralis, as well as from the contralateral dentate nucleus. The projections from the trigeminal complex and nucleus medullae oblongatae centralis terminate in the intermediate and medial parts of the DMN, whereas projections from the contralateral dentate nucleus terminate mainly in its lateral part. In general, the afferent connections of the DMN arise from diverse areas of the brain. Although most of these projections distribute throughout the entire extent of the DMN, some of them project mainly to either medial or lateral parts of the nucleus, thus suggesting that the organization of the DMN is comparable, at least in part, to that of the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, a region in which hodological differences between medial and lateral subdivisions are known to exist
4. On the possible detection of quantum-mechanical interferences between gravitational forces and nucleus-nucleus Coulomb forces
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Silveira, R. da
1996-07-01
Possible effects of quantum-mechanical interferences between gravitational forces and the nucleus-nucleus Coulomb interaction are discussed. It is shown that, although very small, these effects could be measured using low energy scattering between identical heavy nuclei, e.g. for the system 208 Pb + 208 Pb (E L = 5 MeV). (author)
5. Evolution of a protein folding nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Xia, Xue; Longo, Liam M; Sutherland, Mason A; Blaber, Michael
2016-07-01
The folding nucleus (FN) is a cryptic element within protein primary structure that enables an efficient folding pathway and is the postulated heritable element in the evolution of protein architecture; however, almost nothing is known regarding how the FN structurally changes as complex protein architecture evolves from simpler peptide motifs. We report characterization of the FN of a designed purely symmetric β-trefoil protein by ϕ-value analysis. We compare the structure and folding properties of key foldable intermediates along the evolutionary trajectory of the β-trefoil. The results show structural acquisition of the FN during gene fusion events, incorporating novel turn structure created by gene fusion. Furthermore, the FN is adjusted by circular permutation in response to destabilizing functional mutation. FN plasticity by way of circular permutation is made possible by the intrinsic C3 cyclic symmetry of the β-trefoil architecture, identifying a possible selective advantage that helps explain the prevalence of cyclic structural symmetry in the proteome. © 2015 The Protein Society.
6. Comparing Realistic Subthalamic Nucleus Neuron Models
Science.gov (United States)
Njap, Felix; Claussen, Jens C.; Moser, Andreas; Hofmann, Ulrich G.
2011-06-01
The mechanism of action of clinically effective electrical high frequency stimulation is still under debate. However, recent evidence points at the specific activation of GABA-ergic ion channels. Using a computational approach, we analyze temporal properties of the spike trains emitted by biologically realistic neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) as a function of GABA-ergic synaptic input conductances. Our contribution is based on a model proposed by Rubin and Terman and exhibits a wide variety of different firing patterns, silent, low spiking, moderate spiking and intense spiking activity. We observed that most of the cells in our network turn to silent mode when we increase the GABAA input conductance above the threshold of 3.75 mS/cm2. On the other hand, insignificant changes in firing activity are observed when the input conductance is low or close to zero. We thus reproduce Rubin's model with vanishing synaptic conductances. To quantitatively compare spike trains from the original model with the modified model at different conductance levels, we apply four different (dis)similarity measures between them. We observe that Mahalanobis distance, Victor-Purpura metric, and Interspike Interval distribution are sensitive to different firing regimes, whereas Mutual Information seems undiscriminative for these functional changes.
7. Subthalamic nucleus detects unnatural android movement.
Science.gov (United States)
Ikeda, Takashi; Hirata, Masayuki; Kasaki, Masashi; Alimardani, Maryam; Matsushita, Kojiro; Yamamoto, Tomoyuki; Nishio, Shuichi; Ishiguro, Hiroshi
2017-12-19
An android, i.e., a realistic humanoid robot with human-like capabilities, may induce an uncanny feeling in human observers. The uncanny feeling about an android has two main causes: its appearance and movement. The uncanny feeling about an android increases when its appearance is almost human-like but its movement is not fully natural or comparable to human movement. Even if an android has human-like flexible joints, its slightly jerky movements cause a human observer to detect subtle unnaturalness in them. However, the neural mechanism underlying the detection of unnatural movements remains unclear. We conducted an fMRI experiment to compare the observation of an android and the observation of a human on which the android is modelled, and we found differences in the activation pattern of the brain regions that are responsible for the production of smooth and natural movement. More specifically, we found that the visual observation of the android, compared with that of the human model, caused greater activation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). When the android's slightly jerky movements are visually observed, the STN detects their subtle unnaturalness. This finding suggests that the detection of unnatural movements is attributed to an error signal resulting from a mismatch between a visual input and an internal model for smooth movement.
8. Backward emission in hadron-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Stelte, N.; Weiner, R.
1981-01-01
Backward emission of hadrons in reactions of the type: P + T → a + anything, where the projectile P is a hadron, T a nuclear target and a a hadron or a light nucleus has been the subject of experimental investigation in the last decade in an energy range E starting in the hundred MeV region and extending up to 400 GeV projectile energy. The main interest in these reactions lies in the fact that they provide information about collective behavior of nucleons in nuclei (cumulative effect, i.e., the presence of secondary particles in a region of momentum space which cannot be populated by nucleon-nucleon interactions) although some authors have recently patronized this effect. In particular the consequences of nuclear limiting fragementation together with the cumulative effect can be used to obtain important information on transport properties and the equation of state of nuclear matter. Limiting fragmentation is a phenomenon discovered in the GeV region and applied to the reaction implies that in the high E limit two separate rapidity regions exist, one for the projectile and another for the target so that in each of the regions the inclusive cross section dsigma/dEd Ω becomes independent of the incoming energy. Here E and Ω refer to the kinetic energy and solid angle of the emitted particle
9. Heavy nucleus resonance absorption in heterogeneous lattices
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Coste, M.; Tellier, H.; Brienne-Raepsaet, C.; Van Der Gucht, C.
1992-01-01
To compute easily the neutron reaction rates in the resonance energy range, the reactor physicists use the self-shielding formalism and the effective cross-section concept. Usually, for these calculations, and equivalence process is used, in such a way that the absorption rate is correctly computed for the whole fuel pin. This procedure does not allow to preserve the spatial absorption rate distribution inside the pin. It is an important handicap if we want to reproduce the plutonium distribution in a spent fuel. To avoid this inconvenience, new improvements of the self-shielding formalism have been recently introduced in the new assembly calculation code of the French Atomic Energy Commission, APOLLO 2. With this improved formalism, it is now possible to represent the spatial and energetic dependence of the heavy nucleus absorption inside the fuel pin and to use a fine energy dependent equivalence process. As it does not exist clean experimental results for the spatial and energetic dependence of the absorption, the authors used reference calculations to qualify the self-shielding formalism. For the strongly self-shielded nuclei of interest in reactor physics, U238, Pu240 and Th232, the agreement between the self-shielding calculation and the reference ones is fairly good for the spatial and energetic dependence of the absorption rate
10. Control of nucleus accumbens activity with neurofeedback.
Science.gov (United States)
Greer, Stephanie M; Trujillo, Andrew J; Glover, Gary H; Knutson, Brian
2014-08-01
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) plays critical roles in healthy motivation and learning, as well as in psychiatric disorders (including schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Thus, techniques that confer control of NAcc activity might inspire new therapeutic interventions. By providing second-to-second temporal resolution of activity in small subcortical regions, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can resolve online changes in NAcc activity, which can then be presented as "neurofeedback." In an fMRI-based neurofeedback experiment designed to elicit NAcc activity, we found that subjects could increase their own NAcc activity, and that display of neurofeedback significantly enhanced their ability to do so. Subjects were not as capable of decreasing their NAcc activity, however, and enhanced control did not persist after subsequent removal of neurofeedback. Further analyses suggested that individuals who recruited positive aroused affect were better able to increase NAcc activity in response to neurofeedback, and that NAcc neurofeedback also elicited functionally correlated activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings suggest that humans can modulate their own NAcc activity and that fMRI-based neurofeedback may augment their efforts. The observed association between positive arousal and effective NAcc control further supports an anticipatory affect account of NAcc function. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11. Analysis of the thematic content of review Nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Guerra Valdes, Ramiro
2007-01-01
A computer programme for performing standardized analysis of research areas and key concepts of nuclear science and technology under development at Cubaenergia is presented. Main components of the information processing system, as well as computational methods and modules for thematic content analysis of INIS Database record files are described. Results of thematic content analysis of review Nucleus from 1986 to 2005 are shown. Furthermore, results of demonstrative study Nucleus, Science, Technology and Society are also shown. The results provide new elements to asses the significance of the thematic content of review Nucleus in the context of innovation in interrelated multidisciplinary research areas
12. Theoretical interpretation of medium energy nucleon nucleus inelastic scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lagrange, Christian
1970-06-01
A theoretical study is made of the medium energy nucleon-nucleus inelastic scattering (direct interaction), by applying the distorted wave Born approximation such as can be deduced from the paired equation method. It is applied to the interpretation of the inelastic scattering of 12 MeV protons by 63 Cu; this leads us to make use of different sets of wave functions to describe the various states of the target nucleus. We analyze the nature of these states and the shape of the nucleon-nucleus interaction potential, and we compare the results with those obtained from other theoretical and experimental work. (author) [fr
13. On angular distribution of nucleus fission fragments by fast neutrons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barabanov, A.L.; Grechukhin, D.P.
1987-01-01
Evaluation of amplitudes of quadrupole and hexadecapole components of angular distribution of nucleus fission fragments by neutrons with the energies E n < or approx. 6 MeV is conducted. Stability of this amplitude to permeability optical coefficient variations for neutrons is revealed. It is shown, that the ratio of these amplitudes as well as the character of their dependence on the target nucleus orientation degree are sensitive to the type of fission probability distribution along K projection if fissile nucleus J spin to the fragment scattering axis. This sensitivity may be used for fragment angular distribution anisotropy formation statistical model verification
14. Semi classical model of the neutron resonance compound nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ohkubo, Makio
1995-01-01
A Semi-classical model of compound nucleus is developed, where time evolution and recurrence for many degrees of freedom (oscillators) excited simultaneously are explicitly considered. The effective number of oscillators plays the role in the compound nucleus, and the nuclear temperatures are derived, which are in good agreement with the traditional values. Time structures of the compound nucleus at resonance are considered, from which equidistant level series with an envelope of strength function of giant resonance nature is obtained. S-matrix formulation for fine structure resonance is derived. (author)
15. The Mathematical Model High Energy Collisions Process Hadron-Nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wojciechowski, A.; Strugalska-Gola, E.; Strugalski, Z.
2002-01-01
During the passage high energy hadron by the heavy nucleus emitted are nucleons and many other particles from which most more group are nucleons and mesons π + π - π 0 . in this work we will present the mathematical model which is a simplified description of basic processes in the interior of the nucleus during passing of the hadron by the nucleus. Result of calculations we will compare with experimental results. Experimental data are based on photographs of 180 litre xenon bubble chambers (180 1 KKP) of Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Moscow (ITEF, Moscow) irradiated with the beam of mesons π - with momentum 3.5 GeV/c. (author)
16. On slow particle production in hadron-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Stenlund, E.; Otterlund, I.
1982-01-01
A model for slow particle production in hadron-nucleus interactions is presented. The model succesfully predicts correlations between the number of knock-on particles and the number of particles associated with the evaporation process as well as correlations with the number of collisions, ν, between the incident hadron and the nucleons inside the target nucleus. The model provides two independent possibilities to determine the number of primary intranuclear collisions, ν, i.e. by its correlation to the number of knock-on particles or to the number of evaporated particles. The good agreement indicates that the model gives an impact-parameter sensitive description of hardron nucleus reactions. (orig.)
17. Study on isotopic distribution produced by nucleus-nucleus collisions with modified SAA model
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zhong Chen; Fang Deqing; Cai Xiangzhou; Shen Wenqing; Zhang Huyong; Wei Yibin; Ma Yugang
2003-01-01
Base on Brohm's Statistic-Ablation-Abrasion (SAA) model, the modified SAA model was developed via introducing the isospin dependence of nucleon distribution in nucleus and parameterized formulas for nucleon-nucleon cross section in nuclear matter. It can simulate well the isotopic distribution at both high and intermediate energies. By the improvement of computational method, the range of calculation of isotopic distribution can be increased from three order magnitude to eight order magnitude (even higher). It can reproduce experimental data and predict the isotopic distribution for very far from stability line which is very important from experimental viewpoint
18. 2D model of the Nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Lach, Theodore M.
2003-10-01
The CBM (model) of the nucleus has resulted in the prediction of two new quarks, an "up" quark of mass 237.31 MeV/c2 and a "dn" quark of mass 42.392 MeV/c2. These two new predicted quarks helped to determine that the masses of the quarks and leptons are all related by a geometric progression relationship. The mass of each quark or lepton is just the "geometric mean" of two related elementary particles, either in the same generation or in the same family. This numerology predicts the following masses for the electron family: 0.511000 (electron), 7.74 (predicted), 117.3, 1778.4 (tau), 26950.1 MeV. The geometric ratio of this progression is 15.154 (e to the power e). The mass of the tau in this theory agrees very well with accepted values. This theory suggests that all the "dn like" quarks have a mass of just 10X multiples of 4.24 MeV (the mass of the "d" quark). The first 3 "up like" quark masses are 38, 237.31 and 1500 MeV. This theory also predicts a new heavy generation with a lepton mass of 27 GeV, a "dn like" quark of 42.4 GeV, and an "up like" quark of 65 GeV. Significant evidence already exists for the existence of these new quarks, and lepton. Ref. Masses of the Sub-Nuclear Particles, nucl-th/ 0008026, @ http://xxx.lanl.gov. Infinite Energy, Vol 5, issue 30.
19. Semiclassical model for single-particle transitions in nucleus-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Milek, B.; Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna; Technische Univ., Dresden; Reif, R.; Pham Khan Van; Revai, J.
1990-04-01
A previously elaborated semiclassical one-body model for the dynamics of a single particle, moving in two potentials, in heavy-ion reactions or in fissioning systems has been extended with respect to the inclusion of angular momenta and more realistic separable potentials. The collective relative motion is assumed to proceed along a trajectory which is calculated from classical equations of motion including conservative and phenomenological friction forces. The formalism has been derived involving three-dimensional trajectories for symmetric as well as for asymmetric nucleus-nucleus systems. The model allows for the calculation of correct quantum mechanical transition amplitudes to final bound and continuum states. It has been applied for the investigation of the excitation of a neutron during a fission process, covering also non-statistical differential emission probabilities. From the numerical calculations, using parameters adapted to 252 Cf(sf), one can conclude that in the underlying model without 'sudden' processes the energy spectrum consists of two parts. The low lying component is created in the neck region while a high lying part seems to be governed mainly by the dynamics of the underlying collective motion rather than by the specific initial conditions. (orig.)
20. Collision dynamics and particle production in relativistic nucleus- nucleus collisions at CERN
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Harris, J.W.
1990-03-01
The possibility of forming a quark-gluon plasma is the primary motivation for studying nucleus-nucleus collisions at very high energies. Various ''signatures'' for the existence of a quark-gluon plasma in these collisions have been proposed. These include an enhancement in the production of strange particles, suppression of J/Ψ production, observation of direct photons from the plasma, event-by-event fluctuations in the rapidity distributions of produced particles, and various other observables. However, the system will evolve dynamically from a pure plasma or mixed phase through expansion, cooling, hadronization and freezeout into the final state particles. Therefore, to be able to determine that a new, transient state of matter has been formed it will be necessary to understand the space-time evolution of the collision process and the microscopic structure of hadronic interactions, at the level of quarks and gluons, at high temperatures and densities. In this talk I will review briefly the present state of our understanding of the dynamics of these collisions and, in addition, present a few recent results on particle production from the NA35 experiment at CERN. 21 refs., 5 figs
1. Estimation of nuclear destruction in high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Uzhinskij, V.V.
1995-01-01
It is assumed that: 1) a projectile particle invokes into target nucleus a cascade of quark-gluon exchanges; 2) the nucleons involved in the cascade are ejected from the nucleus which leads to the nuclear destruction. On these bases a simple model to estimate the nuclear destruction at the fast stage of the interaction is proposed. The allowed region of the model parameters is determined at the proton-emulsion high-energy interaction data analysis: an analysis of gold interactions with nuclei at an energy of 600 MeV/nucleon fixes the parameter values. The distributions on the energy in zero degree calorimeter (T ZDC ) in the interactions of Si+Al, Cu, Pb (14 GeV/nucleon) and Au+Au (10 GeV/nucleon) calculated in the framework of the model and in the cascade-evaporation model (CEM) are presented. The proposed model describes the nuclear destruction at intermediate and high energies better than CEM does. The estimation of the average values of impact parameter and the number of intra-nuclear collisions for Au+Au interactions in the events with different T ZDC is given. 34 refs., 11 figs
2. Quantitative analysis of the fusion cross sections using different microscopic nucleus-nucleus interactions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Adel, A. [Cairo University, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Giza (Egypt); Majmaah University, Physics Department, College of Science, Al-Zulfi (Saudi Arabia); Alharbi, T. [Majmaah University, Physics Department, College of Science, Al-Zulfi (Saudi Arabia)
2017-01-15
The fusion cross sections for reactions involving medium and heavy nucleus-nucleus systems are investigated near and above the Coulomb barrier using the one-dimensional barrier penetration model. The microscopic nuclear interaction potential is computed by four methods, namely: the double-folding model based on a realistic density-dependent M3Y NN interaction with a finite-range exchange part, the Skyrme energy density functional in the semiclassical extended Thomas-Fermi approximation, the generalized Proximity potential, and the Akyuez-Winther interaction. The comparison between the calculated and the measured values of the fusion excitation functions indicates that the calculations of the DFM give quite satisfactory agreement with the experimental data, being much better than the other methods. New parameterized forms for the fusion barrier heights and positions are presented. Furthermore, the effects of deformation and orientation degrees of freedom on the distribution of the Coulomb barrier characteristics as well as the fusion cross sections are studied for the reactions {sup 16}O + {sup 70}Ge and {sup 28}Si + {sup 100}Mo. The calculated values of the total fusion cross sections are compared with coupled channel calculations using the code CCFULL and compared with the experimental data. Our results reveal that the inclusion of deformations and orientation degrees of freedom improves the comparison with the experimental data. (orig.)
3. Multiparticle excitations in the 149 Gd superdeformed nucleus. Signature of new C4 nucleus symmetry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Theisen, C.
1995-01-01
The use of 8 π and EUROGAM phase I multi-detectors for the study of high spin states of 149 Gd nucleus has revealed unexpected new phenomenons about the superdeformation in this nucleus. The new excited bands confirm the omnipresence of twin bands phenomenon. A new multi-particle excitation (two protons and one neutron) has been discovered. Thanks to the second generation EUROGAM detector, unexpected discoveries such as C 4 symmetry, level interactions, complete backbending were obtained for the second potential well. The knowledge of interacting levels gives informations about the nucleon-nucleon residual interaction and could allow the determination of SD bands excitation energy. The complex processing and analysis of high multiplicity events has led to the development of new computing tools. An automatic band research program has been written for the discovery of new excited bands, and an exact method for the elimination of uncorrected events has been developed. The improvements of multi-detector performances should allow the discovery of more exceptional phenomenons and new anomalies in the SD bands. (J.S.). 222 refs., 86 figs., 38 tabs
4. Experimental problems of search for quark-gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Okonov, Eh.O.
1987-01-01
Experimental problems for searching for quark-gluon (quagma) plasma in nucleus-nucleus interactions (NbNb,CaCa, ArPb, CnE, ONe) in the energy range E=0.4-1 GeV/A and 3.67 GeV/A and 200 GeV/A energies are discussed. Peculiarities of performing experiments on Dubna synchrophasotron and SPS Bevalac are discussed. The first results prove hadron matter thermalization sufficient for quagma manifestation. It is found that such characteristics of studied interactions as relative λ-hyperon yield, spectral (temperature) characteristics of λ k -hyperons (with higher values of transferred transverse momenta) and associatively produced peons are of greatest interest. The necessity of precise establishment of λ-hyperon group as excessive and differing in its origin from the other particles of the hadron phase is noted. It is shown that experimental approach used in Dubna research proved efficient and requires further development. It includes : selection of rare events (fluctuations) in central interactions of nuclei with high local excitation; search and research of peculiarities in the production of strange particles and in associative pion production; use of streamer spectrometer with a trigger system of rigid selection of central interactions
5. Patterns of FOS protein induction in singing female starlings
Science.gov (United States)
Riters, Lauren V.
2013-01-01
Females of many songbird species produce song, but information about the neural correlates of singing behavior is limited in this sex. Although well studied in males, activity in premotor song control regions and social behavior regions has not been examined in females during song production. Here, we examined the immediate early gene protein product FOS in both song control and social behavior brain regions after female starlings defending nest boxes responded to an unfamiliar female in a naturalistic setting. We found that females that sang in response to the intruder had much higher numbers of fos-immunoreactive neurons (fos-ir) in the vocal control regions HVC, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and the dorsomedial part of the nucleus intercollicularis (DM of the ICo). In HVC, fos-ir correlated positively with song length. In RA, DM and Area X, fos-ir correlated positively with number of songs produced. In social behavior regions, singers showed higher fos-ir in the nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, the dorsal part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the ventromedial hypothalamus than non-singers. Overall, patterns of fos-ir in song control regions in females were similar to those reported for males, but differences in fos-ir were identified in social behavior regions. These differences may reflect a distinct role for brain regions involved in social behavior in female song, or they may reflect differences in the social function of female and male song. PMID:23022365
6. Agmatine attenuates nicotine induced conditioned place preference in mice through modulation of neuropeptide Y system.
Science.gov (United States)
Kotagale, Nandkishor R; Walke, Sonali; Shelkar, Gajanan P; Kokare, Dadasaheb M; Umekar, Milind J; Taksande, Brijesh G
2014-04-01
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of agmatine on nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice. Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1mg/kg) significantly increased time spent in drug-paired compartment. Agmatine (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) co-administered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice. Concomitant administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) (1 pg/mouse, icv) or [Leu(31), Pro(34)]-NPY (0.1 pg/mouse, icv), selective NPY Y1 receptor agonist potentiated the inhibitory effect of agmatine (10 mg/kg, ip) on nicotine CPP. Conversely, pretreatment with NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP3226 (0.01 ng/mouse, icv) blocked the effect of agmatine (20 mg/kg, ip) on nicotine induced CPP. In immunohistochemical study, nicotine decreased NPY-immunoreactivity in nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral part (BNSTl), arcuate nucleus (ARC) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, administration of agmatine prior to the nicotine significantly reversed the effect of nicotine on NPY-immunoreactivity in the above brain nuclei. This data indicate that agmatine attenuate nicotine induced CPP via modulation of NPYergic neurotransmission in brain. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
7. Physical interaction is not necessary for the induction of housing-type social buffering of conditioned hyperthermia in male rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Kiyokawa, Yasushi; Kodama, Yuka; Takeuchi, Yukari; Mori, Yuji
2013-11-01
In social animals, housing with conspecific animals after a stressful event attenuates the subsequent adverse outcomes due to the event, and this has been called housing-type social buffering. We have previously found that housing-type social buffering attenuates the enhancement of hyperthermia and Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that occurs in response to an aversive conditioned stimulus in male rats. Here, we analyzed the role of physical interactions during social housing in the induction of housing-type social buffering. When a fear-conditioned subject was alone after the conditioning and then exposed to the conditioned stimulus, it showed behavioral, autonomic, and neural stress responses. However, social housing, during which physical interactions were prevented by wire mesh, attenuated these autonomic and neural stress responses, as has been seen in previous studies. These results suggested that physical interaction was not necessary for the induction of housing-type social buffering. With this social cohabitation model, we then found that social cohabitation increased Fos expression in the posterior complex of the anterior olfactory nucleus of the fear-conditioned subject. Social cohabitation also increased Fos expression in 11 brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial, lateral, basal, and cortical amygdala. These results provide information about the neural mechanisms that induce housing-type social buffering. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
8. Mapping the co-localization of the circadian proteins PER2 and BMAL1 with enkephalin and substance P throughout the rodent forebrain.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ariana Frederick
Full Text Available Despite rhythmic expression of clock genes being found throughout the central nervous system, very little is known about their function outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Determining the pattern of clock gene expression across neuronal subpopulations is a key step in understanding their regulation and how they may influence the functions of various brain structures. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we quantified the co-expression of the clock proteins BMAL1 and PER2 with two neuropeptides, Substance P (SubP and Enkephalin (Enk, expressed in distinct neuronal populations throughout the forebrain. Regions examined included the limbic forebrain (dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, stria terminalis, thalamus medial habenula of the thalamus, paraventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the olfactory bulb. In most regions examined, BMAL1 was homogeneously expressed in nearly all neurons (~90%, and PER2 was expressed in a slightly lower proportion of cells. There was no specific correlation to SubP- or Enk- expressing subpopulations. The olfactory bulb was unique in that PER2 and BMAL1 were expressed in a much smaller percentage of cells, and Enk was rarely found in the same cells that expressed the clock proteins (SubP was undetectable. These results indicate that clock genes are not unique to specific cell types, and further studies will be required to determine the factors that contribute to the regulation of clock gene expression throughout the brain.
9. Radioautography of the central nervous system and pituitary after 3H steroid hormones injection into different mammals
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Warembourg, M.
1977-01-01
The central nervous system and pituitary of various mammals were examined by radioautography after injection of different tritiated steroid hormones. After injection of 3 H estradiol into ovariectomized mice, radioautograms revealed a significant labelling in cells of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus preopticus medialis, the nuclei arcuatus and ventro-medialis. After injection of 3 H testosterone into castrated rats, the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary contained labelled cells. In the hypothalamus, the distribution pattern of androgen-neurons appears to be similar from the estrogen-neuron areas. After injection of 3 H progesterone into castrated estrogen-primed guinea-pigs, labelled neurons have been in the regions of nucleus arcuatus and nucleus preopticus suprachiasmaticus. After injection of 3 H corticosterone into adrenalectomized male rats, radioactivity was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons of septum, hippocampal complex indusium griseum, amygdala and in certain areas of the cortex. Most of the silver grains were localized in the nuclei of labelled cells. On the other hand, after injection of 3 H dexamethasone radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, in the anterior pituitary and in the pineal gland. Differences appear to exist in the topographic distribution of dexamethasone and corticosterone-concentrating cells [fr
10. 3D Protein Dynamics in the Cell Nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Singh, Anand P; Galland, Rémi; Finch-Edmondson, Megan L; Grenci, Gianluca; Sibarita, Jean-Baptiste; Studer, Vincent; Viasnoff, Virgile; Saunders, Timothy E
2017-01-10
The three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the cell nucleus plays an important role in protein dynamics and in regulating gene expression. However, protein dynamics within the 3D nucleus are poorly understood. Here, we present, to our knowledge, a novel combination of 1) single-objective based light-sheet microscopy, 2) photoconvertible proteins, and 3) fluorescence correlation microscopy, to quantitatively measure 3D protein dynamics in the nucleus. We are able to acquire >3400 autocorrelation functions at multiple spatial positions within a nucleus, without significant photobleaching, allowing us to make reliable estimates of diffusion dynamics. Using this tool, we demonstrate spatial heterogeneity in Polymerase II dynamics in live U2OS cells. Further, we provide detailed measurements of human-Yes-associated protein diffusion dynamics in a human gastric cancer epithelial cell line. Copyright © 2017 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11. Nucleus geometry and mechanical properties of resistance spot ...
Keywords. Automotive steels; resistance spot welding; mechanical properties; nucleus geometry. 1. .... High va- lues of hardness can be explained with martensitic forma- ... interface of DP450–DP600 steels may have stainless steel properties.
12. Thermalization in high energy proton-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wedemann, R.S.
1988-03-01
A relativistic proton-nucleus collision using the intranuclear cascade model is studied. The purpose is to verify the equilibration hypothesis at fragmentation time made by many nuclear fragmentation models. (author)
13. Optical observations of the nucleus of NGC 4151
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Romano, G; Minello, S [Padua Univ. (Italy). Istituto di Astronomia
1977-08-01
Photographic observations of the nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151, carried out during the last seven years, are reported. The object shows irregular variations between photographic magnitudes 11.2 and 13.0.
14. Deconvolving the Nucleus of Centaurus A Using Chandra PSF Library
Science.gov (United States)
Karovska, Margarita
2000-01-01
Centaurus A (NGC 5128) is a giant early-type galaxy containing the nearest (at 3.5 Mpc) radio-bright Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). Cen A was observed with the High Resolution Camera (HRC) on the Chandra X-ray Observatory on several occasions since the launch in July 1999. The high-angular resolution (less than 0.5 arcsecond) Chandra/HRC images reveal X ray multi-scale structures in this object with unprecedented detail and clarity, including the bright nucleus believed to be associated with a supermassive black hole. We explored the spatial extent of the Cen A nucleus using deconvolution techniques on the full resolution Chandra images. Model point spread functions (PSFs) were derived from the standard Chandra raytrace PSF library as well as unresolved point sources observed with Chandra. The deconvolved images show that the Cen A nucleus is resolved and asymmetric. We discuss several possible causes of this extended emission and of the asymmetries.
15. Radiological study of the calcanean ossification secondary nucleus development
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Carvalho Filho, Guaracy.
1994-01-01
This work describes the normal aspects of the calcanean ossification secondary nucleus radiological development, the appearing time, his form, localization, fragmentation and evolution of area, from a sample of normal individuals. (author). 14 refs., 16 figs., 8 tabs
16. The picture of the nuclei disintegration mechanism - from hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions experimental investigations at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalska-Gola, E.; Strugalski, Z.; Chmielowski, W.
1997-01-01
The mechanism of the nuclei disintegration process in collisions of high-energy hadrons with nuclei is revealed experimentally. The disintegration appears as a complicated nuclear process developing in time and space in intranuclear matter, consisting at least of three stages which last together about 10 -24 - 10 -17 s after the impact. At the first stage, which lasts about 10 -24 - 10 -22 s, fast nucleons are densely emitted and the target-nucleus is locally damaged. At the second stage, lasting about 10 -22 - 10 -1 7 s, the damaged and unstable residual target nucleus uses to evaporate light fragments - mainly nucleons, deuterons, tritons, α-particles. At the final stage, the residual target-nucleus uses to split sometimes into two or more nuclear fragments
17. Colour, albedo and nucleus size of Halley's comet
Science.gov (United States)
Cruikshank, D. P.; Tholen, D. J.; Hartmann, W. K.
1985-01-01
Photometry of Halley's comet in the B, J, V, and K broadband filters during a time when the coma was very weak and presumed to contribute negligibly to the broadband photometry is reported. The V-J and J-K colors suggest that the color of the nucleus of Halley's comet is similar to that of the D-type asteroids, which in turn suggests that the surface of the nucleus has an albedo less than 0.1.
18. Ion-beam spectroscopic studies of the 69As nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Badica, T.; Cojocaru, V.; Olariu, A.; Petre, M.; Popescu, I. V.; Gheboianu, A.
2009-01-01
Excited state of the neutron deficient 69 As nucleus were investigated in the 58 Ni( 14 N,2pn) reaction by ion-beam γ spectroscopic methods (excitation functions, γγ-coincidences, angular distributions and linear polarization gated with neutrons). A new more complete level scheme of 69 As has been proposed with spin-parity values. The structure of the nucleus is discussed in the framework of the interaction boson-fermion model (IBFM). (authors)
19. Cytoarchitectonic and quantitative Golgi study of the hedgehog supraoptic nucleus.
OpenAIRE
Caminero, A A; Machín, C; Sanchez-Toscano, F
1992-01-01
A cytoarchitectural study was made of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hedgehog with special attention to the quantitative comparison of its main neuronal types. The main purposes were (1) to relate the characteristics of this nucleus in the hedgehog (a primitive mammalian insectivorous brain) with those in the SONs of more evolutionarily advanced species; (2) to identify quantitatively the dendritic fields of the main neuronal types in the hedgehog SON and to study their synaptic connecti...
20. Rapidity distributions of secondary particles in hadron-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alaverdyan, G.B.; Pak, A.S.; Tarasov, A.V.; Tseren, Ch.; Uzhinsky, V.V.
1979-01-01
In the framework of the cascade model of a leading particle the rapidity distributions of secondary particles in the hadron-nucleus interactions are considered. The energy loss fluctuations of leading particles in the successive collisions have been taken into account. It is shown that the centre of rapidity distribution is displaced towards small rapidity with target nucleus atomic number A growth. The model well reproduces the energy and A dependences of the rapidity distributions
1. New computational methods for determining antikaon-nucleus bound states
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fink, P.J. Jr.
1989-01-01
Optical potential for antikaon-nucleus strong interactions are constructed using elementary antikaon-nucleus potentials determined previously. The optical potentials are used to determine the existence of a kaon hypernucleus. Modern three dimensional visualization techniques are used to study model dependences, new methods for speeding the calculation of the optical potential are developed, and previous approximation to avoid full Fermi averaging are eliminated. 19 refs., 21 figs., 3 tabs
2. International Halley Watch: Discipline specialists for near-nucleus studies
Science.gov (United States)
Larson, S.; Sekanina, Z.; Rahe, J.
1986-01-01
The purpose of the Near-Nucleus Studies Net is to study the processes taking place in the near-nucleus environment as they relate to the nature of nucleus. This is accomplisghed by measuring the spatial and temporal distribution of dust, gases and ions in the coma on high resolution images taken from many observatories around the world. By modeling the motions of discrete dust features in Comet Halley, it is often possible to determine the locations of the emission sources on the surface and learn about the nucleus structure. In addition to the general goals shared by all IHW nets, the scientific goals of the net has been to determine (1)the gross surface structure of the nucleus, (2)the nucleus spin vector, (3)the distribution and evolution of jet sources and (4)the interrelationships between the gas, dust and ion components of the coma. An additional Comet Giacobini-Zinner watch was carried out by the NNSN in support of the NASA International Cometary Explorer flyby.
3. Effect of cochlear nerve electrocautery on the adult cochlear nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Iseli, Claire E; Merwin, William H; Klatt-Cromwell, Cristine; Hutson, Kendall A; Ewend, Matthew G; Adunka, Oliver F; Fitzpatrick, Douglas C; Buchman, Craig A
2015-04-01
Electrocauterization and subsequent transection of the cochlear nerve induce greater injury to the cochlear nucleus than sharp transection alone. Some studies show that neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) patients fit with auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) fail to achieve speech perception abilities similar to ABI recipients without NF2. Reasons for these differences remain speculative. One hypothesis posits poorer performance to surgically induced trauma to the cochlear nucleus from electrocautery. Sustained electrosurgical depolarization of the cochlear nerve may cause excitotoxic-induced postsynaptic nuclear injury. Equally plausible is that cautery in the vicinity of the cochlear nucleus induces necrosis. The cochlear nerve was transected in anesthetized adult gerbils sharply with or without bipolar electrocautery at varying intensities. Gerbils were perfused at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postoperatively; their brainstem and cochleas were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 10 μm. Alternate sections were stained with flourescent markers for neuronal injury or Nissl substance. In additional experiments, anterograde tracers were applied directly to a sectioned eighth nerve to verify that fluorescent-labeled profiles seen were terminating auditory nerve fibers. Cochlear nerve injury was observed from 72 hours postoperatively and was identical across cases regardless of surgical technique. Postsynaptic cochlear nucleus injury was not seen after distal transection of the nerve. By contrast, proximal transection was associated with trauma to the cochlear nucleus. Distal application of bipolar electrocautery seems safe for the cochlear nucleus. Application near the root entry zone must be used cautiously because this may compromise nuclear viability needed to support ABI stimulation.
4. Interesting correlations among various parameters of charged secondaries in nucleus - nucleus interactions at 4.5 A GeV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Khan, M. Saleem; Shukla, Praveen Prakash; Khushnood, H.
2015-01-01
The study of the characteristic of charged secondaries was the aim of most of the experiments on high energy nucleon-nucleon and nucleus-nucleus collisions. Investigation are carried out on the produced secondary charged particles with a common belief that these particles are more informative about the collisional dynamics and thus, could be effective in revealing the underlying physics of high energy relativistic interactions. So for understanding the mechanism of multiparticle production in high energy hadron-nucleus collisions, the correlations amongst the secondary charged particles are studied. Several workers have attempted to study the multiplicity correlations over widely different incident energies with different projectiles. The AALMT collaboration have also studied the multiplicity correlations in 200 GeV proton-nucleus collisions
5. The picture of the nuclei disintegration mechanism - from nucleus-nucleus collision experimental data at high energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugalska-Gola, E.; Strugalski, Z.
1997-01-01
Experimental data on nuclear collisions at high energies, mainly obtained from photographic emulsions, are considered from the point of view of the picture of the nuclear collision processes mechanisms prompted experimentally. In fact, the disintegration products of each nucleus involved in a nuclear collision, in its own rest-frame, are similar to that produced by the impact of a number of nucleons of velocity equal to that of the moving primary nucleus
6. Study of high energy densities over extended nuclear volumes via nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SPS
CERN Multimedia
2002-01-01
This experiment examines in detail the characteristics of ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions using $^{16}$O beams of 200 GeV/A from the SPS. The experiment combines 4$\\pi$ calorimeter coverage with measurements of inclusive particle spectra, two-particle correlations, low and high-mass lepton pairs and photons. A multiwire active target allows maximum interaction rates with a minimum of secondary interactions. Additional data are taken with an emulsion target.
7. Fluctuations and correlations in nucleus-nucleus collisions within transport approaches
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Konchakovski, Volodymyr P.
2009-01-01
The current thesis is devoted to a systematic study of fluctuations and correlations in heavy-ion collisions, which might be considered as probes for the phase transition and the critical point in the phase diagram, within the Hadron-String- Dynamics (HSD) microscopic transport approach. This is a powerful tool to study nucleus-nucleus collisions and allows to completely simulate experimental collisions on an event-by-event basis. Thus, the transport model has been used to study fluctuations and correlations including the influence of experimental acceptance as well as centrality, system size and collision energy. The comparison to experimental data can separate the effects induced by a phase transition since there is no phase transition in the HSD version used here. Firstly the centrality dependence of multiplicity fluctuations has been studied. Different centrality selections have been performed in the analysis in correspondence to the experimental situation. For the fixed target experiment NA49 events with fixed numbers of the projectile participants have been studied while in the collider experiment PHENIX centrality classes of events have been defined by the multiplicity in certain phase space region. A decrease of participant number fluctuations (and thus volume fluctuations) in more central collisions for both experiments has been obtained. Another area of this work addresses to transport model calculations of multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions as a function of colliding energy and system size. This study is in full correspondence to the experimental program of the NA61 Collaboration at the SPS. Central C+C, S+S, In+In, and Pb+Pb nuclear collisions at Elab = 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 158 AGeV have been investigated. The expected enhanced fluctuations - attributed to the critical point and phase transition - can be observed experimentally on top of a monotonic and smooth 'hadronic background'. These findings should be helpful for the optimal
8. Fluctuations and correlations in nucleus-nucleus collisions within transport approaches
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Konchakovski, Volodymyr P.
2009-10-01
The current thesis is devoted to a systematic study of fluctuations and correlations in heavy-ion collisions, which might be considered as probes for the phase transition and the critical point in the phase diagram, within the Hadron-String- Dynamics (HSD) microscopic transport approach. This is a powerful tool to study nucleus-nucleus collisions and allows to completely simulate experimental collisions on an event-by-event basis. Thus, the transport model has been used to study fluctuations and correlations including the influence of experimental acceptance as well as centrality, system size and collision energy. The comparison to experimental data can separate the effects induced by a phase transition since there is no phase transition in the HSD version used here. Firstly the centrality dependence of multiplicity fluctuations has been studied. Different centrality selections have been performed in the analysis in correspondence to the experimental situation. For the fixed target experiment NA49 events with fixed numbers of the projectile participants have been studied while in the collider experiment PHENIX centrality classes of events have been defined by the multiplicity in certain phase space region. A decrease of participant number fluctuations (and thus volume fluctuations) in more central collisions for both experiments has been obtained. Another area of this work addresses to transport model calculations of multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions as a function of colliding energy and system size. This study is in full correspondence to the experimental program of the NA61 Collaboration at the SPS. Central C+C, S+S, In+In, and Pb+Pb nuclear collisions at Elab = 10, 20, 30, 40, 80, 158 AGeV have been investigated. The expected enhanced fluctuations - attributed to the critical point and phase transition - can be observed experimentally on top of a monotonic and smooth 'hadronic background'. These findings should be helpful for the
9. Energy loss, range and fluence distributions, total reaction and projectile fragment production cross sections for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sihver, L.; Kanai, T.
1992-07-01
We have developed a computer code for calculations of energy loss (dE/dx) and range distributions for heavy ions in any media. The results from our calculations are in very good agreement with previous calculations. We have developed semiempirical total reaction cross section formulae for proton-nucleus (with Z p ≤26) and nucleus-nucleus (with Z p and Z t ≤26) reactions. These formulae apply for incident energies above 15 MeV and 100 MeV/nucleon respectively. From the total reaction cross sections, we can calculate the mean free paths and the fluence distributions of protons and heavy ions in any media. We have compared all the calculated reaction cross sections and the mean free paths with experimental data, and the agreement is good. We have also constructed a procedure for calculating projectile fragment production cross sections, by scaling semiempirical proton-nucleus partial cross section systematics. The scaling is performed using a scaling parameter deduced from our reaction cross sections formulae, and additional enhancements factors. All products with atomic number ranging from that of the projectile (Z p ) down to Z=2 can be calculated. The agreement between the calculated cross sections and the experimental data is better than earlier published results. (author)
10. Reproduction phase-related expression of GnRH-like immunoreactivity in the olfactory receptor neurons, their projections to the olfactory bulb and in the nervus terminalis in the female Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.).
Science.gov (United States)
Biju, K C; Singru, Praful S; Schreibman, Martin P; Subhedar, Nishikant
2003-10-01
The reproductive biology of the Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala is tightly synchronized with the seasonal changes in the environment. While the ovaries show growth from February through June, the fish spawn in July-August to coincide with the monsoon; thereafter the fish pass into the postspawning and resting phases. We investigated the pattern of GnRH immunoreactivity in the olfactory system at regular intervals extending over a period of 35 months. Although no signal was detected in the olfactory organ of fish collected from April through February following year, distinct GnRH-like immunoreactivity appeared in the fish collected in March. Intense immunoreactivity was noticed in several olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and their axonal fibers as they extend over the olfactory nerve, spread in the periphery of the olfactory bulb (OB), and terminate in the glomerular layer. Strong immunoreactivity was seen in some fascicles of the medial olfactory tracts extending from the OB to the telencephalon. Some neurons of the ganglion cells of nervus terminalis showed GnRH immunostaining during March; no immunoreactivity was detected at other times of the year. Plexus of GnRH immunoreactive fibers extending throughout the bulb represented a different component of the olfactory system; the fiber density showed a seasonal pattern that could be related to the status of gonadal maturity. While it was highest in the prespawning phase, significant reduction in the fiber density was noticed in the fish of spawning and the following regressive phases. Taken together the data suggest that the GnRH in the olfactory system of C. mrigala may play a major role in translation of the environmental cues and influence the downstream signals leading to the stimulation of the brain-pituitary-ovary axis.
11. PREFACE: 11th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (NN2012)
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Bao-An; Natowitz, Joseph B.
2013-03-01
The 11th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (NN2012) was held from 27 May to 1 June 2012, in San Antonio, Texas, USA. It was jointly organized and hosted by The Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University, College Station and The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University-Commerce. Among the approximately 300 participants were a large number of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. The Keynote Talk of the conference, 'The State of Affairs of Present and Future Nucleus-Nucleus Collision Science', was given by Dr Robert Tribble, University Distinguished Professor and Director of the TAMU Cyclotron Institute. During the conference a very well-received public lecture on neutrino astronomy, 'The ICEcube project', was given by Dr Francis Halzen, Hilldale and Gregory Breit Distinguished Professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. The Scientific program continued in the general spirit and intention of this conference series. As is typical of this conference a broad range of topics including fundamental areas of nuclear dynamics, structure, and applications were addressed in 42 plenary session talks, 150 parallel session talks, and 21 posters. The high quality of the work presented emphasized the vitality and relevance of the subject matter of this conference. Following the tradition, the NN2012 International Advisory Committee selected the host and site of the next conference in this series. The 12th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (NN2015) will be held 21-26 June 2015 in Catania, Italy. It will be hosted by The INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN, Catania and the Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia of the University of Catania. The NN2012 Proceedings contains the conference program and 165 articles organized into the following 10 sections 1. Heavy and Superheavy Elements 2. QCD and Hadron Physics 3. Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions 4. Nuclear Structure 5. Nuclear Energy and Applications of
12. Sociality and the telencephalic distribution of corticotrophin-releasing factor, urocortin 3, and binding sites for CRF type 1 and type 2 receptors: A comparative study of eusocial naked mole-rats and solitary Cape mole-rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Coen, Clive W; Kalamatianos, Theodosis; Oosthuizen, Maria K; Poorun, Ravi; Faulkes, Christopher G; Bennett, Nigel C
2015-11-01
Various aspects of social behavior are influenced by the highly conserved corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and receptors in the mammalian telencephalon. This study has mapped and compared the telencephalic distribution of the CRF receptors, CRF1 and CRF2 , and two of their ligands, CRF and urocortin 3, respectively, in African mole-rat species with diametrically opposed social behavior. Naked mole-rats live in large eusocial colonies that are characterized by exceptional levels of social cohesion, tolerance, and cooperation in burrowing, foraging, defense, and alloparental care for the offspring of the single reproductive female. Cape mole-rats are solitary; they tolerate conspecifics only fleetingly during the breeding season. The telencephalic sites at which the level of CRF1 binding in naked mole-rats exceeds that in Cape mole-rats include the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampal CA3 subfield, and dentate gyrus; in contrast, the level is greater in Cape mole-rats in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and medial habenular nucleus. For CRF2 binding, the sites with a greater level in naked mole-rats include the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and dentate gyrus, but the septohippocampal nucleus, lateral septal nuclei, amygdalostriatal transition area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial habenular nucleus display a greater level in Cape mole-rats. The results are discussed with reference to neuroanatomical and behavioral studies of various species, including monogamous and promiscuous voles. By analogy with findings in those species, we speculate that the abundance of CRF1 binding in the nucleus accumbens of Cape mole-rats reflects their lack of affiliative behavior. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
13. Qualitative analysis neurons in the adult human dentate nucleus
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Marić Dušica
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Although many relevant findings regarding to the morphology and cytoarchitectural development of the dentate nucleus have been presented so far, very little qualitative information has been collected on neuronal morphology in the adult human dentate nucleus. The neurons were labelled by Golgi staining from thirty human cerebella, obtained from medico-legal forensic autopsies of adult human bodies and free of significant brain pathology. The human dentate neurons were qualitatively analyzed and these cells were classified into two main classes: the small and the large multipolar neurons. Considering the shape of the cell body, number of the primary dendrites, shape of the dendritic tree and their position within the dentate nucleus, three subclasses of the large multipolar neurons have been recognized. The classification of neurons from the human dentate nucleus has been qualitatively confirmed in fetuses and premature infants. This study represents the first qualitative analysis and classification of the large multipolar neurons in the dentate nucleus of the adult human.
14. Alteration of Paramecium candatum germinal nucleus morphology after UV irradiation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fokin, S.I. (Leningradskij Gosudarstvennyj Univ. (USSR). Biologicheskij Nauchno-Issledovatel' skij Inst.)
1982-09-01
A study was made on morphologic changes of micronucleus (Mi) after whole-body ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of paramecia as well as after local irradiation of this nucleus or the area of macronucleus (Ma). The whole-body irradiation of its Ma part leads to generative nucleus growth in sizes and chromatin structure change, which is expressed in occurence of large chromatin bodies. Aftereffects of local action on Mi for viable descendants are expressed in nucleus size transformation (usually in reduction), gaining ''comet-shaped'' form and probably in reduction of dna amount. Irradiation of Ma and total effect on cell cause Mi changes of reversible character. All morphologic changes of Mi after local ultraviolet irradiation are conserved in descendants and are not photoreactivated. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. The results obtained make it possible to speak about different mechanisms of action on Mi in the case of local and whole-body UV irradiation of cell. The effect of irradiated Ma on generative nucleus, but not direct damage of this nucleus is the reason for Mi morphologic reconstruction after whole-body action on paramecium.
15. Statistical emission of complex fragments from highly excited compound nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Matsuse, T.
1991-01-01
A full statistical analysis has been given in terms of the Extended Hauser-Feshbach method. The charge and kinetic energy distributions of 35 Cl+ 12 C reaction at E lab = 180, 200 MeV and 23 Na+ 24 Mg reaction at E lab = 89 MeV which form the 47 V compound nucleus are investigated as a prototype of the light mass system. The measured kinetic energy distributions of the complex fragments are shown to be well reproduced by the Extended Hauser-Feshbach method, so the observed complex fragment production is understood as the statistical binary decay from the compound nucleus induced by heavy-ion reaction. Next, this method is applied to the study of the complex production from the 111 In compound nucleus which is formed by the 84 Kr+ 27 Al reaction at E lab = 890 MeV. (K.A.) 18 refs., 10 figs
16. Mechano-adaptation of the stem cell nucleus.
Science.gov (United States)
Heo, Su-Jin; Cosgrove, Brian D; Dai, Eric N; Mauck, Robert L
2018-01-01
Exogenous mechanical forces are transmitted through the cell and to the nucleus, initiating mechanotransductive signaling cascades with profound effects on cellular function and stem cell fate. A growing body of evidence has shown that the force sensing and force-responsive elements of the nucleus adapt to these mechanotransductive events, tuning their response to future mechanical input. The mechanisms underlying this "mechano-adaptation" are only just beginning to be elucidated, and it remains poorly understood how these components act and adapt in tandem to drive stem cell differentiation. Here, we review the evidence on how the stem cell nucleus responds and adapts to physical forces, and provide a perspective on how this mechano-adaptation may function to drive and enforce stem cell differentiation.
17. Analysis of a deep nucleus of Tehuantepec Gulf
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ordonez R, E.; Lopez M, J.; Ramirez T, J. J.; Machain C, M. L.
2009-10-01
A nucleus of sediments obtained in the deep of Tehuantepec Gulf is analyzed; this nucleus has the particularity of to be a sampling of longitude of 18.3 m that include the total of last period glacial, few times obtained in our country. The physical chemistry composition of 10 selected fractions are analyzed with the purpose of to understand the formation processes of deep ocean along the period of 120 000 years, that includes the extracted fraction. Crystallography analysis, morphology, physical chemistry characterization and activity gamma were made. Finding that the content of organic matter falls as the superficial area increases, also was found the presence of natural uranium in similar concentration and balance with its radiogenic descendants along the nucleus profile what suggests the uranium migration to interior of mineral grains. (Author)
18. Nucleus of Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sekanina, Z.
1988-01-01
Optical, radar, infrared, UV, and microwave-continuum observations of Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcok were obtained in May 1983, the week of the comet's close approach to earth. The comet has a nucleus dimension and a rotation period which are similar to those of Comet Halley, but a different morphological signature (a persisting sunward fan-shaped coma). Time variations are noted in the projected nucleus cross section. Results suggest significant limb-darkening effects in the relevant domains of radio waves, and that the comet's interior must be extremely cold. It is found that the thermal-infrared fluxes from the inner coma of the comet are dominated by the nucleus. 63 references
19. Near-nucleus optical observations of P/Halley
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Larson, S.M.
1987-01-01
The Near-Nucleus Studies Net of the International Halley Watch has obtained an extensive series of high resolution optical images of P/Halley during its most active phases in 1985-86 which may be useful in interpreting radio observations of Comet Halley. They often show coma structure resulting from anisotropic emission of dust and gas from the inhomogeneous nucleus. Images were obtained in broadband spectral regions to study dust coma morphology, and in medium to narrow spectral bands to isolate the principal emissions of CN, C 3 , C 2 , CO + and H 2 O + . The goals and methods of near-nucleus studies are discussed and recent studies of 1910 images are briefly reviewed. The role of dust jets and cometary activity in P/Halley is discussed and several examples of anisotropic emission of dust during the current apparition are shown. 12 references
20. Proton decay in a nucleus: Nonrelativistic treatment of nuclear effects
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fernandez, L.A.; Alvarez-Estrada, R.F.; Sanchez-Gomez, J.L.
1983-01-01
In this paper, proton decay in a large nucleus is studied in the framework of SU(5) grand unification theory (GUT). By using a method based upon the Green's-function technique of many-body physics, nuclear effects on spectator and pole terms are computed. The decay width in the nucleus is found to be practically the same as in free space. However, nuclear effects are of considerable importance concerning the positron spectrum. A density-correlation expansion is introduced which is useful for carrying out a systematic study of nuclear effects in proton decay in a large nucleus. The method presented here can be easily extended to other GUT's or supersymmetric GUT's
1. Models of the atomic nucleus. With interactive software
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cook, N.D.
2006-01-01
This book-and-CD-software package supplies users with an interactive experience for nuclear visualization via a computer-graphical interface, similar in principle to the molecular visualizations already available in chemistry. Models of the Atomic Nucleus, a largely non-technical introduction to nuclear theory, explains the nucleus in a way that makes nuclear physics as comprehensible as chemistry or cell biology. The book/software supplements virtually any of the current textbooks in nuclear physics by providing a means for 3D visual display of the diverse models of nuclear structure. For the first time, an easy-to-master software for scientific visualization of the nucleus makes this notoriously ''non-visual'' field become immediately 'visible.' After a review of the basics, the book explores and compares the competing models, and addresses how the lattice model best resolves remaining controversies. The appendix explains how to obtain the most from the software provided on the accompanying CD. (orig.)
2. Hot Quarks 2016: Workshop for young scientists on the physics of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2017-01-01
The 7th edition of the Workshop for Young Scientists on the Physics of Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Hot Quarks 2016) was held on South Padre Island, Texas, United States from September 12-17, 2016. Following the traditions of the conference, the meeting gathered almost 70 participants in the first years of their scientific careers. The present issue contains the proceedings of this workshop.As in the past, the Hot Quarks workshop offered a unique atmosphere for lively discussions and interpretation of the current measurements from high-energy nuclear collisions. Dedicated time at the end of each session for questions, including anonymous questions from the “box”, are crucial for this workshop. Recent results and upgrades at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) were presented. Recent theoretical developments were also extensively discussed as well as the perspectives for future facilities such as the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt and the Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven. The conference's goal to provide a platform for young researchers to learn and foster their interactions was successfully met.We wish to thank the sponsors of the Hot Quarks 2016 Conference, who supported the authors of this volume: European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN (Switzerland), Cyclotron Institute at Texas A and M University (USA), ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI (Germany), Helmholtz Association and GSI under grant VH-NG-822 (Germany), Helmholtz International Center for FAIR (Germany), National Science Foundation (USA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Netherlands), Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS (Czech Republic), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Czech Republic) and 3 sponsors who wish to remain anonymous.Javier López Albacete, Universidad de Granada (Spain)Jana Bielcikova, Nuclear Physics Inst. of the Czech Academy of Sciences
3. Silk fibroin porous scaffolds for nucleus pulposus tissue engineering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Zeng, Chao; Yang, Qiang; Zhu, Meifeng; Du, Lilong; Zhang, Jiamin; Ma, Xinlong; Xu, Baoshan; Wang, Lianyong
2014-01-01
Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are structurally complex tissue that hold the vertebrae together and provide mobility to spine. The nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration often results in degenerative IVD disease that is one of the most common causes of back and neck pain. Tissue engineered nucleus pulposus offers an alternative approach to regain the function of the degenerative IVD. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of porous silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds fabricated by paraffin-sphere-leaching methods with freeze-drying in the application of nucleus pulposus regeneration. The prepared scaffold possessed high porosity of 92.38 ± 5.12% and pore size of 165.00 ± 8.25 μm as well as high pore interconnectivity and appropriate mechanical properties. Rabbit NP cells were seeded and cultured on the SF scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy, histology, biochemical assays and mechanical tests revealed that the porous scaffolds could provide an appropriate microstructure and environment to support adhesion, proliferation and infiltration of NP cells in vitro as well as the generation of extracellular matrix. The NP cell–scaffold construction could be preliminarily formed after subcutaneously implanted in a nude mice model. In conclusion, The SF porous scaffold offers a potential candidate for tissue engineered NP tissue. - Highlights: • Paraffin microsphere-leaching method is used to fabricate silk fibroin scaffold. • The scaffold has appropriate mechanical property, porosity and pore size • The scaffold supports growth and infiltration of nucleus pulposus cells. • Nucleus pulposus cells can secrete extracellular matrix in the scaffolds. • The scaffold is a potential candidate for tissue engineered nucleus pulposus
4. Silk fibroin porous scaffolds for nucleus pulposus tissue engineering
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zeng, Chao; Yang, Qiang [Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211 (China); Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070 (China); Zhu, Meifeng [The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China); Du, Lilong [Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211 (China); Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070 (China); Zhang, Jiamin [The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China); Ma, Xinlong [Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211 (China); Xu, Baoshan, E-mail: xubaoshan99@126.com [Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211 (China); Wang, Lianyong, E-mail: wly@nankai.edu.cn [The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China)
2014-04-01
Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are structurally complex tissue that hold the vertebrae together and provide mobility to spine. The nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration often results in degenerative IVD disease that is one of the most common causes of back and neck pain. Tissue engineered nucleus pulposus offers an alternative approach to regain the function of the degenerative IVD. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of porous silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds fabricated by paraffin-sphere-leaching methods with freeze-drying in the application of nucleus pulposus regeneration. The prepared scaffold possessed high porosity of 92.38 ± 5.12% and pore size of 165.00 ± 8.25 μm as well as high pore interconnectivity and appropriate mechanical properties. Rabbit NP cells were seeded and cultured on the SF scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy, histology, biochemical assays and mechanical tests revealed that the porous scaffolds could provide an appropriate microstructure and environment to support adhesion, proliferation and infiltration of NP cells in vitro as well as the generation of extracellular matrix. The NP cell–scaffold construction could be preliminarily formed after subcutaneously implanted in a nude mice model. In conclusion, The SF porous scaffold offers a potential candidate for tissue engineered NP tissue. - Highlights: • Paraffin microsphere-leaching method is used to fabricate silk fibroin scaffold. • The scaffold has appropriate mechanical property, porosity and pore size • The scaffold supports growth and infiltration of nucleus pulposus cells. • Nucleus pulposus cells can secrete extracellular matrix in the scaffolds. • The scaffold is a potential candidate for tissue engineered nucleus pulposus.
5. Immobility, inheritance and plasticity of shape of the yeast nucleus
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Andrulis Erik D
2007-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Since S. cerevisiae undergoes closed mitosis, the nuclear envelope of the daughter nucleus is continuous with that of the maternal nucleus at anaphase. Nevertheless, several constitutents of the maternal nucleus are not present in the daughter nucleus. The present study aims to identify proteins which impact the shape of the yeast nucleus and to learn whether modifications of shape are passed on to the next mitotic generation. The Esc1p protein of S. cerevisiae localizes to the periphery of the nucleoplasm, can anchor chromatin, and has been implicated in targeted silencing both at telomeres and at HMR. Results Upon increased Esc1p expression, cell division continues and dramatic elaborations of the nuclear envelope extend into the cytoplasm. These "escapades" include nuclear pores and associate with the nucleolus, but exclude chromatin. Escapades are not inherited by daughter nuclei. This exclusion reflects their relative immobility, which we document in studies of prezygotes. Moreover, excess Esc1p affects the levels of multiple transcripts, not all of which originate at telomere-proximal loci. Unlike Esc1p and the colocalizing protein, Mlp1p, overexpression of selected proteins of the inner nuclear membrane is toxic. Conclusion Esc1p is the first non-membrane protein of the nuclear periphery which – like proteins of the nuclear lamina of higher eukaryotes – can modify the shape of the yeast nucleus. The elaborations of the nuclear envelope ("escapades" which appear upon induction of excess Esc1p are not inherited during mitotic growth. The lack of inheritance of such components could help sustain cell growth when parental nuclei have acquired potentially deleterious characteristics.
6. Formation and decay of a hot compound nucleus
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Carlson B.V.
2014-04-01
Full Text Available The compound nucleus plays an important role in nuclear reactions over a wide range of projectile-target combinations and energies. The limits that angular momentum places on its formation and existence are, for the most part, well understood. The limits on its excitation energy are not as clear. Here we first analyze general geometrical and thermodynamical features of a hot compound nucleus. We then discuss the manners by which it can decay and close by speculating on the high energy limit to its formation and existence.
7. Final State Interactions Effects in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Golan, Tomasz [Univ. of Wroctaw (Poland); Juszczak, Cezary [Univ. of Wroctaw (Poland); Sobczyk, Jan T. [Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
2012-07-01
Final State Interactions effects are discussed in the context of Monte Carlo simulations of neutrino-nucleus interactions. A role of Formation Time is explained and several models describing this effect are compared. Various observables which are sensitive to FSI effects are reviewed including pion-nucleus interaction and hadron yields in backward hemisphere. NuWro Monte Carlo neutrino event generator is described and its ability to understand neutral current $\\pi^0$ production data in $\\sim 1$ GeV neutrino flux experiments is demonstrated.
8. Some preliminary considerations on antiproton-nucleus experiments
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yavin, A.I.
1981-05-01
The antiproton as a probe of the atomic nucleus is discussed in the expectation that fairly intense beams of high quality will be available in 1983 at the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) facility at CERN and possibly also in some other laboratories at a later date. Several antiproton-nucleus experiments are proposed, and the possibility of observing antiprotonic nuclei as well as antineutronic nuclei is discussed. It is demonstrated that even for the study of the elementary nucleon-antinucleon systems it could be advantageous to use nuclei rather than protons as target. The possibility of investigating several antiprotonic atomic systems is also briefly discussed [fr
9. Magnetic Resonances in the Electroexcitation of the 26Mg Nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Goncharova, N.G.; Pronkina, N.D.
2005-01-01
On the basis of spectroscopic information about direct pickup reactions, the multipole magnetic resonances M2, M4, and M6 of the 26 Mg nucleus are calculated within the particle-core coupling version of the multiparticle shell model. The excitation-energy distribution of the form factors for the multipole magnetic 1(ℎ/2π)ω resonances is obtained for momentum transfers to a nucleus up to 2 fm -1 . A comparison of the results of the calculations for the M6 form factors with corresponding experimental data confirms that the adopted model approximations are realistic
10. Multiquark states in the deep inelastic muon-nucleus scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Titov, A.I.
1983-01-01
The deep-inelastic muon-nucleus scattering in the region forbidden by the kinematics for the scattering on free nucleons, is analysed theoretically. The calculations have been performed under the assumption that the main contribution to the cross section in the considered region of the Bjorken scaling variable, 1 -4 -10 -5 for the nuclear structure function at x approximately equal to 1.4. As it is shown, one has to take into account the six-= ' quark states in extracting the scaling parameter of QCD from the muon-nucleus data at approximately 1
11. Recent Developments in Neutrino/Antineutrino-Nucleus Interactions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jorge G. Morfín
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Recent experimental results and developments in the theoretical treatment of neutrino-nucleus interactions in the energy range of 1–10 GeV are discussed. Difficulties in extracting neutrino-nucleon cross sections from neutrino-nucleus scattering data are explained and significance of understanding nuclear effects for neutrino oscillation experiments is stressed. Detailed discussions of the status of two-body current contribution in the kinematic region dominated by quasielastic scattering and specific features of partonic nuclear effects in weak DIS scattering are presented.
12. Weak interaction and nucleus: the relationship keeps on
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Martino, J.; Frere, J.M.; Naviliat-Cuncic, O.; Volpe, C.; Marteau, J.; Lhuillier, D.; Vignaud, D.; Legac, R.; Marteau, J.; Legac, R.
2003-01-01
This document gathers the lectures made at the Joliot-Curie international summer school in 2003 whose theme, that year, was the relationship between weak interaction and nucleus. There were 8 contributions whose titles are: 1) before the standard model: from beta decay to neutral currents; 2) the electro-weak theory and beyond; 3) testing of the standard model at low energies; 4) description of weak processes in nuclei; 5) 20.000 tonnes underground, an approach to the neutrino-nucleus interaction; 6) parity violation from atom to nucleon; 7) how neutrinos got their masses; and 8) CP symmetry
13. On the hadron formation time in pion-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bravina, L.V.; Korotkikh, V.L.; Sarycheva, L.I.; Sivoklokov, S.Yu.
1992-01-01
Differences in the observable characteristics of pion-nucleus interactions at high energy are investigated for two definitions of the hadron formation time. The Monte Carlo simulation of hadron-nucleus interactions and quark-gluon string model for hadron-hadron collisions are used. It is shown that the momentum spectrum of the protons in the target fragmentation region is most sensitive to the definition of the formation time. The inclusive meson and meson resonance spectra are similar in the both versions. 20 refs.; 4 figs.; 1 tab
14. Progressive activation of paratrigeminal nucleus during entrance to hibernation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kilduff, T.S.; Sharp, F.R.; Heller, H.C.
1988-01-01
The paratrigeminal nucleus (Pa5) undergoes a progressive increase in its uptake of 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose (2DG) relative to other brain structures during entrance to hibernation in the ground squirrel. This highly significant increase results in the Pa5 becoming the most highly labeled brain region during hibernation, even though it exhibits one of the lowest levels of 2DG uptake in the brain during the nonhibernating state. The progressive activation of the Pa5 observed during entrance is reversed during arousal from hibernation. These observations and the neuroanatomical projections of the Pa5 implicate this nucleus as playing a role in the entrance and maintenance of the hibernating state
15. Neutrino-nucleus cross section in the impulse approximation regime
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Benhar, Omar; Farina, Nicola
2005-01-01
In the impulse approximation regime the nuclear response to a weakly interacting probe can be written in terms of the measured nucleon structure functions and the target spectral function, yielding the energy and momentum distribution of the constituent nucleons. We discuss a calculation of charged current neutrino-oxygen interactions in the quasielastic channel, carried out within nuclear many body theory. The proposed approach, extensively and successfully employed in the analysis of electron-nucleus scattering data, allows for a parameter free prediction of the neutrino-nucleus cross section, whose quantitative understanding will be critical to the analysis of the next generation of high precision neutrino oscillation experiments
16. A retracting wire knife for cutting fiber bundles and making sheet lesions of brain tissue.
Science.gov (United States)
Shibata, M; Russell, I S
1979-07-01
A retracting knife which has two cutting wires for the transection of fiber bundles is described. The knife holds the fiber bundles of the stria terminalis between the two cutting wires and transects them by a shearing movement as the wires close. In addition, the feasability of such a knife producing a sheet lesion around the n. caudatus is also described.
17. Neuroanatomical pathways underlying the effects of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal hormones on exploratory activity.
Science.gov (United States)
Lalonde, Robert; Strazielle, Catherine
2017-07-26
When injected via the intracerebroventricular route, corticosterone-releasing hormone (CRH) reduced exploration in the elevated plus-maze, the center region of the open-field, and the large chamber in the defensive withdrawal test. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the elevated plus-maze also occurred when infused in the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal grey, and medial frontal cortex. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the defensive withdrawal test was reproduced when injected in the locus coeruleus, while the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus contribute to center zone exploration in the open-field. In addition to elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the amygdala appears as a target region for CRH-mediated anxiety in the elevated T-maze. Thus, the amygdala is the principal brain region identified with these three tests, and further research must identify the neural circuits underlying this form of anxiety.
18. Estrous cycle influences the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus and limbic system of female mice
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Viglietti-Panzica Carla
2009-07-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of male and female sexual behavior in rodents, and the expression of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS is influenced by testosterone in the male rat, and by estrogens in the female. We have here quantitatively investigated the distribution of nNOS immunoreactive (ir neurons in the limbic hypothalamic region of intact female mice sacrificed during different phases of estrous cycle. Results Changes were observed in the medial preoptic area (MPA (significantly higher number in estrus and in the arcuate nucleus (Arc (significantly higher number in proestrus. In the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMHvl and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST no significant changes have been observed. In addition, by comparing males and females, we observed a stable sex dimorphism (males have a higher number of nNOS-ir cells in comparison to almost all the different phases of the estrous cycle in the VMHvl and in the BST (when considering only the less intensely stained elements. In the MPA and in the Arc sex differences were detected only comparing some phases of the cycle. Conclusion These data demonstrate that, in mice, the expression of nNOS in some hypothalamic regions involved in the control of reproduction and characterized by a large number of estrogen receptors is under the control of gonadal hormones and may vary according to the rapid variations of hormonal levels that take place during the estrous cycle.
19. Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory.
Science.gov (United States)
Ikemoto, Satoshi
2010-11-01
Reductionist attempts to dissect complex mechanisms into simpler elements are necessary, but not sufficient for understanding how biological properties like reward emerge out of neuronal activity. Recent studies on intracranial self-administration of neurochemicals (drugs) found that rats learn to self-administer various drugs into the mesolimbic dopamine structures-the posterior ventral tegmental area, medial shell nucleus accumbens and medial olfactory tubercle. In addition, studies found roles of non-dopaminergic mechanisms of the supramammillary, rostromedial tegmental and midbrain raphe nuclei in reward. To explain intracranial self-administration and related effects of various drug manipulations, I outlined a neurobiological theory claiming that there is an intrinsic central process that coordinates various selective functions (including perceptual, visceral, and reinforcement processes) into a global function of approach. Further, this coordinating process for approach arises from interactions between brain structures including those structures mentioned above and their closely linked regions: the medial prefrontal cortex, septal area, ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic areas, lateral habenula, periaqueductal gray, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and parabrachical area. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
20. 5-HT2C receptors in the BNST are necessary for the enhancement of fear learning by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Science.gov (United States)
Pelrine, Eliza; Pasik, Sara Diana; Bayat, Leyla; Goldschmiedt, Debora; Bauer, Elizabeth P
2016-12-01
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, yet they paradoxically increase anxiety during initial treatment. Acute administration of these drugs prior to learning can also enhance Pavlovian cued fear conditioning. This potentiation has been previously reported to depend upon the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, using temporary inactivation, we confirmed that the BNST is not necessary for the acquisition of cued or contextual fear memory. Systemic administration of the SSRI citalopram prior to fear conditioning led to an upregulation of the immediate early gene Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) in the oval nucleus of the BNST, and a majority of these neurons expressed the 5-HT2C receptor. Finally, local infusions of a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist directly into the oval nucleus of the BNST prevented the fear memory-enhancing effects of citalopram. These findings highlight the ability of the BNST circuitry to be recruited into gating fear and anxiety-like behaviors. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. A comparative analysis of mechanisms of fast light particles production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at low and intermediate energies
CERN Document Server
Denikin, A S
2002-01-01
The dynamics and the mechanisms of formation of pre-equilibrium light particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions at low and intermediate energies are discussed in terms of a classical four-body model. The energy and angular distributions of light particles have been calculated. It has been found that at energies lower than 50A MeV the formation of the most high-energy part of the nuclear spectrum occurs at the expense of the acceleration of light target particles with the mean field of the projectile. The obtained data are in good agreement with available experimental data
2. Manifestation of jet quenching in differential distributions of the total transverse energy in nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Savina, M.V.; Shmatov, S.V.; Slavin, N.V.; Zarubin, P.I.
1998-01-01
In the framework of the HIJING model, global characteristics of nucleus-nucleus collisions are studied for a Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy scale. An interesting model prediction is the presence of a central bump over a pseudorapidity plateau of a total transverse energy distribution. The bump is induced by a jet quenching effect in a dense nuclear matter. It is shown that a wide acceptance calorimeter with a pseudorapidity coverage -5<η<5 allows one to obtain experimental confirmation of such an effect
3. Towards a computational model for stimulation of the Pedunculopontine nucleus
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Lourens, Marcel Antonius Johannes; Meijer, Hil Gaétan Ellart; Heida, Tjitske; van Gils, Stephanus A.
2009-01-01
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has recently been suggested as a new therapeutic target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, particularly those with severe gait and postural impairment [1]. Stimulation at this site is typically delivered at low
4. CTP synthase forms cytoophidia in the cytoplasm and nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gou, Ke-Mian; Chang, Chia-Chun; Shen, Qing-Ji; Sung, Li-Ying; Liu, Ji-Long
2014-01-01
CTP synthase is an essential metabolic enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of CTP. Multiple studies have recently showed that CTP synthase protein molecules form filamentous structures termed cytoophidia or CTP synthase filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, as well as in bacteria. Here we report that CTP synthase can form cytoophidia not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Both glutamine deprivation and glutamine analog treatment promote formation of cytoplasmic cytoophidia (C-cytoophidia) and nuclear cytoophidia (N-cytoophidia). N-cytoophidia are generally shorter and thinner than their cytoplasmic counterparts. In mammalian cells, both CTP synthase 1 and CTP synthase 2 can form cytoophidia. Using live imaging, we have observed that both C-cytoophidia and N-cytoophidia undergo multiple rounds of fusion upon glutamine analog treatment. Our study reveals the coexistence of cytoophidia in the cytoplasm and nucleus, therefore providing a good opportunity to investigate the intracellular compartmentation of CTP synthase. - Highlights: • CTP synthase forms cytoophidia not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. • Glutamine deprivation and Glutamine analogs promotes cytoophidium formation. • N-cytoophidia exhibit distinct morphology when compared to C-cytoophidia. • Both CTP synthase 1 and CTP synthase 2 form cytoophidia in mammalian cells. • Fusions of cytoophidia occur in the cytoplasm and nucleus
5. Altered morphology of the nucleus accumbens in persistent developmental stuttering.
Science.gov (United States)
Neef, Nicole E; Bütfering, Christoph; Auer, Tibor; Metzger, F Luise; Euler, Harald A; Frahm, Jens; Paulus, Walter; Sommer, Martin
2018-03-01
Neuroimaging studies in persistent developmental stuttering repeatedly report altered basal ganglia functions. Together with thalamus and cerebellum, these structures mediate sensorimotor functions and thus represent a plausible link between stuttering and neuroanatomy. However, stuttering is a complex, multifactorial disorder. Besides sensorimotor functions, emotional and social-motivational factors constitute major aspects of the disorder. Here, we investigated cortical and subcortical gray matter regions to study whether persistent developmental stuttering is also linked to alterations of limbic structures. The study included 33 right-handed participants who stutter and 34 right-handed control participants matched for sex, age, and education. Structural images were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging to estimate volumetric characteristics of the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, pallidum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and thalamus. Volumetric comparisons and vertex-based shape comparisons revealed structural differences. The right nucleus accumbens was larger in participants who stutter compared to controls. Recent theories of basal ganglia functions suggest that the nucleus accumbens is a motivation-to-movement interface. A speaker intends to reach communicative goals, but stuttering can derail these efforts. It is therefore highly plausible to find alterations in the motivation-to-movement interface in stuttering. While behavioral studies of stuttering sought to find links between the limbic and sensorimotor system, we provide the first neuroimaging evidence of alterations in the limbic system. Thus, our findings might initialize a unified neurobiological framework of persistent developmental stuttering that integrates sensorimotor and social-motivational neuroanatomical circuitries. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6. Antiproton-nucleus experiments at LEAR and KAON
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yavin, A.I.
1989-12-01
Antimatter and matter-antimatter systems are briefly discussed. Results of the antiproton-nucleus scattering experiments at LEAR are described, with the emphasis on unfinished experiments and on proposed experiments yet untouched. A few remarks on antiproton and antideuteron experiments at KAON are then presented
7. On the mechanism of hadron cumulative production on nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Efremov, A.V.
1976-01-01
A mechanism of cumulative production of hadrons on nucleus is proposed which is similar to that of high perpendicular hadron production. The cross section obtained describes the main qualitative features of such prosesses, e.g., initial energy dependence atomic number behaviour, dependence on the rest mass of the produced particle and its production angle
8. Sex hormone receptors are present in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kruijver, Frank P. M.; Swaab, Dick F.
2002-01-01
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the clock of the brain that orchestrates circadian and circannual biological rhythms, such as the rhythms of hormones, body temperature, sleep and mood. These rhythms are frequently disturbed in menopause and even more so in dementia and can be restored in
9. Three-dimensional organization of the human interphase nucleus
NARCIS (Netherlands)
T.A. Knoch (Tobias); C. Münkel (Christian); W. Waldeck (Waldemar); J. Langowski (Jörg)
2000-01-01
textabstractDespite the successful linear sequencing of the human genome its three-dimensional structure is widely unknown, although it is important for gene regulation and replication. For a long time the interphase nucleus has been viewed as a 'spaghetti soup' of DNA without much internal
10. Culturing bovine nucleus pulposus explants by balancing medium osmolarity
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Dijk, van B.G.M.; Potier, E.; Ito, K.
2011-01-01
Regenerative therapies are promising treatments for early intervertebral disc degeneration. To test their efficacy, an in vitro tissue-level model would be valuable. Nucleus pulposus (NP) explant culture may constitute such a model, as the earliest signs of degeneration are in the NP. However, in NP
11. First observation of the doubly magic nucleus 78Ni50
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bernas, M.; Armbruster, P.; Engelmann, Ch.; Geissel, H.; Heinz, A.; Czajkowski, S.
1995-01-01
The doubly magic nucleus of 78 Ni has been identified for the first time and the associated production yield was measured in the projectile-fission reaction of 238 U on Pb and Be targets at relativistic energies. (K.A.)
12. Deexcitation of superdeformed bands in the nucleus Tb-151
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Finck, C; Appelbe, D; Beck, FA; Byrski, T; Cullen, D; Curien, D; deFrance, G; Duchene, G; Erturk, S; Haas, B; Khadiri, N; Kharraja, B; Prevost, D; Rigollet, C; Stezowski, O; Twin, P; Vivien, JP; Zuber, K
1997-01-01
The aim of this work is to get more informations about the decay-out of superdeformed bands. One of the best candidates in the mass A similar or equal to 150 region for that kind of research is the nucleus Tb-151. From previous works, it has been established that the first excited band goes lower in
13. Nucleus-acoustic shock waves in white dwarfs
S Jannat
2018-03-09
Mar 9, 2018 ... [17] of gravitational waves emitted by two merging black holes has opened up a new era of theoretical and observational research in astrophysics [17–19] which leads us to expect that in the near future a similar or dif- ferent kind of waves (like nucleus-acoustic (NA) waves. [20,21]) and associated nonlinear ...
14. Neuronal plasticity in the hedgehog supraoptic nucleus during hibernation.
Science.gov (United States)
Sanchez-Toscano, F; Caminero, A A; Machin, C; Abella, G
1989-01-01
The purpose of the present study was to identify processes of plasticity in the receptive field of neurosecretory neurons of the supraoptic nucleus during hibernation in the hedgehog, in order to correlate them with the increased neurosecretory activity observed in this nucleus during this annual period. Using the Rapid Golgi method, a quantitative study was conducted in the receptive field of bipolar and multipolar neurons (the main components of the nucleus). Results indicate a generalized increase in the following characteristics: (1) number of dendritic spines per millimeter along the dendritic shafts; (2) degree of branching in the dendritic field; and (3) dendritic density around the neuronal soma. These data demonstrate modification of the dendritic field in the supraoptic nucleus during hibernation, a change undoubtedly related to functional conditions. Since the observed changes affect structures such as dendritic spines which are directly related to the arrival of neural afferences, the discussion is centered on the types of stimuli which may be responsible for the observed processes.
15. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Cavanagh, J.F.; Wiecki, T.V.; Cohen, M.X.; Figueroa, C.M.; Samanta, J.; Sherman, S.J.; Frank, M.J.
2011-01-01
It takes effort and time to tame one's impulses. Although medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is broadly implicated in effortful control over behavior, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is specifically thought to contribute by acting as a brake on cortico-striatal function during decision conflict, buying
16. Compound nucleus effects in spin-spin cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Thompson, W.J.
1976-01-01
By comparison with recent data, it is shown that spin-spin cross sections for low-energy neutrons may be dominated by a simple compound-elastic level-density effect, independent of spin-spin terms in the nucleon-nucleus optical-model potential. (Auth.)
17. Inclusive jet production in ultrarelativistic proton-nucleus collisions
CERN Document Server
Perepelitsa, Dennis
High-$p_\\mathrm{T}$ processes in proton- and deuteron-nucleus collisions at TeV energies are the best presently available way to study the partonic structure of the nucleus in a high-density regime. Jet production over a wide range of phase space can significantly constrain the current knowledge of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs), which are substantially less well understood than the corresponding PDFs in protons and which have only recently begun to be treated in a spatially-dependent way. An accurate knowledge of nPDFs is crucial for a definitive control of perturbative processes in a cold nuclear environment, since high-$p_\\mathrm{T}$ probes are used to quantitatively investigate the hot QCD matter created in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Furthermore, jets from low Bjorken-$x$ partons can probe the transition from the dilute to saturated nuclear regimes. Jet production is investigated in $d$+Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Hea...
18. Parity non-conserving effects in neutron-nucleus scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Desplanques, B.
1990-01-01
The present lecture reviews the motivations which led to study the contribution of the neutron-nucleus component to parity-non-conserving effects observed in medium-heavy nuclei and considers its present status. It is shown that it cannot account for those experimental data. The order interpretation of these effects, which cannot lead to precise statements, is schematically described
19. Transportation system of recoil nucleus by helium jet
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cabral, S.C.; Borges, A.M.; Lemos Junior, O.F.; Auler, L.T.; Silva, A.G. da
1981-01-01
The transportation system of recoil nucleus by helium jet, is studied. It is used a technique aiming to put in the detection area (region of low background) the recoils, produced by nuclear reactions between target and particle beams, those produced with the help of cyclotron CV-28. (E.G.) [pt
20. S-wave π-nucleus repulsion and dirac phenomenology
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chakravarti, S.; Jennings, B.K.
1993-12-01
A relativistic π-nucleon potential is extended to m* ≠ m to investigate the possibility of generating s-wave π-nucleus repulsion. We find that relativity does indeed generate significant repulsion, the exact amount depending on the details of the calculation. In contradistinction the tp approximation gives very little repulsion. (author). 18 refs., 3 tabs., 2 figs
1. Strangeness production in proton–proton and proton–nucleus ...
journal of. April 2006 physics pp. 765–780. Strangeness production in ... computing power necessary for the numerical treatment, lattice QCD has only ... tering reactions, it is necessary to use effective methods for the description of the ..... nucleus, it provides an appropriate tool to learn about the behaviour of the nuclear.
2. Isospin symmetry violation, meson production and η-nucleus ...
The experiment was perfomed at the cooler synchrotron accelerator. COSY, Jülich at several beam energies close to the corresponding production threshold. We also have ongoing programmes on -nucleus final-state interaction studies via + 6Li → 7Be + reactions, high resolution search for dibaryonic resonances ...
3. CTP synthase forms cytoophidia in the cytoplasm and nucleus
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gou, Ke-Mian [MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT (United Kingdom); State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 (China); Chang, Chia-Chun [Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (China); Shen, Qing-Ji [MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT (United Kingdom); Sung, Li-Ying, E-mail: liyingsung@ntu.edu.tw [Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (China); Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC (China); Liu, Ji-Long, E-mail: jilong.liu@dpag.ox.ac.uk [MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT (United Kingdom)
2014-04-15
CTP synthase is an essential metabolic enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of CTP. Multiple studies have recently showed that CTP synthase protein molecules form filamentous structures termed cytoophidia or CTP synthase filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, as well as in bacteria. Here we report that CTP synthase can form cytoophidia not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Both glutamine deprivation and glutamine analog treatment promote formation of cytoplasmic cytoophidia (C-cytoophidia) and nuclear cytoophidia (N-cytoophidia). N-cytoophidia are generally shorter and thinner than their cytoplasmic counterparts. In mammalian cells, both CTP synthase 1 and CTP synthase 2 can form cytoophidia. Using live imaging, we have observed that both C-cytoophidia and N-cytoophidia undergo multiple rounds of fusion upon glutamine analog treatment. Our study reveals the coexistence of cytoophidia in the cytoplasm and nucleus, therefore providing a good opportunity to investigate the intracellular compartmentation of CTP synthase. - Highlights: • CTP synthase forms cytoophidia not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. • Glutamine deprivation and Glutamine analogs promotes cytoophidium formation. • N-cytoophidia exhibit distinct morphology when compared to C-cytoophidia. • Both CTP synthase 1 and CTP synthase 2 form cytoophidia in mammalian cells. • Fusions of cytoophidia occur in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
4. Differential efferent projections of the anterior, posteroventral and posterodorsal subdivisions of the medial amygdala in mice
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cecília ePardo-Bellver
2012-08-01
Full Text Available The medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me is a key structure in the control of sociosexual behaviour in mice. It receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, as well as an important hormonal input. To better understand its behavioural role, in this work we investigate the structures receiving information from the Me, by analysing the efferent projections from its anterior (MeA, posterodorsal (MePD and posteroventral (MePV subdivisions, using anterograde neuronal tracing with biotinylated and tetrametylrhodamine-conjugated dextranamines.The Me is strongly interconnected with the rest of the chemosensory amygdala, but shows only moderate projections to the central nucleus and light projections to the associative nuclei of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. In addition, the MeA originates a strong feedback projection to the deep mitral cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb, whereas the MePV projects to its granule cell layer. The medial amygdaloid nucleus (especially the MeA has also moderate projections to different olfactory structures, including the piriform cortex. The densest outputs of the Me target the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST and the hypothalamus. The MeA and MePV project to key structures of the circuit involved in the defensive response against predators (medial posterointermediate BST, anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, although less dense projections also innervate reproductive-related nuclei. In contrast, the MePD projects mainly to structures that control reproductive behaviours (medial posteromedial BST, medial preoptic nucleus, and ventrolateral aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, although less dense projections to defensive-related nuclei also exist. These results confirm and extend previous results in other rodents and suggest that the medial amygdala is anatomically and functionally compartmentalized.
5. Pion production and fragmentation of nuclei in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1983-01-01
In collisions between nuclei at high energies one can study the behaviour of nuclear matter under extreme conditions, regarding nuclear density and temperature. The Bevalac and the CERN SC beams have been used and nuclear emulsion and scintillation telescopes have measured the reaction products. Collisions at 50A-200A MeV and at 2A GeV have been investigated. Proton spectra from 12 C induced reactions at 85A MeV have been recorded for different targets. Energetic protons at large angles can be assumed to be emitted from a source moving with half the beam velocity and a temperature between 13 and 17 MeV, depending on the target. In collisions between nuclei, pions can be produced below 290A MeV due to the internal Fermi motion of the nucleons. Subthreshold pion production has been studied for 12 C induced reactions at 85A and 75A Mev. The cross-sections are consistent with a quasi-free nucleon-nucleon scattering picture, involving Fermi motion, Pauli blocking and pion reabsorption. 16 C induced reactions in emulsion have been studied at 75A, 175A and 2000A MeV. It is shown that the excitation of the parts of the nuclei which are not overlapping (the spectators) increases with the beam energy. The 16 O projectile frequently breaks up into multiple He fragments. These events are associated with large impact parameters. Central collisions with Ag, Br target at 50A-110A MeV have been analysed separately. It is shown that the momentum transfer to the target nucleus is limited to a value considerably lower than the full momentum transfer in a fusion reactions. Events are observed where there are numerous fragments with 3< Z<8. These multifragmentation events cannot be understood in a thermal approach. (author)
6. Structures and functions in the crowded nucleus: new biophysical insights
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ronald eHancock
2014-09-01
Full Text Available Concepts and methods from the physical sciences have catalysed remarkable progress in understanding the cell nucleus in recent years. To share this excitement with physicists and encourage their interest in this field, this review offers an overview of how the physics which underlies structures and functions in the nucleus is becoming more clear thanks to methods which have been developed to simulate and study macromolecules, polymers, and colloids. The environment in the nucleus is very crowded with macromolecules, making entropic (depletion forces major determinants of interactions. Simulation and experiments are consistent with their key role in forming membraneless compartments such as nucleoli, PML and Cajal bodies, and discrete territories for chromosomes. The chromosomes, giant linear polyelectrolyte polymers, exist in vivo in a state like a polymer melt. Looped conformations are predicted in crowded conditions, and have been confirmed experimentally and are central to the regulation of gene expression. Polymer theory has revealed how the chromosomes are so highly compacted in the nucleus, forming a crumpled globule with fractal properties which avoids knots and entanglements in DNA while allowing facile accessibility for its replication and transcription. Entropic repulsion between looped polymers can explain the confinement of each chromosome to a discrete region of the nucleus. Crowding and looping are predicted to facilitate finding the specific targets of factors which modulate activities of DNA. Simulation shows that entropic effects contribute to finding and repairing potentially lethal double-strand breaks in DNA by increasing the mobility of the broken ends, favouring their juxtaposition for repair. Signaling pathways are strongly influenced by crowding, which favours a processive mode of response (consecutive reactions without releasing substrates. This new information contributes to understanding the sometimes counter
7. Cochlear nucleus neuron analysis in individuals with presbycusis.
Science.gov (United States)
Hinojosa, Raul; Nelson, Erik G
2011-12-01
The aim of this study was to analyze the cochlear nucleus neuron population in individuals with normal hearing and presbycusis. Retrospective study of archival human temporal bone and brain stem tissues. Using strict inclusion criteria, the temporal bones and cochlear nuclei from six normal hearing individuals and four individuals with presbycusis were selected for analysis. The spiral ganglion cell population, the cochlear nucleus neuron population, and the cell body size of the neurons were quantified in these cases. A relationship was not observed between age and the spiral ganglion cell population in the normal hearing group. Presbycusis subjects exhibited a reduced spiral ganglion cell population. The mean cochlear nucleus neuron population was observed to be significantly higher in the presbycusis group (mean ± standard deviation: 114,170 ± 10,570) compared to the normal hearing group (91,470 ± 9,510) (P = .019). This difference was predominantly the result of greater multipolar and granule cell neuron populations. Only the fusiform neuron type exhibited a significantly different mean cell body cross-sectional area between the normal hearing group (242 ± 27) and the presbycusis group (300 ± 37) (P = .033). This investigation is the first time, to our knowledge, that the populations of the eight neuron types in the cochlear nucleus have been quantified in both normal hearing individuals and individuals with presbycusis. The data support the concept that presbycusis is not an effect of aging alone but instead may be a condition that predisposes one to hearing loss with advancing age and is characterized by a congenitally elevated cochlear nucleus neuron population. Copyright © 2011 The American Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Society, Inc.
8. Subthalamic nucleus involvement in executive functions with increased cognitive load: a subthalamic nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex depth recording study
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Rusnáková-Aulická, Š.; Jurák, Pavel; Chládek, Jan; Daniel, P.; Halámek, Josef; Baláž, M.; Bočková, M.; Chrastina, J.; Rektor, I.
2014-01-01
Roč. 121, č. 10 (2014), s. 1287-1296 ISSN 0300-9564 R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP103/11/0933 Institutional support: RVO:68081731 Keywords : ERD/S * Anterior cingulate cortex * Subthalamic nucleus * Flanker test * Executive functions Subject RIV: BD - Theory of Information Impact factor: 2.402, year: 2014
9. Projections from the raphe nuclei to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hay-Schmidt, Anders; Vrang, N.; Larsen, P.J.
2003-01-01
Hypothalamus, Circadian rhythm, Serotonin, Nucleus, Neuronal connections, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), Cholera toxin (ChB)......Hypothalamus, Circadian rhythm, Serotonin, Nucleus, Neuronal connections, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), Cholera toxin (ChB)...
10. Development of injectable hydrogels for nucleus pulposus replacement
Science.gov (United States)
Thomas, Jonathan D.
Intervertebral disc degeneration has been reported as the underlying cause for 75% of cases of lower back pain and is marked by dehydration of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc. There have been many implant designs to replace the nucleus pulposus. Some researchers have proposed the replacement of the nucleus pulposus with hydrogel materials. The insertion of devices made from these materials further compromises the annulus of the disc. An ideal nucleus replacement could be injected into the disc space and form a solid in vivo. However, injectable replacements using curing elastomers and thermoplastic materials are not ideal because of the potentially harmful exothermic heat evolved from their reactions and the toxicity of the reactants used. We propose a hydrogel system that can be injected as a liquid at 25°C and solidified to yield a hydrogel within the intervertebral disc at 37°C. In aqueous solutions, these polymers have Lower Critical Solution Temperatures (LCST) between 25-37°C, making them unique candidate materials for this application. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is the most widely studied LCST polymer due to its drastic transition near body temperature. However, by itself, pure PNIPAAm forms a hydrogel that has low water content and can readily undergo plastic deformation. To increase the water content and impart elasticity to PNIPAAm hydrogels, grafted and branched hydrogel systems were created that incorporated the thermogelling PNIPAAm and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In this research, the effects of polymer composition and monomer to initiator ratio, which controls polymer MW, on the in vitro swelling properties (mass, chemical, and compressive mechanical stability) of hydrogels formed from aqueous solutions of these polymers were evaluated. Immersion studies were also conducted in solutions to simulate the osmotic environment of the nucleus pulposus. The effects of repeated compression and unloading cycles
11. DMPD: TGF-beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus. [Dynamic Macrophage Pathway CSML Database
Lifescience Database Archive (English)
Full Text Available 10611754 TGF-beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus. Roberts AB. Microbes Inf...ect. 1999 Dec;1(15):1265-73. (.png) (.svg) (.html) (.csml) Show TGF-beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus.... PubmedID 10611754 Title TGF-beta signaling from receptors to the nucleus. Authors Roberts AB. Publicat
12. A parton description of the nucleus fragmentation region in heavy-ion collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hwa, R.C.; Oregon Univ., Eugene
1984-01-01
In nucleus-nucleus collisions, the rapidity distribution of partons in the nucleus fragmentation region is highly asymmetrical. Thermalization that randomizes the momenta of partons far apart in rapidity cannot be expected. A local thermalization model is introduced which relates temperature to the range of parton interaction in rapidity. The parton number density and energy density are then calculated. (orig.)
13. What can an antiproton and a nucleus learn from each other
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Garreta, D.
1982-05-01
Simple features which make a low-energy antiproton an interesting probe of the nucleus, and a nucleus an interesting target for an antiproton are presented. Then antiproton-nucleus inelastic and elastic scattering, proton knock-out reactions on nuclei, annihilation of the antiproton in nuclei are reviewed. The aims of the experiment PS184 at LEAR are given
14. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Machado-Joseph disease) : severe destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Rub, U; de Vos, RAI; Schultz, C; Brunt, ER; Paulson, H; Braak, H
The lateral reticular nucleus (LRT) of the medulla oblongata is a precerebellar nucleus involved in proprioception and somatomotor automatisms. We investigated this nucleus in five individuals with clinically diagnosed and genetically confirmed spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3, Machado-Joseph
15. Preservation of the nucleus X-pelvic floor motosystem in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schrøder, H D; Reske-Nielsen, E
1984-01-01
to the neuropathological findings, and the observations are compared with previous neuropathological studies concerning Onuf's nucleus X as well with experimental studies including this nucleus. It is pointed out that structural and biochemical differences must exist between nucleus X neurons and other motoneurons....
16. Pion, pion-pion, and pion-nucleus interactions
CERN Document Server
Mukhin, K N; Tikhonov, V N
2002-01-01
This survey is devoted to describing the early studies of 1.1. Gurevich on pion physics that were performed by the photoemulsion method and the studies of the pion-pion interaction that were made by his colleagues on the basis of the hydrogen-bubble-chamber and the magnetic-spectrometer method (as well-as on the basis of the photoemulsion method). Two approaches-an extrapolation of experimental data from the physical region to the pion pole and a theoretical calculation based on the Roy integral equations-are used to deduce information about the pion-pion interaction. The first results obtained for pion-pion and pion-nucleus interactions in the experiments that are being currently performed in Brookhaven and at CERN ( pi pi interaction) and at TRIUMF (Canada) and in Brookhaven (pion-nucleus interaction) are presented, along with the existing theoretical concepts in these realms of physics. (80 refs).
17. Nuclear surface diffuseness revealed in nucleon-nucleus diffraction
Science.gov (United States)
Hatakeyama, S.; Horiuchi, W.; Kohama, A.
2018-05-01
The nuclear surface provides useful information on nuclear radius, nuclear structure, as well as properties of nuclear matter. We discuss the relationship between the nuclear surface diffuseness and elastic scattering differential cross section at the first diffraction peak of high-energy nucleon-nucleus scattering as an efficient tool in order to extract the nuclear surface information from limited experimental data involving short-lived unstable nuclei. The high-energy reaction is described by a reliable microscopic reaction theory, the Glauber model. Extending the idea of the black sphere model, we find one-to-one correspondence between the nuclear bulk structure information and proton-nucleus elastic scattering diffraction peak. This implies that we can extract both the nuclear radius and diffuseness simultaneously, using the position of the first diffraction peak and its magnitude of the elastic scattering differential cross section. We confirm the reliability of this approach by using realistic density distributions obtained by a mean-field model.
18. The cellular mastermind(?) – Mechanotransduction and the nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Kaminski, Ashley; Fedorchak, Gregory R.; Lammerding, Jan
2015-01-01
Cells respond to mechanical stimulation by activation of specific signaling pathways and genes that allow the cell to adapt to its dynamic physical environment. How cells sense the various mechanical inputs and translate them into biochemical signals remains an area of active investigation. Recent reports suggest that the cell nucleus may be directly implicated in this cellular mechanotransduction process. In this chapter, we discuss how forces applied to the cell surface and cytoplasm induce changes in nuclear structure and organization, which could directly affect gene expression, while also highlighting the complex interplay between nuclear structural proteins and transcriptional regulators that may further modulate mechanotransduction signaling. Taken together, these findings paint a picture of the nucleus as a central hub in cellular mechanotransduction—both structurally and biochemically—with important implications in physiology and disease. PMID:25081618
19. Control of cell nucleus shapes via micropillar patterns.
Science.gov (United States)
Pan, Zhen; Yan, Ce; Peng, Rong; Zhao, Yingchun; He, Yao; Ding, Jiandong
2012-02-01
We herein report a material technique to control the shapes of cell nuclei by the design of the microtopography of substrates to which the cells adhere. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) micropillars or micropits of a series of height or depth were fabricated, and some surprising self deformation of the nuclei of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was found in the case of micropillars with a sufficient height. Despite severe nucleus deformation, BMSCs kept the ability of proliferation and differentiation. We further demonstrated that the shapes of cell nuclei could be regulated by the appropriate micropillar patterns. Besides circular and elliptoid shapes, some unusual nucleus shapes of BMSCs have been achieved, such as square, cross, dumbbell, and asymmetric sphere-protrusion. Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20. Direct observation of nanoparticle-cancer cell nucleus interactions.
Science.gov (United States)
Dam, Duncan Hieu M; Lee, Jung Heon; Sisco, Patrick N; Co, Dick T; Zhang, Ming; Wasielewski, Michael R; Odom, Teri W
2012-04-24
We report the direct visualization of interactions between drug-loaded nanoparticles and the cancer cell nucleus. Nanoconstructs composed of nucleolin-specific aptamers and gold nanostars were actively transported to the nucleus and induced major changes to the nuclear phenotype via nuclear envelope invaginations near the site of the construct. The number of local deformations could be increased by ultrafast, light-triggered release of the aptamers from the surface of the gold nanostars. Cancer cells with more nuclear envelope folding showed increased caspase 3 and 7 activity (apoptosis) as well as decreased cell viability. This newly revealed correlation between drug-induced changes in nuclear phenotype and increased therapeutic efficacy could provide new insight for nuclear-targeted cancer therapy.
1. Invariant potential for elastic pion--nucleus scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cammarata, J.B.; Banerjee, M.K.
1976-01-01
From the Wick-Dyson expansion of the exact propagator of a pion in the presence of a nucleus, an invariant potential for crossing symmetric elastic pion-nucleus scattering is obtained in terms of a series of pion-nucleon diagrams. The Chew-Low theory is used to develop a model in which the most important class of diagrams is effectively summed. Included in this model is the exclusion principle restriction on the pion-bound nucleon interaction, the effects of the binding of nucleons, a kinematic transformation of energy from the lab to the πN center of mass frame, and the Fermi motion and recoil of the target nucleons. From a numerical study of the effects of these processes on the π- 12 C total cross section, the relative importance of each is determined. Other processes contributing to the elastic scattering of pions not included in the present model are also discussed
2. Triple F - A Comet Nucleus Sample Return Mission
Science.gov (United States)
Kueppers, Michael; Keller, Horst Uwe; Kuhrt, Ekkehard; A'Hearn, Michael; Altwegg, Kathrin; Betrand, Regis; Busemann, Henner; Capria, Maria Teresa; Colangeli, Luigi
2008-01-01
The Triple F (Fresh From the Fridge) mission, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return, has been proposed to ESA s Cosmic Vision program. A sample return from a comet enables us to reach the ultimate goal of cometary research. Since comets are the least processed bodies in the solar system, the proposal goes far beyond cometary science topics (like the explanation of cometary activity) and delivers invaluable information about the formation of the solar system and the interstellar molecular cloud from which it formed. The proposed mission would extract three samples of the upper 50 cm from three locations on a cometary nucleus and return them cooled to Earth for analysis in the laboratory. The simple mission concept with a touch-and-go sampling by a single spacecraft was proposed as an M-class mission in collaboration with the Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS.
3. From Nucleons to Nucleus Concepts of Microscopic Nuclear Theory
CERN Document Server
Suhonen, Jouni
2007-01-01
From Nucleons to Nucleus deals with single-particle and collective features of spherical nuclei. Each nuclear model is introduced and derived in detail. The formalism is then applied to light and medium-heavy nuclei in worked-out examples, and finally the acquired skills are strengthened by a wide selection of exercises, many relating the models to experimental data. Nuclear properties are discussed using particles, holes and quasiparticles. A large number of matrix elements of standard operators have been tabulated for reference. From Nucleons to Nucleus is based on lectures on nuclear physics given by the author. Its main scope is thus to serve as a textbook for advanced students. But also researchers will appreciate it as wellbalanced reference to theoretical nuclear physics.
4. Optical model calculation of neutron-nucleus scattering cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Smith, M.E.; Camarda, H.S.
1980-01-01
A program to calculate the total, elastic, reaction, and differential cross section of a neutron interacting with a nucleus is described. The interaction between the neutron and the nucleus is represented by a spherically symmetric complex potential that includes spin-orbit coupling. This optical model problem is solved numerically, and is treated with the partial-wave formalism of scattering theory. The necessary scattering theory required to solve this problem is briefly stated. Then, the numerical methods used to integrate the Schroedinger equation, calculate derivatives, etc., are described, and the results of various programming tests performed are presented. Finally, the program is discussed from a user's point of view, and it is pointed out how and where the program (OPTICAL) can be changed to satisfy particular needs
5. Target dependence of K+-nucleus total cross sections
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jiang, M.F.; Ernst, D.J.; Chen, C.M.
1995-01-01
We investigate the total cross section and its target dependence for K + -nucleus scattering using a relativistic momentum-space optical potential model which incorporates relativistically normalized wave functions, invariant two-body amplitudes, covariant kinematics, and an exact full-Fermi averaging integral. The definition of the total cross section in the presence of a Coulomb interaction is reviewed and the total cross section is calculated in a way that is consistent with what is extracted from experiment. In addition, the total cross sections for a nucleus and for the deuteron are calculated utilizing the same theory. This minimizes the dependence of the ratio of these cross sections on the details of the theory. The model dependence of the first-order optical potential calculations is investigated. The theoretical results are found to be systematically below all existing data
6. Experimental studies of pion-nucleus interactions at intermediate energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1992-01-01
This report summarizes investigations of various pion-nucleus interactions and nucleon-nucleus charge-exchange reactions. The work was carried out with the LAMPF accelerator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the cyclotrons at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) near Zurich, Switzerland, and at Indiana University (IUCF), as a collaborative effort among several laboratories and universities. The experimental activity at LAMPF involved measurements of new data on pion double-charge-exchange scattering, some initial work on a new Neutral Meson Spectrometer system, a search for deeply-bound pionic atoms, measurements of elastic scattering, and studies of the (n,p) reaction on various nuclei. At PSI measurements of pion quasielastic scattering were carried out, with detection of the recoil proton. Work on the analysis of data from a previous experiment at PSI on pion absorption in nuclei was continued. This experiment involved using a detector system that covered nearly the full solid angle
7. Proton nucleus collisions in the Landau hydrodynamical model
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1976-01-01
The dependence upon energy and the atomic number A for the multiplicities and the angular distributions of the relativistic secondaries is computed according to the hydrodynamic model for proton-nucleus collisions. Some different ways of converting the dependence upon tunnellength in nuclear matter into A dependence are discussed and a phenomenological model employed to exhibit the correlations to the fragmentation of the nucleus. The treatment is valid for arbitrary values of the velocity of sound c 0 in nuclear matter inside the range 0.2 0 0 around c 0 approximately 0.5 is preferred in a comparison to the presently available experimental data. This is the same range of values of the parameter for which the best agreement between theory and experiment occurs in the ISR range. (Auth.)
8. Problems of the π meson-nucleus interaction theory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kopaleishvili, T.I.
1984-01-01
The theory of multiple scattering as applied to PI-meson scattering on nuclei is outlined on the base of optical potential method: first in neglecting the real absorption of a pion by a nucleus and then for the case when this effect is taken into account. The pion interaction with a deuteron is considered both neglecting the pion absorption channel (the relativisitic problem of three bodies) and with account of the absorption channels and pion emission (in this case the problem is solved within the frames of the channel coupling theory for the pion-two nucleus system and the system of two nucleons). Approximate or model solutions to the problem of elastic pion-nuclear scattering primarily in the range of (3.3)-resonance are presented. The formulated theory permits to uniquely describe the observed processes caused by the strong pion interaction with a two-nucleon system
9. Coulomb Excitation of the N = 50 nucleus 80Zn
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Van de Walle, J.; Cocolios, T. E.; Huyse, M.; Ivanov, O.; Mayet, P.; Raabe, R.; Sawicka, M.; Stefanescu, I.; Duppen, P. van; Aksouh, F.; Ames, F.; Habs, D.; Lutter, R.; Behrens, T.; Gernhauser, R.; Kroell, T.; Kruecken, R.; Bildstein, V.; Blazhev, A.; Eberth, J.
2008-01-01
Neutron rich Zinc isotopes, including the N = 50 nucleus 80 Zn, were produced and post-accelerated at the Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility REX-ISOLDE (CERN). Low-energy Coulomb excitation was induced on these isotopes after post-acceleration, yielding B(E2) strengths to the first excited 2 + states. For the first time, an excited state in 80 Zn was observed and the 2 1 + state in 78 Zn was established. The measured B(E2,2 1 + →0 1 + ) values are compared to two sets of large scale shell model calculations. Both calculations reproduce the observed B(E2) systematics for the full Zinc isotopic chain. The results for N = 50 isotones indicate a good N = 50 shell closure and a strong Z = 28 proton core polarization. The new results serve as benchmarks to establish theoretical models, predicting the nuclear properties of the doubly magic nucleus 78 Ni
10. On the deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Darbaidze, Ya.Z.; Garsevanishvili, V.R.; Menteshashvili, Z.R.
1979-01-01
Deep inelastic scattering of charged leptons on nuclei is considered in the lowest order in electromagnetic interaction. Expressions for the corresponding differential cross sections are obtained provided the scattered lepton and the fragment of the initial nucleus are detected in coincidence. Structure functions are analyzed by means of the automodelity principle. These functions are considered in the framework of the ''light front'' formalism for many-body systems. A hypothesis is put forward on the scale invariance of structure functions with respect to the xi-variable, which is some complicated dimensionless combination of kinematic invariants. A simple relation of this variable to the momenta of the nucleons inside the initial nucleus is pointed out
11. Quasiparticle features and level statistics of odd-odd nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cheng Nanpu; Zheng Renrong; Zhu Shunquan
2001-01-01
The energy levels of the odd-odd nucleus 84 Y are calculated by using the axially symmetric rotor plus quasiparticles model. The two standard statistical tests of Random-Matrix Theory such as the distribution function p(s) of the nearest-neighbor level spacings (NNS) and the spectral rigidity Δ 3 are used to explore the statistical properties of the energy levels. By analyzing the properties of p(s) and Δ 3 under various conditions, the authors find that the quasiparticle features mainly affect the statistical properties of the odd-odd nucleus 84 Y through the recoil term and the Coriolis force in this theoretical mode, and that the chaotic degree of the energy levels decreases with the decreasing of the Fermi energy and the energy-gap parameters. The effect of the recoil term is small while the Coriolis force plays a major role in the spectral structure of 84 Y
12. Hidden Glashow resonance in neutrino–nucleus collisions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
I. Alikhanov
2016-05-01
Full Text Available Today it is widely believed that s-channel excitation of an on-shell W boson, commonly known as the Glashow resonance, can be initiated in matter only by the electron antineutrino in the process ν¯ee−→W− at the laboratory energy around 6.3 PeV. In this Letter we argue that the Glashow resonance within the Standard Model also occurs in neutrino–nucleus collisions. The main conclusions are as follows. 1 The Glashow resonance can be excited by both neutrinos and antineutrinos of all the three flavors scattering in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. 2 The Glashow resonance in a neutrino–nucleus reaction does not manifest itself as a Breit–Wigner-like peak in the cross section but the latter exhibits instead a slow logarithmic-law growth with the neutrino energy. The resonance turns thus out to be hidden. 3 More than 98% of W bosons produced in the sub-PeV region in neutrino-initiated reactions in water/ice will be from the Glashow resonance. 4 The vast majority of the Glashow resonance events in a neutrino detector are expected at energies from a few TeV to a few tens of TeV, being mostly initiated by the conventional atmospheric neutrinos dominant in this energy range. Calculations of the cross sections for Glashow resonance excitation on the oxygen nucleus as well as on the proton are carried out in detail. The results of this Letter can be useful for studies of neutrino interactions at large volume water/ice neutrino detectors. For example, in the IceCube detector one can expect 0.3 Glashow resonance events with shower-like topologies and the deposited energies above 300 TeV per year. It is therefore likely already to have at least one Glashow resonance event in the IceCube data set.
13. Methods and compositions for targeting macromolecules into the nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Chook, Yuh Min
2013-06-25
The present invention includes compositions, methods and kits for directing an agent across the nuclear membrane of a cell. The present invention includes a Karyopherin beta2 translocation motif in a polypeptide having a slightly positively charged region or a slightly hydrophobic region and one or more R/K/H-X.sub.(2-5)-P-Y motifs. The polypeptide targets the agent into the cell nucleus.
14. Observation for really cold fragmentation of heavy nucleus
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Goverdovskij, A.A.; Ketlerov, V.V.; Mitrofanov, V.F.; Ostapenko, Yu.B.; Khryachkov, V.A.
1998-01-01
The results of the detailed study on mass-energy charged correlations of the thorium-232 fission fragments, produced by the 5 MeV neutrons are presented. The event of the thorium nucleus really cold fragmentation into tellurium-134 and strontium-99 at the basic quantum states is identified. It is shown that the whole reaction energy is exhausted by the motion kinetic energy of the fragments in the mutual field
15. Nucleus incertus inactivation impairs spatial learning and memory in rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Nategh, Mohsen; Nikseresht, Sara; Khodagholi, Fariba; Motamedi, Fereshteh
2015-02-01
Nucleus incertus (NI) is a pontine nucleus which releases mainly GABA and relaxin-3 in rats. Its suggested functions include response to stress, arousal, and modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm. Since the role of NI in learning and memory has not been well characterized, therefore the involvement of this nucleus in spatial learning and memory and the aftermath hippocampal levels of c-fos and pCREB were evaluated. NI was targeted by implanting cannula in male rats. For reference memory, NI was inactivated by lidocaine (0.4 μl, 4%) at three stages of acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in Morris water maze paradigm. For working memory, NI was inactivated in acquisition and retrieval phases. Injection of lidocaine prior to the first training session of reference memory significantly increased the distance moved, suggesting that inactivation of NI delays acquisition in this spatial task. Inactivation also interfered with the retrieval phase of spatial reference memory, as the time in target quadrant for lidocaine group was less, and the escape latency was higher compared to the control group. However, no difference was observed in the consolidation phase. In the working memory task, with inter-trial intervals of 75 min, the escape latency was higher when NI was inactivated in the retrieval phase. In addition, c-fos and pCREB/CREB levels decreased in NI-inhibited rats. This study suggests that nucleus incertus might participate in acquisition of spatial reference, and retrieval of both spatial reference and working memory. Further studies should investigate possible roles of NI in the hippocampal plasticity. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
16. Proton-nucleus dynamics at ultra-relativistic energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
McCubbin, N.A.
1988-01-01
Some of the basic properties of proton-nucleus (pA) collisions at ultrarelativistic energies are reviewed. These include total and 'partonic' cross-sections, and the differential cross-sections as functions of rapidity, transverse energy, and particle p T , with particular emphasis in all cases on the A dependence. The aim is to introduce a nuclear physics audience to the main trends and ideas; experts in the field will find nothing very new here. (orig.)
OpenAIRE
Johnson, Jeremiah W.
2018-01-01
Automatic segmentation of microscopy images is an important task in medical image processing and analysis. Nucleus detection is an important example of this task. Mask-RCNN is a recently proposed state-of-the-art algorithm for object detection, object localization, and object instance segmentation of natural images. In this paper we demonstrate that Mask-RCNN can be used to perform highly effective and efficient automatic segmentations of a wide range of microscopy images of cell nuclei, for ...
18. Structural evolution in the nucleus of NGC1275
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Romney, J.D.; Alef, W.; Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K.; Preuss, E.; Kellermann, K.I.
1982-01-01
The extremely powerful compact radio nucleus of NGC1275 is perhaps the most complex structure seen at milliarcsecond scales. The authors report here recent observations which manifest a new structural development. These measurements, performed at 2.8cm wavelength with VLBI arrays of seven stations (epoch 1979.1) and five stations (1981.1) in North America and Europe, yielded hybrid maps which are presented together with models derived from earlier observations. (Auth.)
19. Review of high energy hadron-nucleus data
Science.gov (United States)
Lissauer, D.
1987-01-01
In this review we will summarize new data on hardron-nucleus interactions. The possibility that quark-gluon plasma may be created in heavy ion collisions has led to renewed interest in hadron-nucleus collisions. In particular one hopes that understanding the energy loss of hadrons in h-A collissions will allow us to estimate the optimum energy in AA collisions in order to achieve maximum baryon and/or maximum energy density. This will allow us to choose the optimal experimental environment in the search for quark-gluon plasma. This review will thus omit many interesting results from hadron-nucleus collisions, such as the A dependence of lepton pair production, EMC effect and others. We will focus our attention on the following: (i) Estimating the rate of energy loss of the incident hadron as it propagates through the target. (ii) Determining where the enmergy is deposited in central hadron-nucleus collisions. It is clear that there is no direct or unique method of extrapolating our knowledge of h-A collisions to predict what will happen in AA-collisions. The knowledge and understanding of pp and pA collisions is, however, a useful and necessary guide to what one can expect in AA collisions. In this review we will concentrate on three experimental approaches to the study of h-A collisions. In Section 1 we will discuss the present status of pA → p + X inclusive measurements. In Section 2 measurements from visual detectors, in this case results from the 30″ hybrid spectrometer, which allows investigations of global event properties will be presented. In Section 3 data using 2π calorimeters, where one can trigger and measure transverse energy and energy flow over a given rapidity region, will be discussed. The conclusions will be given in Section 4.
20. Theories of the eta-meson-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liu, L.C.
1994-01-01
It is sown that the pion-nucleon elastic scattering, eta-nucleon scattering length and the cross sections for pion-induced eta production on a nucleon satisfy a set of consistency relations. These relations are used to examine the ηN scattering lengths given by the various models. The nature of the threshold ηN interaction is discussed and recent advancements in ηN interaction is discussed and recent advancements in η-nucleus reaction theory are reviewed
1. Does the excited state of the 3He nucleus exist?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Barabanov, A.L.
1994-01-01
The suggestion is made that the excited state of the 3 He nucleus found out recently in the reaction has spin and parity 1/2 + and the same configuration that the ground open of 6 He. It is shown that in an elastic nd-scattering a resonance associated with the excited state may be absent due to destructive interference of potential and resonant scattering phases
2. Coulomb effects in the deuteron-nucleus interaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kuz'michev, V.E.; Peresypkin, V.V.
1990-01-01
The authors develop a consistent theory for calculation of the potential of the deuteron interaction with the Coulomb field of a nucleus. They study the properties of this potential at large distances and give its explicit form at the deuteron-breakup threshold. In the limit of low energies they derive the potential, which includes intermediate off-energy-shell states, and explain the physical nature of its constants. The accuracy of the transition to the polarization interaction is estimated
3. Differential efferent projections of the anterior, posteroventral, and posterodorsal subdivisions of the medial amygdala in mice.
Science.gov (United States)
Pardo-Bellver, Cecília; Cádiz-Moretti, Bernardita; Novejarque, Amparo; Martínez-García, Fernando; Lanuza, Enrique
2012-01-01
The medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me) is a key structure in the control of sociosexual behavior in mice. It receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB), as well as an important hormonal input. To better understand its behavioral role, in this work we investigate the structures receiving information from the Me, by analysing the efferent projections from its anterior (MeA), posterodorsal (MePD) and posteroventral (MePV) subdivisions, using anterograde neuronal tracing with biotinylated and tetrametylrhodamine-conjugated dextranamines. The Me is strongly interconnected with the rest of the chemosensory amygdala, but shows only moderate projections to the central nucleus and light projections to the associative nuclei of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. In addition, the MeA originates a strong feedback projection to the deep mitral cell layer of the AOB, whereas the MePV projects to its granule cell layer. The Me (especially the MeA) has also moderate projections to different olfactory structures, including the piriform cortex (Pir). The densest outputs of the Me target the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the hypothalamus. The MeA and MePV project to key structures of the circuit involved in the defensive response against predators (medial posterointermediate BST, anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus), although less dense projections also innervate reproductive-related nuclei. In contrast, the MePD projects mainly to structures that control reproductive behaviors [medial posteromedial BST, medial preoptic nucleus, and ventrolateral aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus], although less dense projections to defensive-related nuclei also exist. These results confirm and extend previous results in other rodents and suggest that the medial amygdala is anatomically and functionally compartmentalized.
4. Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal activation in the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamus depends on ambient temperature.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Samuel P Wanner
Full Text Available Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with either fever or hypothermia, but the mechanisms responsible for switching from one to the other are unknown. In experimental animals, systemic inflammation is often induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS. To identify the diencephalic and brainstem structures involved in the fever-hypothermia switch, we studied the expression of c-Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation, in rats treated with the same high dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg, intravenously either in a thermoneutral (30 °C or cool (24 °C environment. At 30 °C, LPS caused fever; at 24 °C, the same dose caused profound hypothermia. Both fever and hypothermia were associated with the induction of c-Fos in many brain areas, including several structures of the anterior preoptic, paraventricular, lateral, and dorsal hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the posterior pretectal nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, lateral parabrachial nucleus, area postrema, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Every brain area studied showed a comparable response to LPS at the two different ambient temperatures used, with the exception of two areas: the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH, which we studied together with the adjacent dorsal hypothalamic area (DA, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH. Both structures had much stronger c-Fos expression during LPS hypothermia than during fever. We propose that PVH and DMH/DA neurons are involved in a circuit, which - depending on the ambient temperature - determines whether the thermoregulatory response to bacterial LPS will be fever or hypothermia.
5. Experimental studies of pion-nucleus interactions at intermediate energies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1991-01-01
This report summarizes the work on experimental research in intermediate energy nuclear physics carried out at New Mexico State University in 1991 under a great from the US Department of Energy. Most of these studies have involved investigations of various pion-nucleus interactions. The work has been carried out both with the LAMPF accelerator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and with the cyclotron at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) near Zurich, Switzerland. Part of the experimental work involves measurements of new data on double-charge-exchange scattering, using facilities at LAMPF which we helped modify, and on pion absorption, using a new detector system at PSI that covers nearly the full solid-angle region which we helped construct. Other work involved preparation for future experiments using polarized nuclear targets and a new high-resolution spectrometer system for detecting π 0 mesons. We also presented several proposals for works to be done in future years, involving studies related to pi-mesonic atoms, fundamental pion-nucleon interactions, studies of the difference between charged and neutral pion interactions with the nucleon, studies of the isospin structure of pion-nucleus interactions, and pion scattering from polarized 3 He targets. This work is aimed at improving our understanding of the pion-nucleon interaction, of the pion-nucleus interaction mechanism, and of nuclear structure
6. Inclusive spectra of hadrons in proton-nucleus collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gevorkyan, S.R.; Gulkanyan, G.R.; Kotzinyan, A.M.; Zhamkochyan, V.M.
1985-01-01
A model is proposed, which allows one to describe all exprimental data on inclusive spectra of different hadrons produced on nuclei. The model is based on the following assumptions. After the first inelastic collision with nucleon in the nucleus the proton transforms into some excited system H, which collides with the other nucleons during its passage through the nucleus. Since in inelastic collisions the slow sea partons play the dominant role, the valence quarks of this system H coincide with those of proton. Fragmentation of H into hadrons (as well as into proton) is dilated in the lab system by the Lorentz factor E/m >> 1 and so it takes place out of the nucleus. Using the methods of multiple scattering theory one can receive the connection between inclusive spectra on nuclei and those on nucleons. The calculations of inclusive spectra of different hadrons (p, p, πsup(-+), ksup(+-)) were done, and a satisfactory description of the experimental data was obtained. It should be noted that this description was done without introduction of any free parameters. Analogous models are discussed, and their diffference from the method proposed is outlined
7. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) studies of returned comet nucleus samples
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tsay, Fundow; Kim, S.S.; Liang, R.H.
1989-01-01
The most important objective of the Comet Nucleus Sample Returm Mission is to return samples which could reflect formation conditions and evolutionary processes in the early solar nebula. It is expected that the returned samples will consist of fine-grained silicate materials mixed with ices composed of simple molecules such as H 2 O, NH 3 , CH 4 as well as organics and/or more complex compounds. Because of the exposure to ionizing radiation from cosmic-ray, gamma-ray, and solar wind protons at low temperature, free radicals are expected to be formed and trapped in the solid ice matrices. The kind of trapped radical species together with their concentration and thermal stability can be used as a dosimeter as well as a geothermometer to determine thermal and radiation histories as well as outgassing and other possible alternation effects since the nucleus material was formed. Since free radicals that are known to contain unpaired electrons are all paramagnetic in nature, they can be readily detected and characterized in their native form by the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method. In fact, ESR has been shown to be a non-destructive, highly sensitive tool for the detection and characterization of paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and radiation damage centers in terrestrial and extraterrestrial geological samples. The potential use of ESR as an effective method in the study of returned comet nucleus samples, in particular, in the analysis of fine-grained solid state icy samples is discussed
8. Relief memory consolidation requires protein synthesis within the nucleus accumbens.
Science.gov (United States)
Bruning, Johann E A; Breitfeld, Tino; Kahl, Evelyn; Bergado-Acosta, Jorge R; Fendt, Markus
2016-06-01
Relief learning refers to the association of a stimulus with the relief from an aversive event. The thus-learned relief stimulus then can induce, e.g., an attenuation of the startle response or approach behavior, indicating positive valence. Previous studies revealed that the nucleus accumbens is essential for the acquisition and retrieval of relief memory. Here, we ask whether the nucleus accumbens is also the brain site for consolidation of relief memory into a long-term form. In rats, we blocked local protein synthesis within the nucleus accumbens by local infusions of anisomycin at different time points during a relief conditioning experiment. Accumbal anisomycin injections immediately after the relief conditioning session, but not 4 h later, prevented the consolidation into long-term relief memory. The retention of already consolidated relief memory was not affected by anisomycin injections. This identifies a time window and site for relief memory consolidation. These findings should complement our understanding of the full range of effects of adverse experiences, including cases of their distortion in humans such as post-traumatic stress disorder and/or phobias. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
9. WIMP-nucleus scattering in chiral effective theory
Science.gov (United States)
Cirigliano, Vincenzo; Graesser, Michael L.; Ovanesyan, Grigory
2012-10-01
We discuss long-distance QCD corrections to the WIMP-nucleon(s) interactions in the framework of chiral effective theory. For scalar-mediated WIMP-quark interactions, we calculate all the next-to-leading-order corrections to the WIMP-nucleus elastic cross-section, including two-nucleon amplitudes and recoil-energy dependent shifts to the single-nucleon scalar form factors. As a consequence, the scalar-mediated WIMP-nucleus cross-section cannot be parameterized in terms of just two quantities, namely the neutron and proton scalar form factors at zero momentum transfer, but additional parameters appear, depending on the short-distance WIMP-quark interaction. Moreover, multiplicative factorization of the cross-section into particle, nuclear and astro-particle parts is violated. In practice, while the new effects are of the natural size expected by chiral power counting, they become very important in those regions of parameter space where the leading order WIMP-nucleus amplitude is suppressed, including the so-called "isospin-violating dark matter" regime. In these regions of parameter space we find order-of-magnitude corrections to the total scattering rates and qualitative changes to the shape of recoil spectra.
10. Dorsal raphe nucleus projecting retinal ganglion cells: Why Y cells?
Science.gov (United States)
Pickard, Gary E.; So, Kwok-Fai; Pu, Mingliang
2015-01-01
Retinal ganglion Y (alpha) cells are found in retinas ranging from frogs to mice to primates. The highly conserved nature of the large, fast conducting retinal Y cell is a testament to its fundamental task, although precisely what this task is remained ill-defined. The recent discovery that Y-alpha retinal ganglion cells send axon collaterals to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in addition to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), pretectum and the superior colliculus (SC) has offered new insights into the important survival tasks performed by these cells with highly branched axons. We propose that in addition to its role in visual perception, the Y-alpha retinal ganglion cell provides concurrent signals via axon collaterals to the DRN, the major source of serotonergic afferents to the forebrain, to dramatically inhibit 5-HT activity during orientation or alerting/escape responses, which dis-facilitates ongoing tonic motor activity while dis-inhibiting sensory information processing throughout the visual system. The new data provide a fresh view of these evolutionarily old retinal ganglion cells. PMID:26363667
11. Laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus: A processor of somatosensory inputs.
Science.gov (United States)
Bezdudnaya, Tatiana; Keller, Asaf
2008-04-20
The laterodorsal (LD) nucleus of the thalamus has been considered a "higher order" nucleus that provides inputs to limbic cortical areas. Although its functions are largely unknown, it is often considered to be involved in spatial learning and memory. Here we provide evidence that LD is part of a hitherto unknown pathway for processing somatosensory information. Juxtacellular and extracellular recordings from LD neurons reveal that they respond to vibrissa stimulation with short latency (median = 7 ms) and large magnitude responses (median = 1.2 spikes/stimulus). Most neurons (62%) had large receptive fields, responding to six and more individual vibrissae. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus interpolaris (SpVi) evoked short latency responses (median = 3.8 ms) in vibrissa-responsive LD neurons. Labeling produced by anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracers confirmed that LD neurons receive direct inputs from SpVi. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical analyses revealed also that LD projects upon the cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, but has only sparse projections to the barrel cortex. These findings suggest that LD is part of a novel processing stream involved in spatial orientation and learning related to somatosensory cues. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
12. Incorporation of mammalian actin into microfilaments in plant cell nucleus
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Paves Heiti
2004-04-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Actin is an ancient molecule that shows more than 90% amino acid homology between mammalian and plant actins. The regions of the actin molecule that are involved in F-actin assembly are largely conserved, and it is likely that mammalian actin is able to incorporate into microfilaments in plant cells but there is no experimental evidence until now. Results Visualization of microfilaments in onion bulb scale epidermis cells by different techniques revealed that rhodamine-phalloidin stained F-actin besides cytoplasm also in the nuclei whereas GFP-mouse talin hybrid protein did not enter the nuclei. Microinjection of fluorescently labeled actin was applied to study the presence of nuclear microfilaments in plant cells. Ratio imaging of injected fluorescent rabbit skeletal muscle actin and phalloidin staining of the microinjected cells showed that mammalian actin was able to incorporate into plant F-actin. The incorporation occurred preferentially in the nucleus and in the perinuclear region of plant cells whereas part of plant microfilaments, mostly in the periphery of cytoplasm, did not incorporate mammalian actin. Conclusions Microinjected mammalian actin is able to enter plant cell's nucleus, whereas incorporation of mammalian actin into plant F-actin occurs preferentially in the nucleus and perinuclear area.
13. Magnetic dipole excitations of the 163Dy nucleus
Science.gov (United States)
Zenginerler, Zemine; Tabar, Emre; Yakut, Hakan; Kuliev, Ali Akbar; Guliyev, Ekber
2014-03-01
In this study some properties of the magnetic dipole excitations of the deformed odd mass 163Dy nucleus were studied by using Quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model (QPNM). The several of the ground-state and low-lying magnetic dipole (M1) mode characteristics were calculated for deformed odd-mass nuclei using a separable Hamiltonian within the QPNM. The M1 excited states, reduced transition probabilities B(M1), the ground-state magnetic properties such as magnetic moment (μ), intrinsic magnetic moment (gK) , effective spin factor (gseff.) are the fundamental characteristics of the odd-mass nucleus and provide key information to understand nuclear structure. The theoretical results were compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical approaches. Calculations show that the spin-spin interaction in this isotopes leads to polarization effect influencing the magnetic moments. Furthermore we found a strong fragmentation of the M1 strength in 163Dy nucleus which was in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. Sakarya University, Project Number: 2012-50-02-007 and Z.Zenginerler acknowledge to TUBITAK-TURKEY 2013, fellowship No: 2219.
14. Production of Kaon and Λ in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at Ultrarelativistic Energy from a Blast-Wave Model
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chen, J. H.; Zhang, S.; Ma, Y. G.; Zhong, C.
2015-01-01
The particle production of Kaon and Λ is studied in nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energy based on a chemical equilibrium blast-wave model. The transverse momentum spectra of Kaon and Λ at the kinetic freeze-out stage from our model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The kinetic freeze-out parameters of temperature (T kin ) and radial flow parameter ρ 0 are presented for the FOPI, RHIC, and LHC energies. And the resonance decay effect is also discussed. The systematic study for beam energy dependence of the strangeness particle production will help us to better understand the properties of the matter created in heavy-ion collisions at the kinetic freeze-out stage
15. CASTOR A Forward Detector for the Identification of Centauro and Strangelets in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the LHC
CERN Document Server
Angelis, Aris L S; Bogolyubsky, M Yu; Filippov, S N; Gladysz-Dziadus, E; Kharlov, Yu V; Kurepin, A B; Maevskaya, A I; Mavromanolakis, G; Panagiotou, A D; Sadovsky, S A; Stefanski, P; Wlodarczyk, Z
2000-01-01
Presentation made at the XXVIIIth Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, 6-11 September 1998, Delphi and published in World ScientificThe physics motivation for a very forward detector to be employed in heavy ion collisions at the CERN LHC is discussed. A phenomenological model describing the formation and decay of a Centauro fireball in nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. The CASTOR detector which is aimed to measure the hadronic and photonic content of an interaction and to identify deeply penetrating objects in the very forward, baryon-rich phase space 5.6eta7.2 in an event-by-event mode is described. Results of simulations of the expected response of the calorimeter and, in particular, to the passage of strangelets, are presented.
16. Energy dependence of the thermodynamical parameters in nucleus-nucleus collisions from 1A to 200A GeV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hong, Byung Sik
1999-01-01
The energy dependence of the thermodynamical parameters in nucleus-nucleus collisions are studied from 1A to 200A GeV in the framework of the statistical thermal model. The energy and entropy densities, as well as the pressure, of hot and dense hadronic matter are calculated by using the available input parameters of the model. No discontinuity or steep rise in the thermodynamical parameters has been found. The equation of state in terms of the speed of sound is investigated as a function of the energy density, and it increases monotonically up to 200A GeV. The estimated sonic velocities above 10A GeV are very close to that of an ideal ultrarelativistic hadron gas in the presence of resonances
17. Charged pion coherent production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at incident energies between 86 and 330 MeV/nucleon
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fassnacht, P.
1984-01-01
We have studied pion production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at foward angles for about twenty projectile target combinations. The incident energies were below or around 300 MeV/nucleon which is the threshold of the elementary reaction NN → NNπ. The study of the inclusive spectra shows some new ideas: shell effects in pion production, collective resonances excitations. These spectra have been analyzed following different models: hard-scattering models which describe the interaction on the basis of the elementary reaction NN → NNπ, statistical model and the pionic cloud model which is a coherent description of the interaction. In the study of the exclusive reactions, we established some empiric rules concerning the cross-section variations. These exclusive spectra were then analyzed in the framework of two-models: the semi-phenomenological model and the pionic fusion [fr
18. Distinct effect of orphanin FQ in nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis on the rat tail flick reflex.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Z; Zhang, Y; Wu, G
2001-06-22
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of orphanin FQ (OFQ) microinjected into the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) on pain modulation. The tail-flick latency (TFL) was used as a behavioral index of nociceptive responsiveness. The result showed microinjection of OFQ into the NRM significantly increased the TFL, whereas microinjection of OFQ into the NGC decreased the TFL, suggesting the analgesic effect of OFQ in the NRM and the hyperalgesic effect of OFQ in the NGC. As there are three classes of putative pain modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), the hyperalgesic or analgesic effect of OFQ in the RVM might depend upon the different class of the neurons being acted.
19. Study of the peculiarities of multiparticle production via event-by-event analysis in asymmetric nucleus-nucleus interactions
Science.gov (United States)
Fedosimova, Anastasiya; Gaitinov, Adigam; Grushevskaya, Ekaterina; Lebedev, Igor
2017-06-01
In this work the study on the peculiarities of multiparticle production in interactions of asymmetric nuclei to search for unusual features of such interactions, is performed. A research of long-range and short-range multiparticle correlations in the pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles on the basis of analysis of individual interactions of nuclei of 197 Au at energy 10.7 AGeV with photoemulsion nuclei, is carried out. Events with long-range multiparticle correlations (LC), short-range multiparticle correlations (SC) and mixed type (MT) in pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles, are selected by the Hurst method in accordance with Hurst curve behavior. These types have significantly different characteristics. At first, they have different fragmentation parameters. Events of LC type are processes of full destruction of the projectile nucleus, in which multicharge fragments are absent. In events of mixed type several multicharge fragments of projectile nucleus are discovered. Secondly, these two types have significantly different multiplicity distribution. The mean multiplicity of LC type events is significantly more than in mixed type events. On the basis of research of the dependence of multiplicity versus target-nuclei fragments number for events of various types it is revealed, that the most considerable multiparticle correlations are observed in interactions of the mixed type, which correspond to the central collisions of gold nuclei and nuclei of CNO-group, i.e. nuclei with strongly asymmetric volume, nuclear mass, charge, etc. Such events are characterised by full destruction of the target-nucleus and the disintegration of the projectile-nucleus on several multi-charged fragments.
20. Study of the peculiarities of multiparticle production via event-by-event analysis in asymmetric nucleus-nucleus interactions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fedosimova Anastasiya
2017-01-01
Full Text Available In this work the study on the peculiarities of multiparticle production in interactions of asymmetric nuclei to search for unusual features of such interactions, is performed. A research of long-range and short-range multiparticle correlations in the pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles on the basis of analysis of individual interactions of nuclei of 197 Au at energy 10.7 AGeV with photoemulsion nuclei, is carried out. Events with long-range multiparticle correlations (LC, short-range multiparticle correlations (SC and mixed type (MT in pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles, are selected by the Hurst method in accordance with Hurst curve behavior. These types have significantly different characteristics. At first, they have different fragmentation parameters. Events of LC type are processes of full destruction of the projectile nucleus, in which multicharge fragments are absent. In events of mixed type several multicharge fragments of projectile nucleus are discovered. Secondly, these two types have significantly different multiplicity distribution. The mean multiplicity of LC type events is significantly more than in mixed type events. On the basis of research of the dependence of multiplicity versus target-nuclei fragments number for events of various types it is revealed, that the most considerable multiparticle correlations are observed in interactions of the mixed type, which correspond to the central collisions of gold nuclei and nuclei of CNO-group, i.e. nuclei with strongly asymmetric volume, nuclear mass, charge, etc. Such events are characterised by full destruction of the target-nucleus and the disintegration of the projectile-nucleus on several multi-charged fragments.
1. 61. International conference NUCLEUS-2011 on problems of nuclear spectroscopy and structure of atomic nucleus. Book of abstracts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2011-01-01
The program of the 61th International conference NUCLEUS-2011 covers almost all actual problems of nuclear physics. The recent results of theoretical and experimental investigations of nuclear structure as well as nuclear reactions are presented. The fundamental problems of nuclear physics are discussed. The current achievements in the field of nuclear instrumentation and experimental techniques are considered. The considerable attention is given to modern nuclear databases as scientific research tools [ru
2. Fighting in the home cage: Agonistic encounters and effects on neurobiological markers within the social decision-making network of house mice (Mus musculus).
Science.gov (United States)
Greenberg, Gian D; Howerton, Chris L; Trainor, Brian C
2014-04-30
Inbred strains of mice, such as C57Bl/6, have become preferred animal models for neurobehavioral studies. A main goal in creating inbred lines is to reduce the effects of individual genetic variation on observed phenotypes. Most studies use only males, and there is increasing evidence that agonistic interactions within the home cage may produce systematic variability in behavior and brain function. Previous studies have demonstrated that the outcomes of aggressive interactions have powerful effects on the brain and behavior, but less is known about whether aggressive interactions within the home cage have similar effects. We assessed group-housed laboratory mice C57Bl/6 for competitive ability and then tested the extent high competitive ability (CA) or low CA was related to gene and protein expression within related pathways. We focused on a broad social behavior network, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). High CA mice had significantly more corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) mRNA in the BNST. Our data suggest a simple test of CA could yield valuable information that could be used to reduce error variance and increase power in neurobiological studies using mice. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
3. Anatomical and electrophysiological characterization of presumed dopamine-containing neurons within the supramammillary region of the rat.
Science.gov (United States)
Shepard, P D; Mihailoff, G A; German, D C
1988-03-01
A combination of immunocytochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques were employed to study the properties of neurons within the supramammillary (SUM) complex of the rat. The SUM region contains a small, but dense, population of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. Following injection of the orthograde neuroanatomical tracer, Phaseolus Vulgaris leucoagglutinin, into the SUM region, heavy terminal labeling was observed in the lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of antidromically-activated SUM neurons revealed evidence of two neuronal populations. Both groups of neurons exhibited long duration action potentials (greater than 2 msec) and slow conduction velocities (less than 0.5 m/sec). However, cells in one group were characterized by slow and erratic firing rates and insensitivity to dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonists. Cells in the other group typically exhibited no spontaneous activity but could be induced to discharge by iontophoretic application of glutamate. These latter cells were sensitive to DA autoreceptor stimulation. Of the two populations of mammilloseptal SUM neurons, the silent population exhibited several properties similar to those of midbrain DA neurons.
4. Effects of perinatal daidzein exposure on subsequent behavior and central estrogen receptor α expression in the adult male mouse.
Science.gov (United States)
Yu, Chengjun; Tai, Fadao; Zeng, Shuangyan; Zhang, Xia
2013-06-03
Daidzein is one of the most important isoflavones present in soy and it is unique as it can be further metabolized to equol, a compound with greater estrogenic activity than other isoflavones. The potential role of daidzein in the prevention of some chronic diseases has drawn public attention and increased its consumption in human, including in pregnant women and adolescent. It is unclear whether perinatal exposure to daidzein through maternal diets affects subsequent behavior and central estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in male adults. Following developmental exposure to daidzein through maternal diets during perinatal period, subsequent anxiety-like behavior, social behavior, spatial learning and memory of male mice at adulthood were assessed using a series of tests. The levels of central ER α expression were also examined using immunocytochemistry. Compared with the controls, adult male mice exposed to daidzein during the perinatal period showed significantly less exploration, higher levels of anxiety and aggression. They also displayed more social investigation for females and a tendency to improve spatial learning and memory. The mice with this early daidzein treatment demonstrated significantly higher levels of ERα expression in several brain regions such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus and central amygdaloid mucleus, but decreased it in the lateral septum. Our results indicated that perinatal exposure to daidzein enhanced masculinization on male behaviors which is assocciated with alterations in ERα expression levels led by perinatal daidzein exposure. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5. Subcortical BOLD responses during visual sexual stimulation vary as a function of implicit porn associations in women.
Science.gov (United States)
Borg, Charmaine; de Jong, Peter J; Georgiadis, Janniko R
2014-02-01
Lifetime experiences shape people's attitudes toward sexual stimuli. Visual sexual stimulation (VSS), for instance, may be perceived as pleasurable by some, but as disgusting or ambiguous by others. VSS depicting explicit penile-vaginal penetration (PEN) is relevant in this respect, because the act of penetration is a core sexual activity. In this study, 20 women without sexual complaints participated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a single-target implicit association task to investigate how brain responses to PEN were modulated by the initial associations in memory (PEN-'hot' vs PEN-disgust) with such hardcore pornographic stimuli. Many brain areas responded to PEN in the same way they responded to disgust stimuli, and PEN-induced brain activity was prone to modulation by subjective disgust ratings toward PEN stimuli. The relative implicit PEN-disgust (relative to PEN-'hot') associations exclusively modulated PEN-induced brain responses: comparatively negative (PEN-disgust) implicit associations with pornography predicted the strongest PEN-related responses in the basal forebrain (including nucleus accumbens and bed nucleus of stria terminalis), midbrain and amygdala. Since these areas are often implicated in visual sexual processing, the present findings should be taken as a warning: apparently their involvement may also indicate a negative or ambivalent attitude toward sexual stimuli.
6. The central extended amygdala in fear and anxiety: Closing the gap between mechanistic and neuroimaging research.
Science.gov (United States)
Fox, Andrew S; Shackman, Alexander J
2017-11-30
Anxiety disorders impose a staggering burden on public health, underscoring the need to develop a deeper understanding of the distributed neural circuits underlying extreme fear and anxiety. Recent work highlights the importance of the central extended amygdala, including the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and neighboring bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). Anatomical data indicate that the Ce and BST form a tightly interconnected unit, where different kinds of threat-relevant information can be integrated to assemble states of fear and anxiety. Neuroimaging studies show that the Ce and BST are engaged by a broad spectrum of potentially threat-relevant cues. Mechanistic work demonstrates that the Ce and BST are critically involved in organizing defensive responses to a wide range of threats. Studies in rodents have begun to reveal the specific molecules, cells, and microcircuits within the central extended amygdala that underlie signs of fear and anxiety, but the relevance of these tantalizing discoveries to human experience and disease remains unclear. Using a combination of focal perturbations and whole-brain imaging, a new generation of nonhuman primate studies is beginning to close this gap. This work opens the door to discovering the mechanisms underlying neuroimaging measures linked to pathological fear and anxiety, to understanding how the Ce and BST interact with one another and with distal brain regions to govern defensive responses to threat, and to developing improved intervention strategies. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
7. Intraspecific variation in estrogen receptor alpha and the expression of male sociosexual behavior in two populations of prairie voles.
Science.gov (United States)
Cushing, Bruce S; Razzoli, Maria; Murphy, Anne Z; Epperson, Pamela M; Le, Wei-Wei; Hoffman, Gloria E
2004-08-06
Estrogen (E) regulates a variety of male sociosexual behaviors. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between the distribution of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and the degree of male social behavior. To test this hypothesis, ERalpha immunoreactivity (IR) was compared in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) from Illinois (IL), which are highly social, and Kansas (KN), which are less social. The expression of androgen receptors (AR) in males also was compared between populations. The expression of ERalpha and AR were compared in brains from KN and IL males and females using immunocytochemistry (ICC). There were significant intrapopulational differences, with males expressing less ERalpha-IR than females in the medial preoptic area, ventromedial nucleus, ventrolateral portion of the hypothalamus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). IL males also displayed less ERalpha-IR in the medial amygdala (MeA) than IL females. While IL males expressed significantly less ERalpha-IR in the BST and MeA than KN males, there was no difference in AR-IR. Differences in the pattern of ERalpha-IR between KN and IL males were behaviorally relevant, as low levels of testosterone (T) were more effective in restoring sexual activity in castrated KN males than IL males. The lack of difference in AR combined with lower expression of ERalpha-IR in IL males suggests that behavioral differences in response to T are associated with aromatization of T to E and that reduced sensitivity to E may facilitate prosocial behavior in males.
8. Organizational effects of diethylstilbestrol on brain vasotocin and sexual behavior in male quail.
Science.gov (United States)
Viglietti-Panzica, Carla; Montoncello, Barbara; Mura, Elena; Pessatti, Marzia; Panzica, GianCarlo
2005-04-15
In Japanese quail, we previously described a sexual dimorphism of the parvocellular vasotocin system of the limbic region that, as the reproductive behavior, is steroid-sensitive and is organized during embryonic life by the exposure to estradiol. We verified in this study whether diethylstilbestrol, a chemical xenoestrogen, has analogous organizational effects on the vasotocin system of limbic regions and on copulatory behavior of male Japanese quail. We injected in the yolk sac of 3 day-old quail embryos diethylstilbestrol or estradiol benzoate (a treatment which suppresses male copulatory behavior in adulthood and reduces vasotocin innervation), or sesame oil (control). No further hormonal manipulations were performed after hatching. Sexual behavior was recorded in males at the age of 6 weeks. Estradiol- and diethylstilbestrol-treated males exhibited a total suppression of copulatory behavior. After behavioral tests, all males were sacrificed and brain sections processed for vasotocin immunocytochemistry. Significant decrease in the density of vasotocin immunoreactivity was detected in the medial preoptic nucleus, in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and in the lateral septum of diethylstilbestrol-treated males. The magnocellular vasotocin neurons were, in contrast, not affected. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that embryonic treatment with diethylstilbestrol induces a full sex reversal of behavioral phenotype as well as a significant decrease of vasotocin expression in the preoptic-limbic region in male Japanese quail. Therefore, the parvocellular vasotocin system could represent an optimal model to investigate the effects of pollutants on neural circuits controlling reproductive functions.
9. Subcortical BOLD responses during visual sexual stimulation vary as a function of implicit porn associations in women
Science.gov (United States)
de Jong, Peter J.; Georgiadis, Janniko R.
2014-01-01
Lifetime experiences shape people’s attitudes toward sexual stimuli. Visual sexual stimulation (VSS), for instance, may be perceived as pleasurable by some, but as disgusting or ambiguous by others. VSS depicting explicit penile–vaginal penetration (PEN) is relevant in this respect, because the act of penetration is a core sexual activity. In this study, 20 women without sexual complaints participated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a single-target implicit association task to investigate how brain responses to PEN were modulated by the initial associations in memory (PEN-‘hot’ vs PEN-disgust) with such hardcore pornographic stimuli. Many brain areas responded to PEN in the same way they responded to disgust stimuli, and PEN-induced brain activity was prone to modulation by subjective disgust ratings toward PEN stimuli. The relative implicit PEN-disgust (relative to PEN-‘hot’) associations exclusively modulated PEN-induced brain responses: comparatively negative (PEN-disgust) implicit associations with pornography predicted the strongest PEN-related responses in the basal forebrain (including nucleus accumbens and bed nucleus of stria terminalis), midbrain and amygdala. Since these areas are often implicated in visual sexual processing, the present findings should be taken as a warning: apparently their involvement may also indicate a negative or ambivalent attitude toward sexual stimuli. PMID:23051899
10. Cocaine-associated odor cue re-exposure increases blood oxygenation level dependent signal in memory and reward regions of the maternal rat brain.
Science.gov (United States)
Caffrey, Martha K; Febo, Marcelo
2014-01-01
Cue triggered relapse during the postpartum period can negatively impact maternal care. Given the high reward value of pups in maternal rats, we designed an fMRI experiment to test whether offspring presence reduces the neural response to a cocaine associated olfactory cue. Cocaine conditioned place preference was carried out before pregnancy in the presence of two distinct odors that were paired with cocaine or saline (+Cue and -Cue). The BOLD response to +Cue and -Cue was measured in dams on postpartum days 2-4. Odor cues were delivered to dams in the absence and then the presence of pups. Our data indicate that several limbic and cognitive regions of the maternal rat brain show a greater BOLD signal response to a +Cue versus -Cue. These include dorsal striatum, prelimbic cortex, parietal cortex, habenula, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum and the mediodorsal and the anterior thalamic nucleus. Of the aforementioned brain regions, only the parietal cortex of cocaine treated dams showed a significant modulatory effect of pup presence. In this area of the cortex, cocaine exposed maternal rats showed a greater BOLD activation in response to the +Cue in the presence than in the absence of pups. Specific regions of the cocaine exposed maternal rat brain are strongly reactive to drug associated cues. The regions implicated in cue reactivity have been previously reported in clinical imaging work, and previous work supports their role in various motivational and cognitive functions. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
11. COCAINE-ASSOCIATED ODOR CUE RE-EXPOSURE INCREASES BLOOD OXYGENATION LEVEL DEPENDENT SIGNAL IN MEMORY AND REWARD REGIONS OF THE MATERNAL RAT BRAIN*
Science.gov (United States)
Caffrey, Martha K.; Febo, Marcelo
2013-01-01
BACKGROUND Cue triggered relapse during the postpartum period can negatively impact maternal care. Given the high reward value of pups in maternal rats, we designed an fMRI experiment to test whether offspring presence reduces the neural response to a cocaine associated olfactory cue. METHODS Cocaine conditioned place preference was carried out before pregnancy in the presence of two distinct odors that were paired with cocaine or saline (+Cue and −Cue). The BOLD response to +Cue and −Cue was measured in dams on postpartum days 2–4. Odor cues were delivered to dams in the absence and then the presence of pups. RESULTS Our data indicate that several limbic and cognitive regions of the maternal rat brain show a greater BOLD signal response to a +Cue versus −Cue. These include dorsal striatum, prelimbic cortex, parietal cortex, habenula, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral septum and the mediodorsal and the anterior thalamic nucleus. Of the aforementioned brain regions, only the parietal cortex of cocaine treated dams showed a significant modulatory effect of pup presence. In this area of the cortex, cocaine exposed maternal rats showed a greater BOLD activation in response to the +Cue in the presence than in the absence of pups. CONCLUSIONS Specific regions of the cocaine exposed maternal rat brain are strongly reactive to drug associated cues. The regions implicated in cue reactivity have been previously reported in clinical imaging work, and previous work supports their role in various motivational and cognitive functions. PMID:24183499
12. Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Matthew J. Paul
2014-02-01
Full Text Available Despite the well-established role of vasopressin (AVP in adult social behavior, its role in social development is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we focus on the most prominent social behavior of juvenile rats, social play. Previous pharmacological experiments in our laboratory suggested that AVP regulates play in a sex- and brain region-specific manner in juvenile rats. Here we investigate the role of specific AVP systems in the emergence of social play. We first characterize the development of play in male and female Wistar rats and then ask whether the development of AVP mRNA expression correlates with the emergence of play. Unexpectedly, play emerged more rapidly in weanling-aged females than in males, resulting in a sex difference opposite of that typically reported for older, juvenile rats. AVP mRNA and play were correlated in males only, with a negative correlation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and a positive correlation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These findings support the hypothesis that AVP acts differentially on multiple systems in a sex-specific manner to regulate social play and suggest a role for PVN and BNST AVP systems in the development of play. Differential neuropeptide regulation of male and female social development may underlie well-documented sex differences in incidence, progression, and symptom severity of behavioral disorders during development.
13. Personality is Tightly Coupled to Vasopressin-Oxytocin Neuron Activity in a Gregarious Finch
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aubrey M Kelly
2014-02-01
Full Text Available Nonapeptides of the vasopressin-oxytocin family modulate social processes differentially in relation to sex, species, behavioral phenotype, and human personality. However, the mechanistic bases for these differences are not well understood, in part because multidimensional personality structures remain to be described for common laboratory animals. Based upon principal components (PC analysis of extensive behavioral measures in social and nonsocial contexts, we now describe three complex dimensions of phenotype (personality for the zebra finch, a species that exhibits a human-like social organization that is based upon biparental nuclear families embedded within larger social groups. These dimensions can be characterized as Social competence/dominance, Gregariousness, and Anxiety. We further demonstrate that the phasic Fos response of nonapeptide neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are significantly predicted by personality, sex, social context, and their interactions. Furthermore the behavioral PCs are each associated with a distinct suite of neural PCs that incorporate both peptide cell numbers and their phasic Fos responses, indicating that personality is reflected in complex patterns of neuromodulation arising from multiple peptide cell groups. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying sex- and phenotype-specific modulation of behavior, and should be broadly relevant, given that vasopressin-oxytocin systems are strongly conserved across vertebrates.
14. Open-nucleus theory for beef cattle breeding systems: A revisitation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Recami, E.; Packer, I.U.; Tenorio Vasconselos, M.
1990-07-01
A theoretical model for Open-Nucleus Systems is herein described in the case of beef cattle breeding. One of the starting points is the observation that the majority of the standard theoretical models for open-nucleus breeding systems were constructed for the case of discrete generations, i.e. for the cases in which the dam average fertility coefficient is f>2. In the case of cattle herds, when only a fraction of the breeding dams can be replaced, it is therefore worthwhile to build up anew a rather rigorous theoretical model, with overlapping generations, and check its predictions. Namely, we apply the new formulae - explicitly depending on β F , ν F , ν M , K and R - to the system in which all breeding sires are in the Nucleus (and are reared in the nucleus itself), and are mated to both Nucleus and Base dams via artificial insemination. Optimal system design has been looked for by the NAG and MINOS computation programs, operated on Vax computers. Opening the nucleus in this situation results to be very effective since the (optimum) asymptotic genetic gain per generation for ''closed nucleus'' systems (x=0) results to be, when e.g. R≡F/M≅200, more than 40% lower than the (optimum) asymptotic genetic gain, G*, for open nucleus systems. Optimal design corresponds to: (i) having a fraction p≅16% of the female population in the nucleus; (ii) replacing practically all the (nucleus) breeding sires by the best (nucleus born) males: ν M =97/98%; (iii) using for dam replacement all (b≅100%) the (base and nucleus born) females; (iv) implementing a high upward gene migration (x≅80%), while all the surplus nucleus-born females are to be used as base replacements. This corresponds to replace, at each generation, also almost all the nucleus dams (ν F ≅95/100%), and the largest possible fraction of base dams (β F ≅30%, a value changing with p). 17 refs
15. Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness: the evolution of the amygdalar-hippocampal-habenular connectivity in vertebrates.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anton J.M. Loonen
2016-11-01
Full Text Available Appetitive-searching (reward-seeking and distress-avoiding (misery-fleeing behavior are essential for all free moving animals to stay alive and to have offspring. Therefore, even the oldest ocean-dwelling animal creatures, living about 560 million years ago and human ancestors, must have been capable of generating these behaviors. The current article describes the evolution of the forebrain with special reference to the development of the misery-fleeing system. Although the earliest vertebrate ancestor already possessed a dorsal pallium, which corresponds to the human neocortex, the structure and function of the neocortex was acquired quite recently within the mammalian evolutionary line. Up to, and including, amphibians, the dorsal pallium can be considered to be an extension of the medial pallium, which later develops into the hippocampus. The ventral and lateral pallium largely go up into the corticoid part of the amygdala. The striatopallidum of these early vertebrates becomes extended amygdala, consisting of centromedial amygdala (striatum connected with the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pallidum. This amygdaloid system gives output to hypothalamus and brainstem, but also a connection with the cerebral cortex exists, which in part was created after the development of the more recent cerebral neocortex. Apart from bidirectional connectivity with the hippocampal complex, this route can also be considered to be an output channel as the fornix connects the hippocampus with the medial septum, which is the most important input structure of the medial habenula. The medial habenula regulates the activity of midbrain structures adjusting the intensity of the misery-fleeing response. Within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis the human homologue of the ancient lateral habenula-projecting globus pallidus may exist; this structure is important for the evaluation of efficacy of the reward-seeking response. The described organization offers a
16. Circuit and synaptic mechanisms of repeated stress: Perspectives from differing contexts, duration, and development
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kevin G. Bath
2017-12-01
Full Text Available The current review is meant to synthesize research presented as part of a symposium at the 2016 Neurobiology of Stress workshop in Irvine California. The focus of the symposium was âStress and the Synapse: New Concepts and Methodsâ and featured the work of several junior investigators. The presentations focused on the impact of various forms of stress (altered maternal care, binge alcohol drinking, chronic social defeat, and chronic unpredictable stress on synaptic function, neurodevelopment, and behavioral outcomes. One of the goals of the symposium was to highlight the mechanisms accounting for how the nervous system responds to stress and their impact on outcome measures with converging effects on the development of pathological behavior. Dr. Kevin Bath's presentation focused on the impact of disruptions in early maternal care and its impact on the timing of hippocampus maturation in mice, finding that this form of stress drove accelerated synaptic and behavioral maturation, and contributed to the later emergence of risk for cognitive and emotional disturbance. Dr. Scott Russo highlighted the impact of chronic social defeat stress in adolescent mice on the development and plasticity of reward circuity, with a focus on glutamatergic development in the nucleus accumbens and mesolimbic dopamine system, and the implications of these changes for disruptions in social and hedonic response, key processes disturbed in depressive pathology. Dr. Kristen Pleil described synaptic changes in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis that underlie the behavioral consequences of allostatic load produced by repeated cycles of alcohol binge drinking and withdrawal. Dr. Eric Wohleb and Dr. Ron Duman provided new data associating decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR signaling and neurobiological changes in the synapses in response to chronic unpredictable stress, and highlighted the potential for the novel antidepressant ketamine to rescue
17. The role of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and reticular thalamic nucleus in pathogenesis of genetically determined absence epilepsy in rats : A lesion study
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Berdiev, R. K.; Chepurnov, S. A.; Veening, J. G.; Chepurnova, N. E.; van Luiftelaar, G.
2007-01-01
The role of cholinergic nucleus basalis (of Meynert) and the reticular thalamic nucleus in mechanisms of the generation spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) was investigated in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. Selective lesions were affected by local unilateral intraparenchymal
18. Neutrino-nucleus cross sections for oscillation experiments
Science.gov (United States)
Katori, Teppei; Martini, Marco
2018-01-01
Neutrino oscillations physics is entering an era of high precision. In this context, accelerator-based neutrino experiments need a reduction in systematic errors to the level of a few percent. Today, one of the most important sources of systematic errors are neutrino-nucleus cross sections which, in the energy region of hundreds of MeV to a few GeV, are known to a precision not exceeding 20%. In this article we review the present experimental and theoretical knowledge of neutrino-nucleus interaction physics. After introducing neutrino-oscillation physics and accelerator-based neutrino experiments, we give an overview of general aspects of neutrino-nucleus cross sections, from both the theoretical and experimental point of view. Then, we focus on these cross sections in different reaction channels. We start with the quasi-elastic and quasi-elastic-like cross section, placing a special emphasis on the multinucleon emission channel, which has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. We review the main aspects of the different microscopic models for this channel by discussing analogies and the differences among them. The discussion is always driven by a comparison with the experimental data. We then consider the one-pion production channel where agreement between data and theory remains highly unsatisfactory. We describe how to interpret pion data, and then analyze, in particular, the puzzle related to the difficulty of theoretical models and Monte Carlo to simultaneously describe MiniBooNE and MINERvA experimental results. Inclusive cross sections are also discussed, as well as the comparison between the {ν }μ and {ν }e cross sections, relevant for the charge-conjugation-parity violation experiments. The impact of nuclear effects on the reconstruction of neutrino energy and on the determination of the neutrino-oscillation parameters is also reviewed. Finally, we look to the future by discussing projects and efforts in relation to future detectors, beams
19. The nucleus pararaphales in the human, chimpanzee, and macaque monkey.
Science.gov (United States)
Baizer, Joan S; Weinstock, Nadav; Witelson, Sandra F; Sherwood, Chet C; Hof, Patrick R
2013-03-01
The human cerebral cortex and cerebellum are greatly expanded compared to those of other mammals, including the great apes. This expansion is reflected in differences in the size and organization of precerebellar brainstem structures, such as the inferior olive. In addition, there are cell groups unique to the human brainstem. One such group may be the nucleus pararaphales (PRa); however, there is disagreement among authors about the size and location of this nucleus in the human brainstem. The name "pararaphales" has also been used for neurons in the medulla shown to project to the flocculus in the macaque monkey. We have re-examined the existence and status of the PRa in eight humans, three chimpanzees, and four macaque monkeys using Nissl-stained sections as well as immunohistochemistry. In the human we found a cell group along the midline of the medulla in all cases; it had the form of interrupted cell columns and was variable among cases in rostrocaudal and dorsoventral extent. Cells and processes were highly immunoreactive for non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (NPNFP); somata were immunoreactive to the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, and for calretinin. In macaque monkey, there was a much smaller oval cell group with NPNFP immunoreactivity. In the chimpanzee, we found a region of NPNFP-immunoreactive cells and fibers similar to what was observed in macaques. These results suggest that the "PRa" in the human may not be the same structure as the flocculus-projecting cell group described in the macaque. The PRa, like the arcuate nucleus, therefore may be unique to humans.
20. Stereotactic localization and visualization of the subthalamic nucleus
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
SHEN Wei-gao; WANG Hai-yang; LIN Zhi-guo; SHEN Hong; CHEN Xiao-guang; FU Yi-li; GAO Wen-peng
2009-01-01
Background The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is widely recognized as one of the most important and commonly targeted nuclei in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The success of STN surgery depends on accuracy in target determination. Construction of a digitalized atlas of STN based on stereotactic MRI will play an instrumental role in the accuracy of anatomical localization. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) target location of STN in stereotactic space and construct a digitalized atlas of STN to accomplish the visualization of the STN on stereotactic MRI, thus providing clinical guidance on the precise anatomical localization of STN.Methods One hundred and twenty healthy people volunteered to be scanned by 1.5 Tesla MRI scanning with 1-mm-thick slice in the standard stereotactic space between 2005 and 2006. One adult male was selected for 3D reconstruction of STN. The precess of 3D reconstruction included identification, manual segmentation, extraction,conservation and reconstruction.Results There was a significant correlation between the coordinates and age (P <0.05). The volume of left STN was significantly larger than the right STN, and there was a significant negative correlation between volume and age (P <0.05).The surface of the STN nucleus after 3D reconstruction appeared smooth, natural and realistic. The morphological feature of STN on the individual brain could be visualized directly in 3D. The 3D reconstructed STN could be rotated,zoomed and displayed at any direction in the stereotactic space. The anteroposterior diameter of the STN nucleus was longer than the vertical and transverse diameters in 3D space. The 3D reconstruction of STN manifested typical structure of the "dual lens".Conclusions The visualization of individual brain atlas based on stereotactic MRI is feasible. However, software for automated segmentation, extraction and registration of MR images need to be further developed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8164504766464233, "perplexity": 6994.477577429462}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00125.warc.gz"} |
http://exnumerus.blogspot.com/2010/04/how-to-fit-exponential-decay-example-in.html | ## Wednesday, April 7, 2010
### How to fit exponential decay – An example in Python
Linear least squares can be used to fit an exponent. However, the linear least square problem that is formed, has a structure and behavior that requires some careful consideration to fully understand. Usually, fitting is used because the data is noisy. If only the number of data points equal to the number of free variables in system of equations is used, the estimate of parameters will generally be poor.
For example, a common problem is estimating the parameters or coefficients for cooling. For example, a mass is heated to a steady temperature, then left to cool. Ignoring a lot of detail, a model of this behavior can be described by a simple first order, ordinary differential equation:
In this equation, T is the temperature of the object, T0 is the ambient temperature, and h is a coefficient of hear transfer. When T0 is held constant and T(t=0) is not equal to T0, T(t) is described by an exponential decay function.
An exponential decay function is
For a system whose behavior can be defined by exponential decay, the parameters for the decay function can be found using least-squares. Since the data usually has measurement errors, the measured data from an exponential decay will usually contain an error term.
Ideally, this equation could be directly set up as a linear least squares problem. However, minimizing the norm of epsilon, requires solution via methods other than linear least squares. To formulate this problem as a linear least squares minimization, a new error term inside the exponent is introduced, del.
The usual way to set this problem up is to minimize the norm of epsilon.
However, if the problem is set up to minimize the 2-norm of del, then a linear least squared minimization can be formed.
To linearize this problem, the terms in the constraints are rearranged, the natural log of each side is taken, and the properties of logarithms are isolate terms.
The problem statement is simplified by eliminating the epsilon term.
Furthermore, this constrained optimization problem is restated as an unconstrained optimization problem.
Least squares can be used to solve this problem.
The reason for this development is to understand what is really solved by this formulation. When this technique is used to solve for an exponential delay function’s parameters, the measurement errors are not minimized. An artificial term which resembles an error in time is minimized.
The following python code shows how to solve this kind of problem.
from pylab import *
from math import log
def fitExponent(tList,yList,ySS=0):
'''
This function finds a
tList in sec
yList - measurements
ySS - the steady state value of y
returns
amplitude of exponent
tau - the time constant
'''
bList = [log(max(y-ySS,1e-6)) for y in yList]
b = matrix(bList).T
rows = [ [1,t] for t in tList]
A = matrix(rows)
#w = (pinv(A)*b)
(w,residuals,rank,sing_vals) = lstsq(A,b)
tau = -1.0/w[1,0]
amplitude = exp(w[0,0])
return (amplitude,tau)
if __name__=='__main__':
import random
tList = arange(0.0,1.0,0.001)
tSamples = arange(0.0,1.0,0.2)
random.seed(0.0)
tau = 0.3
amplitude = 3
ySS = 3
yList = amplitude*(exp(-tList/tau))+ySS
ySamples = amplitude*(exp(-tSamples/tau))+ySS
yMeasured = [y+random.normalvariate(0,0.05) for y in ySamples]
#print yList
(amplitudeEst,tauEst) = fitExponent(tSamples,yMeasured,ySS)
print ('Amplitude estimate = %f, tau estimate = %f'
% (amplitudeEst,tauEst))
yEst = amplitudeEst*(exp(-tList/tauEst))+ySS
figure(1)
plot(tList,yList,'b')
plot(tSamples,yMeasured,'+r',markersize=12,markeredgewidth=2)
plot(tList,yEst,'--g')
xlabel('seconds')
legend(['True value','Measured values','Estimated value'])
grid(True)
show()
All software and example codes are subject to the MIT License
Copyright (c) 2010, Ed Tate, Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7473950386047363, "perplexity": 1196.7257149064833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903893.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00231-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/sum-of-sums-2/ | # Sum of Sums
Number Theory Level pending
Many people know the story of Gauss, and how he came up with a method to sum up consecutive integers. However, what many people don’t know is the story of Steelfirez. One day, Steelfirez's particularly cruel teacher (even more so than Gauss') gave him the following problem: Given that $$S_{1}(N) = \sum\limits_{x=1}^{N}x$$ and $$S_{k}(N) = \sum\limits_{x=1}^{N}S_{k-1}(x)$$, for $$k>1$$, what is the closed form of $$S_{k}(N)$$? Steelfirez, having nothing better to do, worked hard and managed to come up with a solution. In honor of Steelfirez's hard work, we ask you to find the maximum positive integer $$p$$, such that $$S_{2014}(2014)\equiv0 \ (mod \ 10^p)$$.
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5612592101097107, "perplexity": 461.668853636412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820556.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017013608-20171017033608-00551.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-1/chapter-1-foundations-for-algebra-1-2-order-of-operations-and-evaluating-expressions-practice-and-problem-solving-exercises-page-14/55 | # Chapter 1 - Foundations for Algebra - 1-2 Order of Operations and Evaluating Expressions - Practice and Problem-Solving Exercises: 55
20 $14-5\times3+3^2$
#### Work Step by Step
Use the order of operations to evaluate. $14+5\times3-3^2\longrightarrow$ resolve exponent $=14+5\times3-9\longrightarrow$ multiply $=14+15-9\longrightarrow$ add and subtract working left to right $=29-9\longrightarrow$ subtract $=20$ Changing the addition to subtraction and the subtraction to addition will give a result of 8. $14-5\times3+3^2\longrightarrow$ resolve exponent $=14-5\times3+9\longrightarrow$ multiply $=14-15+9\longrightarrow$ add and subtract working left to right $=-1+9\longrightarrow$ subtract $=8$
After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5079174041748047, "perplexity": 1159.5779987804183}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868132.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527072151-20180527092151-00303.warc.gz"} |
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/evaluating-double-integrals-in-polar-coordinates-examples-2 | Evaluating Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates Examples 2
Evaluating Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates Examples 2
Recall from the Evaluating Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates page that sometimes evaluating a double integral over a region may be difficult due to the nature of the region, and the double integral may be more easily expressible in terms of polar coordinates.
For regions in the form $D = \{ (r, \theta) : a ≤ r ≤ b, \alpha ≤ \theta ≤ \beta \}$ we have that:
(1)
\begin{align} \quad \iint_D f(x, y) \: dA = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} \int_a^b f(r \cos \theta, r \sin \theta) r \: dr \: d \theta \end{align}
For regions in the form $D = \{ (r, \theta) : h_1(\theta) ≤ r ≤ h_2(\theta), \alpha ≤ \theta ≤ \beta \}$ we have that:
(2)
\begin{align} \quad \iint_D f(x, y) \: dA = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} \int_{h_1(\theta)}^{h_2(\theta)} f(r \cos \theta, r \sin \theta) r \: dr \: d \theta \end{align}
We will now look at some examples of evaluating double integrals on regions defined by polar coordinates.
Example 1
Find the area of the region $D$ that lies between the polar curves $r = 2 + \sin 3 \theta$ and $r = 4 - \cos 3\theta$.
We first note that both of the curves $r = 2 + \sin 3 \theta$ and $r = 4 - \cos 3 \theta$ are fully traced for $0 ≤ \theta ≤ 2 \pi$. We also note that these polar curves do not intersect each other and that $r = 4 - \cos 3 \theta$ surrounds $r = 2 + \sin 3 \theta$. Both of these facts can easily be seen from graphing both curves in the $r\theta$-plane.
The area $D_1 = \{ (r, \theta) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 4 - \cos 3 \theta, 0 ≤ \theta ≤ 2 \pi \}$ which represents the area enclosed by the polar curve $r = 4 - \cos 3 \theta$ can be evaluated with the following double integral:
(3)
\begin{align} \quad \mathrm{Area \: of \: Outer \: Region} = \iint_{D_1} 1 \: dA = \int_0^{2 \pi} \int_0^{4 - \cos 3 \theta} 1 \: dr \: d \theta \end{align}
The area $D_2 = \{ (r, \theta) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 + \sin 3 \theta, 0 ≤ \theta ≤ 2 \pi \}$ which represents the area enclosed by the polar curve $r = 2 + \sin 3 \theta$ can be evaluated with the following double integral:
(4)
\begin{align} \quad \mathrm{Area \: of \: Inner \: Region} = \iint_{D_2} 1 \: dA = \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{2 + \sin 3 \theta} 1 \: dr \: d \theta \end{align}
Therefore the total area can be computed as follows:
(5)
\begin{align} \quad A =\int_0^{2 \pi} \int_0^{4 - \cos 3 \theta} 1 \: dr \: d \theta - \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{2 + \sin 3 \theta} 1 \: dr \: d \theta \\ \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} (4 - \cos 3 \theta)^2 \: \theta - \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2 \pi} (2 + \sin 3 \theta)^2 \: d \theta \\ \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} 16 - 8 \cos 3 \theta + \cos^2 3 \theta - 4 - 4 \sin 3 \theta - \sin^2 3 \theta \: d \theta \\ \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} 12 + \cos^2 3 \theta - \sin^2 3 \theta - 8 \cos 3 \theta - 4 \sin 3 \theta \: d \theta \end{align}
We will now use the trigonometric identity $\cos 6\theta = \cos^2 3\theta + \sin^2 3\theta$.
(6)
\begin{align} \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} 12 + \cos 6t - 8 \cos 3 \theta - 4 \sin 3 \theta \: d \theta \\ \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \left [ 12 \theta + \frac{\sin 6\theta}{6} - \frac{8 \sin 3\theta}{3} + \frac{4 \cos 3 \theta}{3} \right ]_{\theta=0}^{\theta = 2\pi} \\ \quad A = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \left ( 24 \pi + \frac{4}{3} \right ) - \left ( \frac{4}{3} \right ) \right ] \\ \quad A = 12 \pi \end{align}
Example 2
Evaluate the double integral $\iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA$ where $D$ is the region bounded between the the circles $x^2 + y^2 = 1$ and $x^2 + y^2 = 9$ and in the first quadrant.
We first note that the region $D$ can easily be written in polar coordinates as $D = \left \{ (r, \theta) : 1 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ \theta ≤ \frac{\pi}{2} \right \}$. Thus by letting $x = r \cos \theta$ and $y = r \sin \theta$ we have that:
(7)
\begin{align} \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \int_0^{\pi /2} \int_1^3 \sin (r^2) r \: dr \: d \theta \\ \end{align}
By using substitution, we can evaluate the inner integral above.
(8)
\begin{align} \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \int_0^{\pi /2} \frac{1}{2} \left [ - \cos (r^2) \right ]_{r=1}^{r=3} \: d \theta \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \int_0^{\pi /2} \frac{cos(1) -cos(9)}{2} \: d \theta \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA =\frac{cos(1) -cos(9)}{2} [ \theta ]_{\theta=0}^{\theta=\pi/2} \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \frac{[cos(1) -cos(9)]\pi}{4} \end{align}
Example 3
Evaluate the double integral $\iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA$ where $D$ is the region bounded between the the circles $x^2 + y^2 = a$ and $x^2 + y^2 = b$ where $0 < a ≤ b$ and in the first quadrant.
Like in example 2, we can easily express the region $D$ as $D = \left \{ (r, \theta) : a ≤ r ≤ b, 0 ≤ \theta ≤ \frac{\pi}{2} \right \}$. Hence:
(9)
\begin{align} \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \int_0^{\pi/2} \int_a^b \sin (r^2) r \: dr \: d \theta \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \int_0^{\pi/2} \frac{1}{2} \left [ -\cos (r^2) \right ]_{r=a}^{r=b} \: d \theta \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (x^2 + y^2) \: dA = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos [(a^2) - \cos(b^2)] \: d \theta \\ \quad \iint_D \sin (X^2 + y^2) \: dA = \frac{[\cos (a^2) - \cos(b^2)] \pi}{4} \end{align} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 9, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000083446502686, "perplexity": 580.3136481308075}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202628.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322034516-20190322060516-00263.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/show-that-two-quantified-statements-are-logically-equivalent.894869/ | # Show that two quantified statements are logically equivalent
1. Nov 26, 2016
### Mr Davis 97
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Show that $\forall x(P(x) \land Q(x)) \equiv \forall xP(x) \land \forall xQ(x)$
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
Based on my work from propositional logic, to show that two expressions are logically equivalent, then we have to show that $\forall x(P(x) \land Q(x)) \Longleftrightarrow \forall xP(x) \land \forall xQ(x)$ is a tautology; that is, it is always true. It is always true if they have the same truth values for all x in the domain. For propositional logic, it was a matter of listing out the finite combinations of truth values and showing that they are always the same. However, with predicate logic, we are dealing with an infinite domain of discourse, so we can't just list them off. How should I proceed then?
Last edited: Nov 26, 2016
2. Nov 26, 2016
### Stephen Tashi
What variable does $\forall$ quantify? Did you mean $( \forall x, P(x) \land Q(x)\ ) \equiv (\forall x, P(x))\land(\forall x, Q(x))$.
What assumptions and theorems have you studied in proposition logic ? "Universal generalization", "Existential instantiation" etc. ?
3. Nov 26, 2016
### Mr Davis 97
I fixed the errors in the original post.
I was thinking that maybe I could use universal generalization to show that, if the LHS is true, then $P(a) \land Q(a)$ is true for all a in the domain. Then by universal generalization, we would have the RHS. However, I don't see how this establishes that the biconditional is a tautology, which is necessary to show that they are logically equivalent.
4. Nov 26, 2016
### Stephen Tashi
A biconditional is just two conditionals. Show each separately.
5. Nov 26, 2016
### Mr Davis 97
If I show that LHS implies the RHS, and that the RHS implies the LHS, then I would show that one being true implies that the other is true. But in order for it to be a tautology, don't you have to also show that if one is false than the other must be false as well?
6. Nov 26, 2016
### Stephen Tashi
That will depend on how your text materials define the relation "$\equiv$".
Is there a theorem or definition in your materials that says: $( ( A \implies B) \land (B \implies A) ) \implies A \equiv B$ ?
7. Nov 27, 2016
### Staff: Mentor
It is always a good idea to start this way: What does it mean, if one side were wrong? Can the other still be true?
And then the other way around.
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: Show that two quantified statements are logically equivalent | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9460799098014832, "perplexity": 491.93598437216644}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517350.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212153808-20171212173808-00254.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/58f8d0157c0149098a92d5bf | Chemistry
Topics
# Question 2d5bf
Sep 1, 2017
You use the standard molar entropies ${S}^{\circ}$ of the reactants and products.
#### Explanation:
The formula to use is
color(blue)(barul|stackrel(" ")(Δ_text(rxn)S^@ = sumnS_text(prod)^@ - summS_text(react)^@)|)
where $m$ and $n$ are the moles of the reactants and products in the balanced equation.
Here's how to work the first example.
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{m m m m m m m m m} \text{C(s)" + "H"_2"O(g)" → "CO(g)" + "H"_2"(g)}$
${S}^{\circ} \text{/J·K"^"-1""mol"^"-1} : \textcolor{w h i t e}{m} 5.694 \textcolor{w h i t e}{m l} 188.72 \textcolor{w h i t e}{m m l} 197.91 \textcolor{w h i t e}{m l} 130.59$
Δ_text(rxn)S^@ = "(1×197.91 + 1 × 130.59) - (1×5.694 + 1 ×188.72) J/K" = "134.09 J/K"#
The other two reactions use the same method. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 7, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.45862430334091187, "perplexity": 6058.813072548196}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00026.warc.gz"} |
https://ask.sagemath.org/question/7853/quotient-decomposition-by-groebner-basis/?sort=votes | # Quotient decomposition by Groebner basis edit
I can accomplish the following task in awkward ways using syzygy modules, but I am wondering if there is a better way somehow. It would be nice to have a single command for it.
Suppose we have a polynomial $P$ and a set of polynomials $Q_1,...,Q_n$, and it is possible to calculate the Groebner basis $G$ of the ideal generated by all the $Q_i$. Let $R$ be the remainder of $P$ after reducing by $G$. In Sage, how can we find polynomials $S_1,...,S_n$ such that $P = R + \sum S_i Q_i$?
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Sort by » oldest newest most voted
Do you mean this?
sage: R.<x,y,z> = GF(127)[]
sage: p = R.random_element(degree=3)
sage: Q = [R.random_element() for _ in range(R.ngens())]
sage: r = p.reduce(Ideal(Q))
sage: M = (p - r).lift(Q)
sage: p -r == sum([M[i]*Q[i] for i in range(len(M))])
True
more
Thanks, somehow I had missed the "lift" command. That is exactly what I needed.
( 2011-01-13 18:41:07 -0500 )edit
This is more of a question than an answer, but Singular can do this with the command "division." Couldn't you use that?
more | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28167101740837097, "perplexity": 806.7964530938763}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525634.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718125048-20190718151048-00108.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/picky-questions-about-big-o-problem-solution-included.592230/ | # Picky questions about Big-O problem (Solution included).
1. Mar 31, 2012
### s3a
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
The problem and its solution is attached.
2. Relevant equations
Big-O notation.
3. The attempt at a solution
I get how to do this problem. The reason I'm making this post is for little details about the constants c and n_0. To my knowledge both c and n_0 have to be greater than 0. For n_0, if you use the definition of natural numbers which excludes 0 then I have no problem. On the other hand, the constant c being any real implies that it can be 0 or a negative number as well which doesn't fit in well with what I have learned.
Am I wrong or is the solution wrong? What are the subtleties here?
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2. Apr 2, 2012
### Staff: Mentor
O() is used for comparing the computations involved in computer algorithms, where c and no both need to be >0 for it to make sense. Beyond this, I can't say any more.
Seems to be a typo, that cn1.5 should be cn2.5 surely?
3. Apr 4, 2012
### s3a
Yes, that n^(1.5) is a typo but it's not what I'm concerned about. ;)
Ok so, it seems that I must generally either make c > 0 or just let it be any constant including zero (it would technically work for a function that equals 0 and is big O of some other function where c = 0) or take the absolute value of the first function as well as the constant times the second function (which could be any real).
This problem puts no absolute value nor does it restrict c > 0 so having said that, the problem is incomplete, right? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8711992502212524, "perplexity": 497.3258563157156}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105976.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820053541-20170820073541-00690.warc.gz"} |
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/20/4/10.1063/1.4802101 | • journal/journal.article
• aip/pop
• /content/aip/journal/pop/20/4/10.1063/1.4802101
• pop.aip.org
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Cyclotron waves in a non-neutral plasma column
USD
10.1063/1.4802101
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Affiliations:
1 Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
Phys. Plasmas 20, 042120 (2013)
/content/aip/journal/pop/20/4/10.1063/1.4802101
http://aip.metastore.ingenta.com/content/aip/journal/pop/20/4/10.1063/1.4802101
## Figures
FIG. 1.
Schematic diagram of the charge densities and rotation frequency in a non-neutral plasma column consisting of three species. Cylindrical conductors bound the plasma at and rw ; in many experiments, the inner conductor is not present. Centrifugal and/or charge separation can cause the species to separate radially, in order of largest to smallest charge to mass ratio.
FIG. 2.
Imaginary part of the admittance versus frequency for an wall perturbation, in the cold fluid limit, at different collision frequencies ν (measured in units of for the density profile of Eq. with , where rw is the wall radius).
FIG. 3.
Same as Fig. but for fixed , at different profile widths (in units of rw ). The arrow shows the frequency for a step profile, Eq. .
FIG. 4.
Imaginary part of the admittance for an cold-fluid cyclotron mode in a plasma with an inner conductor of radius , for two values of the profile width (in units of rw ) and for , 1/100 and 1/1000 (in order from broadest to sharpest admittance curves). The arrow shows the frequency for a step profile, Eq. .
FIG. 5.
Schematic of a plasma for which there is a single upper hybrid cutoff. Varying ω moves the profile vertically and changes the location of the cutoff.
FIG. 6.
Schematic of a plasma with parameters chosen so that there is a single resonance.
FIG. 7.
(a) Rays (contours of constant ω) for Bernstein waves at a frequency corresponding to the profile in Fig. . (b) Analogous ray (contour of constant ω) for Bernstein waves at a frequency corresponding to the profile in Fig. .
FIG. 8.
Comparison of cold fluid theory, Eq. , to a solution to Eq. when there is a resonance. Fluid solution and numerical solution are matched at . The resonance is located at the arrow.
FIG. 9.
Admittance versus cyclotron radius at fixed frequency and uniform profile, , , and density given by Eq. . Dots: numerical solution of Eq. . Solid lines: WKB approximation, Eq. . Singularities in Y occur at the frequencies of Bernstein modes.
FIG. 10.
Perturbed potential of Bernstein modes for two different temperatures but the same frequency, and assuming uniform , with , and density given by Eq. . Solid lines: numerical solution of Eq. . Dashed lines: WKB approximation, Eqs. , , , , and . The dashed vertical line shows the location of the upper hybrid cutoff. (a) and (b) The WKB approximation improves for smaller rc , and breaks down as expected near r = 0 and .
FIG. 11.
Admittance versus frequency for uniform α, density given by Eq. , and for , at three temperatures, with corresponding cyclotron radii rc measured in units of rw . As rc decreases, the admittance approaches cold fluid theory, Eq. . For larger rc , Bernstein mode peaks are evident. Curves: WKB theory given by Eq. , , and . Dots: numerical solution of Eq. , shown only in the regime of validity for Bernstein solutions of Eq. , . The arrow at shows the prediction of Eq. for the frequency of the surface cyclotron wave.
FIG. 12.
Frequency spectrum of internal Bernstein modes for two values of the cyclotron radius (measured in units of rw ). Plasma parameters are chosen, so that there is a single cutoff: the profile is assumed to be uniform, and density is given by Eq. . Crosses: numerical solution of Eq. , valid for the low order modes with . Dots: WKB approximation, Eq. , valid for .
FIG. 13.
The five lowest order internal Bernstein potential eigenmodes for for the same plasma parameters as in Fig. , taking .
FIG. 14.
α and β profiles for a case with two upper hybrid cutoffs.
FIG. 15.
β and representative α profiles (in units of ) for a single species plasma with monotonically decreasing density . Frequencies are chosen so that there is one cutoff and one or more resonances. (a) and (b) .
FIG. 16.
Admittance versus frequency for an wall perturbation in a single species plasma with the same plasma density as in Fig. , taking and . Curve: WKB solution. Dots: solution to Eq..
## Tables
Table I.
Orbit coefficients in Eqs. .
/content/aip/journal/pop/20/4/10.1063/1.4802101
2013-04-25
2014-04-20
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content/aip/journal/pop
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This is a required field | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9631277322769165, "perplexity": 2109.811864660494}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538824.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00440-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://sc-scied.org/%EF%BB%BFfor-expansion-the-fresh-medium-containing-2000iu-il-2-ml-was-added-every-2-to-3-3days-for-21days/ | # For expansion, the fresh medium containing 2000?IU IL-2/mL was added every 2 to 3 3?days for 21?days
For expansion, the fresh medium containing 2000?IU IL-2/mL was added every 2 to 3 3?days for 21?days. using the 21-day culture approach. When compared to resting NK cells, expanded NK cells were a higher expression of activating receptors CD16, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and activating markers CD62L and CD69, while the inhibitory receptors, CD158a and CD158b remained largely unchanged. In addition, these cells showed a higher concentration of IFN-, TNF- and GM-CSF secretion and cytotoxicity to K562 cells and acute myeloid leukemia targets than resting NK cells. Conclusion We develop a simple, safe and economical method to obtain high yield, purity, and functionality NK cells from CB without cell sorting and feeder cells/multiple cytokines. Keywords: Cord blood, Natural killer cells, Expansion, Cytotoxicity, Immunotherapy Background Allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell infusion is promising for cancer immunotherapy PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) because of the missing self hypothesis [1]. Cord blood (CB), serves as an immediate off-the-shelf source of NK cells, has been considered an attractive source of allogeneic NK cells for therapeutic infusion [2, 3]. However, a major challenge of cell therapy with NK cells is to attain sufficient amount of highly pure cells (>?70% pure, >?1??109) because of the low frequency and number (<20% pure, <1??108) PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) of NK cells in the CB [3, 4]. To provide allogeneic NK cells with high yield, purity and functionality, some methods have been developed to purify and expand NK cells from CB ex vivo [5C10]. To date, most methods for in vitro preparation of NK cells from CB require to selecte NK cells with immune-selection techniques because of low frequency [11]. In order to avoid the limitations in low number and immature state of NK cells in CB, ex vivo expansion and activation is necessary [12]. NK cells are generally isolated from CB through immunomagnetic beads selection protocols to enrich CD56-positive cells and/or deplete CD3-positive cells, and then cultured for functional expansion and Rabbit polyclonal to ACD activation using feeder cells, such as Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, mesenchymal stromal cells, gene-modified K562 cells expressing 4-1BB ligand and IL-15, and other irradiated tumor cell lines [5, 13]. In addition, NK cells are originally generated from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), some studies have described an alternative method to generate NK cells with high yield, purity and functionality from CB-derived CD34+ HSCs under feeder cells-based conditions [10, 14C16]. Recently, a feeder cells-free method has been successfully performed for the generation of NK cells from CB-derived CD34+ HSCs [7, 17]. However, it needs delicate culture regimens and multiple cytokine cocktails, which may lead to high cost-effectiveness. Generally, these methods require a complicated technology of cell sorting in an initial step, and it may increase the risk PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) of cell trauma and contamination. Furthermore, the use of feeder cells or multiple cytokines during longer-term cultures would lead to NK cell apoptosis in vivo when optimum culturing conditions are eliminated after adoptive transfer [18]. In addition, these methods are also more costly because of complex operations and supplements. Although several methods have been proposed to generate clinically relevant NK cell products (mean: 2??109 cells) with high purity (>?90%) from CB [13, 19], it is still difficult to obtain the sufficient numbers of highly pure NK cells from CB without cell sorting and feeder cells/multiple cytokines [13]. Previously, we had found that zoledronate could increase enrichment, expansion and activation of NK cells from CB-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) [20]. Some studies have reported that interleukin (IL)-2 expansion could recruit and activate key regulators involved in lytic immunological synapse formation of CB-derived NK cells, enabling effective cytotoxicity against killing of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) cells in vitro and in vivo [21, 22]. Group A streptococcus preparation, which is widely used as an immunopotentiator with considerable success in patients with malignant diseases, strongly augmented human NK cell activity in vivo as well as in vitro [23]. Therefore, we try to use develop a simple method with the capability of generating NK cells with high yield, purity and functionality from CB through using zoledronate, group A streptococcus and IL-2 stimulation of MNCs without cell sorting and feeder cells/multiple cytokines. Results Preparation PCI-32765 (Ibrutinib) of NK cells from CB After the isolation process by Ficoll, an average of 5.02% CD56+CD3? NK cells (range, 1.92 to 9.66%) was obtained in MNCs, whereas CD56?CD3+ T cells constituted 84.53% (range, 72.98 to 96.34%). Expansion of CD56+CD3? NK cells was much higher compared with other types of cells, so. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8314549922943115, "perplexity": 14943.686596349708}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927060117-20210927090117-00320.warc.gz"} |
https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/17748/qpe-circuit-test-on-quantum-computer-ibmq-16-melbourne | # QPE Circuit test on Quantum Computer ('ibmq_16_melbourne')
After several atempts, I cannot mitigate the error when running the code on a NISQ, via the qiskit library (more specifically on the 'ibmq_16_melbourne').
I've already mapped the connected qubits and simplified my circuit to the basic gates accepted by the backend.
The code is as it follows:
from qiskit import *
from qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates import HGate
from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram
def qft_dagger(qc, n):
"""n-qubit QFTdagger the first n qubits in circ"""
# Don't forget the Swaps!
for qubit in range(n//2):
qc.swap(qubit, n-qubit-1)
for j in range(n):
for m in range(j):
qc.cp(-math.pi/float(2**(j-m)), m, j)
qc.h(j)
provider = IBMQ.get_provider('ibm-q')
#backend = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
shots = 8192
#INFO CIRC
nCountingQ = 3
w = 3.8
#LISTS
tempo = []
eigenvalues = []
allCircs = []
#DEF TEMPO
t0 = 0
tmax = 2
nrInvervalos = 70
deltaT = tmax/nrInvervalos
t = t0
qr = QuantumRegister(4,'qr')
cr = ClassicalRegister(3,'cr')
#CICLO
while t<tmax:
circ = QuantumCircuit(qr,cr)
theta = 2*w*t
for i in range(nCountingQ):
circ.h(i)
#UNITARY
repetitions = 1
for counting_qubit in range(nCountingQ):
for i in range(repetitions):
circ.rz(theta/2,nCountingQ)
circ.cx(counting_qubit,nCountingQ)
circ.rz(-theta/2,nCountingQ)
circ.cx(counting_qubit,nCountingQ)
repetitions *= 2
#QFT
qft_dagger(circ,nCountingQ)
#MEASUREMENT
for i in range(nCountingQ):
circ.measure(i,i)
#ATUALIZAR TEMPOS
tempo.append(t)
t+=deltaT
allCircs.append(circ)
And I execute the code with the following command:
job = execute(allCircs, backend = backend, shots = shots, initial_layout={qr[0]:4, qr[1]:9, qr[2]:11, qr[3]:10})
Finally, I process the data with a weighted average:
answer = job.result().get_counts()
#print(x)
for key,value in x.items():
key = int(key,2)
The results I should've be obtaining are:
But what I'm consistently obtaining is (extremely random):
Unfortunaly, I couldn't find the correct information to help me mitigate this specific errors
• You can try to perform error mitigation on your circuit... this might help a tiny bit but I wouldn't expect much or any improvement given the type of circuits you are dealing with. Your circuits when transpile into the hardware is just too long... errors will accumulate to the point that whatever your read out is just noise :) May 31, 2021 at 19:26
• Thats also an observation I had in account. Whats funny is that even with just 2 controll qubits for the QPE, it still shows this results... May 31, 2021 at 21:48
• remember that the those controlled operations when decomposed into native gates create a longer circuit. May 31, 2021 at 23:42
• Did you have a look at your circuit after it has been transpiled and mapped to the qubits? Based on the Quantum Volume (which is only 8 for Melbourne) you can estimate whether your circuit should work. Also you can drop the swaps in the QFT if you apply it upside down and reverse the bits in the measurement :) Does the expected result come from using a simulator instead of a backend? Jun 1, 2021 at 6:22
• @KAJ226 Fortunatly I decomposed the Controled Rz gates I used into a Rz + Cnot, whose are the ones accepted by the backend Jun 1, 2021 at 9:14
The question of how we mitigate this error is actually a bit wrong to ask at this point because we also need to start looking at the $$T_{2}$$ time of the qubits on which our circuit is being executed.
Imagine that the coherence time of the device is $$100 \mu s$$ and average gate time is $$1 \mu s$$. If you have the depth of your circuit as > 100, the qubits decohere and that is why you are getting random results. I don't really think there is anything we could do to mitigate the errors as the device does not stay quantum beyond a certain point.
At least that is what I could make of it! This is my simulation result for the iterative QPE on ibmq_casablanca as the precision increased to beyond 3 qubits :) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 3, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3566395342350006, "perplexity": 2705.352280677927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00525.warc.gz"} |
https://fusion.gat.com/global/theory/weekly/1219 | ### Theory Weekly Highlights for December 2019
##### December 20, 2019
A transparent analytic expression was derived for the pitch-angle deflection (diffusion) frequency ν for fast electrons elastically scattering off partially ionized impurity atoms. Injection of impurity atoms into a hot plasma results in rapid cooling leaving impurity ions in various charge states Z, which alters the scattering rate and dissipation of supra-thermal and runaway electrons. This problem was recently considered by Hesslow et al (2017), but it is still shrouded in misconceptions. In two extreme limits - fully stripped ions and neutral impurities - the expression for ν is of the same form, ν~Z^2 ln(Λ), but with different expressions for the Coulomb log function ln(Λ). An effective Coulomb log for intermediate charge states was derived by constructing an atomic form factor and using the Born approximation for the differential elastic scattering cross-section. For a given electron energy the effective Coulomb log increases smoothly with Z from Z=0 to fully stripped. This formula will be used in the bounce-averaged Fokker Planck code CQL3D to study runaway electrons following impurity injection.
##### December 13, 2019
A paper “ Reduced model of high-Z impurity redeposition and erosion in tokamak divertor and its application to DIII-D experiments” by J. Guterl et al has been published in the journal Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. The paper presents a reduced model of high-Z impurities erosion and re-deposition in divertor plasma conditions. It is shown that the spatial distribution of redeposited high-Z impurities is well approximated by an analytical distribution characterized by a few parameters. The ratio of net erosion rates of tungsten measured experimentally from tungsten samples of different sizes exposed to the same attached plasma conditions are well reproduced with this reduced model.
##### December 06, 2019
To explore the effect of magnetic field on the pellet ablation rate, a simple analytical formula was derived for the cross-field cloud radius rx of the ablation tube extended along the magnetic field lines. It takes advantage of the fact that in a strong magnetic field the crosswise flow is subsonic and therefore the outward ablation pressure gradient force balances the Lorentz jxB pinching force. A simple scaling law for the mass continuity equation was used reminiscent of Sweet-Parker’s resistive reconnection model. It was found that rx decreases inversely with B-field while increasing with the square root of (electrical resistivity times pressure). These trends are being verified using the 2-D MHD code FronTier. The cloud radius rx is an important parameter since it regulates the field-aligned column density of the ablation tube, and in turn pellet shielding: a narrower ablation tube results in more shielding and reduced ablation rate. The rx scaling is therefore a critical step in the formulation of a 2-D analytical model with the aim of understanding the effect of the B field on the ablation rate.
Disclaimer
These highlights are reports of research work in progress and are accordingly subject to change or modification | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8799664378166199, "perplexity": 1760.5902403701923}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499524.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128054815-20230128084815-00621.warc.gz"} |
https://mathforums.com/threads/solve-x-120-x-3-2x-2-x-3-%C3%A2%E2%80%B0%C2%A1-0-mod-7.345708/ | # Solve x^120 + x^3 + 2x^2 + x +3 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
#### Sisco
Feb 2019
1
0
Uppsala
Hi,
I'm having trouble with this one:
x^120 + x^3 + 2x^2 + x +3 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
What is x?
#### cjem
Aug 2017
313
112
United Kingdom
You can just try each number from 0 to 6 to see which are solutions. The only obstacle in doing this is computing the 120-th powers mod 7. I'll explain a common trick for computing large powers modulo a relatively small number, and use it to compute $3^{120} \bmod 7$.
Say you have natural numbers $a, n$ and $m$ and you want to compute $a^n \bmod m$. Write $n$ in its binary form: $n = n_0 + n_1 2 + n_2 2^2 + \dots + n_k 2^k$, with each $n_i$ here being either $0$ or $1$. We now compute $a^{2^i} \bmod m$ for $i = 0, 1 \dots, k$. But this is particularly easy if $m$ is small: once we know $a^{2^i} \bmod m$ for some $i$, we just need to square this value and reduce mod $m$ to get $a^{2^{i+1}} \bmod 7$. (Do you see why this is the case?) Then we're pretty much done in light of the equation $a^n = a^{n_0} a^{n_1 2} a^{n_2 2^2} \dots a^{n_k 2^k}$.
Let's see this in practice with $a = 3, n = 120, m = 7$. We have $120 = 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^4 + 2^3$. Now:
\begin{align*} 3 &\equiv 3 \bmod 7 \\ 3^2 &= 9 \equiv 2 \bmod 7 \\ 3^{2^2} &\equiv 2^2 = 4 \bmod 7 \\ 3^{2^3} &\equiv 4^2 = 16 \equiv 2 \bmod 7 \\ 3^{2^4} &\equiv 2^2 = 4 \bmod 7 \\ 3^{2^5} &\equiv 4^2 \equiv 2 \bmod 7 \\ 3^{2^6} &\equiv 2^2 = 4 \bmod 7 \end{align*}
(Aside: as soon as we hit a value we've seen before in the list, we'll enter a cycling pattern. More precisely, let $x_i$ denote $a^{2^i} \bmod m$. If $x_{r + s} = x_s$ for some naturals $r$ and $s$, we will have $x_{dr + s + i} = x_{s+i}$ for all natural numbers $d$ and $i$. And we're guaranteed to have such $r, s$ with $s \leq m+1$ by the pigeonhole principle.)
Now we just compute
\begin{align*} 3^{120} &= 3^{2^3} 3^{2^4} 3^{2^5} 3^{2^6} \\ &\equiv 2 \times 4 \times 2 \times 4 \\ &= 8 \times 8 \equiv 1 \times 1 = 1 \bmod 7 \end{align*}
Last edited:
Reactions: 1 person
Jun 2016
25
2
Hong Kong | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000044107437134, "perplexity": 336.25880856335715}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00119.warc.gz"} |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10901905/installing-opencv-2-4-3-in-visual-c-2010-express | # Installing OpenCV 2.4.3 in Visual C++ 2010 Express [closed]
How do you install and use OpenCV 2.4.3 under VC++ 2010 Express?
1. Installing OpenCV 2.4.3
First, get OpenCV 2.4.3 from sourceforge.net. Its a self-extracting so just double click to start the installation. Install it in a directory, say C:\.
Wait until all files get extracted. It will create a new directory C:\opencv which contains OpenCV header files, libraries, code samples, etc.
Now you need to add the directory C:\opencv\build\x86\vc10\bin to your system PATH. This directory contains OpenCV DLLs required for running your code.
On the System Variables section, select Path (1), Edit (2), and type C:\opencv\build\x86\vc10\bin; (3), then click Ok.
On some computers, you may need to restart your computer for the system to recognize the environment path variables.
This will completes the OpenCV 2.4.3 installation on your computer.
2. Create a new project and set up Visual C++
Open Visual C++ and select FileNewProject...Visual C++Empty Project. Give a name for your project (e.g: cvtest) and set the project location (e.g: c:\projects).
Click Ok. Visual C++ will create an empty project.
Make sure that "Debug" is selected in the solution configuration combobox. Right-click cvtest and select PropertiesVC++ Directories.
Select Include Directories to add a new entry and type C:\opencv\build\include.
Click Ok to close the dialog.
Back to the Property dialog, select Library Directories to add a new entry and type C:\opencv\build\x86\vc10\lib.
Click Ok to close the dialog.
Back to the property dialog, select LinkerInputAdditional Dependencies to add new entries. On the popup dialog, type the files below:
opencv_calib3d243d.lib
opencv_contrib243d.lib
opencv_core243d.lib
opencv_features2d243d.lib
opencv_flann243d.lib
opencv_gpu243d.lib
opencv_haartraining_engined.lib
opencv_highgui243d.lib
opencv_imgproc243d.lib
opencv_legacy243d.lib
opencv_ml243d.lib
opencv_nonfree243d.lib
opencv_objdetect243d.lib
opencv_photo243d.lib
opencv_stitching243d.lib
opencv_ts243d.lib
opencv_video243d.lib
opencv_videostab243d.lib
Note that the filenames end with "d" (for "debug"). Also note that if you have installed another version of OpenCV (say 2.4.9) these filenames will end with 249d instead of 243d (opencv_core249d.lib..etc).
Click Ok to close the dialog. Click Ok on the project properties dialog to save all settings.
NOTE:
These steps will configure Visual C++ for the "Debug" solution. For "Release" solution (optional), you need to repeat adding the OpenCV directories and in Additional Dependencies section, use:
opencv_core243.lib
opencv_imgproc243.lib
...
opencv_core243d.lib
opencv_imgproc243d.lib
...
You've done setting up Visual C++, now is the time to write the real code. Right click your project and select AddNew Item...Visual C++C++ File.
Name your file (e.g: loadimg.cpp) and click Ok. Type the code below in the editor:
#include <opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp>
#include <iostream>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;
int main()
{
if (im.empty())
{
cout << "Cannot load image!" << endl;
return -1;
}
imshow("Image", im);
waitKey(0);
}
The code above will load c:\full\path\to\lena.jpg and display the image. You can use any image you like, just make sure the path to the image is correct.
Type F5 to compile the code, and it will display the image in a nice window.
And that is your first OpenCV program!
3. Where to go from here?
1. Go to the samples dir → c:\opencv\samples\cpp.
• It looks like you haven't add [OPENCV_DIR]\build\x86\mingw\bin to your path. – flowfree Jun 5 '12 at 18:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1548270285129547, "perplexity": 9592.818162789046}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154053.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731043043-20210731073043-00335.warc.gz"} |
http://galaxyempire.wikia.com/wiki/Research_Lab | ## FANDOM
198 Pages
Research Lab
Ingame Description
Research Lab is used to study science and technology. The speed of research increases correspondingly to Research Lab level. With the development and exchange of technology between researchers, new science and technology findings can be used among all planets.
The Research Lab is a building in-game. It is used to research technology which is required for further advancement in the game.
## Details:Edit
• The Research Lab is the R&D of your entire colony or civilization.
• From this building you can research Laser Tech, Energy Tech, Ion Tech, and more.
• Every researched investment will apply to all your planets no matter where they're located.
• The higher the level of your Research Lab, the faster you will be able to research technologies.
• The Research Lab is split up into three different categories: Basic Tech, Advanced Tech, and Combat Tech, and you can research a total of sixteen different technologies within those categories.
• The Research Lab also affects what Ships you can build at your Shipyard, for all Ships require certain technology to be researched before they can be built.
• Always look at the Tech Tree to be sure how much research you have to complete before you can build a Ship. This can be found in the Shipyard and at the bottom-right corner of a Ship-type.
• Combat Tech and Advanced Tech impact your Ships' and in-game abilities respectively, so these should always be upgraded when possible.
• Most Basic Tech upgrades alone have little effect except for achieving the research needed to build certain Ships (though Energy Tech and Hyperspace Tech do provide benefit).
• One strategy is to have two Research Labs on two different Planets, and have one upgrading while one is researching. This allows you to always be constantly researching something while improving your research time concurrently. However, some players presume this strategy to be a large waste of resources and time, but opinions and preferences differ between players.
Basic
Combat
## Upgrade Cost for Research LabEdit
Level
1 200 400 200
2 400 800 400
3 800 1,600 800
4 1,600 3,200 1,600
5 3,200 6,400 3,200
6 6,400 12,800 6,400
7 12,800 25,600 12,800
8 25K 51K 25K
9 51K 102K 51K
10 102K 204K 102K
11 204K 409K 204K
12 410K 819K 410K
13 819K 1.63M 819K
14 1.63M 3.27M 1.63M
15 3.27M 6.55M 3.27M
16 6.55M 13.1M 6.55M
17 13.1M 26.2M 13.1M
18 26.2M 52.4M 26.2M
19 52.4M 104M 52.4M
20 104M 209M 104M
21 209M 419M 209M
22 419M 838M 419M
23 838M 1.68B 838M
24 1.68B 3.35B 1.68B
25 3.35B 6.70B 3.35B
• Columns: Robotics Facility Level
• Note: Times recorded using a Commander Lv1. which confers a construction time -10%
Time for each Upgrade Level (U) for each Robotics Facility Level (R)
R0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
U1 5s 5s 5s 5s 5s
2 15s
3 2m 34s
4 5m 10s
5 6m 28s
6 20m 43s 12m 57s
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
## FormulasEdit
### Time to BuildEdit
The time to build formula is:
$t=(1-d)\cdot \frac { A }{ (r+1) } \cdot { e }^{ B\cdot l }$
with the following variables:
• t = time [seconds]
• d = Bonus Discount [%]
• r = Robotics Facility Level
And the following constants
As derived from the following Equations:
Solve for B
$B\quad =\quad \frac { \ln { \left( \frac { { t }_{ 2 }({ r }_{ 2 }+1)(1-{ d }_{ 1 }) }{ { t }_{ 1 }(1-{ d }_{ 2 })({ r }_{ 1 }+1) } \right) } }{ \left( { l }_{ 2 }-{ l }_{ 1 } \right) }$
And Solve for Constant A
$A=\frac { t(r+1) }{ { e }^{ Bl }(1-d) }$
(Best Value as of Apr 25, 2014)
• A = Constant = 178.641766771527
• B = Constant = 0.522122844299938 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3453305959701538, "perplexity": 6445.227942381466}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747024.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121032129-20181121054129-00548.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/abs/2104.06804 | astro-ph.EP
(what is this?)
# Title: Analytic expressions for geometric cross-sections of fractal dust aggregates
Authors: Ryo Tazaki
Abstract: In protoplanetary discs and planetary atmospheres, dust grains coagulate to form fractal dust aggregates. The geometric cross-section of these aggregates is a crucial parameter characterizing aerodynamical friction, collision rates, and opacities. However, numerical measurements of the cross-section are often time-consuming as aggregates exhibit complex shapes. In this study, we derive a novel analytic expression for geometric cross-sections of fractal aggregates. If an aggregate consists of $N$ monomers of radius $R_0$, its geometric cross-section $G$ is expressed as \frac{G}{N\pi R_0^2}=\frac{A}{1+(N-1)\tilde{\sigma}}, \nonumber
where $\tilde{\sigma}$ is an overlapping efficiency, and $A$ is a numerical factor connecting the analytic expression to the small non-fractal cluster limit. The overlapping efficiency depends on the fractal dimension, fractal prefactor, and $N$ of the aggregate, and its analytic expression is derived as well. The analytic expressions successfully reproduce numerically measured cross-sections of aggregates. We also find that our expressions are compatible with the mean-field light scattering theory of aggregates in the geometrical optics limit. The analytic expressions greatly simplify an otherwise tedious calculation and will be useful in model calculations of fractal grain growth in protoplanetary discs and planetary atmospheres.
Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures, 1 table; Accepted for publication in MNRAS Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1069 Cite as: arXiv:2104.06804 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2104.06804v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Ryo Tazaki [view email]
[v1] Wed, 14 Apr 2021 12:08:26 GMT (1153kb,D)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8934527635574341, "perplexity": 5693.310444911995}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988858.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508091446-20210508121446-00365.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/68609-solved-contour-integratiion-residue-theorem.html | # Thread: [SOLVED] contour integratiion\residue theorem ?
1. ## [SOLVED] contour integratiion\residue theorem ?
pleaase have a look at the attched picture.....plz tel me which method is wrong , why? if both r correct...why r the answers different?
thank u for any help u can provide/...
Attached Thumbnails
$-18\left[e^{4i\pi}- 1\right]+ 2\pi i$
Surely you know that $e^{4i\pi}= 1$? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.975477397441864, "perplexity": 13210.093032551104}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663142.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00226-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://git.rud.is/hrbrmstr/wand/src/commit/25c8fe4df4c101cc1ec0817689fd86a0def23520/man/incant.Rd | You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
#### 42 lines 1.2 KiB Raw Blame History
% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand % Please edit documentation in R/wand.r \name{incant} \alias{incant} \title{Retrieve 'magic' attributes from files and directories} \usage{ incant(path, magic_db = "system") } \arguments{ \item{path}{character vector of files to use magic on} \item{magic_db}{either "\code{system}" (the default) to use the system \code{magic} database or an atomic character vector with a colon-separated list of full paths to custom \code{magic} database(s). This parameter is (for the moment) ignored on Windows.} } \value{ a \code{tibble} / \code{data.frame} of file magic attributes. Specifically, mime type, encoding, possible file extensions and type description are returned as colums in the data frame along with \code{path}. } \description{ Retrieve 'magic' attributes from files and directories } \note{ Various fields might not be available depending on the version of \code{libmagic} you have installed. } \examples{ library(dplyr) system.file("extdata/img", package="filemagic") \%>\% list.files(full.names=TRUE) \%>\% incant() \%>\% glimpse() } \references{ See \url{http://openpreservation.org/blog/2012/08/09/magic-editing-and-creation-primer/} for information on how to create your own \code{magic} database } | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3741088807582855, "perplexity": 16854.62989656223}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00012.warc.gz"} |
https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/mcei-16/25867762 | # A Novel Ultrasonic Water Pollution Detector Based on WSN
Authors
Yili Wang, Jianguo Gong, Shuwen Jin, Yongjie Lu, Chuanrui Mei, Zhongwei Zhao
Corresponding Author
Yili Wang
Available Online December 2016.
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2991/mcei-16.2016.249How to use a DOI?
Keywords
Ultrasonic detector; WSN; Curve squares filter; Vector-difference
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel ultrasonic detector of water pollution based on WSN. The proposed vector difference algorithm on one time period can precisely calculate the velocity and height of drainage water pollution. The captured data with the detector will be transmitted to the server by WSN. Compared the popular detectors in the market, the detector in this paper is not only used to water pollution but used to any industry field if which need low-cost application or low-power remote detection.
Open Access
Proceedings
2016 6th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2016)
Part of series
Publication Date
December 2016
ISBN
978-94-6252-282-4
ISSN
1951-6851
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2991/mcei-16.2016.249How to use a DOI?
Open Access
TY - CONF
AU - Yili Wang
AU - Jianguo Gong
AU - Shuwen Jin
AU - Yongjie Lu
AU - Chuanrui Mei
AU - Zhongwei Zhao
PY - 2016/12
DA - 2016/12
TI - A Novel Ultrasonic Water Pollution Detector Based on WSN
BT - 2016 6th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2016)
PB - Atlantis Press
SN - 1951-6851
UR - https://doi.org/10.2991/mcei-16.2016.249
DO - https://doi.org/10.2991/mcei-16.2016.249
ID - Wang2016/12
ER - | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4639829099178314, "perplexity": 26387.896996701813}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371883359.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410012405-20200410042905-00203.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/750476/differential-equation-by-series-solution-method-equating-coefficients-to-zero | # Differential equation by series solution method: equating coefficients to zero
I am following the solution for a problem, and I am stuck at the following equation:
$$2a_2+\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left[(n+2)(n+1)a_{n+2}-a_{n-1}\right]x^n=0\tag1$$
Now, the professor equates the coefficients to zero, and he gets:
$$n=0: a_2=0\tag2$$ $$n=1,2,3..: a_{n+2}=\frac{a_{n-1}}{(n+2)(n+1)}\tag3$$
The thing that confuses me is: If there is a term outside the summation sign, as we have here (I'm referring to the $2a_2$ term in equation 1), then equation 1 cannot ever be set to zero simply by having the coefficients of $x^n$ equal to zero, since that would merely make it equal to $2a_2$.
-
If we set for convenience that $a_{-1}=0$, then you can change the summation to start from $n=0$ and then $2a_2$ will be the $0$th term. Does that help you? – Your Ad Here Apr 12 '14 at 7:45
1. The summation sign starts at $n=1$ i.e. it doesn't contain constant term(I mean of the form $cx^0$)
2. $2a_2\cdot x^0=0\cdot x^0$
Now if we have the following equal polynomials $$a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+\cdots$$ then by equating coefficients of $x^n$ we get $$x^0:\ \ \ \ \ \ a_0=b_0 \\ x^1:\ \ \ \ \ \ a_1=b_1 \\ x^2:\ \ \ \ \ \ a_2=b_2$$ In your case the right hand sides are all zeros and so the first equation becomes $$2a_2=0$$ and the rest equations becomes $$(n+2)(n+1)a_{n+2}-a_{n-1}=0$$ for $n=1,2,3, \cdots$
I think I got it. n=1,2,3.. and upwards already invoke n=0, which is set to 0. In other words, $2a_2$ is the coefficient of $x^0$, and we have to set coefficients of all powers of $x$ equal to zero. – Joebevo Apr 12 '14 at 9:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9743366241455078, "perplexity": 132.2920195995961}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701164268.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193924-00226-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.contextgarden.net/index.php?title=Fonts_in_XeTeX&oldid=11844 | # Fonts in XeTeX
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
< XeTeX | Fonts >
Fonts get special treatment in XeTeX. By supporting a rich, within-TeX means of font specification, one avoids the usual difficulties associated with the TeX font mess: no dealing with map files, encodings, Karl Berry naming schemes, tfms, or virtual fonts. This page describes the various typescripts introduced with type-otf.tex (shared with LuaTeX, up-to-date) and type-xtx.tex (XeTeX specific - might need a revision).
Note that typescripts were slightly broken after version 2007.01.xx and before 2007.09.28. Please update. Also, on Mac, old fonts that store their code in the resource fork (Postscript Type 1, Postscript Type 3) don't seem to work with xdvipdfmx. Using xdv2pdf instead of xdvipdfmx is possible with some tweaking.
NB: Major changes that need updates both on wiki and in type-xtx:
• encoding=uc is made obsolete: no font encoding specification is needed any mode since only Unicode font encoding is supported anyway
• features=default will set tex-text option, but note that that file is not present in minimals yet
• [name:\typescripttwo\xetexcolon mapping=tex-text][encoding=uc] should be replaced by [name:\typescripttwo][features=default]
• some others ...
## Quick start
If you want to start using some of the fonts installed in your system (e.g. Serapion Pro), start with the following snippet:
\definetypeface[Serapion][rm][Xserif][Serapion Pro]
\setupbodyfont[Serapion, 12pt]
In this case the document will be set in 12pt Serapion Pro typeface. If you want to start fiddling with the fonts a bit more, read on about the typescripts.
## Compatibility Typescripts
The first class of typescript enables one to use familiar typescripts, such as times, palatino, postscript, and the like, from type-exa. The following typescripts are defined for the uc encoding:
times
Times Roman - no slanted, no small caps
palatino
Book Antiqua - (Apple's Palatino clone) no slanted, no small caps
helvetica
Helvetica Neue - Apple's default Helvetica doesn't offer an oblique, so Helvetica Neue is substituted
courier
Courier - No italics or oblique. None of Apple's default monospaced fonts ship with an oblique, so this typescript is necessarily limited.
lucida
Lucida Bright, Sans, Typewriter, Calligraphy, Handwriting, and Fax are all provided with Microsoft's Office 2004. For those with that software and those fonts, these typescripts are provided to take advantage of the predefined ones in ConTeXt. Keep in mind that the lucida math fonts are still for-pay only.
You can simply invoke these typescripts with the familiar calls, except that they have the uc encoding:
\usetypescript[times][uc]
\setupbodyfont[times]
Please note that there is absolutely no attempt to retain font metrics, so this will almost certainly re-flow legacy documents. The following typescripts/typefaces from type-exa are thus available:
• postscript
• times
• palatino
• lucida (if you have the fonts)
## Wildcard typescripts
XeTeX offers some nice features in terms of automatically finding related fonts in a family, namely the italic, bold, and bolditalic alternatives. To take advantage of that, there's a set of wildcard typescripts that take an arbitrary Macintosh font name as input, and provide as many of the alternatives it can find. To set these typescripts (and the calling conventions) apart from the familiar ones, the typescripts are identified with Xserif, Xsans, and Xmono. As they use some specific XeTeX features, they all use the uc encoding.
To call the typescripts, it's most convenient to define a typeface that uses these features. The named font slot should contain the display name of the Regular alternative (not the family name) of the font in question. The typefaces are callable with four, five, or six arguments:
\definetypeface[myface][rm][Xserif][Baskerville]
\definetypeface[myface][tt][Xmono] [Courier] [default]
\definetypeface[myface][ss][Xsans] [Optima Regular][default][rscale=.87]
As you can see, you can activate relative scaling of face sizes. The above definitions look very much like any other typeface definition, except that the serif/sans/mono identifier is preceded with X, and that there is no underlying "Optima Regular" typescript defined anywhere. The rest is typescript and XeTeX magic.
## Other typescripts
Typescript usage is best done by creating your own typeface and using it. There are no pre-defined combinations, only tools for making your own combinations. As you can use arbitrary fonts "on-the-fly" with the above wildcard typescripts, I see pre-built typescripts for Apple fonts as being more stifling to the designer than anything else!
hoefler
Rich serif AAT font from Apple. There are many features in the font, not yet exploited by the basic typescript.
\definetypeface [MyFace][rm][serif][hoefler][default][encoding=uc]
lucidagrande
Very extensive Unicode and language support in this sans serif AAT font from Apple. Only Regular and Bold weights are available.
\definetypeface [MyFace][ss][sans][lucidagrande][default][encoding=uc]
gillsans & gillsanslt
Although there are not many features in this classic humanist sans, it is available at three different font weights. gillsans offers regular and bold, and gillsanslt offers light as the \tf variant and regular as the \bf weight.
\definetypeface [MyFace][ss][sans][gillsanslt][default][encoding=uc]
optima
Nothing special in this typescript, except that it defines an OptimaBlack synonym for your use.
\definetypeface [MyFace][ss][sans][optima][default][encoding=uc]
zapfino & applechancery
These rich AAT fonts are defined as 'handwriting' and 'calligraphy' fonts, respectively. By using them as 'serif' fonts, however, you can use other variants through the \it, \bf, etc. alternatives.
\definetypeface [MyFace][hw][handwriting][zapfino][default][encoding=uc] % or
\definetypeface [MyFace][rm][serif] [zapfino][default][encoding=uc]
### Non-Apple fonts
A couple of typescripts to get you started with non-Apple fonts:
timesnewroman & arial
MS Office 2004 updates these fonts with quite impressive Unicode coverage.
\definetypeface [MS][rm][serif][timesnewroman][default][encoding=uc]
\definetypeface [MS][ss][sans] [arial] [default][encoding=uc]
gentium
SIL also produce a very attractive Unicode font, Gentium, that is available in both regular and italic varieties.
\definetypeface [MyFace][rm][serif][gentium][default][encoding=uc]
### Usage
Once you define your own typeface combination, you invoke it with the name you gave it (the first parameter in \definetypeface), in \setupbodyfont or \switchtobodyfont:
\setupbodyfont[MyFace, 11pt]
Let's take a look at the components of a new typescript:
\starttypescript[serif][didot][uc]
The family (serif), typescript name (didot), and encoding (uc) are established.
\definefontsynonym [DidotRegular]['Didot:mapping=tex-text'] [encoding=uc]
The first font synonym has a font-specific name (DidotRegular), and then a quoted font specification. The font name (Didot, which is the display name of the regular alternative of the font) is followed by a colon and then a feature (mapping=tex-text). This particular feature enables TeX-like markup with fonts that don't necessarily have features for understanding such things as '---'. The final argument tells ConTeXt that this is a Unicode font, and that it should convert named glyphs to Unicode values (as defined in enco-uc).
\definefontsynonym [DidotItalic] ['Didot/I:mapping=tex-text'] [encoding=uc]
\definefontsynonym [DidotBold] ['Didot/B:mapping=tex-text'] [encoding=uc]
The next two font synonyms use a XeTeX feature as a shortcut: Didot/I and Didot/B are abbreviations for Didot Italic and Didot Bold, respectively.
\definefontsynonym [DidotCaps] ['Didot:mapping=tex-text;
Letter Case=Small Capitals;Ligatures=!Common Ligatures'][encoding=uc]
\stoptypescript
Didot Caps require a few more features to be added, separated by a semicolon (or comma). The exclamation mark in !Common Ligatures is there to suppress that feature, which is turned on by default.
The 'name' typescript, which maps from the font-specific names to ConTeXt-wide names then follows:
\starttypescript[serif][didot][name]
\definefontsynonym [Serif] [DidotRegular]
\definefontsynonym [SerifItalic] [DidotItalic]
\definefontsynonym [SerifBold] [DidotBold]
\definefontsynonym [SerifCaps] [DidotCaps]
...four of the usual typescripts are named above, but you need:
\definefontsynonym [SerifSlanted] [DidotItalic]
\definefontsynonym [SerifBoldItalic] [DidotBold]
\definefontsynonym [SerifBoldSlanted][DidotBold]
\stoptypescript
...three further synonyms acting as fallbacks for the typescript to be complete.
## Other font specifications
Don't forget that you can use one-off font definitions for special uses with \definedfont, \startfont/\stopfont and the like:
\definedfont["Hoefler Text:mapping=tex-text;Style Options=Engraved Text;
Letter Case=All Capitals;color=229966" at 24pt]
Big Title
\usetypescript[sans][optima][all]
\startfont[OptimaBlack sa 2]
Fat title
\stopfont
--Adam 02:39, 26 Nov 2004 (CET)
## Accessing glyphs from OpenType fonts by name
\XeTeXglyphindex returns the index of a named glyph from (an OpenType) font.
\def\getglyph#1{\XeTeXglyph\XeTeXglyphindex "#1"} % getglyph is already taken in ConTeXt!!!
\definedfont['Antykwa Torunska']
I \getglyph{heart} this feature!
(An image will be put here as soon as XeTeX will be enabled on contextgarden.)
## Using PostScript fonts
Note: It's not possible to use oldfashioned Mac resource fork fonts (where you have a "suitcase" with screen fonts) with ConTeXt!
This example uses PostScript fonts installed in the texmf tree:
\starttypescript [sans] [urw-grotesk]
% PostScript name file name instead of an encoding
\definefontsynonym [URWGroteskT-LighNarr] [file:u004242t] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [URWGroteskT-MediNarr] [file:u004244t] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [URWGroteskT-LighNarrObli] [file:u004262t] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [URWGroteskT-MediNarrObli] [file:u004264t] [features=default]
\stoptypescript
\starttypescript [sans] [urw-grotesk]
\definefontsynonym [Sans] [URWGroteskT-LighNarr]
\definefontsynonym [SansItalic] [URWGroteskT-LighNarrObli]
\definefontsynonym [SansBold] [URWGroteskT-MediNarr]
\definefontsynonym [SansBoldItalic] [URWGroteskT-MediNarrObli]
\definefontsynonym [SansSlanted] [SansItalic]
\definefontsynonym [SansBoldSlanted] [SansBoldItalic]
\stoptypescript
\starttypescript [my] [urw-grotesk]
% \definetypeface [urw-grotesk] [rm] [serif] [schola] [default]
\definetypeface [urw-grotesk] [ss] [sans] [urw-grotesk] [default] [encoding=uc]
\stoptypescript
\usetypescript [my][urw-grotesk]
\setupbodyfont [urw-grotesk,ss,8pt]
If you'd like to use active (OS-installed) fonts, replace "file:filename" with "name:public name" like this:
\definefontsynonym [Eco-Regular] [name:Eco101Roman] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [Eco-Bold] [name:Eco301Bold] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [Eco-Italic] [name:Eco102Italic] [features=default]
\definefontsynonym [Eco-BoldItalic] [name:Eco302BoldItalic] [features=default] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8740653395652771, "perplexity": 12128.998556838938}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00045.warc.gz"} |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Isomers | # Carbohydrate Isomers
$$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$ $$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$$$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$$
Glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate, exhibits properties of a chiral or optical isomer compound. This molecule forms the basis for the designation of the isomers of all of the carbohydrates.
## Introduction
Glyceraldehyde can exist in two isomeric forms that are mirror images of each other which are shown below. The absolute configuration is defined by the molecule on the far left as the D-glyceraldehyde. With the aldehyde group in the "up" direction, the the -OH group must project to the right side of the molecule for the D isomer. Chemists have used this configuration of D-glyceraldehyde to determine the optical isomer families of the rest of the carbohydrates. All naturally occurring monosaccharides belong to the D optical family. It is remarkable that the chemistry and enzymes of all living things can tell the difference between the geometry of one optical isomer over the other.
Monosaccharides are assigned to the D-family according to the projection of the -OH group to the right on the chiral carbon that is the farthest from the carbonyl (aldehyde) group. This is on carbon # 5 if the carbonyl carbon is # 1.
Note: For whatever reason, the ball and stick model does not completely match the projections of the -OH groups on carbons # 2 and 4. It is in the way that the flat Fischer model has been defined.
How many chiral carbons can you find? List them. If necessary Review Chiral Compounds to find the definitions.Then check the answer from the drop down menu.
## Compare Glucose and Galactose
Examine the structures of glucose and galactose carefully. Which -OH group determines that they both are the D isomer? Then check the answer from the drop down menu.
Isomers have different arrangements of atoms. Which carbon bonding to -OH and -H is different in glucose vs. galactose? This single difference makes glucose and galactose isomers. Then check the answer from the drop down menu.
## Contributors
• Charles Ophardt, Professor Emeritus, Elmhurst College; Virtual Chembook
Carbohydrate Isomers is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4227263331413269, "perplexity": 1769.8052654216478}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00550.warc.gz"} |
https://dmoj.ca/problem/dmopc20c1p4 | ## DMOPC '20 Contest 1 P4 - Victor Makes Bank
View as PDF
Points: 17 (partial)
Time limit: 2.0s
Memory limit: 64M
Author:
Problem type
Allowed languages
Ada, Assembly, Awk, Brain****, C, C#, C++, COBOL, CommonLisp, D, Dart, F#, Forth, Fortran, Go, Groovy, Haskell, Intercal, Java, JS, Kotlin, Lisp, Lua, Nim, ObjC, OCaml, Octave, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Racket, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Scheme, Sed, Swift, TCL, Text, Turing, VB, Zig
Forget school, I wanna farm horseshoe crabs ~ Victor, 2019
Victor, deciding that school is dumb and boring, decides to farm horseshoe crabs. After he has bred enough crabs, he sells them to the highest bidder—babies at one thousand dollars each, and adults at two thousand dollars each.
At the end of every month, each adult crab in Victor's care gives birth to babies (this crab species is capable of parthenogenesis, so all the crabs are female and can give birth without mating). A baby crab takes months to grow to adulthood.
If Victor starts off with adult crabs at the beginning of the first month, and sells all his crabs (babies and adults) in the middle of the -th month, how many thousands of dollars will he make? Since this number may be very large, please output it modulo .
#### Input Specification
4 space-separated integers, , , , and .
#### Output Specification
The amount of money (in thousands of dollars) made from selling all the crabs in the middle of the -th month, mod .
#### Sample Input 1
4 2 1 1
#### Sample Output 1
16
#### Explanation of Sample 1
The number of crabs in Victor's tank at the beginning of every month is as follows:
Month # of Adults # of Babies
1 1 0
2 1 2
3 3 2
4 5 6
Victor can then sell the adult crabs for 10 thousand dollars and the baby crabs for 6 thousand dollars, for a total of 16 thousand dollars.
#### Sample Input 2
8 1 3 2
#### Sample Output 2
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https://www.dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/143532 | Previous | Up | Next
# Article
Full entry | PDF (0.5 MB)
Keywords:
monotonicity; oscillatory solutions
Summary:
We obtain monotonicity results concerning the oscillatory solutions of the differential equation $(a(t)\vert y^{\prime }\vert ^{p-1}y^{\prime })^{\prime }+f(t,y,y^{\prime })=0$. The obtained results generalize the results given by the first author in [1] (1976). We also give some results concerning a special case of the above differential equation.
References:
[1] Bartušek, M.: Monotonicity theorems concerning differential equations $y^{\prime \prime }+f(t,y,y^{\prime })=0$. Arch. Math. (Brno) 12 (4) (1976), 169–178. MR 0430410
[2] Bartušek, M.: Monotonicity theorems for second order non-linear differential equations. Arch. Math. (Brno) 16 (3) (1980), 127–136. MR 0594458
[3] Bartušek, M.: On properties of oscillatory solutions of nonlinear differential equations of the $n$-th order. Diff. Equat. and Their Appl., Equadiff 6, vol. 1192, Lecture Notes in Math., Berlin, 1985, pp. 107–113.
[4] Bartušek, M.: On oscillatory solutions of differential inequalities. Czechoslovak Math. J. 42 (117) (1992), 45–52. MR 1152168 | Zbl 0756.34033
[5] Bartušek, M.: Singular solutions for the differential equation with $p$-Laplacian. Arch. Math. (Brno) 41 (2005), 123–128. MR 2142148 | Zbl 1116.34325
[6] Bartušek, M., Došlá, Z., Cecchi, M., Marini, M.: On oscillatory solutions of quasilinear differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 320 (2006), 108–120. DOI 10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.06.057 | MR 2230460 | Zbl 1103.34016
[7] Došlá, Z., Cecchi, M., Marini, M.: On second order differential equations with nonhomogenous $\Phi$–Laplacian. Boundary Value Problems 2010 (2010), 17pp., ID 875675. MR 2595170
[8] Došlá, Z., Háčik, M., Muldon, M. E.: Further higher monotonicity properties of Sturm-Liouville function. Arch. Math. (Brno) 29 (1993), 83–96. MR 1242631
[9] Došlý, O., Řehák, P.: Half-linear differential equations. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. MR 2158903 | Zbl 1090.34001
[10] Kiguradze, I., Chanturia, T.: Asymptotic properties of solutions of nonautonomous ordinary differential equations. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993. Zbl 0782.34002
[11] Lorch, L., Muldon, M. E., Szego, P.: Higher monotonicity of certain Sturm-Liouville functions III. Canad. J. Math. 22 (1970), 1238–1265. DOI 10.4153/CJM-1970-142-1 | MR 0274845
[12] Mirzov, J. D.: Asymptotic properties of solutions of systems of nonlinear nonautonomous ordinary differential equations. Folia Fac. Sci. Natur. Univ. Masaryk. Brun. Math., Masaryk University, Brno, 2001. MR 2144761
[13] Naito, M.: Existence of positive solutions of higher-order quasilinear ordinary differential equations. Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 186 (2007), 59–84. MR 2263331 | Zbl 1232.34054
[14] Rohleder, M.: On the existence of oscillatory solutions of the second order nonlinear ODE. Acta Univ. Palack. Olomuc. Fac. Rerum Natur. Math. 51 (2) (2012), 107–127. MR 3058877 | Zbl 1279.34050
Partner of | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9334501624107361, "perplexity": 3714.4172397327566}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00719.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/107484-annihilator-method.html | 1. ## Annihilator Method?
Is there anyone well versed in the annihilator method? I don't think I quite fully understand it, and the given problem that we have is:
Solve the given differential equation using the annihilator method
y" - 3y' - 4y = 5e (raised to the) -t
Note: In this case, you have the provide the general solution of the problem.
Any help is appreciated. Thank you!
--Rachel
2. Originally Posted by tibetan-knight
Is there anyone well versed in the annihilator method? I don't think I quite fully understand it, and the given problem that we have is:
Solve the given differential equation using the annihilator method
y" - 3y' - 4y = 5e (raised to the) -t
Note: In this case, you have the provide the general solution of the problem.
No, I don't- you do!
Write this equation in "operator form" as $D^2y- 3Dy- 4y= 4e^{-t}$ which can then be factored as $(D- 4)(D+ 1)y= 4e^{-t}$
Since the derivative of $e^{-t}$ is $-e^{-t}$ it can be "annihilated" by D+1: $(D+1)(4e^{-t}= 0$. That tells us that $(D+1)[(D-4)(D+1)y= (D+1)(4e^{-t}$ so $(D- 4)(D+1)^2y= 0$. Can you solve that?
The general solution to that will have three unknown constants. One of them will be determined by the fact that y must actually satisfy the original equation.
Any help is appreciated. Thank you!
--Rachel | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 4, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.966671347618103, "perplexity": 420.3946945880492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00319.warc.gz"} |
https://dr.nsk.hr/en/islandora/object/pmf%3A5769 | doctoral thesis
Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition
Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2017. urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Science
Department of Mathematics
Cite this document
Novaković, V. (2017). Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
Novaković, Vedran. "Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition." Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2017. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
Novaković, Vedran. "Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition." Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, 2017. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
Novaković, V. (2017). 'Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition', Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, accessed 09 February 2023, https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
Novaković V. Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition [Doctoral thesis]. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science; 2017 [cited 2023 February 09] Available at: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
V. Novaković, "Parallel Jacobi-type algorithms for the singular and the generalized singular value decomposition", Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Zagreb, 2017. Available at: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:217:515320
Please login to the repository to save this object to your list. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8549332022666931, "perplexity": 2412.056777657811}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00080.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/383554/mediabutton-wont-control-animateinline | # mediabutton won't control animateinline [closed]
I am displaying an animateinline animation which loops through some frames. I now would like to have a "continue"-button to jump the animation to the next cycle of frames.
If I understand the animate documentation (page 14) correctly the following should do the trick.
But it doesn't. What am I missing?
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{filecontents}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{media9}
\usepackage{animate}
% mytimeline.txt
\begin{filecontents*}{mytimeline.txt}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
%[*]:[new frame rate]:[<list of transparencies>][:<JavaScript>]
% *' in the first column pauses animation
%-------------------------------------------------------------------
::0
::1
::2
::3
::4 : anim.myAnim.frameNum=0; % Loop the firstpart
::5
::6
::7
::8
::9
::9: anim.myAnim.frameNum=5; % Loop the second part
\end{filecontents*}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\begin{animateinline}[
label=myAnim,
autoplay, loop,
width=\linewidth,
begin={\begin{minipage}[c][5cm][c]{5cm}},
end={\end{minipage}},
timeline=mytimeline.txt
]{4}%
%create "transparencies", to be arranged according to timeline
\multiframe{10}{Number=0+1}{%
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[font=\Huge] at (0,0) {\Number};
\end{tikzpicture}
}
\end{animateinline}%
% put a "continue"-button to jump to frame 6 in the animation "myAnim"
\end{center}
\end{document}
ADDITION While I'm playing with it. Even a jsaction={app.alert('Hello World');} does not do anything. Is JavaScript possibly blocked by the reader I'm using?
• Ups. Seems to be a bug. \mediabutton is currently non-functional. Need to look into this. Thanks for reporting! – AlexG Jul 27 '17 at 15:57
• New version 0.83, 2017/07/27 of media9` uploaded to CTAN. Should be available within next 48 hours. – AlexG Jul 27 '17 at 17:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2355489730834961, "perplexity": 5905.897720672664}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649232.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014052140-20191014075140-00081.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-are-the-real-numbers-distributed.458696/#post-3051425 | # How are the Real Numbers distributed?
• #1
14
0
Question: What is the probability that a random variable X with domain all real numbers will take a value in the closed interval [a,b]?
It seems to me that in order to answer this question you have to know how the real numbers are distributed. Given the appropriate distribution function, you can integrate it from a to b to find the probability.
Common sense says that the real numbers should have a constant distribution (e.g. P(x)=c for all x). However, the integral of any constant function from -$$\infty$$ to $$\infty$$ is not 1.
So how exactly are the real numbers distributed?
• #2
52
0
I am pretty sure that for any finite numbers a and b, the chance that x is in [a,b] is zero.
For any finite number a, the chance that x is in [a,infinity) is 50%. The same with (-infinity,a]
• #3
430
3
So how exactly are the real numbers distributed?
They are distributed how you want them to be. A set does not have an intrinsic distribution. For instance you may define a probability density function p(t) by p(t) = 1/2 for t in [1,3] and p(t)=0 otherwise.
If what you want is a uniform distribution, then no such thing can exist on the real numbers for the reason you mentioned (that if p(x) =c for all x, then $\int_{-\infty}^\infty p(x) dx$ is 0 or $\infty$ depending on whether c =0 or c>0, but never 1).
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7K | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9218729734420776, "perplexity": 465.1426195385071}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00300.warc.gz"} |
http://orinanobworld.blogspot.fr/2017/02/another-absolute-value-question.html | ## Thursday, February 23, 2017
### Another Absolute Value Question
Someone asked whether it is possible to eliminate the absolute value from the constraint$$Lx\le |y| \le Ux$$(where $L\ge 0$ and $U>0$ are constants, $x$ is a binary variable, and $y$ is a continuous variable). The answer is yes, but what it takes depends on whether $L=0$ or $L>0$.
The easy case is when $L=0$. There are two possibilities for the domain of $y$: either $y\in [0,0]$ (if $x=0$) or $y\in [-U,U]$ (if $x=1$). One binary variable is enough to capture two choices, so we don't need any new variables. We just need to rewrite the constraint as$$-Ux\le y \le Ux.$$If $L>0$, then there are three possibilities for the domain of $y$: $[-U, -L] \cup [0,0] \cup [L, U]$. That means we'll need at least two binary variables to cover all choices. Rather than change the interpretation of $x$ (which may be used elsewhere in the questioner's model), I'll introduce two new binary variables ($z_1$ for the left interval and $z_2$ for the right interval) and link them to $x$ via $x=z_1+z_2$. That leads to the following constraints:$$-Uz_1 \le y \le -Lz_1 + U(1-z_1)$$and$$Lz_2 - U(1-z_2) \le y \le Uz_2.$$ If $x=0$, both $z_1$ and $z_2$ must be 0, and the new constraints force $y=0$. If $x=1$, then either $z_1=1$ or $z_2=1$ (but not both). Left to the reader as an exercise: verify that $z_1=1\implies -U\le y \le -L$ while $z_2=1 \implies L\le y\le U$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9422160983085632, "perplexity": 97.73622613182503}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00603.warc.gz"} |
https://www.svm-tutorial.com/2014/11/svm-understanding-math-part-1/ | # SVM - Understanding the math - Part 1 - The margin
## Introduction
This is the first article from a series of articles I will be writing about the math behind SVM. There is a lot to talk about and a lot of mathematical backgrounds is often necessary. However, I will try to keep a slow pace and to give in-depth explanations, so that everything is crystal clear, even for beginners.
If you are new and wish to know a little bit more about SVMs before diving into the math, you can read the article: an overview of Support Vector Machine.
## What is the goal of the Support Vector Machine (SVM)?
The goal of a support vector machine is to find the optimal separating hyperplane which maximizes the margin of the training data.
The first thing we can see from this definition, is that a SVM needs training data. Which means it is a supervised learning algorithm.
It is also important to know that SVM is a classification algorithm. Which means we will use it to predict if something belongs to a particular class.
For instance, we can have the training data below:
We have plotted the size and weight of several people, and there is also a way to distinguish between men and women.
With such data, using a SVM will allow us to answer the following question:
Given a particular data point (weight and size), is the person a man or a woman ?
For instance: if someone measures 175 cm and weights 80 kg, is it a man of a woman?
## What is a separating hyperplane?
Just by looking at the plot, we can see that it is possible to separate the data. For instance, we could trace a line and then all the data points representing men will be above the line, and all the data points representing women will be below the line.
Such a line is called a separating hyperplane and is depicted below:
### If it is just a line, why do we call it an hyperplane ?
Even though we use a very simple example with data points laying in $R^2$ the support vector machine can work with any number of dimensions !
A hyperplane is a generalization of a plane.
• in one dimension, a hyperplane is called a point
• in two dimensions, it is a line
• in three dimensions, it is a plane
• in more dimensions you can call it an hyperplane
## What is the optimal separating hyperplane?
The fact that you can find a separating hyperplane, does not mean it is the best one ! In the example below there is several separating hyperplanes. Each of them is valid as it successfully separates our data set with men on one side and women on the other side.
Suppose we select the green hyperplane and use it to classify on real life data.
This time, it makes some mistakes as it wrongly classify three women. Intuitively, we can see that if we select an hyperplane which is close to the data points of one class, then it might not generalize well.
So we will try to select an hyperplane as far as possible from data points from each category:
This one looks better. When we use it with real life data, we can see it still make perfect classification.
That's why the objective of a SVM is to find the optimal separating hyperplane:
• because it correctly classifies the training data
• and because it is the one which will generalize better with unseen data
# What is the margin and how does it help choosing the optimal hyperplane?
Given a particular hyperplane, we can compute the distance between the hyperplane and the closest data point. Once we have this value, if we double it we will get what is called the margin.
Basically the margin is a no man's land. There will never be any data point inside the margin. (Note: this can cause some problems when data is noisy, and this is why soft margin classifier will be introduced later)
For another hyperplane, the margin will look like this :
As you can see, Margin B is smaller than Margin A.
We can make the following observations:
• If an hyperplane is very close to a data point, its margin will be small.
• The further an hyperplane is from a data point, the larger its margin will be.
This means that the optimal hyperplane will be the one with the biggest margin.
That is why the objective of the SVM is to find the optimal separating hyperplane which maximizes the margin of the training data.
This concludes this introductory post about the math behind SVM. There was not a lot of formula, but in the next article we will put on some numbers and try to get the mathematical view of this using geometry and vectors. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 1, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6621543765068054, "perplexity": 512.4388642292251}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500758.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208092053-20230208122053-00132.warc.gz"} |
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# Summary
Chapter 10 (Present/Past)
• perspective shifts constantly in this chapter between past and present
• body under Silas' old bed was that of Tina Rutherford, had been lying there for a while
• Silas had lied about the reasons for being at the cabin
• Silas directs traffic for Tina's funeral and takes a shift standing guard over Larry in the hospital, who remained in his coma and who was being watched by police
• Silas becomes aware that a "stringy" man has tried to see Larry, and catches a glimpse of the man himself
• also becomes aware that Angie is desperately trying to get hold of him, warns the unconscious Larry that when he wakes up, things are going to be bad for him
• Silas gets a call that Ina is having a good day and visits her, she recognizes him as Larry's old friend, also recognizes Larry in the photograph that Silas shows her (the one of Alice and Larry)
• Ina refers to Alice as their maid, tells him that Alice became pregnant and had to leaver her employ
• slips back into dementia
• Silas spends time with Angie and she firmly tells him to finish the story he began earlier
• narrative slips into past: the beginning of the affair between Silas (then a high-school baseball star) and Cindy who was desperate to get out of Chabot and change her life
• affair went on for several months, and although they kept it secret, Alice still knows about it and urges Silas to stop it
• the next weekend - Silas tells this in the present time - Cindy disappeared: SILAS was the boyfriend Cindy was supposed to meet when she had that arrangement with Larry
• Silas thinks Cindy was never really pregnant
• tells Angie that he and Cindy argued $\rightarrow$ he left her where she was supposed to meet Larry; when he got back home, Alice arranged for him to go to another highschool
• he forgot about Cindy and Larry and didn't think of the consequences until he moved back to Chabot
• Silas and Angie come to the conclusion that it must have been Cecil who had killed Cindy
• go back to Angie’s home, where they spend a sexless night together (which is unusual for them)
• next morning, Silas drives to Larry's home to feed the chickens and to contemplate his next move; he knows now what is missing out of him: courage
• Silas' signal light is broken
• Silas gets a call that Larry has finally woken up
Chapter 11 (Present)
• Larry's point of view, narrating his flashes of memory (of the shooting, of being in the ambulance, of Silas visiting) and of consciousness as he wakes up
• learns that Silas saved his life; that Tina Rutherford is dead and that she was found in the cabin on his property and that he is the suspect of her murder and of shooting himself
• asks about his chickens and worries whether they were fed, is relieved when he is told that Silas fed the chickens
• Larry is interviewed by Sheriff Lolly (who was one of the junior investigators when Cindy Walker was killed) and by Chief French
• French mentions several pieces of evidence: the fact that Larry never sold the piece of land with the cabin $\rightarrow$ suggests that Larry killed both girls and then wanted to kill himself out of remorse
• Larry's mind races through memories and images, can't understand why he is suspected
• French tells him that the only way he'll ever feel better about what he did "is to own up and pay the price." The chapter ends with Larry saying "okay"
Function
• a lot of layers of truth are both peeled away and revealed in those two chapters, making the sequence of events more significant
• entwining of theme and action also manifests in style of chapter 10: the interaction of past and present happens quickly, tightly, and with increasing energy
• key theme: exploration of "coming of age", or of growing up
• Silas is forced to admit the truth of his past, he is finally "growing up" and faces responsibilities he should have faced years ago
$\rightarrow$ realization of the answer to his mother's question
• answer to why Silas did certain things (feeding chickens, lying about why he was at the cabin, standing guard over Larry)
$\rightarrow$ Silas’ revelation of what happened between him, Cindy, and Larry
$\rightarrow$ Silas feels guilty about what happened to Larry as a consequence of Cindy's disappearance, and in doing what he does for Larry, is trying to make it up to him
• theme of racism: mixed-race relationship between Silas and Cindy being looked at unfavorably in that part of the world
• other elements: Silas' broken signal light foreshadows further breakdowns in the vehicle, the long-awaited answer to the question posed by Alice about what was missing in Silas' character
• Chapter 11 rather unique in narrative technique: only chapter that makes the reader experience one of the characters so deeply, so thoroughly, and so presently
• up to that point, reader only knew of the thoughts and feelings of Silas and Larry
• yet, the moment when Larry comes out of his coma is much more empathic
• incidents in that chapter put pressure on Larry, just as the two investigators (Lolly and French)
• add a layer of uncertainty to the reader's experience: reader should have picked up rather clear indications that Larry is innocent of the crimes at this point
$\rightarrow$ will not wonder whether Larry is really innocent, but whether evidence that he is innocent will be presented in time, and whether he will be seen as innocent
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SchulLV als App | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27862679958343506, "perplexity": 11941.581657988096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986707990.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020105426-20191020132926-00125.warc.gz"} |
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/28429/how-to-make-a-multi-peak-histogram-fitting | # How to make a multi-peak histogram fitting
I got a multipeak histogram from my data and want to fit it using a Gaussian Distribution function.
(f[x_, amplitude_, centroid_, sigma_] :=
amplitude Exp[-((x - centroid)^2/sigma^2)])
However, there are two peaks. How do I fit the histogram and get the two sets of values {amplitude1, centroid1,sigma1} and {amplitude2, centroid2,sigma2}?
-
No offence, but I really think this is far too basic a question for this site. If you want to learn how to fit data, just consult the documentation for FindFit and/or NonlinearModelFit. – Oleksandr R. Jul 11 '13 at 19:22
This question appears to be too basic for this site in its present form. If there are any subtleties involved, these have not been made clear enough for the question to be answerable. – Oleksandr R. Jul 11 '13 at 19:24
@OleksandrR. "We" used to answer some very basic and/or essentially mathematical questions on this site without complaint. Do you feel it is necessary to close this rather than simply ignore it if it doesn't interest you? (I ask honestly.) – Mr.Wizard Jul 11 '13 at 20:26
@Mr.Wizard by voting to close I do not demand that it is closed. Others may, as they see fit, either agree with me and vote to close, or disagree and write an answer. The question is not only very basic but also not especially well posed, and I notice that the number of questions sharing these characteristics is rapidly increasing. I voted to close because I have no desire for the site to become dominated by simple questions that the askers can surely solve by themselves with minimal (but still non-zero) effort. Such questions are a waste of time for everyone else. – Oleksandr R. Jul 11 '13 at 20:51
– Sjoerd C. de Vries Jul 11 '13 at 21:20
Since nobody who supposedly thought this was a good question seems actually to have wanted to write an answer, here is one from me.
Let us define a bimodal distribution:
dist = MixtureDistribution[
{0.6, 0.4},
{NormalDistribution[-0.8, 1.3], NormalDistribution[2.7, 0.4]}
];
pdfplot = Plot[PDF[dist, x], {x, -5, 5}]
To simulate your data we draw some random variates from this distribution. HistogramList is used to convert these into a set of bin and count specifications. (For your real data, you may find it useful to try different binning methods. The various possibilities are described in the documentation.)
{bins, counts} = HistogramList@RandomVariate[dist, 10000];
For fitting we need a list of bin centres and probabilities, rather than boundaries and counts:
data = Transpose[{
Mean /@ Partition[bins, 2, 1],
counts Length[bins]/(Total@Differences[bins] Total[counts])
}];
Show[{pdfplot, ListLinePlot[data, PlotStyle -> Red]}]
Now we get to the substance of your question, i.e. actually doing the fit:
f[x_, a_, μ_, σ_] := a Exp[-(x - μ)^2/(2 σ^2)]/(Sqrt[2 Pi] σ);
model = f[x, a1, μ1, σ1] + f[x, a2, μ2, σ2];
result = FindFit[data, model,
(* reasonable initial values are important *)
{{a1, 0.5}, {μ1, -1}, {σ1, 1}, {a2, 0.5}, {μ2, 3}, {σ2, 0.5}},
x
]
(* -> {a1 -> 0.618350, μ1 -> -0.798249, σ1 -> 1.314220,
a2 -> 0.404240, μ2 -> 2.693320, σ2 -> 0.400108} *)
It matches the original:
Show[{pdfplot, Plot[model /. result, {x, -5, 5}, PlotStyle -> Red]}]
-
Got it. Thanks. – Kai Tian Jul 12 '13 at 3:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29399871826171875, "perplexity": 2634.5574460052017}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380037.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00190-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/177759/prime-factorization-demoted-leads-to-function-whose-fixed-points-are-primes/177773 | # Prime factorization “demoted” leads to function whose fixed points are primes
Let $n$ be a natural number whose prime factorization is $$n=\prod_{i=1}^{k}p_i^{\alpha_i} \; .$$ Define a function $g(n)$ as follows $$g(n)=\sum_{i=1}^{k}p_i {\alpha_i} \;,$$ i.e., exponentiation is "demoted" to multiplication, and multiplication is demoted to addition. For example: $n=200=2^3 5^2$, $f(n) = 2 \cdot 3 + 5 \cdot 2 = 16$.
Define $f(n)$ to repeat $g(n)$ until a cycle is reached. For example: $n=154=2^1 7^1 11^1$, $g(n)=20$, $g^2(n)=g(20)=9$, $g^3(n)=g(9)=6$, $g^4(n)=g(6)=5$, and now $g^k(n)=5$ for $k \ge 4$. So $f(154)=5$.
It is clear that every prime is a fixed point of $f(\;)$. I believe that $n=4$ is the only composite fixed point of $f(\;)$.
Q1. Is it the case that $4$ is the only composite fixed point of $f(\;)$, and that there are no cycles of length greater than $1$? (Yes: See EmilJeřábek's comment.)
Q2. Does every prime $p$ have an $n \neq p$ such that $f(n) = p$, i.e., is every prime "reached" by $f(\;)$? (Yes: See JeremyRouse's answer.)
There appear to be interesting patterns here. For example, it seems that $f(n)=5$ is common. (Indeed: See მამუკა ჯიბლაძე's graphical display.)
• Isn’t it obvious that the product of at least two integers greater or equal $2$ is larger than their sum except for $2+2=2\cdot2$, hence $g(n)< n$ unless $n$ is a prime or $4$? And every prime is reached by $f(p)=p$? – Emil Jeřábek supports Monica Aug 4 '14 at 13:27
• The next natural question to ask seems to be density of attracting basins: what are the asymptotics of (for instance) $\frac1N\left|\{x: x\leq N\wedge f(x)=5\}\right|$? – Steven Stadnicki Aug 4 '14 at 22:11
• Cardinality of $g^{-1}(n)$ seems to grow exponentially; note that it is the number of presenting $n$ as a positive linear combination of primes. – მამუკა ჯიბლაძე Aug 5 '14 at 5:32
• $g(n)$ is calculated, with many links, at oeis.org/A001414 also closely related are oeis.org/A002217 and oeis.org/A029908 – Gerry Myerson Aug 28 '19 at 2:50
• Abstract of the Lal paper: Iterates of a function defined by the sum of the prime divisors of a number, where the multiple factors are counted multiply, are considered. The process of iteration is terminated at a prime. The density distribution of these primes is investigated empirically, for $N \leqq 60000$ and it is found to be quite constant. – Gerry Myerson Aug 28 '19 at 2:56
A way to get a non-trivial solution to $f(n) = p$ is that every odd number $\geq 7$ can be written as a sum of three primes (by Helfgott's recent work), so if $p \geq 7$ is prime, we can write $p = q + r + s$, and we have $g(qrs) = q + r + s = p$. (This is of course a bit overkill, we don't really need such a difficult result to see this.)
• Another way to see this is to note that if $n \geq 2$, then $n = 2x + 3y$ for some non-negative integers $x$ and $y$. Then $g(2^{x} \cdot 3^{y}) = 2x + 3y$. This gives $f(n) = p$ non-trivially if $p \geq 5$. – Jeremy Rouse Aug 4 '14 at 13:36
NOT AN ANSWER, just an illustration :D ($g$ up to $n=150$)
Quite amusing...
In case anybody wants to play with this, here is the Mathematica code
g[n_] := Dot @@ Transpose[FactorInteger[n]]
Graph[Map[# \[DirectedEdge] g[#] &, Range[2, 150]],
VertexLabels -> Placed["Name", {1/2, 1/2}], VertexShape -> ""]
And since, as discussed in the comments below, the picture might be misleading in that cutting at any given $n$ creates false impression that larger numbers have smaller $g$-preimages while in fact it is the exact opposite, here is the table of sizes and smallest and largest elements in $g^{-1}(n)$ for $n\leqslant30$:
n | min size max
-------------------
2 | 2 1 2
3 | 3 1 3
4 | 4 1 4
5 | 5 2 6
6 | 8 2 9
7 | 7 3 12
8 | 15 3 18
9 | 14 4 27
10 | 21 5 36
11 | 11 6 54
12 | 35 7 81
13 | 13 9 108
14 | 33 10 162
15 | 26 12 243
16 | 39 14 324
17 | 17 17 486
18 | 65 19 729
19 | 19 23 972
20 | 51 26 1458
21 | 38 30 2187
22 | 57 35 2916
23 | 23 40 4374
24 | 95 46 6561
25 | 46 52 8748
26 | 69 60 13122
27 | 92 67 19683
28 | 115 77 26244
29 | 29 87 39366
30 | 161 98 59049
And here is the code for $g^{-1}$:
ginverse[n_]:=Which[
n == 0, {1},
n == 1, {},
n == 2, {2},
True, With[{p = Prime[Range[PrimePi[n]]]},
Sort[Map[Times @@ (p^#) &, FrobeniusSolve[p, n]]]]]
• The self-loop on $1$ should actually be an arrow $1\mapsto0$. – Emil Jeřábek supports Monica Aug 4 '14 at 15:32
• Right. Mathematica factorizes $1$ as $1^1$, that's why :D – მამუკა ჯიბლაძე Aug 4 '14 at 16:45
• what app did you use to generate the graph? – vzn Aug 4 '14 at 17:08
• @vzn Mathematica. I've added the code – მამუკა ჯიბლაძე Aug 4 '14 at 17:10
• @JosephO'Rourke Well that might be misleading since I've cut at 150 (for larger $n$ picture became too messy). It might be for example that after large enough $n$ all sinks look the same. The only thing one may say for sure is that nothing goes to 2 or 3... – მამუკა ჯიბლაძე Aug 4 '14 at 19:04
Here is a (portion of a) histogram of $|f^{-1}(n)|$ for $n=5,\ldots,10^6$ (newly updated from $10^5$ to $10^6$):
$266429$ of those numbers $n \le 10^6$ map $f(n)=5$; $152548$ map $f(n)=7$.
• Very interesting. The ratio $r_{5,7}(n):=\#(f^{-1}(7)\cap\{1,...,n\})/\#(f^{-1}(5)\cap\{1,...,n\})$ keeps oscillating, it is difficult to say whether it tends to 0 or to something positive or does have any limit at all. For example, $r_{5,7}(100)\approx0.576$, $r_{5,7}(1000)\approx0.582$, $r_{5,7}(10000)\approx0.567$, $r_{5,7}(100000)\approx0.583$, $r_{5,7}(1000000)\approx0.572$. – მამუკა ჯიბლაძე Aug 7 '14 at 8:15
• I would be interested in any conjectures why $f^{-1}(17)$ is smaller than $f^{-1}(19)$, etc.---all the twin primes exhibit this behavior. – Joseph O'Rourke Sep 14 '15 at 21:43
Was thinking about this old question again, and made another image (sorry it is unreadable), in the style of user @მამუკა ჯიბლაძე, of the numbers $$\le 2000$$ that ultimately map to $$5$$ ($$5$$ and $$6$$ are in the center, with $$8$$ right and $$9$$ left, each connecting to $$6$$). For example: $$\begin{eqnarray} n = 1788 &=& 2^2 \; 3^1 \; 149^1\\ g(1788) &=& 2 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 1 + 149 \cdot 1 = 156\\ n = 156 &=& 2^2 \; 3^1 \; 13^1 \\ g(156) &=& 2 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 1 + 13 \cdot 1 = 20\\ n = 20 &=& 2^2 \; 5^1\\ g(20) &=& 2 \cdot 2 + 5 \cdot 1 = 9\\ n = 9 &=& 3^2\\ g(9) &=& 3 \cdot 2 = 6\\ n = 6 &=& 2^1 \; 3^1 = 5\\ g(5) &=& 5 \end{eqnarray}$$ The overall structure of the $$5$$-sink remains the same as far as I can take the computations. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 9, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.826331615447998, "perplexity": 499.8402088413265}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00137.warc.gz"} |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Howard_University/General_Chemistry%3A_An_Atoms_First_Approach/Unit_8%3A__Materials/Chapter_24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/Chapter_24.6%3A_The_Origin_of_the_Elements | # Chapter 24.6: The Origin of the Elements
Howard University General Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach Unit 1: Atomic Theory Unit 2: Molecular Structure Unit 3: Stoichiometry Unit 4: Thermochem & Gases Unit 5: States of Matter Unit 6: Kinetics & Equilibria Unit 7: Electro & Thermo Chemistry Unit 8: Materials
### Learning Objective
• To understand how nuclear transmutation reactions lead to the formation of the elements in stars and how they can be used to synthesize transuranium elements.
The relative abundances of the elements in the known universe vary by more than 12 orders of magnitude. For the most part, these differences in abundance cannot be explained by differences in nuclear stability. Although the 56Fe nucleus is the most stable nucleus known, the most abundant element in the known universe is not iron, but hydrogen (1H), which accounts for about 90% of all atoms. In fact, 1H is the raw material from which all other elements are formed.
In this section, we explain why 1H and 2He together account for at least 99% of all the atoms in the known universe. We also describe the nuclear reactions that take place in stars, which transform one nucleus into another and create all the naturally occurring elements.
## Relative Abundances of the Elements on Earth and in the Known Universe
The relative abundances of the elements in the known universe and on Earth relative to silicon are shown in Figure 24.6.1. The data are estimates based on the characteristic emission spectra of the elements in stars, the absorption spectra of matter in clouds of interstellar dust, and the approximate composition of Earth as measured by geologists. The data in Figure 24.6.1 illustrate two important points. First, except for hydrogen, the most abundant elements have even atomic numbers. Not only is this consistent with the trends in nuclear stability discussed in Section 24.1, but it also suggests that heavier elements are formed by combining helium nuclei (Z = 2). Second, the relative abundances of the elements in the known universe and on Earth are often very different, as indicated by the data in Table 24.6.1 for some common elements. Some of these differences are easily explained. For example, nonmetals such as H, He, C, N, O, Ne, and Kr are much less abundant relative to silicon on Earth than they are in the rest of the universe. These elements are either noble gases (He, Ne, and Kr) or elements that form volatile hydrides, such as NH3, CH4, and H2O. Because Earth’s gravity is not strong enough to hold such light substances in the atmosphere, these elements have been slowly diffusing into outer space ever since our planet was formed. Argon is an exception; it is relatively abundant on Earth compared with the other noble gases because it is continuously produced in rocks by the radioactive decay of isotopes such as 40K. In contrast, many metals, such as Al, Na, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, and Ti, are relatively abundant on Earth because they form nonvolatile compounds, such as oxides, that cannot escape into space. Other metals, however, are much less abundant on Earth than in the universe; some examples are Ru and Ir. You may recall from Chapter 1 that the anomalously high iridium content of a 66-million-year-old rock layer was a key finding in the development of the asteroid-impact theory for the extinction of the dinosaurs. This section explains some of the reasons for the great differences in abundances of the metallic elements.
Figure 24.6.1 The Relative Abundances of the Elements in the Universe and on Earth In this logarithmic plot, the relative abundances of the elements relative to that of silicon (arbitrarily set equal to 1) in the universe (green bars) and on Earth (purple bars) are shown as a function of atomic number. Elements with even atomic numbers are generally more abundant in the universe than elements with odd atomic numbers. Also, the relative abundances of many elements in the universe are very different from their relative abundances on Earth.
Table 24.6.1 Relative Abundances of Elements on Earth and in the Known Universe
Terrestrial/Universal Element Abundance Ratio
H 0.0020
He 2.4 × 10−8
C 0.36
N 0.02
O 46
Ne 1.9 × 10−6
Na 1200
Mg 48
Al 1600
Si 390
S 0.84
K 5000
Ca 710
Ti 2200
Fe 57
All the elements originally present on Earth (and on other planets) were synthesized from hydrogen and helium nuclei in the interiors of stars that have long since exploded and disappeared. Six of the most abundant elements in the universe (C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe) have nuclei that are integral multiples of the helium-4 nucleus, which suggests that helium-4 is the primary building block for heavier nuclei.
## Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
Elements are synthesized in discrete stages during the lifetime of a star, and some steps occur only in the most massive stars known (Figure 24.6.2). Initially, all stars are formed by the aggregation of interstellar “dust,” which is mostly hydrogen. As the cloud of dust slowly contracts due to gravitational attraction, its density eventually reaches about 100 g/cm3, and the temperature increases to about 1.5 × 107 K, forming a dense plasma of ionized hydrogen nuclei. At this point, self-sustaining nuclear reactions begin, and the star “ignites,” creating a yellow star like our sun.
Figure 24.6.2 Nuclear Reactions during the Life Cycle of a Massive Star At each stage in the lifetime of a star, a different fuel is used for nuclear fusion, resulting in the formation of different elements. Fusion of hydrogen to give helium is the primary fusion reaction in young stars. As the star ages, helium accumulates and begins to “burn,” undergoing fusion to form heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen. As the adolescent star matures, significant amounts of iron and nickel are formed by fusion of the heavier elements formed previously. The heaviest elements are formed only during the final death throes of the star—the formation of a nova or supernova.
In the first stage of its life, the star is powered by a series of nuclear fusion reactions that convert hydrogen to helium:
$$_{1}^{1}H + \;_{1}^{1}H \rightarrow \;_{1}^{2}H + \;_{+1}^{\;\;0}\beta \tag{24.6.1}$$
$$_{1}^{2}H + _{1}^{1}H \rightarrow _{2}^{3}He + _{0}^{0}\gamma$$
$$_{2}^{3}He + _{2}^{3}He \rightarrow _{2}^{4}He + 2 _{1}^{1}H$$
The overall reaction is the conversion of four hydrogen nuclei to a helium-4 nucleus, which is accompanied by the release of two positrons, two γ rays, and a great deal of energy:
$$4_{1}^{1}H \rightarrow _{2}^{4}He + 2_{+1}^{\;\;0}\beta + 2_{0}^{0}\gamma \tag{24.6.2}$$
These reactions are responsible for most of the enormous amount of energy that is released as sunlight and solar heat. It takes several billion years, depending on the size of the star, to convert about 10% of the hydrogen to helium.
Once large amounts of helium-4 have been formed, they become concentrated in the core of the star, which slowly becomes denser and hotter. At a temperature of about 2 × 108 K, the helium-4 nuclei begin to fuse, producing beryllium-8:
$$2_{2}^{4}He \rightarrow _{4}^{8}Be \tag{24.6.3}$$
Although beryllium-8 has both an even mass number and an even atomic number, the low neutron-to-proton ratio makes it very unstable, decomposing in only about 10−16 s. Nonetheless, this is long enough for it to react with a third helium-4 nucleus to form carbon-12, which is very stable. Sequential reactions of carbon-12 with helium-4 produce the elements with even numbers of protons and neutrons up to magnesium-24:
$$_{4}^{8}Be \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{6}^{12}C \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{8}^{16}O \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{10}^{20}Ne \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{12}^{24}Mg \tag{24.6.4}$$
So much energy is released by these reactions that it causes the surrounding mass of hydrogen to expand, producing a red giant that is about 100 times larger than the original yellow star.
As the star expands, heavier nuclei accumulate in its core, which contracts further to a density of about 50,000 g/cm3, so the core becomes even hotter. At a temperature of about 7 × 108 K, carbon and oxygen nuclei undergo nuclear fusion reactions to produce sodium and silicon nuclei:
$$_{6}^{12}C + \;_{6}^{12}C \rightarrow \;_{11}^{23}C + \;_{1}^{1}H \tag{24.6.5}$$
$$_{6}^{12}C + \;_{8}^{16}O \rightarrow \;_{14}^{28}Si + \;_{0}^{0}\gamma \tag{24.6.6}$$
At these temperatures, carbon-12 reacts with helium-4 to initiate a series of reactions that produce more oxygen-16, neon-20, magnesium-24, and silicon-28, as well as heavier nuclides such as sulfur-32, argon-36, and calcium-40:
$$_{6}^{12}C \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{8}^{16}O \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{10}^{20}Ne \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{12}^{24}Mg \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{14}^{28}Si \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{16}^{32}S \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{18}^{36}Ar \overset{_{2}^{4}He}{\rightarrow} \;_{20}^{40}Ca \tag{24.6.7}$$
The energy released by these reactions causes a further expansion of the star to form a red supergiant, and the core temperature increases steadily. At a temperature of about 3 × 109 K, the nuclei that have been formed exchange protons and neutrons freely. This equilibration process forms heavier elements up to iron-56 and nickel-58, which have the most stable nuclei known.
## The Formation of Heavier Elements in Supernovas
None of the processes described so far produces nuclei with Z > 28. All naturally occurring elements heavier than nickel are formed in the rare but spectacular cataclysmic explosions called supernovas (Figure 24.6.2). When the fuel in the core of a very massive star has been consumed, its gravity causes it to collapse in about 1 s. As the core is compressed, the iron and nickel nuclei within it disintegrate to protons and neutrons, and many of the protons capture electrons to form neutrons. The resulting neutron star is a dark object that is so dense that atoms no longer exist. Simultaneously, the energy released by the collapse of the core causes the supernova to explode in what is arguably the single most violent event in the universe. The force of the explosion blows most of the star’s matter into space, creating a gigantic and rapidly expanding dust cloud, or nebula (Figure 24.6.3). During the extraordinarily short duration of this event, the concentration of neutrons is so great that multiple neutron-capture events occur, leading to the production of the heaviest elements and many of the less stable nuclides. Under these conditions, for example, an iron-56 nucleus can absorb as many as 64 neutrons, briefly forming an extraordinarily unstable iron isotope that can then undergo multiple rapid β-decay processes to produce tin-120:
$$_{26}^{56}Fe + \; 64_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow \;_{26}^{120}Fe \rightarrow \; _{50}^{120 }Sn + 24_{-1}^{\;\;0}\beta \tag{24.6.8}$$
Figure 24.6.3 A Supernova A view of the remains of Supernova 1987A, located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, showing the circular halo of expanding debris produced by the explosion. Multiple neutron-capture events occur during a supernova explosion, forming both the heaviest elements and many of the less stable nuclides.
Although a supernova occurs only every few hundred years in a galaxy such as the Milky Way, these rare explosions provide the only conditions under which elements heavier than nickel can be formed. The force of the explosions distributes these elements throughout the galaxy surrounding the supernova, and eventually they are captured in the dust that condenses to form new stars. Based on its elemental composition, our sun is thought to be a second- or third-generation star. It contains a considerable amount of cosmic debris from the explosion of supernovas in the remote past.
### Example 24.6.1
The reaction of two carbon-12 nuclei in a carbon-burning star can produce elements other than sodium. Write a balanced nuclear equation for the formation of
1. magnesium-24.
2. neon-20 from two carbon-12 nuclei.
Given: reactant and product nuclides
Strategy:
Use conservation of mass and charge to determine the type of nuclear reaction that will convert the reactant to the indicated product. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the reaction.
Solution:
1. A magnesium-24 nucleus (Z = 12, A = 24) has the same nucleons as two carbon-12 nuclei (Z = 6, A = 12). The reaction is therefore a fusion of two carbon-12 nuclei, and no other particles are produced: $$_{6}^{12}C + \; _{6}^{12}C \rightarrow \;_{12}^{24}Mg$$
2. The neon-20 product has Z = 10 and A = 20. The conservation of mass requires that the other product have A = (2 × 12) − 20 = 4; because of conservation of charge, it must have Z = (2 × 6) − 10 = 2. These are the characteristics of an α particle. The reaction is therefore $$_{6}^{12}C + \; _{6}^{12}C \rightarrow \;_{10}^{20}Ne + \;_{2}^{4}\alpha$$
Exercise
How many neutrons must an iron-56 nucleus absorb during a supernova explosion to produce an arsenic-75 nucleus? Write a balanced nuclear equation for the reaction.
Answer: 19 neutrons; $$_{26}^{56}Fe + \; 19_{0}^{1}n \rightarrow \;_{26}^{75}Fe \rightarrow \; _{33}^{75 }As + 7_{-1}^{\;\;0}\beta$$
### Summary
By far the most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen. The fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nuclei is the major process that fuels young stars such as the sun. Elements heavier than helium are formed from hydrogen and helium in the interiors of stars. Successive fusion reactions of helium nuclei at higher temperatures create elements with even numbers of protons and neutrons up to magnesium and then up to calcium. Eventually, the elements up to iron-56 and nickel-58 are formed by exchange processes at even higher temperatures. Heavier elements can only be made by a process that involves multiple neutron-capture events, which can occur only during the explosion of a supernova.
### Key Takeaways
• Hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe.
• Heavier elements are formed in the interior of stars via multiple neutron-capture events.
### Conceptual Problems
1. Why do scientists believe that hydrogen is the building block of all other elements? Why do scientists believe that helium-4 is the building block of the heavier elements?
2. How does a star produce such enormous amounts of heat and light? How are elements heavier than Ni formed?
3. Propose an explanation for the observation that elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant than elements with odd atomic numbers.
4. During the lifetime of a star, different reactions that form different elements are used to power the fusion furnace that keeps a star “lit.” Explain the different reactions that dominate in the different stages of a star’s life cycle and their effect on the temperature of the star.
5. A line in a popular song from the 1960s by Joni Mitchell stated, “We are stardust….” Does this statement have any merit or is it just poetic? Justify your answer.
6. If the laws of physics were different and the primary element in the universe were boron-11 (Z = 5), what would be the next four most abundant elements? Propose nuclear reactions for their formation.
1.
2.
3. The raw material for all elements with Z > 2 is helium (Z = 2), and fusion of helium nuclei will always produce nuclei with an even number of protons.
4.
5.
6.
### Numerical Problems
1. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for the formation of each isotope.
1. 27Al from two 12C nuclei
2. 9Be from two 4He nuclei
2. At the end of a star’s life cycle, it can collapse, resulting in a supernova explosion that leads to the formation of heavy elements by multiple neutron-capture events. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for the formation of each isotope during such an explosion.
1. 106Pd from nickel-58
2. selenium-79 from iron-56
3. When a star reaches middle age, helium-4 is converted to short-lived beryllium-8 (mass = 8.00530510 amu), which reacts with another helium-4 to produce carbon-12. How much energy is released in each reaction (in megaelectronvolts)? How many atoms of helium must be “burned” in this process to produce the same amount of energy obtained from the fusion of 1 mol of hydrogen atoms to give deuterium?
### Contributors
• Anonymous
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